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Langenprozelten is an outlying centre (Stadtteil) of Gemünden am Main in the Main-Spessart district, in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the river Main, 40 km northwest of Würzburg.
References
Main-Spessart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenprozelten
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Franz Edler von Sonnleithner (June 1, 1905 – April 18, 1981) was a diplomat who acted as Ribbentrop's representative in Adolf Hitler's headquarters during the later years of the war with the rank of minister.
Life
Sonnleithner was born in Salzburg, Austria and studied law in Vienna and Innsbruck, where he gained a doctorate in 1928. He was then a police commissioner in Vienna and Salzburg and worked in the Federal Chancellery in Vienna. In October 1934, Sonnleithner was removed from office due to his advocacy for the unification of Germany and Austria, as well as his involvement in the Nazi Party, which had been banned. Sonnleithner was arrested for involvement in the Nazi Party in 1936, and sentenced to six years in prison for high treason. He remained in prison until February 12, 1938, when he was released due to the upcoming Anschluss. After joining the Reich Foreign Office, Sonnleithner worked on the personal staff of the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.
Sonnleithner was present at the situation conference in 1944 at the Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, East Prussia when the 20 July plot bomb was planted by Claus Von Stauffenberg. From April 1945 to 1948, he was held in American internment camps. Sonnleithner then worked in industry in Ingelheim am Rhein where he died aged 75.
See also
Sonnleithner
Bibliography
Sonnleithner, Franz von (1989), Als Diplomat im Fuhrerhauptquartier: Aus dem Nachlass, Langen Müller, Munich,
References
1905 births
1981 deaths
Austrian Nazi lawyers
Austrian police officers convicted of crimes
Austrian prisoners and detainees
Edlers of Austria
German diplomats
People from Salzburg
Nazis convicted of crimes
Police officers convicted of treason
People convicted of treason against Austria
People wounded in the 20 July plot
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20von%20Sonnleithner
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Foodex is a chain of locally owned independent grocery stores in rural areas of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is owned by Atlantic Grocery Distributors Limited of Bay Roberts, Newfoundland and Labrador.
See also
List of Canadian supermarkets
External links
Atlantic Grocery Distributors - Retail
Supermarkets of Canada
Food and drink in Newfoundland and Labrador
Companies based in Newfoundland and Labrador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodex
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United Nations Security Council resolution 819, adopted unanimously on 16 April 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 713 (1991) and all (1992) subsequent resolutions, the Council expressed concern at the actions of Bosnian Serb paramilitary units in towns and villages in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, including attacks on civilians, the United Nations Protection Force and disruption to humanitarian aid convoys. The resolution marked the UN's first civilian "safe area" being declared; it failed to prevent the Srebrenica massacre.
Resolution
Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council went on to demand that all parties and others concerned treat Srebrenica and its surroundings as a safe area which should be free from any armed attack or any other hostile act, further demanding the cessation of all hostilities and withdrawal by Bosnian Serb paramilitary forces from areas around Srebrenica. This was the first instance of a civilian "safe area" being declared in the world. It also demanded that Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cease supplying weapons, military equipment and other services to Bosnian Serb paramilitary units in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The resolution then requested the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to increase the presence of the protection force in Srebrenica and surrounding areas requesting full co-operation from parties and others concerned and for Boutros-Ghali to report thereon to the council. 147 peacekeepers were later deployed to reassure Bosnian Serb General Ratko Mladic that the town would not be used as a base to attack his forces. It also reaffirmed that the acquisition of territory by threat or use of force, particularly through ethnic cleansing, is unlawful and unacceptable in international humanitarian law. The council condemned the "abhorrent campaign of ethnic cleansing" by the Bosnian Serb paramilitaries and its actions of forcing the evacuation of the civilian population from Srebrenica.
Regarding humanitarian aid, the council demanded the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance to all areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in particular to the civilian population of Srebrenica and that any disruption to the delivery constitutes a violation of international humanitarian law. It then urged the secretary-general and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to reinforce the existing humanitarian operations in the region.
Finally, Resolution 819 demanded that all parties ensure the safety of the protection force, United Nations personnel and other international organisations, allowing for the safe transfer of injured civilians from Srebrenica and its surrounding areas, and announced its decision to send a mission of members of the security council to assess the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The "safe area" would later be extended to other towns including Tuzla, Žepa, Bihać, Goražde and Sarajevo in Resolution 824.
Ineffectiveness
Despite its preemptive wording, Resolution 819 failed to prevent the Srebrenica massacre in July 1995, when the United Nations Protection Force were taken prisoner and the refugees from the fallen enclave fell into the hands of the forces of Bosnian Serb General Ratko Mladić, subsequently indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for war crimes including genocide.
In his chronology of events at Srebrenica, Under the UN Flag, the genocide survivor Hasan Nuhanović criticises members of the international community involved on the ground or indirectly influencing or capable of influencing events for specific failures to fulfil their responsibility to protect the Muslim population of the besieged "safe area" under Resolution 819.
See also
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Bosnian Genocide
Bosnian War
Croatian War of Independence
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 801 to 900 (1993–1994)
Yugoslav Wars
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
0819
0819
Bosnian War
1993 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
0819
April 1993 events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%20819
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Powerful Women of Wrestling (also known as POWW) was a women's professional wrestling promotion based out of Indianapolis, Indiana founded by David McLane, founder of Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling and Women of Wrestling.
History
After David McLane left Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling (GLOW), he returned to Indianapolis and created Powerful Women of Wrestling (POWW). Many wrestlers left GLOW due to pay disputes and joined McLane's new POWW promotion under altered ring names. Unlike GLOW (which focused on comedy, variety, and skits), POWW focused more on actual wrestling. POWW was aligned with World Wrestling Association in Indianapolis and their titles were sometimes referred to as the WWA Women's Championship and WWA Women's Tag Team Championship. They were also briefly aligned with the American Wrestling Association during 1989. That same year, many of the POWW wrestlers were featured in the 1989 film American Angels- Baptism of Blood. The promotion closed the following year in 1990.
Alumni
Bambi (Selina Majors)
Brandi Mae (Trudy Adams) - Formerly "Amy the Farmer's Daughter" in GLOW
Candi Devine (Candace Rummel)
Coal Miner's Daughter (Donna Spangler)
Danya
Destiny
Devila
Essence - Formerly "Envy" in GLOW
Futura (Kathleen Blair)
Genie Beret / Jeanie Beret (Laura Fisher) - Formerly "Attache" in GLOW
Goldie Rae (Ursula Hayden) - Formerly "Babe the Farmers Daughter" in GLOW
Heidi Lee Morgan
Hot Rod Andie - Formerly "Angel" in GLOW
Insanity - Formerly "Dementia" in GLOW
Katie Kincaid
Kimmie Kozak
Lady Soul/Essence - Formerly "Envy" in Glow
Liberty (Susan Phelan)
Lock (Winona Barkley)
Luna Vachon (Gertrude Vachon)
Madusa Miceli (Debra Miceli)
Malibu (Jane Hamlin) - Formerly "California Doll" in GLOW
Natasha the Russian (Noelle Rose) - Also "Major Tanya" in GLOW
Nina (Lisa Moretti) - Formerly "Tina Ferrari" in GLOW
Paisley
Passion
Peggy Lee Leather
Pocahontas
Polynesian Princess
Princess Jasmine (Cynthia Peretti) - Formerly "Pepper" in GLOW
Queen Kong (Dee Booher) - Formerly "Matilda the Hun" in GLOW
Rockin' Rebel (Robin Kelly)
Sasha the Russian (Michelle Duze) - Formerly "Dementia" & "Sugar" in GLOW
Shannon O'Brien
Susie Steele
'The Syrian Terrorist' Pali Al-Azar Rashan Yerovich (Janeen Jewett) - Formerly "Palestina" in GLOW
Thora the Barbarian (Ann Marie Cosgrove)
Tiffany Crystal (Natalie Will)
Wendi Richter
Championships
POWW Championship
Natasha the Russian was the first POWW Champion. She lost the title on the second TV episode. Nina was the second POWW Champion. She lost the title to Sasha the Russian, but later regained it. The title was also referred to as the WWA Women's Championship.
Belt design
Initially, the title was a crown worn by the champion and was referred to as the "POWW Crown". Eventually the crown was replaced by a white sash belt with metal studs spelling the words "POWW Champion" fastened on the sash.
POWW Tag Team Championship
Luna Vachon and Hot Rod Andie defeated The Blonde Bombshells (Brandi Mae and Malibu) to become the first POWW Tag Team Champions. The titles were also referred to as the WWA Women's Tag Team Championship.
References
External links
POWW and GLOW matches
1987 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings
Independent professional wrestling promotions based in the Midwestern United States
Women's professional wrestling promotions
Professional wrestling in Indiana
Women's sports in Indiana
History of women in Indiana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerful%20Women%20of%20Wrestling
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The Sixteen Men of Tain is the tenth studio album by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in March 2000 through Gnarly Geezer Records (United States), Polydor Records (Japan) and JMS–Cream Records (Europe); a remastered edition was reissued in 2003 through Globe Music Media Arts. The album's title is a reference to the Glenmorangie distillery in Tain, Scotland. The Sixteen Men of Tain was the last recording to be made at Holdsworth's personal recording studio, The Brewery.
Critical reception
All About Jazz described The Sixteen Men of Tain as a "very comfortable listen" and recommended it highly, whilst noting that the album is less rock-orientated than past Holdsworth releases. David R. Adler at AllMusic awarded the album 4.5 stars out of 5, calling it "startlingly superb" and "full of fresh ideas and unadulterated improvisational brilliance". Both reviews also highlighted Holdsworth's more restrained use of the SynthAxe, an instrument featured prominently on all of his albums since Atavachron (1986).
Track listing
Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, SynthAxe, engineering, mixing, production
Gary Novak – drums (except track 6)
Chad Wackerman – drums (track 6)
Dave Carpenter – bass
Walt Fowler – trumpet
Duncan Aldrich – engineering
Chris Bellman – mastering
References
External links
The Sixteen Men of Tain at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)
Allan Holdsworth "The Sixteen Men Of Tain" at Guitar Nine
Allan Holdsworth albums
2000 albums
Polydor Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sixteen%20Men%20of%20Tain
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Alpine skiing at the 1984 Winter Paralympics consisted of 56 events, 34 for men and 22 for women.
Medal table
Medal summary
The competition events were:
Downhill: men – women
Giant slalom: men – women
Slalom: men – women
Alpine combination: men – women
Each event had separate standing, or visually impaired classifications:
LW2 - standing: single leg amputation above the knee
LW 3 - standing: double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
LW5/7 - standing: double arm amputation
LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
LW9 - standing: amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg
B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
Men's events
Women's events
See also
Alpine skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics
References
Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee
1984 Winter Paralympics events
1984
Paralympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%201984%20Winter%20Paralympics
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Allen Seymour Tedrow (December 14, 1891 – January 23, 1958) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched in four games for the Cleveland Naps in . Although he had an impressive ERA of 1.21 (against a league average of 2.87) in 22 innings, he never pitched in the majors after that.
Sources
Major League Baseball pitchers
Cleveland Naps players
Akron Champs players
Ironton Nailers players
Lexington Colts players
Portsmouth Cobblers players
Baseball players from Ohio
People from Westerville, Ohio
1891 births
1958 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Tedrow
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Jimmy Connor may refer to:
Jimmy Connor (footballer, born 1881), Scottish association football defender who played for Blackpool
Jimmy Connor (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1980), association football winger who played for Sunderland and Scotland
Jimmy Connor (footballer, born 1938), English association football winger who played for Darlington
See also
James Connor (disambiguation)
Jimmy Connors (born 1952), tennis player
Jimmy O'Connor, footballer
Jimmy O'Connor (author) (1918–2001), television playwright
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Connor
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The list of episodes for the Nickelodeon sitcom True Jackson, VP. The series revolves around True Jackson (Keke Palmer), a fashion-savvy teenage girl who becomes the vice president of the youth apparel division of Mad Style, a fashion company based in New York City.
The series premiered on November 8, 2008 and ended on August 20, 2011, with 60 episodes and 3 seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2008–09)
Season 2 (2009–10)
Season 3 (2010–11)
See also
List of True Jackson, VP characters
References
External links
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Lists of American children's television series episodes
Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20True%20Jackson%2C%20VP%20episodes
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The women's 400 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event, which was established in 1924 after 1920 a 300 metre event was held. The competition was held on Thursday August 11, 1932 and on Saturday August 13, 1932.
Fourteen swimmers from nine nations competed.
Medalists
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in minutes) prior to the 1932 Summer Olympics.
In the third heat Lenore Kight set a new Olympic record with 5:40.9 minutes. Helene Madison set a new world record in the final with 5:28.5 minutes.
Results
Heats
Thursday August 11, 1932: The fastest two in each heat and the fastest third-placed from across the heats advanced to the final.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Semifinals
Friday August 12, 1932: The fastest three in each semi-final advanced to the final. Marie Braun was not able to compete in the semi-finals. She had to stay in hospital due to blood poisoning after an infection officially caused by a mosquito bite.
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
Final
Saturday August 13, 1932:
References
External links
Olympic Report
Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics
1932 in women's swimming
Swim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201932%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20400%20metre%20freestyle
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With Love is Bobby Vinton's twenty-fourth and final studio album for Epic Records and his twenty-fifth album overall. It was released in 1974, two years after Epic released Vinton from his contract with them and immediately after the release of Melodies of Love (Vinton's first album for ABC Records). The purpose of this release was to take advantage of the success of the aforementioned Melodies of Love and his biggest hit at the time "My Melody of Love". Two of the ten songs had previously been released on other albums, including "And I Love You So", a new version of the song originally recorded for Ev'ry Day of Life, this time produced by Billy Sherrill and arranged by Cam Mullins.
Track listing
Side 1
"Seasons in the Sun" - (Rod McKuen, Jacques Brel) - 3:24
"And I Love You So" - (Don McLean) - 2:55
"When You Love" - (Bobby Vinton) - 2:40
"Moody" - (Ekundayo Paris, Anna Mitchell) - 2:43
"She's Gotta Be a Saint" - (J. Paulini, Michael Di Napoli) - 2:30
Side 2
"Sealed With a Kiss" - (Peter Udell, Gary Geld) - 2:52 (previously on Sealed With a Kiss)
"Hurt" - (Jimmie Crane, Al Jacobs) - 2:57
"I Love You the Way You Are" - (Bobby Vinton) - 2:46 (previously on Bobby Vinton Sings The Big Ones)
"Clinging Vine" - (Earl Shuman, Leon Carr, Gary Lane) - 2:27 (previously on More of Bobby's Greatest Hits)
"I Can't Believe That It's All Over" - (Ben Peters) - 2:24
Personnel
Bobby Vinton - producer
Billy Sherrill - producer ("And I Love You So" and "I Can't Believe That It's All Over")
Jimmy Wisner - producer ("Seasons in the Sun")
Bob Morgan - producer ("Clinging Vine")
Dick Glasser - producer ("Moody")
Al Capps - arranger ("Sealed With a Kiss", "Hurt" and "I Love You the Way You Are")
Bill Pursell - string arrangements ("I Can't Believe That It's All Over")
Cam Mullins - arranger ("And I Love You So")
Charts
Singles
1974 albums
Bobby Vinton albums
Albums produced by Billy Sherrill
Albums produced by Dick Glasser
Epic Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With%20Love%20%28Bobby%20Vinton%20album%29
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The 1990 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Pro Football Writers Association, Pro Football Weekly, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1990. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams. These are the five teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League.
Teams
Key
AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
NEA = Newspaper Enterprise Association first-team All-Pro team
NEA-2 = Newspaper Enterprise Association second-team All-Pro team
PFW = Pro Football Weekly All-Pro team
PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
TSN = The Sporting News All-Pro
References
Pro-Football-Reference.com
Allpro
All-Pro Teams
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20All-Pro%20Team
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Mark Vaillant (born September 8, 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a French former figure skater. He is a two-time Crystal Skate of Romania medalist and a two-time French national junior bronze medalist. At the 2009 World Junior Championships, he qualified to the free skate and finished 18th overall.
Earlier in his career, he competed in domestic events in the United States as a single skater and as a pair skater with Mariclair Vaillant.
Vaillant holds dual French-American citizenship. He attended Sciences Po Paris before working in emerging markets at Goldman Sachs in London and more recently as a VP in a similar role at Morgan Stanley.
Programs
Competitive highlights
JGP: ISU Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
French male single skaters
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Living people
1989 births
University of Paris alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Vaillant
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Anchomanes is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. The genus is native to tropical Africa.
Anchomanes is quite similar to species in the genera Dracontium and Amorphophallus, but there are a few apparent differences. One such difference is that the roots are perennial. Also, the stalks are spiny and the tuberous rhizomes have eyes.
Species
Anchomanes abbreviatus Engl. - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
Anchomanes boehmii Engl. - Kigoma region of western Tanzania
Anchomanes dalzielii N.E.Br. - Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. - much of tropical Africa from Liberia to Tanzania, south to Angola and Zambia
Anchomanes giganteus Engl. - Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville, Zaire, Burundi
Anchomanes nigritianus Rendle - Gabon, Nigeria
References
Aroideae
Araceae genera
Flora of Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchomanes
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Patrick "Pat" Dwyer (born June 22, 1983) is an American former professional ice hockey right winger who played in the National Hockey League with the Carolina Hurricanes. He was originally selected by the Atlanta Thrashers in the fourth round, 116th overall, of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.
He remains within the Hurricanes organization, currently serving as an assistant coach to the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League (AHL).
Playing career
After 9 seasons within the Carolina Hurricanes organization, Dwyer left the club having played in 416 regular season games as a free agent. Dwyer was unable to attain an NHL contract over the summer and on September 19, 2015, accepted a try-out offer to attend the Arizona Coyotes training camp. At the conclusion of training camp, Dwyer was released from his try-out contract with the Coyotes. With the 2015–16 season underway, Dwyer belatedly signed a contract abroad in Sweden for the remainder of the campaign with Modo Hockey of the SHL on October 22, 2015. Adding depth in a checking line role, Dwyer was unable to contribute offensively, producing just 7 assists in 33 games as Modo were relegated to the HockeyAllsvenskan.
As a free agent over the summer, Dwyer returned to North America and agreed to an invitation to attend the Columbus Blue Jackets training camp on a professional try-out on September 21, 2016. Upon his release from the Blue Jackets, Dwyer returned to the Hurricanes fold in preparation for the 2016–17 season, signing a one-year AHL contract with affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers on October 11, 2016.
After a spell in Denmark, Dwyer moved to the UK to sign for the Belfast Giants on 26 July 2018. In his last professional season in 2018–19, Dwyer added a veteran and dominating scoring presence to the Giants, posting 25 goals and 61 points in 38 games. While also serving in a player-assistant coach role, Dwyer was named to the EIHL Second All-Star Team and captured the EIHL championship.
Coaching career
Having served as an assistant coach during his last playing season with the Belfast Giants, Dwyer returned to North America following his retirement and re-joined the Carolina Hurricanes organization in accepting an assistant coaching role with former club, the Charlotte Checkers of the AHL, on July 30, 2019. In 2020, he was named an assistant coach with the Hurricanes' new AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves.
Personal life
Dwyer was born in Spokane, Washington and raised in Great Falls, Montana
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Albany River Rats players
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Atlanta Thrashers draft picks
Belfast Giants players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Chicago Wolves players
Gwinnett Gladiators players
Ice hockey people from Montana
Ice hockey people from Washington (state)
Modo Hockey players
SønderjyskE Ishockey players
Sportspeople from Great Falls, Montana
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
Western Michigan Broncos men's ice hockey players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Denmark
American expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
American expatriate ice hockey players in Northern Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Dwyer%20%28ice%20hockey%29
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The El Paso Generals were a professional indoor football team that played in the Indoor Football League in the 2009 season. Based in El Paso, Texas, the Generals played their home games at the El Paso County Coliseum. The Generals were the first indoor football team in El Paso since the charter Intense Football League member the El Paso Rumble folded following their only season in 2004 and had finished 0–16.
History
In 2011, former general manager, Dart Clark, tried to revive the Generals franchise, but it never came to fruition.
Season records
References
External links
El Paso Generals (under construction)
El Paso Times story announcing Generals' name & logo
Former Indoor Football League teams
American football in El Paso, Texas
Sports clubs and teams in El Paso, Texas
Defunct American football teams in Texas
American football teams established in 2009
American football teams disestablished in 2009
2009 establishments in Texas
2009 disestablishments in Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Paso%20Generals
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In physics, vector meson dominance (VMD) was a model developed by J. J. Sakurai in the 1960s before the introduction of quantum chromodynamics to describe interactions between energetic photons and hadronic matter.
In particular, the hadronic components of the physical photon consist of the lightest vector mesons, , and . Therefore, interactions between photons and hadronic matter occur by the exchange of a hadron between the dressed photon and the hadronic target.
Background
Measurements of the interaction between energetic photons and hadrons show that the interaction is much more intense than expected by the interaction of merely photons with the hadron's electric charge. Furthermore, the interaction of energetic photons with protons is similar to the interaction of photons with neutrons in spite of the fact that the electric charge structures of protons and neutrons are substantially different.
According to VMD, the photon is a superposition of the pure electromagnetic photon (which interacts only with electric charges) and vector meson.
Just after 1970, when more accurate data on the above processes became available, some discrepancies with the VMD predictions appeared and new extensions of the model were published. These theories are known as Generalized Vector Meson Dominance theories (GVMD).
VMD and Hidden Local Symmetry
Whilst the ultraviolet description of the standard model is based on QCD, work over many decades has involved writing a low energy effective description of QCD, and further, positing a possible "dual" description. One such popular description is that of the hidden local symmetry. The dual description is based on the idea of emergence of gauge symmetries in the infrared of strongly coupled theories. Gauge symmetries are not really physical symmetries (only the global elements of the local gauge group are physical). This emergent property of gauge symmetries was demonstrated in Seiberg duality and later in the development of the AdS/CFT correspondence. In its generalised form, Vector Meson Dominance appears in AdS/CFT, AdS/QCD, AdS/condensed matter and some Seiberg dual constructions. It is therefore a common place idea within the theoretical physics community.
