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Ibrahim Abatcha (1938 – February 11, 1968) was a Muslim Chadian politician reputed of Marxist leanings and associations. His political activity started during the decolonization process of Chad from France, but after the country's independence he was forced to go in exile due to the increasing authoritarianism of the country's first President François Tombalbaye. To overthrow Tombalbaye he founded in Sudan in 1966 the FROLINAT, of which he was the first leader and field commander. Two years later he was killed in a clash with the Chadian Army.
Early career
Originally from Borno (a province of the British colony of Nigeria), Abatcha was born into a family with a Muslim background in the French colony of Chad at Fort-Lamy (today N'Djamena) in 1938, and learned to speak French, English and Chadian Arabic, but not to write Classical Arabic, as he did not study in a Qur'anic school. He found work as a clerk in the colonial administration and became a militant trade unionist.
He entered in politics in 1958, becoming a prominent figure in the new radical Chadian National Union (UNT), mainly a split from the African Socialist Movement (MSA) by promoters of the No-vote in the referendum on Chad's entry in the French Community. The party's followers were all Muslims, and advocated Pan-Africanism and socialism. Towards the end of the colonial rule Abatcha was jailed for a year either for his political activities or for mismanagement in the performance of his duties.
He and his party staunchly opposed after independence in 1960 the rule of President François Tombalbaye, and the UNT was banned with all other opposition parties on January 19, 1962. After that Abatcha was briefly imprisoned by the new Chadian government.
In exile
After his release, the UNT cadres decided that if the political situation in Chad became too unbearable to allow the party to survive, it would be wise to send out of the country some party members so that the organization would in any case maintain its existence. Thus Abatcha, who held the position of second adjutant secretary-general of the UNT, was sent in 1963 to Accra, Ghana, where he was later joined by UNT members Aboubakar Djalabo and Mahamat Ali Taher. By going into exile the UNT members meant also to ensure their personal safety and organize abroad an armed revolt in Chad. As part of the means to preserve the unity of the movement, Abatcha wrote for the UNT a policy statement; this draft was to be the core of the official program of the FROLINAT.
Abatcha led the typical life of the Third World dissident in search of support in foreign capitals, first residing in Accra, Ghana, where he received his first military training and made friends among members of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon that had found asylum there. These Cameroonians helped him attend conferences organized by international Communist groups.
After leaving Accra in 1965, Abatcha started wandering to other African capitals always searching support for his project of beginning an insurgency against Tombalbaye. The first capital he reached in 1965 was Algiers, where the UNT had already a representative, probably Djalabo. His attempts were unsuccessful, as were those made from there to persuade the Chadian students in France to join him in his fight. From there he traveled to Cairo, where a small secret committee of anti-government Chadian students of the Al-Azhar University had formed. The students in Cairo had developed a strong political sensitivity because they had come to resent that the degrees obtained by them in Arab countries were of no use in Chad, as French was the only official language. Among these students Abatcha recruited his first supporters, and with the help of the UPC Cameroonian exiles contacted the North Korean embassy in Egypt, which offered him a military stage. Seven Cairo students volunteered, leaving Egypt in June 1965 and returning in October; these were to be with Abatcha the first military cadres of the rebels. Abatcha with his "Koreans" went then to Sudan in October 1965.
Once in Sudan Abatcha found fertile ground for further recruitment, as many Chadian refugees lived there. Abatcha was also able to enroll in his movement former Sudanese soldiers, including a few officers, of whom the most distinguished was to become Hadjaro Senoussi. He also contacted Mohamed Baghlani, who was in communication with the first Chadian insurgents already active in Chad, and with the insurgent group Liberation Front of Chad (FLT).
Creation of the FROLINAT
This merger was negotiated during the congress at Nyala between June 19 and June 22, 1966, in which the UNT and another rebel force, the Liberation Front of Chad (FLT) combined, giving birth to the FROLINAT, whose first secretary-general was agreed to be Abatcha. The two groups were ideologically ill-fitted, as they combined the radicalism of the UNT and the Muslim beliefs of the FLT. FLT's president, Ahmed Hassan Musa, missed the conference because he was imprisoned in Khartoum; Musa suspected with some reason that Abatcha had deliberately chosen the moment of his incarceration to organize the conference due to his fear of FLT's numerical superiority over the UNT. As a result, once freed Musa broke with the FROLINAT, the first of many splits that were to plague the history of the organization. Thus Abatcha had to face from the beginning a level of considerable internal strife, with the opposition guided by the anti-communist Mohamed Baghlani.
The unity was stronger on the field, with Abatcha and his so-called Koreans passing to Eastern Chad in mid-1966 to fight the government, and El Hadj Issaka assuming the role of his chief-of-staff. While his maquis were badly trained and equipped, they were able to commit some hit-and-run attacks against the Chadian army, mainly in Ouaddai, but also in Guera and Salamat. The rebels also toured the villages, indoctrinating the people on the future revolution and exhorting youths to join the FROLINAT forces.
The following year Abatcha expanded his range and number of operations, officially claiming in his dispatches 32 actions, involving prefectures previously untouched by the rebellion, that is Moyen-Chari and Kanem. Mainly due to Abatcha's qualities as both secretary-general and field-commander, what had started in 1965 as a peasant uprising was becoming a revolutionary movement.
Abatcha's death
On January 20, 1968, his men killed on the Goz Beida-Abéché road a Spanish veterinary and a French doctor, while they took hostage a French nurse. Abatcha disavowed this action and ordered his men to free the nurse, but due to these actions, on February 11, he was tracked down by the Chadian army and killed in a clash.
Abatcha's death was the end of an important phase in the history of the FROLINAT and more generally of the rebellion. Abatcha had been the one generally acceptable leader of the insurrection; after him the FROLINAT was more and more divided by inner rivalries, making it more difficult to provide the insurgents with a coherent organization.
References
Notes
1938 births
1968 deaths
Chadian rebels
Chadian socialists
Chadian exiles
Chadian Muslims
Chadian National Union politicians
People from N'Djamena
People from Borno State
Immigrants to Chad
Nigerian emigrants
Muslim socialists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Abatcha |
Şiran () is a town in Gümüşhane Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Şiran District. Its population is 11,539 (2022). It is one of the points of passage between Eastern Anatolia and Black Sea regions of Turkey, in the sense that the western road departing from Erzincan towards the Zigana Pass (the key pass between the two geographies) has its last urban stop in Şiran. The town lies at an elevation of
See also
İncedere
References
External links
Road map of Şiran and environs
Local city forum website
Populated places in Şiran District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiran |
Şirvan (, , , ) is a municipality in the Şirvan District of Siirt Province in southeastern Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Silokan and Sturkiyan tribes and had a population of 3,958 in 2021.
Neighborhoods
The municipality is divided into the neighborhoods of Bağcılar, Fatih, Kırtepe, Küfre and Sit.
History
Şirvan is attested in the 13th century by Yaqut al-Hamawi in Mu'jam al-Buldan.
Under the Ottoman Empire, Şirvan was a kaza (district) of the sanjak of Siirt in the Bitlis Vilayet, and the village of Küfre (ܫܪܘܐܢ, "village" in Syriac, today called Şirvan) served as its administrative centre. In late 19th century, the district of Şirvan was largely inhabited by Muslim Kurds but was also home to a number of Christian Assyrians and Armenians, who constituted roughly 20% of the total population of the district. Of the total 200-odd settlements in the district, 28 were Christian, most of which were predominantly inhabited by Syriac Orthodox Assyrians, and some were populated by both Christians and Muslims.
As a consequence of the removal of local Kurdish overlords as part of the Ottoman policy of centralisation in the 1830s and 1840s, rural areas in the district were made vulnerable to oppression and exploitation by Kurdish tribes. Christians were also the victim of religious persecution, and led many to emigrate, as well as a small number of Kurds due to economic hardship, and resulted in a gradual process of Kurdification of the district.
By 1895, Küfre was populated by Assyrians and Kurds, with some Armenian families. In the same year, amidst the Hamidian massacres, the village was attacked by Kurdish nomads of the Mahometan (Mehmediyan) and Strugan (Sturkiyan) tribes, allegedly with the permission of the acting kaymakam (district governor), Fatha Bey. It was reported that all Christian houses were looted, and 25 Assyrians and Armenians were killed. As well as this, almost every Christian village in the district was attacked in October–November 1895. James Henry Monahan, British vice-consul of Bitlis, reported that 179 Christians (151 men and 18 women) were killed, however it is suggested that this figure may under-represent the total figure.
In order to avoid future attacks, almost all Assyrians and Armenians ostensibly converted to Islam on the suggestion of sedentary Kurds. The large majority of converts privately reconverted to Christianity within several years after the massacres of 1895, and only three converted villages in the district remained Muslim when visited by Monahan. Oppression of Christians worsened considerably in the aftermath of the massacres, thereby increasing Christian emigration; of 22 villages in the district, over half of the population left.
Demographics
On the eve of the First World War, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople recorded 2,853 Armenians in 19 localities of the kaza of Şirvan, with eleven churches and two schools. Their fate is unknown. According to the 1927 Turkish census, the whole population of 9,467 people was Muslim. However, a number of crypto-Christian villages have endured into the 21st century. The 1927 census records 9,272 native Kurdish speakers, 109 native Turkish speakers, and 66 native Arabic speakers.
See also
Emirate of Şirvan
References
Bibliography
Populated places in Siirt Province
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Crypto-Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
Kurdish settlements in Siirt Province
Şirvan District
District municipalities in Turkey
Former Armenian communities in Siirt Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eirvan%2C%20Siirt |
Handymax and Supramax are naval architecture terms for the larger bulk carriers in the Handysize class. Handysize class consists of Supramax (50,000 to 60,000 DWT), Handymax (40,000 to 50,000 DWT), and Handy (<40,000 DWT). The ships are used for less voluminous cargoes, and different cargoes can be carried in different holds. Larger capacities for dry bulk include Panamax, Capesize and Very Large Ore Carriers and Chinamax.
A handymax ship is typically in length, though certain bulk terminal restrictions, such as those in Japan, mean that many handymax ships are just under in overall length. Modern handymax and supramax designs are typically 52,000 in size, have five cargo holds and four cranes of around 30 tonnes working load, making it easier to use in ports with limited infrastructure. The average speed depends on size and age.
The cost of building a handymax is driven by the laws of supply and demand. In early 2007 the cost building a handymax was around $20 million. As the global economy boomed, the cost doubled to over $40 million, as demand for vessels of all sizes exceeded available yard capacity. After the Global Economic Crisis in 2009, the cost fell back to $20M. As of 2018, the average price was £23 million.
References
External links
Ship sizes
Ship types
Ship measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handymax |
The Chile national basketball team is controlled by the Federación de Básquetbol de Chile. It is affiliated to FIBA, under the zone confederation of FIBA Americas.
In the 1950s, Chile had one of the finest national basketball teams in the world. In more recent years team has primarily competed regionally at the FIBA South American Championship.
Competitive record
Olympic Games
FIBA World Cup
FIBA AmeriCup
yet to qualify
Pan American Games
1951 : 5th
2019 : Did not qualify
2023 : Qualified as host
FIBA South American Championship
Team
Current squad
Source: Official website
|}
| valign="top" |
Head coach
Assistant coaches
Legend
Club – denotes current club
|}
National team rosters
Chile national basketball team rosters
Past head coaches
Juan Manuel Córdoba: 2023-
See also
Chile men's national under-18 basketball team
Chile men's national under-17 basketball team
Chile women's national basketball team
References
External links
FIBA Chile
www.febachile.cl
Archived records of Chile team participations
Videos
Chile v Marquette University 1972
Chile v Peru - Game Highlights 2016 South American Championship
Men's national basketball teams
1935 establishments in Chile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile%20men%27s%20national%20basketball%20team |
George F. Shafer (November 23, 1888August 13, 1948) was an American politician who served as the 17th Governor of North Dakota, serving from 1929 to 1932.
Biography
Shafer was educated in Mandan's public school system and attended the University of North Dakota. He married Frances Kellog on September 1, 1915, and they had three sons, George F. Jr., Richard K., and Charles D.; and one daughter, Virginia H. McCormick.
Career
Shafer pursued a career in politics and became the State's Attorney for Mckenzie County from 1915 to 1919. Serving as the Assistant Attorney General from 1921 to 1923, he took on a more prominent role in 1923 when he became the North Dakota Attorney General. He served this position until 1929, after defeating incumbent Walter Maddock in the 1928 gubernatorial election. He served as the 16th Governor of North Dakota from 1929 to 1933. During his term, many profound events in the history of North Dakota occurred. The most severe problems facing the state during Shafer's administration were drought and low prices for agricultural products. To his credit, the State Mill and Elevator showed a good profit for the state under Shafer's direction, despite the weather and economic conditions. In 1930, the state capitol (former territorial capitol) burned down. A capital commission was formed to oversee the design and construction of the new capitol, and he was at the groundbreaking ceremony in 1932.
Death
Shafer retired from public life after losing the Republican primary election for U.S. Senate against incumbent Gerald P. Nye in 1932. He died in Bismarck, North Dakota, on August 13, 1948, at the age of 59. He is buried at Saint Mary's Cemetery in Bismarck, North Dakota.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1888 births
1948 deaths
Republican Party governors of North Dakota
North Dakota Attorneys General
People from Mandan, North Dakota
Independent Voters Association state governors of the United States
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20F.%20Shafer |
Marlyn Glen (born 30 September 1951) is a Scottish Labour Party politician. She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the North East Scotland region from 2003 to 2011.
Glen was born in Dundee and educated at Kirkton High School. She attended the University of St Andrews and the University of Dundee, and has also completed several Open University degree courses. Prior to her election to Holyrood, she worked as a teacher in Liverpool, Ayr, Irvine and Dundee and is a member of the Educational Institute of Scotland trade union. She was also a Dundee District Council councillor. Her husband, Neil Glen, was also a councillor and died in 2004. She was also an Honorary Vice President of English-Speaking Union Scotland.
Glen is on the left of the Scottish Labour Party and remains a supporter of the Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. She is also a member of Campaign for Socialism that backed John McDonnell's then Jeremy Corbyn's bids for the leadership of the UK Labour Party.
References
External links
Marlyn Glen Personal website
Marlyn Glen MSP Old blog
1951 births
Living people
Alumni of the Open University
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Scottish schoolteachers
Politicians from Dundee
Scottish anti-nuclear weapons activists
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Scottish Labour councillors
Councillors in Dundee
Women councillors in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlyn%20Glen |
The Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow - Female is an annual recognition granted to female actresses in India. The selected actress is chosen by a distinguished jury as part of the annual Stardust Magazine. The award honours a star who has made an impact with her acting and who represents new talent.
Past award winners and the films for which they won:
See also
Stardust Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Stardust Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Superstar%20of%20Tomorrow%20%E2%80%93%20Female |
Taraklı, formerly known as Dablar is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 292 km2, and its population is 6,894 (2022). It is a historic town, surrounded by forest and located approximately midway between Istanbul and Ankara. The district governor is Burak Serttaş, and the mayor is İbrahim Pilavcı (MHP).
A former member of the Cittaslow movement, Tarakli features cobblestone streets and architecture dating back to the Ottoman Empire. The town has undergone extensive renovations and has gained attention as a tourist destination. A local bazaar offers handmade crafts like wooden combs and spoons. Nearby attractions include thermal springs, the Karagöl Plateau, and Hark Canyon and Cave.
The Yunus Pasha Mosque, built in 1517 by Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, lies at the center of Tarakli. It was built with molten lead and heated from below with steam from an adjacent public bath.
Composition
There are 22 neighbourhoods in Taraklı District:
Akçapınar
Aksu
Alballar
Avdan
Çamtepe
Dışdedeler
Duman
Esenyurt
Hacıaliler
Hacımurat
Hacıyakup
Harkköy
İçdedeler
Kemaller
Mahdumlar
Pirler
Tuzla
Uğurlu
Ulucami
Yenidoğan
Yeniköy
Yusufbey
References
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakl%C4%B1 |
Picea meyeri (Meyer's spruce; ) is a species of spruce native to Nei Mongol in the northeast to Gansu in the southwest and also inhabiting Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 30 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 0.8 m. The shoots are yellowish-brown, glabrous or with scattered pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 13–25 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, bluish-green with conspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are cylindric, 7–11 cm long and 3 cm broad, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.
It is closely related to the dragon spruce from western China.
It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree; its popularity is increasing in the eastern United States, where it is being used to replace Blue Spruce, which is more disease-prone in the humid climate there. The wood is similar to that of other spruces, but the species is too rare to be of economic value.
References
External links
Gymnosperm Database: Picea meyeri
meyeri
Plants described in 1914
Trees of China
Endemic flora of China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20meyeri |
Taşkent, formerly Pirlerkondu, is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 457 km2, and its population is 5,768 (2022). Its name literally means Stone City.
Composition
There are 15 neighbourhoods in Taşkent District:
Afşar Tepecik
Afşar Yukarı
Balcılar Orta
Balcılar Veliler
Balcılar Yukarı
Bektaş
Bolay
Çetmi Cömeşpınar
Çetmi Yeni
Hıra
Ilıcapınar
Keçimen
Kongul
Sazak
Şıhlar
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fkent |
The Star Wars Epic Duels board game was released by Hasbro in 2002. It was designed for ages 8 and up, and for 2-6 players. The main designer of the game was Craig Van Ness, with assistance from Rob Daviau. It is out of print.
Characters
There are 12 major characters in the game, and each major character is accompanied by one or two minor characters. The character combinations are: Anakin Skywalker with Padmé Amidala, Darth Maul with two Battle Droids, Obi-Wan Kenobi with two clone troopers, Yoda with two clone troopers, Luke Skywalker with Princess Leia, Mace Windu with two clone troopers, Darth Vader with two Stormtroopers, Count Dooku with two Super Battle Droids, Boba Fett with Greedo, Emperor Palpatine with two Royal Guards, Jango Fett with Zam Wesell, and Han Solo with Chewbacca.
Game play
Game play is based on a card-centered combat system. Each set of characters has its own deck of 31 cards. There are three types of cards in the deck, Basic Combat Cards, Power Combat Cards and Special cards. Basic Combat cards have two values, one for attacking and one for defending. Power Combat cards have combat values and additional effects that give the characters special abilities. There are also "Special" cards that allow the characters to do unique things such as extra movement, drawing/discarding cards, and additional damage. Each player maintains a hand of cards from their respective decks that are used during the game.
Each character card displays how much damage the major and minor characters can take before they are destroyed. Each character uses a wound marker to track the damage on their character card. The object of the game is to destroy all of your opponent's major characters.
During gameplay players alternate turns rolling the die, moving their characters, and then performing 2 "actions". An action is defined in the rulebook as "Drawing a Card, Playing a Card, and Healing a Character." A character is healed by discarding a card of a destroyed major or minor character. There are several different ways to play the game from 1 vs 1, 2 vs 2, 3 vs 3, 3-6 player free-for-all, and even a special "masterplay" variant. Gameplay with 6-12 players is possible, however, it is more easily accomplished if two boards are used adjacent to each other.
Epic Duels Community
Despite the fact that the game was out of print by 2004, there is large internet following for the short-lived game. There are numerous fan-sites ("epic_duels_online_league"), forums and groups that still continue to discuss and analyze it. As Hasbro has not announced plans for an expansion to the game, many fans took it upon themselves to create custom decks to be used with the game. A similar Star Wars board game released by Wizards of the Coast called Star Wars Miniatures, has provided many fans with figurines of similar scale to use with the hundreds of custom decks that can be found on the internet. Several Facebook fan groups exist as well. There is also a devoted Yahoo! group to playing Epic Duels online through the VASSAL Engine.
Reviews
Pyramid
References
External links
Main Epic Duels Forum
Epic Battles Series
Epic Duels Online Club
Epic Duels Online League discussion group
Old Yahoo discussion group
Epic Duels Wiki Page
Hasbro Rulebook
Board games introduced in 2002
Licensed board games
Milton Bradley Company games
Miniature wargames
Epic Duels
Space opera board games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%20Epic%20Duels |
Taşköprü ( "stone bridge") is a town in Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Taşköprü District. Its population is 17,048 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of .
The town takes its name from the stone bridge constructed in the 13th century by the Chobanids over the Gök River. The 68 meter span is supported on seven arches and still carries automobile traffic. Taşköprü is 42 km from Kastamonu. It is noted for its garlic; the name Taşköprü Sarımsağı is a protected designation of origin (PDO).
History
In its history, the district has been one of the important settlements of several civilizations. In 64 BC it became part of the Roman Empire. During Ottoman rule, Taşköprü was part of Kastamonu Eyalet, and later Kastamonu Vilayet.
See also
Pompeiopolis
References
Further reading
Latife Summerer, Pompeiopolis-Taşköprü. 2000 Years between Metropolis and County Town (İstanbul 2017).
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
Taşköprü District
District municipalities in Turkey
Paphlagonia
la:Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%2C%20Kastamonu |
Duygu Ulusoy (aka: Duygu Gül Ulusoy; born April 24, 1987, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany), is a female Turkish skier competing in the alpine discipline. She represented Turkey at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, becoming the first female Turkish Alpine skier in the Olympic Games.
Duygu, born to a Turkish family living in Germany, started skiing in her age of six. She attended ski courses for three years in her hometown Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and drew soon her trainer’s attention with her talent. In her short sports career, she received more than 30 medals in her age’s categories of skiing.
In summer 2004, she decided to compete for Turkey after her club in Germany demoted her following an ankle injury. During a summer holiday in Darboğaz, Niğde in Turkey, where her parents come from, she used the chance to apply for the Turkish national ski team, and was accepted immediately in reference to her 40th place in the world rank with 85 FIS points in slalom and 93 FIS points in giant slalom.
In her first race in Turkey, Ulusoy received gold medal in the juniors’ category at the Turkey Ski Championships. Her only concern is to be alone in Turkey during the camps, however she hopes her family will be returning to Turkey soon.
She participated at the 2006 Winter Olympics as the only female skier in the Turkish alpine ski team.
References
News in German
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Skiers from Upper Bavaria
Turkish female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Turkey
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
German female alpine skiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duygu%20Ulusoy |
The Bulgarian Supercup () is the trophy won in a football match held between the football club that has won the Bulgarian first football division in the season that ended in the year of the match and the holder of the Bulgarian Cup at that time. In case the champion of Bulgaria has also won the cup, the Bulgarian Cup finalist competes with the champion in the match for the trophy.
The Supercup match is usually held during the weekend before the start of a new season. Since 2004 the Supercup game has been an annual event. The most successful club in the event is Ludogorets Razgrad with six Supercup titles and four times being runners-up. Ludogorets is the club that has participated in most seasons of the Supercup with ten appearances. The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based teams. The Sofia teams have won together a total number of 7 titles.
History
Inaugural Event 1989
The first match for the Bulgarian Supercup was held in 1989. The match was proposed by Kiril Zaharinov, sports editor at the Bulgarian News Agency and secretary of the union of the Bulgarian sport journalists at that time.
The match was held at 9th September Stadium in Burgas, opposing 1988-89 Bulgarian champion and Cup holder CFKA Sredets (now CSKA Sofia) and the runner-up in the 1988–89 edition of the Bulgarian Cup Chernomorets Burgas. CSKA won the match 1-0 thanks to a goal by Hristo Stoichkov.
The first Supercup trophy was made in Italy and was 80 cm tall, weighing 15 kg. Today it is kept in the CSKA Sofia museum.
Since 2004
After the political changes of 1989 in Eastern Europe the Bulgarian Supercup match was suspended. Fourteen years later the Bulgarian Professional Football League in association with the Bulgarian Football Union decided to restore the event organising a Supercup match between the champion of the 2003-04 season, PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv and the 2003–04 Bulgarian Cup holder, PFC Litex Lovech. The match was held at Naftex Stadium in Burgas and Lokomotiv won 1-0 after a last-minute goal by Ivan Paskov.
Since the restoration of the tournament in 2004 ten teams have participated in the event and eight of them have managed to win the trophy - PFC Litex Lovech (winners in 2010), PFC Beroe Stara Zagora (winners in 2013), PFC Cherno More Varna (winners in 2015), PFC Botev Plovdiv (winners in 2017), Lokomotiv Plovdiv (winners in 2004 and 2020), PFC Levski Sofia (winners in 2005, 2007 and 2009), PFC CSKA Sofia (winners in
2006, 2008 and 2011) and PFC Ludogorets Razgrad (winners in 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2021).
In 2021 the winner of the cup Ludogorets Razgrad became the single most successful team in the event, winning their fifth trophy as they beat CSKA Sofia with final score 4-0. Also, as of 2021 Ludogorets Razgrad has participated nine times in the Supercup match - most of all other participants.
From 2004 onwards a brand new trophy is made for every event as it was decided by the organisers that each Supercup winner should retain the trophy in perpetuity. However, three designs have been used for the trophy as of 2004 - one for the Supercups of 2004–2006, another for the trophies of 2007-2010 and the third from 2011 onwards. The current trophy was designed in Italy in 2007 and is 100 cm tall.
Supercup finals
§ Note: The 2016 Bulgarian Supercup was meant to be the 14th Bulgarian Supercup, an annual Bulgarian football match played between the winners of the previous season's A PFG and Bulgarian Cup. The game was to be played between CSKA Sofia, winners of the 2016 Bulgarian Cup, and Ludogorets Razgrad, champions of the 2015–16 A PFG. However, prior to the match CSKA Sofia went into bankruptcy, followed by taking another team's professional license. As a consequence, the 2016 Bulgarian Supercup final was not held.
Performance
Performance by club
Performance by city
External links
Bulgaria Cups Overview - Super Cup, RSSSF.com
Bulgaria
S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20Supercup |
Taşlıçay (, ) is a town in Ağrı Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Taşlıçay District. Its population is 6,140 (2021). It is located in the valley of the Murat River on the road from the city of Ağrı to Doğubeyazıt and Turkey's border with Iran. Its altitude is 1,660 m. The mayor is İsmet Taşdemir (AKP).
Taşlıçay is surrounded by high mountains (2,000m plus), including; to the north Perili, Balıkgölü (3,159 m) and Ziyarettepe (1,800 m) of the South Aras range; and to the south the Aladağlar, including Muratbaşı (Koçbaşı) (3,510 m) and Kandil (2,750 m).
History
A burial mound (höyük) to the south of Taşlıçay and numerous other ruins in the district indicate a long and varied human presence in the region. There is an Urartu temple and an Armenian monastery on the hill above the village of Taşteker.
References
Populated places in Ağrı Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%C3%A7ay |
Taşova is a town in Amasya Province of the central Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Taşova District. Its population is 11,248 (2021). The altitude of the town is 230 meters. The mayor is Bayram Öztürk (AKP).
Taşova stands on a green and fertile plain, on the banks of the River Yeşilırmak.
Climate
Taşova has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa).
History
The first of many cultures and civilisations to settle on the plain were the Hittites who by 1650 BC were spread throughout Anatolia. Then came the Phrygians (1200 - 700 BC), Cimmerians, Medes and Persians.
The Ancient Macedonians of Alexander the Great came to Anatolia in 331 BC and upon their dispersal rule of the Amasya region including Taşova passed to the Kings of Pontus (in 291 BC), who remained in control until the arrival of the Romans. The plain was part of the Roman Empire until 395 AD and for centuries more belonged to Byzantium. The Arab armies of early Islam came through in 712.
Following the victory of the Seljuk Turks over Byzantium at Malazgirt in 1071, Turkish peoples spread into Anatolia taking the Byzantine cities one by one. The plain of Taşova was conquered by Danishmend lords in 1075, who were based in nearby Amasya. The area was taken over by the Seljuk lord Kılıçarslan II in 1174, and following much more invasion and warfare was finally brought within the Ottoman Empire in 1425.
Under the Ottomans the plain Taşova remained a rural village with a Turkish population. The village was attacked by Greek bandits at the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence but these were pushed out of the area by the newly formed Turkish army.
Economy
The local economy depends on agriculture and has suffered recently from the closure of the tobacco factory.
References
External links
Local news website, having a photograph section
Populated places in Amasya Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Taşova District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fova |
Tatvan (; ) is a city on the western shore of Lake Van, in Bitlis Province in eastern Turkey. It is the seat of Tatvan District. Its population is 79,214 (2021), making it the most populous municipality of the province. The current mayor is Mehmet Emin Geylani (AKP).
The town is populated by Kurds of the Bekiran tribe.
History
The citadel of Eski Tatvan possibly dates back to the Urartian period; it was used at least until the 17th century. Sayf al-Dawla, the Arab Hamdanid emir of Aleppo, visited Tatvan in 939/40; while he was here, he received the submission of the Armenian prince Ashot III of Taron. The town was historically a stage on the route from Van to Bitlis. By the 20th century, though, Tatvan had dwindled to a mere village, little more than "a cluster of houses by a jetty". It only developed back into a town when transport links improved around mid-century, with the construction of the railway in the 1950s and the improvement of the road to Van in 1964. In the 1980s, T.A. Sinclair wrote that the Denizcilik Bankası (Shipping Company) ran a good hotel on the south side of town, which was often full; the other hotels at the time, he wrote, were in the town center and were not good.
Transport
The Tatvan Pier railway station, which is the eastern terminus of the railway line between Ankara and Teheran, with freight and passenger trains. It is connected eastwards to Van, 100 km away, and westwards to the rest of Turkey, by State Road D300. There is also a train ferry across the lake Van. The ferry was upgraded in 2015.
There is no railway around the lake to Van; it is intended eventually to build one but to date there are no plans. This would actually create an unbroken rail link between Europe and the Indian subcontinent, as Van is effectively the western terminus of the Iranian railway network.
There is a bus station about 500 meters from the train station.
Climate
See also
Turkish State Railways
Islamic Republic of Iran Railways
References
External links
Mayor's web site
Tatvan in brief
Tatvan District
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Bitlis Province
Kurdish settlements in Bitlis Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatvan |
The Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow - Male is chosen by a distinguished jury as part of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting and represents new talent.
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
See also
Stardust Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Stardust Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Superstar%20of%20Tomorrow%20%E2%80%93%20Male |
Tavas is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,432 km2, and its population is 41,712 (2022). It is on a wide plain on the road to Muğla, near to the district of Kale (and often the two are linked in one breath Kale-Tavas).
History
The area has been occupied for a long time, proven by the presence of the mound of Medet Höyük, which appears to date back to the Bronze Age (but which has not been thoroughly excavated or researched). Many civilizations have settled here including the Hittites, Phrygians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines.
In antiquity this land south of the Menderes River was part of the region of Caria and was controlled from the nearby castle of Kale (known as Tabae in antiquity).
In the 18th century emigrants from Circassia settled in Garipköy and Sarıabat villages.
Tavas was reported as having a timber industry in 1920.
Composition
There are 50 neighbourhoods in Tavas District:
Akıncılar
Akyar
Alpa
Altınova
Avdan
Aydoğdu
Baharlar
Bahçeköy
Balkıca
Çağırgan
Çalıköy
Çiftlikköy
Damlacık
Denizoluğu
Dereağzı
Derinkuyu
Ebecik
Garipköy
Gökçeler
Gümüşdere
Güzelköy
Hırka
Horasanlı
Karahisar
Kayaca
Kayapınar
Keçeliler
Kızılca
Kızılcabölük
Kozlar
Medet
Nikfer
Orta
Ovacık
Pınarlar
Pınarlık
Samanlık
Sarıabat
Seki
Sofular
Solmaz
Tekkeköy
Ulukent
Vakıf
Yahşiler
Yaka
Yeni
Yeşilköy
Yorga
Yukarıboğaz
Tavas today
Like in Denizli, there are textile and clothing industries in the area, and the town also produces leblebi (dried chick peas). This is a rural area and many of the young generation have migrated to the Aegean coast or to larger cities in search of careers (they have a reputation for canny business nous). The remaining people are mainly aging and conservative, there are a great number of mosques on the skyline.