Criticism
Measurements of the photon-hadron interactions in higher energy levels show that VMD cannot predict the interaction in such levels. In his Nobel lecture J.I. Friedman summarizes the situation of VMD as follows:
"...this eliminated the model [VMD] as a possible description of deep inelastic scattering... calculations of the generalized vector-dominance failed in general to describe the data over the full kinematic range..."
The Vector Meson Dominance model still sometimes makes significantly more accurate predictions of hadronic decays of excited light mesons involving photons than subsequent models such as the relativistic quark model for the meson wave function and the covariant oscillator quark model. Similarly, the Vector Meson Dominance model has outperformed perturbative QCD in making predictions of transitional form factors of the neutral pion meson, the eta meson, and the eta prime meson, that are "hard to explain within QCD." And, the model accurately reproduces recent experimental data for rho meson decays. Generalizations of the Vector Meson Dominance model to higher energies, or to consider additional factors present in cases where VMD fails, have been proposed to address the shortcomings identified by Friedman and others.
See also
Matter creation
Photon structure function
Notes
Particle physics
Nuclear physics
Obsolete theories in physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20meson%20dominance
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Noisy data are data that is corrupted, distorted, or has a low signal-to-noise ratio. Improper procedures (or improperly-documented procedures) to subtract out the noise in data can lead to a false sense of accuracy or false conclusions.
Noisy data are data with a large amount of additional meaningless information in it called noise. This includes data corruption and the term is often used as a synonym for corrupt data. It also includes any data that a user system cannot understand and interpret correctly. Many systems, for example, cannot use unstructured text. Noisy data can adversely affect the results of any data analysis and skew conclusions if not handled properly. Statistical analysis is sometimes used to weed the noise out of noisy data.
Sources of noise
Differences in real-world measured data from the true values come about from by multiple factors affecting the measurement.
Random noise is often a large component of the noise in data. Random noise in a signal is measured as the signal-to-noise ratio. Random noise contains almost equal amounts of a wide range of frequencies, and is also called white noise (as colors of light combine to make white). Random noise is an unavoidable problem. It affects the data collection and data preparation processes, where errors commonly occur. Noise has two main sources: errors introduced by measurement tools and random errors introduced by processing or by experts when the data is gathered.
Improper filtering can add noise if the filtered signal is treated as if it were a directly measured signal. As an example, Convolution-type digital filters such a moving average can have side effects such as lags or truncation of peaks. Differentiating digital filters amplifies random noise in the original data.
Outlier data are data that appear to not belong in the data set. It can be caused by human error such as transposing numerals, mislabeling, programming bugs, etc. If actual outliers are not removed from the data set, they corrupt the results to a small or large degree depending on circumstances. If valid data is identified as an outlier and is mistakenly removed, that also corrupts results.
Fraud: Individuals may deliberately skew data to influence the results toward a desired conclusion. Data that looks good with few outliers reflects well on the individual collecting it, and so there may be incentive to remove more data as outliers or make the data look smoother than it is.
References
Noise
Digital audio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy%20data
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The Boston Bears were a professional American football team that competed in the third American Football League in 1940. Owned by Sheldon H. Fairbanks, the team played its home games in the Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts. Coach Eddie Casey’s team was a competitive one, finishing the 1940 season with a 5-4-1 record, good for third place in the AFL, behind league champions Columbus Bullies and second-place Milwaukee Chiefs.
But success on the field did not transform itself into success in the stands. The Bears became the third professional football team to leave Boston in the space of four years (behind the Redskins of the NFL (which moved to Washington in 1937) and the Boston Shamrocks (of the defunct second American Football League, which folded in 1937; the Shamrocks lasted one more year as an independent team before calling it quits). Before the league’s annual preseason meeting, Fairbanks announced the dissolution of the team (in the meeting, the league tabbed Detroit for an expansion team for the 1941 season to replace the Bears; the team later asked the league for a deferment until 1942, which was granted; but the league suspended operations in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack and the U.S. entry into World War II). Boston would welcome the Boston Yanks of the NFL in the late 1940s, but not have a stable major league football franchise until 1960, when the fourth American Football League’s Boston Patriots started play.
References
Defunct American football teams
American football teams in Boston
American football teams established in 1940
American football teams disestablished in 1941
American Football League (1940) teams
1940 establishments in Massachusetts
1941 disestablishments in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Bears%20%28AFL%29
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The 1915 Vanceboro international bridge bombing was an attempt to destroy the Saint Croix-Vanceboro Railway Bridge on February 2, 1915, by Imperial German spies.
This international bridge crossed the St. Croix River between the border hamlets of St. Croix in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and Vanceboro in the U.S. state of Maine. At the time of the sabotage attempt in 1915, the bridge was jointly owned and operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway on the Canadian side and the Maine Central Railroad on the American side.
The bombing was masterminded by then spymaster Franz von Papen and executed by Werner Horn. The bomb failed to destroy the bridge but made it unsafe to use until minor repairs were done. The explosion did however blow out windows in nearby buildings in St. Croix and Vanceboro.
Background
In 1915 the United States was still a neutral country in World War I. The Canadian Pacific Railway was enjoined from carrying any war goods or troops onto or through United States territory. After Japan entered the war in 1914 on behalf of its British ally, Germany feared that Japan might send troops to the Western Front, across the Pacific Ocean and through Canada, en route. The German government was convinced that would occur and ordered that the Canadian railway system be interrupted.
At the outbreak of World War I, Werner Horn was a German reserve army lieutenant who had been in Moka, Guatemala, as the manager of a coffee plantation. After hearing about the outbreak of war, he departed the plantation looking to return to Germany. From Moka, he proceeded to British Honduras, and from there sailed to Galveston, Texas, and onwards to New York City. He was unable to depart for Germany due to the British blockade in the North Sea. After attempting to set sail for over a month, he travelled to Mexico City to return to the plantation. While there, he learned that someone else had taken his job. He found work at another plantation in Salto de Agua, Chiapas, but before he could leave, he received a card telling him to return to Germany.
On December 26, 1914, Horn travelled to New Orleans and then returned to New York, where he stayed in the Arietta Hotel. While there he met Franz von Papen, the military attaché of the German Embassy in Washington, DC. Von Papen was seeking saboteurs to disrupt Canadian railways and thought that Horn, who was eager to serve the fatherland, was an ideal candidate. Von Papen went on to explain to the zealous Horn that the bombing would be seen as an act of courage and valour in Germany and that no one would be killed in the process. The bridge was heavily used at the time, and there was a good chance that a train would be caught up in any explosion. Horn was paid $700 ($ in ) to destroy the St. Croix-Vanceboro railway bridge.
Bombing
Horn left New York from Grand Central Terminal on a New Haven Railroad passenger train to Boston on January 29, 1915, carrying a suitcase of dynamite. He took the overnight train out of Boston (operated by the Boston and Maine Railroad), placing the suitcase of explosives in a lower berth. Horn's sleeping car was transferred to the Maine Central Railroad in Portland and proceeded east across Maine to the Maine Central's eastern terminus at the border hamlet of Vanceboro the following day. Upon arrival in Vanceboro, Horn checked into the Exchange Hotel and was observed hiding the suitcase in a wood pile outdoors while scouting the railway bridge on the border over the St. Croix River several hundred feet to the east; this bridge was jointly owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Maine Central Railroad. At least three Vanceboro residents reported his suspicious behaviour to the US immigration inspector. The inspector interviewed Horn at the hotel, and Horn assured him that he was merely a Danish farmer looking to purchase land in the area. Horn spent the next two days maintaining a low profile and watching the extremely-busy Canadian Pacific Railway main line to determine the schedule of trains.
On the night of Monday, February 1, 1915, Horn checked out of the hotel claiming to be catching a train that evening. He apparently changed into a German army uniform to avoid being convicted of being a spy (and potentially executed) before proceeding to the railway bridge over the St. Croix River sometime after midnight.
Horn proceeded to position a suitcase filled with explosives on the Canadian side of the bridge but was interrupted by an oncoming train and was forced to move out of its path. After he was sure that it had passed, he proceeded to reposition the explosives. He was interrupted a second time by another train. Puzzled and not wanting to kill anyone, he waited until 1:07 a.m. on February 2 before again repositioning the bomb on a girder. Horn cut the fuse, which changed the time before the explosion from fifty minutes to only three. Horn lit the fuse with a cigar and somehow made it back to the Exchange Hotel through a gale in temperature before the dynamite exploded. At 1:10 a.m. on Tuesday, February 2, 1915, the bomb exploded, blowing out windows across Vanceboro and St. Croix and exposing residents to the freezing air outside. Some iron beams on the bridge were twisted or bent, but the damage was relatively minor.
Horn had frostbite on his hands and was assisted by the hotel's proprietor, who allowed him to check back in for the night. The proprietor connected the explosion with Horn's suspicious presence and, upon being informed by residents of the community who had discovered the source and target of the explosion, informed the CPR, which closed the bridge and rerouted trains pending a safety inspection.
Railway officials inspected the bridge the following morning and discovered the damage was relatively minor, resulting in the bridge being out of service for only several days.
Arrest and imprisonment
The sheriff for Vanceboro, along with two Canadian police officers from McAdam, New Brunswick, who crossed the border to provide assistance, detained Horn at the hotel. Horn reportedly changed into his German army uniform (to avoid being arrested as a spy, which was an executable offence) and surrendered to American authorities. Since the bomb exploded on the Canadian (St. Croix, New Brunswick) side of the bridge, the only charge that the United States could initially lay against Horn to detain him was a mischief charge for breaking windows in Vanceboro.
Horn was moved soon thereafter to a jail in Machias, Maine for his safety (Vanceboro residents were upset with him over the damage that he had caused them) while Canadian authorities began the process of seeking his extradition. Horn was interrogated by the Bureau of Investigation for several days and signed a confession with an agreed-upon statement of facts in which he revealed the details of his crime.
Horn faced a federal grand jury in Boston at the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and was indicted on March 2, 1915, for his most serious crime while in the United States, a charge of transporting explosives on a common carrier that also transported passengers for hire. He was sentenced to serve 18 months at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Georgia.
After serving his sentence, Horn was extradited to Canada in October 1919 and was tried in the Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick in Fredericton. He was found guilty and sentenced to serve 10 years at Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick. Horn was assessed by Canadian prison authorities to be insane in July 1921, when he was released and deported to Germany. He was in fact suffering from the advanced stages of syphilis.
Notes
References
External links
"Seek to Extradite Bridge Dynamiter", Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.), 03 Feb. 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.
"German Rocks C.P.R. Bridge with Dynamite", New-York Tribune. (New York [N.Y.]), 03 Feb. 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.
Conflicts in 1915
1915 crimes in Canada
Accidents and incidents involving Canadian Pacific Railway
Accidents and incidents involving Maine Central Railroad
Rail transport in New Brunswick
Rail transportation in Maine
Disasters in New Brunswick
Disasters in Maine
History of Maine
United States in World War I
World War I spies for Germany
Acts of sabotage
Canadian home front during World War I
Transportation disasters in Maine
1915 in rail transport
1915 in New Brunswick
1915 in Maine
Terrorist incidents in the 1910s
United States home front during World War I
1915 crimes in the United States
February 1915 events
Attacks on bridges
Franz von Papen
Canada–United States border
Bridge disasters in Canada
Bridge disasters in the United States
Bridge disasters in North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%20Vanceboro%20international%20bridge%20bombing
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Lu Han () was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.
Background
Very little is known about Lu Han's background, and his date of birth is not known, as, contrary to the case with most other Tang chancellors, there was no biography of him in either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang. He was from the "second house of northern ancestry" (北祖第二房) of the prominent Lu clan of Fanyang, although Lu Han's male line ancestors for several generations prior to his grandfather Lu Lübing (盧履冰), during the Tang dynasty, had not served as governmental officials. Lu Lübing served as a low-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), while Lu Han's father Lu Zhengji (盧正己) served as a minister of justice.
As chancellor
In 784, while Emperor Dezong was at Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) because the capital Chang'an was occupied by the rebel Zhu Ci's state of Han, Lu Han, who was then deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang), was made the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang) and given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. Few of his acts were recorded in history. In 784, when fellow chancellor Xiao Fu suggested that Chen Shaoyou (陳少遊) the military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) be replaced with Wei Gao, Emperor Dezong ordered Xiao to only discuss the matter with another chancellor, Liu Congyi, excluding Lu and Li Mian from the discussion, and Xiao's refusal to do so eventually led to Xiao's resignation. Around the new year 785, Lu was given the additional title as overseer of Taiwei Palace (太微宮). In spring 785, Lu and Liu were recorded as not having dared to oppose the promotion of former chancellor Lu Qi, whom the popular sentiment had blamed for the rebellions of Zhu and Li Huaiguang. In 786, Lu Han was removed from his chancellor post and made an advisor to Emperor Dezong's crown prince Li Song. That was the last historical record regarding Lu in history, and it is not known when he died.
Notes and references
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 229, 231.
8th-century births
Year of death unknown
Chancellors under Emperor Dezong of Tang
Lu clan of Fanyang
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%20Han%20%28Tang%20dynasty%29
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Ahmet Arvasi (February 15, 1932 – December 31, 1988), commonly known as Seyyid Ahmet Arvasi, was a writer and philosopher of Kurdish origin. He is known for expounding upon the ideology of the “Turkish-Islamic Synthesis Doctrine” and its effect on Turkey. He was born in Doğubeyazıt district of Ağrı, Turkey. His family is from Van Province. His father Seyyid Abdulhakim Arvasi (1865–1943) was a Sunni Islamic scholar during the late Ottoman and early Republic periods of Turkey.
His life
Ahmet Arvasi graduated from the Erzurum Teachers' College and worked as an elementary school teacher for a while. In 1958 he graduated from the Department of Pedagogy of the Gazi Education Institution. He worked as a lecturer at the education institutions in Balıkesir, Bursa, and İstanbul respectively then retired in 1979. In the same year he was elected as a member of the General Administration Board of the Nationalist Movement Party (, MHP) and served his term until the 12 September 1980 Turkish coup d'état. After the coup d'état he was detained and tried for conspiring against the Nationalist Movement Party.
Ahmet Arvasi has published several daily columns, articles, and books. He also delivered many speeches at several conferences and seminars. Before his death, he was a columnist of Türkiye daily. He died on 31 December 1988 in front of his typewriter while he was drafting his daily column for Türkiye daily.
His books
Türk-İslam Ülküsü (Turkish-Islamic Idealism) (3 volumes)
Kendini Arayan İnsan (Human Looking For Himself)
İnsan ve İnsan Ötesi (Human and Beyond the Human Being)
Diyalektiğimiz ve Estetiğimiz (Our Dialectic and Our Aesthetics)
Şiirlerim (My Poems)
Eğitim Sosyolojisi (Education Sociology)
Doğu Anadolu Gerçeği (Southeast Reality)
İleri Türk Milliyetçiliğinin İlkeleri (Principles of Advanced Turkish Nationalism)
Hasbihal (Causeries) (6 volumes)
İnsanın Yalnızlığı (Loneliness of the Human Being)
References
Turkish writers
People from Doğubayazıt
1932 births
1988 deaths
Kurdish writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Arvasi
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Adelsberg is an outlying centre (Stadtteil) of Gemünden am Main in the Main-Spessart district, in Bavaria, Germany. It lies roughly 40 km northwest of Würzburg.
References
Main-Spessart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelsberg%20%28Gem%C3%BCnden%20am%20Main%29
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Van Veghten's Bridge is a bridge spanning the Raritan River in Somerset County, New Jersey, connecting the Finderne section of Bridgewater with Manville. The bridge carries four lanes of Somerset County Route 533 across the river and the flood plain. In Manville the roadway is called North Main Street. In Bridgewater, it becomes Finderne Avenue.
Background
The first bridge at this site, known as Van Veghten's after the land owner, Van Veghten, was built in the early 18th century, perhaps as early as 1733. It was later rebuilt in 1774.
It was noted in several events during the American Revolutionary War. On October 26, 1779, British Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe led a group of the Queen's Rangers and destroyed eighteen boats on the Raritan River at this site that were intended for use by the American General George Washington. On August 30–31, 1781, the French Army under command of the French general Comte de Rochambeau, marched over the bridge, along the route to Yorktown, Virginia.
History
The current bridge was first built in 1896 using stone arches and a Pratt through truss for the main span. In 1934, the through truss was removed and replaced with a stringer bridge.
See also
List of crossings of the Raritan River
References
External links
Van Veghten's Bridge
Bridges in Somerset County, New Jersey
Bridges over the Raritan River
Bridges completed in 1896
Bridges completed in 1914
Bridges completed in 2007
Road bridges in New Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Veghten%27s%20Bridge
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Garbhan Downey (born 24 February 1966) is a novelist and editor from Derry, Northern Ireland. He is the former Director of Communications and Marketing for Culture Company 2013, which delivered Derry's City of Culture year.
Biography
Derry-born Downey cut his teeth in journalism, editing University College Galway’s student magazine in the late 1980s. After graduating with an MSc in computing from the University of Ulster, he worked as an entertainment columnist for the Derry Journal and then as a staff reporter with the Londonderry Sentinel, before moving to the Irish News to become the paper’s Derry correspondent.
His offbeat reports of the 1994 World Cup for the Irish News were subsequently compiled for his first book, Just One Big Party.
Downey spent six years as a BBC news producer in Derry and Belfast, before joining the Derry News as editor in 2001. During his period as editor (2001–2004), the Derry News won two Newspaper Society awards for Fastest Circulation Growth in the UK.
Since 2004, he has published six comic novels set in the criminal underbelly of post-ceasefire Ireland. His books have been described as "a superb blend of comedy, political dirty tricks, grisly murder and bizarre twists".
A former deputy-president of the Union of Students in Ireland, Downey was one of the organisers of a student occupation of government offices in Dublin on Budget Day 1988 in protest against education cutbacks.
Downey is a product of St Columb's College, the Catholic grammar school whose past pupils include John Hume, Seamus Heaney and Brian Friel.
In June 2002, the Police Service of Northern Ireland got a court order to force Downey to hand over pictures the Derry News had captured of the Real IRA attacking a communications post.
In 2006, he helped establish the new Northern Ireland literary review Verbal and edited the publication for its first six issues.
A lifelong political anorak, in 2007, he worked as an election pundit for TV3 (Ireland), alongside the Irish comedian Brendan O’Carroll. In 2010, he won a contest to predict the winners of Northern Ireland's 18 Westminster constituencies, missing out on just one, Naomi Long, who surprisingly beat First Minister Peter Robinson in East Belfast. Downey donated his prize, a framed Ian Knox cartoon, to Ms Long by way of apology.
His 2010 comedy-thriller The American Envoy was the first novel issued by an Irish publishing house as a Kindle e-book, simultaneously with its paperback release.
In June 2011, he was appointed Director of Media for Culture Company 2013, the body tasked with delivering Derry's UK City of Culture year.
Downey is married to Una McNally, and they have two children Fiachra (1998) and Bronagh (2003).
Bibliography
Just One Big Party (1994)
Creggan: More Than A History (2000) with Michael McGuinness
Private Diary of a Suspended MLA (2004)
Off Broadway (2005)
Running Mates (2007)
Yours Confidentially (2008)
City of Music: Derry's Music Heritage (2009) with Declan Carlin
War of the Blue Roses (2009)
Invisible Lives: Stories of Adults with Learning Disabilities Editor (2009)
The American Envoy (2010)
Requiems for the Departed with Ken Bruen, Maxim Jakubowski, Stuart Neville et al. (2010)
Across the Line (2012)
Notes
References
City of Music. Belfast Music, 14 Jan 2009
Garbhan Downey Culture Northern Ireland 18 May 2009
External links
Garbhan Downey’s homepage
Guildhall Press
Blackstaff Press
1966 births
Living people
Writers from Derry (city)
Male novelists from Northern Ireland
Crime fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Print editors
20th-century novelists from Northern Ireland
21st-century novelists from Northern Ireland
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers
People educated at St Columb's College
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbhan%20Downey
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"Llamado de Emergencia" () is the second single by Puerto Rican reggaeton artist Daddy Yankee from the soundtrack to the motion picture Talento de Barrio, released on September 23, 2008, by El Cartel Records. It is the third released promo single and second official single.
As part of Daddy Yankee's goal to experiment with different latin musical styles, the song is a fusion of reggaeton and even Colombian styles of vallenato.
Music video
The music video features Daddy Yankee waiting in a car, with his soon-to-be next single, "¿Qué Tengo Que Hacer?" playing. A woman shows up to his car, revealed to be his girlfriend, having arrived late. She and him start having an argument in a car. Soon afterwards, Yankee pulls out and gets into a car crash, leaving fatal injuries on his girlfriend. It is soon reported to 9-1-1, leaving Yankee to only reminisce about the memories he has of them spending time together, later going to her funeral to bring flowers to her body, but seeing her in a chair, crying. He then goes to see the body, and it is revealed he is the one who has died. Remembering everything, he awakes in the car that he was at the start, with her coming up to the car again, revealing it was a dream. This time he does not argue with her. The video was directed by Luis Enrique.
Charts
References
External links
"Llamado de Emergencia" music video at YouTube
Spanish-language songs
Daddy Yankee songs
2008 singles
Songs written by Daddy Yankee
2008 songs
Interscope Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamado%20de%20Emergencia
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The 1878 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from the summer through much of the fall. Records show that 1878 featured a relatively active hurricane season. A total of twelve storms were observed during the year. There were twelve tropical storms, eight hurricanes and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1878 cyclones, both Hurricane Three and Hurricane Four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz, who also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricanes Two, Seven and Eight. Further analysis from 2000 onwards extended the duration of Hurricane Three by one day and identified major track changes for Hurricane Five.
Season summary
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes twelve tropical cyclones for 1878 in the Atlantic basin; two were tropical storms and ten were hurricanes. This season caused a total of 108 fatalities. The most notable hurricane of the 1878 Atlantic season was Hurricane Eleven or the Gale of 1878. This hurricane caused at least 72 fatalities in Cuba and the United States. Estimated damage from this storm amounted to $2 million.
The first storm of 1878 was Tropical Storm One, which formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 1. It impacted Florida and weakened to a tropical depression over land but regained some intensity when it emerged into the Atlantic. It brought high winds and heavy rainfall as far as North Carolina. Hurricane Two grew from a tropical storm near the Leeward Islands to impact Mexico as a Category 1 hurricane on August 18. Hurricane Three was a Category 1 hurricane that existed in the mid-Atlantic from August 19 to August 21, when it dissipated over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Hurricane Four was first seen near the Bahamas on August 25. It tracked northeast and passed within 90 miles of Bermuda before dissipating in the mid-Atlantic on August 30. Hurricane Five hit the Leeward Islands on September 2, then Haiti and passed north of Cuba. It made landfall on the Florida peninsula as a tropical storm, moved offshore, strengthened and made another landfall near Tampa before passing over St Augustine on September 11. The storm caused several ship wrecks along the east coast of Florida. Hurricane Six was a Category 2 hurricane that existed in the western Atlantic between September 12 and September 18. Hurricane Seven is the only known Category 4 hurricane of 1878. It made landfall on Haiti as a Category 1 hurricane and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm but regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic. After passing through the Bahamas it grew to a Category 2 hurricane. It continued to grow, becoming a Category 3 hurricane on September 30 and reaching Category 4 strength by October 8. Hurricane Eight grew from a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on October 9. It crossed over Florida and grew to a Category 1 hurricane as it tracked north off the US east coast. Hurricane Nine was a minimal Category 1 Hurricane that existed in the Atlantic between October 9 and October 16. Hurricane Ten also remained at sea throughout its entire duration between October 13 and October 19. Hurricane Eleven, or the Gale Of 1878, was the most destructive storm of the year. It first made landfall in Cuba at hurricane strength, then weakened before passing over Florida and the Bahamas. The storm again strengthened before making landfall in North Carolina. It dissipated over New York on October 24. Tropical Storm Twelve passed over the Lesser Antilles in late November before passing close to Puerto Rico and then dissipating near Jamaica on December 2.
Systems
Tropical Storm One
On July 1 a tropical storm developed in the Gulf of Mexico off the Florida coast. It produced frequent rain, easterly wind, and diminishing pressure in Florida.
The storm made landfall in Florida on July 2 with maximum sustained winds of ; Punta Rassa, Florida, recorded a minimum pressure of that afternoon. Key West, Florida, registered a wind of . The storm likely briefly weakened to a tropical depression over Florida but emerged into the Atlantic Ocean that afternoon and quickly regained tropical storm status. Rainy weather with frequent easterly gales extended northward through South Carolina.
On July 3, easterly gales and rainy weather prevailed along the Atlantic coast as far north as Cape Hatteras. Smithville, North Carolina, registered a maximum wind of from the east. The tropical storm exited the coastal region on the afternoon of July 3, and no further records are, currently, known.
Hurricane Two
A tropical storm was discovered in the vicinity of the Leeward Islands on August 8. It moved to the west across the Caribbean Sea and then to the northwest. By the time that it entered the Gulf of Mexico, the system had intensified into a hurricane. The storm moved west across the Gulf of Mexico, and maintained hurricane status until making landfall in Mexico on August 18. The hurricane had dissipated over Mexico by the next day.
Hurricane Three
A Category One hurricane was first observed in the mid-Atlantic, north-east of Bermuda, on August 19. It moved to the north, toward Atlantic Canada. The hurricane grazed Nova Scotia shortly before it reached peak intensity. Sustained winds at peak intensity were while the minimum central pressure was at 963 mbar, the most intense on record for a category 1 hurricane. It then grazed Newfoundland before it became extratropical in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on August 21.
Hurricane Four
A tropical storm was discovered in the vicinity of the Bahamas on August 25. It moved to the northeast early in its duration. By August 27 it strengthened into a hurricane. After this it steadily got stronger as it moved toward Bermuda. On August 28 it had been upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane. Near peak intensity it passed within of Bermuda. At peak intensity, the maximum sustained wind was and the pressure was 972 mbar. The intensity of the storm barely leveled off over the next two days. The cyclone was last seen on August 30.
Hurricane Five
A tropical storm was first observed on September 1 just north of South America. It moved to the west-northwest, becoming a hurricane before hitting the Leeward Islands on September 2. It continued across the Caribbean, hitting Haiti and paralleling the north coast of Cuba. By September 7 it had weakened to a tropical storm and was east of Key West, Florida. It made landfall, on the Florida peninsula, soon afterwards and began moving slowly north before drifting back offshore where it strengthened. It remained over Florida for three days due to slow movement. On the morning of September 10 it began moving east and made landfall north of Tampa with maximum sustained winds of . The center passed over St. Augustine on September 11. When it reached the western Atlantic it became a hurricane again and caused several ships to be wrecked along the north-east coast of Florida, between Cape Canaveral and Amelia Island. It hit South Carolina by the morning of September 12, and, becoming extratropical, reached Ontario (where, claiming at least 4 lives, it had been raining since September 10) by the morning of September 13. In Central Florida, the cyclone flooded the area near Fort Basinger, including the Kissimmee River valley, in present-day Okeechobee County. Very heavy rainfall along its path affected the Florida peninsula. The hurricane caused at least nine deaths, though some reports suggest more were likely.
Hurricane Six
A Category One hurricane was first discovered over to the east of the Windward Islands on September 11. After several days it grew to a Category 2 hurricane with winds peaking at .The minimum pressure is unknown. It dissipated on September 18 about to the south-southeast on Bermuda.
Hurricane Seven
A tropical storm was first observed in the central Caribbean on September 24. It moved to the north, strengthening into a Category 1 hurricane before making landfall in Haiti. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm while passing roughly to the west of Port-au-Prince. An American brigantine was wrecked at Tiburon with all hands lost. The storm rapidly regained hurricane status after emerging into the Atlantic. It passed through the eastern Bahamas shortly before it was upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane. Again it gradually strengthened, becoming a Category 3 hurricane by September 30 and a Category 4 hurricane by October 2. It continued to the northeast and moved away from land. The cyclone also maintained major hurricane status at a high latitude, roughly at 47.5N, but weakened somewhat before it was last seen on October 8.
Hurricane Eight
A tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Mexico on October 9. It moved across Florida, and after tracking near the coasts of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, it strengthened to a hurricane. The storm brought heavy wind and rain to New England, causing 27 deaths.
Hurricane Nine
A tropical storm was first discovered on October 9 in the mid-Atlantic. It strengthened into a minimal hurricane before it dissipated at sea on October 16. It is likely that Hurricane Eight and Hurricane Nine merged into a single, large extratropical storm on
October 16.
Hurricane Ten
Hurricane Ten was a major hurricane that remained at sea during its entire duration. It was first discovered while a tropical storm of October 13. Over the next two days it strengthened slightly. By October 15 it became a hurricane and a Category 2 hurricane by the next day. It had also become a Category 3 hurricane on October 17. It attained peak intensity on October 18, sustained winds reached . The hurricane weakened slightly before it was last seen on October 19.
Hurricane Eleven
The Gale of 1878
On October 18 a tropical storm formed west of Jamaica. As it neared landfall in Cuba, it strengthened to a 100 mph (160 km/h) hurricane, but weakened while crossing the island. It passed over southeast Florida and the Bahamas, strengthening to a 100 mph (160 km/h) hurricane again before hitting North Carolina between Wilmington and Morehead City. The hurricane raced across the interior of the United States, becoming extratropical on the 24th over New York. The hurricane caused over $2 million in damage, and at least 72 casualties. These included 19 people killed when a ship, the A.S.Davis, was driven ashore at Virginia Beach. In total, the hurricane was responsible for 22 shipwrecks. Among these was the steamer City of Houston which was lost on Frying Pan Shoals.
Tropical Storm Twelve
Tropical Storm San Rufo of 1878
A tropical storm was first discovered on November 25 some 700 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. On November 28 and 29 it passed over much of the northern Lesser Antilles. The storm then passed near the southern coast of Puerto Rico and its effects were felt in southeastern and southern Puerto Rico. It was first known tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico in November. Sustained winds of 70+mph. Later on it continued into the Caribbean and dissipated on December 2 while a few hundred miles south of Jamaica.
This is the earliest known tropical cyclone to exist in the month of December on record, though most of its life spanned in November.
See also
Tropical cyclone observation
Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
References
Sources
External links
Atlantic Hurricane Season, 1878
Articles which contain graphical timelines
1878 natural disasters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season
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Eridge Park () is a village and historic park located north of the parish of Rotherfield, to the north-east of Crowborough in East Sussex, England. The adjoining home of the same name is the seat of the Marquess of Abergavenny. The area is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.
History
The name Eridge derives from 'Eagle ridge', or 'ridge frequented by eagles'.
Eridge was the seat (main home) of the Earls and Marquesses of Abergavenny. In 1792 Henry Nevill, 2nd Earl of Abergavenny converted the old Eridge House into a Gothic castle, which he named Eridge Castle. The castle was replaced by a neo-Georgian mansion in the 1930s, which was itself partially demolished 30 years later, when the guest wing was replaced by a large circular swimming pool. As a 20th century structure on an ancient site, the house is not a listed building.
Parkland and woodland
The area is, with Eridge Green, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, and is Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.
Eridge Park's undulating parkland is densely wooded to its north (Whitehill Wood) and south (Saxonbury Hill). The site includes gardens, parkland, and ancient woodland. It is of national importance for its lichens, with 167 recorded species in one of the richest epiphytic lichen floras of any park in Britain. It is also of interest for its 22 species of dragonflies and 60 species of breeding birds.
Village and surroundings
Eridge Park is directly north of Rotherfield, and largely overlaps the ecclesiastical parish of Eridge Green. Eridge Castle, the predecessor property, had its own ecclesiastical parish until 1856.
On the village street of Eridge Park is the church, which is Grade II listed, and six other listed buildings including the public house and the Nevill Crest and Gun.
The area also contains several follies, including the Saxonbury Tower and several ornamental buildings near the Sham Farm industrial estate. Sham Farm, an arable farm, gets its name from a wall built there to hide imposing farm buildings, which was intended to make the farm look like a very large house when viewed from Eridge Castle.
References
External links
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Frant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridge%20Park
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"Ocean's Three and a Half" is the seventh episode of the seventh season of the animated television series Family Guy. It first aired in the United States on the Fox network on February 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter decides to induce his friend Joe Swanson's wife Bonnie into labor so that Joe will be able to spend more time with him. Bonnie gives birth to a baby girl named Susie, but Joe then has trouble with medical bills. Peter, Joe, Cleveland and Quagmire decide to rob Peter's father-in-law, Carter Pewterschmidt. Peter's wife and Pewterschmidt's daughter, Lois, convinces Joe to stop. Lois gets the money from Pewterschmidt by telling him she needs the money for a divorce lawyer. A subplot involves Stewie, who becomes infatuated with Bonnie's daughter Susie.
The title is a spoof of the 1960 heist film Oceans 11 as well as its reboot film series. The episode received a positive overall review on the video game website IGN.
Plot
Frustrated that Joe is growing more concerned that Bonnie is due to give birth within days, Peter attempts to induce labor so Joe will spend more time with him, Cleveland and Quagmire. Peter plays Two and a Half Men near Bonnie, hoping that the baby will come out to change the channel. When Bonnie finally gives birth to her baby, a girl named Susie, Joe is unable to pay the $20,000 he needs for her medical bills. He turns to a loan shark for the money, but ends up in debt to him. Peter and his friends turn to Carter for the money to pay off the loan shark, but Carter refuses as he thinks it would be funnier. In one final act of desperation, Peter decides they should rob Carter. Once they reach the vault, however, Lois arrives on the scene and convinces Joe to stop.
Meanwhile, Stewie falls in love with Susie and attempts to win her heart by writing songs specifically for her. This culminates in making a detailed music video featuring Stewie singing a direct version of Bryan Adams' song "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".
The episode concludes with the Griffin's eating dinner; Stewie states to Brian that he is over his crush on Susie and now has an interest in Adams himself, and Lois explains to Peter that she talked Carter into providing the money, telling him she was using it for a divorce lawyer. When Peter asks her if she is joking, Lois says nothing, leaving Peter somewhat worried.
Cultural references
Peter calls Christian Bale "that jerk" after encountering him on the set of Terminator Salvation, with a non-sequitur showing a tape machine playing the actual audio with Peter's voice mixed in for comedic effect. The audio includes about two minutes of an actual outburst Bale made on the set of the film, with Peter's comments interspersed throughout. "You are gonna owe a fortune to the swear jar", Peter says in response to the multiple curses from Bale. He also tells Bale: "I don't get why we need another Terminator." This scene however, was dropped from all subsequent broadcasts of the episode and was never included on the DVD release or any online streaming services, although Netflix's print kept it intact until it was replaced with a newer print. Hulu currently preserves this scene.
The episode also includes a jab at Microsoft's Zune, an MP3 player and a major competitor of the Apple iPod. Carter Pewterschmidt makes fun of Bill Gates, saying Gates actually owns an iPod rather than a Zune, "like the rest of the world".
Reception
The episode received a Nielsen rating of 3.8 among viewers 18–49, in second place behind ABC's Desperate Housewives for the night. Family Guy was among the top 20 shows for the week in the 18–49 demographic, and ranked sixth among the top 17 shows on the Fox Network for the week. Ahsan Haque of IGN commented that the Bale spoof "ranks right up there with some of the best timely pop-culture references in the series". Haque concluded, "It's been a while since we've had new episodes, but it certainly feels like it's been worth the wait as 'Ocean's Three and a Half' turns out to be a triumphant return to form for the series."
Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club called the episode "fine", and graded it B−. He wrote that the Bale spoof and Stewie's music video were "funny for a while" but went on "way too long". Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times wrote positively of the Bale parody, commenting, "Oh, could there possibly be a single iota of humor left in the Christian Bale on-set rant? Why yes, yes there is, thanks to Seth McFarlane and company at Family Guy." Jackie Strause of the New York Post called the exchange between Peter Griffin and Bale "typical Family Guy fashion. In commenting on the Bale spoof, Ben Child of The Guardian wrote: "Personally, I tend to find Family Guy a bit hit and miss, but the US comedy's rather facile flashback formula does at least make it easy to chuck in the topical references."
References
External links
Family Guy (season 7) episodes
2009 American television episodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s%20Three%20and%20a%20Half
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Chronicles is a compilation album produced by Jon and Vangelis, released by Polydor/Spectrum Music in 1994.
Track listing
"I Hear You Now" (5:11)
"He Is Sailing" (6:48)
"Thunder" (2:14)
"Beside" (4:07)
"Birdsong" (1:29)
"A Play Within a Play" (7:03)
"And When the Night Comes" (4:37)
"Deborah" (4:56)
"Curious Electric" (6:39)
"The Friends of Mr. Cairo" (Edit) (4:20)
"Back to School" (4:56)
"Italian Song" (2:54)
"Polonaise" (5:25)
"Love Is" (5:45)
Personnel
Jon Anderson - vocals
Vangelis - keyboards / synthesisers / programming
Music composed by Vangelis & Jon Anderson
Lyrics by Jon Anderson
Arranged and Produced by Vangelis.
References
1983 compilation albums
Jon and Vangelis albums
Polydor Records compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicles%20%28Jon%20and%20Vangelis%20album%29
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Cholo is a term referring to Amerindians or Mexican Americans.
Cholo may also refer to:
Cultures
Cholo (subculture), Chicano and Latino subculture
Cholo languages, of Colombia and Panama
People
El Cholo (wrestler) (born 1973), Mexican wrestler
Cholo Laurel (born 1961), Filipino filmmaker
Carmelo Simeone (1934–2014), Argentine footballer, called Cholo
Diego Simeone (born 1970), nicknamed "El Cholo", Argentine football manager and former player
Cholo Espada (born 1948), Puerto Rican boxer
Other uses
Cholo, a character from George A. Romero's film Land of the Dead portrayed by John Leguizamo
Cholo (film), a 1972 Peruvian film
Cholo (video game)
El Cholo Spanish Cafe
Cholo alethe (Pseudalethe choloensis), a subtropical bird
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholo%20%28disambiguation%29
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Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Paralympics consisted of 35 events, 23 for men and 12 for women.
Medal table
Medal summary
The competition events were:
2.5 km: - women
5 km: men - women
10 km: men - women
20 km: men
3x2.5 km relay: men
3x5 km relay: - women
4x5 km relay: men - women
4x10 km relay: men
Each event had separate standing, sitting, or visually impaired classifications:
LW2 - standing: single leg amputation above the knee
LW 3 - standing: double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
LW5/7 - standing: double arm amputation
LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
LW9 - standing: amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg
Gr I - sitting: paraplegia with no or some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
Gr II - sitting: paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance
B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
Men's events
Women's events
See also
Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics
References
The information from the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) website is based on sources which does not present all information from earlier Paralympic Games (1960-1984), such as relay and team members. (Per nov.18, 2010)
Historical Medallists : Vancouver 2010 Winter Paralympics, Official website of the 2010 Winter Paralympics
Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee
1984 Winter Paralympics events
1984
Paralympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country%20skiing%20at%20the%201984%20Winter%20Paralympics
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Ice sledge speed racing at the 1984 Winter Paralympics consisted of 16 events, 8 for men and 8 for women.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
References
1984 Winter Paralympics events
1984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20sledge%20speed%20racing%20at%20the%201984%20Winter%20Paralympics
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Namiquipa is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Namiquipa.
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 22,880, up from 20,314 as of 2005.
As of 2010, the town of Namiquipa had a population of 1,752, up from 1,718 as of 2005. Other than the town of Namiquipa, the municipality had 363 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Santa Ana (2,978), classified as urban, and El Terrero (2,621), El Molino (2,176), Benito Juárez (1,967), classified as urban, and Cruces (1,206), and Independencia (Cologachi) (1,088), classified as rural.
References
Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiquipa%20Municipality
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Li Mian (; 717 – September 14, 788), courtesy name Xuanqing (玄卿), formally Duke Zhenjian of Qian (汧貞簡公), was a Chinese judge, military general, musician, poet, and politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.
Background
Li Mian was born in 717, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He was a member of Tang Dynasty's imperial Li clan, being a great-grandson of Li Yuanyi (李元懿) the Prince of Zheng, a son of Tang's founding emperor Emperor Gaozu. His father Li Zeyan (李擇言) was a son of Li Yuanyi's son Li Xuan (李璿) the Duke of Nanhai, but as Li Xuan's brother Li Lin (李琳) the Duke of Ande was sonless, Li Lin adopted Li Zeyan, who thus inherited the title of Duke of Ande. Li Zeyan successively served as a prefect of four prefectures, and while serving under the important official Zhang Jiazhen, who was otherwise arrogant and condescending toward his subordinates, was particularly respected by Zhang.
Li Mian himself was said to be studious in the Confucian classics and histories in his youth, and after he grew, was said to be quiet, elegant, honest, and strict. He also was well-learned in mysticism. As he was a close relative to the imperial line, he was eventually made the magistrate of Kaifeng County. At that time, Kaifeng, the capital of Bian Prefecture (汴州), was a key transportation point for both water and land transport, and the population was highly diverse and difficult to govern. Both Li Mian and his colleague from a nearby county, Lu Chenggui (盧成軌), were both known for their abilities to capture criminals and maintain order.
During Emperor Suzong's reign
In 755, the general An Lushan rebelled at Fanyang, and by summer 756, the forces of his new state of Yan were approaching the Tang capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to flee to Chengdu. Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, however, did not follow him to Chengdu, but fled to Lingwu instead, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong). Li Mian followed Emperor Suzong to Lingwu, and was made Jiancha Yushi (監察御史), an imperial censor. At that time, everything at Emperor Suzong's court, including his palace, was makeshift, and the officers lacked discipline. On one occasion, the officer Guan Chongsi (管崇嗣) was sitting with his back to the palace, considered a disrespectful posture. Li Mian submitted an indictment against Guan, and Emperor Suzong, while pardoning Guan for his indiscretion, stated, "It is because I have Li Mian that the court even has any discipline." In 757, after Tang forces recaptured Chang'an and were attacking east and seeking to recapture the eastern capital Luoyang, which had become the Yan capital, there was an occasion when over 100 Yan captives were delivered to Chang'an, to be executed on Emperor Suzong's orders. Li Mian submitted a petition stating:
Emperor Suzong thus pardoned the captives.
Subsequently, after Tang forces recaptured Luoyang, Li Mian served as the deputy mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region), and later successively served as military commander under the generals Wang Sili (王思禮) and Li Guozhen (李國貞). He later became the commandant at Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong). On one occasion, when Wang Zui (王晬), a capable junior official that he had made the magistrate of Liang Prefecture's seat Nanzheng County (南鄭), was falsely accused by powerful men at court and ordered executed by Emperor Suzong's edict, Li Mian, instead of following the edict, detained Wang but stopped the execution, and immediately submitted a petition defending Wang. Wang was subsequently spared. However, as a result, in 762, Li Mian was recalled to Chang'an to serve as Dali Shaoqing (大理少卿), the deputy chief judge of the supreme court (大理寺, Dali Si). Once Li Mian was at Chang'an, he met Emperor Suzong to proclaim Wang's innocence and list Wang's accomplishments. Emperor Suzong approved of him and made him the deputy minister of worship (太常卿, Taichang Qing). Emperor Suzong wanted to promote him further, but as Li Mian would not be submissive to the powerful eunuch Li Fuguo, and so Li Mian was sent out of the capital to serve as the prefect of Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).
During Emperor Daizong's reign
Emperor Suzong died later in 762 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Daizong. During Emperor Daizong's reign, Li Mian successively served as the prefect of Guo Prefecture (虢州, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region), and the mayor of Henan Municipality. Subsequently, he served as deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng), and then the governor of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). While serving at Jiangxi Circuit, he had to combat several rebellions and was able to suppress them with help from other circuits. On one occasion, when the father of one of his subordinates was ill, the subordinate used witchcraft to try to cure his father, and the witchcraft including making a doll with Li Mian's name on it and burying it. When the doll was found, Li Mian stated, "He was doing this for his father's cure, and this can be forgiven."