Tavas is a small town providing a bank and other essential facilities to the surrounding villages. There is little in the way of entertainment or social amenities (a few cafes and a couple of internet cafes), although the local pizza pide is much admired.
People commonly deal with agriculture. Tobacco and chickpeas are most planted products.
There is a well-known folk dance Tavas Zeybeği, which is always performed at wedding parties in the town.
Tavas is one of the leading places in grain cultivation in Turkey's agriculture.
References
Populated places in Denizli Province
Districts of Denizli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavas |
Tavşanlı is a city in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Tavşanlı District. Its population is 73,306 (2022).
Tavşanlı is a typical Aegean town where a government-owned coal mine company attracted thousands of settlers from surrounding cities and villages.
The town is also famous for its notable number of jewellery shops and is also famous for popular snack called "leblebi" (roasted chick peas).
Name
Tavşanlı was told to be named after a hunting party held by the Ottoman prince Bayezid I, in which he is said to have hunted 7 rabbits. Thus the name Tavşanlı meaning "the place with rabbits" was given to the area.
Places of interest
west of Kütahya lies the ancient town of Tavşanlı with a notable 12th-century Seljuq mosque called Ulucami. to the north in a side valley of the Adronos stream stands a Phrygian rock monument Dikilitaş, a huge volcanic partly smoothed rock with geometric designs.
Archaeology
Tavşanlı Höyük is a massive mound of more than 40 hectares, located in the centre of the Tavşanlı Plain. It is the largest mound in this region, located near the Orhaneli river (:de:Orhaneli Çayı). The settlement started during the Neolithic Period, but most of the remains belong to the Bronze Age.
The excavations here started in 2017, as part of the “Prehistoric Periods Survey of Eskişehir and Kütahya Provinces (EKAR)” project. They revealed that most of the mound occupation belongs to the Early Bronze Age II (2700-2400 BC), after which there was a great fire outbreak during the Early Bronze Age III period.
The mound contains remains from the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and Early Iron Age. Early Bronze Age pottery is mostly concentrated on the eastern and north-eastern parts of the mound.
Tavşanlı Höyük city building layout is somewhere in between the “Anatolian Settlement Plan”, as defined by M. Korfmann, and the layout that was common in the coastal zone of Western Anatolia and in the Aegean Islands. But Tavsanli is actually somewhat closer to Inland Western Anatolia in this regard.
The “Anatolian Settlement Plan” also known as the “Inland Western Anatolian Settlement Model” represents "an enclosed system where the houses open to a common courtyard facing each other, or where the backsides of the houses function as an enclosure wall." On the other hand, the Aegean-coastal settlements were in the form of "clusters of houses (insulae) around the streets and alleys".
4,200-year-old hazelnuts, as well as the marble figurines were found by the excavators in 2022.
Mycenaean type seal and a dagger were also discovered here in 2022.
Notable people
Mustafa Kalemli, physician and politician
Kemal Zeytinoğlu, engineer and politician
References
External links
Pictures from private source of the city
Populated places in Tavşanlı District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tav%C5%9Fanl%C4%B1 |
Tekkeköy is a municipality and district of Samsun Province, Turkey. Its area is 326 km2, and its population is 56,318 (2022). It covers the easternmost part of the city of Samsun.
Agriculture and animal breeding are the main sources of income. Black Sea Copper Works Inc., Samsun fertilizer Factory, the Organized Industry Site, Industrial Site and Organized Food Industry Site, fertilizer and forging industry, along with a gas-fired power plant, many surgical instrument manufacturing companies and other manufacturers have facilitated an economically dynamic area.
Tekkeköy is on the coast of the Black Sea, on the western side of the Çarşamba Plain, and located on the 13th km of the Samsun–Trabzon highway. The Samsun tramway ends at Tekkeköy. A third of the district's land is within the delta of the Yeşilırmak, part of the Çarşamba Plain, which supports irrigation. The daily population is between 100–150k due to the industry sites and many big showrooms on the Samsun – Ordu highway.
The constructions of the Yaşar Doğu Arena and the new city stadium, the international expo and congress center being located within the district and projects such as the Logistics Village, Science and Technology Center, Arts & Culture Center, and Olympic Swimming Pool has served to modernize the district. There are also many hotels of international brands within Tekkeköy.
Samsun Çarşamba Airport is also within the district's limits. A 7,500-seat multi-purpose indoor venue, the Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena, was opened end March 2013 in the town.
Tekkeköy Municipality has been a member of the Union Of Historical Towns since 2015.
History
In 1941, studies conducted in Tekkeköy and surrounding regions by archeologists Prof. Dr. Tahsin Özgüç and Prof. Nimet Özgüç, and led by Kılıç Kökten, have found that the district has been used as a settlement since the Paleolithic era. Located south of the current district center, these settlements date back to c. 600,000 – 100,000 BC.
Archeological studies done in the district have also revealed remains from the Hittite and Phrygian eras. These lands were included in the Pontus Empire in the mid 3rd century BC and later were seized by the Roman, the Byzantine and the Anatolian Seljuk empires respectively.
When the Seljuk Empire entered Anatolia, they sent the great Turkish Veli Sheikh Zeynuddin to this important area and established an Islamic lodge (tekke) in order to convert the locals to Islam. Sheikh Zeynuddin, who is thought to have lived c. 1250-1330, cared for the travelers, the poor, and ones in need. It is said that the name Tekkeköy is rooted in that very lodge, as the literal translation for tekke is "holyman's lodge".
In 1399, the Ottomans gained reign over Tekkeköy but briefly lost the land to the Kubatoğulları clan in 1402 following the Battle of Ankara. However, the area became Ottoman territory once again in 1419 through Celebi Mehmet.
Turks and local Greeks (Rum) peacefully co-existed here during the Ottoman era until the Lausanne Treaty, which required the Turks in Western Thrace and Balkans (especially Thessaloniki, Greece and surrounding regions) to swap places with Greeks in the area. As a result, the inhabitants of Tekkeköy today fall into three main categories: Locals, immigrants from the west, and the exchange population who managed to preserve their cultural heritage.
Furthermore, the Arabian cemetery in Tekkeköy dated back to the 1800s is proof that other tribes were also here. Romanians also contribute to the rich culture embedded in Tekkeköy. These different and rich cultures have composed the cultural and folkloric significance of Tekkeköy.
Composition
There are 63 neighbourhoods in Tekkeköy District:
19 Mayıs
23 Nisan
Akbaşlar
Altınkaya
Antyeri
Asarağaç
Bakacak
Balcalı
Başköy
Beyoğlu
Büyüklü
Çay
Çayırçökek
Çayleyik
Çiftlik
Çimenli
Çınaralan
Çinik
Çırakman
Cumhuriyet
Erenköy
Fındıcak
Gökçe
Gökçedere
Gölceğiz
Güzelyurt
Hamzalı
Hürriyet
İstiklal
Kababürük
Kahyalı
Karaoğlan
Karaperçin
Kargılı
Karışlar
Kerimbey
Kerpiçli
Kibarlar
Kirazlık
Kışla
Köprübaşı
Kurtuluş
Kutlukent
Ovabaşı
Pınar
Şabanoğlu
Sanayi
Sarıyurt
Selyeri
Seymenler
Sıtmasuyu
Yağbasan
Yavuzlar
Yaylageriş
Yazılar
Yeni Büyüklü
Yenidoğan
Yeniköy
Yeşilalan
Yeşildere
Yeşilyurt
Yukarıçinik
Zafer
Local attractions
Archeology Valley and caves
Settlements of the Chalcolithic Period, these caves were naturally formed smaller caves, which were later hollowed out and expanded to become houses. The caves have a multi-leveled structure and therefore can be identified as apartment buildings. The inhabitants of these caves were the ones to establish the first symbiosis culture.
In 1941, studies and excavations led by Prof. Dr. Tahsin Özgüç, member of Ankara University's Language, History and Geography Department, found many prehistoric caves, shelters, and settlements in the area. Hand axes, spearheads, and other sharp objects from the Paleolithic era were also found during these excavations.
Studies and excavations have also revealed grave goods of more advance craftsmanship such as pottery, earrings, bracelets, knives, daggers, spearheads, and pins.
Excavations done 14 km southeast of Dündartepe have revealed remains of Hittite and Early Bronze era. There are mostly potteries of camel and crimson color, which have been shaped on a potter's wheel. And many graves, handcrafted ceramics, vessels with black and white geometric features, and anthropomorphic vases have been found in the Hittite area.
Archeology Valley and other surrounding valleys are fit for hiking, horseback riding, and cycling. Fındıcak and Çınarlı streams trance the valley. The hollows and caves of different sizes on the valley cliffs are from the chalcolithic period.
The mass rock structure, which is located at the intersection of the Çınarcık and Fındıcak streams and overlooks both valleys, is called "Hollow Stone". The technical aspects and forms of the steps that lead up from the rock have been found to be of the Phrygian era. The remains in Tekkeköy are exhibited in the Samsun Archeology Museum and material that represent local eras are exhibited in Turkey's first imitation museum, Tekkeköy Archeology Museum House. There are also sculptures in its garden.
Furthermore, the Archeology Valley will be expanded into an Archeopark.
Replica of Atatürk's House
An exact replica of Atatürk's birth home in Thessalonica can be seen on the way back from Altınkaya Church, at the main road intersection.
Tekkeköy is one of the most important settlements for the Turks who relocated to the area after the population exchange in 1923. The area, which was previously home to Greek villages and neighborhoods, gained cultural and folkloric significance after the exchange population settled in. Turks who relocated from the Balkans and wanted a reminder of the lands of their ancestors, were the ones to suggest building an exact replica of Atatürk's House in Thessaloniki, and so our municipality built Atatürk's House Museum.
The museum, which has many visitors, exhibits replica furniture of the original house in Thessaloniki, as well as Atatürk's civil and military outfits. On the entrance floor there is a History Library, mostly composed of books about Atatürk. There is also a gift shop on the same floor where visitors can buy souvenirs.
Ancient windmill in Çırakman
The one and only windmill of the Black Sea region is located in the Çırakman neighborhood in Tekkeköy. This district is an old Greek settlement, which later became home to the Turks who relocated to the area after the population exchange in 1923. Çırakman means "big fire". The Greeks that once lived here used to engage in agriculture and fishing. They set camp on the shore and lit great campfires. Their campfires were a way to attract fish to shallow waters. That big fire was called Çırakman and gave its name to the area.
The ancient windmill, which was built in the late 1800s by Greeks, was restored to its original form thanks to the conservation commission and our municipality. Today this windmill is fully functional. It is also a main touristic site that attracts many local and foreign tourists. It can mill wheat and its roof can rotate to adjust to winds. Inside the windmill is a tiny museum, which was established by the Greeks from Çırakman who went to Georgia and Russia to work in 1830s. After landscaping the area surrounding the windmill, the municipality set up a picnic area for recreational use. Back in the day, newlyweds used to come up to the windmill and dip their hands in freshly ground flour, hoping for a fruitful and happy marriage. Today this tradition is still carried out by some of the locals.
Sheikh Yusuf Zeynuddin Mosque and Shrine
Sheikh Yusuf Zeynuddin was a great İslamic Veli who lived in the time of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire. He was a descendant of Gavs-ı Azam Sheikh Abdulkadir-i Geylani. Sheikh Yusuf Zeynuddin built a mosque in 1285 and there is a shrine in the mosque's garden bearing his name. Along with the mosque, he also established a lodge and soup kitchen to care for people in need. Now the municipality carries out this tradition.
Ancient buildings and sites
There are many ancient buildings and sites in Tekkeköy that have survived.
To look at them in chronological order:
The first rock graves of the Bronze period are located between the Altınkaya and Ökse neighborhoods. Although placed high in the cliffs of a deep valley, the graves were plundered by previous civilizations and therefore have no findings in them.
There is also a grave at the entrance of the Asarağaç picnic and recreation area dated back to the transitional period of the late archaic and Hellenistic eras, which is thought to be of a person of rank. The entrance hall in the front has collapsed over time, so the entrance is now on the grooved rock side of the structure. On this side, there are four other graves that are thought to belong to the relatives of that person of rank.
There are also many ancient churches in Tekkeköy, the most important being the Andoria Antyeri (originally Andreandon) Church located in the Antyeri neighborhood. The apse, interior pillars and bell tower are architectural aspects that draw attention. The church is planned to be restored to become a museum and office where tourists can receive information about the area.
A similar church is the Altınkaya Church located in the Altınkaya neighborhood. The Altınkaya Church is known to be the oldest church of the Black Sea region, and its stone grid structure and cubic forms used to achieve acoustics are unique.
Different from the two, is the remains of White (Ak) Church located in the Lower Çinik neighborhood. It stands out architecturally from other churches in Turkey with a rectangular shape and exterior, which has grooved and pillared characteristics.
Finally, the Arched Fountain is located in the Çırakman neighborhood's Kobal area. With a double pillared entrance and dome, this fountain used to serve as a spring water source and with this characteristic, is unique in the Black Sea area. The historic fountain is currently in ruins.
Churches and fountains
Andoria Antyeri Church (Andreanadon Church): Antyeri Church is one of the most well preserved churches in the area and is known for its bell tower. It is also registered and currently under restoration.
Altınkaya Church: This church is contemporary with the church at Cape Jason in neighboring Ordu's Perşembe District. Its stone grid structure and cubic forms used to achieve acoustics are unique.
Arched Fountain
White Church (Lower Çinik): Located in the Lower Çinik area, White Church has different architectural characteristics from other churches in the area.
Çınaralan Church-Mosque: When you hike up towards the Çınaralan Village from the Hollow Stone, a rough narrow road takes you to the Çınaralan Church-Mosque. What used to be a church with only one remaining wall was revised by locals to become a mosque. However, the revisions were poorly executed. There are plans to restore this historic church in a professional manner.
Church Remains in Yazılar Village: Samsun Preservation Committee District Office had officially registered these remains.
Costel coast
The long natural sandy beach of Costal is where Tekkeköy district meets the sea. The Bülbül stream, which flows along the main road to Costal, is home to the visiting wild ducks and kingfishers, and also is a nice area for recreational fishing.
If you follow the signs to Samsun Çarşamba Airport off the Samsun – Ordu highway, and take a turn following the signs to Yeni Mahalle and Kurtuluş you reach the Costal Forest. Following the brook on your left will eventually lead you to the sea lined with a virgin beach and summer residences hidden among the pine trees.
The other areas being mostly industrialized makes Costal an important swimming location.
Historically, Genoese sailors have also used this location, the first to call it Costal (Italian: sailor or one that comes from the sea). The Genoese also called Tekkeköy Mağda (place of metal) and set up workshops to craft the metals attained from the local mines. It has been said that the east door of the now destroyed Samsun Castle was called the Mağda Door.
The Hacı Osman grove, which stretches along the coast, Kapaklı Pınar, Kırantepe, Azman, and Asarağaç hills at 700 to 800 m altitudes are popular spots for picnicking and other recreational activities.
Kurşunlu Waterfalls in Büyüklü
The Kurşunlu Waterfalls are found near Büyüklü.
The old railway station buildings
The old railway station buildings will be restored and the surrounding area will be prepared to be a nostalgic park with a city museum and tourism information office.
Local cuisine
The movement within the area of the local population, Circassians, Georgians, and Romans has influenced the cultural richness of Tekkeköy, especially the local cuisine, such as rice with goose meat. The Ottoman-based "Yufka" is a very thin sheet of pastry dough used to enclose various ingredients, such as meat. "Borek" (mincemeat pastries) (börek). Oven kebabs are popular dishes. The local delicacy, Black Sea anchovy (hamsi) is heavily featured on menus and fabricated into various dishes such as rice and bread. It is also widely served as pan-fried. An important dish is the patented Gama Böreği. The sweet pastry roll Kocakarı Gerdanı (meaning old woman's neck) is a local delicacy, introduced to wide acceptance at fairs.
Festivals and carnivals
Every year the Tekkeköy Municipality organizes a Nature, Culture, and Tourism Festival.
Traditional Oil Wrestling Championship attracts many visitors and is gradually becoming as important as the Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Championship.
Annually in the second week of May, there is a Tree Planting and Calf Contest in Karaperçin Village.
Locals also hold Highland Festivals in neighborhoods that are former villages.
References
Populated places in Samsun Province
Districts of Samsun Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y |
Tekman, (), is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,102nbsp;km2, and its population is 23,195 (2022). The mayor is Mustafa Ergin (AKP).
Geography
The south of the district is surrounded by the Bingöl Mountains.
Composition
There are 71 neighbourhoods in Tekman District:
Ağcakoca
Akdağ
Akdamar
Akpınar
Alabayır
Aşağıhanbeyi
Aşağıtepecik
Aydınlı
Aydınlık
Beşdere
Beyköy
Çağlar
Çatak
Çatkale
Çayırdağı
Çevirme
Çiçekdağı
Cihan
Çukuryayla
Dalsöğüt
Deliler
Dengiz
Düzyurt
Erence
Geçitköy
Gökoğlan
Gözlüce
Gülveren
Gümüşlük
Gündamı
Güneşli
Gürgür
Güzeldere
Hacıömer
Hamzalar
Hürriyet
Hüseyinağa
Ilıgöze
İncesu
Işıklar
İsmetpaşa
Kalaycı
Karapınar
Karataş
Karatepe
Karlıca
Katranlı
Kayaboğaz
Kazancık
Kırıkhan
Koçyayla
Körsu
Küllü
Kuruca
Mescitli
Mollamehmet
Şakşak
Susuz
Taşkesen
Toptepe
Turnagöl
Vatan
Yalınca
Yerköy
Yeşilören
Yiğitler
Yoncalı
Yücepınar
Yukarıhanbeyi
Yukarıtepecik
Yuvaklı
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Districts of Erzurum Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekman |
Europa Universalis III is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. The game was released for Microsoft Windows in January 2007, and was later ported to OS X by Virtual Programming in November 2007.
The player controls a nation and handles matters concerning war, diplomacy, trade, and economy. The original game without expansions starts in 1453, right after the Fall of Constantinople, and continues to 1789, just past the beginning of the French Revolution. The expansion Napoleon's Ambition extends the end game year forward to 1821, whereas the expansion In Nomine moves the starting year back to 1399, making it the longest as far as gameplay time in the series thus far.
Europa Universalis III was the first to use Paradox's new 3D engine, Clausewitz Engine, that required user systems to meet the Pixel Shader 2.0 specification. The map has 1,700 land and sea provinces encompassing most of the world, with 250 playable historical nations. The game also uses elements of other Paradox games such as Crusader Kings, Victoria, and Hearts of Iron II.
Gameplay
Players begin the game by choosing what date they would like to start their campaign and which country they would like to play as. Once in game, players can shape their countries in many different ways. Forms of government include various kingdoms, republics, theocracies, and tribal governments. Players can influence a nation's society and values by adjusting "sliders" such as free trade/mercantilism, and may hire court advisors such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. As the game advances, players can pick "national ideas" such as Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, which give specialized bonuses.
The game has over 300 playable countries, including giants like Ming China, regional powers like Bohemia and Kazan, and tiny nations like the Maldives. Without formal victory conditions, players sometimes set goals for themselves like raising a minor city-state to world prominence. The world map includes some 1,700 provinces and sea zones. Many provinces in the Americas, Africa, and Oceania are not owned by any country, allowing for colonization.
Economics in the early modern era is simulated by taxes and production income from provinces, as well as trade. National merchants compete in "centers of trade" such as Venice and Lübeck, and nations focused on trading income (e.g., Holland) enjoy significant advantages. Nations which mint too much currency, or are over-reliant on gold mining, are penalized by inflation. Technology investment is important in the long run; the game does not use a Civ-style tech tree, but instead has several different technology categories, which unlock new military units and buildings.
Diplomacy is rather detailed: royal marriages, insults, alliances, trade embargoes, and so on all affect relations between countries. Players are able to gain control over other countries peacefully through personal unions and vassalage. Early international institutions such as the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal Curia and with the Divine Wind expansion the Shogunate are simulated in some depth. Every country has its own culture and religion, a frequent source of diplomatic unity or friction.
Rulers have control over armies, navies, and mercenaries they recruit. Combat is abstract, with no direct control over battles (in contrast to the Total War games). Military tradition is necessary for recruiting good generals and admirals. Aggression (seizing provinces without a rightful claim) is checked by the "badboy" system of international infamy common to Paradox's games.
The game is historically detailed; one can play the "grand campaign" starting in 1453 or 1399, but any date before the French Revolution (1821 with the Napoleon's Ambition expansion) is a valid starting point as well, with historical leaders and countries appropriately updated. Major events such as the War of the League of Cambrai are playable this way. Often the game diverges from reality after some time in-game, with unhistorical events such as Portugal colonizing North America, or Poland-Lithuania surviving to bully its neighbors.
The game may be played single-player or multiplayer, with players controlling different countries; every non-human country is controlled by its own AI.
Development
Expansion packs
Paradox has released 4 expansion packs for Europa Universalis III; each one requires all the previous expansions. One version of the game, Europa Universalis III Complete, includes the original game and the first two expansions. Another version, Europa Universalis III Chronicles, includes the original game and all four expansions.
Napoleon's Ambition
An expansion pack named Napoleon's Ambition was released on 22 August 2007 via GamersGate, a digital distribution platform. The Windows version of the expansion is available as a download from GamersGate or as part of the Europa Universalis III Complete retail package, and aims to expand on EUIII with an improved interface, an enhanced trade system, expanded options, and the inclusion of more content to cover the extended time period. Virtual Programming published the Napoleon's Ambition expansion pack for Mac OS X on 7 December the same year.
In Nomine
A second expansion titled In Nomine was released on 28 May 2008. Features include: a further extension of the game's time frame, the addition of the Byzantine Empire, a revised AI which focuses on strategic top-level goals, and completely reworked rebels with their own goals and abilities. Virtual Programming published the In Nomine expansion for Mac OS X on 18 August.
The game now starts earlier, beginning in October 1399 after the coronation of Henry IV of England. Because the game's time frame has been extended by 54 years, it now includes nations such as the Byzantine Empire and the Jalayirids, leaders like Tamerlane, and events such as the end of the Hundred Years' War.
A key variation of the expansion is the ability for the player to make important decisions that will shape the future of their country. For instance, a player can choose to create the United Kingdom, make Paris "worth a Mass", or institute an East Indian Trade Company. They can now implement decisions on both country and province level with the new decision system, including hundreds of different decisions depending on the situation (for example, the current state religion) and country.
In Nomine also features 'rebels with a cause'. There are several types of rebels (Religious, Patriotic, Peasant...), with different goals and different abilities. For example, if patriotic rebels take control of a province, that province will suffer from 10 more years of nationalism and is more likely to defect. Other rebels include colonial rebels in your colonies determined to get representation or independence and reactionary nobles rising up to put the serfs back in their place. The players can now choose between crushing rebels using military force, negotiating with them, or leaving them and watching them enforce their demands on your country.
Both Napoleon's Ambition and In Nomine are included in Europa Universalis III Complete.
Heir to the Throne
The third expansion titled Heir to the Throne was released for Windows on 15 December 2009 and includes many features requested by members of the forum. As the title suggests, it is focused mostly on royal family dynamics. Virtual Programming published the Mac OS X expansion on 24 May 2010.
Divine Wind
In May 2010, a poll was created on the Paradox forums by a developer in which users could vote for a new expansion. Options included expansions to Europa Universalis III, Europa Universalis: Rome, Hearts of Iron III and Victoria II. With 46% of the votes, the poll was won in favour of a Europa Universalis III expansion which is to focus on the rest of the world. The new expansion is called Divine Wind. It requires Europa Universalis III Complete and the expansion Heir to the Throne in order to play. The expansion pack was released on December 14, 2010.
Divine Wind was published for Mac OS X by Virtual Programming on March 16, 2011.
Compilation
Released on March 22, 2011, Europa Universalis III: Chronicles bundled all four expansions with the original game. This was the first time Heir to the Throne and Divine Wind became available in retail.
Europa Universalis III: Chronicles was published for Mac OS X by Virtual Programming on September 28, 2011.
Mods
Most of EU3's settings are in plain text files that are easily changed to modify the map, historical events, etc. Some popular mods extensively change the game, adding historical flavor, fantasy scenarios, or new game mechanics.
Magna Mundi spin-off
One mod for EU3 is Magna Mundi, which aims to add detail to the game's map and to steer the course of the alternate history portrayed by the game more towards real-world history by means of scripted events. A standalone version of Magna Mundi was planned as a spin-off game, to be developed by the mod's authors, operating as the development studio Universo Virtual, and to be published by Paradox. In 2012, MM was cancelled by Paradox, who cited lack of progress as well as a lack of trust in the developers as the reasons for this decision: according to a Paradox spokesman, "members within the MM team [...] report to us that the project lacks active leadership".
Universo Virtual, claiming to have had a game ready for release, announced legal action against Paradox.
Its leader, Portuguese developer Carlos Gustavo, accused Paradox of having come up with new requirements several times during development of Magna Mundi. He also claimed that Paradox did not own the source code licensed to him, and announced a release of what was to be Magna Mundi the game, now re-titled World Stage. No release date was put and the project's status is unclear.
Sequel
The game's sequel, Europa Universalis IV, was released on August 13, 2013.
Reception
Europa Universalis III received an 83% rating on Metacritic, indicating generally positive reviews. In a review for Eurogamer, Alec Meer gave the game a 7 out of 10, stating that it had "near unparalleled flexibility" and that it was "capable of inspiring immense self-satisfaction", while also criticising the game for its obtuse mechanics, especially the ideas system. Nicholas Bale of Game Revolution also gave a positive review, calling it "rich strategic title with a bevy of options available".
See also
List of grand strategy video games
List of Paradox Interactive games
Wargame (video games)
References
External links
Official wiki
2007 video games
Age of Discovery video games
Government simulation video games
Grand strategy video games
MacOS games
Action-adventure games
Paradox Interactive games
Real-time strategy video games
Video game sequels
Video games set in the 15th century
Video games set in the 16th century
Video games set in the 17th century
Video games set in the 18th century
Video games set in the Russian Empire
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Video games developed in Sweden
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis%20III |
Tercan (formerly Mama Hatun, and Derzene; in the Byzantine era; ) is a town and seat of Tercan District of Erzincan Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It had a population of 4,846 in 2021.
Located on the north bank of the Tuzla Su, a tributary of the Euphrates, Tercan is especially notable for the 12th century complex of buildings built by the Saltukid female ruler Melike Mama Hatun, which comprises her tomb, a mosque, a hammam and an impressive caravanserai which was heavily restored in recent years.
Neighborhoods
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ahmet Yesevi, Atatürk, Fatih, Kazımkarabekir, Mamahatun and Yavuz Selim.
History
Originally, the main town in the region of Derzene was Pekeriç. Tercan superseded it in perhaps the early Ottoman period. In the middle ages and early Ottoman period, two routes converged at Tercan. The first was the one connecting Erzurum with Erzincan and Sivas. The second was coming from the upper Kelkit basin via the Pekeriç plain.
The 17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited the place in 1647, calling it Mamahatun. He wrote about the Saltukid complex and described the town as "a Muslim village containing two hundred houses".
Monuments
Caravanserai
Located just east of the town center, the caravanserai is a roughly square building arranged around a central courtyard. There two rows of five separate rooms on the courtyard's north and south sides - these were used by better-off travelers. These are bordered by two long rooms that take up the entire north and south sides of the building; these served as stables and sleeping quarters for most guests. The monumental entrance is located on the building's east side. Each side of the entryway is flanked by a vaulted recess with a raised floor; this was where guards were posted. Inside the portal is an entrance hall leading to the courtyard. On either side of the hall there are several rooms that were used to store merchandise. A staircase leading up to the roof is on the right side.
At the west end of the building are three tall iwans, which are awkwardly out of place in the building's design - the builders may have copied them wholesale from another building, such as a medrese. The iwans were used as places to sleep in the summer and possibly also as stables. Two large rooms border the iwans, one on the north and one on the south; like the rooms by the entrance hall, these were used to store merchandise.
The caravanserai was changed significantly during the early Ottoman period. The original design had included two porticos on the north and south sides of the courtyard, in front of the first-class rooms; these no longer exist. There had also originally been six first-class rooms on each side; the two at the west end were later converted into iwans.
Türbe
The türbe is located in the middle of a circular courtyard surrounded by a thick wall. A walkway goes around the top of the outer wall, behind a small parapet. The entrance portal, which is on the southwest side, is richly decorated and is framed by a muqarnas. The wall is raised around the portal, and the upper walkway would have originally gone through a tunnel at this point. On the inside of the wall, beneath the walkway, are a series of wide arched niches. These were originally designed to accommodate tombs for family members. The wall above them overhangs slightly and probably represent the remains of a vaulted portico. One of these niches has since been replaced with a fountain. The türbe's main tower is a relatively simple structure without windows. Inside, a staircase leads down to the burial chamber, which is partly below ground.
Other nearby sights
Kötür bridge
Pekeriç fortress
Abrenk (Vank) church
Kefrenci temple
Gallery
See also
Saltukids
Melike Mama Hatun
References
External links
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Tercan District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercan |
Melio Bettina (November 18, 1916–December 20, 1996) was a professional boxer who was briefly the Light Heavyweight World Champion.
Amateur career
Bettina won the 1934 Intercity Golden Gloves at light-heavyweight (2nd Div.) by decision over Tony Zale.
Pro career
According to local legend Melio changed to a southpaw stance after he couldn't find any amateur challengers. Bettina was recognized as World Light Heavyweight champion by the New York State Athletic Commission in 1939. Bettina won the title on February 3, 1939, when he scored a 9th-round TKO over favorite Tiger Jack Fox at Madison Square Garden in New York. Bettina lost the title in his first defense, when he lost a unanimous decision to National Boxing Association champion Billy Conn on July 13. Later that same year, on September 25, he lost another unanimous decision to Conn at Pittsburgh's Forbes Field.
In 1940 he lost a decision to Middleweight champion Fred Apostoli, which he would revenge by stopping Apostoli in the 12th round. Other highlights in 1940 included a loss to Al McCoy, and wins over Solly Krieger and Gunnar Barlund. On January 14, 1941, Bettina faced Anton Christoforidis for the vacant National Boxing Association Light Heavyweight title in Cleveland, Ohio. Christoforidis won a unanimous decision.
Legacy
In 1996, Bettina was inducted into the World Boxing Hall Of Fame in Los Angeles. In 1998, he was inducted into the High School Athletic Hall of Fame in his hometown of Beacon, New York.
References
External links
1916 births
1996 deaths
Boxers from New York (state)
People from Beacon, New York
American male boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melio%20Bettina |
William Ireland (1636 – 24 January 1679) was an English Jesuit and martyr from Lincolnshire. He was falsely accused of conspiring to murder King Charles II during the Popish Plot hysteria, and was executed on 24 January 1679. He was beatified in 1929 by Pope Pius XI and his feast day is celebrated on 24 January, the day of his death.
Early life
Ireland was the eldest son of William Ireland of Crofton Hall, Yorkshire, by Barbara, a daughter of Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure of Washingborough, Lincolnshire, by his first wife Mary Dawnay. William was born in Lincolnshire in 1636. He had several sisters, to whom he remained close, and who worked tirelessly to prove his innocence during the Plot. Ireland was educated at the English College at St. Omer; admitted to the Society of Jesus at age 19 at Watten in 1655; studied theology in Liege and was ordained a priest in 1667. For several years he was a confessor to the Poor Clares at Gravelines.