In 767, Li Mian was in Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong, and was made the mayor of Jingzhao as well as the chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). He was said to be simple and solemn in his governance. At that time, the powerful eunuch Yu Chao'en was the monitor of the armies as well as acting principal of the imperial university (國子監, Guozi Jian). Due to the authority he had, he was arrogant and demanded respect. Li Mian's predecessors as mayor all, when Yu visited the university, held feasts with food sufficient for several hundred people. When Yu visited the university on Li Mian's watch, however, Li Mian refused — pointing out that as the principal, Yu was the host when he visited the university, and that if he were ever to visit the Jingzhao municipal government, he would surely hold a feast in Yu's honor. When Yu heard this, he resented Li Mian and did not visit the university. Soon, Li Mian was removed.
In 769, Li Mian was made the military governor of Lingnan Circuit (嶺南, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), as well as the prefect of Lingnan's capital Guang Prefecture (廣州). At that time, two rebels, Feng Chongdao (馮崇道) and Zhu JIshi (朱濟時), had been holding more than 10 prefectures. After Li Mian's arrival, he supported his subordinates Li Guan (李觀) and Wang Hong (王翃) in suppressing the rebels, and was able to calm the circuit by 771. It was said that because Li Mian was honest in his governance of the circuit, previously, only four or five foreign merchant ships would arrive in Guang Prefecture per year, but toward the end of his term, because Li Mian did not demand bribes, more than 40 foreign merchant ships would arrive each year. Later, when he was recalled to Chang'an, on the journey back, as he was going through Shimen (石門, in modern Changde, Hunan), he threw treasures that his family members had collected into the Yangtze River to show that he did not treasure them. This led popular opinion at the time to compare him to such honest officials of the past such as Song Jing, Lu Huan (盧奐), and Li Chaoyin (李朝隱). The people and officials of Guang Prefecture requested Emperor Daizong's permission to build a monument in Li Mian's honor, and Emperor Daizong agreed. In 775, Emperor Daizong made him the minister of public works (工部尚書, Gongbu Shangshu) and created him the Duke of Qian. In 773, when Linghu Zhang (令狐彰) the military governor of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan) was near death, Linghu recommended Emperor Daizong to replace him with either Li Mian or Liu Yan, and Emperor Daizong made Li Mian the military governor of Yongping to replace Linghu.
In 776, Tian Shenyu (田神玉) the acting military governor of Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), died. Tian's subordinate Li Lingyao (李靈曜) killed Tian's son and took over the circuit. Emperor Daizong initially reacted by making Li Mian the acting military governor of Biansong and commissioning Li Lingyao as the prefect of Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze, Shandong). When Li Lingyao refused, Emperor Daizong gave in and made him the acting military governor of Biansong, but when Li Lingyao subsequently refused to follow imperial orders, Emperor Daizong commissioned governors of the surrounding circuits — Li Mian, Li Zhongchen, Ma Sui, Chen Shaoyou (陳少遊), and Li Zhengji — to attack Li Lingyao. Later that year, with Li Zhongchen and Ma directly attacking Biansong's capital Bian Prefecture, they defeated Li Lingyao and forced him to flee. Li Lingyao was captured in flight by Li Mian's subordinate Du Rujiang (杜如江), and Li Mian had Li Lingyao delivered to Chang'an to be executed. Initially, the western half of Biansong was merged into Li Zhongchen's Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), but after Li Zhongchen's subordinate Li Xilie mutinied and expelled him in 779, Emperor Dezong, while allowing Li Xilie to take over Huaixi, stripped Bian and Ying (潁州, in modern Fuyang, Anhui) Prefectures from Huaixi and added them to Yongping. He also had Li Mian move Yongping's headquarters to Bian Prefecture.
During Emperor Dezong's reign
As military governor of Yongping Circuit
Later in 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong made Li Mian an honorary chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事).
Emperor Dezong soon took a harder line against the military governors of several circuits which were effectively governed independently from the imperial government — Li Zhengji's Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), Li Baochen's Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), Tian Yue's Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), and Liang Chongyi's Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei). After Li Baochen and Li Zhengji both died in 781, he refused to let their respective sons, Li Weiyue and Li Na, inherit their fathers' positions, and those semi-independent circuits mobilized to prepare for war against the imperial government. As part of the preparation for war, Emperor Dezong divided Yongping, making three of its seven prefectures — Song (宋州, in modern Shangqiu, Henan), Bo (亳州, in modern Bozhou, Anhui), and Ying Prefectures — into a new Xuanwu Circuit, giving Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) to Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and adding Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) to Yongping. He also made Li Mian the overall commander of the forces not only of his own circuit, but also of Xuanwu and Heyang (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang) Circuits. When Liu Qia (劉洽) the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit was subsequently able to put LI Na under siege at Pu Prefecture, Li Mian persuaded Li Na to offer to submit to imperial authority, but Emperor Dezong, convinced of victory at that point, refused to accept Li Na's surrender. Subsequently, Li Na was able to regroup and continue to resist the imperial government. When Emperor Dezong subsequently ordered Li Xilie to attack Li Na, Li Xilie, who was secretly aligned with Li Na, pretended to be ready to attack Pinglu through Yongping, and he requested Li Mian to permit him passage, while he was preparing to launch a surprise attack on Yongping instead. Li Mian prepared to welcome Li Xilie through his circuit but mobilized his own troops to prepare for an attack. Li Xilie, realizing that Li Mian was taking precautions, did not attack Yongping at this point.
By 783, when Li Xilie was openly defying the imperial government, the chancellor Lu Qi, resentful of the senior official Yan Zhenqing, suggested Emperor Dezong to send Yan to Huaixi to try to persuade Li Xilie to resubmit. Li Mian, seeking that Yan's mission would be fruitless and that he was heading for certain death, submitted an objection and tried to intercept Yan on the way, but was unable to do so. Yan was subsequently detained by Li Xilie, although Li Xilie's subordinates Zhou Zeng (周曾), Wang Bin (王玢), and Yao Dan (姚憺) were in secret communications with Li Mian and hoping to replace Li Xilie and replace him with Yan. Soon, their plot was discovered, however, and Li Xilie killed them. Subsequently, when the imperial general Emperor Dezong sent to attack Li Xilie, Geshu Yao (哥舒曜), was put under siege by LI Xilie at Xiangcheng (襄城, in modern Xuchang, Henan), Emperor Dezong ordered Li Mian and Liu Dexin (劉德信) to aid Geshu. Li Mian, believing that since Li Xilie was attacking Xiangcheng, Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang) would be easy to capture, and once Xu Prefecture fell, Li Xilie would be forced to lift the siege on Xiangcheng. He therefore ordered Liu and Tang Hanchen (唐漢臣) to attack Xu Prefecture. Before Liu and Tang could reach Xu Prefecture, however, Emperor Dezong sent an edict ordering them to stop. Liu and Tang were surprised and dismayed, and they withdrew, and they became careless in their retreat. They were ambushed by Li Xilie's officer Li Kecheng (李克誠), and suffered massive losses. With Li Mian fearful that Luoyang would be under attack, he sent an army under Li Jian (李堅) with 4,000 men to Luoyang to aid it, but subsequently, with the return path cut off by Li Xilie, they were unable to return to Bian Prefecture. From that point on, Yongping itself was in a precarious position, unable to aid Geshu and finding it difficult to stand against Li Xilie.
By late 783, Li Xilie was putting Bian Prefecture under siege. Li Mian held the city against the siege for more than a month, but with no aid forces arriving, he abandoned Bian Prefecture and took over 10,000 people to flee to Xuanwu's capital Song Prefecture. Li Mian submitted a petition to Emperor Dezong — who was at Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) at the time due to rebellion by Zhu Ci, who had seized Chang'an and declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qin — requesting punishment. Emperor Dezong responded, "I was unable to defend the imperial ancestral temples. Li Mian needs not be insecure." Li Mian subsequently transferred his troops to Liu Qia. By fall 784, with Li Mian repeatedly requesting punishment, Emperor Dezong removed him from the overall command of the three circuits and the military governorship of Yongping, but recalled him to Chang'an (which had been recaptured by that point) to serve as chancellor as well as acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies). When Li Mian arrived at Chang'an, many officials commented, "Li Mian lost Daliang [(大梁, another name for Bian Prefecture)] and should not remain as chancellor." Emperor Dezong's trusted senior advisor Li Mi pointed out that while Li Mian was not a capable general, he was a capable governor that the people loved and respected, and that he, by transferring the command to Liu, contributed to Liu's subsequent victory. Emperor Dezong agreed with Li Mi and allowed Li Mian to exercise his authority as chancellor.
Chancellorship and after chancellorship
Li Mian, while he was then in the chancellor's office, did not dare to exert his authority, and he often simply yielded to the other chancellors. In 784, when fellow chancellor Xiao Fu suggested that Chen Shaoyou be replaced as military governor of Huainan Circuit with Wei Gao, Emperor Dezong ordered Xiao to only discuss the matter with another chancellor, Liu Congyi, excluding Li Mian and Lu Han from the discussion, and Xiao's refusal to do so eventually led to Xiao's resignation. In 785, when Emperor Dezong, over the objections of the officials Yuan Gao (袁高), Chen Jing (陳京), and Zhao Xu (趙需), was set to promote Lu Qi, who had been demoted to be a prefectural military advisor and exiled because he was blamed for the rebellions of Zhu Ci and Li Huaiguang, to be prefect, Li Mian backed Yuan and his colleagues. When Emperor Dezong asked the chancellors, "Is it all right to make Lu Qi the prefect of a small prefecture?" Li Mian responded, "If Your Imperial Majesty really want to use him, even a large prefecture is all right. But you should consider how disappointed the realm would be." Further, when Emperor Dezong asked Li Mian, "Everyone accuses Lu Qi of treacherousness, but I do not see it. Do you, Lord, see it?" Li Mian responded, "Everyone under heaven knows that he is treacherous, but Your Imperial Majesty does not. This is, indeed, proof of his treacherousness." This caused Li Mian to be further admired for his honesty, but also because of such bluntness, Emperor Dezong distanced himself from Li Mian.
In 786, when Emperor Dezong reorganized his government and put the six ministries of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) directly under the chancellors, Li Mian was given control of the ministry of justice (刑部, Xingbu). Subsequently, with Li Mian repeatedly offering to resign, he was removed from his chancellor post and made a senior advisor to Emperor Dezong's crown prince Li Song. Li Mian died later in 786 and was buried with great honors.
Li Mian was known for his abilities in guqin and poetry, and he wrote a number of musical pieces. It was said that during his time in high positions, for more than 20 years, he distributed his salaries to his relatives and subordinates, leaving little for himself, such that when he died, there were no savings, and that despite his honored status, he was constantly humble in dealing with subordinates. He had invited two famed individuals, Li Xun (李巡) and Zhang Can (張參), as secretaries, and after both Li Xun and Zhang died while serving him, for three years, during feasts, he would have places set for them at the table and offered meals and wine to their spirits.
Notes and references
Old Book of Tang, vol. 131.
New Book of Tang, vol. 131.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 218, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232.
717 births
788 deaths
8th-century Chinese poets
Chancellors under Emperor Dezong of Tang
Chinese judges
Guqin players
Mayors of Luoyang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lingnan Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Yongping Circuit
Tang dynasty musicians
Tang dynasty poets
8th-century Chinese musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Mian
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None Too Soon is the ninth studio album by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released on 24 September 1996 by Polydor Records (Japan), JMS–Cream Records (Europe) and Restless Records (United States); a remastered edition was reissued on 17 April 2012 through MoonJune Records.
In a slight departure from Holdsworth's usual solo work, the album is composed mainly of jazz standard interpretations, as well as two original pieces written by pianist and longtime collaborator Gordon Beck. Both musicians had previously worked together on the albums Sunbird (1979), The Things You See (1980) and With a Heart in My Song (1988). The rhythm section are bassist Gary Willis and drummer Kirk Covington, both of fusion band Tribal Tech.
Overview
In a 1996 interview, Holdsworth explained the reasoning for not including any original material written by himself: "Gordon Beck once suggested that I should do an album with more well known tunes so people can hear what I sound like over these tunes. ... The other good reason for this choice is that I haven't written enough original material to fill an album." On the selection of songs, Holdsworth stated: "We absolutely didn't want to play all the classic standards everybody is playing already ... I definitely didn't want to do any of my own tunes this time." On the type of jazz being played: "It's not a trad album. It's a bebop album, but with a wrench or two in there." According to Holdsworth, Beck's use of a digital piano (as opposed to a regular one) was something to which the latter was not accustomed.
The album was recorded in October 1994, but was not released worldwide until almost two years later due to problems between Holdsworth and Polydor: "I had a lot of problems with the record company. I was signed to a certain company for a world deal. ... Then they informed me that they weren't going to release it anywhere else in the world just because one guy didn't like the music!"
Critical reception
None Too Soon has received mixed reviews. Chris M. Slawecki at All About Jazz likened Holdsworth's playing and interpretations to the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Pat Metheny and John Scofield, whilst praising Beck's work on the title track as "well-considered and articulate in design and execution". John Kelman, also at All About Jazz, remarked that the album had "a kind of restrained power that makes this not exactly a fusion record, but not exactly a straight-ahead one either".
Michael G. Nastos at AllMusic praised Holdsworth's unique style, but suggested a need for him to show restraint during his usual passages and try different sounds. Jason Josephes at Pitchfork panned the album, calling it "excretable wankery that includes the single worst cover of 'Norwegian Wood' that could possibly be produced."
Track listing
Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, SynthAxe, engineering, mixing, production
Gordon Beck – digital piano
Kirk Covington – drums
Gary Willis – bass
Technical
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Chris Bellman – remastering (reissue)
Leonardo Pavkovic – executive production (reissue)
References
External links
None Too Soon at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)
Allan Holdsworth albums
1996 albums
Polydor Records albums
Restless Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None%20Too%20Soon
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Chachapoyas Airport , is an airport serving the city of Chachapoyas in the Amazonas Region of Peru. The runway is on a mesa north of the city, with steep dropoffs on either end.
The Chachapoyas VOR-DME (Ident: POY) is located on the field.
Airlines and destinations
The following airline serves the airport:
Accidents and incidents
On January 9, 2003, TANS Perú Flight 222 crashed into a mountain while attempting to land in Chachapoyas. All 46 passengers aboard the Fokker F-28 died.
See also
Transport in Peru
List of airports in Peru
References
External links
Chachapoyas Airport
OurAirports - Chachapoyas
OpenStreetMap - Chachapoyas
SkyVector Aeronautical Charts
Airports in Peru
Buildings and structures in Amazonas Region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachapoyas%20Airport
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This is a list of places in Palestine which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
B
Beit Jala
Aubervilliers, France
Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
La Calera, Chile
Jena, Germany
Pitești, Romania
Reggio Emilia, Italy
Santa María del Mar, Peru
Varazze, Italy
Beit Sahour
Agliana, Italy
Aulnoye-Aymeries, France
Chełm, Poland
Doha, Qatar
Opsterland, Netherlands
Tralee, Ireland
Utena, Lithuania
Xanten, Germany
Bethlehem
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Arad, Romania
Assisi, Italy
Athens, Greece
Barranquilla, Colombia
Brescia, Italy
Budapest, Hungary
Burlington, United States
Capri, Italy
Castelnuovo di Porto, Italy
Catanzaro, Italy
Chartres, France
Chivasso, Italy
La Cisterna, Chile
Civitavecchia, Italy
Cologne, Germany
Concepción, Chile
Las Condes, Chile
Cori, Italy
Cortale, Italy
Creil, France
Curinga, Italy
Cusco, Peru
Częstochowa, Poland
Dakhla, Western Sahara
Este, Italy
Faggiano, Italy
Florence, Italy
Gallipoli, Italy
Għajnsielem, Malta
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Greccio, Italy
Grenoble, France
Grottaferrata, Italy
Jacurso, Italy
Joplin, United States
Kalocsa, Hungary
Lazio, Italy
Lourdes, France
Maida, Italy
Marrickville (Inner West), Australia
Milan, Italy
Monterrey, Mexico
Montesarchio, Italy
Montevarchi, Italy
Montpellier, France
Natal, Brazil
Orvieto, Italy
Otranto, Italy
Palermo, Italy
Paray-le-Monial, France
Pavia, Italy
Pietrelcina, Italy
Pratovecchio Stia, Italy
Rabat, Morocco
Sacramento, United States
Saint-Herblain, France
Saint Petersburg, Russia
San Miniato, Italy
San Pietro a Maida, Italy
Sant'Anastasia, Italy
Sarpsborg, Norway
Steyr, Austria
Suceava, Romania
Třebechovice pod Orebem, Czech Republic
Verbania, Italy
Vicenza, Italy
Villa Alemana, Chile
Vladimir, Russia
Zaragoza, Spain
Al-Bireh
Gennevilliers, France
Birzeit
Zestoa, Spain
E
East Jerusalem
Cairo, Egypt
Fez, Morocco
Jakarta, Indonesia
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Oujda, Morocco
Tehran, Iran
G
Gaza City
Agadir, Morocco
Barcelona, Spain
Brasília, Brazil
Cascais, Portugal
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Dunkirk, France
Gediz, Turkey
Keçiören, Turkey
Meram, Turkey
Moyle, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Osmangazi, Turkey
Sidon, Lebanon
Tabriz, Iran
Tromsø, Norway
Turin, Italy
Yıldırım, Turkey
H
Halhul
Hennebont, France
Hebron
Amman, Jordan
Beyoğlu, Turkey
Bursa, Turkey
Keçiören, Turkey
Medina, Saudi Arabia
Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, France
Şanlıurfa, Turkey
Yiwu, China
J
Jabalia
Tiguent, Mauritania
Ümraniye, Turkey
Jericho
Alessandria, Italy
Campinas, Brazil
Eger, Hungary
Estación Central, Chile
Fez, Morocco
Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
Iași, Romania
Ilion, Greece
Kragujevac, Serbia
Lærdal, Norway
San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy
Santa Bárbara, Brazil
Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah, Jordan
K
Khan Yunis
Bisceglie, Italy
El-Gadarif, Sudan
Hamar, Norway
Palermo, Italy
Tétouan, Morocco
M
Marda
Arbizu, Spain
N
Nablus
Boulder, United States
Chalandri, Greece
Como, Italy
Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
Khasavyurt, Russia
Lille, France
Naples, Italy
Nazareth, Israel
Poznań, Poland
Rabat, Morocco
Stavanger, Norway
Tuscany, Italy
R
Rafah
Pesaro, Italy
Sancaktepe, Turkey
Ramallah
Bordeaux, France
Hounslow, England, United Kingdom
Johannesburg, South Africa
Liège, Belgium
Muscatine, United States
Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Sur, Turkey
Trondheim, Norway
Z
Zababdeh
Ixelles, Belgium
References
Palestine
Palestine (region)-related lists
State of Palestine geography-related lists
Cities in the State of Palestine
Populated places in the State of Palestine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20twin%20towns%20and%20sister%20cities%20in%20the%20State%20of%20Palestine
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The People's Square and Park () is one of the major parks surrounding the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar. Located west of the great pagoda to the former Pyithu Hluttaw (People's Parliament) complex, the 135.72 acre (54.92-hectare) park is bounded by Pyay Road to its west, U Wisara Road to its east, Dhammazedi Road to its north and Ahlone Road to its south.
The area had been part of the palace grounds of Queen Shin Sawbu and later a golf course for some years during the colonial days.
A little over half of the complex is the People's Square. A flower- and tree-lined marble esplanade starting from Pyithu Hluttaw towards the Shwedagon Pagoda is the center piece of the square. Over a thousand trees and plants from 52 species make up the square. Pyidaungsu Ayeyeik Nyein occupies a corner of the Square and holds a permanent exhibition of dioramas of various Burmese ethnic groups, specimens of valuable timber and gemstones from various parts of the country.
People's Park occupies adjacent to the square in the north. Over 3,000 plants including 72 species of trees, 12 species of bamboo and 50 species of shrubs and climbers indigenous to various parts of the country are planted in this park. botanical maze, flower displays, fruit trees and medicinal herbs account for an additional 17,000 flowering plants.
References
Buildings and structures in Yangon
Parks in Myanmar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Square%20and%20Park
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This article deals with the system of transport in Bihar, both public and private.
Road transport
Bihar has national highways with total length of and state highways with total length of . Also. Bihar has of proposed Expressways.
Expressways
Listed horizontal (west to east) expressways first, followed by vertical (north to south) & diagonal expressways.
National Highways
State Highways
Rail transport
The railway network in Bihar is excellent and provides first-rate citizen centric railway services to the people. Most of the cities have a railway junction that facilitates railway travel across the state. You can easily travel from one part of the state to the other by trains.
Urban Rail
Patna Metro - Under construction
Patna Monorail - Proposed
Patna tram - defunct since 1903
Water transport
Bihar is connected by National Waterways No. 1 which established in October 1986. This National Waterways has fixed terminals at Haldia, BISN (Kolkata), Pakur, Farrakka and Patna. This National Waterways has also floating terminals facilities at Haldia, Kolkata, Diamond Harbour, Katwa, Tribeni, Baharampur, Jangipur, Bhagalpur, Semaria, Doriganj, Ballia, Ghazipur, Varanasi, Chunar and Allahabad.
Air transport
Patna airport is well connected to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and many other cities in India. It is categorized as a restricted international airport, with customs facilities to receive international chartered flights. Gaya Airport, is Bihar's only international airport and offers seasonal flights that connect the city to Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar. Airlines like IndiGo, SpiceJet, Air India, and Vistara connect various airports in Bihar to cities across India. Darbhanga Airport is another domestic airport in Bihar which is connected with various cities across India. The Darbhanga Airport was built as civil enclave.
The airport usually serves domestic flights only, but the city being a pilgrimage city, the airport operates seasonal flights to international destinations.
The airport is classified as a restricted international airport due to its short runway and serves only domestic flights.
See also
Ministry of Transport (Bihar)
Transport in India
Indian Railways
National Highways
List of National Highways in India
List of airports in India
List of railway stations in India
Bridges in Bihar
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20in%20Bihar
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James Deshler (February 18, 1833 – September 20, 1863) was a career United States Army officer and a graduate of West Point who later joined the Confederate States Army. During the American Civil War he fought at Cheat Mountain, Camp Allegheny, Arkansas Post, and Chickamauga. He was appointed a Confederate brigadier general but died on the field of battle with his promotion remaining unconfirmed.