Popish Plot
In 1677, Ireland was sent on the English Mission and appointed procurator of the province. On the night of 28 September 1678, he was arrested by constables led by Titus Oates, the inventor of the Plot and taken before the Privy Council. Among those who shared his fate was John Grove, a layman and the nominal occupier of that part of Wild House, London, occupied by the Jesuits and the Spanish Embassy; also Thomas Jenison and John Fenwick. Together with Thomas Pickering, Ireland and Grove were said to have planned on 19 August, in the rooms of the Jesuit William Harcourt, to assassinate King Charles II at Newmarket, and William Bedloe swore that Grove was to have £1500 for the job and Pickering 30,000 Masses. The sworn testimony of Oates and Bedloe impressed the jury, despite their unsavoury reputation, and Chief Justice William Scroggs summed up against Ireland. Despite Ireland's impressive alibi, which was later to gravely embarrass the Crown, and much evidence of his accusers' bad reputation, produced by his sisters, he was found guilty.
After being confined in Newgate Prison, Ireland was sentenced to death on 17 December. Ireland wrote a journal in Newgate, which accounted for virtually every day of his absence from London between 3 August and 14 September. It has been said that this account, which was supported by several credible witnesses such as Mrs. Jane Harwell of Wolverhampton, in whose house he had stayed during the crucial period, gave the judges more trouble than any other single piece of evidence produced for the accused during the Plot Trials. The King having heard Ireland's alibi said that "he had no manner of satisfaction in the truth of the evidence (i.e. the evidence against Ireland), but rather of its falsehood". However, a servant girl called Sarah Paine (of whom very little is known) swore that she saw Ireland in Fetter Lane on 20 August, and the judges ruled that this in itself disproved Ireland's alibi.
Execution
After two reprieves, during which the King and Privy Council examined Ireland's alibi at great length, Ireland and Grove were executed together at Tyburn, Grove saying: "We are innocent, we lose our lives wrongfully, we pray God to forgive them that are the causes of it." The King, who had already stated privately that they were innocent, as a special act of clemency ordered that they be allowed to hang until they were dead, thus sparing them the usual horrors of drawing and quartering.
Aftermath
A deposition against Ireland's alibi was subsequently published by Robert Jenison, (brother of the Jesuit Thomas Jenison, who died in prison as a result of his brother's testimony) and further charges were brought against Ireland in John Smith's Narrative containing a further Discovery of the Popish Plot of 1679. On the other hand, Oates's false evidence against Ireland was later considered to be of such importance as to form a separate indictment at his trial for perjury in 1685. This unusual step may reflect the strongly expressed private view of King Charles II (who died a few days before the trial started) that Ireland was innocent. The Crown may well have had an uneasy conscience about the decision to reject Ireland's cast-iron alibi, which had troubled them enough to have it debated twice before the Privy Council, and which was conclusive at Oates's trial, when he failed to produce his crucial countervailing witness, the elusive servant girl Sarah Paine.
References
Attribution
1636 births
1679 deaths
17th-century English Jesuits
English beatified people
People from Lincolnshire
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
Victims of the Popish Plot
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
17th-century venerated Christians
People executed at Tyburn
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ireland%20%28Jesuit%29 |
Tomarza, formerly known as Dumarza (Armenian: Դումարզա), is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,405 km2, and its population is 21,100 (2022). The mayor is Davut Şahin (AKP).
Tomarza is a famous city for its pumpkin seeds production. According to Gida Tarim, Tomarza is one of the important pumpkin seed production centers in Turkey. While 60 percent of the snack pumpkin seeds produced in Turkey are met by Kayseri, 25 percent of the production in Kayseri comes from the city of Tomarza. Pumpkin seeds will be planted on 40 thousand acres of land. In 2020, 5 thousand 500 tons of harvest were obtained from the pumpkin seeds for snacks planted on 40 thousand acres of land in Tomarza. Other important activities are potato production, and sheep, goat and cattle-raising.
Composition
There are 54 neighbourhoods in Tomarza District:
Akdere
Akmezar
Arslantaş
Avşarsöğütlü
Bektaş
Böke
Bostanlık
Büyükcanlı
Büyüksüvegen
Çanakpınar
Çayinli
Cücün
Çukurağaç
Çulha
Cumhuriyet
Dadaloğlu
Dağyurdu
Ekinli
Emiruşağı
Göktepe
Gülveren
Güzelce
Güzelsu
Hacıpaşa
İcadiye
İmamkullu
İncili
Işıklar
Kaleköy
Kapıkaya
Karamuklu
Karaören
Kesir
Kevenağıl
Kızılören
Koçcagız
Kömürköy
Köprüköy
Küçükcanlı
Kurtuluş
Melikören
Pusatlı
Sarımehmetli
Şeyhbarak
Şiraz
Söğütlü
Tahtakemer
Tatarköy
Toklar
Turanlı
Üçkonak
Yavuz Selim
Yeni
Yeşilbağ
Climate
Tomarza has a warm summer continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and very warm, dry summers with cool nights. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and early summer.
References
External links
Official website of the Municipality of Tomarza
Official website of the Governor of Tomarza
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomarza |
Tonya (Ancient Greek: Thoania, Θωανία; Ottoman Turkish: طﻮﻧﻴﻪ, romanized as Tonya) is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 176 km2, and its population is 13,457 (2022). The mayor is Osman Beşel (AKP).
Composition
There are 22 neighbourhoods in Tonya District:
Biçinlik
Büyükmahalle
Çamlı
Çayıriçi
Hoşarlı
İskenderli
Kalemli
Kaleönü
Kalınçam
Karaağaçlı
Karasu
Karşular
Kayacan
Kösecik
Kozluca
Melikşah
Ortamahalle
Sağrı
Sayraç
Turalı
Yakçukur
Yenimahalle
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Tonyahaber website http://www.tonyahaber.net
Tonya
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya%2C%20Turkey |
Torbalı is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 577 km2, and its population is 207,840 (2022).
An ancient Ionian city, Metropolis, is found in the district. It was famous for its wines and religious sites, and had three sanctuaries in marble dedicated to the Roman Emperor Augustus and his foster child Germanicus, in an ancient theatre which dominates the valley.
Pieces of art found during the excavations are now exhibited in İzmir and Ephesus museums. The town has the remains of an old port and a few holiday complexes, and is set attractively against a pine forest.
Composition
There are 60 neighbourhoods in Torbalı District:
19 Mayıs
Ahmetli
Alpkent
Arslanlar
Atalan
Atatürk
Ayrancılar
Bahçelievler
Bozköy
Bülbüldere
Çakırbeyli
Çamlıca
Çapak
Çaybaşı
Cumhuriyet
Dağkızılca
Dağteke
Demirci
Dirmil
Düverlik
Eğerci
Ertuğrul
Fevziçakmak
Gazi Mustafa Kemal
Göllüce
Helvacı
İnönü
İstiklal
Kaplancık
Karakızlar
Karakuyu
Karaot
Karşıyaka
Kazım Karabekir
Kırbaş
Kuşçuburun
Muratbey
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Naime
Ormanköy
Ortaköy
Özbey
Pamukyazı
Pancar
Sağlık
Saipler
Şehitler
Subaşı
Taşkesik
Tepeköy
Torbalı
Tulum
Türkmenköy
Yazıbaşı
Yedi Eylül
Yemişlik
Yeniköy
Yenimahalle
Yeşilköy
Yoğurtçular
Excavations
In June 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of a well-preserved 1,800-year-old marble statue of a woman standing on a pedestal in Torbalı district. The head and two arms of the statue were missing.
References
Populated places in İzmir Province
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbal%C4%B1 |
The Stardust Best Supporting Actor Award is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting and represents new talent.
Multiple wins
Awards
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
References
See also
Stardust Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Stardust Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Best%20Supporting%20Actor |
Tortum () is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,463 km2, and its population is 15,259 (2022). The current mayor is Muammer Yiğider from the Great Unity Party (BBP).
History
Tortum was part of the area known as Diaueni, Tayk or Tao and was ruled by Hayasa-Azzians, Diauehi, Urartians, Iberians, Armenians, Romans, Persians and Byzantines. Tortum was a part of some proto-Armenian states (Hayasa-Azzi; Urartu), proto-Georgian Kingdom of Iberia (4th - 2rd centuries BC) and Kingdom of Greater Armenia (2nd century BC - 5th century). Between the 9th and 16th century it was part of the Kingdom of the Iberians, Kingdom of Georgia and Georgian principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago. It was first an Ottoman vassal in the early 16th century and was annexed in 1550. The area of Tortum was contested by the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th-17th century but remained Ottoman after 1625. Georgians and Armenians made up the vast majority of the population in Tortum. During Georgian rule, half of the ethnic Armenian population became Chalcedonians and joined the Georgian Orthodox church, while the rest of the Armenians remained part of the Armenian church. Armenian cleric Hakop Karnetsi recorded in the 1650s that a man named Mullah Jaffar took census and placed heavy taxes in the region, causing the Armenian Chalcedonians to convert en-masse to Islam. Tortum was a sanjak in Erzurum Eyalet. The region was in the early Ottoman period largely Christian but acquired a Muslim majority in the mid 18th century, as Georgian population fled in inner provinces of Georgia. During World War I, Ottoman troops crossed Tortum in the disastrous Battle of Sarikamish. Then the Russians occupied the town and held it between 1915 and 1917. After the February revolution of 1917 they left it to the Armenians. The Ottoman army advanced some time later and captured Tortum on 16 March 1918. The town has a ruined citadel.
The Muslim Armenians continued to speak Armenian well into early the 19th century when they were Turkified.
Economy
As of 1920, Tortum was producing coal.
Composition
There are 58 neighbourhoods in Tortum District:
Akbaba
Aksu
Aktaş
Alapınar
Alpaslan
Arılı
Aşağı Serdarlı
Bağbaşı
Bahçeli
Ballı
Çakıllı
Çamlıca
Çardaklı
Çataldere
Çaylıca
Çiftlik
Cihanlı
Çivilikaya
Demirciler
Derekapı
Derinpınar
Dikmen
Doruklu
Esendurak
Gökdere
Hamidiye
İncedere
Kaleboynu
Kaledibi
Kapıkaya
Karlı
Kazandere
Kemerkaya
Kireçli
Kırmalı
Konak
Meydanlar
Pehlivanlı
Peynirli
Şenyurt
Serdarlı
Sögütlü
Suyatağı
Taşbaşı
Taşoluk
Tatlısu
Tipili
Tortumkale
Uzunkavak
Vişneli
Yağcılar
Yamankaya
Yavuz Sultan Selim
Yazyurdu
Yellitepe
Yukarı Sivri
Yumaklı
Ziyaretli
See also
Cağ kebabı
Khakhuli Monastery
Tortum Waterfall
References
External links
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Historical regions of Georgia (country)
Districts of Erzurum Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortum |
Patricia Godman (née Leonard; 31 October 1939 – 21 July 2019) was a Scottish Labour politician who served as Deputy Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2003 to 2011. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the West Renfrewshire constituency from 1999 to 2011.
Background
The daughter of Martin Leonard and Cathie Craig, Godman was a Glasgow City councillor before entering the Scottish Parliament.
After leaving St Gerard's Senior Secondary School, Glasgow aged 15, Godman worked with a charity for some time, as a waitress, in a bar, insurance collector and a house mother in a list 'D' school. She later attended Jordanhill College where she trained as a social worker. She worked as a social worker working in the East End of Glasgow from 1979 to 1989.
From 2003 until 2011, Godman was a Deputy Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament. In 2008, it was revealed she charged the taxpayer around £30,000 for hotel bills although she was renting a flat from her son Gary Mulgrew. She did not qualify for the rental expenses allowance as her main residence in Glasgow was too close to Holyrood to qualify, but claimed rent rather than hotel expenses. She was entitled to an overnight expenses allowance that permitted MSPs to recoup expenses for each night, which she had paid for the rent of the apartment. It was confirmed that she had neither broken the Parliamentary rules, nor benefited in any way.
On her final day in parliament, Godman wore a Celtic F. C. shirt in Holyrood. A few days later, a bomb addressed to her office was intercepted, with similar devices being sent to Celtic manager Neil Lennon and Paul McBride, Lennon's legal representative. It was believed that Godman was targeted for wearing the shirt. Trevor Muirhead and Neil McKenzie were later convicted for sending the bombs.
Personal life
Godman married her second husband Norman Godman in 1981, who was a Member of Parliament for Greenock and Inverclyde and its predecessor seat from 1983 to 2001. She had three sons by her first husband, from whom she separated aged 22 due to his infidelity. One, Gary Mulgrew, was one of the NatWest Three. Her experience with his extradition inspired her to take an active role in opposing Gary McKinnon's extradition to the United States in a similar case.
Godman died on 21 July 2019 in Clydebank, after fighting with a terminal illness.
References
External links
1939 births
2019 deaths
People from Govan
Scottish social workers
Scottish Labour councillors
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Deputy Presiding Officers of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Women councillors in Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trish%20Godman |
Torul is a town in Gümüşhane Province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Torul District. Its population is 5,794 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
See also
Zigana Pass
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Road map of Torul and environs
Ardassa
Populated places in Gümüşhane Province
Torul District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torul |
Tosya (), previously called Theodosia (Greek: Θεοδοσία) or Doceia (Greek: Δοκεία) under the Byzantine Empire, is a town in Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Tosya District. Its population is 28,963 (2021). It is the home town of the famous Boyner family and the birth place of Markos Vafeiadis (1906–1992), a famous Greek politician.
The North Anatolian Fault is located in this area. This caused a major earthquake in 1943.
References
External links
Tosya Municipality
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
Tosya District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosya |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Adenosine A1 receptor}}
The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.
Biochemistry
A1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. A1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system.
The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body.
Signalling
Activation of the adenosine A1 receptor by an agonist causes binding of Gi1/2/3 or Go protein. Binding of Gi1/2/3 causes an inhibition of adenylate cyclase and, therefore, a decrease in the cAMP concentration. An increase of the inositol triphosphate/diacylglycerol concentration is caused by an activation of phospholipase C, whereas the elevated levels of arachidonic acid are mediated by DAG lipase, which cleaves DAG to form arachidonic acid.
Several types of potassium channels are activated but N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels are inhibited.
Mechanism
This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it rests. In the brain, it slows metabolic activity by a combination of actions. At the neuron's synapse, it reduces synaptic vesicle release.
Ligands
Caffeine, as well as theophylline, has been found to antagonize both A1 and A2A receptors in the brain.
Agonists
2-Chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA).
N6-Cyclopentyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
Tecadenoson is an effective A1 adenosine agonist, as is selodenoson.
Benzyloxy-cyclopentyladenosine (BnOCPA) is an A1R selective agonist.
PAMs
2‑Amino-3-(4′-chlorobenzoyl)-4-substituted-5-arylethynyl thiophene # 4e
Antagonists
Non-selective
Caffeine
Theophylline
CGS-15943
Selective
8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPX / 8-cyclopentyltheophylline)
8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX)
8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
Bamifylline
BG-9719
BG-9928
FK-453
FK-838
Rolofylline (KW-3902)
N-0861
ISAM-CV202
In heart
The A1 and A2A receptors of endogenous adenosine are believed to play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. Stimulation of the A1 receptor has a myocardial depressant effect by decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses and suppressing pacemaker cell function, resulting in a decrease in heart rate. This makes adenosine a useful medication for treating and diagnosing tachyarrhythmias, or excessively fast heart rates. This effect on the A1 receptor also explains why there is a brief moment of cardiac standstill when adenosine is administered as a rapid IV push during cardiac resuscitation. The rapid infusion causes a momentary myocardial stunning effect.
In normal physiological states, this serves as protective mechanisms. However, in altered cardiac function, such as hypoperfusion caused by hypotension, heart attack or cardiac arrest caused by nonperfusing bradycardias, adenosine has a negative effect on physiological functioning by preventing necessary compensatory increases in heart rate and blood pressure that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion.
In neonatal medicine
Adenosine antagonists are widely used in neonatal medicine;
Because a reduction in A1 expression appears to prevent hypoxia-induced ventriculomegaly and loss of white matter, the pharmacological blockade of A1 may have clinical utility.
Theophylline and caffeine are nonselective adenosine antagonists that are used to stimulate respiration in premature infants.
However, we are unaware of clinical studies that have examined the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) as related to neonatal caffeine use. Caffeine may reduce cerebral blood flow in premature infants, it is presumed by blocking vascular A2 ARs. Thus, it may prove more advantageous to use selective A1 antagonists to help reduce adenosine-induced brain injury.
References
External links
Adenosine receptors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20A1%20receptor |
Tufanbeyli is municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey. Its area is 851 km2, and its population is 16,400 (2022). It is 196 km north-east of the city of Adana, on an uneven, sloping plateau high in the Tahtalı range of the Taurus Mountains. It has been bounded economically to Kayseri, 178 km far. Its neighbors are Sarız from North, Göksun from east, Saimbeyli from south, Develi from south-west and Tomarza from west.
Tufanbeyli is reached by crossing one of three high mountain passes. It's a struggle to reach but the views are incredible. The river Göksu, a tributary of the Seyhan runs across the plateau. The climate is hot dry summers and cold winters. The mountains are forested but these are steadily being consumed by the local people.
History
During the Bronze Age, the area was part of the kingdom of Kizzuwatna. In classical antiquity, the region of Tufanbeyli was in the southwestern corner of Cappadocia (while the parts of the Adana region south of Tufanbeyli were in Cilicia). The city of Comana was situated near Şarköy, some kilometers north of Tufanbeyli.
The area is now settled by descendants of Turks from the Caucasus and the Avşar (Afshar tribe; the former having come to Anatolia as a result of the Russian influx into the Caucasus in the 18th and 19th centuries. The latter being one of the group of Turkish migrants from Asia that have preserved their clan identity in Anatolia. The Avşar played a key role in the Turkish conquest of the Çukurova region and remained a local authority right up until the 19th century, especially in mountain strongholds like Tufanbeyli. Its former names were Höketçe before 1923 and Mağara between 1923 and 1967. It became a district in 1958 by separating from Saimbeyli.
Composition
There are 35 neighbourhoods in Tufanbeyli District:
Akçal
Akpınar
Ayvat
Bozgüney
Çatalçam
Çukurkışla
Cumhuriyet
Damlalı
Demiroluk
Doğanbeyli
Doğanlı
Elemanlı
Evci
Fatih
Fatmakuyu
Güzelim
Hanyeri
İğdebel
İstiklal
Karsavuran
Kayapınar
Kayırcık
Kirazlıyurt
Koçcağız
Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Ortaköy
Pekmezli
Pınarlar
Polatpınarı
Şarköy
Taşpınar
Tozlu
Yamanlı
Yenicami
Yeşilova
Power station
Mercury air pollution from the coal-fired power station has been estimated at over 500 kg/year.
References
External links
Tufanbeyli District Governorship
Tufanbeyli Municipality
Short introduction to the area
Website about the Avşar culture
Populated places in Adana Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Districts of Adana Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufanbeyli |
Alan Kent Haruf (February 24, 1943 – November 30, 2014) was an American novelist.
Life
Haruf was born in Pueblo, Colorado, the son of a Methodist minister. In 1965 he graduated with a BA from Nebraska Wesleyan University, where he would later teach, and earned an MFA from the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa in 1973.
Before becoming a writer, Haruf worked in a variety of places, including a chicken farm in Colorado, a construction site in Wyoming, a rehabilitation hospital in Denver, a hospital in Phoenix, a presidential library in Iowa, an alternative high school in Wisconsin, and colleges in Nebraska and Illinois and as an English teacher with the Peace Corps in Turkey. He lived with his wife, Cathy, in Salida, Colorado, until his death in 2014. He had three daughters from his first marriage with Ginger Koon.
All of Haruf's novels take place in the fictional town of Holt, in eastern Colorado. Holt is based on Yuma, Colorado, one of Haruf's residences in the early 1980s. His first novel, The Tie That Binds (1984), received a Whiting Award and a special Hemingway Foundation/PEN citation. Where You Once Belonged followed in 1990. A number of his short stories have appeared in literary magazines.
Plainsong was published in 1999 and became a U.S. bestseller. Verlyn Klinkenborg called it "a novel so foursquare, so delicate and lovely, that it has the power to exalt the reader." Plainsong won the Mountains & Plains Booksellers Award and the Maria Thomas Award in Fiction and was a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction.
Eventide, a sequel to Plainsong, was published in 2004. Library Journal described the writing as "honest storytelling that is compelling and rings true." Jonathan Miles saw it as a "repeat performance" and "too goodhearted." A third novel in the series, Benediction was published in 2014.
In the summer of 2014 Haruf finished his last novel, Our Souls at Night, which was published posthumously in 2015. He completed it just before his death. The novel was subsequently adapted in 2017 into a film by the same name, directed by Ritesh Batra and starring Robert Redford and Jane Fonda.
On November 30, 2014, Haruf died at his home in Salida, Colorado, at the age of 71, from interstitial lung disease.
Recognition
1986 – Whiting Award for fiction
1999 – Finalist for the 1999 National Book Award for Plainsong
2005 – Colorado Book Award for Eventide
2005 – Finalist for the Book Sense Award for Eventide
2009 – Dos Passos Prize for Literature
2012 – Wallace Stegner Award
2014 – Folio Prize shortlist for Benediction
Works
Novels
The Tie That Binds (1984)
Where You Once Belonged (1990)
Plainsong (1999)
Eventide (2004)
Benediction (2013); adapted for the stage in February 2015.
Our Souls at Night (26 May 2015); adapted into a 2017 Netflix movie
Essays
"The Making of a Writer". Granta Magazine, issue 129: "Fate". London: Granta, 2014.
Other
West of Last Chance, with photographer Peter Brown (2008)
References
External links
Meet the Writers: Kent Haruf Barnes and Noble profile and interview
Q & A with Kent Haruf
What the Critics Say About Kent Haruf
Notable Former Volunteers / Arts and Literature – Peace Corps official site
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Novelists from Colorado
Nebraska Wesleyan University alumni
People from Pueblo, Colorado
1943 births
2014 deaths
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Deaths from lung disease
Nebraska Wesleyan University faculty
People from Salida, Colorado
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent%20Haruf |
Turgutlu, also known as Kasaba (Cassaba or Casaba) is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 549 km2, and its population is 175,401 (2022). Its elevation is .
The name derives from the name of the Turkish clan of "Turgutlu" (also cited as "Turgut" or "Turgutoğlu"), recorded as having provided the main support to the Beylik of Karaman during their time of existence and mentioned in historical records as an important political entity as late as the 18th century Iran. Their settlement in Turgutlu region is thought to have taken place some time in the 15th century at the same time as the Ottoman unification of Anatolia which resulted in the demise of Karamanids. That nearby Manisa was the center where Ottoman shahzades (crown princes) received their education must have placed the clan once again in a non-negligible position in their relations this time with the Ottoman dynasty.
The term Casaba for melons derived from the name of the city, an echo of its 18th-19th century past when it was an important regional trade center and hub, located in the middle of a fertile alluvial plain and with access to outside markets through nearby İzmir.
General features
Turgutlu center is at a distance of 31 km to Manisa, to which it depends administratively, and at a distance of 50 km to the international portuary center of İzmir. Its closeness to these two metropolitan centers both of which have a deep and rooted history marked Turgutlu's destiny since its foundation in the 15th century. Today, the intense industrial activities in the even nearer İzmir district of Kemalpaşa also find considerable repercussions in Turgutlu, which itself has a reputation of being one of the prominent centers of soil industry in Turkey.
There are 44 primary schools and 14 schools providing intermediate education in Turgutlu district, bringing together 1,189 teachers and 28,767 students. There is also a higher professional school, a department of Celal Bayar University, at the district center. The state hospital at Turgutlu center has a bed capacity of 250, and there are also eleven health centers, all corresponding to a health professionals corpus of 370, 135 of whom are doctors.
At fifty-six per cent, Turgutlu district has the highest proportion of agricultural lands across Manisa Province districts in its territory, while the forest lands covering a total area close to twenty thousand hectares, are also of considerable extent.
Composition
There are 61 neighbourhoods in Turgutlu District:
Acarlar
Akçapınar
Akköy
Albayrak
Altay
Aşağıbozkır
Atatürk
Avşar
Ayvacık
Baktırlı
Bozkır
Bozkurt
Çampınar
Çatalköprü
Çepnibektaş
Çepnidere
Çıkrıkçı
Cumhuriyet
Dağyeniköy
Dalbahçe
Derbent
Ergenekon
Gökgedik
Güney
Hacıisalar
Irlamaz
İstasyonaltı
İstiklal
İzzettin
Kabaçınar
Karaköy
Karaoluk
Kayrak
Kurtuluş
Kurudere
Kuşlar
Musacalı
Musalaryeniköy
Mustafa Kemal
Ören
Osmancık
Özyurt
Sarıbey
Şehitler
Selvilitepe
Sinirli
Sivrice
Subaşı
Temrek
Turan
Turgutlar
Urganlı
Yakuplar
Yayla
Yedieylül
Yeni
Yeniköy
Yiğitler
Yıldırım
Yılmazlar
Yunusdere
Industry
Reconstructed from scratch as of the 1920s, modern Turgutlu is, in addition to a productive agricultural sector, also an important industrial base structured under a Chamber of Industry founded in 1926. It is home to the production installations of Tukaş, one of the most prominent producers of canned food (principally vegetables and fruits) in Turkey, as well as to BMC (Turkey), the Turkish branch of the motor vehicle giant BMC, active principally in commercial vehicles, trucks and buses. The town's industrial sector as a whole displays as high a degree of dynamism as its agricultural production, with many small- and medium-sized enterprises active in various fields. Also Seramiksan, one of the leading tile manufacturers of Turkey specialized in the production of ceramic wall and floor tiles, glazed and technical porcelain tiles, has their production installations in Turgutlu.
Experimental mining of nickel laterites by using a heap leach process in Mount Çal near Turgutlu started in 2005 by a Turkish subsidiary of European Nickel PLC. The reserves are estimated to be 33 million tons of ore at 1.13% Nickel and 0.08% cobalt content. The planned development of a nickel mine and processing plant could deeply influence the district's economy with a potential to become one of the most important investments in Turkey's Aegean Region.
History
İzmir-Kasaba Railway
The town was an important regional trade center and hub already since the 18th century. It acquired further importance once it became the first terminus of the 93 km. Smyrna Cassaba Railway whose construction was started from İzmir in 1863 and which arrived in Kasaba in 1866. This railway was the third started within the territory of the Ottoman Empire at the time and the first finished within the present-day territory of Turkey.
Instead of being laid along the direct route eastwards from İzmir to Turgutlu, about fifty kilometers in length, the line built drew a wide arc advancing first to the north-west from İzmir, through its Karşıyaka suburb to whose foundation it contributed greatly, and curves eastwards only from Menemen on, crossing the former sanjak and the present-day province center of Manisa to join Turgutlu from the north. Belkahve Pass between Mount Nif and Mount Sipylus on the direct road from İzmir and Turgutlu must have been judged too difficult for a track at the time. This railway was later extended further eastwards reaching a total length exceeding seven hundred kilometers but the operating company preserved the name Smyrna Cassaba. The first concession under the name was granted to a locally based English entrepreneur named Edward Price, who founded the company and built the line, and sold it in 1893 to the Franco-Belgian group Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, which extended it. The line was nationalized in 1934 by the young Republic of Turkey in the frame of a general move started in the 1920s regarding Turkey's railways.
From 1867 until 1922, Turgutlu was part of the Aydin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. The town was made into a kaza (district center) in 1868. During the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Kasaba was already a large town whose population well exceeded ten thousand people. During the 1910s, Kasaba was recorded by sources such as G. Sotiriadis (1918) and S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) as having a Greek population averaging at around one sixth of the total, between 3500 and 6000, in a subdistrict aggregate of thirty-five thousand and a center town population of around fourteen thousand.
Turgutlu during the Turkish War of Independence
Turgutlu remained under Greek occupation between 29 May 1919 and 7 September 1922. The most bitter blow suffered by the town has been the fire started by the retreating Greek army on 5 September 1922, and which has lasted for two whole days, destroying 6127 buildings in a total of 6328, the historic Pasha Mosque, and the 20000 manuscript books preserved in the town library, as well as at the very least a thousand human lives (based on the corpses that could be counted). The survival of another historical monument, the Hacı Zeynel Mosque and of the surrounding small agglomeration is locally still interpreted as divine intervention. According to a number of sources, the retreating Greek army carried out a scorched-earth policy while fleeing from Anatolia during the final phase of the war. According to a report of the Consul Park 90% of the buildings of the town were destroyed, as result of organized operations accompanied by several atrocities.
Notable people
Hilmi Özkök (born 1940), general, the former Chief of Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
Alberto Hemsi (1898–1975), Jewish composer
References
External links
Turgutlu district governorship
Turgutlu Chamber of Industry
Various images of Turgutlu, Manisa
All About Turgutlu | Kasaba
Forums of Turgutlu | Kasaba
Populated places in Manisa Province
Districts of Manisa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgutlu |
Oriental Pearl may refer to:
MS Oriental Pearl, a cruise ship
Oriental Pearl Tower, a building in Shanghai, China
Shanghai Oriental Pearl Media, Chinese company
See also
Pearl of the Orient (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental%20Pearl |
The Stardust Best Supporting Actress Award is chosen the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting and represents new talent.
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
References
See also
Stardust Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Stardust Awards
Film awards for supporting actress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Best%20Supporting%20Actress |
José Arcadio Limón (January 12, 1908 – December 2, 1972) was a dancer and choreographer from Mexico and who developed what is now known as 'Limón technique'. In the 1940s, he founded the José Limón Dance Company (now the Limón Dance Company), and in 1968 he created the José Limón Foundation to carry on his work.
In his choreography, Limón spoke to the complexities of human life as experienced through the body. His dances feature large, visceral gestures — reaching, bending, pulling, grasping — to communicate emotion. Inspired in part by his teacher Doris Humphrey's and Charles Weidman's theories about the importance of body weight and dynamics, his own Limón technique emphasizes the rhythms of falling and recovering balance and the importance of good breathing to maintaining flow in a dance. He also utilized the dance vocabulary developed by both Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman, which aimed at demonstrating emotion through dance in a way that was much less strict and stylized than ballet as well as used movements of the body that felt most natural and went along with gravity.
Limón's most well-known work is The Moor's Pavane (1949), based on Shakespeare's Othello, which won a major award. Other works were inspired by subjects as diverse as the McCarthy hearings (The Traitor) and the life of La Malinche, who served as interpreter for Hernán Cortés. Limón generally sets his dances to music, choosing composers ranging from Ludwig van Beethoven and Frederic Chopin to Arnold Schoenberg and Heitor Villa-Lobos.
Education
José Arcadio Limón was born January 12, 1908, in Culiacán, Mexico, the eldest of twelve children. In 1915, his family moved to Los Angeles, California.
After graduating from Lincoln High School (Lincoln Heights, California), Limón attended UCLA as an art major. In 1928 he moved and studied at the New York School of Design. In 1929, he was inspired to dance after attending one of Harald Kreutzberg and Yvonne Georgi's performances and enrolled in the Humphrey-Weidman school.
Early career
In 1930, Limón first performed on Broadway, and later that same year he choreographed his first dance, "Etude in D Minor", a duet with Letitia Ide. Limón recruited Ide and schoolmates Eleanor King and Ernestine Stodelle to form "The Little Group". From 1932 to 1933, Limón made two more Broadway appearances, in the musical revue Americana and in Irving Berlin's As Thousands Cheer, choreographed by Charles Weidman. Limón also tried his hand at choreography at Broadway's New Amsterdam Theatre. Limón made several more appearances throughout the next few years in shows such as Humphrey's New Dance, Theatre Piece, With my Red Fires, and Weidman's Quest.
In 1937, Limón was chosen to be a Bennington Fellow. At the Bennington Festival at Mills College in 1939, Limón first own work was exhibited, titled Danzas Mexicanas. After five years, however, Limón would return to Broadway to star as a featured dancer in Keep Off the Grass under the choreographer George Balanchine.
In 1941, Limón left the Humphrey-Weidman company to work with May O'Donnell. They co-choreographed several pieces together, such as War Lyrics and Curtain Riser. On October 3, 1942, Limón married Pauline Lawrence, a founding member and the manager of the Humphrey-Weidman company. The partnership with O'Donnell dissolved the following year, and Limón created work for a program at Humphrey-Weidman.
In 1943, Limón's made his final appearance on Broadway in Balanchine's Rosalinda, a piece he performed with Mary Ellen Moylan. He spent the rest of that year creating dances on American and folk themes at the Studio Theatre before being drafted into the Army in April 1943. During this time, he collaborated with composers Frank Loesser and Alex North, choreographing several works for the U.S. Army Special Services. The most well known among these is Concerto Grosso.
José Limón Dance Company
Attaining American citizenship in 1946, Limón formed the Limón Dance Company. When Limón began his company, he asked Humphrey to be the artistic director, making it the first modern dance company to have an artistic director who was not also the founder. The company had its formal debut at Bennington College, playing such pieces as Doris Humphrey's Lament and The Story of Mankind. Among the first company members were Pauline Koner, Lucas Hoving, Betty Jones, Ruth Currier, and Limón himself. Dancer and choreographer Louis Falco also danced with the José Limón Dance Company from 1960 to 1970, and Falco starred opposite to Rudolph Nureyev in Limon's Moor's Pavane on Broadway from 1974 to 1975.
While working with Humphrey, Limón developed his repertory and established the principles of the style that he was to become the Limón technique. By 1947, the company had reached New York, debuting at the Belasco Theatre with Humphrey's Day on Earth. In 1948, the company first appeared at the Connecticut College American Dance Festival and would return each summer for many years. Limón choreographed The Moor's Pavane in 1949, and it received the Dance Magazine Award for the year's most outstanding choreography. In the spring of 1950, Limón and his group appeared in Paris with Ruth Page, becoming the first American modern dance company to appear in Europe.
In 1951, Limón joined the faculty of The Juilliard School, where a new dance division had been developed. He also accepted an invitation to Mexico City's , where he created six works. Between 1953 and 1956, he choreographed a number of shows and created roles in Humphrey's Ruins and Visions and Ritmo Jondo. In 1954, the Limón Company was one of the first to take advantage of the U.S. State Department's International Exchange Program with a company tour to South America. The company later embarked on a five-month tour of Europe and the Near East and, again, to South America and Central America. It was during this time that Limón received his second Dance Magazine Award (1957).
In 1956, Limón choreographed The Emperor Jones, which was loosely based on Eugene O'Neill's play of the same title (see The Emperor Jones) and was set to music by Heitor Villa-Lobos. Following the premier of the work and subsequent restagings by Limón, there was some controversy surrounding the use of blackface for the role of Brutus Jones (the African American prisoner who eventually takes the title of the tyrant Emperor Jones). In 1958, following a US State Department funded tour of The Emperor Jones in Poland, Limón was asked by a Polish official if he had been permitted to perform The Emperor Jones in blackface in the United States. He responded to this query by writing that "Emperor Jones was first of all a work of art, and I hoped a good one, and that even if it were in defiance of prevalent political and social usages, no one would or could prohibit its performance." In this instance, the US government used Limón's work and its use of blackface as a response to international critics of its race relations by using art as a form of free speech free from sociopolitical constraints and one in which Limón was overtly complicit.
In 1958, Doris Humphrey, who had been the artistic director for the Limón Company, died and Limón took over her position. Between 1958 and 1960, Limón choreographed with Pauline Koner.
In 1962, the company returned to Central Park as the opening performance to New York's Shakespeare Festival. The next year, under sponsorship of the U.S. State Department, he toured the Far East for twelve weeks, choreographing The Deamon to a score by Paul Hindemith, who conducted the première.
In 1964, he went on to receive the Capezio Award and was appointed the artistic director of the American Dance Theatre at Lincoln Center. The following year, Limón appeared in an National Education Telecast|NET special titled The Dance Theater of José Limón.
In 1967, after performing with the company at Washington Cathedral, Limón received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He and his company were also invited to perform at the White House for President Lyndon B. Johnson and King Hassan II of Morocco.
Limón's final appearances onstage as a dancer were in 1969, when he performed in The Traitor and The Moor's Pavane at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.
In 1970, Limón was diagnosed with prostate cancer. In the last years of his life, despite this illness, he choreographed and filmed a solo dance interpretation for CBS. In 1971, he founded the little-known Jose Limón Philadelphia Dance Theater, originally intended to become a second company. In December 1972, at the age of 64, he died of cancer.
José Limón Foundation and Limón technique
In 1968, Limón incorporated the José Limón Foundation to continue his legacy as a choreographer, and in 2008 it received the National Medal for the Arts. In 1985, the Limón Institute was formed as an arm of the foundation that oversees licensing of his dances and teaching of what is now known as "Limón technique". According to the Limón Institute, the technique "emphasizes the natural rhythms of fall and recovery and the interplay between weight and weightlessness to provide dancers with an organic approach to movement that easily adapts to a range of choreographic styles."
José Limón considered Isadora Duncan, Harald Kreutzberg, Doris Humphrey, and Charles Weidman as important influences on his style of dance. It was after seeing Humphrey perform in Inquest (1945) that Limón decided to focus his choreography on showing the beauty and tragedy of human life rather than on entertaining people. His technique was informed by Humphrey's ideas about the dynamics of body weight as the body rose, fell, and remained in suspension during a dance. He encouraged students to see their bodies as complex instruments — using the simile of an orchestra — and to strive for clarity and expressiveness of movement without tension. He paid particular attention to proper breathing because it enabled continuously flowing motion.
Limón technique was disseminated during his life and after his death by teachers such as Aaron Osborne, a former member of the Limón company who taught his technique in the 1980s. Dance companies such as the Doug Varone and Dancers company continue to teach Limón's style of dancing. Limón's own company is still active under the shortened name Limon Dance Company, with the express purpose of maintaining the Limón technique and repertory.
Honors and legacy
Limón received a number honorary doctorates in his lifetime, including from Wesleyan University, the University of North Carolina, Oberlin College, and Colby College.
In 1973, the José Limón Collection was given to the New York Public Library Dance Collection by Charles Tomlinson.
In 1988, the José Limón National Dance Award was created in his honor to recognize outstanding figures of contemporary and modern dance.
The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts presented a retrospective exhibition on his life and work in 1996, and in 1997 he was inducted into the National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame.
In 2003, Limón was named one of America's "irreplaceable Dance Treasures" by the Dance Heritage Coalition. In 2012, he was chosen to appear on a U.S. postage stamp in honor of his contribution to the art of dance.
A number of books about Limón and his technique have been published, including The Illustrated Dance Technique of José Limón (1984). His own autobiographical writings appeared in edited form in 1999 under the title An Unfinished Memoir.
Choreography
See also
List of dancers
References
Citations
Further reading
Reich, Susanna (2005). José! Born to Dance: The Story of José Limón. New York: Simon & Schuster. .
External links
Jose Limon Dance Foundation website
Limon: A Life Beyond Words, documentary
Archival footage of Jose Limon performing Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías in 1946 at Jacob's Pillow
José Limón photographs 1933-1968 at the Jerome Robbins Dance Foundation, The New York Public Library
1908 births
1972 deaths
Mexican expatriates in the United States
Mexican emigrants to the United States
American artists of Mexican descent
American choreographers
Modern dancers
Wesleyan University people
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Culiacán
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People with acquired American citizenship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Lim%C3%B3n |
Tutak (), is a town in Ağrı Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Tutak District. Its population is 7,059 (2021). It is located on a small plain surrounded by high mountains and watered by the Murat River, on the road from the city of Ağrı to the district of Patnos. Its altitude is 1,535 m. The mayor is Bülent Duru (AKP).
Tutak is a small town providing schools, a hospital and other basic amenities to this impoverished rural district. The main source of income in the district is grazing livestock on the mountainside.
Winters are long and hard with a lot of snow, summers are hot and dry.
Notable people
Halis Öztürk, politician
See also
Yazidis in Turkey
References
Populated places in Ağrı Province
Yazidis in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutak%2C%20Turkey |
Live On is the third studio album by American blues solo artist Kenny Wayne Shepherd, released in 1999. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2000. Live On marks the second album (the first being Trouble Is...) to feature vocals from Noah Hunt.
Track listing
all songs written by Kenny Wayne Shepherd except where noted
"In 2 Deep" (Shepherd, Mark Selby, Danny Tate) – 3:15
"Was" (Shepherd, Selby, Tia Sillers) – 4:00
"Them Changes" (Buddy Miles) – 3:19
"Last Goodbye" (Shepherd, Selby, Sillers) – 4:33
"Shotgun Blues" (Shepherd, Noah Hunt) – 4:49
"Never Mind" (Shepherd, Selby, Sillers) – 3:58
"You Should Know Better" (Shepherd, Tate) – 4:12
"Every Time It Rains" (Shepherd, Selby, Sillers) – 3:46
"Oh Well" (Peter Green) – 3:37
"Wild Love" (Shepherd, Tate) – 3:42
"Losing Kind" (Shepherd, Selby, Sillers) – 4:31
"Live On" (Shepherd, Selby, Sillers) – 4:35
"Where Was I?" (Shepherd, Selby, Hunt) – 3:30
"Electric Lullaby" (Shepherd) – 3:12
Personnel
Kenny Wayne Shepherd Band
Kenny Wayne Shepherd: Vocals, rhythm and lead guitar
Keith Christopher: Bass
Sam Bryant: Drums, percussion
Additional Personnel
Pat Hodges, Stephanie Spruill: Vocals
Warren Haynes: Vocals, slide guitar
Bryan Lee: Rhythm and lead guitar
Reese Wynans: Keyboards
Mickey Raphael, James Cotton: Harmonica
Arion Salazar, Les Claypool, Tommy Shannon: Bass
Chris Layton: Drums, percussion
Note that keyboardist Wynans, bassist Shannon and drummer Layton had all served as the backing band for blues/rock guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, called Double Trouble.
Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)
Singles - Billboard (United States)
References
Kenny Wayne Shepherd albums
1999 albums
Albums produced by Jerry Harrison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20On%20%28Kenny%20Wayne%20Shepherd%20album%29 |
Tuzluca (; ; Koghb; or Тузлуджа) is a town in the Iğdır Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Tuzluca District. Its population is 9,619 (2022). It lies near the border with Armenia.
Etymology
Tuz means salt in the Turkish language. The Turkish name Tuzluca is derived from the salt mines that have existed here since at least medieval times; a salt mine still operates.
History
Known by Armenians as Koghb, Tuzluca was historically part of various Armenian kingdoms. The town and the surrounding area later became an Ottoman frontier Kurdish chiefdom and a scene of constant warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Persia. It was especially renowned for its salt mines.
In 1746, the region was finally ceded to Persia and became part of the Erivan Khanate. After the Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828 and Treaty of Turkmenchay, it passed from Persian to Russian control. Under Russian rule, the town, now known as Kulp, became part of the Surmali district of the Armenian Oblast and later the Erivan Governorate. In 1829, shortly after the Russian annexation, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) travelled to Surmali as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat. Two members of Parrot's expeditionary team, medical students Carl Schiemann and Maximilian Behaghel von Adlerskron, travelled to Kulp with four Cossacks to examine the salt mines.
After the Russian Revolution, the town came under the administration of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. However, it was ceded to Turkey by the Soviet Union in the Treaty of Kars. It was traditionally part of Kars province until the creation of predominantly Iğdır province in 1993. Today, Tuzluca serves as a highland retreat for asthma patients. Apricots and other fruit and vegetables are grown in the district.
Government
In the local elections in March 2019 Ahmet Sair Sadrettin Türkan was elected mayor.
Population
The town has a mixed population of Azerbaijanis and Kurds.
Notable people
Eznik of Kolb, writer (5th century)
Mehmet Hakkı Suçin, Arabist and translation scholar
Servet Çetin, soccer player
Şamil Ayrım, member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
References
External links
Official website of the Tuzluca Municipality
Iğdır's News website
Populated places in Iğdır Province
Tuzluca District
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzluca |
Tuzlukçu is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 704 km2, and its population is 6,062 (2022).
Composition
There are 15 neighbourhoods in Tuzlukçu District:
Aşağı
Çöğürlü
Dursunlu
Erdoğdu
Gürsu
Köklüce
Konarı
Koraşı
Kundullu
Mevlütlü
Orta
Pazar
Pazarkaya
Subatan
Yukarı
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzluk%C3%A7u |
Madda can be:
Madda is an Indian surname
A form of Madra, a region and kingdom in ancient India
an Arabic word, used in Egypt, for falaka (corporal punishment on the feet)
a type of harakat in the Arabic script
the name of a king, see Uttarakuru
the Afghan Madda khel tribe
in contemporary Jewish orthodox thought on Divine Providence, knowledge of the functioning of nature and society. Also used to mean science.
a nickname for people with the name Madeline
Madda is UK Drum & Bass MC and Vocal Artist
a delightful Susan after a few drinks catching up with friends | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madda |
Türkeli is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Türkeli District. Its population is 6,560 (2022). Many natives of the town have emigrated to Germany, Austria, Belgium and France. The mayor is Veysel Şahin (AKP).
References
Populated places in Sinop Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Türkeli District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkeli |
The James–Stein estimator is a biased estimator of the mean, , of (possibly) correlated Gaussian distributed random variables with unknown means .
It arose sequentially in two main published papers. The earlier version of the estimator was developed in 1956, when Charles Stein reached a relatively shocking conclusion that while the then-usual estimate of the mean, the sample mean, is admissible when , it is inadmissible when . Stein proposed a possible improvement to the estimator that shrinks the sample means towards a more central mean vector (which can be chosen a priori or commonly as the "average of averages" of the sample means, given all samples share the same size). This observation is commonly referred to as Stein's example or paradox. In 1961, Willard James and Charles Stein simplified the original process.
It can be shown that the James–Stein estimator dominates the "ordinary" least squares approach, meaning the James–Stein estimator has a lower or equal mean squared error than the "ordinary" least square estimator.
Setting
Let where the vector is the unknown mean of , which is -variate normally distributed and with known covariance matrix .
We are interested in obtaining an estimate, , of , based on a single observation, , of .
In real-world application, this is a common situation in which a set of parameters is sampled, and the samples are corrupted by independent Gaussian noise. Since this noise has mean of zero, it may be reasonable to use the samples themselves as an estimate of the parameters. This approach is the least squares estimator, which is .
Stein demonstrated that in terms of mean squared error , the least squares estimator, , is sub-optimal to a shrinkage based estimators, such as the James–Stein estimator, . The paradoxical result, that there is a (possibly) better and never any worse estimate of in mean squared error as compared to the sample mean, became known as Stein's example.
The James–Stein estimator
If is known, the James–Stein estimator is given by
James and Stein showed that the above estimator dominates for any , meaning that the James–Stein estimator always achieves lower mean squared error (MSE) than the maximum likelihood estimator. By definition, this makes the least squares estimator inadmissible when .
Notice that if then this estimator simply takes the natural estimator and shrinks it towards the origin 0. In fact this is not the only direction of shrinkage that works. Let ν be an arbitrary fixed vector of dimension . Then there exists an estimator of the James–Stein type that shrinks toward ν, namely
The James–Stein estimator dominates the usual estimator for any ν. A natural question to ask is whether the improvement over the usual estimator is independent of the choice of ν. The answer is no. The improvement is small if is large. Thus to get a very great improvement some knowledge of the location of θ is necessary. Of course this is the quantity we are trying to estimate so we don't have this knowledge a priori. But we may have some guess as to what the mean vector is. This can be considered a disadvantage of the estimator: the choice is not objective as it may depend on the beliefs of the researcher. Nonetheless, James and Stein's result is that any finite guess ν improves the expected MSE over the maximum-likelihood estimator, which is tantamount to using an infinite ν, surely a poor guess.
Interpretation
Seeing the James–Stein estimator as an empirical Bayes method gives some intuition to this result: One assumes that θ itself is a random variable with prior distribution , where A is estimated from the data itself. Estimating A only gives an advantage compared to the maximum-likelihood estimator when the dimension is large enough; hence it does not work for . The James–Stein estimator is a member of a class of Bayesian estimators that dominate the maximum-likelihood estimator.
A consequence of the above discussion is the following counterintuitive result: When three or more unrelated parameters are measured, their total MSE can be reduced by using a combined estimator such as the James–Stein estimator; whereas when each parameter is estimated separately, the least squares (LS) estimator is admissible. A quirky example would be estimating the speed of light, tea consumption in Taiwan, and hog weight in Montana, all together. The James–Stein estimator always improves upon the total MSE, i.e., the sum of the expected squared errors of each component. Therefore, the total MSE in measuring light speed, tea consumption, and hog weight would improve by using the James–Stein estimator. However, any particular component (such as the speed of light) would improve for some parameter values, and deteriorate for others. Thus, although the James–Stein estimator dominates the LS estimator when three or more parameters are estimated, any single component does not dominate the respective component of the LS estimator.
The conclusion from this hypothetical example is that measurements should be combined if one is interested in minimizing their total MSE. For example, in a telecommunication setting, it is reasonable to combine channel tap measurements in a channel estimation scenario, as the goal is to minimize the total channel estimation error. Conversely, there could be objections to combining channel estimates of different users, since no user would want their channel estimate to deteriorate in order to improve the average network performance.
The James–Stein estimator has also found use in fundamental quantum theory, where the estimator has been used to improve the theoretical bounds of the entropic uncertainty principle for more than three measurements.
An intuitive derivation and interpretation is given by the Galtonian perspective. Under this interpretation, we aim to predict the population means using the imperfectly measured sample means. The equation of the OLS estimator in a hypothetical regression of the population means on the sample means gives an estimator of the form of either the James–Stein estimator (when we force the OLS intercept to equal 0) or of the Efron-Morris estimator (when we allow the intercept to vary).
Improvements
Despite the intuition that the James–Stein estimator shrinks the maximum-likelihood estimate toward , the estimate actually moves away from for small values of as the multiplier on is then negative. This can be easily remedied by replacing this multiplier by zero when it is negative. The resulting estimator is called the positive-part James–Stein estimator and is given by
This estimator has a smaller risk than the basic James–Stein estimator. It follows that the basic James–Stein estimator is itself inadmissible.
It turns out, however, that the positive-part estimator is also inadmissible. This follows from a general result which requires admissible estimators to be smooth.
Extensions
The James–Stein estimator may seem at first sight to be a result of some peculiarity of the problem setting. In fact, the estimator exemplifies a very wide-ranging effect; namely, the fact that the "ordinary" or least squares estimator is often inadmissible for simultaneous estimation of several parameters. This effect has been called Stein's phenomenon, and has been demonstrated for several different problem settings, some of which are briefly outlined below.
James and Stein demonstrated that the estimator presented above can still be used when the variance is unknown, by replacing it with the standard estimator of the variance, . The dominance result still holds under the same condition, namely, .
The results in this article are for the case when only a single observation vector y is available. For the more general case when vectors are available, the results are similar:
where is the -length average of the observations.
The work of James and Stein has been extended to the case of a general measurement covariance matrix, i.e., where measurements may be statistically dependent and may have differing variances. A similar dominating estimator can be constructed, with a suitably generalized dominance condition. This can be used to construct a linear regression technique which outperforms the standard application of the LS estimator.
Stein's result has been extended to a wide class of distributions and loss functions. However, this theory provides only an existence result, in that explicit dominating estimators were not actually exhibited. It is quite difficult to obtain explicit estimators improving upon the usual estimator without specific restrictions on the underlying distributions.
See also
Admissible decision rule
Hodges' estimator
Shrinkage estimator
References
Further reading
Estimator
Normal distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%E2%80%93Stein%20estimator |
Maryland Route 302 (MD 302) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Barclay Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 301 (US 301) near Barclay east to the Delaware state line near Templeville, where the highway continues northeast as Delaware Route 11 (DE 11). MD 302 follows the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line for part of its length near Templeville. The county line road is considered to be in Caroline County for maintenance purposes. MD 302 was first paved in Barclay in the early 1920s and from Templeville to the state line in the late 1920s. The gap between Barclay and Templeville was filled in the late 1930s. MD 302 was extended west toward Church Hill in the late 1940s and to US 301 in the mid-1960s.
Route description
MD 302 begins at an intersection with US 301 (Blue Star Memorial Highway) about midway between Church Hill and Barclay in Queen Anne's County. County-maintained Hall Road heads west from the intersection toward Church Hill, and a park and ride lot is located in the northeast quadrant of the intersection. MD 302 heads east as two-lane undivided Barclay Road, which crosses Red Lion Branch near its source west of Stevens Corners. The highway passes through the town of Barclay as Church Street. In the center of town, the highway has a grade crossing with the Centreville Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad just west of the route's junction with MD 313 (Goldsboro Road). Upon leaving Barclay, the route becomes Barclay Road again. MD 302 crosses Unicorn Branch at its source, and the highway begins to follow the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line at its intersection with Woodyard Road. MD 302 passes through the town of Templeville, where the highway intersects the northern terminus of MD 454 (Crown Stone Road). East of the town, shortly after crossing Beaver Dam Ditch, MD 302 reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues northeast as DE 11 (Arthursville Road) toward the town of Hartly.
History
The first section of MD 302 was about east from MD 313 in Barclay paved in 1923. A second, unconnected section was completed between Templeville and the Delaware state line in 1930. The gap between Barclay and Templeville was filled in 1939. MD 302 was extended west about toward Church Hill in 1949. The state highway reached its present length when it was extended to US 301 in 1966.
Junction list
MD 302 follows the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line from just west of Woodyard Road near Templeville to the Delaware state line. The county line portion is considered to be in Caroline County for maintenance purposes.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 302
MD 302 at AARoads.com
302
Maryland Route 302
Maryland Route 302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20302 |
Türkoğlu is a municipality and district of Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Its area is 660 km2, and its population is 78,976 (2022).
Composition
There are 44 neighbourhoods in Türkoğlu District:
Akçalı
Avşarlı
Aydınkavak
Bayramgazi
Beyoğlu
Çakalıhasanağa
Çakallıçullu
Çakıroğlu
Ceceli
Cennetpınarı
Çobantepe
Cumhuriyet
Dedeler
Doluca
Fatih
Gaziler
Gaziosmanpaşa
Güllühüyük
Hacıbebek
Hopurlu
İmalı
İstasyon
Kadıoğluçiftliği
Kaledibi
Kelibişler
Kılılı
Kırmakaya
Kızıleniş
Küçükimalı
Kumçatı
Kuyumcular
Minehüyük
Örsenhopuru
Özbek
Pınarhüyük
Şekeroba
Tahtalıdedeler
Uzunsöğüt
Yavuzlar
Yeniköy
Yenipınar
Yeşilyöre
Yeşilyurt
Yolderesi
References
External links
District governor's official website
Populated places in Kahramanmaraş Province
Districts of Kahramanmaraş Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrko%C4%9Flu |
Louis Benjamin Hanna (August 9, 1861 – April 23, 1948) was an American businessman, banker, and North Dakota Republican Party politician, who served in the North Dakota House of Representatives and as the 11th Governor of North Dakota.
Biography
Louis Benjamin Hanna was born in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. His parents, Jason R. and Margaret Hanna died when he was a small boy, leaving him to be raised by his aunts. Louis Hanna grew up and received his education in Massachusetts and New York. He came to the Dakota Territory in 1881 with his brother, Robert C. Hanna and began farming near what is now Hope, North Dakota. He was married on November 18, 1888, to Lottie L. Thatcher (1864-1933) and they had four children.
Career
He sold his land in 1882 and moved to Page where he began his career as a businessman. He started a retail lumber company, then expanded into grain handling. Soon he needed banking facilities, so he opened a private bank at Page. The bank became a state bank, then became the First National Bank of Page, with Hanna as the president.
From 1895 to 1897, Hanna served in the North Dakota House of Representatives. Hanna moved to Fargo in 1899, serving as vice president of the First National Bank of Fargo. Hanna took on the North Dakota Senate from 1897 to 1901, and again from 1905 to 1909, representing the Fargo district this time.
In 1908, Louis Hanna was elected to represent North Dakota in the United States House of Representatives where he served two terms, from 1909 to 1913. Without any lapse between positions, he became the eleventh Governor of North Dakota in 1913 beating Frank O. Hellstrom in the race. The four years in Bismarck as Governor of North Dakota were largely spent attacking the $300,000 debt inherited by Hanna upon assuming office. At the end of four years, the entire amount was paid off; in addition, the bonded debt of nearly one million dollars was reduced to $462,000. A teacher's retirement and insurance fund was created and an inheritance tax law was sanctioned.
During Hanna's term the governor, his family, and a committee went to Norway. On July 4, 1914, at Christiania (Oslo), they presented the people of Norway with a statue of Abraham Lincoln. The statue, by North Dakota sculptor Paul Fjelde, is located in Frogner Park in Oslo.
Legacy and death
King Haakon VII decorated Gov. Hanna as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav of the First Rank. Governor Hanna served as chairman of the Liberty Loan drives in 1917 and 1918. During World War I he served in France as a captain in the American Red Cross. He was cited as an officer of the French Legion of Honor by the French government. Hanna continued his business interests in agriculture, banking, and other enterprises until his retirement. In 1924, Louis Hanna handled presidential campaign of Calvin Coolidge in North Dakota. He died in 1948, aged 86, in Fargo, North Dakota.
He is buried in Riverside Cemetery, Fargo, Cass County, North Dakota.
References
Further reading
Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. 3 (Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978)
Rice, Charles Elmer A History of the Hanna Family (Damascus, Ohio, A. Pim & son. 1905)
External links
National Governors Association
1861 births
1948 deaths
People from New Brighton, Pennsylvania
American bankers
Farmers from North Dakota
American Lutherans
Politicians from Fargo, North Dakota
Republican Party members of the North Dakota House of Representatives
People from Steele County, North Dakota
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota
Republican Party governors of North Dakota
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American Red Cross personnel
People of Dakota Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20B.%20Hanna |
Arthur Peabody (November 16, 1858 – September 6, 1942) was the campus architect for the University of Wisconsin from 1905 to 1915 and the state architect of Wisconsin from 1915 to 1938.
Peabody was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1882. He designed or directed a number of Madison landmarks, including the Wisconsin State Office Building and the University of Wisconsin Memorial Union. He died in Madison, Wisconsin on September 6, 1942.
Buildings designed or overseen
University Club, UW-Madison 803 State Street (1905-1906)
Hydraulics Laboratory, UW-Madison, now the Water Science and Engineering Laboratory, 660 N. Park Street (1906)
additions to Bascom Hall, UW-Madison, 500 Lincoln Drive (1906-1907, and 1924)
Old Agronomy Building, UW-Madison, now Agricultural Journalism, 440 Henry Mall (1907)
Agricultural Engineering Building, UW-Madison, 460 Henry Mall (1907)
Stock Pavilion, UW-Madison, 1675 Linden Drive (1908)
Litter Shed addition to the Dairy Barn, UW-Madison, 1915 Linden Drive (1908)
Central Heating Station, UW-Madison, now the Service Building Annex, 1225 University Avenue (1908)
Old U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, UW-Madison, now the Materials Science & Engineering Building, 1509 University Avenue (1909)
Lathrop Hall, UW-Madison, 1050 University Avenue (1909)
Dairy Annex, UW-Madison, now Hiram Smith Hall and Annex, 1545 Observatory Drive (1909)
Birge Hall, UW-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive (1910)
additions to the Armory, UW-Madison, 716 Langdon Street (1911)
additions to Chamberlin Hall, UW-Madison, 1150 University Avenue (1912)
Home Economics Building, UW-Madison, now the Human Ecology Building, 1300 Linden Drive (1912)
King Hall, UW-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive
Agricultural Chemistry Building, UW-Madison, now the Biochemistry Building, 420 Henry Mall (general contractor of a Laird and Cret design) (1912)
Barnard Hall, UW-Madison, 970 University Avenue (supervisor of Laird and Cret design) (1912)
additions to Wisconsin Historical Society building, 816 State Street (1912)
Adams County Courthouse, 402 Main Street, Friendship, Wisconsin (1914)
Sterling Hall, UW-Madison, 475 N. Charter Street (1915)
setting for statue of Abraham Lincoln atop Bascom Hill, UW–Madison (1916)
Camp Randall Field House, UW-Madison, 1450 Monroe Street (1916-1930)
Infirmary, UW-Madison, now the School of Social Work Building, 1350 University Avenue (with Ferry and Clas) (1918, addition 1930)
Bradley Memorial Hospital, UW-Madison, now the Bradley Memorial Building, 1215 Linden Drive (1918-1920)
additions to North Hall, UW-Madison, 1050 Bascom Mall (1919)
Wisconsin General Hospital, now the UW-Madison Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue (1924)
Memorial Union, UW-Madison, 800 Langdon Street (1925)
Van Hise Dormitories, UW-Madison: Tripp Hall, Adams Hall, and the Van Hise Refectory, now Carson Gulley Hall; 1510, 1520, and 1515 Tripp Circle (1926)
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, 1833 Regent Street (1927)
Mechanical Engineering Building, UW-Madison, 1513 University Avenue (1930-1931)
Wisconsin State Office Building, 1-29 W. Wilson Street (1932)
Urben House, Mendota Mental Health Institute (1932)
Carillon Tower, UW-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive (1934)
Gallery
References
External links
Biography at National Council of Architectural Registration Boards
Arthur Peabody papers at the Wisconsin Historical Society
Jim Feldman. The Buildings of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison Archives, 1997.
"A Firm Foundation". Wisconsin State Journal, September 3, 2000, pp. 1F & 5F.
1858 births
1942 deaths
19th-century American architects
People from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Architects from Wisconsin
Peabody family
20th-century American architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Peabody |
Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw (13th century; also known by the surname HaRofeh) was an author of halakhic works and younger brother of Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw. He lived at Rome and received his Talmudic training not only in Rome but also in Germany where he was the pupil of Jacob of Würzburg and possibly also of Abigdor Cohen of Vienna.
Shibbolei haLeket
He owes his reputation to his compilation of ritual law entitled Shibbolei haLeket (Ears of Gleaning). It is divided into 372 paragraphs forming twelve sections, covering the laws, regulations, and ceremonies relating to prayers, Sabbath, blessings, and the Jewish holidays. Appended to the work are several treatises and responsa on miscellaneous religious and legal matters, such as circumcision, mourning rites, tzitzit, shechita, inheritance, and interest. As the title indicates, and as the author never fails to point out, the material is not original but rather was culled from many older authorities, such as Halakot Gedolot, Sefer haPardes, Alfasi, Isaac ben Abba Mari, Zerahiah ha-Levi, Isaiah di Trani, etc. To these extracts from other authorities the work owes its vogue. The preface, written in a pure and vigorous Hebrew, is introduced by a short acrostic.
But Zedekiah did not restrict himself to the mere work of a compiler. He systematized his material skillfully, gave it a concise as well as popular form, and judiciously discriminated between conflicting opinions and decisions, giving preference to those that seemed to him true. For this procedure he apologized modestly in his preface with an anecdote, in substantially the following terms: A philosopher, when asked how he dared to oppose the great men of the past, answered, "We fully acknowledge the greatness of our old authorities and the insignificance of ourselves. But we are in the position of pygmies that ride on the shoulders of giants. Pygmies though we are, we see farther than the giants when we use their knowledge and experience."
Additions to Shibbolei haLeket were made by Zedekiah himself in a work the title of which is no longer known: these additions also contain a large number of responsa. It is usually cited, however, as Issur va-Hetter (Things Forbidden and Allowed).
A complete edition of Shibbolei haLeket was published by Solomon Buber in 1886 at Vilna. The editor wrote a comprehensive introduction to it, containing an analysis of the work. Abridgments were published much earlier: Venice (Daniel Bomberg), 1545; Dubnov, 1793; Salonica, 1795. Further, it was plagiarized and published in a condensed form under the title "Tanya," or "Tanya Rabbati," which went through four editions: Mantua, 1514; Cremona, 1565; Zolkiev, 1800; Szydlikov, 1836. A third abridgment entitled Ma'aseh ha-Geonim (The Work of Old Authorities) circulated in manuscript and is extant in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Anaw was in correspondence with Avigdor Cohen, Meir of Rothenburg, and Abraham ben Joseph of Pesaro. Very often he mentions his senior contemporary, Isaiah di Trani (the Elder), to whose Bible commentary Anaw wrote glosses in 1297.