Early life and career
James Deshler was born on February 18, 1833, in Tuscumbia, Alabama, to David Deshler 1798–1872) and Eleanor Taylor (1808–1854). Deshler went to West Point and graduated in 1854. He graduated ranking above James Ewell Brown Stuart, William Dorsey Pender and Stephen Dill Lee. After graduating, James was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. His first military experience was an assignment to California after graduation. He was then transferred and promoted to first lieutenant United States Army in 1858 and joined a regiment to fight in the Utah War expedition. After the expedition Deshler was assigned to Fort Wise, where he remained until 1861. In 1861 Deshler resigned his post and joined the Confederate States Army.
Civil War service
After his resignation from the army, Deshler enlisted as a captain in the artillery. In September 1861 he was an assistant to Brigadier General Henry R. Jackson during the Battle of Cheat Mountain. Deshler was wounded at the Battle of Allegheny Mountain when he was shot through the thighs. After his recovery from his wounds he was promoted to colonel and assigned to the staff of Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes. In 1862 he was given his first command, which consisted of the 10th Texas Infantry Regiment, and the dismounted 15th Texas, 17th Texas, and 18th Texas Cavalry Regiments. On January 11, 1863, Deshler was captured when the Confederates surrendered at the Battle of Arkansas Post. After being exchanged he was promoted to brigadier general on July 28, 1863.
Death and burial
On the second day of the Battle of Chickamauga on September 20, 1863, while inspecting his brigade before an attack, Deshler was killed instantly by a Union artillery shell when it exploded in front of him, tearing his heart from his body. Command of his brigade was taken over by the future Senator Roger Mills, and the Confederacy won the battle. After the fighting ended, a family friend buried Deshler's body on the battlefield. Later the friend brought Deshler's father to the gravesite. They disinterred Deshler and subsequently reburied him in Oakwood Cemetery in his hometown of Tuscumbia, Alabama.
Mills remarked after Deshler's death:I may pause here and pay a passing tribute to the memory of our fallen chief. He was brave, generous and kind, even to a fault. Ever watchful and careful for the safety of any member of his command, he was ever ready to peril his own...He poured out his own blood upon the spot watered by the best blood of the brigade. Amongst the host of brave hearts that were offered the altar of sacrifice for their country on that beautiful Sabath, there perished not one, noble, braver, or better than his. He lived beloved, and fell lamented and mourned by every officer and man of his command.
Memorials
Deshler's father founded the Deshler Female Institute in memory of his son. To further honor General Deshler, Tuscumbia's Deshler High School was named for him.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Evans, Clement Anselm, ed., Wheeler, Joseph, author. Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History volume 7, Alabama (1899) pp. 403–405.
Heart Of Dixie Publishing and William Lindsey McDonalds' Civil War Tales of the Tennessee Valley (2003) pp. 169–170
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
71-0823-9.
Smith, Derek The Gallant Dead: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War (2005) pg. 193
United States War Dept, Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Leslie J. Perry, United States War Records Office, Joseph William Kirkley, United States Record and Pension Office, and John Sheldon Moodeys' The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (1890) pg. 188
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959.
External links
1833 births
1863 deaths
Confederate States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Deshler
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Namiquipa is a town in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Namiquipa.
As of 2010, the town of Namiquipa had a population of 1,752, up from 1,718 as of 2005.
History
The origin of the settlement is an indigenous village called Namiquipa.
Franciscan missionaries established a mission in 1662 or 1663 called San Pedro de Alcántara de Namiquipa. It was subsequently abandoned.
Namiquipa was refounded and given town (villa) status in 1778. The Spanish colonial state established the town and surrounding region as a military colony, and its settlers received land grants in return for fighting Apache during the Apache Wars.
Namiquipa was a stronghold of Pancho Villa’s popular movement during much of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. However, in 1916 locals switched sides and formed local militia that collaborated with the United States. In 1917 Namiquipa was attacked by Villa and his men, who reportedly raped many townswomen after setting the town ablaze. Villa's commander Nicolas Fernandez managed to take some of the townswomen under his protection, and ordered his soldiers to shoot any one who tried to attack them. After news of the atrocity spread, Villa lost the goodwill of many villagers across Chihuahua.
References
Populated places in Chihuahua (state)
Populated places established in 1778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiquipa
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Lindsay Allan Roy, CBE, FRSA (born 19 January 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glenrothes from 2008 until 2015. He is the former Rector of Inverkeithing High School and Kirkcaldy High School. He announced he would be standing down as an MP in 2015 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.
Teaching career
Roy was educated at the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1970. He then trained as a teacher and became principal teacher of Modern Studies at Queen Anne High School Dunfermline in 1974. He was promoted to be Assistant Rector of Kirkcaldy High School in 1983, but left after three years to be Depute Rector of Glenwood High School in Glenrothes.
Starting in 1990, Roy became Rector of Inverkeithing High School, being awarded with a CBE for his work there in 2004. He served also as an Associate Assessor for HM Inspectorate of Education from 1996, and was appointed Chairman of the Curriculum and Student Affairs Committee of Carnegie College in 1997. Becoming active in The Headmaster's Association of Scotland, he was appointed as its president for the year 2004–05.
He became Rector of Kirkcaldy High School in 2008, the High School that former Prime Minister Gordon Brown had attended as a boy.
Parliamentary career
2008 by-election
Roy was chosen by the local Labour Party to fight the Parliamentary constituency of Glenrothes, following the death of local MP John MacDougall.
Following the victory at a by-election of the Scottish National Party in the parliamentary constituency of Glasgow East earlier that year, despite Fife not having a history of such spectacular landslide swings to the SNP in the past as in the West of Scotland, it had been expected that Labour would lose the by-election; however, the Labour Party held the seat, increasing their total vote slightly, albeit with a reduced majority.
Roy was subsequently a member of the Scottish Affairs Select Committee.
2010 general election
At the 2010 election he polled 25,247 votes, 62.3% of the votes cast, an increase of 10.4%, easily securing re-election.
Notes and references
External links
1949 births
Living people
Scottish Labour MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies
Scottish schoolteachers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People with Parkinson's disease
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Roy
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Boston Bears and Boston Bears (football) may refer to:
Boston Bears (AFL), team in third American Football League
Boston Bears (soccer), team in American Soccer League
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Bears
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The women's 100 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fifth appearance of the event, which was established in 1912. The competition was held on Saturday August 6, 1932 and on Monday August 8, 1932.
Twenty swimmers from ten nations competed.
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in minutes) prior to the 1932 Summer Olympics.
In the heats the Olympic record was broken in the second heat by Joyce Cooper with 1:09.0, in the third heat by Helene Madison with 1:08.9 and in the fourth heat Eleanor Saville with 1:08.5. In the first semi-final Willy den Ouden bettered the Olympic record with 1:07.6 and in the final Madison again set a new Olympic record with 1:06.8.
Results
Heats
Saturday August 6, 1932: The fastest two in each heat and the fastest third-placed from across the heats advanced to the final.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Semifinals
Sunday August 7, 1932: The fastest three in each semi-final advanced to the final.
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
Final
Monday August 8, 1932:
References
External links
Olympic Report
Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics
1932 in women's swimming
Swim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201932%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20100%20metre%20freestyle
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Monroe High School is the main continuation high school that is located just outside Tehachapi, California. Monroe has one principal, a secretary and office clerk, two part-time counselors and three full-time teachers. The school is also the site of the Monroe Independent Study Center (formerly Summit Independent Study Center), and Tehachapi Adult School. Monroe is part of the Tehachapi Unified School District. After the 2010–2011 school year, the district plans on moving Monroe High School to the former junior high school building.
About
Monroe High School is for teens who are having educational and behavior problems and cannot be in regular school. The school offers:
smaller class sizes (average 21:1 pupil–teacher ratio)
personalized assistance from teachers
individualized course of study designed to help you graduate on time (or earlier)
opportunities to gain work experience prior to finishing high school.
Former Monroe Site
References
High schools in Kern County, California
Continuation high schools in California
Tehachapi, California
Public high schools in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe%20High%20School%20%28Tehachapi%29
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In control theory, a Kalman decomposition provides a mathematical means to convert a representation of any linear time-invariant (LTI) control system to a form in which the system can be decomposed into a standard form which makes clear the observable and controllable components of the system. This decomposition results in the system being presented with a more illuminating structure, making it easier to draw conclusions on the system's reachable and observable subspaces.
Definition
Consider the continuous-time LTI control system
,
,
or the discrete-time LTI control system
,
.
The Kalman decomposition is defined as the realization of this system obtained by transforming the original matrices as follows:
,
,
,
,
where is the coordinate transformation matrix defined as
,
and whose submatrices are
: a matrix whose columns span the subspace of states which are both reachable and unobservable.
: chosen so that the columns of are a basis for the reachable subspace.
: chosen so that the columns of are a basis for the unobservable subspace.
: chosen so that is invertible.
It can be observed that some of these matrices may have dimension zero. For example, if the system is both observable and controllable, then , making the other matrices zero dimension.
Consequences
By using results from controllability and observability, it can be shown that the transformed system has matrices in the following form:
This leads to the conclusion that
The subsystem is both reachable and observable.
The subsystem is reachable.
The subsystem is observable.
Variants
A Kalman decomposition also exists for linear dynamical quantum systems. Unlike classical dynamical systems, the coordinate transformation used in this variant requires to be in a specific class of transformations due to the physical laws of quantum mechanics.
See also
Realization (systems)
Observability
Controllability
References
External links
Lectures on Dynamic Systems and Control, Lecture 25 - Mohammed Dahleh, Munther Dahleh, George Verghese — MIT OpenCourseWare
Control theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman%20decomposition
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Cowthorpe is a village in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated north of Wetherby, east of Harrogate, from Knaresborough and from York.
History
The name of Cowthorpe comes from Old Norse and is a combination of a personal name Koli and þorp (which means settlement or outlying hamlet).
The village lies on a minor road that connects it with North Deighton (and the A168) to the west and Tockwith in the east. It is bordered by the River Nidd to the north with bridges crossing the Nidd at either Walshford in the west, or Cattal Bridge in the east.
St Michael's Church
St Michael's Church in the village is a Grade I listed building, built by a Brian Roucliffe, and consecrated in 1458. In the choir, on a large flat stone, are the effigies, in brass, of a man and his wife, bearing betwixt them the model of a church, and supposed, from the inscription, likewise in brass, now scarce legible, to be in memory of the Founder and his wife.
The Cowthorpe Oak
Cowthorpe was the home of an enormous tree, the Cowthorpe Oak. Its circumference was ; its principal limb (which was propped) extended from the bole. The tree was decaying by the 19th century; tradition speaks of its being in decay for many generations. "Compared with this," says Dr. Hunter, in Evelyn's Silva, "all other trees are children of the Forest." According to an early history of Knaresborough, "The leading branch fell, by a storm, in the year 1718; which, being measured with accuracy, was found to contain five tons and two feet of wood. Before this accidental mutilation, its branches are said to have extended their shade over half an acre of ground; thus constituting, in a single tree, almost a wood itself".
Langdale's Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire (1822) records that "This venerable oak is decaying fast, the trunk and several of the branches appearing to be completely rotten, except the bark; tradition speaks of its being in decay for many generations. The intermixture of foliage amongst the dead branches, show how sternly this giant struggles for life, and how reluctantly it surrenders to all conquering time". However, the tree was still flourishing in part as late as 1906: it was photographed in that year, and 'the tree [was] still in good shape, with a lot of strong branches and foliage, although many of the branches are now propped up...the oak still puts forth leaves and periodically sports a few acorns.'
The tree, which was painted by J. M. W. Turner, finally died in 1950 and there is now little or no trace of it.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowthorpe
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Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) is a research centre based at University of Sussex in Falmer, near Brighton, UK. It focuses on long term transformative change, science policy and innovation across different sectors, societies and structures. It was one of the first interdisciplinary research centres in the field of science and technology policy and at the forefront of the development of innovation as an academic discipline. Alongside internationally renowned research, SPRU also offers a range of MSc courses, as well as PhD research degrees.
SPRU's research today addresses pressing global policy agendas, including the future of industrial policy, inclusive economic growth; the politics of scientific expertise, energy policy, security issues, entrepreneurship, and pathways to a more sustainable future. It aims to tackle real-world questions whilst also contributing to theoretical knowledge on innovation. In 2018, SPRU ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the UK for top science and technology think tanks on the Global Go ToThink Tank Index Report which was put together by the University of Pennsylvania.
SPRU has 60 plus faculty members and more than 150 MSc and 50 doctoral students.
Organization
The Science Policy Research Unit is located within the University of Sussex Business School in Brighton, UK. SPRU's current director is Professor Jeremy Hall, formerly director of the Centre for Social Innovation Management at Surrey Business School and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. He took over from Professor Johan Schot in September 2019.
SPRU is also home to a number of specialist research centres including:
Sussex Energy Group (SEG)
Sussex Sustainability Research Programme (SSRP)
The STEPS Centre (Co-hosted with the Institute of Development Studies)
Harvard Sussex Program (a long-standing partnership with Harvard University in the field of biological and chemical weapons)
Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre (in partnership with Nesta)
Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions – Digital Society strand
National Centre for Energy Systems Integration (in partnership with four other research-intensive universities and strategic partner Siemens)
Transformative Innovation Policy Consortium (TIPC)
History
SPRU was founded in 1966 by Professor Christopher Freeman, a pioneer of what is known as innovation studies today. Professor Freeman ‘embraced an ‘economics of hope’ which embodied a positive view of our potential to direct innovation, creativity and new technologies towards more sustainable and inclusive futures’.
Since its foundation SPRU has had (and continues to have) a long list of highly regarded scholars among its faculty including Daniele Archibugi, Giovanni Dosi, Marie Jahoda, Carlota Perez, Keith Pavitt, Mary Kaldor, Richard R. Nelson, Giorgio Sirilli and Luc Soete.
Current faculty members include Benjamin Sovacool, director of the Sussex Energy Group and advisor on energy to the European Commission's Directorate General for Research and Innovation; Andy Stirling, deputy director of the Sustainable Lifestyles Research Group; Caitriona McLeish, co-director of the Harvard Sussex Program on Chemical and Biological Weapons; Gordon MacKerron, former director of SPRU; Maria Savona, editor for Research Policy and the Journal of Evolutionary Economics; Paul Nightingale, director of strategy and operations for the Economic & Social Research Council; Erik Millstone, co-author of The Atlas of Food; and Ben Martin, editor of Research Policy and Associate Fellow of Cambridge's Centre for Science and Policy.
Current research priorities
SPRU research activities are extremely diverse, and are grouped into five main research themes:
1, Science, Politics and Decision Making: Researchers at SPRU apply a deep historical understanding to how the choices made about science and technology shape our societies. They also work on the politics of expertise, and on issues of foresight, research assessment, metrics and impact in today's research environment.
2, Energy: SPRU is part of the Sussex Energy Group, one of the largest independent social science energy policy research groups in the world. Researchers at SPRU seek to understand and encourage transitions to sustainable, low carbon energy systems.
3, Sustainable Development:
4, Economics of Innovation: Researchers at SPRU seek to understand the structure and dynamics of innovating firms and industrial systems and how to manage innovation capabilities in firms, including research and technology change in high-tech industries and managing uncertainty in complex systems.
5, Innovation & Project Management: SPRU's work includes analysis of technology strategy, new technology based firms, complex systems and products, high-growth new ventures, as well as looking at innovation in different business models and sectors, including infrastructure, healthcare, biopharmaceuticals and services.
Studying at SPRU/Teaching
SPRU currently offers six Masters courses, two of which are available for online distance learners. SPRU also offers two PhD degrees, in Science and Technology Policy Studies and Technology and Innovation Management.
Harvard Sussex Program
The Harvard Sussex Program (HSP) is a collaborative effort on chemical biological weapons disarmament between Harvard University and Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU) at the University of Sussex. It was formed by Matthew Meselson and Julian Perry Robinson to provide research, training, seminars, and information work on chemical biological warfare and its disarmament. In 2010, Sussex faculty member Caitriona McLeish was appointed co-director of the HSP.
The program has a large archival collection of CBW related documents at Sussex (SHIB - Sussex Harvard Information Bank).
HSP is an academic Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that has influenced policy creation from within the United States and Great Britain on the formation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and reviews of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).
References
External links
Business schools in England
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Innovation in the United Kingdom
Innovation organizations
Multidisciplinary research institutes
Nanotechnology institutions
Public policy schools
Research and development in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in East Sussex
Science and technology think tanks based in the United Kingdom
Social science research institutes
Systems science institutes
University of Sussex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20Policy%20Research%20Unit
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Dudovica () is a small town in the Lazarevac municipality in the Belgrade District of Serbia. It was seat of a municipality abolished in the 1960s and added to the municipality of Lazarevac.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the village has 701 inhabitants.
Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the village (as of 2002 census):
Serbs: 769 - 98,97%
Yugoslavs: 4 - 0,51%
Montenegrins: 3 - 0,38%
Romanians: 1 - 0,12%
Unknown: 0 - 0,0%
Economy
Dudovica is known as the breeding area of the mangalica pigs.
History
19 people from Dudovica were killed in the Jasenovac Camp in the World War II. All were ethnic Serbs.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Suburbs of Belgrade
Šumadija
Lazarevac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudovica
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Dipeptidase 2 (DPEP2) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DPEP2 gene.
DPEP2 belongs to the membrane-bound dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) family. These enzymes hydrolyze a variety of dipeptides, including leukotriene D4, the beta-lactam ring of some antibiotics, and cystinyl-bis-glycine (cys-bis-gly) formed during glutathione degradation.
References
EC 3.4.13
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidase%202
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Geomyces is a genus of filamentous fungi in the family Myxotrichaceae. Members of the genus are widespread in distribution, especially in northern temperate regions. Known to be psychrotolerant and associated with Arctic permafrost soils, they are equally prevalent in the air of domestic dwellings, and children's sandpits. Species of Geomyces have previously been placed in the genus Chrysosporium.
Description
This genus is characterized by short but distinct branched conidiophores that have chains of spores formed directly from the cells of the branches. Sometimes only the tips of the branches become spores. The spores (conidia) are 1-celled, and either white or yellow. The teleomorph of species in this genus, if they exist, are in Pseudogymnoascus or Gymnostellatospora.
Geomyces species are known to form ericoid mycorrhizae with the roots of alpine Ericales and other perennial hosts, helping these plants adapt to low-nutrient environments.
The Geomyces are keratinophilic fungi, able to degrade hairs and nails. They have been investigated for possible use in the biodecomposition of waste poultry feathers.
Adaptive capabilities
Research has shown that laboratory cultures of G. pannorum isolated from various environments may have extreme differences in morphology and physiology. In fact, the limits of cold adaptation in a particular isolate can vary depending on the source of isolation, even though the isolates are genetically identical.
Studies suggest that one biochemical mechanism of low-temperature tolerance is achieved by altering the composition and total content of fatty-acids in their membrane, a phenomenon called homeoviscous adaptation.
White-nose syndrome
A 2008 study of white-nose syndrome, a fungal infection causing high mortality rates in bats, determined that the fungus found on the muzzles, wings, and ears of infected bats is a member of the genus Geomyces. Later, the conidial morphology of this isolate was shown to be morphologically distinct from the conidia of other characterized members of the genus, despite the phylogenetic similarity. Finally, in spring 2009 the source of the infection was identified as a new species, Geomyces destructans. It is known however that Geomyces species are found in caves and bat hibernacula, and have been isolated from the cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus.
Biocorrosion
Using phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences, Geomyces species have been implicated in the biodeterioration of antique and optical glass. Feeding off organic residues ubiquitously present on historical glass, such as dust or dead fungal and bacterial material, fungal colonization by Geomyces may ultimately lead to etching, pit corrosion, or the formation of cracks or patinas due to secretion of acidic metabolic byproducts, or penetration of fungal mycelia into the paint layer.
Bioactive compounds
A number of asterric acid derivatives, some with antibacterial or antifungal activity, have been isolated from an unidentified Geomyces isolate found in a soil sample from King George Island, Antarctica: ethyl asterrate, n-butyl asterrate, and geomycins A-C.
Species
Geomyces asperulatus Sigler & J.W. Carmich. (1976)
Geomyces auratus Traaen (1914)
Geomyces cretaceus Traaen (1914)
Geomyces destructans Gargas et al. (2009)
Geomyces laevis Zhong Q. Li & C.Q. Cui (1989)
Geomyces pannorum (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. (1976)
This species is ubiquitous in soil, from temperate to Antarctic regions, and is the predominant micro-organism associated with the degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane in landfills. The variant G. pannorum var. pannorum is occasionally reported as an etiological agent of superficial infection of skin and nails in humans.
Geomyces pulvereus A.D. Hocking & Pitt (1988)
Geomyces sulphureus Traaen
Geomyces vinaceus Dal Vesco (1957)
Named for the purplish-red or vinaceous colony color. The teleomorph form is Pseudogymnoascus roseus.
References
Eurotiomycetes genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomyces
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Dipeptidase 3 (DPEP3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DPEP3 gene.
This gene encodes a membrane-bound glycoprotein from the family of dipeptidases (EC 3.4.13.19) involved in hydrolytic metabolism of various dipeptides, including penem and carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics. This gene is located on chromosome 16 in a cluster with another member of this family, DPEP2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been found for this gene.
References
Further reading
EC 3.4.13
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidase%203
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ESSE is a United Kingdom brand of heating appliances, notable for having been, in the early 19th century, the first to bring the North American type of enclosed heating stoves to Europe.
History
In the 1830s, as a teenager, James Smith left Scotland for the United States and established a business selling the new American type of enclosed cooking ranges and stoves in Jackson, Mississippi.
Realizing these innovative products offered significant advantages in efficiency and cleanliness over the open fires commonly used in Europe, he returned to his native land, and arranged for the manufacture of his own versions, initially at the Bonnybridge foundry of George Ure.
In 1854 Ure, Smith and a third partner, Stephen Wellstood, formed 'Smith & Wellstood' as a new company and named a branch in honour of the land found by Columbus: 'The Columbian Stove Works'. The 'Esse' brand name was chosen simply because it was thought to sound French, and being derived from the Latin, to be thoroughly European.
The business prospered throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, so that the company were able to claim that every single Royal household in Europe owned an Esse, and included Auguste Escoffier, Mrs Beeton, Florence Nightingale and Ernest Shackleton among their famous clients.