References
It has the following bibliography:
Solomon Buber's Introduction to Shibbole ha-Leḳeṭ, Wilna, 1886;
Moses Schorr, in Zion, i. 93 et seq.;
Hermann Vogelstein and Paul Rieger, Gesch. d. Juden in Rom, i. 382 et seq.;
Berliner, Gesch. d. Juden in Rom, ii. 55;
Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 7449;
Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, No. 1169;
Moritz Güdemann, Gesch. des Erziehungswesens d. Juden in Italien, pp. 192, 193.
13th-century Italian rabbis
Writers from Rome
Rabbis from Rome
Authors of books on Jewish law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah%20ben%20Abraham%20Anaw |
Ulaş (Kurdish: Tecer) is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Ulaş District. Its population is 2,991 (2022). The mayor is Turan İlbey (MHP).
References
Populated places in Sivas Province
Ulaş District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula%C5%9F |
A tobashi scheme is a financial fraud through creative accounting where a client's losses are hidden by an investment firm by shifting them between the portfolios of other (genuine or fake) clients. Any real client with portfolio losses can therefore have its accounts flattered by this process. This cycling cannot continue indefinitely, so the investment firm itself ends up picking up the cost. As it is ultimately expensive, there must be a strong incentive for the investment firm to pursue this activity on behalf of its clients.
Etymology
Tobashi () is Japanese for "flying away". It describes the practice where external investment firms typically sell or otherwise take loss-bearing investments off the books of one client company at their near-cost valuation to conceal investment losses from the clients' financial statements. In that sense, the losses are made to disappear, or 'fly away'.
Structure
The scheme often makes use of off-balance sheet financing or special purpose vehicles with non-coterminous accounting periods. Assets and liabilities are transferred at fictitious valuations, in the hope that losses are deferred until the market recovers. There are no rules as to how frequently the assets are transferred, and because there is little transparency over the valuation, losses can grow at every sale.
As the market rout in the 1990s was drawn out, simple loss deferrals would no longer be sufficient. Advisors would devise schemes where they would be compensated for holding on to their bad investments over time by other means, such as buying specially issued bonds or paying for non-existent services.
During the Japanese stock market boom in the late 1980s, investment bankers persuaded many Japanese companies to raise capital by issuing bonds with warrants attached, although they did not require the funds for operational purposes. Clients were tempted by the potential returns the investment firms said they could generate on stock market investments. However, as stock values fell, companies were in a vicious circle where not only their investments soured, the debt remained after issued warrants expired, weakening the companies' capital base.
In Japan, it is an offence under the Securities and Exchange Law for a brokerage itself to compensate the final client's losses. In 1991, it became a criminal offence for brokers to compensate clients for investments which had gone bad or to otherwise conceal their losses. In the late 1990s new accounting rules introduced required investment valuations to be mark-to-market, forcing losses or gains to be shown in the financial statements. Despite the tightening, a loophole involving intangible assets continued to be exploited: Japanese acquisition accounting rules allow companies to record M&A fees on their deals as part of consideration, and goodwill on consolidation may be depreciated over 20 years.
Scandals
The Wall Street Journal reports that in 1992 alone, four securities firms were exposed in the local press for various tobashi scams; Cosmo Securities, Daiwa Securities, Yamatane Securities, and the former Maruman Securities all had more than one billion yen of losses that were concealed.
Yamaichi Securities
In January 1992, Yamaichi Securities executives resorted to such a tobashi scheme, setting up a separate company called Yamaichi Enterprise which opened an account at the Tokyo branch of Credit Suisse. Depositing ¥200 billion in Japanese government bonds, the Yamaichi subsidiary then used the dummy companies to generate profits for clients while eventually absorbing losses of ¥158.3 billion. A separate scheme using foreign currency bonds resulted in losses of ¥106.5 billion being hidden in Yamaichi's Australian subsidiary.
In August 1993, Japan's Ministry of Finance inspected 47 financial institutions for tobashi, all of whom denied the practice. In December the MoF asked for reports from all 289 brokers on tobashi activity.
Olympus scandal
In October 2011 amidst the controversial removal of the newly appointed chief executive officer, it was revealed that Olympus Corporation had been operating a tobashi scheme in which US$2 billion was said to have been siphoned off to cover bad investments made up to 20 years ago.
On 8 November 2011, in what The Wall Street Journal referred to as "one of the biggest and longest-running loss-hiding arrangements in Japanese corporate history", the company admitted that the money had been used to cover losses on investments dating to the 1990s. and that it had adopted "inappropriate" accounting practice. The company laid the blame for the inappropriate accounting on ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, auditor Hideo Yamada, and executive VP Hisashi Mori, all of whom resigned.
See also
Repo 105, a Lehman Brothers Tobashi scheme using repurchase agreements to conceal debt
Hollywood accounting, using an inverted Tobashi scheme to hide profits
Creative accounting
Fraud
References
External links
Online Scam Recovery
Finance fraud
Ethically disputed business practices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobashi%20scheme |
Uluborlu is a town in Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Senirkent District and has a population of 5,635 (2022). Uluborlu has been identified as the ancient town of Sozopolis.
History
Throughout history, Uluborlu has been on the military and commercial crossroads of Asia minor which has shaped its character.
The settlement is known from prehistoric times and was called either Sozopolis or Apollonia. In early historic times it was part of Phrygia. It fell to Alexander the Great in the 330s BC. Following Alexander's death it passed to the Asian arm of the Seleucid Empire and then the Attalid kingdom (188–133 BC) for 130 years. Subsequently, it was ceded to the Romans and formed part of the province of Asia until the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. Sozopolis remained then part of the Byzantine Empire until 1074 when it passed into the hands of the Seljuk Turks, though returning briefly to Byzantine control in the years 1119-1120. In 1403 Timur seized the city and its men were killed as retribution for their defence of the city, while the women and children were taken captive.
During the Ottoman period of the 15th and 16th centuries Uluborlu prospered and supported the new dynasty.
Hamid Sanjak held the first census of Uluborlu in 1831. In 1911 Uluborlu suffered a great fire. In 1963 the municipality of Uluborlu was established.
Economy
Agriculture dominated the economy of the town. Especially known for its cherry production but apples, quince, and pears are also grown, with Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium the main markets.
Tourism is also a growing industry with spectators coming to the annual wrestling festival.
See also
Uluborlu Dam
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Isparta Province
Uluborlu District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluborlu |
Ulukışla is a town in Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ulukışla District. Its population is 5,696 (2022). Its altitude is 1,427 m.
The town of Ulukışla lies in a valley between the Medetsiz and Bolkar ranges of the Taurus Mountains, throughout history an important crossing from the Mediterranean to the plains of Konya and other parts of central Anatolia. This is a mountainous district and minerals including gold, silver, lead, coal and limestone have been mined here over the centuries. The climate is dry and the vegetation typical of the dry steppes of central Anatolia, summers are hot and dry, winters are cold and it snows. Wheat is grown in the valley.
History
There are burial mounds höyük and other signs of occupation going back to the Hittites and even earlier. The area was later occupied by Phrygians, and Romans. the tomb of Faustina the Younger, wife of Emperor Marcus Aurelius was found in the village of Toraman, and the baths of Çiftehan claim among their patrons Cleopatra (in the time when she was living in Tarsus). The Byzantines had armies based here, and then Ulukışla remained an important town in the time of the Ottoman Empire.
According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Ulukışla had a total population of 9,182, consisting of 7,851 Muslims and 1,331 Greeks.
Ulukışla today
Ulukışla is a small market town in a rural area. The railway and the E5 highway from Adana and the south-east of Turkey to Ankara and the west pass through here. There is a technical college of Niğde University here.
Places of interest
The mineral baths of Çiftehan.
The 17th century caravanserai of Öküz Mehmet Paşa.
Medetsiz mountain and other peaks in the Bolkar range which include caves and canyons.
References
External links
District municipality's official website
A web portal of Niğde
Yesilbor.com
Cappadocia
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Niğde Province
Ulukışla District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla |
Maryland Route 304 (MD 304) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from Spider Web Road near Centreville east to MD 312 in Bridgetown. MD 304 connects Centreville with U.S. Route 301 (US 301) and several small settlements in central Queen Anne's County and northern Caroline County, including Ruthsburg and Bridgetown. The first sections of modern MD 304 were improved in the 1910s, but much of the highway from Centreville to Ruthsburg was constructed from the mid-1930s to the early 1940s. The part of the highway west of Centreville was constructed as Maryland Route 606 and became part of MD 304 in 1950. Since the 1950s, the highway through Centreville has been municipally maintained. MD 304 was extended east to MD 405 and replaced that route to Bridgetown in the 1960s. The US 301 junction became a superstreet intersection in 2011 and a double-roundabout partial cloverleaf interchange in 2017.
Route description
MD 304 begins at the intersection of Corsica Neck Road and Spider Web Road on the Corsica Neck peninsula west of Centreville. The highway heads east as two-lane undivided Corsica Neck Road past the historic home Lexon and crosses Earle Creek. MD 304 crosses the Old Mill Stream branch of the Corsica River to enter the town of Centreville, where most of the highway is municipally maintained. At the east end of the bridge, the route passes between the historic Captain's Houses and the Capt. John H. Ozmon Store in the former wharf area of Centreville. MD 304 follows Chesterfield Avenue through the Centreville Historic District. At the west end of downtown, the eastbound route continues seamlessly onto Water Street. While on the one-way eastbound street to the south of the Queen Anne's County Courthouse, the highway intersects MD 213, which follows the one-way pair of Liberty Street southbound and Commerce Street northbound. Westbound MD 304 traffic follows Broadway one block to the north to head toward the west end of town.
East of Commerce Street, MD 304 becomes bidirectional again. The highway's name changes to Railroad Avenue at Tilghman Avenue and to Ruthsburg Road at Kidwell Avenue, where state maintenance resumes. MD 304 leaves the town of Centreville as it passes southwest of Queen Anne's County High School. The highway continues through a double-roundabout partial cloverleaf interchange with US 301 (Blue Star Memorial Highway). MD 304 heads southeast toward Ruthsburg, where the highway meets the northern end of MD 481 (Damsontown Road). The route continues east past the historic Thomas House and Hawkins Pharsalia on either side of the road's bridge across German Branch. MD 304 meets the eastern end of MD 405 (Price Station Road) opposite the historic home Stratton. The highway crosses Mason Branch of Tuckahoe Creek into Caroline County, where it follows Bridgetown Road to its eastern terminus at MD 312 (Oakland Road) in Bridgetown.
History
The first two improved sections of what is now MD 304 were county-constructed highways built with state aid. Caroline County built the two-span reinforced concrete Mason Branch bridge and a shell road east through Bridgetown in 1914. Queen Anne's County paved Water Street as a concrete road from west of Commerce Street to the Centreville Branch of the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad and built a shell road from the railroad to about east of downtown between 1915 and 1921. The Maryland State Roads Commission extended the concrete road from Water Street west to Centreville Landing, the wharf serving the county seat, in 1924 and 1925. The state reconstructed the 1910s county-built shell road east from the railroad as a macadam road in two segments in 1934 and 1935. Another section was built east from the end of the macadam reconstruction starting in 1936, and another segment was constructed by 1938. The Maryland State Roads Commission extended MD 304 to MD 481 at Ruthsburg through a February 26, 1942, resolution after the county section west from Ruthsburg was improved to state standards. The portion of MD 304 east from the Centreville town limit was reconstructed between 1946 and 1948.
A macadam road was built west from Centreville Landing along Corsica Neck in 1935, and a new bridge was built across the Old Mill Stream Branch of the Corsica River in 1936 and 1937. Corsica Neck Road was designated MD 606 until the MD 304 designation was extended west from Centreville Landing in 1950. Before that extension, the portions of MD 606 from its MD 304 junction west to the town limit and MD 304 itself in Centreville were resurfaced in 1949. On August 13, 1952, the town of Centreville agreed to municipally maintain Chesterfield Avenue and the portion of Water Street west of Liberty Street in exchange for the roads commission taking over maintenance of Liberty Street so that street could be the southbound direction of a US 213 one-way pair. After the state resurfaced the portion of Water Street east of Liberty Street and Railroad Avenue east to the town limit and reconstructed the intersection of Commerce and Water streets, the town agreed to take over the remainder of MD 304 in town through a June 26, 1958 agreement.
The Maryland State Roads Commission brought the portion of MD 304 from MD 481 to MD 405 into the state highway system through a February 19, 1962, memorandum of action. MD 304 from the current MD 405 intersection to the county line had been brought into the state system as an extension of MD 405 in the same resolution that extended MD 304 to Ruthsburg in 1942. The state and Caroline County agreed to bring Bridgetown Road from the county line to MD 312 into the state system as an extension of MD 405 through an August 22, 1957, resolution. MD 304 replaced MD 405 from the MD 405 intersection to MD 312 in 1969. That same year and extending into 1970, the highway was reconstructed from the east town limit of Centreville to US 301. MD 304 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from US 301 to MD 481 in 1972 and from MD 481 to Mason Branch in 1977. The 1930s Corsica River bridge was replaced with the current steel beam bridge between 1984 and 1986. Water Street from west of Liberty Street to Commerce Street was made one way in 1997 or 1998.
MD 304A was designated along the portion of MD 304 east of US 301 when the superstreet intersection between the two highways was installed in 2011. The Maryland Department of Transportation built a dumbbell interchange to replace the superstreet intersection with US 301. The interchange project constructed a bridge carrying MD 304 over US 301. This interchange was the top transportation priority for Queen Anne's County for years and was pushed for by students at Queen Anne's County High School after a student at the school was killed in an accident at the intersection in 2010. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 23, 2014, with several Queen Anne's County commissioners and representatives from state government in attendance. The interchange opened to traffic on August 15, 2017. As a result of the construction of the interchange with US 301, MD 304A was once again combined with MD 304.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 304
MD 304 at AARoads.com
304
Maryland Route 304
Maryland Route 304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20304 |
The eTwinning action is an initiative of the European Commission that aims to encourage European schools to collaborate using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by providing the necessary infrastructure (online tools, services, support). Teachers registered in the eTwinning action are enabled to form partnerships and develop collaborative, pedagogical school projects in any subject area with the sole requirements to employ ICT to develop their project and collaborate with teachers from other European countries.
Formation
The project was founded in 2005 under the European Union's e-Learning program and it has been integrated in the Lifelong Learning program since 2007. eTwinning is part of Erasmus+, the EU program for education, training, and youth.
History
The eTwinning action was launched in January 2005. Its main objectives complied with the decision by the Barcelona European Council in March 2002 to promote school twinning as an opportunity for all students to learn and practice ICT skills and to promote awareness of the multicultural European model of society.
More than 13,000 schools were involved in eTwinning within its first year. In 2008, over 50,000 teachers and 4,000 projects have been registered, while a new eTwinning platform was launched. As of January 2018, over 70,000 projects are running in classrooms across Europe. By 2021, more than 226,000 schools in taken part in this work.
In early 2009, the eTwinning motto changed from "School partnerships in Europe" to "The community for schools in Europe".
In 2022, eTwinning moved to a new platform.
Participating countries
Member States of the European Union are part of eTwinning: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands. Overseas territories and countries are also eligible. In addition, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Serbia and Turkey can also take part.
Seven countries from the European neighbourhood (including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) are also part of eTwinning via the eTwinning Plus scheme, as well as countries which are part of the Eastern Partnership, and Tunisia and Jordan (which are part of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, EUROMED).
Operation
The main concept behind eTwinning is that schools are paired with another school elsewhere in Europe and they collaboratively develop a project, also known as eTwinning project. The two schools then communicate online (for example, by e-mail or video conferencing) to collaborate, share and learn from each other. eTwinning encourages and develops ICT skills as the main activities inherently use information technology. Being 'twinned' with a foreign school also encourages cross-cultural exchanges of knowledge, fosters students' intercultural awareness, and improves their communication skills.
eTwinning projects can last from one week to several months, and can go on to create permanent relationships between schools. Primary and secondary schools within the European Union member states can participate, in addition to schools from Turkey, Norway and Iceland.
In contrast with other European programs, such as the Comenius program, all communication is via the internet; therefore there is no need for grants. Along the same lines, face-to-face meetings between partners schools are not required, although they are not prohibited.
European schoolnet has been granted the role of Central Support Service (CSS) at European level. eTwinning is also supported by a network of National Support Services.
References
Gilleran, A. (2007) eTwinning - A New Path for European Schools, eLearning Papers
European Schoolnet (2007) Learning with eTwinning: A Handbook for Teachers 2007
European Schoolnet (2006) Learning with eTwinning
European Schoolnet (2008) eTwinning: Adventures in language and culture
Konstantinidis, A. (2012). Implementing Learning-Oriented Assessment in an eTwinning Online Course for Greek Teachers. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 45-62
External links
The official portal for eTwinning (available in 28 languages)
European Schoolnet
German eTwinning website
British Council eTwinning
Greek eTwinning website
eTwinning - Italy
Spanish eTwinning website
French eTwinning website
Press Release for 2008 etwinning prizes
Video clips
eTwinning YouTube channel
Education in the European Union
Educational organizations based in Europe
Educational projects
Educational technology non-profits
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Information technology projects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETwinning |
Urla is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 727 km2, and its population is 74,736 (2022). Agricultural products, and especially the fresh produce for the vast nearby market of İzmir, occupy a prominent place in Urla's economy, with fish, poultry and flowers standing out. An international Artichoke Festival is celebrated since 2015.
The name "Urla" is derived from the Greek Βουρλά ("Vourla") meaning marshlands and the town was cited as such in western sources until the 20th century. Bryela (Byzantine name meaning Woman of God i.e. Holy Maria) whereas it has been suggested that due to the transposition of vowels Bryela has become Vourla, meaning marshlands. Urla is where the ancient city of Klazomenai is located and its remains are much visited, while the name lives on in the unofficial appellation used in the region for part of the coastline of the district, "Kilizman" which is a still-used derivative of Klazomenai. (Former name of Güzelbahçe). With literacy among the highest in Turkey at 97%, Urla is also home to İzmir Institute of Technology. Urla prides itself for having raised two important men of letters, Giorgos Seferis and Necati Cumalı.
Geography
The district center is located in the middle of the isthmus of a small peninsula which protrudes northwards in the Gulf of İzmir, but its urban tissue is comparatively loose and extends eastwards to touch the coast and to cover a wide area which also includes a large portion of the peninsula. Sizable parts in the municipal area, owned by absentee landlords, remain uninhabited or are very rural in aspect. The peninsular coastline present a number of compounds constituted by seasonal residences along the beaches and the coves and which are administratively divided between Urla center's municipal area or its depending villages.
Urla district area's eastern end neighbors the westernmost district of the Greater Metropolitan Area of İzmir, Güzelbahçe, and urbanization is much denser across that part, contributing to the whole district's average urbanization rate of 75%. With İzmir center (Konak) at a distance of only , an important part of Urla's population is composed of residents, often wealthy, who commute to the big city every day, access to and from İzmir and Çeşme, an international center of tourism at a distance of from Urla, having been greatly facilitated by the building of a six-lane highway. Urla district nevertheless manages to preserve an overall outlook of a pleasant suburb and resort, and as it extends to the west along Karaburun Peninsula, where it borders on the districts of Çeşme and Karaburun, secondary residences built along the coast or large farms of the interior, as well as native villages, all bearing typical Aegean characteristics, increase in number. To the south, Urla district neighbors that of Seferihisar and the settlement pattern is thinner in that section, with even some empty land, although housing projects targeting İzmir's professional classes start to show a rising interest for that section as well.
Composition
There are 37 neighbourhoods in Urla District:
Altıntaş
Atatürk
Bademler
Balıklıova
Barbaros
Birgi
Camiatik
Çamlıçay
Demircili
Denizli
Gülbahçe
Güvendik
Hacıisa
İçmeler
İskele
Kadıovacık
Kalabak
Kuşçular
M.Fevzi Çakmak
Naipli
Nohutalan
Ovacık
Özbek
Rüstem
Sıra
Şirinkent
Torasan
Uzunkuyu
Yağcılar
Yaka
Yelaltı
Yeni
Yenice
Yenikent
Zeytinalanı
Zeytineli
Zeytinler
Economy
Secondary and/or seasonal residences continue to play a key role in Urla's economy, as demonstrated by the high number of residences (26,000 in all for the district) as compared to its population. Although Urla is keen to upgrade its arguments as a tourism destination with a wider appeal, the number of beds available in its accommodation units remains rather modest at only 185.
Urla's fish restaurants and other local specialties, notably a layered pastry called "katmer" is famous. Urla's name is also associated in Turkey with a particular breed of "okra", red in color, called "kınalı bamya" in Turkish.
While there are no large shopping malls in Urla, mid-size distributors and small commerces abound, especially in the coastal section of the district center. The total number of companies for the district as a whole was 1,812 in 2007. There are four banks operating through four branches in Urla.
In 2006, the district realized exports reaching 524,068 US Dollars, mostly agricultural products with added value. Some marble and lime is quarried but the contribution of mining activities to the general economy of the district is low. The same can be said for industrial activities in general, which are almost exclusively based on agriculture or livestock. The three small industrial zones present in the district center since the 1990s, employing about 650 people, usually house enterprises focused on maintenance and reparation activities.
Agricultural production remains the determinant activity for much of the district. In the district's total agricultural area of 971.5 hectares, 21% of which is irrigable, 36% is accounted by olive orchards and 17% by vegetable gardens. There are about six hundred thousand olive trees across the district. Although fruits and vegetables in general, and citrus fruits, vineyards, decorative plants and flowers (especially chrysanthemum, hyacinth, narcissus and carnation) in particular, correspond for each only to 1 or 2 per cent of the total area used for agriculture, their added value for the district economy as a whole is significant.
Agriculture based on greenhouse cultivation acquired an increasing importance in Urla in recent years, especially in the villages near the town center, as well in parts of the municipal area that are still open for agricultural production. Urla quarters of Zeytinalanı and İçmeler and the nearby village of Kuşçular stand out with their greenhouses focused on vegetable production, and those in the villages of Bademler and Özbek on flowers, the total number of households engaged in greenhouse cultivation (both vegetables and decorative plants) being around 400 according to İzmir Chamber of Commerce figures. The same source cites the figures for the number of commercial enterprises occupied with this branch of agricultural activity as 26, the total area reserved for greenhouse farming as being around 1,500 decares, with 91 varieties cultivated. In Urla there are to date no certified enterprises engaged in organic farming, a new form of agriculture in which a number of new ventures made a name in İzmir city's eastern neighboring district of Kemalpaşa.
17 per cent of the district's land, although suitable for agriculture, is still unused currently.
In livestock breeding, poultry stands well above other livestock, a population of around 2 million chicken and perhaps up to eighty thousand turkey having been estimated for the district. 25 poultry enterprises present in Urla operate as subcontractors on behalf of Turkey's national brands in the industry. The count for bovine and ovine animals in Urla range between 5 and 8 thousand and some small-scale apiculture is also done. 220 tonnes of fish was caught across Urla shoreline in 2007, principally sea bass, gilthead bream and red mullet, the fishing activities being organized around five cooperatives and catering Urla's fish restaurants or İzmir's fish markets. Eleven fish farming enterprises are present in the coastal areas of four villages (Balıklıova, Gülbahçe, Uzunkuyu, Zeytinler).
There are 6 stock farms (horse breeding and care) and two enterprises engaged in dog breeding and care in Urla.
Education and Health
There are 16 students for each teacher and 492 patients for each doctor in Urla.
History
Limantepe
Information on Urla region's pre-Hellenistic history is quite recent, based on the excavations in Limantepe pursued by an international team since 1979. Some researchers refer in its context to the possible most ancient regularly used port in the world.
Klazomenai - Kilizman
Urla was an important cultural centre also in its Hellenistic period. It was the site of the Ionian city of Klazomenai. Pieces of art and sculpture found during excavations are now exhibited in the Louvre or in İzmir Archaeology Museum.
The oldest attested olive oil production facilities were recently discovered in Klazomenai. The traces also indicate first exports of olive oil by way of sea.
Olive oil extraction installation (işlik) dating back to the third quarter of the 6th century BC uncovered in Klazomenai is the only surviving example of a level and weights press from an ancient Greek city and precedes by at least two centuries the next securely datable earliest presses found in Greece. It was restored and reconstructed in 2004-2005 through collaboration between Ege University, a Turkish olive-oil exporter and a German natural building components company, as well as by local artisans, on the basis of the clearly visible millstone with a cylindrical roller and three separation pits. The olive oil obtained turned out to be quite a success in business terms as well.
Turkish era
In the summit of Ottoman power, during the 16th century, Urla was almost entirely incorporated into the pious foundation established by Ayşe Hafsa Sultan for the revenues and the maintenance of the complex she had had built in Manisa in the 1520s. With the decline of the Ottoman power, the town, placed along with the entire peninsula at the frontier of the Aegean Sea difficult to control, frequently saw itself at the mercy of plunderers. İzmir's rise as an international trade port partially relieved Urla from its security concerns, while it also gradually increased its dependency to the neighboring metropolis. A quarantine center was established in Urla in 1865 through French initiative, in the island opposite Urla quay that bears today the very name of Karantina, and where part of the site of ancient Klazomenai also extends. The center was in service until the 1950s, now transformed into a state hospital and an annexed summer camp, although the quarantine installations are still standing. Prior to the foundation of the quarantine center, Admiral Charles Napier had spent the winter of 1839-1840 here, before intervening, along with allied Turkish troops, against Muhammad Ali of Egypt in Lebanon. From 1867 until 1922, Urla was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. The town's and its municipality's population in 1914 were composed of 9.361 Turks, 24.711 Greeks, 423 Jews, 51 Bulgarians and 42 Armenians.
Seferis and Cumalı
Urla had two important men of letters among his sons: It is the birthplace of the Greek poet and Nobel-laureate Giorgos Seferis and the Turkish novelist Necati Cumalı (born in Florina and re-settled in the framework of the 1923 Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations) grew up in Urla.
Archaeology
In January 2021, archaeologists headed by Elif Koparal, announced the discovery of the ruins of a 2500 year-old temple of Aphrodite from the 5th century BC. Among other findings in and around the temple, they found a statue piece depicting a woman, a terracotta female head and an inscription that reads, "This is the sacred area". The traces of the temple were first excavated in 2016.
Notable people
Soner Ergençay, Turkish football player
Duygu Sakallı, Turkish handballer
Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize in Literature 1963
Georgios Afthonidis, Greek member of the Filiki Eteria and worker of the Ecumenical Patriarchate
Festivals
Urla Artichoke Festival
Mart Dokuzu Herb Festival
See also
Limantepe
Klazomenai
İzmir Institute of Technology
References
External links
Urla news portal
Resources
Urla's names as referred to by Dr. Mahmut Tolon
Populated places in İzmir Province
Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
Former_Greek_towns_in_Turkey
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urla%2C%20%C4%B0zmir |
Uzundere () is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 505 km2, and its population is 7,625 (2022). The mayor is Hilmi Aktoprak (MHP).
Visitor attraction
Oshki, a historic Georgian Orthodox monastery from the second half of the 10th century.
Composition
There are 18 neighbourhoods in Uzundere District:
Altınçanak
Balıklı
Çağlayan
Çamlıyamaç
Çaybaşı
Cevizli
Cömertler
Dikyar
Erikli
Gölbaşı
Kirazlı
Merkez
Muratefendi
Sapaca
Seyitefendi
Ulubağ
Uzundere
Yayla
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Districts of Erzurum Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Cittaslow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzundere |
Picea koraiensis, the Korean spruce, is a species of spruce.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 30 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 0.8 m. The shoots are orange-brown, glabrous or with scattered pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 12–22 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, dark bluish-green with conspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are cylindric-conic, 4–8 cm long and 2 cm broad, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.
Its population is stable though low, and there are no known protocols that protect it. It is found mostly in the northern Korean Peninsula near the Yalu River, and in Siberia near the Ussuri River. In China it is restricted north-eastern provinces Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. It is also believed that it might possibly occur in areas in southern Ussuriland.
It is closely related to Koyama's spruce (Picea koyamae), and treated as synonymous with it by some botanists.
References
External links
Gymnosperm Database: Picea koraiensis
koraiensis
Picea koraiensis
Picea koraiensis
Picea koraiensis
Picea koraiensis
Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20koraiensis |
Maryland Route 306 (MD 306) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Houston Branch Road, the state highway runs from the town limits of Federalsburg, where the road continues as Central Avenue to MD 315, east to the Delaware state line, where the road continues as Dublin Hill Road. MD 306 provides access to Idylwild Wildlife Management Area. The state highway was constructed in the late 1930s.
Route description
MD 306 begins at the eastern town limits of Federalsburg adjacent to Lake Chambers, an impoundment of Tanyard Branch. The roadway continues west as Central Avenue toward an intersection with MD 315 (Liberty Road) east of downtown Federalsburg. MD 306 heads northeast as a two-lane undivided road, passing through a mix of farmland and forest. The state highway also follows the eastern edge of Idylwild Wildlife Management Area. After crossing Houston Branch, MD 306 curves to the east and reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line, where the highway continues into Sussex County as Dublin Hill Road, which heads east to an intersection with Delaware Route 404 (Seashore Highway) northwest of the town of Bridgeville.
History
Approximately of Houston Branch Road from the Federalsburg end was paved as a state-aid road by 1910. That short portion of highway was reconstructed and the remainder of MD 306 constructed as a modern highway in 1938 and 1939. MD 306 originally included Central Avenue west to Liberty Road, which was originally MD 318 and became MD 315 after the completion of the Federalsburg Bypass in 1964. The portion of highway within the town of Federalsburg was removed from MD 306 by 1999.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 306
306
Maryland Route 306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20306 |
Janis Hughes (born 1 May 1958) is a Scottish Labour Party politician, who was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Rutherglen constituency from 1999 to 2007. In the inaugural election to the parliament in 1999, Hughes won a 25% majority; this increased to nearly 27% in the 2003 election, despite her accruing almost 3,000 fewer votes. In both elections, around 45% of the votes cast were in her favour.
Prior to her election she worked as a nurse and an NHS administrator. She stood down as an MSP at the 2007 election.
She resided in the Toryglen area of Glasgow for some years.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Scottish nurses
Politicians from Glasgow
Rutherglen
Administrators in the National Health Service
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow constituencies
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis%20Hughes |
Kathryn Joan "Kate" Schmidt (born December 29, 1953) is an American former world record holder in the javelin throw. A native of California, graduate of Woodrow Wilson Classical High School, and alumnus of UCLA, she won bronze medals at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics. She qualified for the 1980 Olympics, but did not compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. She placed fourth at the 1984 Olympic Trials.
From 1972 to 1977, Schmidt won seven national titles. She set a new world record of in Fürth, Germany. Her throw was almost 30 feet longer than the previous American record of set by Barbara Friedrich in 1967. Schmidt holds twelve of the top 20 spots of the farthest throws ever by an American. She held the American record until the women's javelin was redesigned in 1999, resetting the records.
Schmidt is a member of the USATF National Track and Field Hall of Fame (1994), the National Throws Coaches Hall of Fame, the CSULB Hall of Fame, the LBCC HAll of Fame, and the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame (Long Beach, CA).
Schmidt owns HomeBodies, a mobile fitness and rehab business, and was the men's and women's throwing coach for Occidental College in Northern Los Angeles for a while. Schmidt is also an abstract artist with works on display with the Art of the Olympians (AOTO) organization.