Today, Esse Range Cookers, Cook Stoves and Stoves are made in Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England.
Bibliography
The History of Smith & Wellstood, by Alastair Borthwick, ASIN: B0007K0DUK
External links
Wood Burning Stoves
Residential heating appliances
Companies based in Lancashire
Barnoldswick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esse%20stoves
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National Radiologic Technology Week® (NRTW®) is an annual event established by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists to celebrate the important role medical imaging and radiation therapy professionals play in patient care and health care safety. The weeklong celebration highlights the radiologic technology profession and raises public awareness about radiologic technologists.
The first National Radiologic Technology Week® was held July 22–29, 1979. The annual celebration was later changed to November to commemorate the anniversary of the x-ray’s discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen on Nov. 8, 1895. It is celebrated on the week of November 8.
References
“Celebrate National Radiologic Technology Week®” asrt.org, 2013.
http://www.asrt.org/events-and-conferences/national-radiologic-technology-week/ways-to-celebrate-nrtw
“National Radiologic Technology Week®” asrt.org, 2013.
http://www.asrt.org/events-and-conferences/national-radiologic-technology-week
November observances
Awareness weeks in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Radiologic%20Technology%20Week
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Spartan Health Sciences University is a private, for-profit medical school located in Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, in the Caribbean. Spartan confers upon its graduates the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Spartan graduates can practice medicine in 46 US states.
History
Spartan was established in Saint Lucia on January 7, 1980, as St. Lucia Health Sciences University. The first campus was located in Castries, the capital city. In November 1983, the school was renamed Spartan Health Sciences University and relocated to Vieux Fort.
In 1989, Spartan University started to participate in the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program under Title IV. They continued their participation Almost two thirds of their student body received these loans.
In 1997, it was listed from the World Directory of Medical Schools after the St. Lucia government awkwardly knowledge of the existence of the school. Relationships between the government and the school have since improved, and today some of their graduates intern in the St. Lucia Ministry of Health.
The school started a nursing program in 2012, which by 2017 had graduated two classes of St. Lucian nurses.
Curriculum
The MD program at Spartan is a 14-trimester course of study that consists of three trimester per calendar year. trimesters 1-5 are completed at the Saint Lucia campus; semesters 6-10 consist of 80 weeks of clinical study that are completed at teaching hospitals approved by the university.
Spartan also has a school of nursing. The nursing program was chartered by The Government of St Lucia and is licensed the University. It is also accredited by the Monitoring Committee appointed by the Government of St. Lucia to ensure that standards are comparable to those set by the Liaison Committee of Medical Education as required by the Department of Education in the United States. A school of veterinary medicine was opened on January 14, 2015, and was developed in collaboration with Techmedics Inc.
Accreditation
Spartan Health Sciences University is chartered and licensed in Saint Lucia. The university was listed in the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory (IMED) and in the Avicenna Directory for medicine (both now continued) The school is listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools In 2013, Spartan was granted provisional accreditation by the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions (CAAMP-HP). The program was placed on probation from 2019-2022 by CAAMP-HP., as they were "unable to grant
a further extension of provisional accreditation, having exhausted the maximum period allowed for this category of accreditation".
Licensure outside the United States
In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council has listed Spartan as an institution whose graduates (who started their course of study on or before December 31, 2008) are ineligible for licensure.
See also
Medical school
International medical graduate
List of medical schools in the Caribbean
References
External links
Universities and colleges in Saint Lucia
Medical schools in the Caribbean
Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia
Universities and colleges established in 1980
1980 establishments in Saint Lucia
For-profit schools in North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan%20Health%20Sciences%20University
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Philip of Spain is the name of several Spanish monarchs:
Philip I of Castile or Philip I of Spain (1478–1506)
Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)
Philip III of Spain (1578–1621)
Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665)
Philip V of Spain (1683–1746)
Philip of Spain (1712–1719)
Philip VI of Spain (born 1968), known as Felipe VI of Spain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20of%20Spain
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Luis Armando Checa Villamar (born December 21, 1983) is an Ecuadorian retired footballer who last time played with CD Clan Juvenil.
Club career
Luis started out at Deportivo Quito where he had a first good season. He had 27 appearances to start out with and attracted last season's champions El Nacional.
In 2007, Luis was awarded a move to Nacional by his impressive defending performances. However, he only had two appearances and former Nacional coach, Ever Hugo Almeida, was not interested in keeping him with the Quito giants. He finished the year playing on loan for Aucas. In 2008, he went back to Deportivo Quito and is still there currently. In December 2008, he helped Deportivo Quito win their third title in history.
Copa Sudamericana 2008
Luis helped Dep. Quito qualify for the Copa Sudamericana 2008. He made four appearances and was an important player for Sevilla's team. His team went on to eliminate Universitario de Deportes of Peru in a 2-1 aggregate win. Deportivo Quito then had to play Mexico's San Luis. Unfortunately, Deportivo Quito was eliminated from the tournament in a 5-4 aggregate loss. He scored one of the goals for Deportivo Quito.
International career
Luis has been called up to a friendly against Mexico on November 12, 2008. He is expected to be in the starting line-up for Ecuador. He was recently called up to play a quadrangular friendly tournament in Oman.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Quito
Men's association football central defenders
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
2011 Copa América players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
C.D. El Nacional footballers
S.D. Quito footballers
S.D. Aucas footballers
Barcelona S.C. footballers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Checa
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The U-5 class was a class of three submarines or U-boats that were operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine) before and during World War I. The class was a part of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's efforts to competitively evaluate three foreign submarine designs.
The design of the boats was based upon John Philip Holland's submarine design and featured a single, teardrop hull, which resembled the design of modern nuclear submarines. The class members were just over long and displaced surfaced and submerged. All were originally equipped with two bow torpedo tubes and could carry four torpedoes. The first two boats, U-5 and U-6, built specifically for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, to the same design as the United States C-class submarine were partially constructed in the United States and completed at Whitehead & Co. at Fiume. The third was completely constructed by Whitehead's at Fiume and purchased by Austria-Hungary to bolster their U-boat fleet after the outbreak of World War I.
All three boats had successes during World War I; between them they sank five ships with a combined tonnage of 22,391. In addition they captured seven ships as prizes and damaged , a French dreadnought of 22,189 tons displacement. All three boats were sunk during the war, though U-5, the lead boat of the class, was raised and recommissioned after her sinking. After the war's end, U-5, the only survivor of the class, was ceded to Italy as a war reparation and was broken up in 1920.
Design and construction
In 1904, after allowing the navies of other countries to pioneer submarine developments, the Austro-Hungarian Navy ordered the Austrian Naval Technical Committee (MTK) to produce a submarine design. The January 1905 design developed by the MTK and other designs submitted by the public as part of a design competition were all rejected by the Navy as impracticable. They instead opted to order two submarines each of designs by Simon Lake, Germaniawerft, and John Philip Holland for a competitive evaluation. The two Holland submarines comprised the U-5 class. The Navy authorized two boats, U-5 and U-6, from Whitehead & Co. of Fiume in 1906.
The U-5 class was built to the same design as the C class for the US Navy and was built by Robert Whitehead's firm of Whitehead & Co. under license from Holland and his company, Electric Boat. Components for the first two Austrian boats were manufactured by the Electric Boat Company and assembled at Fiume, while the third boat was a speculative private venture by Whitehead that failed to find a buyer and was purchased by Austria-Hungary upon the outbreak of World War I.
The U-5-class boats had a single-hulled design with a teardrop-shape that bore a strong resemblance to modern nuclear submarines. The boats were just over long and displaced surfaced, and submerged. The torpedo tubes featured unique, cloverleaf-shaped design hatches that rotated on a central axis. The ships were powered by twin 6-cylinder gasoline engines while surfaced, but suffered from inadequate ventilation which resulted in frequent intoxication of the crew. While submerged, they were propelled by twin electric motors.
The first two boats, U-5 and U-6, were ordered by the Austro-Hungarian Navy for evaluation and were partially assembled in the United States, shipped to Fiume, and riveted together by Whitehead & Co., which, author Edwin Sieche reports, "caused a lot of trouble". U-5 was launched in February 1909 and was followed in June by the launch of U-6. Both boats were commissioned by April 1910.
The third boat, originally named SS-3, was built on speculation entirely at Whitehead's in Fiume. The boat's design featured improvements in the electrical and mechanical systems. Gibson and Prendergast report that, when built, SS-3 was powered by electric motors for both surface and submerged running. When the surface performance of the electric motors proved disappointing in trials, SS-3s power-plant was rebuilt to match the gasoline/electric combination used in U-5 and U-6. SS-3 was launched in March 1911 and was offered to the Austro-Hungarian Navy, but because the evaluation of the first two U-5-class boats was still underway, they declined to purchase.
As built, the U-5-class boats were armed with two bow torpedo tubes and could carry a supply of four torpedoes. By 1915, all had received a 3.7 cm/23 (1.5 in) deck gun.
Service career
U-5 and U-6 were both commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy by April 1910, and served as training boats through 1914, making as many as ten training cruises per month. During their early years, each boat was demonstrated to a foreign naval delegation; U-5 to a Peruvian detachment in 1911, U-6 to a Norwegian group in 1910. At the beginning of World War I in August 1914, U-5 and U-6 comprised half of the operational U-boat fleet of the Austro-Hungarian Navy.
In the three years after SS-3s March 1911 launch, Whitehead's attempted to sell the boat to the navies of Peru, Portugal, the Netherlands, Brazil, and Bulgaria, before the Austro-Hungarian Navy rejected an offer for the second time. With the outbreak of war, however, the Austro-Hungarian Navy purchased the unsold submarine to quickly bolster its fleet. Although provisionally commissioned as U-7, she was commissioned as U-12 in August 1914.
By late December 1914, all three of the U-5-class boats were based at the naval base at Cattaro and all took part in combat patrols. Between the three boats, they sank five ships with a combined tonnage of 22,391, captured seven ships, and damaged one dreadnought. U-6 was the least successful, sinking a single ship of 756 tons; U-5 was the most successful, sinking three ships with of a combined tonnage of 20,570, including the French armoured cruiser . U-12 damaged, but did not sink, the largest ship torpedoed by any of the U-5 class when she hit the French battleship on 21 December 1914.
Of the three boats of the class, only U-5 survived the war intact. U-12 was sunk with the loss of all hands when she hit a mine near Venice in August 1915, while U-6 was scuttled by her crew in May 1916 after becoming trapped in an anti-submarine net that was a part of the Otranto Barrage. U-5 herself sank after hitting an Austro-Hungarian mine during a training exercise, but was raised, repaired and recommissioned before the war's end. U-5 was ceded to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.
Class members
SM U-5
SM U-5 was laid down in April 1907 and launched in February 1909. She was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy in April 1910, and served as a training boat—sometimes making as many as ten cruises a month—through the beginning of the First World War in 1914. The submarine scored most of her wartime successes during the first year of the war while under the command of Georg Ritter von Trapp. The French armoured cruiser , sunk in April 1915, was the largest ship sunk by U-5. In May 1917, U-5 hit a mine and sank with the loss of six men. She was raised, rebuilt, and recommissioned, but sank no more ships. At the end of the war, U-5 was ceded to Italy as a war reparation, and scrapped in 1920. In all, U-5 sank three ships totaling 20,570 combined tonnage.
SM U-6
SM U-6 was laid down in February 1908 and launched the following June. She served as a training boat after her July 1910 commissioning into the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She served in that capacity through the beginning of World War I in 1914, making as many as ten training cruises a month. U-6 scored only one wartime success, sinking a French destroyer in March 1916. In May that same year, she became entangled in anti-submarine netting deployed as part of the Otranto Barrage. Coming under fire from drifters running the nets, U-6 was abandoned and sunk. All of her crewmen were rescued and were held in captivity through the end of the war.
SM U-12
SM U-12 was built on speculation by Whitehead & Co. of Fiume under the name SS-3. She was laid down in 1909 and launched in March 1911 and featured improvements in the electrical and mechanical systems from the Holland design of her older sister boats, U-5 and U-6. Whitehead's tried selling SS-3 to several different navies, but she was finally bought by the Austro-Hungarian Navy after the outbreak of World War I, despite having been rejected twice before. She was commissioned as U-12 in August 1914. She sank only one ship during the war, a Greek cargo ship in May 1915, but had earlier captured six Montenegrin sailing vessels as prizes in March. U-12 also damaged, but did not sink, the French battleship in December 1914. While searching for targets in the vicinity of Venice in August 1915, U-12 struck a mine that blew her stern off, and sank with all hands, becoming the first Austro-Hungarian submarine sunk in the war. Her wreck was salvaged the next year by the Italians, who interred the bodies of U-12s crewmen in a Venetian cemetery.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Submarine classes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-5-class%20submarine%20%28Austria-Hungary%29
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Public water supply and sanitation in England and Wales has been characterised by universal access and generally good service quality. In both England and Wales, water companies became privatised in 1989, although Dwr Cymru operates as a not-for-profit organisation. Whilst independent assessments place the cost of water provision in Wales and England as higher than most major countries in the EU between 1989 and 2005, the government body responsible for water regulation, together with the water companies, have claimed improvements in service quality during that period.
The economic regulator of water companies in England and Wales is the Water Services Regulation Authority, Ofwat. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) provides independent reassurance to consumers that water supplies in England and Wales are safe and that drinking water is of acceptable quality.
Since Welsh devolution began, further powers over water have been devolved to the Senedd. The Government of Wales Act 2006 (GoWA) devolved multiple water policy powers including water supply, management of water resources including reservoirs, water quality, consumer representation, management of flood risk and coastal protection. The GoWA 2006 was changed by the Wales Act 2017 which includes devolution of water and sewerage powers, and in 2013 Natural Resources Wales became independently responsible for managing water resources in Wales. In 2018, secretary of state for Wales' intervention powers over cross-border water matters were repealed and replaced by the water protocol.
History of joint England and Wales operations (up to 2013)
Local government service provision (before 1973)
Before 1973 water and sanitation services were provided by water undertakings and sewerage and sewage disposal authorities respectively. Until the 1950s there existed over a thousand water undertakings, with administrative boundaries similar to those of local government boundaries. By the early 1970s their number had been reduced to 198 by a gradual consolidation process aimed at achieving economies of scale. Out of the 198 water undertakings 64 were run by individual local government authorities, 101 by joint boards comprising several local government authorities, and 33 were statutory privately owned water companies, some of which date back to the Victorian era. At the same time there were over 1,300 sewerage and sewage disposal authorities, most of them run by individual local government authorities. The sector thus was highly fragmented.
Water resources management was entrusted to 29 river authorities created in 1965. Their responsibilities included water conservation, land drainage, fisheries, control of river pollution and, in some cases, navigation.
Public regional companies (1973–1989)
Through the Water Act 1973 the government established ten regional water authorities in order to achieve even greater economies of scale, especially in sanitation, compared to the prior gradual consolidation of water undertakings. The reform was also aimed at putting in practice the principle of integrated river basin management, especially concerning the planning of investments in wastewater treatment. Given the small size of many river basins in England and Wales, in practice the area covered by each of the regional water authorities typically contained more than one river basin.
The regional water authorities were not only in charge of water supply and sanitation, but also of water resources management, thus opening the possibility of conflicts of interest since the same institution was in charge of abstracting water and discharging wastewater on the one hand, and controlling these same abstractions and discharges on the other hand. The Water Act left open the possibility to contract out water supply and sanitation services to local authorities. However, in practice this did not happen, and substantial assets were transferred from local governments to the new water authorities. Since the transfer was internal to the public sector, no compensation was paid to local authorities. Local authorities also initially held a majority of the board seats of the new organisations. The private statutory water companies, which provided water to 25% of the population, escaped reorganisation and were left to operate as before.
With the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979 the water and sanitation sector initially remained public, but the government attempted to make the enterprises operate more along commercial lines. As a result, the number of employees in the sector declined from 61,000 in 1976 to 52,000 in 1985, real operating costs declined, tariffs were increased above the inflation rate and the share of self-financing of investments increased. However, government regulators also cut back on investments. While the industry became profitable, the rate of return on assets based on replacement cost values remained low at less than 2%. As part of the attempt to commercialise the service providers, the Water Act 1983 reduced the number of board members of the water authorities. However, it also eliminated the local government representation on the Boards and made all Board members appointed by Ministers, thus further centralising the sector.
Privatisation (1989)
In 1989 the government privatised the ten public regional water authorities through divestiture (sale of assets). The authorities' functions related to water resources management were separated and retained by the public sector. At the same time the regulatory agency OFWAT was created, following the model of infrastructure regulatory agency set up in other sectors such as telecommunications and energy.
Water Industry Act 1999
The Water Industry Act 1999 made several important clarifications and amendments to legislation regarding the power and responsibilities of the privatised water and sewerage companies. These include:
Removing the right of a water company to disconnect customers on the basis of outstanding unpaid bills.
Clarifying that water companies can continue to charge customers using rateable value where no water meter has been installed at a property.
Allowing consumers to request a water meter, and obliging the local water company to install a meter unless the installation is not reasonably practical or would incur an unreasonable expense.
Operations
Water resources and uses
The amount of water available in England and Wales to meet the needs of people and to sustain the water environment varies greatly between different places and seasons, and from one year to another. Parts of Wales and the English Lake District are well endowed with water, while water is scarce in parts of Eastern and Southeastern England. Parts of England were affected by severe drought in 1976, 1995 and 2005-2007.
Household water use in England and Wales stood at about 145 litres/capita/day in 2008/09. Total water supply for domestic and commercial customers in England and Wales was 14.5 million cubic metres per day in 2009.
Quality of service
In 2008, the quality of water and sanitation services in England and Wales was regularly and comprehensively monitored by the economic regulator, OFWAT. OFWAT statistics show that service quality has improved since the early 1990s, i.e. shortly after services were privatised. For example, the number of unplanned interruptions, properties at risk of low pressure, the share of complaints that were not answered within five days and combined sewer overflows have all declined, while sewage treatment works compliance has increased and river water quality has improved.
Drinking water quality is also universally high, although isolated incidents where quality falls have occurred. For example, in June 2008 about 250,000 people in Northamptonshire were being told to boil tap water for drinking after routine tests by Anglian Water found cryptosporidium
Infrastructure
In 2008, physical assets of private water and sanitation companies in England and Wales include 1,000 reservoirs, over 2,500 water treatment works and 9,000 sewage treatment works. More than 700,000 kilometres of mains and sewers are buried beneath the ground – that’s enough to stretch to the moon and back, or a distance 200 times greater than the UK’s entire motorway network.
Financial aspects
Tariff level. Water and sanitation tariffs in England and Wales increased by 44% in real terms between 1989 and 2008–09 and are among the highest in the world. The average household water and sewage bill in England and Wales was £330 in 2008-09. According to a 2006 survey by NUS Consulting Group, the average water tariff (price) without sewerage in the U.K. for large consumers was the equivalent of US$1.90 per cubic metre, the third-highest tariff among the 14 mostly OECD countries covered by the report. A study commissioned by the German industry association BGW in 2006 compared the average household water and sanitation bill (as opposed to the tariff per cubic metre that the NUS study used as a comparator) in four EU countries. This study showed that water bills in England and Wales were the highest among the four countries. Average water bills (excluding sanitation) were 295 euro per year in England and Wales, higher than in Germany, France (85 euro) or Italy (59 euro). From April 2023, household bills in England and Wales were to rise to an average of £448 a year, the largest increase in almost 20 years.
Comparison of annual water and sanitation bills in four EU countries, 2006:
Source: Metropolitan Consulting Group: VEWA - Vergleich europaeischer Wasser- und Abwasserpreise, 2006, p. 7 of the executive summary
Taking into account differences in subsidies and service quality, the cost of supplying water at an equalised service level would be 84 euros in Germany, 106 euro in both France and England/Wales, and 74 euro in Italy. Concerning sanitation, unequalised tariffs are the highest in Germany at 111 euro per year, 93 euro in England and Wales, €90 in France and only €40 in Italy. Equalised costs net of subsidies are, however, highest in England and Wales with €138, followed by France (€122), Germany (119 euro) and Italy (85 euro).
Tariff structure and cross subsidies. Metered connections are charged at a volumetric rate, while unmetered connections are charged at a flat rate based on the rateable value of the property. The rateable value system was intended as a cross subsidy from wealthier to poorer households. However, since rateable values are often outdated, the subsidy is poorly targeted. Since more and more highly rated households opt for metering, flat rates for the remaining unmetered customers are being increased to compensate for the lost revenue. As a result, the already imperfect cross-subsidy system is unwinding. An Independent Report on Charging for Household Water and Sewerage Services published in 2009 by Anna Walker recommended a package of help to ensure that "the transition to metering is not to cause real problems of affordability to those on low incomes".
Tariff review procedures. Water and sanitation tariffs are regulated by OFWAT, which sets caps for tariff changes over five-year asset management plan periods. In the 2000–2005 review period OFWAT mandated an average annual reduction of tariffs of 1.6%. However, in the 2006–2010 review period it has allowed an average annual increase of 4.2%.
Affordability. As a proportion of income, in England and Wales the cost of water and sewerage together works out at less than 1.5% of weekly earnings. More details on tariffs in England and Wales are provided in OFWAT's annual reports on water and sewerage charges.
Investment and financing
Average annual investments in water and sewerage in England and Wales were £3.3 billion in 2000–2005 and £3.6bn in 2005–2010, according to OFWAT, which corresponds to £61 per capita per year. According to the industry association Water UK, between 1980 and 2010 the water and wastewater industry in England and Wales will have invested over £88bn.
Investments are financed primarily through self-financing and borrowing in the capital market. In March 2006 overall borrowing stood at £23.5bn for England and Wales. Net returns on this borrowing in 2006 were 6.6%.
Efficiency (water losses)
According to OFWAT leakage in England and Wales has declined significantly from 228 litres/property/day in 1994-95 to 141 L/p/d in 2006–07, enough to supply the needs of 10 million people. According to the Environment Agency, many companies in the UK have reduced their water loss to the economic level of leakage. This is the level at which, in the long-term, the marginal cost of leakage control is equal to the marginal benefit of the water saved. The rate of reduction in leakage has slowed for many companies because the most obvious causes of leakage have been detected and addressed, leaving only less apparent leakage problems. Models have been developed and fine-tuned to assess the economic level of leakage. A summary of the debate on these models can be found in a recent report by OFWAT.