1996, Kate Schmidt (age 42) won the javelin at the Masters National Outdoor Track and Field Championship, Spokane, WA.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
Track and field athletes from California
American female javelin throwers
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
UCLA Bruins women's track and field athletes
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1975 Summer Universiade
American masters athletes
American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Schmidt |
Ünye (Oinòe, Οἰνόη in ancient Greek) is a municipality and district of Ordu Province, Turkey. Its area is 569 km2, and its population is 132,432 (2022). It is on the Black Sea coast, 76 km west of the city of Ordu.
Geography
Ünye has a little port, in a bay on one of the flatter areas of the Black Sea coast. The climate is typical of the Black Sea region, warm and wet, although because the hinterland is flatter than most of the coastline Ünye has less rainfall. Agriculture is the basis of the local economy, in particular hazelnut growing, hazelnut trading and hazelnut processing. The town is very quiet in late-July and August when most people are in the countryside for the hazelnut harvest.
The town of Ünye provides high schools, higher education and other services to the surrounding countryside, and other industry includes a large cement factory, flour mills, local handicrafts and the port. The town has grown in recent decades, acquiring the multi-storey concrete blocks spreading along the coast, typical of so many Turkish towns. There are cafes and internet cafes popular with students. The cuisine includes the local pizza called pide.
With its quiet spots for picnics and walking and its excellent beaches Ünye is one of the nicest holiday towns on the eastern Black Sea coast. Affordable pensions and camping facilities as well as 2- or 3-star hotels can be found in the summer season. There are summer festivals and concerts in July.
Etymology
The town's name has evolved from the Greek Oinoe through Oinaion, Unieh, Unie and Unia to the current Ünye.
History
The history of Ünye goes back to the Hittite period in the 15th century BC, followed by the Kashkas, Scythians, Milesians, Persians, Pontus and Ancient Roman/Byzantine eras. During Greco-Roman times, it was called Oenoe and was a port town of Pontus, at the mouth of the river Genius.
It was also ruled by Danishmends between 1086 and 1098, 1141-1144 and 1150–1157, Sultanate of Rum between 1188 and 1204, 1214-1228 and 1230–1243, Empire of Trebizond in 1204–1214, 1228–1230, 1243-1297 and 1302-1346 and Emirate of Hacıemiroğlu between 1297-1302 and 1346–1461.
During the 1290s, the Ünye fortress was built by the Trebizond emperor Ioanni (II.).
In the year 1806 the Laz attacked Ünye. This led to the town being evacuated under the guidance of Bishop Meletios and resettling in Sinope.
Composition
There are 85 neighbourhoods in Ünye District:
Ağıdere
Ataköy
Atatürk
Aydıntepe
Başköy
Bayramca
Beylerce
Buruncu
Çakmak
Çamurlu
Çatak
Çatalpınar
Çataltepe
Cevizdere
Çiğdemköy
Çınarcık
Çınarlık
Denizbükü
Dereköy
Dizdar
Döşemedibi
Düzköy
Düzsaylan
Elmalık
Erenyurt
Esenkale
Eskikızılcakese
Fatih
Fevziçakmak
Göbü
Gölcüğez
Gölevi
Görecülü
Günpınarı
Güzelkale
Güzelyalı
Hamidiye
Hanyanı
Hızarbaşıgünlük
Hızarbaşıkumarlı
İnkur
İpekyolu
Kadılar
Kaledere
Kaledibi
Kaleköy
Karşıyaka
Keşköy
Killik
Kocuklu
Kuşçulu
Kuşdoğan
Liseler
Nadirli
Nurettin
Nuriye
Ortaköy
Ortayılmazlar
Pelitliyatak
Pınarbaşı
Sahilköy
Saraçlı
Saraycık
Sarıhalil
Şenyurt
Seylan
Sofutepesi
Taflancık
Taşça
Tekkiraz
Tepeköy
Üçpınar
Uğurlu
Yavı
Yaycı
Yaylalı
Yazkonağı
Yenikent
Yenikızılcakese
Yeniköy
Yeşilada
Yeşilkent
Yiğitler
Yüceler
Yunus Emre
Economy
İrfan Akar is the President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ünye, which is one of the important trade centers of the Black Sea region. Osman Sarıkahraman is the President of the Unye Chamber of Agriculture.
Main sights
The 18th-century town hall.
Çamlık - picnic area in a wood overlooking the sea
Çakırtepe - a hilltop view of the town
Ünye Castle (dating back to the Pontus era).
Uzunkum - the longest beach on the Black Sea
Notable natives
Fahrettin Çiloğlu, writer and translator
Ferhan Şensoy, actor and writer
Gulsen, artist
Refaiddin Şahin State Minister-MP, has attracted government spending to Ünye
Tamer Karan, singer
References
External links
Municipal Official Site
District Official Site
News & City Portal
Historical Information Page
Places to be Visited
City Football Club (Ünyespor)
Populated places in Ordu Province
Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Districts of Ordu Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnye |
In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance. Access to care plays a role in patient adherence, whereby greater wait times to access care contributing to greater absenteeism. The cost of prescription medication also plays a major role.
Compliance can be confused with concordance, which is the process by which a patient and clinician make decisions together about treatment.
Worldwide, non-compliance is a major obstacle to the effective delivery of health care. 2003 estimates from the World Health Organization indicated that only about 50% of patients with chronic diseases living in developed countries follow treatment recommendations with particularly low rates of adherence to therapies for asthma, diabetes, and hypertension. Major barriers to compliance are thought to include the complexity of modern medication regimens, poor health literacy and not understanding treatment benefits, the occurrence of undiscussed side effects, poor treatment satisfaction, cost of prescription medicine, and poor communication or lack of trust between a patient and his or her health-care provider. Efforts to improve compliance have been aimed at simplifying medication packaging, providing effective medication reminders, improving patient education, and limiting the number of medications prescribed simultaneously. Studies show a great variation in terms of characteristics and effects of interventions to improve medicine adherence. It is still unclear how adherence can consistently be improved in order to promote clinically important effects.
Terminology
In medicine, compliance (synonymous with adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance.
As of 2003, US health care professionals more commonly used the term "adherence" to a regimen rather than "compliance", because it has been thought to reflect better the diverse reasons for patients not following treatment directions in part or in full. Additionally, the term adherence includes the ability of the patient to take medications as prescribed by their physician with regards to the correct drug, dose, route, timing, and frequency. It has been noted that compliance may only refer to passively following orders. The term adherence is often used to imply a collaborative approach to decision-making and treatment between a patient and clinician.
The term concordance has been used in the United Kingdom to involve a patient in the treatment process to improve compliance, and refers to a 2003 NHS initiative. In this context, the patient is informed about their condition and treatment options, involved in the decision as to which course of action to take, and partially responsible for monitoring and reporting back to the team. Informed intentional non-adherence is when the patient, after understanding the risks and benefits, chooses not to take the treatment.
As of 2005, the preferred terminology remained a matter of debate. As of 2007, concordance has been used to refer specifically to patient adherence to a treatment regimen which the physician sets up collaboratively with the patient, to differentiate it from adherence to a physician-only prescribed treatment regimen. Despite the ongoing debate, adherence has been the preferred term for the World Health Organization, The American Pharmacists Association, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health Adherence Research Network. The Medical Subject Headings of the United States National Library of Medicine defines various terms with the words adherence and compliance. Patient Compliance and Medication Adherence are distinguished under the MeSH tree of Treatment Adherence and Compliance.
Adherence factors
An estimated half of those for whom treatment regimens are prescribed do not follow them as directed.
Side effects
Negative side effects of a medicine can influence adherence.
Health literacy
Cost and poor understanding of the directions for the treatment, referred to as 'health literacy' have been known to be major barriers to treatment adherence. There is robust evidence that education and physical health are correlated. Poor educational attainment is a key factor in the cycle of health inequalities.
Educational qualifications help to determine an individual's position in the labour market, their level of income and therefore their access to resources.
Literacy
In 1999 one fifth of UK adults, nearly seven million people, had problems with basic skills, especially functional literacy and functional numeracy, described as: "The ability to read, write and speak in English, and to use mathematics at a level necessary to function at work and in society in general." This made it impossible for them to effectively take medication, read labels, follow drug regimes, and find out more.
In 2003, 20% of adults in the UK had a long-standing illness or disability and a national study for the UK Department of Health, found more than one-third of people with poor or very poor health had literary skills of Entry Level 3 or below.
Low levels of literacy and numeracy were found to be associated with socio-economic deprivation. Adults in more deprived areas, such as the North East of England, performed at a lower level than those in less deprived areas such as the South East. Local authority tenants and those in poor health were particularly likely to lack basic skills.
A 2002 analysis of over 100 UK local education authority areas found educational attainment at 15–16 years of age to be strongly associated with coronary heart disease and subsequent infant mortality.
A study of the relationship of literacy to asthma knowledge revealed that 31% of asthma patients with a reading level of a ten-year-old knew they needed to see the doctors, even when they were not having an asthma attack, compared to 90% with a high school graduate reading level.
Treatment cost
In 2013 the US National Community Pharmacists Association sampled for one month 1,020 Americans above age 40 for with an ongoing prescription to take medication for a chronic condition and gave a grade C+ on adherence. In 2009, this contributed to an estimated cost of $290 billion annually. In 2012, increase in patient medication cost share was found to be associated with low adherence to medication.
The United States is among the countries with the highest prices of prescription drugs mainly attributed to the government's lack of negotiating lower prices with monopolies in the pharmaceutical industry especially with brand name drugs. In order to manage medication costs, many US patients on long term therapies fail to fill their prescription, skip or reduce doses. According to a Kaiser Family Foundation survey in 2015, about three quarters (73%) of the public think drug prices are unreasonable and blame pharmaceutical companies for setting prices so high. In the same report, half of the public reported that they are taking prescription drugs and a "quarter (25%) of those currently taking prescription medicine report they or a family member have not filled a prescription in the past 12 months due to cost, and 18 percent report cutting pills in half or skipping doses". In a 2009 comparison to Canada, only 8% of adults reported to have skipped their doses or not filling their prescriptions due to the cost of their prescribed medications.
Age
The elderly often have multiple health conditions, and around half of all NHS medicines are prescribed for people over retirement age, despite representing only about 20% of the UK population. The recent National Service Framework on the care of older people highlighted the importance of taking and effectively managing medicines in this population. However, elderly individuals may face challenges, including multiple medications with frequent dosing, and potentially decreased dexterity or cognitive functioning. Patient knowledge is a concern that has been observed.
In 1999 Cline et al. identified several gaps in knowledge about medication in elderly patients discharged from hospital. Despite receiving written and verbal information, 27% of older people discharged after heart failure were classed as non-adherent within 30 days. Half the patients surveyed could not recall the dose of the medication that they were prescribed and nearly two-thirds did not know what time of day to take them. A 2001 study by Barat et al. evaluated the medical knowledge and factors of adherence in a population of 75-year-olds living at home. They found that 40% of elderly patients do not know the purpose of their regimen and only 20% knew the consequences of non-adherence. Comprehension, polypharmacy, living arrangement, multiple doctors, and use of compliance aids was correlated with adherence.
In children with asthma, self-management compliance is critical and co-morbidities have been noted to affect outcomes; in 2013 it has been suggested that electronic monitoring may help adherence.
Ethnicity
People of different ethnic backgrounds have unique adherence issues through literacy, physiology, culture or poverty. There are few published studies on adherence in medicine taking in ethnic minority communities. Ethnicity and culture influence some health-determining behaviour, such as participation in screening programmes and attendance at follow-up appointments.
Prieto et al emphasised the influence of ethnic and cultural factors on adherence. They pointed out that groups differ in their attitudes, values and beliefs about health and illness. This view could affect adherence, particularly with preventive treatments and medication for asymptomatic conditions. Additionally, some cultures fatalistically attribute their good or poor health to their god(s), and attach less importance to self-care than others.
Measures of adherence may need to be modified for different ethnic or cultural groups. In some cases, it may be advisable to assess patients from a cultural perspective before making decisions about their individual treatment.
Recent studies have shown that black patients and those with non-private insurance are more likely to be labeled as non-adherent. The increased risk is observed even in patients with a controlled A1c, and after controlling for other socioeconomic factors.
Prescription fill rates
Not all patients will fill the prescription at a pharmacy. In a 2010 U.S. study, 20–30% of prescriptions were never filled at the pharmacy. Reasons people do not fill prescriptions include the cost of the medication, A US nationwide survey of 1,010 adults in 2001 found that 22% chose not to fill prescriptions because of the price, which is similar to the 20–30% overall rate of unfilled prescriptions. Other factors are doubting the need for medication, or preference for self-care measures other than medication. Convenience, side effects and lack of demonstrated benefit are also factors.
Medication Possession Ratio
Prescription medical claims records can be used to estimate medication adherence based on fill rate. Patients can be routinely defined as being 'Adherent Patients' if the amount of medication furnished is at least 80% based on days' supply of medication divided by the number of days patient should be consuming the medication. This percentage is called the medication possession ratio (MPR). 2013 work has suggested that a medication possession ratio of 90% or above may be a better threshold for deeming consumption as 'Adherent'.
Two forms of MPR can be calculated, fixed and variable. Calculating either is relatively straightforward, for Variable MPR (VMPR) it is calculated as the number of days' supply divided by the number of elapsed days including the last prescription.
For the Fixed MPR (FMPR) the calculation is similar but the denominator is the number of days in a year whilst the numerator is constrained to be the number of days' supply within the year that the patient has been prescribed.
For medication in tablet form it is relatively straightforward to calculate the number of days' supply based on a prescription. Some medications are less straightforward though because a prescription of a given number of doses may have a variable number of days' supply because the number of doses to be taken per day varies, for example with preventative corticosteroid inhalers prescribed for asthma where the number of inhalations to be taken daily may vary between individuals based on the severity of the disease.
Contextual factors
Contextual factors along with intrapersonal circumstances such as mental states affect decisions. They can accurately predict decisions where most contextual information is identified. General compliance with recommendations to follow isolation is influenced beliefs such as taking health precaution to be protected against infection, perceived vulnerability, getting COVID-19 and trust in the government. Mobility reduction, compliance with quarantine regulations in European regions where level of trust in policymakers is high can influence whether one complies with isolation rules. In addition, perceived infectiousness of COVID-19 is a strong predictor of rule compliance such that the more contagious people think COVID-19 is, the less willing social distancing measures are taken, while the sense of duty and fear of the virus contribute to staying at home. People might not leave their homes due to trusting regulations to be effective or placing it in a higher power such that individuals who trust others demonstrate more compliance than those who do not. Compliant individuals see protective measures as effective, while non-compliant people see them as problematic.
Course completion
Once started, patients seldom follow treatment regimens as directed, and seldom complete the course of treatment. In respect of hypertension, 50% of patients completely drop out of care within a year of diagnosis. Persistence with first-line single antihypertensive drugs is extremely low during the first year of treatment. As far as lipid-lowering treatment is concerned, only one third of patients are compliant with at least 90% of their treatment. Intensification of patient care interventions (e.g. electronic reminders, pharmacist-led interventions, healthcare professional education of patients) improves patient adherence rates to lipid-lowering medicines, as well as total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2003 that only 50% of people complete long-term therapy for chronic illnesses as they were prescribed, which puts patient health at risk. For example, in 2002 statin compliance dropped to between 25 and 40% after two years of treatment, with patients taking statins for what they perceive to be preventative reasons being unusually poor compliers.
A wide variety of packaging approaches have been proposed to help patients complete prescribed treatments. These approaches include formats that increase the ease of remembering the dosage regimen as well as different labels for increasing patient understanding of directions. For example, medications are sometimes packed with reminder systems for the day and/or time of the week to take the medicine. Some evidence shows that reminder packaging may improve clinical outcomes such as blood pressure.
A not-for-profit organisation called the Healthcare Compliance Packaging Council of Europe] (HCPC-Europe) was set up between the pharmaceutical industry, the packaging industry with representatives of European patients organisations. The mission of HCPC-Europe is to assist and to educate the healthcare sector in the improvement of patient compliance through the use of packaging solutions. A variety of packaging solutions have been developed by this collaboration.
World Health Organization Barriers to Adherence
The World Health Organization (WHO) groups barriers to medication adherence into five categories; health care team and system-related factors, social and economic factors, condition-related factors, therapy-related factors, and patient-related factors. Common barriers include:
Improving adherence rates
Role of health care providers
Health care providers play a great role in improving adherence issues. Providers can improve patient interactions through motivational interviewing and active listening. Health care providers should work with patients to devise a plan that is meaningful for the patient's needs. A relationship that offers trust, cooperation, and mutual responsibility can greatly improve the connection between provider and patient for a positive impact. The wording that health care professionals take when sharing health advice may have an impact on adherence and health behaviours, however, further research is needed to understand if positive framing (e.g., the chance of surviving is improved if you go for screening) versus negative framing (e.g., the chance of dying is higher if you do not go for screening) is more effective for specific conditions.
Technology
In 2012 it was predicted that as telemedicine technology improves, physicians will have better capabilities to remotely monitor patients in real-time and to communicate recommendations and medication adjustments using personal mobile devices, such as smartphones, rather than waiting until the next office visit.
Medication Event Monitoring Systems, as in the form of smart medicine bottle tops, smart pharmacy vials or smart blister packages as used in clinical trials and other applications where exact compliance data are required, work without any patient input, and record the time and date the bottle or vial was accessed, or the medication removed from a blister package. The data can be read via proprietary readers, or NFC enabled devices, such as smartphones or tablets. A 2009 study stated that such devices can help improve adherence.
The effectiveness of two-way email communication between health care professionals and their patients has not been adequately assessed.
Mobile phones
, 5.15 billion people, which equates to 67% of the global population, have a mobile device and this number is growing. Mobile phones have been used in healthcare and has fostered its own term, mHealth. They have also played a role in improving adherence to medication. For example, text messaging has been used to remind patients to take medication in patients with chronic conditions such as asthma and hypertension. Other examples include the use of smartphones for synchronous and asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (VOT) as a replacement for the currently resource intensive standard of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) (recommended by the WHO) for Tuberculosis management. Other mHealth interventions for improving adherence to medication include smartphone applications, voice recognition in interactive phone calls and Telepharmacy. Some results show that the use of mHealth improves adherence to medication and is cost-effective, though some reviews report mixed results. Studies show that using mHealth to improve adherence to medication is feasible and accepted by patients. Specific mobile applications might also support adherence. mHealth interventions have also been used alongside other telehealth interventions such as wearable wireless pill sensors, smart pillboxes and smart inhalers
Forms of medication
Depot injections need to be taken less regularly than other forms of medication and a medical professional is involved in the administration of drugs so can increase compliance. Depot's are used for oral contraceptive pill and antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Coercion
Sometimes drugs are given involuntarily to ensure compliance. This can occur if an individual has been involuntarily committed or are subjected to an outpatient commitment order, where failure to take medication will result in detention and involuntary administration of treatment. This can also occur if a patient is not deemed to have mental capacity to consent to treatment in an informed way.
Health and disease management
A WHO study estimates that only 50% of patients with chronic diseases in developed countries follow treatment recommendations.
Asthma non-compliance (28–70% worldwide) increases the risk of severe asthma attacks requiring preventable ER visits and hospitalisations; compliance issues with asthma can be caused by a variety of reasons including: difficult inhaler use, side effects of medications, and cost of the treatment.
Cancer
200,000 new cases of cancer are diagnosed each year in the UK. One in three adults in the UK will develop cancer that can be life-threatening, and 120,000 people will be killed by their cancer each year. This accounts for 25% of all deaths in the UK. However while 90% of cancer pain can be effectively treated, only 40% of patients adhere to their medicines due to poor understanding.
Results of a recent (2016) systematic review found a large proportion of patients struggle to take their oral antineoplastic medications as prescribed. This presents opportunities and challenges for patient education, reviewing and documenting treatment plans, and patient monitoring, especially with the increase in patient cancer treatments at home.
The reasons for non-adherence have been given by patients as follows:
The poor quality of information available to them about their treatment
A lack of knowledge as to how to raise concerns whilst on medication
Concerns about unwanted effects
Issues about remembering to take medication
Partridge et al (2002) identified evidence to show that adherence rates in cancer treatment are variable, and sometimes surprisingly poor. The following table is a summary of their findings:
Medication event monitoring system - a medication dispenser containing a microchip that records when the container is opened and from Partridge et al (2002)
In 1998, trials evaluating Tamoxifen as a preventative agent have shown dropout rates of around one-third:
36% in the Royal Marsden Tamoxifen Chemoprevention Study of 1998
29% in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project of 1998
In March 1999, the "Adherence in the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study" evaluating the effect of a daily dose of Tamoxifen for five years in at-risk women aged 35–70 years was
90% after one year
83% after two years
74% after four years
Diabetes
Patients with diabetes are at high risk of developing coronary heart disease and usually have related conditions that make their treatment regimens even more complex, such as hypertension, obesity and depression which are also characterised by poor rates of adherence.
Diabetes non-compliance is 98% in US and the principal cause of complications related to diabetes including nerve damage and kidney failure.
Among patients with Type 2 Diabetes, adherence was found in less than one third of those prescribed sulphonylureas and/or metformin. Patients taking both drugs achieve only 13% adherence.
Other aspects that drive medicine adherence rates is the idea of perceived self-efficacy and risk assessment in managing diabetes symptoms and decision making surrounding rigorous medication regiments. Perceived control and self-efficacy not only significantly correlate with each other, but also with diabetes distress psychological symptoms and have been directly related to better medication adherence outcomes. Various external factors also impact diabetic patients' self-management behaviors including health-related knowledge/beliefs, problem-solving skills, and self-regulatory skills, which all impact perceived control over diabetic symptoms.
Additionally, it is crucial to understand the decision-making processes that drive diabetics in their choices surrounding risks of not adhering to their medication. While patient decision aids (PtDAs), sets of tools used to help individuals engage with their clinicians in making decisions about their healthcare options, have been useful in decreasing decisional conflict, improving transfer of diabetes treatment knowledge, and achieving greater risk perception for disease complications, their efficacy in medication adherence has been less substantial. Therefore, the risk perception and decision-making processes surrounding diabetes medication adherence are multi-faceted and complex with socioeconomic implications as well. For example, immigrant health disparities in diabetic outcomes have been associated with a lower risk perception amongst foreign-born adults in the United States compared to their native-born counterparts, which leads to fewer protective lifestyle and treatment changes crucial for combatting diabetes. Additionally, variations in patients' perceptions of time (i.e. taking rigorous, costly medication in the present for abstract beneficial future outcomes can conflict with patients' preferences for immediate versus delayed gratification) may also present severe consequences for adherence as diabetes medication often requires systematic, routine administration.
Hypertension
Hypertension non-compliance (93% in US, 70% in UK) is the main cause of uncontrolled hypertension-associated heart attack and stroke.
In 1975, only about 50% took at least 80% of their prescribed anti-hypertensive medications.
As a result of poor compliance, 75% of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension do not achieve optimum blood-pressure control.
Mental illness
A 2003 review found that 41–59% of patients prescribed antipsychotics took the medication prescribed to them infrequently or not at all. Sometimes non-adherence is due to lack of insight, but psychotic disorders can be episodic and antipsychotics are then use prophylactically to reduce the likelihood of relapse rather than treat symptoms and in some cases individuals will have no further episodes despite not using antipsychotics. A 2006 review investigated the effects of compliance therapy for schizophrenia: and found no clear evidence to suggest that compliance therapy was beneficial for people with schizophrenia and related syndromes.
Rheumatoid arthritis
A longitudinal study has shown that adherence with treatment about 60%. The predictors of adherence were found to be more of psychological, communication and logistic nature rather than sociodemographic or clinical factors. The following factors were identified as independent predictors of adherence:
the type of treatment prescribed
agreement on treatment
having received information on treatment adaptation
clinician perception of patient trust
See also
Drug withdrawal
Patient participation
References
External links
Adherence to long-term therapies, a report from the World Health Organization
Technology report on NFC enabled smart medication packages
Medical terminology
Clinical pharmacology
Pharmacy
Health care quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherence%20%28medicine%29 |
LysKOM is a KOM-based conferencing system developed by the Lysator Academic Computer Society at Linköping University and Linköping Institute of Technology. It can be seen as a cross between news and e-mail, but with the presence and speed of IRC or IM-networks. The most common client is the LysKOM Emacs Lisp Client, but among others a WWW-based client also exists. The server and most clients are released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and thus free software. The LysKOM protocol uses port 4894.
Protocol implementations exist for Python, Perl and Pike. Based on these frameworks, a number of programs for bridging LysKOM with other systems have been written. Notable among these is the Python software for importing and exporting e-mail. Used as a whole, it enables the LysKOM system to act as a primitive list manager. By configuring the exporter to not reexport imported e-mail it is also possible to use LysKOM more like a multi-user e-mail client for posting to mailing lists.
External links
The LysKOM system
The LysKOM Emacs Lisp Client
Note: This page is about the old distribution system. If you want to get a modern client which is being kept up to date with the changes in the servers, use the Daily Build link on the page, referring http://magnus.gustavsson.se/lyskom/beta/src/
LysKOM Protocol A
The Python LysKOM Protocol implementation
Application layer protocols
Linköping University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysKOM |
Ürgüp ( Prokópio, or Cappadocian Greek: Prokópi, ) is a town in Nevşehir province in the Cappadocia area of Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Ürgüp District. Its population is 24,647 (2022). The town lies at an average elevation of .
As elsewhere in Cappadocia, the centre of Ürgüp is full of lovely old stone houses clustered around a central rock formation, in this case Temenni Tepesi (Temenni Hill, Wish Hill).
Ürgüp got into the boutique-hotel movement early and as a result has a flourishing tourism industry, in part because it has more amenities than other Cappadocian destinations. It makes a good base for visiting all the main attractions of Cappadocia, including the rock-cut churches and the underground cities.
As well as tourism, Ürgüp has a thriving wine-growing industry. It also provided the setting for many episodes of the popular television series, Asmalı Konak which aired from 2002 to 2004 and was credited with kickstarting domestic tourism to Cappadocia.
Ürgüp features briefly in Philip Glazebrook's travelogue, A Journey to Kars, when he is forced to extend his stay there due to 1980 census-taking which decreed that no one could go anywhere and no transport was operating.
History
The original occupation of the site of Prokopi/Ürgüp probably dates back to Hittite times although there is no longer anything to show for that today. A few tombs left from a necropolis serve as evidence of Roman occupation. Of Byzantine occupation there are also only scant traces, mainly of the Church of St Procopius, the saint after whom the town was originally named.
Ürgüp was known as Osiana (Assiana) in the Byzantine period.
More evidence survives of the Selçuk presence here, especially in the form of the hexagonal Altı Kapılar (Six Gates) tomb of a military commander in the town centre. A symbolic tomb (1863) on top of Temenni Hill commemorates the Selçuk leader Ruknettin Kılıçarslan IV who was killed while in Ürgüp.
In late Ottoman times Prokopi/Ürgüp was home to a mixed population of Turks and Christians; according to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of Ürgüp had a total population of 23,030, consisting of 19,880 Muslims, 3,134 Greeks and 16 Armenians. It was during this period that most of the town centre's grand stone houses, many of them now converted into hotels, were built. Some of these houses still contain fine secular frescoes attesting to the fact that they were designed for members of the minority populations. The Sucuoğlu Konağı (Mansion) is visible to those prepared to poke around in the ruinous properties - one of its walls is decorated with scenes of a Zeppelin and a hot-air balloon flying over Constantinople/Istanbul.
It was also in the 19th century that a huge church was built to honour St John the Russian. It was demolished in the 1950s and a girls school built on the site; its memory lives on only in photographs. What is now the Şehir Hamamı (City Hamam) is housed inside what was once another Greek Orthodox church in the then Gavur Mahallesi (Infidel Neighbourhood).
In 1924 the Greeks of Prokopi were forced to leave Turkey under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne. When they left they took the relics of St John the Russian with them to their new home on the island of Euboea in Greece where murals on a church wall now depict the journey from Cappadocia. Other Greeks from Prokopi settled in Larissa in Greece.
Local attractions
There is a small local museum inside the park in the centre of Ürgüp.
Uphill from the Hotel Surban, the renowned Turasan Winery supplies 60% of Cappadocia's wines and offers free tours and tastings in its rock-carved wine cellar.
On the outskirts of Ürgüp, heading towards Göreme, a group of striking fairy chimneys to the right of the road are sometimes called 'The Three Beauties', 'Three Graces', 'The Family' or the 'Three Sisters'.
Gallery
Notable natives
Saint John the Russian (1690-1730), Saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Mustafa Güzelgöz (1921–2005), librarian known as the "Librarian with Donkey"
International relations
Ürgüp is twinned with:
Larissa, Greece (since 1996)
Kireas, Greece (since 2004)
See also
Cappadocia
Kayakapı
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Map of Ürgüp district
St George and the dragon
Administrative map of Ürgüp district
Hundreds of pictures of Ürgüp
Ürgüp State Agency
Geography and history of Ürgüp, Governorship of Ürgüp.
District municipalities in Turkey
Cappadocia
Populated places in Ürgüp District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crg%C3%BCp |
Cone Health is a private, not-for-profit healthcare delivery system based in Greensboro, North Carolina. It includes Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, Wesley Long Hospital, and Cone Health Behavioral Health Hospital, all located in Greensboro. The Cone Health network also includes Alamance Regional Medical Center (Burlington, North Carolina), Annie Penn Hospital (Reidsville, North Carolina), MedCenter High Point, MedCenter Kernersville, MedCenter Mebane, MedCenter Greensboro and a wide range of primary care and specialty practices staffed by Cone Health Medical Group physicians.
The Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, the flagship of the system, opened in 1953 on near downtown Greensboro. Bertha Cone established it in honor of her husband, Moses H. Cone. Moses Cone was a textile magnate and founder of Cone Mills.
Cone Health is active in primary care, cardiology, neuroscience, oncology, orthopedics, rehabilitation, obstetrics and many other specialties.
U.S. News & World Report. listed Cone Health hospitals as a 2022-2023 High Performing Hospital in 17 of 20 common adult procedures and conditions.
In August 2020, Cone Health announced its intent to merge with Sentara Healthcare, though the planned consolidation was later canceled in 2021.
References
External links
Hospital networks in the United States
Healthcare in Greensboro, North Carolina
Cone family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20Health |
Maryland Route 307 (MD 307) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Williamsburg Road, the state highway runs from MD 331 in Hurlock north to the end of state maintenance at Charles Street a short distance east of the intersection with MD 313/MD 318 in Federalsburg. MD 307 was one of the first highways completed by the Maryland State Roads Commission when the Hurlock–Federalsburg Road was constructed in 1910. The highway was relocated between Williamsburg and Federalsburg in the 1960s.
Route description
MD 307 begins at a five-way intersection in the town of Hurlock in Dorchester County. Oak Street is the west leg of the intersection, while Main Street, which is MD 331 to the south, forms the north and south legs of the intersection. MD 331 heads northwest on Academy Street. MD 307 heads east as two-lane undivided Broad Street through an industrial area after a grade crossing with a spur of the Seaford Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad, which the state highway begins to parallel closely to the northwest as it leaves Hurlock. MD 307 continues northeast as Williamsburg Road through farmland. The state highway passes through the hamlet of Williamsburg and traverses Skinners Run before leaving the vicinity of the railroad. MD 307 enters Caroline County shortly before meeting MD 313/MD 318 (Federalsburg Highway) at the four-leg Federalsburg Roundabout. MD 307 continues east into the town of Federalsburg and reaches its eastern terminus at Charles Street. Academy Avenue continues east as a municipal street toward Main Street in downtown Federalsburg.