According to a 2006 comparative study commissioned by the German water industry association BGW average water losses in the distribution network in England and Wales have been estimated at 19 per cent. They are lower than in France (26 per cent) or Italy (29 per cent), but higher than in Germany, where they are apparently only 7 per cent. The study states that its methodology allows for an accurate comparison, including water used to flush pipes and for firefighting. This is consistent with the International Water Association's definition of non-revenue water, which includes authorised non-metered consumption such as for flushing and firefighting.
Metering
A particularity of water tariffs in England and Wales is the low share of metering. Most users are not billed on a volumetric basis and have no financial incentive for water conservation. Since the 1990s efforts have been made to increase the share of household metering, which reached 33% in 2008 for the UK. The Environment Agency would like to see 75% of households metered by 2025. Studies show that water meters lead to a 5-15% reduction in household water use.
In 2006 the Environment Agency announced it favours compulsory metering in water-scarce southern England. The measure is controversial. Consumer groups fear it will penalise poorer families with many children, and the disabled, who use more water. In March 2006 the company Folkestone & Dover Water Services was granted the power to install compulsory water meters in a landmark ministerial ruling under which it was given 'water scarcity status' by Environment Minister Elliot Morley. In a written ministerial statement, Mr Morley said: 'In many parts of the country, water is a precious resource which we can no longer simply take for granted.'
Operational criticisms
A 2001 study by the Public Services International Research Unit, which is affiliated with trade unions and opposes privatisation, stated that
tariffs increased by 46% in real terms during 1990-2000
operating profits have more than doubled (+142%) in eight years, between 1991-2000
investments were reduced and
public health was jeopardised through cut-offs for non-payment.
England (2013-)
Retail market for businesses
Since 1 April 2017, most businesses and organisations in England have been able to choose which company supplies their retail water services. Deregulation was designed to deliver lower bills, increase water usage efficiency and improve customer satisfaction. , the deregulated non-household market includes 1.2 million businesses, charities and other organisations.
Foreign ownership in England
A 2022 study, found that over 70% of the English water industry is in foreign hands (foreign ownership).
Responsibility
Within the government the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has the responsibility for policy in the water and sanitation sector in England only. The Environment Agency is responsible for water quality and resource in England. The economic regulator of water companies in England and Wales is the Water Services Regulation Authority, OFWAT and The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) provides independent reassurance to consumers that supplies are safe and of drinking water quality.
Reports
The Environment agency also makes "Water situation reports for England" which include monthly water situation reports and weekly rainfall and river flow reports.
Demand
The Committee on Climate Change has predicted that demand for water in England will be greater than the available supply by between 1.1 and 3.1 billion litres per day by the 2050s.
Leakage
3 billion litres (20% of total supply) is lost daily via pipe leakages and the Department has been criticised for not emphasising water reduction targets and promoting to the public the importance of reducing water use. England’s largest water and sewerage service provider is Thames Water. Thames Water supplies drinking water to 9 million customers in London and the Thames Valley, and loses 600m litres of water per day.
Infrastructure
No substantial reservoir has been built in England since the Kielder Water dam was built in 1981, despite the increase in demand.
Private water companies
Water was privatised in England by the Conservative government in 1989. Since then, one analysis concluded that the CEOs of England’s water companies earned a total of £34m over the past two years 9source published in 2022.
Legislation
Private Water Supplies (England) Regulations 2016 legislates on all private water supplies and private distribution systems in England.
The act aims to protect public health in England by:
outlining the drinking water standards
legislating a duty for compliance with the standards
categorising and outlining the requirements of private water supplies
Wales (2013-)
Natural Resources Wales
On 01 April 2013, Natural Resources Wales took over the responsibilities of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and the Forestry Commission Wales. Since 2013, Natural Resources Wales states that it has established a standalone capability and has developed its own systems that are appropriate for Wales. Natural Resources Wales is now responsible for managing water resources in Wales and is the regulatory body for this purpose.
Water quality, water resources and river management are the responsibility of Natural Resources Wales. Issues relating to the water industry in general are devolved to the Senedd. This is however subject to the reservations in Schedule 7A to the Government of Wales Act 2006 (GoWA 2006).
Welsh Government
The Welsh Government is responsible for the strategic policy for water in Wales. This includes water companies entirely or mostly in Wales which are Dŵr Cymru and Hafren Dyfrdwy, Ofwat, Natural Resources Wales, the Drinking Water Inspectorate and local authorities.
The Welsh Ministers have functions in relation to any undertaker whose area is wholly or mainly in Wales."
The Welsh government has decided not to pursue deregulation of the water industry, except for large industrial users that consume over 50 million litres of water annually.
Devolution
The Government of Wales Act 2006 (GoWA 2006) devolved multiple water policy powers to the then Welsh Assembly. These powers included water supply, management of water resources including reservoirs, water quality, consumer representation, management of flood risk and coastal protection.
The GoWA 2006 was changed by the Wales Act 2017 which includes devolution of water and sewerage powers as recommended by the Silk Commission.
The secretary of state for Wales' intervention powers over cross-border water matters were repealed and replaced by the water protocol in 2018.
Supply
Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water is the water and sewerage company that supplies most of Wales and also supplies some bordering areas of England. Dŵr Cymru supplies over three million people. Since 2001, Dŵr Cymru has been owned by Glas Cymru, which is a one purpose company that manages and finances Dŵr Cymru as a "company limited by guarantee". It does not have any shareholders, and financial surpluses are reinvested into the company.
The areas of Wales that were previously served by Severn Trent and Dee Valley companies in north east Wales were merged after Dee Valley Water was bought by Severn Trent for £84 million in 2017. Hafren Dyfrdwy (owned by Severn Trent) replaced these areas in 2018 and is aligned with the Welsh national border, serving 115,000 people in Wales.
Supply to England
In total, up to 243 billion litres of water can be exported from Wales to England annually. Water from Elan Valley is exported to Birmingham, whilst water from Lake Vyrnwy is exported to Cheshire and Liverpool. Welsh Water is licensed to give 133 billion litres annually from Elan Valley reservoirs to Severn Trent customers. United Utilities is able to take up to 252 million litres daily from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys (owned by Severn Trent) and 50 million litres daily from the River Dee.
In 2022, John Armitt said that English water companies did not want to build new reservoirs which can be unpopular with communities. He added that Severn Trent (Hafren Dyfrdwy) and Thames Water were discussing exporting water from Wales to southern England, including water from Lake Vyurnwy exported via pipes or canal to the Thames basin.
In February 2023, Powys County Council announced plans to tax water exports to England. In 2023, Powys council said it had written to the Welsh Government and UK government about permission to raise tax on water exports to England. Jane Dodds, leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats, stated that she was "totally behind" the council's proposal plans, adding that they are a "step in the right direction".
In March 2023, United Utilities, Severn Trent Water and Thames Water were reportedly planning new pipeline for export of up to 155million litres of water per day from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys to south east England.
Value
In 2022, Professor Roger Falconer from Cardiff University said that England should "pay for the water", with the revenue being invested back into local communities in Wales. He added, "We would supply directly under drought conditions to the south east of England and I would see this as the oil of Wales for the future in terms of revenue."
Former lecturer at Swansea University, John Ball has suggested that Welsh water exports to England is worth around £2bn annually. It has also been estimated that a low extraction fee of 0.1p per litre could generate £400 million for Wales.
State of Water (2022)
All designated bathing waters in Wales except one met the Bathing Waters Directive standards in 2016
63% of freshwater water bodies did not reach the good or better overall status in 2015 (defined by the Water Framework Directive)
Pollutants from metal mines have an impact on 700 kilometres of rivers in Wales with nine of the ten worst polluted catchments in the UK
Water industry ownership
The Welsh government has decided not to pursue deregulation of the water industry, except for large industrial users that consume over 50 million litres of water annually.
See also
EU water policy
Northern Ireland Water
United Kingdom water companies
Water Framework Directive
Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
References
See also
United Kingdom water companies
External links
Water UK
OFWAT, the economic regulator for the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales
Environment Agency 's water quality website
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture project
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20supply%20and%20sanitation%20in%20England%20and%20Wales
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Wishram Village, referred to as nixlúidix by its residents, was a summer and winter village on the Columbia River, Washington, United States occupied by Upper Chinook people. It is considered the largest prehistoric Chinook village site. The site is now part of Columbia Hills State Park.
History
Located near Five Mile Rapids, the village was located at the far eastern reach of Chinookan lands. Archaeologists believe the site was occupied for about 10,000 years. The village was a common trading site for Indians in the surrounding areas, acting as a link between tribes from the Pacific Coast, and the interior Northwest. The site was visited by nearby Yakamas, as well as those from as far away as the Nez Perce, who would come to trade fish, berries, skins, buffalo, amongst many other items.
The village was visited during the westward journey by Lewis and Clark, and again on their eastward return journey, though by the time of the second visit, the village was at a site about downstream from the site visited the previous fall. Lewis and Clark estimated that there were about 600 people living at the site during the first visit (October 1805), and around 1,000 during the second visit (April 1806). Clark noted in his journals that there were about 20 wooden houses at the site, near a man-made earthen mound called Wakemup (or Wakamup) Mound.
By the time of the July 1841 visit by the United States Exploring Expedition, United States Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes described the village as having forty lodges, and 400 inhabitants.
In 1854, the village was struck by an epidemic of smallpox, which killed 257 residents. Survivors of the epidemic blamed a "medicine-man" for failure to cure the disease, and killed him by putting him on a horse with a noose around his neck.
Around 1860, residents of Wishram began moving to the Yakama Indian Reservation, under treaties signed in 1855, but Indians continued to be allowed to use the site for fishing. Until 1957, the village located at the site was referred to as Spearfish, which was flooded by the creation of The Dalles Dam.
Wakemap Mound
Wakemap Mound is a mound at the site that measures roughly long, by wide, and deep. The site is now surrounded by water caused by the construction of The Dalles Dam.
References
Sources
Boyd, Robert (1996). People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission, University of Nebraska Press.
Oregon Archaeological Society (1959). Wakemap Mound, Binford and Mort.
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John Arthur. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, University of Oklahoma Press.
Samson, Karl (2008). Frommer's Washington State, Frommer's.
Spranger, Michael S. (1996). Columbia Gorge: A Unique American Treasure, DIANE Publishing.
External links
Populated places in Klickitat County, Washington
Native American history of Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Klickitat County, Washington
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
State parks of Washington (state)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishram%20village
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Rhadamantus-Klänge (Echoes of Rhadamantus), Op. 94, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. It was written for the 1851 Vienna Carnival. The title of the work was named after Rhadamanthus, one of the judges of the underworld in Greek mythology. Eduard Strauss, the composer's youngest brother, included the waltz's opening number in his potpourri Bluthenkranz Johann Strauss'scher Walzer (Garland of Strauss Waltzes), opus 292.
References
Waltzes by Johann Strauss II
1851 compositions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadamantus-Kl%C3%A4nge
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The Doll in the Garden: A Ghost Story is a children's novel by Mary Downing Hahn. It was first published in 1989.
Summary
Still angry over the recent death of her father, ten-year-old Ashley moves with her widowed mother into the upper floor of a boarding house owned by mean-spirited Ms. Cooper, who dislikes children. In spite of Ms. Cooper's warnings to stay out of the house's overgrown and neglected garden, Ashley goes exploring and meets a younger neighbor, Kristi. Kristi tells her the neighborhood kids believe the garden is haunted by a ghostly cat, and that they hear mysterious crying coming from the hedges. Later that night, Ashley also hears crying in the garden.
Ashley convinces Kristi to help her clean up the garden. While pulling weeds, Kristi uncovers a buried box containing an antique doll named Anna Maria, along with a handwritten apology from a girl named "Carrie" addressed to "Louisa." As the girls wonder who Carrie and Louisa might be, the white cat appears. The girls hear Ms. Cooper approach and quickly hide the doll, but Ms. Cooper, seeing the cat, is terrified. That night Ashley hears crying in the garden once more. Believing Anna Maria is crying from loneliness, she slips outside and takes the doll into the house, hiding her in a dresser. The crying ceases, and Ashley believes she has solved the mystery.
In the morning, Kristi and Ashley quarrel over which of them gets to keep Anna Maria, with Kristi claiming ownership because she discovered her and Ashley insisting that Anna Maria will cry again if taken out of the house. Kristi, believing Ashley made up the story as an excuse to keep the doll for herself, storms off in anger. The white cat reappears, and Ashley follows him through a hole in the hedge. On the other side, she meets a girl named Louisa who is dying of tuberculosis. Louisa shows Ashley her collection of dolls, but tells her that her favorite doll, Anna Maria, was stolen by a girl named Carrie. Ashley realizes that Anna Maria belongs to Louisa and promises to bring her back.
Upon arriving home, Ashley discovers that Kristi, still angry, has told Ms. Cooper about the doll. Ms. Cooper demands Ashley give her the doll. Ashley tries to explain that she promised to give the doll back to Louisa, but hearing the name only makes Ms. Cooper angrier. Ms. Cooper tells Ashley's mother that Ashley stole the doll from her private rooms. Though Ashley protests that she is not a thief, her mother makes her give Anna Maria to Ms. Cooper and scolds Ashley for stealing, while Ms. Cooper smirks in satisfaction. Even Kristi is upset by this unfair outcome.
Ashley forces Kristi to follow her through the hole in the hedge to explain to Louisa why they can no longer bring back her doll. The girls realize that the hole in the hedge is a gateway into the past and that Louisa's ghost will be trapped there until she gets her doll back. Ashley secretly hopes that if the doll is returned, history will be changed so that Louisa lives.
The two girls confront Ms. Cooper, telling her about Louisa's ghost. Realizing there is no other way the girls could know about Louisa and Anna Maria, Ms. Cooper confesses that she was the Carrie who stole Anna Maria from Louisa when they were girls. As a child, Ms. Cooper was poor and had few toys, but envied her wealthy friend's doll collection. Young Ms. Cooper borrowed Anna Maria without permission, intending to return her, but was unable to do so before Louisa died. Out of fear and guilt, she buried the doll in the garden. Now she believes Louisa sent the ghost of her cat as a sign she would never forgive her.
The girls explain Louisa only wants her doll back and convince Ms. Cooper to return it. They lead Ms. Cooper through the hedge, where she emerges as a little girl once more. She gives the doll to Louisa, who forgives her. When the three return to the garden, the now-adult Ms. Cooper thanks the girls for allowing her to reconcile with her long-lost friend. Ashley is devastated Louisa still died in spite of their efforts, but begins to understand that the grief she feels for Louisa is really her own unexpressed grief for her father, whose death she never fully accepted.
Ms. Cooper becomes much kinder, causing Ashley to believe that Louisa's real intention was not to get back her doll, but to free her friend from the guilt that made her so bitter. Ashley wonders if her dreams about her father are his way of telling her to let go of her own guilt at being unable to save him. While she still mourns her father's loss, she is no longer angry that he left her. As Ashley falls asleep, she hears a child laughing in the garden and knows Louisa is finally at peace.
Reception
It won a Children's Sequoyah Award.
It won a Mark Twain Award.
It won a William Allen White Children's Book Award.
References
1989 American novels
American children's novels
Ghost novels
Novels about time travel
1989 children's books
Grief in fiction
Mark Twain Awards
Clarion Books books
Children's books about ghosts
Children's books about time travel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doll%20in%20the%20Garden%3A%20A%20Ghost%20Story
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Camera Notes was a photographic journal published by the Camera Club of New York from 1897 to 1903. It was edited for most of that time by photographer Alfred Stieglitz and was considered the most significant American photography journal of its time. It is valuable today both as a record of photographic aesthetics of the time and for its many high-quality photogravures by photographers such as Stieglitz, James Craig Annan, F. Holland Day, Robert Demachy, Frances Benjamin Johnston, Gertrude Kasebier and Clarence H. White.
Background
In September, 1894, Alfred Stieglitz returned to New York after an extended tour in Europe. He found both the quality and quantity of what he considered to be artistic photography, such as that promoted by the Linked Ring in Britain, was much greater in Europe than in the United States, and he was determined to do something to advance fine art photography in America. He turned to the two major photographic clubs in New York, the Society of Amateur Photographers and the New York Camera Club, for assistance in his mission but received little interest from either organization. The critic Sadakichi Hartmann noted that the clubs at that time were "as good as dead. There was no vitality in them. Photography was merely as pastime to them, and all they had to show were their innumerable portraits, transcripts of nature, views, and snapshots as is in the power of almost anyone to produce."
Stieglitz set about to change this situation, and within eighteen months he and his friends succeeded in bringing about a merger of the two clubs. He immediately took over as Vice President of the newly formed and rejuvenated organization, now called The Camera Club of New York. He envisioned the new organization as the American beacon of fine art photography, and to help promote his vision he proposed expanding the former newsletter of the club into a full-fledged journal with himself as editor. Later Stieglitz would write "As a condition precedent to undertaking this labor of love and enthusiasm, it was stipulated by our Editor [Stieglitz] that he would have unhampered and absolute control over all matters, direct or remote, relating to the conduct of the proposed publications; in short, Camera Notes, while published for the club, was nevertheless an independent institution."
History and context
The first issue of Camera Notes premiered in July, 1897. Camera Notes was immediately well-received, and in the second issue Stieglitz published a sampling of the praise that had come from other photographic magazines. Britain's Photogram, for example, said "Camera Notes is such a fine publication that we hesitate to use the adjectives necessary to describe it." With the second issue Stieglitz hit his editorial stride, with a full range of photographs and articles that included F. Holland Day writing on "Art and the Camera" and Lee Ferguson lamenting on "Our Lack of Exhibitions".
With Camera Notes Stieglitz established the pattern he would continue for the rest of his life of exerting complete editorial and aesthetic control over all aspects of the publication. Occasionally he would allow some articles to express ideas contrary to his, mostly for the sake of allowing him to rebut them, but in general his opinions dominated the visual and literary contributions to the magazine.
Stieglitz also instilled in Camera Notes his belief that photographers should be familiar with other arts, since he saw his primary mission as promoting photography as a fine art itself. He included articles on Impressionism, Symbolism, genre painting and portraiture, and commentaries on aesthetics from well-known art critics and artists like Sadakichi Hartmann and Arthur Wesley Dow.
At the same time, Stieglitz regularly took the opportunity to promote his own work, and while he was editor he published twenty-two of his own photos in the magazine, including two images twice.
For much of the first year, Stieglitz emphasized foreign photographers in the magazine as encouragement to his U.S. colleagues to develop a uniquely American school of photography. Within a short time, he was rewarded for his efforts by finding a new level of photographic aesthetics among his close colleagues. For the remainder of the publication's life, American photographers were dominated the highest quality reproductions included in Camera Notes. Of the fifty photographers whose work was included either as photogravures or as tipped-in silver prints, thirty-five were Americans.
While Stieglitz sought independence from the Camera Club in his editorial work, very few of photographers whose work he reproduced came from outside the membership of the club. The most prominent of the non-Club members who were featured were F. Holland Day and Clarence H. White. Both figure prominently in Stieglitz's concurrent efforts to promote pictorialism through his establishment of the Photo-Secession.
Eventually, Stieglitz's autocratic direction of the journal came under fire from the membership of the Club. In spite of the record of reproducing work mostly by Club members, some members felt Stieglitz was spending too much time and effort promoting activities outside of the Club. He also faced criticism from more progressive members who felt that much of the work Stieglitz chose fell into the same tired aesthetics that he originally campaigned against. In late 1900 a special meeting of the Club was held to address these issues, and, while he appeared open to a democratic discussion of the journal, Stieglitz became upset that his leadership and aesthetic integrity were being questioned. He eventually became disillusioned with all of the in-fighting, and in early 1901 he announced that he would step down as editor after one more year.
In May, 1902, Juan C. Abel took over as editor. Abel, who was the Club's librarian, had assisted Stieglitz with two issues of Camera Notes and had experience working on other photographic magazines. He sought to emphasize the change in editorial direction by redesigning the magazine, putting a new cover in place along with a more sophisticated layout. He also introduced the relatively bold concept of including at least one tipped-in, original photographs in each issue. In spite his editorial changes, however, Abel did not have the aesthetic sense of Stieglitz, and the overall quality of the images included in the magazine, including the original prints, was inferior when compared to the previous five years.
When Stieglitz began independently publishing his own journal Camera Work in 1903, interest in Camera Notes quickly flagged. The photographers and critics who were at the forefront of fine art photography at the time recognized that, for all his shortcomings, Stieglitz really was the driving force in the movement.
The last issue of Camera Notes appeared in December 1903. A column under this name and written by members of the Camera Club subsequently appeared in two other magazines, but it contained only news and notes about the club itself.
Design and production
Each of the twenty-four issues of the magazine measured 10 ¼” by 7 ½” (26 cm by 19 cm). Volumes 1-4 displayed a green Art Nouveau cover with a design attributed to Thomas A. Sindelar, a student of Alphonse Mucha. There were numerous halftone reproduction of photos in each issue, but what made the journal stand out were the hand-pulled photogravures. At least two and as many as four meticulously printed photogravures were included in each issue. In addition there were commentaries, criticism and reviews by important photographers and critics of the time. In an average issue, about half of the articles dealt with individual photographers and aesthetic issues, and the rest covering technical matters and notices and reviews of international exhibitions. As Stieglitz biographer Katherine Hoffman points out, "Each issue of Camera Notes was an art object itself, with its finely printed photogravures, well-designed layout and range of articles and text."
Issues and contents
Camera Notes was published quarterly from July, 1897 to December, 1902, and two more issues were published in 1903, for a total of twenty-four issues. The following is a complete list of the photogravures and halftones that appeared in the issues. For a detailed list of the published articles, see Peterson (1993).
Volume 1 Number 1, July 1897
Photographs: one by Emilie V. Clarkson; one by A. Horsely Hinton; one by John W. McKecknie; one by William B. Post; two by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Daniel K. Young.