History
The segment of MD 307 between the town limits of Federalsburg and the Dorchester County line was the first section of state road placed under contract for construction by the Maryland State Roads Commission in June 1909. That section of road and the remainder of the highway southwest to Hurlock were completed in 1910. The portion of original highway between Williamsburg and just west of Federalsburg was bypassed in 1970; the old alignment is now Whitely Road. The Federalsburg Roundabout was constructed in 1998.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 307
MD 307 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 307
307
Maryland Route 307
Maryland Route 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20307 |
Üzümlü () is a municipality (belde) and seat of Üzümlü District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. It had a population of 8,325 in 2021.
It is divided into the neighborhoods of Babacan, Bahçeşehir, Ciminlibaba, Çavuşlu, Çay, Fatih, Geyikli, Mimar Sinan, Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu, Oruçlu, Pirisami, Terzibaba, Üçler, Yavuz Selim and Yunusemre.
Meskhetian Turks from Ukraine were settled in the town in 2016.
Sights
Altıntepe fortress, an ancient Urartian site.
References
Populated places in Üzümlü District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCml%C3%BC |
Vakfıkebir is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 141 km2, and its population is 27,060 (2022). The mayor is Muhammet Balta (AKP).
Composition
There are 46 neighbourhoods in Vakfıkebir District:
Açıkalan
Akköy
Aydoğdu
Bahadırlı
Ballı
Bozalan
Büyükliman
Caferli
Çamlık
Çamlık Sahil
Çarşı
Çavuşlu
Cumhuriyet
Demirci
Deregözü
Düzlük
Esentepe
Fethiye
Fevziye
Güneyköy
Güneysu
Hacıköy
Hamzalı
Hürriyet
İlyaslı
İshaklı
Karatepe
Kemaliye
Kıranköy
Kirazlık
Kirazlık Yeni
Köprücek
Körez
Küçükdere
Mahmutlu
Mısırlı
Ortaköy
Rıdvanlı
Sekmenli
Şenocak
Sinanlı
Soğuksu
Tarlacık
Yalıköy
Yaylacık
Yıldız
Cuisine of Vakfıkebir
Vakfıkebir bread
Vakfıkebir butter (Vakfıkebir tereyağı)
Notable natives
Volkan Bekçi (1987– ), footballer
Tayfun Cora (1983– ), footballer of Trabzonspor
Rahman Oğuz Kobya (1988– ), footballer of Adanaspor
Erman Öncü (1976– ), retired footballer, currently scholar for physical education and sports at the Black Sea Technical University
Muhammet Özdin (1978– ), footballer
Osman Şirin (1943– ), former justice of the High Court of Appeals of Turkey
Necip Torumtay (1926–2011), former Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakf%C4%B1kebir |
Vezirköprü is a municipality and district of Samsun Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,674 km2, and its population is 90,308 (2022). It is named after the Ottoman Albanian grand vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha.
History
At the breakup of Alexander the Great's empire the Vezirköprü region became part of the kingdom of Pontus with its capital at Amaseia (Amasya), later at Sinope (Sinop). When the last king Mithradates VI was defeated by the Romans, Pompey the Great founded a "new city", Neapolis (), which later changed its name to Neoklaudioupolis (Νεοκλαυδιούπολις) or Neoclaudiopolis in Latin, the forerunner of modern Vezirköprü. In late antiquity, the town returned to its original name, Andrapa (Ἄνδραπα), and became a bishopric. It also minted coins bearing the dates and effigies of Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, and Caracalla.
Its bishop Paralius was at the Council of Ephesus (431) and sent his deacon Eucharius to represent him at the Council of Chalcedon (451). Paulus was one of the signatories of the letter by which the bishops of the Roman province of Helenopontus, to which Andrapa belonged, protested to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 458 about the killing of Proterius of Alexandria. Ioannes was at the Third Council of Constantinople (680), Sergius at the Trullan Council (692). Theodorus was represented at the Second Council of Nicaea (787) by his deacon Marinus. Antonius took part in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879).
No longer a residential bishopric, Andrapa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Composition
There are 161 neighbourhoods in Vezirköprü District:
Abdülgani
Adatepe
Ağcaalan
Ağcayazı
Ahmetbaba
Akören
Alanbaşı
Alancık
Alanköy
Alanşeyhi
Altınkaya
Arıca
Atatürk
Avdan
Aydınlı
Aydoğdu
Ayvalı
Bahçekonak
Bahçelievler
Bahçesaray
Bakla
Başalan
Başfakı
Bayramköy
Bektaş
Belalan
Beşpınar
Boğaköy
Boğazkoru
Boruk
Burhaniye
Büyükkale
Çakırtaş
Çalköy
Çalman
Çaltı
Çamlıca
Çamlıdere
Çamlıkonak
Çanaklı
Çayırbaşı
Cebeli
Çekalan
Çekmeden
Çeltek
Çorakdere
Cumhuriyet
Darıçayalanı
Darıçay
Değirmenbaşı
Devalan
Doyran
Duruçay
Elaldı
Elbeyi
Elmalı
Esen
Esentepe
Esenyurt
Fazıl Ahmet Paşa
Göl
Göl Yeni
Göllüalan
Gömlekhisar
Güder
Güldere
Habibfakı
Hacılı
Halilbaba
Halkahavlı
Hayranlı
Hıdırlık
İmircik
İncesu
İnkaya
Kabalı
Kadıçayırı
Kadıoğlu
Kapaklı
Kapaklıeşme
Kaplancık
Karabük
Karacaören
Karadoruk
Karaköy
Karanar
Karapınar
Karkucak
Karlı
Kavakpınarı
Kılıçgüney
Kıranalan
Kıratbükü
Kırma
Kızılcakoru
Kızılcaören
Kızılkese
Kocakaya
Köprübaşı
Kovalı
Küçükkale
Kületek
Kumral
Kuruçay
Kuşçular
Kuyaş
Kuyumcu
Mahmatlı
Mehmetpaşa
Melikli
Meşeli
Mezraa
Nalbantlı
Narlısaray
Öğürlü
Örencik
Ortacamii
Ortaköy
Oruç
Ovacık
Oymaağaç
Özesentepe
Özgüney
Özkuruçay
Özyörük
Paşaköy
Pazarcı
Samukalan
Samur
Saraycık
Saraylı
Sarıalan
Sarıdibek
Sarıyar
Şentepe
Sırbaşmak
Sofular
Soğucak
Susuz
Tabakhane
Tahtaköprü
Taşkale
Taşlıyük
Tatarkale
Teberük
Tekkekıranı
Tepeören
Tikenli
Türkmen
Yağcı
Yağınözü
Yarbaşı
Yeni
Yeniçelik
Yenidüzce
Yeşilada
Yeşiltepe
Yolpınar
Yukarınarlı
Yurtdağı
Yürükçal
Literature
Bekker-Nielsen, T., R. Czichon, C. Høgel, B. Kıvrak, J.M. Madsen, V. Sauer, S.L. Sørensen & K. Winther-Jacobsen 2015. Ancient Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü in Samsun Province): A Historical and Archaeological Guide. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
External links
Vezirköprü Information Page
Vezirköprü Municipality
Vezirköprü Facebook FanPage
University of Southern Denmark
References
Populated places in Samsun Province
Paphlagonia
Districts of Samsun Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC |
In mathematics, the Prym variety construction (named for Friedrich Prym) is a method in algebraic geometry of making an abelian variety from a morphism of algebraic curves. In its original form, it was applied to an unramified double covering of a Riemann surface, and was used by F. Schottky and H. W. E. Jung in relation with the Schottky problem, as it is now called, of characterising Jacobian varieties among abelian varieties. It is said to have appeared first in the late work of Riemann, and was extensively studied by Wirtinger in 1895, including degenerate cases.
Given a non-constant morphism
φ: C1 → C2
of algebraic curves, write Ji for the Jacobian variety of Ci. Then from φ construct the corresponding morphism
ψ: J1 → J2,
which can be defined on a divisor class D of degree zero by applying φ to each point of the divisor. This is a well-defined morphism, often called the norm homomorphism. Then the Prym variety of φ is the kernel of ψ. To qualify that somewhat, to get an abelian variety, the connected component of the identity of the reduced scheme underlying the kernel may be intended. Or in other words take the largest abelian subvariety of J1 on which ψ is trivial.
The theory of Prym varieties was dormant for a long time, until revived by David Mumford around 1970. It now plays a substantial role in some contemporary theories, for example of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation. One advantage of the method is that it allows one to apply the theory of curves to the study of a wider class of abelian varieties than Jacobians. For example, principally polarized abelian varieties (p.p.a.v.'s) of dimension > 3 are not generally Jacobians, but all p.p.a.v.'s of dimension 5 or less are Prym varieties. It is for this reason that p.p.a.v.'s are fairly well understood up to dimension 5.
References
Algebraic curves
Abelian varieties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prym%20variety |
A Bach festival is a music festival held to celebrate the memory of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). Various locations throughout the world hold festivals dedicated to Bach. A notable example is the Bachfest Leipzig, held each year in the city of Leipzig, where the composer worked as Thomaskantor for the last 27 years of his life.
Historical festivals
Baldwin Wallace Bach Festival
The Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music at Baldwin Wallace University is home to the BW Bach Festival, the oldest collegiate Bach festival in the nation. The festival was founded in 1932 by Professor Albert Riemenschneider (longtime director of the College Conservatory) and his wife Selma. The then Baldwin-Wallace Festival Choir and Orchestra presented the first Bach Festival in June 1933 and has continued since then. The oldest Bach Festival, The Bethlehem, and Baldwin Wallace performed together for BW's 75th anniversary of the festival.
Winter Park Bach Festival
The Bach Festival Society was founded in 1935 at Rollins College to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Johann Sebastian Bach's birth by presenting the composer's orchestral and choral music to the public "for its enlightenment, education, pleasure, and enjoyment" at Knowles Memorial Chapel. Isabelle Sprague-Smith, a former New York artist and school principal, was the president and driving force behind the Bach Festival from 1935 until her death in 1950. At Sprague-Smith's death, the future of the Bach Festival was uncertain. Rollins President Hugh F. McKean (husband to Jeannette Genius McKean) asked John M. Tiedtke, the treasurer of the College, to fulfill the obligation and he accepted. Tiedtke served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees until his death in December 2004. The festival has been presented each year since 1935, and has expanded to a multi-week event including chamber music, lectures, master classes, and community events.
Notable Bach festivals
Bach in the Subways
Bach Music Festival of Canada
Bachfest Leipzig
Bachwoche Ansbach
Baldwin Wallace Bach Festival
Carmel Bach Festival
English Bach Festival
Oregon Bach Festival
Thüringer Bachwochen
Tilford Bach Festival
The WQXR All-Day Bach Organ Marathon
Bachfestival Antwerpen
Bachfestival Dordrecht
See also
Early music festivals
References
External links
Classical music festivals in the United States
Lists of classical music festivals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%20festival |
Vize (, ) is a town in Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Vize District. Its population is 15,116 (2022). The mayor is Ercan Özalp (CHP). The town's distance to the provincial centre is . Vize is situated on state road D.020, which runs from Istanbul to Edirne via Kırklareli. In 2012 Vize was designated a Cittaslow (Slow City).
History
Antiquity
Under the ancient name of Bizya or Bizye () Vize served as a capital for the ancient Thracian tribe of the Asti, and was mentioned by several ancient authors.
From inscriptions it seems that during the late 1st century BCE Bizye was under local rule of the Sapians rather than under direct Roman control.
The martyrs Memnon and Severos were killed in Bizye as part of the Diocletianic Persecution beginning in 303. In 353 CE, the exiled Eustathius of Antioch chose to settle in Bizye, where he later died. The city is documented as the seat of an archbishop, as a suffragan of Heraclea, as early as the 5th century.
Middle Ages
Beginning in the 6th century, water was piped from Bizye to Constantinople, and some of the pipes are still visible. In 773 or 774, the emperor Constantine V had a bridge built here.
Bizye is described as a city (polis) in the province of Europe in the Synecdemus of Hierocles, as well as later in the De Thematibus of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
The city appears to be identical with the "Uzusa" () mentioned by the council in Trullo in 692, which was signed by one Geōrgios elachistos episkopos Uzusēs tēs Thrakōn chōras. Since there is no signature for a representative of Bizye in the document, it is assumed that they are the same place.
Proto-Bulgarian inscriptions indicate that Khan Krum captured and probably destroyed Bizye. During the 9th and 10th centuries the town served as the head of a tourmarches. In the aftermath of Thomas the Slav's rebellion in 823, his stepson Anastasios attempted to take refuge in Bizye but was handed over by the city's residents to the emperor. The folk saint Maria Nea lived in Bizye after her marriage in 896 to Nikephoros, who was tourmarches here. After her death in 903, she was venerated as a saint, and her cult became very popular in Bizye and the surrounding regions.
The Bulgarian emperor Simeon I captured Bizye in c. 925 after a five-year-long siege; the city's walls were destroyed, and most of its population fled to nearby Medea. Whether Bizye was later targeted during Peter I's campaign in eastern Thrace in 927 is uncertain.
In the 12th century, the Arab geographer al-Idrisi described Bizye as a large and well-fortified city in a fertile valley, with thriving commerce and industry. When Cuman invaders came and looted eastern Thrace in 1199, a Byzantine army was dispatched from Bizye to repel them. They were at first successful, but their initial victory was squandered because the Byzantine troops got greedy.
After the sack of Constantinople in April 1204, Bizye became part of the new Latin Empire as per the Partitio Imperii Romaniae. The city did not submit to the Latins at first, and it wasn't until March 1205 that it was brought to heel, along with the similarly rebellious cities of Arcadiopolis (modern Lüleburgaz) and Tzurulon (modern Çorlu). Just one month later, though, the Latin army was defeated by a combined force of Bulgars and Cumans led by Tsar Kaloyan, who then launched a series of invasions throughout eastern Thrace. Bizye was one of the few cities in the region that remained unaffected by these incursions. Toward the end of 1205, the nobleman Anseau de Cayeux was sent to garrison the city along with 120 knights. Later in June 1206, the emperor Henry of Flanders set up camp at Bizye, which was honored as "mult ere bone et forz".
Sometime after 1225, an Epirote force under Theodore Komnenos Doukas advanced on Bizye, but they were unable to take possession of the city. In 1237, the Cumans again invaded Thrace, and many of Bizye's residents were captured and sold as slaves. In August 1246, the Latin emperor Baldwin II negotiated a deal with the Order of Saint James which would have ceded Bizye and Medea to the order along with possessions in Constantinople. However the treaty was never put into effect. In 1147, Bizye (along with Tzurulon, Medea, and Derkos) came under the control of John III Doukas Vatatzes, who had allied with the Bulgarians.
Either at the end of 1255 or the beginning of 1256, the emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeated a combined Bulgarian and Cuman force somewhere between Bizye and Bulgarophygon (modern Babeski). He then concluded a peace treaty that fixed a new border in the upper Maritsa valley.
From 1286 to 1355, Bizye was the centre of one of three known military districts called megala allagia (the other two were Thessaloniki and Serres. This district covered the entire area stretching roughly from Mesembria in the north to Arcadiopolis in the west and the suburbs of Constantinople in the east.
In 1304, a large Byzantine army was assembled at Bizye, commanded by emperor Michael IX and Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes in an attempt to stop an incursion under Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria. The Byzantines had already been defeated at Skaphidas and at Bizye they were defeated again.
In 1307, over the protests of the megas tzausios Humbertopoulos, the local population attempted to fight a Catalan force with Turkish auxiliaries under the command of Ferran Ximenes de Arenos. They were defeated, and the Catalans looted the city. The city was again looted in 1313, this time by a Turkish force led by Ḫalil; the Turks were later defeated in battle at Xerogypsos.
In the winter of 1322, Syrgiannes Palaiologos captured Bizye along with Raidestos (modern Tekirdağ) and Sergentzion, but almost immediately lost the city to the forces of Andronikos III Palaiologos. Andronikos himself stayed in Bizye for several days during the summer of 1324 due to an illness. That September, Bizye's annual donation to the Patriarchate of Constantinople was set at 100 hyperpera. Andronikos returned to Bizye with an army in 1328, in anticipation of an attack by his former ally Michael Shishman that never came. In the summer of 1332, the theologian Matthaios of Ephesos stopped in Bizye en route to Brysis, where he had been appointed to office; he only stayed briefly, but he wrote that there were numerous holy wells or hagiasmata (Turkish: ayazma) in the area, which were consecrated to the Blessed Mother. The area around Bizye was described as unsafe due to the presence of robbers
In 1344, Bizye was captured by John VI Kantakouzenos, who installed his general Manuel Komnenos Raul Asen as governor of the city. A few years later, in the late 1340s, a force of 1,200 Turkish horsemen penetrated Byzantine territory as far as Bizye. After Matthew Kantakouzenos was forced to abdicate the imperial throne, Bizye remained under his effective control, and he stayed here several times in 1356.
As part of a synodal act in August 1355, which ratified an alliance between the emperor John V Palaiologos and Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, the metropolitanate of Bizye was given the archdiocese of Derkos as an epidosis for about two years. A similar thing happened with the diocese of Stauropolis in July 1361.
The inhabitants of Bizye were possibly resettled in 1357 or 58, perhaps because of Turkish brigands taking advantage of the fact that the city's garrison had been depleted by the fighting between John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos.
In the autumn of 1358, Manuel Asanes, Matthew's uncle-turned-enemy, asked John V to make him governor of Bizye.
In 1368, Bizye came under the control of the Gazi Turks along with other areas in the southern Istranca mountains. The metropolitan of Bizye was reassigned to Mesembria and Anchialos to compensate for the loss of Bizye. During the Ottoman civil war, Bizye was ceded by the Ottoman emir Süleyman Çelebi to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1403 and then reconquered by the Ottomans under Musa Çelebi in 1410 or 1411. After the elimination of Musa, Sultan Mehmed I restored the town to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1413.
Ottoman period
Bizye finally came under definitive Turkish control at the beginning of 1453, possibly under Karaca Paşa.
The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Vize in 1661, during his sixth journey. He described it as the seat of a sanjak-bey, inhabited by a mixture of Turks, Bulgarians, and Greeks, and famous for its leeks.
According to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the kaza of Vize had a total population of 14,109, consisting of 10,020 Muslims and 4,089 Greeks.
Places of interest
The acropolis area on the hill above the town has a commanding position overlooking the surrounding area and still retains some ancient remains; the remains of the ancient theatre were discovered on the slope of the acropolis in the 1990s. Many burial mounds constructed for the rulers of Thracian Kingdom are scattered cross the plains around the town.
Little Hagia Sophia Church (Gazi Süleyman Pasha Mosque) () is a former Byzantine era Orthodox church built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565). It converted into a mosque in the Ottoman era. Designed on a basilican plan, the church was constructed over the foundations of A Temple of Apollo with masonry stone and brick. The cruciform-shaped church consisted of a nave with two rows of columns with three columns each, two aisles and an apse. Its original wooden roof was replaced in the 12th and 13th centuries by a high dome. The building is vaulted around the dome in a style that is not normally seen in Byzantine architecture.
Vize Fortress () is a fortification constructed in the Ancient Roman era at the northwest of the town. The fortress is believed to have been built originally in 72-76 B.C., and was revived during the reign of Justinian I. It is constructed of clear cut stones and rubble masonry on foundations with stone blocks of and . The bluish colour of the stones of the north wall indicates that this section was rebuilt in the Late Byzantine era during the Palaeologian dynasty. The fortress consists of two nested walls. The western and southern walls are intact. An inscription in Greek letters found at the fortress, says "Here were watchtowers built under the administration of Firmus, the son of Aulus Pores, along with Aulus Kenthes, the son of Rytes the son of Kenthes, and Rabdus, the son of Hyakinthus." It is exhibited in Kırklareli Museum.
The Theatre () was built in the 2nd century during the Late Roman era and is the only one known in Thrace. It was discovered in 1998 during archaeological excavations carried out on the Çömlektepe tumulus. Parts of the cavea (spectators' seats) still exist with aisles between the seats as do parts of the scaenae (stage) and orchestra. Reliefs from the scaenae frons, the stage backdrop, are exhibited in Kırklareli Museum.
The town also has some Ottoman structures, in addition to an ancient synagogue.
Image gallery
References
External links
Information on ancient Thrace
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Tourist attractions in Kırklareli Province
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Populated places in Vize District
District municipalities in Turkey
Cittaslow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vize |
Yahşihan is a town in Kırıkkale Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yahşihan District. Its population is 31,195 (2022).
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Kırıkkale Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Yahşihan District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yah%C5%9Fihan |
Round the Bend! is a satirical British children's television series, which ran on Children's ITV for three series from January 6, 1989, to May 7, 1991. The programme was produced by Hat Trick Productions for Yorkshire Television. After its first run concluded, it was later repeated on Channel 4, The Children's Channel and Nickelodeon UK (the "Yorkshire Television Production" and "A Yorkshire Television Production for ITV" company logos were also removed from the end of the episodes in each case, and they would just fade to black where they originally were), and was nominated for an RTS Award.
The programme was created by the team behind the comic Oink! (Patrick Gallagher, Tony Husband, and Mark Rodgers). The puppets, animated characters and main sewer set were designed by Gallagher, who was also the programme's graphic designer. The puppets were made by the team who made the ones for Central Television's Spitting Image. Round the Bend! was a satirical parody of Saturday morning magazine shows, with a host providing linking material between cartoons, music videos and news reports (albeit set in a sewer). The anarchic tone of the programme and its parody cartoons was like that of Viz. The animated sketches were produced by Catalyst Pictures (who made the crudely drawn cel animations and stop-motion cardboard animations) and Aardman Animations (who made the clay-animated serials, all three of which were spoofs of B-movies).
The title of the programme is a double entendre. Referring to a toilet U-bend, the cel-animated opening titles began with the camera being flushed down a toilet and ending up in a sewer (for the first series' opening titles, a live-action boy also sat at his kitchen table waiting for his copy of the Round the Bend! comic to be delivered, and when his mother grabbed it after it came through the letterbox just before he could, he mouthed something that made the comic give her an electric shock and forced her to drop it, and the view then changed to the now-fully-animated shot of the comic's front cover). It was also a popular saying at the time to describe someone who was insane.
Main characters
Doc Croc: The show's host and a temperamental, rude, and overbearing crocodile. He ran the operations of the sewer and took command of the rats who worked (unpaid) for him. Performed by Anthony Asbury and Kaefan Shaw, and voiced by Enn Reitel. In one episode, he started his own political party to try and win the general election (which he named the "Greedy Party"), but lost it by one vote to "Screaming Lord Screwloose" (the candidate for the "Monster Robot Loony Party") as the rats had forgotten to vote.
Jemima Wellington-Green: The cleverest of the three rats, she was often sarcastic and miserable about the fact that she worked in a sewer and had no hope of ever getting a boyfriend. She spoke with a posh accent, which was a parody of Janet Street-Porter. Performed by Richard Coombs and voiced by Kate Robbins. In the first three episodes, she came up out of the toilets of actor Tony Robinson, reggae band Aswad and footballer John Fashanu to interview them, but they all flushed her away.
"Vaudeville" Vincent Vermin: A cockney rat and the resident comic who always tried to see the bright side of every situation. He hosted his own joke segment of the show. The jokes were intentionally bad, which was the reason for them being funny. At the end of each segment, Doc Croc would ask an "Opinion Poll" (a talking barber's pole) what he thought of them, and the pole would say "Rubbish!". There was also at one point a talking piece of furniture, the "Armchair Critic". Performed by Nigel Plaskitt and voiced by Jon Glover. In one episode, he was blasted into space in a space shuttle that Doc Croc had stolen for the intention of broadcasting Round the Bend! to the whole world, only for Vincent to realise he wouldn’t have long to live doing this, so decided to “die laughing” by broadcasting his jokes using the satellite, which only took over every television and radio signal going.
Luschetti "Lou Brush" Bruschetti: an Italian rat and the programme's resident artist. Not as intelligent as the other rats, and usually the rat that Doc took most of his problems out on. Originally performed by Alistair Fullarton (1950-1988), later by Simon Buckley, and voiced by Jonathan Kydd. In one episode, he concocted a brew for Doc Croc (to try and put him in a better mood), but it shrunk him when he drunk it.
In three episodes, the cast were plagued by a sunglasses-wearing teddy bear who, despite his diminutive size, would inflict severe physical beatings on them. On the second one of these occasions, the cast were also visited by the teddy's (much larger) father, who took on Doc Croc in a boxing match, and would have won had it not been for Luschetti making a "big brother" crocodile out of cardboard (with Jemima impersonating Doc's voice when Luschetti projected its silhouette onto the wall of the sewer) to frighten both teddies away.
Other characters
Other non-regular cast members were often satirical parodies of real-life celebrities and existing television programmes, including:
The Oddbod Family: Original animation about a family of five, focusing on their three children (Bouncing Benny, Loud Lucy and Nancy's Nose) who all had abnormal abilities.
Transformaloids and Transformabots: Animated parodies of Transformers, the first of which featured "Octopus Slime", an octopus-headed transforming robot (whose name is a pun on Optimus Prime), who on at least one occasion went up against his arch-enemy, "Armadillotron" (whose name is a pun on Megatron).
Pzycho the Magnificent (Series 1–2): Original stop-motion cardboard animation about a psychotic German magician who attempted to use magic for his own personal gain, but got caught by the police every time and sent to jail. For the third series, Pzycho was presumed to be dead as a gravestone reading "RIP PZYCHO" was seen in one of the Woolly the Wonder Sheep sketches (but in the last episode's Kenny McTickle sketch, he reappeared when Kenny conjured up everything he had from under his kilt).
Doc Croc's Nursery Spot (Series 1): Animated take-offs of The Care Bears ("The Couldn't-Care-Less Bears"), Mr. Men ("Masters and Missuses"), Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends ("Clarence the Crank Engine"), Rupert the Bear ("Poopert the Bear"), and Noddy ("The Adventures of Nuddy"). Replaced in the second series by Nursery Crimes (an animated parody of Jackanory, which spoofed well-known nursery rhymes), which in turn was replaced in the third series by Fairytales of the Unexpected (an animated parody of Tales of the Unexpected, which, as its name suggested, spoofed fairy tales).
John Potato's Newsround: A parody of John Craven's Newsround, but presented by a potato (the eponymous "John Potato", who had eyes, a nose and a moustache from a Mr. Potato Head). The sports section was presented by "David Colemole", a puppet mole who wore a pair of round glasses and had a voice very similar to David Coleman (1926-2013). In three episodes, David Colemole became "Timmy Molett" (a parody of Timmy Mallett) when "The Rattles" took the world by storm, "John Colemole" (a parody of John Cole, 1927–2013) when Doc Croc had started the "Greedy Party", and "Sir Patrick Mole" (a parody of Sir Patrick Moore, 1923–2012).
Ricky, Spambo, Arizona Jones, and Special Agent James Bomb (Series 1): Animated take-offs of Rocky, Rambo, Indiana Jones, and James Bond.
Rubbish Rock Spot: A music video segment that had the puppets "Dross", "Kylie Manure", "Paul Muckartney", "Swill Collins", "Rick Ashtray", "Muddonna", "Sneezy Wonder", "Binanarama", "Stink", "Elton the John", "Jason Dungovan", "Michael Jackdung", "Jon Pong Jovi", "WC Splash and the Sucker MCs", "Kate Brush" and "Bin Lids on the Block", parodies (in name only) of Bros, Kylie Minogue, Paul McCartney, Phil Collins, Rick Astley, Madonna, Stevie Wonder, Bananarama, Sting, Elton John, Jason Donovan, Michael Jackson (1958-2009), Jon Bon Jovi, MC Hammer, Kate Bush and New Kids on the Block. Each had a mouth that would sing along to parodied versions of pop songs (and for one episode, the rats also formed their own rock band named "The Rattles", a pun on The Beatles).
False Teeth from Beyond the Stars (Series 1), Attack of the Atomic Banana (Series 2), and False Teeth from Beyond the Stars Meet Atom Banana (Series 3): A trio of clay-animated B-movie parody serials, fictionally produced by "Unidental" (a pun on Universal), "Stubby Broccoli" and "Samuel J. Greengrocer" (a pun on Cubby Broccoli, 1909–1996, and Samuel J. Briskin, 1896–1968), and "Incredibly Cheap Productions" in association with "We Could Use This Set For Something Else P.L.C.". The first featured Roger Prentice, an apprentice dentist, and his assistant Lily O'Lovely trying to stop an invasion of intergalactic false teeth from eating the whole world, while the second featured a fifty-foot banana rampaging through New York City and three teenagers who enlisted the help of Marshal Marshal Marshal and Professor Brainsley Noggin to solve the "banana problem" in a style similar to Scooby-Doo by calling in King Kong to eat him. However, the third was a crossover between both of the first two, as the False Teeth had returned to try and eat the world again and only Atom Banana could stop them. These sketches were animated by Dave Alex Riddett of Aardman Animations.
True Romance (Series 1): Original animation parodying romantic fiction stories. Every sketch would end with a punchline which was a reference to the last line of dialogue.
Cosmic Comprehensive (Series 1): A stop-motion cardboard animation parodying The Bash Street Kids and Grange Hill about an intergalactic academy of aliens.
Wee-Man and the Masters of the Looniverse and O.A.P.-Man: Animated parodies of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. Based in the mystical land of "Hernia" (a pun on Eternia), Wee-Man fought against "Skeleton Face" (a spoof of Skeletor), while O.A.P.-Man (his father) fought against Skeleton Face's father "Grandad Skullface".
Thunderpants: An animated parody of ThunderCats, which featured "Y-Fronto" (a spoof of Lion-O) leading their fights against "Bumm-Ra" (a spoof of Mumm-Ra).
Karate Kiddie (Series 2): An animated parody of The Karate Kid, who returned to his ex-master's house and accidentally destroyed it with his overpowering strength.
Vegetables (Series 2): A live-action parody of Neighbours, for which all the characters were vegetables with Mr. Potato Head pieces and Australian accents.
Botman and Fatman (Series 2): Animated parodies of Batman (the eponymous character in the first of which, as his name implied, had abnormally huge buttocks).
Tommy's Magic Time Trousers (Series 2): Original animation about a boy who could travel back in time to witness the causes of great historical events whenever he pulled on his talking trousers. Many trouser-related puns were used, such as Tommy saying in the time-travelling sequence, "Tally-ho and away we go! The fly's the limit!" with the trousers replying "Brace yourself, Tommy!". Every sketch ended with Tommy returning to 1990 A.D. (then the present day), his teacher asking him something to determine if he had been paying attention, Tommy answering it based on what he had just witnessed, the teacher correcting him, and the trousers saying "If only he knew, Tommy! If only he knew!".
Starry Trek (Series 2): An animated parody of Star Trek: The Original Series, set aboard the "Starship Rent-A-Prize" under the command of "Captain James T. Burke".
Kenny McTickle and his Magic Kilt (Series 3): Original stop-motion cardboard animation about a Scottish boy who could conjure up anything from underneath his kilt. Kenny's catchphrase, "Oh, crivvens, jings and help ma bob!", was a reference to The Broons from The Sunday Post, as they were using those exclamations long before he did.
Woolly the Wonder Sheep (Series 3): A stop-motion cardboard animation parodying Champion the Wonder Horse and the heroic dog Rin Tin Tin, the eponymous main character of which was voiced by Enn Reitel (impersonating Dustin Hoffman). Although Woolly proclaimed himself to be an "excellent sheep", he would often inadvertently enrage the people he had been trying to save by ruining their livelihoods, and they would chase him away while threatening to make kebabs out of him.
Old-Age Useless Nitwit Tortoises and Teenage Mutant Ninja Toilets (Series 3): Animated parodies of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, the eponymous main characters in the first of which fought against "Bottom Brain" (a spoof of Krang, who faced backwards out of his android).
Merchandise
In 1990, a one-off tie-in magazine special was published as Round the Bend!: TV Special. A video game based on it, Round the Bend!: Doc Croc's Outrageous Adventures!, was produced by Zeppelin Games for the ZX Spectrum in 1991 and ported to the Commodore 64, Amiga, and Atari ST. A preview of a sequel was also released, but it was never finished.
Global broadcasters
United Kingdom
ITV (1989-1991)
Channel 4
The Children's Channel
Nickelodeon
Australia
ABC (1990-1996)
Republic of Ireland
RTÉ One (1990)
RTÉ Two (1992-1993)
Germany
BFBS
SSVC Television
Cyprus
BFBS
SSVC Television
New Zealand
TV2 (1989-1992)
Falkland Islands
BFBS
SSVC Television
Papua New Guinea
ABC (1990-1996, via broadcasting transmissions from Australia with the ABC as the only Australian television channel being shown in Papua New Guinea)
Vanuatu
ABC (1992-1996, via broadcasting transmissions from Australia)
See also
Thunderpants (a 2002 British-German-American family comedy film, which has no connections to the animated Round the Bend! sketches of the same name)
References
External links
Watch all Round the Bend! episodes on co-creator Tony Husband's website
Unofficial fan page on NTLWorld.com
1989 British television series debuts
1991 British television series endings
1980s British children's television series
1980s British satirical television series
1990s British children's television series
1990s British satirical television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
Channel 4 original programming
ITV children's television shows
Television series by Aardman Animations
Television series by Hat Trick Productions
Television series by Yorkshire Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20the%20Bend |
Yahyalı is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,587 km2, and its population is 35,481 (2022). It is the southernmost district of the province. The Aladağlar Mountains, a part of the rocky Taurus Mountains, cover the southern part of the district. The river Zamantı passes through it.
Mostly covered in forest, the Aladağlar National Park covers and extends into the neighbouring districts of Çamardı (Niğde Province) and Aladağ (Adana Province), although the main part is in Yahyalı.
The nearest airport is Kayseri International Airport.
History
The district was established by Turkish forces led by Seyyid Ali and Yahya Ali (Yahya Gazi who came into Anatolia in the 13th century. The tomb of Seyyid Ali is in the garden of Yahyalı State Hospital while that of Yahya Gazi is in the courtyard of the Yahyalı Grand Mosque (Turkish: Ulu Cami). Yahyalı was affiliated to Kozan until 1926 but became part of Kayseri province after Kozan province became a district in 1926.
Composition
There are 41 neighbourhoods in Yahyalı District:
100.Yıl
75.Yıl
Ağcaşar
Avlağa
Balcıçakırı
Burhaniye
Büyükçakır
Camikebir
Çamlıca
Çavdaruşağı
Çiğilli
Çubukharmanı
Çubuklu
Delialiuşağı
Denizovası
Derebağı
Dikme
Fetullah
Fevzi Çakmak
Gazibeyli
İlyaslı
İsmet
Kapuzbaşı
Karaköy
Kavacık
Kirazlı
Kocahacılı
Kopçu
Kuzoluk
Madazı
Mustafabeyli
Sazak
Senirköy
Seydili
Süleymanfakılı
Taşhan
Ulupınar
Yenice
Yerköy
Yeşilköy
Yuları
Yahyalı Carpets
The district of Yahyalı is well known for the hand-woven rugs that used to be produced there. These are characterised by their deep red and blue colours and by the medallions usually placed in the centre. Right through into the early 2000s a carpet market clung to life in Yahyalı town.
Çamlıca
Çamlıca was a Greek village of the Yahyalı district also known as Pharasa (Φάρασα), Varasos (Βαρασός), Farasa, Faraşa, or Camlica. Until the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923, Notable people from Pharasa included Paisius II of Caesarea, Arsenios the Cappadocian, and Paisios of Mount Athos.
References
External links
Yahyalı District Governorship
Yahyalıca
Yahyalı Municipality
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahyal%C4%B1 |
Albert Schatz (1839–1910) was a German music dealer. In 1873 Shatz assumed ownership of the Musikalienhandlung Ludwig Trutschel Nachfolger, a music store in Rostock, Germany. He owned a large collection of libretti due to his passion for operatic history and his plan to write a comprehensive history of opera. His collection came from all around Europe including many German, French, and Italian libretto ranging from the 17th to the 18th century. His plans for the book unfortunately came to halt due his poor health. He ended up selling his extensive collection to his friend and music division chief of the library of congress Oscar Sonneck. After Shatz's death, Sonneck also arranged the purchase of Shatz's research paper's and notes.
1839 births
1910 deaths
19th-century German musicologists
20th-century German musicologists
19th-century German composers
20th-century German composers
19th-century German musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Schatz%20%28musician%29 |
Yalıhüyük is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 94 km2, and its population is 1,710 (2022). Its elevation is . Gölcük Plateau is located in the district.
Composition
There are 4 neighbourhoods in Yalıhüyük District:
Arasöğüt
Aşağı
Sarayköy
Yukarı
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Local news portal of Yalıhüyük
Local Community portal of Yalıhüyük
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1h%C3%BCy%C3%BCk |
Yalvaç is a town of Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yalvaç District. Its population is 22,538 (2022). The ruins of ancient Antioch of Pisidia are 1 km northeast of the town.
International relations
Twin towns - Sister cities
Yalvaç is twinned with:
Bethlehem, Palestine
Image gallery
See also
Yalvaç Basin
References
External links
Yalvac information Web site
Yalvaç Official Yalvac news page]
Municipality's official website
Yalvac MYO
Populated places in Yalvaç District
District municipalities in Turkey
Pisidia
Cittaslow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalva%C3%A7 |
Bosanski Petrovac () is a town and municipality located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013 census, the municipality has a population of 7,328 inhabitants, while the town has a population of 3,427 inhabitants.
History
The settlement has existed since Roman times. It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire somewhere between 1520 and 1530. From 1929 to 1941, Bosanski Petrovac was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During the Second World War, it was a Partisan stronghold which was conveniently located close to Marshal Josip Broz Tito's headquarters in Drvar. On 6 December 1942 the Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia was established in the town.
During the 1992–95 Bosnian War, the town's Serb majority remained in the city while the Bosniaks and Croats were forced to leave their homes. Then in 1995, as the war was nearing its end, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina seized Bosanski Petrovac and it remained in Bosnian hands until the end of the war. In the following years, the Serbs' right to return would be hindered. However, the town would eventually return to its pre-war ethnic composition.
Settlements
Bara
Bjelaj
Bjelajski Vaganac
Bosanski Petrovac
Bravski Vaganac
Brestovac
Bukovača
Bunara
Busije
Cimeše
Dobro Selo
Drinić
Janjila
Jasenovac
Kapljuh
Klenovac
Kolunić
Krnja Jela
Krnjeuša
Lastve
Medeno Polje
Oraško Brdo
Oštrelj
Podsrnetica
Prkosi
Rašinovac
Revenik
Risovac
Skakavac
Smoljana
Suvaja
Vedro Polje
Vođenica
Vranovina
Vrtoče
Demographics
Population
Ethnic composition
Notable people
Mersad Berber, painter
Jovan Bijelić, painter
Ahmet Hromadžić, writer
Tomislav Krizmanić, boxer, bronze medal winner at the 1953 European amateur boxing championships
Skender Kulenović, writer
Marinko Rokvić, Serbian folk singer
References
External links
Official site (in Bosnian)
Municipalities of the Una-Sana Canton
Serb communities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanski%20Petrovac |
Caroline Lavelle is an English singer-songwriter and cellist who has created three solo albums and contributed vocals, music, and production help to many other artists and bands.
Career
Lavelle studied at the Royal College of Music in London. Throughout the early to mid-eighties she busked in the city, often outside Kensington Tube Station and Covent Garden, playing baroque music with Anne Stephenson and Virginia Astley (or Virginia Hewes; sources are confused) in a group called Humouresque.
She was spotted by Frankie Gavin, a member of Ireland's De Dannan band, who asked her to join. She was part of the band up to the early nineties, alongside Mary Black and Dolores Keane.
In 1992, she contributed vocals and cello to the track "Home of the Whale" on the Massive Attack EP Hymn of the Big Wheel. Producer William Orbit liked it, contacted her, and eventually produced, and mixed, her debut solo album, Spirit, in 1995. Her version of the song "Moorlough Shore" was used for the introduction to Paul Haggis's critically acclaimed crime drama EZ Streets. This brought her greater notice in the areas of film and television. Also in 1995, she began recording with Canadian world music artist Loreena McKennitt, recording and touring as part of McKennitt's band.
A December 1999 article in The Sunday Times reported that it was this album which drew Madonna's attention and initiated the successful collaboration of William Orbit and Madonna.
She produced two further albums, Brilliant Midnight (2001), which, a year later, had three further tracks added in a reissue, and A Distant Bell in (2004).
Her "Home of the Whale" track (with Massive Attack) was featured in the 2000 Ewan McGregor/Ashley Judd film, Eye of the Beholder, and she also contributed her song Anxiety to the soundtrack of the 2001 John Dahl movie Roadkill (Joyride in the US).
She lives in Tintagel in Cornwall. She was on Loreena McKennitt's Ancient Muse tour. In early 2013, Lavelle began work on a new collaborative project with singer/songwriter Andrew Bate.
In 2016, she released an album titled Secret Sky as one of a trio by the same name. The other members are Brian Hughes and Hugh Marsh.
Collaborations
She has also worked with The Durutti Column, Laurie Anderson, The Waterboys, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Graham Parker, The Cranberries, and Ryuichi Sakamoto. Art of Trance has remixed some of her songs.
Discography
Albums
Spirit (1995)
"Turning Ground"
"Moorlough Shore"
"Dream of Picasso"
"Forget the Few"
"Lagan Love"
"A Case of You"
"Waiting for Rain"
"Desire"
"The Island"
"Sleep Now"
"Sheherezade"
Brilliant Midnight (2001)
"Farther than the Sun"
"Anxiety"
"Anima Rising"
"She Said"
"All I Have"
"The Fall"
"Siamant'o"
"Karma"
"Mangoes"
"Le Pourquoi"
"Firefly Night"
"Universal"
"Twisted Ends"
Brilliant Midnight 2.0 (2002)
(As above, but with 3 extra tracks):
"Lost Voices"
"Home of the Whale"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
A Distant Bell (2004)
"Gently Johnny"
"So Uncool"
"Innocence Sleeping"
"Banks of the Nile"
"Simple Lyric"
"No More Words"
"Too Late"
"The Trees They Do Grow High"
"Greenwood Laddie"
"Timeless"
"Handful of Ashes"
"Farewell to Music (w. Paddy Moloney of The Chieftains)"
"Gently Johnny (Extended Version)"
Singles
Moorlough Shore
N-Gram Recordings (1995)
"Moorlough Shore" (LP Mix) – 4.20
"Moorlough Shore" (Eye of the Storm Mix) – 5.39
"Moorlough Shore" (Thermionic Resonance Mix), 90 BPM, vocal – 5.30
"Moorlough Shore" (Thermionic Resonance Mix), 97 BPM, dub – 5.22
"Moorlough Shore" (Thermionic Resonance Mix), 90 BPM, dub – 5.47
"Moorlough Shore" (Thermionic Resonance Mix), 107 BPM, dub – 5.45
A Case of You
N-Gram Recordings (1995)
"A Case of You" (Single Mix) – 4.30
"Dream of Picasso" (Monka Monka Mix) – 6.53
"A Case of You" (Psovi Psovi Mix) – 4.31
References
External links
Secret Sky
'Pogues.com' entry
'musicOMH' review
'EctoGuide' summary
'Elsewhere' Vangelis site – Q/A session
'MusicalDiscoveries' feature 1
'MusicalDiscoveries' feature 2
'Auralgasms' interview
"Casting a spell on the cello" (TED2005)
1969 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Celtic fusion musicians
English new-age musicians
English folk cellists
English folk singers
English women singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
British women composers
Indigo Girls members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Lavelle |
Yavuzeli is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 468 km2, and its population is 22,762 (2022).
Composition
There are 44 neighbourhoods in Yavuzeli District:
Akbayır
Aşağıhöçüklü
Aşağıkayabaşı
Aşağıkekliktepe
Bağtepe
Bakırca
Ballık
Beğendik
Bülbül
Büyükkarakuyu
Çiltoprak
Çimenli
Cingife
Cumhuriyet
Değirmitaş
Düzce
Fevzi Çakmak
Göçmez
Gülpınar
Hacımallı
Havuz
Hürriyet
Ilıcak
Karabey
Karahan
Karahüseyinli
Kasaba
Keşrobası
Küçükkarakuyu
Kuzuyatağı
Örenli
Saraymağara
Sarıbuğday
Sarılar
Şenlikçe
Süleymanobası
Sultan Selim
Tokaçlı
Üçgöl
Yarımca
Yeniyurt
Yöreli
Yukarıkekliktepe
Yukarıyeniköy
Notable people
Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan, Turkish footballer (1994−2023).
References
Populated places in Gaziantep Province
Districts of Gaziantep Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavuzeli |
Brontoscorpio is an extinct genus of scorpion. Remains of the only known species, Brontoscorpio anglicus, were discovered in the St. Maughan's Formation, Lochkovian-aged sandstone from Trimpley, Worcestershire. The species was described on the basis of an incomplete single free finger of a right pedipalp (In31405), almost long. The complete animal is estimated to have been long for females and long for males, making Brontoscorpio one of the largest known scorpions. The species is characterized by the presence of single condyle and row of thick tubercles on the pedipalp free finger.
Ecology
The remains were found in terrestrial sediments, showing evidence of Brontoscorpio being terrestrial. Brontoscorpio may have gone ashore to escape predation, but due to its size, it would have had difficulty supporting its weight on land and likely lived a primarily aquatic life.
Popular culture
Brontoscorpio was featured in the first episode of the 2005 BBC television series Walking with Monsters. It is shown hunting Cephalaspis and being eaten by Pterygotus.
References
Prehistoric scorpions
Paleozoic arachnids
Lochkovian life
Devonian England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 1972
Devonian arthropods of Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontoscorpio |
Yayladağı (), formerly Ordu (; ), is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 445 km2, and its population is 36,803 (2022). It is on the border with Syria, south of the city of Antakya.
Yayladağı was heavily damaged by powerful earthquakes in February 2023 and subsequent aftershocks.
Demographics
19th-century German traveler Martin Hartmann noted that the town was made up of 150 Muslim and 30 Greek households. He further listed 29 additional settlements in the Ottoman nahiyah of Urdu: 18 settlements were Sunni Muslim (totaling to 495 houses), 14 of which were Turkish (400 houses). 1 settlement was Alawite (20 houses). 2 settlements were Armenian, one being Kessab (200 houses) and the other a village (15 houses). Hartmann didn't include any information on the remaining 7 settlements.
After the Syrian Civil War broke out, nearly 2,000 Syrian Turkmen moved here from Turkmen Mountain.
Geography
Today, Yayladağı itself is a small town, providing the district with a health centre, high schools and other basics.
This is a mountainous district with a typical Mediterranean climate of hot, dry summers and warm, wet winters, but being inland and high up, Yayladağı is cooler than most of Hatay, even seeing snow on the mountain peaks in winter. The main source of income is agriculture, of the land (small valleys and plateau in the mountains) is cultivated with olives, tobacco, vegetables, grains and other crops, the remainder is forest and mountain. The mountainsides are covered with pine, sandalwood and rough oak, or else shrubs including bay, thyme and oleander. Animals, especially goats, are grazed on the hillsides.
Yayladağı has a border crossing into Syria, and the village of Topraktutan, Turkey's southernmost point. The state road D.825 (European route E91) connects the border checkpoint with Antakya.
Composition
There are 47 neighbourhoods in Yayladağı District:
Arslanyazı
Aşağıpulluyazı
Aydınbahçe
Ayışığı
Bezge
Bozlu
Çabala
Çakıköy
Çaksına
Çamaltı
Çandır
Çatbaşı
Çayır
Denizgören
Dusduru
Eğerci
Görentaş
Gözlüce
Gürışık
Güveççi
Güzelyurt
Hisarcık
Karacurun
Karaköse
Kışlak
Kızılçat
Kösrelik
Kulaç
Kurtuluş
Leylekli
Olgunlar
Şakşak
Sebenoba
Şenköy
Sungur
Sürütme
Turfanda
Tutlubahçe
Üçırmak
Uluyol
Yalaz
Yayıkdamlar
Yeniceköy
Yeşiltepe
Yoncakaya
Yukarıokçular
Yukarıpulluyazı
References
External links
District governorate's official website
Syria–Turkey border crossings
Populated places in Hatay Province
Districts of Hatay Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1 |
Carveol is a natural unsaturated, monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of spearmint essential oil in the form of cis-(−)-carveol. It is a colorless fluid soluble in oils, but insoluble in water and has an odor and flavor that resemble those of spearmint and caraway. Consequently, it is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavor additive in the food industry.
It has been found to exhibit chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis (prevents breast cancer).
An alpha-trans-dihydroxy derivative, (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol, possesses potent antiparkinsonian activity in animal models.
References
Monoterpenes
Cyclohexenols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carveol |
Yayladere () is a town and seat of Yayladere District of Bingöl Province in Turkey. The mayor is Sabri Akyürek (CHP).
The town is populated by Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe and had a population of 1,020 in 2021.
Neighborhoods
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Akçadamlar, Conak, Haktanır, Hasköy, Merkez and Yolgüden.
History
It had previously been a sanjak (district) of the Vilayet of Erzurum.
References
Populated places in Bingöl Province
Kurdish settlements in Bingöl Province
Yayladere District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayladere |
Yazıhan () is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 653 km2, and its population is 11,984 (2022). The mayor is Nevzat Öztürk (AKP).
Main economical activities are agriculture and trade.
Composition
There are 33 neighbourhoods in Yazıhan District:
Akyazı
Alican
Ambarcık
Bahçelievler
Balaban
Bereketli
Böğürtlen
Boyaca
Boztepe
Buzluk
Çavuş
Çivril
Dedekargın
Doğuş
Durucasu
Eğribük
Epreme
Erecek
Fethiye
Gayret
Gövük
Hamidiye
İriağaç
Karaca
Kömüşhan
Koşar
Mısırdere
Sadıklı
Sinanlı
Sürür
Tahtalı
Tecirli
Yeni
Notable people
Sebahat Tuncel, Kurdish politician in Turkey
References
Populated places in Malatya Province
Districts of Malatya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1han |
Yedisu () is a town (belde) and seat of the Yedisu District of Bingöl Province in Turkey. The town is populated by Kurds of the Çarekan and Şadiyan tribes and had a population of 1,468 in 2021.
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Düşengi, Kabaoluk, Koşan, Merkez and Yeni Mahalle are attached to the village.
The mayor is Ömer İsen (MHP).
References
Populated places in Bingöl Province
Kurdish settlements in Bingöl Province
Yedisu District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedisu |
Maryland Route 311 (MD 311) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Henderson Road, the state highway runs from MD 313 in Goldsboro north to MD 454 in Marydel in Caroline County. MD 311 was constructed in the mid-1920s. The state highway originally continued through Marydel to the Delaware state line, but was rolled back in favor of MD 454 in the mid-1940s.
Route description
MD 311 begins at a junction with MD 313 (Oldtown Road) in the town of Goldsboro. The state highway, named Main Street, heads north as a two-lane undivided road, closely paralleling an unused rail line whose right-of-way is owned by the Maryland Department of Transportation that is situated east of the road. After intersecting MD 287 (Sandtown Road), MD 311 leaves the town of Goldsboro and the vicinity of the rail line, with the highway's name changing to Henderson Road. The state highway crosses Broadway Branch before rejoining the rail line immediately before the intersection with River Bridge Road, where the highway enters the town of Henderson. After leaving Henderson, MD 311 veers away from the rail line and crosses Cold Spring Branch. The state highway passes through a mix of farms and forests as it approaches the town of Marydel. Within the town, the state highway becomes Halltown Road and intersects Main Street, which is unsigned MD 821, shortly before reaching its northern terminus at MD 454 (Crown Stone Road/Halltown Road).
History
MD 311 was constructed in its modern form in 1924. At the time, the state highway turned east onto Main Street in Marydel and followed it to the Delaware state line. By 1946, MD 311's northern terminus was rolled back to Main Street and MD 454 headed to the state line instead. MD 311 was widened along its entire length in 1952. The state highway was extended a short distance to its present northern terminus when MD 454 was transferred to a new alignment in Marydel in 1956.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 311
MD 311 at AARoads.com
311
Maryland Route 311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20311 |
Yeniçağa is a town in Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 38 km from the town of Bolu, on the Otoyul 4 highway from Istanbul to Ankara. It is the seat of Yeniçağa District. Its population is 4,625 (2021). Elevation is about 1200 m. The mayor is Recai Çağlar (AKP).
Yeniçağa is a small town providing basic infrastructure to the surrounding countryside, and successive generations have migrated to large cities in Turkey or abroad in search of jobs and careers. There are a large number of roadside restaurants, gas stations and repair shops along the old E5 Istanbul highway, these are mainly used by trucks as cars zoom by on the newer TEM motorway. Yeniçağa Lake is a popular spot for picnics under the trees on the lakeshore.
There is an annual country fair (panayır).
References
Populated places in Bolu Province
Yeniçağa District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C3%A7a%C4%9Fa |
Yenifakılı is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yenifakılı District. Its population is 2,619 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
External links
General information on Yenifakılı
Populated places in Yozgat Province
Yenifakılı District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenifak%C4%B1l%C4%B1 |
Sylvia Jackson (born 3 December 1946) was a Scottish Labour Party politician, and former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP).
In the Scottish Parliament election on 3 May 2007, she lost the Stirling constituency, which she had held since 1999, to Bruce Crawford of the SNP.
Prior to her election she has worked as a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh and as a chemistry teacher.
External links
1946 births
Living people
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20Jackson |
The Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA, ) is the central bank of Azerbaijan Republic. The headquarters of the bank is located in the capital city Baku.
The National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was established by Decree of President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Establishment of the National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated 11 February 1992. The National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was renamed to “The Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan” upon enactment of the Referendum Act of the Republic of Azerbaijan on “Making additions and amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan” dated 18 March 2009.
The status, goals, functions and authorities, as well as management and organizational structure of the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan, relations with public authorities and other persons as the central bank of the state, are determined by the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan” dated 10 December 2004. The Central Bank’s exceptional function of issue of the national currency of the country is specified in the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Central Bank is also guided by other legislative acts of the Republic of Azerbaijan and international treaties seconded by the Republic of Azerbaijan.
History
The history of central banking in Azerbaijan covers the periods of: the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920); the soviet socialist era (1920-1991); modern banking history since Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991.
In the early 20th century, Azerbaijan declared its independence and established the Azerbaijan People’s Republic on 28 May 1918. Initially, Transcaucasian bonds were widely used in the independent republic along with Russian money and Baku bonds, issued to circulation by the Baku City Administration and the Municipal service of the Baku Soviet in January 1918 at the decision of the Baku Council of People’s Commissars. At the same time, the Baku branch of the former State Bank of Russia also continued its activity. The Government of the Azerbaijan People's Republic took a decision on the establishment of the Azerbaijan State Bank (central bank) on 7 March 1919. On 16 September of the same year, the Parliament of the Azerbaijan People's Republic adopted the Charter of the Azerbaijan State Bank and the Bank started functioning with the solemn opening ceremony on 30 September 1919.
The ‘bank of banks’, the Azerbaijan State Bank supervised existing credit institutions and issued monetary units.
After the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on 28 April 1920, the Azerbaijan State Bank was renamed the Azerbaijan People’s Bank at the order of the Finance Commissariat of the new state structure – the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 May 1920. At the decision of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan dated 9 June 1920, all banks and other credit institutions were nationalized and subordinated to the People’s Bank. The banking business was under an exclusive monopoly of the state.
The basic function of the Azerbaijan People’s Bank was to issue banknotes. The People’s Bank, which was a part of Finance Commissariat, financed the national economy and was engaged in budgeting and budgetary forecasting. The People’s Bank halted lending and became an institution serving budget operations along with financial bodies.
A new economic policy of the end of 1921 necessitated the restoration of the central bank. The Azerbaijan State Bank was established by the decision of the Council of People’s Commissars of Azerbaijan dated 16 October 1921 with parallel adoption of its Charter.
The Federative Union of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was established on 12 March 1922. The TSSR was included to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on 30 December 1922. TSSR moved to a single monetary system at the Decree of the Board of Union of the TSSR of 10 January 1923, which terminated the emission activity of the Azerbaijan State Bank. By the decree of the Council of People’s Commissariat of Azerbaijan dated 3 July 1923 the Azerbaijan State Bank was renamed the Azerbaijan State Agricultural Bank and its central banking functions were terminated. Initially, the Azerbaijan State Agricultural Bank both assisted in the development of agriculture and regulated the money circulation and commodity turnover.
The Baku Branch on the USSR State Bank was established in 1923. Under the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in December 1936, Azerbaijan became a part of the USSR as a ‘sovereign’ republic. The Azerbaijani Office of the USSR State Bank operated from that year to the end of 1991.
Article 14 titled "The Banking system and money circulation" of the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan "On Grounds for Economic Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" dated 25 May 1991, stipulated the legal basis for the independent banking system and circulation of the national currency in Azerbaijan, and determined the status and authorities of the National Bank. The National Bank was declared a supreme emission agency, that pursued the state policy in lending, money circulation, settlements and foreign exchange relations, regulating the overall performance of the banking system and discharging reserve bank functions.
A National Bank was established in the Republic of Azerbaijan by Decree of President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on ‘Establishment of the National Bank in the Republic of Azerbaijan’ dated 11 February 1992. The effective date of the Decree (12 February) is celebrated as the day of establishment of the Bank.
The first law regulating activities of the National Bank – the Law on the National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was adopted on 7 August 1992 and the Resolution on Approval of the Charter of the National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was passed by the Milli Mejlis (National Parliament) of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 1 December 1992.
The national currency of the Republic of Azerbaijan – the Azerbaijani manat was issued into circulation on 15 August 1992 and was announced the only legal tender from 1 January 1994 onward. According to Para II, Article 19 of the first Constitution of the independent Republic of Azerbaijan, adopted by the 12 November 1995 referendum, the National Bank enjoys the exceptional right of issue of monetary units into and withdrawal from circulation.
Currently, the Central Bank is guided by the third generation banking laws (second edition of the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the National Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was adopted on 14 June 1996, and third edition on 10 December 2004).
According to Decree of President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Changes to the Nominal Value of Monetary Units and the Scale of Prices (Denomination) in the Republic of Azerbaijan dated 7 February 2005, a new Manat (AZN) was issued into circulation on 1 January 2006 – 1 new Manat was equal to 5,000 old Manats (AZM). AZM remained in parallel circulation with AZN in 2006 and only on 1 January 2007 the country started to use the new Manat.
Discharge of the country’s central bank functions stipulated review of the bank’s name and it was renamed ‘the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan’ with the enforcement of the Referendum Act of the Republic of Azerbaijan on ‘Making Additions and Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan’ dated 18 March 2009.
According to the amendments to the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan” adopted on 4 March 2016, the authority to license, regulate and supervise banks were assigned to a newly established regulating body. Since then the Central Bank has focused on the monetary and exchange rate policy, safeguarding macroeconomic and financial stability, regulation and development of centralized interbank and other licensed payment systems and organization of cash circulation. According to the Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On improving management of the regulation and supervision of financial services market” issued on November 28, 2019, the Financial Market Supervisory Authority was liquidated. The authorities of the financial market supervisor stipulated by the applicable law, including rights and responsibilities in the areas of licensing of financial market services, regulation and supervision, protection of rights of investors and consumers of financial services, as well as FIMSA’s property were handed over to the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Goals and functions
The main goal of the Central Bank is to maintain price stability within its authorities set by the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan” dated 10 December 2004.
The goals of the Central Bank are also to organize and ensure operations of centralized interbank and other unlicensed payment systems, as well as support the stability of the banking system. Profit-making is not the main goal of the Central Bank.
To achieve its goals the Central Bank:
conducts the monetary and foreign exchange policy;
organizes cash circulation;
sets an official exchange rate of Manat;
regulates and controls foreign currency;
regulates and license bank and insurance sector, supervises activities in bank and insurance sector within the provisions of the existing Law;
regulates securities market;
manages gold and foreign exchange reserves;
develops the balance of payments;
develops the country’s consolidated (both public and non-public) foreign debt statistics and international investment balance;
organizes and regulates payment systems.
Structure and management
The Central Bank’s organizational structure includes the Management Board, the central administrative body and regional offices. The central administrative body includes the internal audit unit, as well as other structural units defined by the Management Board. All structural units and bodies, including the central administrative body of the Central Bank, function according to statutes approved by the Management Board.
The Central Bank is governed by the Management Board.
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan members of the Management Board are appointed by the National Parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan upon presentation by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, while Governor and Deputy Governors of the Central Bank are appointed by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan from among the Management Board members.
The Chairman of the Management Board of the Central Bank governs the Bank’s executive structure and chairs the Management Board, represents the Central Bank, segregates duties and responsibilities among senior management and addresses issues that do not fall under the Management Board jurisdiction according to the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan”.
The Central Bank discharges its functions across the country via its regional offices. There are six regional branch offices of the Central Bank throughout the country: the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Office of the Central Bank; Ganja, Bilasuvar and Guba Regional Offices; Yevlakh and Sumgayit Reserve Centers.
Governors
See also
Economy of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan manat
Banking in Azerbaijan
List of banks in Azerbaijan
References
External links
Central Bank of Azerbaijan
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
Banks established in 1992
Companies based in Baku
Banks of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Government of Azerbaijan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Bank%20of%20Azerbaijan |
Paul Anthony DiPietro (born September 8, 1970) is a Canadian-born Swiss former professional ice hockey player. A Stanley Cup champion with the Montreal Canadiens, he played forward and made the roster for the Swiss national ice hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Playing career
Paul DiPietro played in the NHL for the Montreal Canadiens, Los Angeles Kings and Toronto Maple Leafs. He won a Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993 and scored twice in the Cup-clinching game. On February 18, 2006 he scored the only two goals of the game in Switzerland's upset win over Canada. He played his rookie year on the Montreal Canadiens in the 1991–92 NHL season.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
Schweizerischer Eishockeyverband
1970 births
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian emigrants to Switzerland
Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players
ECH Chur players
EHC Olten players
EV Zug players
Fredericton Canadiens players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
HC Lugano players
HC Milano players
HC Sierre players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Kassel Huskies players
Living people
Las Vegas Thunder players
Los Angeles Kings players
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Montreal Canadiens players
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Olympic ice hockey players for Switzerland
Phoenix Roadrunners (IHL) players
Ice hockey people from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Stanley Cup champions
Sudbury Wolves players
Swiss people of Canadian descent
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian ice hockey centres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20DiPietro |
NGC 40 (also known as the Bow-Tie Nebula and Caldwell 2) is a planetary nebula discovered by William Herschel on November 25, 1788, and is composed of hot gas around a dying star. The star has ejected its outer layer which has left behind a small, hot star. Radiation from the star causes the shed outer layer to heat to about 10,000 degrees Celsius and become visible as a planetary nebula. The nebula is about one light-year across. About 30,000 years from now, scientists theorize that NGC 40 will fade away, leaving only a white dwarf star approximately the size of Earth.
Morphologically, the shape of NGC 40 resembles a barrel with the long axis pointing towards the north-northeast. There are two additional pairs of lobes around the poles, which correspond to additional ejections from the star.
The central star of NGC 40 has a Henry Draper Catalogue designation of HD 826. It has a spectral type of [WC8], indicating a spectrum similar to that of a carbon-rich Wolf–Rayet star. The central star has a bolometric luminosity of about and radius of . The star appears to have an effective temperature of about , but the temperature of the source ionising the nebula is only about . One proposed explanation to this contradiction is that the star was previously cooler, but has experienced a late thermal pulse which re-ignited fusion and caused its temperature to increase.
Gallery
References
External links
NGC 0040
NGC 0040
0040
002b
17881125
Discoveries by William Herschel
Wolf–Rayet stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%2040 |
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