Volume 1 Number 2, October 1897
Photographs: one by W. H. Collins; one by Fred Holland Day; one by Wilhelm von Gloeden; one by Karl Greger; one by Hugo Henneberg;one by Constant Puyo; two by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 1 Number 3, January 1898
Photographs: one by Robert Demachy; four by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.; three by Emma J. Farnsworth; one by John Gear; one by Constant Puyo.
Volume 1 Number 4, April 1898
Photographs: one by J. Craig Annan; six one by Zaida Ben-Yusuf; one by Charles I. Berg; one by F.A. Engle; one by William D. Murphy; one by William B. Post; one by Adolphus H. Stoiber; one by Henry Troth.
Volume 2 Number 1, July 1898
Photographs: one by Hewitt A. Beasley; six one by Zaida Ben-Yusuf; one Emilie V. Clarkson; three by F. Holland Day; one by Robert Demachy; two by E. Lee Ferguson; one by Wilhelm von Gloeden; one by Karl Greger; one by William B. Post; two by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 2 Number 2, October 1898
Photographs: one by Ernest R. Ashton; five by William E. Carlin; one by Emilie V. Clarkson; one by F. Holland Day; three by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; two by Frances Benjamin Johnston; one by Henry Troth.
Volume 2 Number 3, January 1899
Photographs: one by Charles I. Berg; one by Tom Bright; one by F. Holland Day; one by William A. Fraser; one by W. M. Hollinger; one by Frances Benjamin Johnston; three by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 2 Number 4, April 1899
Photographs: one by William E. Carlin; one by John Dumont; one by W. M. Hollinger; one by Frances Benjamin Johnston; five by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Alphonse Montant; one by William D. Murphy; one by Arthur Scott; two by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Hans Watzek; two by Mathilde Weil.
Volume 3 Number 1, July 1899
Photographs: one by Zaida Ben-Yusuf; one by James L. Breese & Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Cox [no first name given]; one by Frank Eugene; one by A. Horsely Hinton; four by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Rene Le Begue; one by Clarence H. White.
Volume 3 Number 2, October 1899
Photographs: one by J. Craig Annan; one by John Beeby; one by Charles I. Berg; one by J. Edgar Bull; one by William J. Cassard; two by Ferdinand A. Clark; two by F. Holland Day; one by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Wilhelm von Gloeden; three by A. Hinton Horsley; one by William D. Murphy; one by George L. Ronalds; one by Elizabeth A. Slade; one by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Clarence H. White; one by Myra A. Wiggins.
Volume 3 Number 3, January 1900
Photographs: one by Charles I. Berg; one by Eustace G. Calland; one by Desire Declercq; one by Robert Demachy; one by Pierre Dubreuil; one by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Emma J. Farnsworth; one by Hugo Henneberg; one by Sidney Herbert; two by A. Hinton Horsley; five by Joseph T. Keiley; one by Heinrich Kuehn; one by Léonard Misonne; one by George W. Norris; one by J. Henry Quinn; two by Eva Watson-Schütze; one by Mathilde Weil; one by Clarence H. White.
Volume 3 Number 4, April 1900
Photographs: nine by Frank Eugene; one by Dallett Fuguet; two by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Joseph T. Keiley; four by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 4 Number 1, July 1900
Photographs: one by Frank C. Baker; one by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Hugo Henneberg; one by Theodore & Oscar Hofmeister; three by Gertrude Käsebier; six by Joseph T. Keiley; one by S. H. Lifshey; one by Oscar Maurer; one by Ralph W. Robinson.
Volume 4 Number 2, October 1900
Photographs: one by J. Wesley Allison; one by Lionel C. Bennett; two by William E. Carlin; one by J. Wells Champney; two by Frederick Colburn Clarke: one by A. Walpole Cragie; two by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Dallett Fuguet; one by Karl Greger; one by Gertrude Käsebier; one by J. Ridgeway Moore; one by A. W. Scott; one by Arthur Scott; one by T. O’Connor Sloane Jr.; one by Sydney A. Smith; one by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Adolphus H. Stoiber; one by John Francis Strauss; one by Henry Troth; three by Eva Watson-Schütze; one by Clarence H. White; one by Myra A. Wiggins; one by J. Dunbar Wright.:
Volume 4 Number 3, January 1901
Photographs: four by J. Craig Annan; one by Frank Eugene; one by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Heinrich Kuehn; one by Robert S. Redfield; five by Edward Steichen; two by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Eva Watson-Schütze; one by Hans Watzek; one by Clarence H. White.
Volume 4 Number 4, April 1901
Photographs: one by Ernest R. Ashton; one by Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade; one by W. E. Johnson & Frank M. Hale; four by Rodrigues Ottolengui; one by Robert S. Redfield; one by Mary R. Standbery; one by Alfred Stieglitz; three by Clarence H. White.
Volume 5 Number 1, July 1901
Photographs: one by Prescott Adamson; seven by Frederick Colburn Clarke; one by William B. Dyer; two by David Octavius Hill; three by Joseph T. Keiley; one by Leonard Misonne; one by William B. Post; five by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe.
Volume 5 Number 2, October 1901
Photographs: one by James L. Breese; one by Charles A. Darling; one by Julian A. Dimock; one by Frank Eugene; one by E. Lee Ferguson; one by A. C. Gould; one by Walter C. Harris; one by F. Huber Hoge & Tom Hadaway; one by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Joseph T. Keiley; one by Sarah H. Ladd; one by Horace A. Latimer; one by Charles H. Loeber; one by Lewis M. McCormick; one by J. Ridgeway Moore; one by William J. Mullins; one by William W. Renwick; one by A. W. Scott; one by Benjamin Sharp; one by Edward Steichen; one by Charles W. Stevens; two by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Adolphus H. Stoiber; one by Clarence H. White.
Volume 5 Number 3, January 1902
Photographs: one by C. Yarnall Abbott; one by J. Craig Annan; one by Will A. Colby; one by Heinrich Kuehn; two by Rodrigues Ottolengui; three by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 5 Number 4, April 1902
Photographs: one by John. G Bullock; one by George Davison; one by Frederick Detlefsen; three by Hugo Henneberg; five by Heinrich Kuehn; one by Robert S. Redfield, one by Alfred Stieglitz.
Volume 6 Number 1, July 1902
Photographs: one by Arthur E. Beecher; one by Robert Demachy; one by Mary Devens; one by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Albert Fichte; one by Dallet Fuguet; one by Charles F. Inston; one by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Oscar Maurer; one by Alfred Stieglitz; one by Clarence H. White.
Volume 6 Number 2, October 1902
Photographs: six by Frederick Colburn Clarke; two by Harry Countant; one by Edward W. Keck; one by Horace A. Latimer; one by Will H. Moses; one by William D. Murphy; one by Myra A. Wiggins; two by Osborne I. Yellott.
Volume 6 Number 3, February 1903
Photographs: two by Charles I. Berg; three by Leverett W. Brownell; ten by Ed Heim and E.C. Heim; one by Pirei MacDonalad; one by James Patrick; two by Charles Simpson.
Volume 6 Number 4, December 1903
Photographs: one by Juan C. Abel; one by Ernest G. Boon; one by Frederick Detlefsen; one by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.; one by Walter C. Harris; one by Lewis M. McCormick; one by Adolphus H. Stoiber. one by J.C. Vail.
References
External links
Photogravures from Camera Notes at Photogravure.com
Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1897
Magazines disestablished in 1903
Photography magazines
Photography in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera%20Notes
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Fred Hayes State Park at Starvation (formerly Starvation State Park) is a state park in Duchesne County, Utah, United States, featuring the Starvation Reservoir. The park is northwest of the city of Duchesme.
Facilities
The Starvation Reservoir is open year-round, and is popular for fishing and boating. It lies at an elevation of . Established in 1972, the marina features a 54-unit RV campground along with developed and primitive camping, rental cabins, boat ramp and dock, a sand beach, restrooms, showers, a group-use pavilion, sewage disposal, and fish cleaning stations. Primitive camping is allowed in designated areas around the perimeter of the reservoir for a fee.
OHVs are only allowed at Knight Hollow Campground. County-owned dirt roads are open (including the road from Knight Hollow to the town of Duchesne) in the nearby area.
History
There are various narratives explaining the name "Starvation". Orson Mott recounted the most credible story. In 1900, A.M. Murdock of Heber city, approached Major Myton of the Uintah Indian reservation to purchase grazing permits for his cattle. He was given grazing permits in the upper Strawberry river area. Dave Murdock, brother of Al Murdock, had secured a contract to provide beef to the Ute tribe at Fort Duchesne. In the fall of 1904 they brought the herd out of the high grazing areas and made it to the river bottoms which is now covered by Starvation reservoir. Very heavy snows stranded the herd. With no feed the entire herd died. Dave Murdock named the area "Starvation Flats" from this experience.
Another account describes a group of fur trappers stranded in harsh winter conditions who survived by stealing a local Native American cache of food, which resulted in their starvation. Another account tells the opposite story, with the Indians doing the stealing and the trappers starving. A third story involves a local rancher who attempted to graze livestock in the area, and they all starved. Yet another explanation for the name involves settlers in the early 1900s trying to survive along the banks of the Strawberry River, in the area now occupied by the reservoir. These settlers dealt with near-starvation in a hostile environment. Winters in the area are long and cold, and their livestock often died. The area's short growing season was hindered by floods, hail, early frost and other problems. These settlers could have nicknamed the area Starvation.
In 2019 the park (which had previously been named the Starvation State Park) was officially renamed the Fred Hayes State Park at Starvation.Hayes had been the director of the Utah Division of Parks and Recreation (now known as the Utah Division of State Parks) from 2012 until he died unexpectedly in early March 2018.
Starvation Dam
The Starvation Dam () is a , earthfill dam. The reservoir is fed by the Strawberry River in the Uinta Basin, and is part of the Central Utah Project – Bonneville Unit. It was constructed in 1970.
See also
List of Utah State Parks
References
External links
1972 establishments in Utah
State parks of Utah
Protected areas of Duchesne County, Utah
Protected areas established in 1972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Hayes%20State%20Park%20at%20Starvation
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Gelder may refer to:
People
Alfred Gelder (1855–1941), British architect and Liberal politician
Ian Gelder (born 1949), English actor
Aert de Gelder (1645–1727), Dutch painter of biblical scenes and portraits
Beatrice de Gelder (born 1944), Belgian cognitive neuroscientist and neuropsychologist
(1765–1848), Dutch mathematician; see
Kim De Gelder (born 1988), Belgian mass murderer
Places
Gelderland, a Dutch province
Guelders, a historical county in what is now the eastern Netherlands (including Gelderland)
Gelder, Iran (disambiguation), several places
See also
Van Gelder
Geldern, a city in the northwest of the federal state North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelder
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Chris Smith (born March 31, 1939) is an American former college basketball player for the Virginia Tech Hokies from 1957 to 1961. He was nicknamed "Moose" at Charleston High School in West Virginia where he played as a 6-foot-6 center during an era of exceptional local talent in what was then known as the Kanawha Valley. Smith was later dubbed "the human pogo stick" by former Roanoke sportswriter Bill Brill.
Refusal of the 1961 NBA draft
During the 1961 NBA draft, Smith was the highest draft choice for any Virginia Tech basketball player ever when he was selected as the fourteenth overall choice by the NBA's Syracuse Nationals.
Since playing professional basketball was not financially lucrative in 1961, Smith reportedly informed the NBA teams that he would not play professional basketball, and asked them not to draft him. He never reported to Syracuse camp.
Awards and records
In 1982, Smith was the only basketball player inducted as a charter member to Virginia Tech's Hall-of-Fame.
Smith still holds many Virginia Tech rebounding records: game (36); season (495); career (1508); season per-game average (20.4); and career per-game average (17.1).
Smith is the state of Virginia's NCAA Division I leader in career average rebounds per game of all time.
He is still ranked 26th nationally for career average rebounds per game (17.1) and 24th nationally for total career rebounds (1508) as listed all-time for Division I players by the Official 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Records Book. His career average rebound record of 17.1 rebounds per game is the current record for the State of Virginia.
In addition, Smith has the Southern Conference tournament rebounding records of 28 rebounds for a single game and 71 rebounds for three games. These records were established in 1960 and have been the Southern Conference tournament rebounding records for more than 50 years.
Reputation and coverage
According to the 2009–10 Virginia Tech basketball program, Smith "is regarded by many as the greatest basketball player in school history." In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Hokies at the annual 2010 Atlantic Coast Conference tournament's Legends Class. In 2010, ESPN selected Chris Smith as the "Best Player" in the history of the Virginia Tech Basketball program.
In 1959, Chris Smith was a First Team All-Southern Conference Selection. In 1960, he was a unanimous 1960 First Team All-Southern Conference Selection along with Jerry West. In 1961, Smith was the captain of the All-Southern Conference team. In 1960, he was selected as a Converse Second Team All-American.
Sports Illustrated featured the Virginia Tech basketball team on December 26, 1960. That issue stated the following: Clearly the best performer on the floor was Tech's 6-foot-6 center Chris Smith, who scored 24 points and had 21 rebounds. The next night he led Tech to an 81-54 victory over Baylor and was chosen as the Classic's most valuable player. He is a square-jawed, crew-cut battler whose sheer strength and spring will surely bring him All-American honors this year.
Frequent news articles still appear that document events during Smith's playing career such as Jennings Culley's July 22, 2001 article in the Richmond Times titled "Tech Basketball Recruits said 'Noe' to West Virginia"; Jack Bogaczyk's February 25, 2009 article about the second college basketball game in the Charleston Civic Center between Marshall and Virginia Tech; and MSN Sports November 16, 2008 article about Chuck Noe's successful basketball recruiting in West Virginia for Virginia Tech during the 1950s.
See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career rebounding leaders
References
General
NBA Draft History 1961
Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame
NCAA 2009-10 Official Men's Basketball Records Book
SI Vault
Specific
1939 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from West Virginia
Centers (basketball)
Charleston High School (West Virginia) alumni
Sportspeople from Charleston, West Virginia
Syracuse Nationals draft picks
Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Smith%20%28basketball%2C%20born%201939%29
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The 1992 college football season may refer to:
1992 NCAA Division I-A football season
1992 NCAA Division I-AA football season
1992 NCAA Division II football season
1992 NCAA Division III football season
1992 NAIA Division I football season
1992 NAIA Division II football season
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20college%20football%20season
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"Say You Will" is a song by British-American rock band Foreigner. It was the first single released from the album Inside Information (1987), and was co-written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones (See 1987 in music).
Reception
The single reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became their fourth #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, holding the top spot for four weeks, starting on December 19, 1987.
"Say You Will" was one of Foreigner's last two Top 10 chart hits in the United States, followed by the 1988 release of the single "I Don't Want to Live Without You" (which reached No. 5 on the Hot 100 chart). The song also became the band's third-highest-charting hit in Germany, where it reached No. 22, faring even better in Switzerland, the Netherlands, and particularly Norway, where it reached No. 4. The video clip for this song, directed by David Fincher, reached No. 1 on MTV's Top Twenty chart in February 1988.
Allmusic noted that the single was a "good example" of the band's "balancing act" as "the guitar-heavy style of their early work gave way to slick arrangements that pushed electronics to the fore...temper(ing) its rock guitar edge...and Lou Gramm's quasi-operatic vocals...by thick layers of chiming synthesizers and an array of electronic textures."
Cash Box called it a "powerful pop/rock number" with "wide demographic appeal."
It is also featured on the band's compilation 40: Forty Hits From Forty Years 1977-2017 published in 2017, in an acoustic version with Lou Gramm on vocals as a new song.
Track listing
Chart performance
Year-end charts
See also
List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)
References
External links
Single release info at discogs.com
Foreigner (band) songs
1987 singles
Songs written by Mick Jones (Foreigner)
Songs written by Lou Gramm
Music videos directed by David Fincher
Atlantic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mick Jones (Foreigner)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%20You%20Will%20%28Foreigner%20song%29
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Franciszek Siarczyński (1758–1829) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, member of the Piarist religious order, historian, geographer, teacher, writer and publicist.
He was a lecturer of grammar, history and geography at the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, Poland from 1781 to 1785.
He was a regular guest at the Thursday Dinners held by the King of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski in the era of the Enlightenment in Poland. He was the author of three volumes of ‘Geografii, czyli opisania naturalnego, historycznego i politycznego krajów i narodów’ (Geography, natural history, history and politics of the country and its citizens).
At the time of the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794, he wrote for the Gazeta Wolna Warszawska (The Free Warsaw newspaper).
He collected material for the Słownika historyczno-statystyczno-geograficznego Galicji (The Encyclopædia of history, statistics and geography of Galicia), which was published in parts from 1857 as a weekly supplement ‘Rozmaitościach’ in the Lwów Gazette: Gazeta Lwowska.
After the transfer of the Ossoliński family's collection of books, from Vienna to Lwów, in 1827, he became the first director of the National Library of the Ossolineum, from 1827 to 1829.
His religious posts included being the Parish Priest in Jarosław, the Cathedral Canon in Warsaw and Przemyśl and the Prior in Kozieniec (1789) and Łańcut (1799).
References
Parts translated from the Polish version of this page from Polish Wikipedia on 03.11.2008
Notes
1758 births
1829 deaths
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish Roman Catholic priests
Polish male writers
Piarists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek%20Siarczy%C5%84ski
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Godi, GODI, Goði or Gothi may refer to:
Gothi or goði, the Old Norse term for a priest and chieftain
Gothi, Nepal, a village and municipality
Pont-ar-Gothi, a village in Wales
Villa Godi, in northern Italy
Godi-media, a pejorative term used to describe the parts of Indian corporate media that are defined by their subservience to government authorities
People
Franco Godi (born 1940), Italian composer, conductor, arranger and record producer
Themba Godi (born 1966), South African politician
Snorri Goði (963–1031), chieftain in Western Iceland
Godi Daniel Melanchthon (1934–1994), an Indian Pastor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godi
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Brinsford may refer to:
Brinsford (HM Prison), a prison and Young Offenders Institution in Wolverhampton
Brinsford Lodge, a former hall of residence for The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton (now the University of Wolverhampton)
Brinsford Parkway railway station, a prospective new parkway railway station to the north of Wolverhampton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsford
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Paul Childress is an American powerlifter. He holds the World Powerlifting Organization (WPO) world record in the 308 lb. weight class with a squat of 1147.5 lb. and has the third best total in the world with 2662.1 lb. He has been a major part of the fitness industry for 25 years.
In 2004 at the GNC Show of Strength WPO Childress became the first man in the 308 lb. weight class to squat over 1100 lb.
and win the 308 and SHW weight class.
Childress is the Head Strength Coach for the Buffalo Bulls. Prior to joining UB, Childress worked at Total Health and Fitness as director of facilities and fitness management. He also continues to be a consultant for elite fitness systems (a powerlifting and strength organization) and sells powerlifting gear. He works with over 28 professional athletes, specialising in strength training, nutrition, athletic performance and conditioning
Childress has a bachelor's degree in health and wellness from Buffalo State and a master's degree in physical education from Canisius. He was a 3 time All-American at Buffalo State in football
In 1978, he was watching on TV the WSM competition which later inspired him to become a powerlifter. In 1978, he received for Christmas a training kit consisting of weights and dumbbells and that was a pivotal moment in his life.
References
Profile at Buffalo Athletics
External links
World Powerlifting Organization (WPO)
American powerlifters
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canisius University alumni
Buffalo Bulls football coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Childress
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Tilson Oswaldo Minda (born July 26, 1983) is an Ecuadorian footballer who last played for Barcelona SC in the Ecuadorian Serie A.
Club career
Oswaldo first started out at Sociedad Deportiva Aucas. He remained at the club for five years before joining Deportivo Cuenca. He was part of Deportivo Cuenca's campaign for the Copa Libertadores 2006. His impressive performances attracted the likes of Club Sport Emelec.
After Deportivo Cuenca, Oswaldo became the new high-profile signing for Emelec. He was part of Emelec's squad which participated in the 2007 Copa Libertadores. He did not get a starting position because of the many talented players on Emelec. As a result, he was sold to Deportivo Quito.
In Deportivo Quito, Oswaldo had a great first season. He played in the Copa Sudamericana 2008 where his team eventually fell to San Luis F.C. While with Quito he had a guaranteed starting position playing in central midfield. Minda formed a great partnership with Edwin Tenorio to help Deportivo Quito win the Ecuadorian Serie A 2008. Minda also helped Deportivo Quito win the Ecuadorian Serie A in December 2011. Days later he signed with Chivas USA of Major League Soccer.
On February 27, 2015, it was confirmed that Minda would be joining Barcelona SC for 2 years.
International career
Minda made his international debut for Ecuador in 2008 and was most recently called up to represent Ecuador in the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Honors
Deportivo Quito
Serie A: 2008, 2009, 2011
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Quito
Men's association football midfielders
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
S.D. Aucas footballers
C.D. Cuenca footballers
C.S. Emelec footballers
S.D. Quito footballers
Chivas USA players
Barcelona S.C. footballers
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Major League Soccer players
Designated Players (MLS)
Ecuadorian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswaldo%20Minda
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Benson Municipal Airport is a public use airport located northwest of the central business district of Benson, a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States and east of Tucson International Airport (TUS). The airport was opened in November 1999.
Although most US airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA, IATA, and ICAO 'Benson Municipal Airport is only assigned E95 by the FAA.
Facilities and aircraft
Benson Municipal Airport covers an area of at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway:
10/28 measuring asphalt
For the 12-month period ending April 15, 2017, the airport had 24,400 aircraft operations, an average of 67 per day: 92% general aviation, and 2% military. At that time there were 38 aircraft based at this airport: 84% single-engine, 5% ultralight, 3% multi-engine, 5% jet, and 3% helicopters.
Awards and recognition
In 2012 the 1955 Dodge Coronet Airport Courtesy Car at Benson Municipal provided by FBO SouthWestern Aviation, LLC was named "Airport Car of the Month" for June by EAA Sport Aviation Magazine.
References
External links
Benson Municipal Airport at Arizona DOT Airport Directory
SouthWestern Aviation, LLC
Airports in Cochise County, Arizona
Benson, Arizona
1999 establishments in Arizona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson%20Municipal%20Airport%20%28Arizona%29
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Lava-Ströme (Streams of Lava), opus 74, is the name of a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. It was written to commemorate the volcanic activity within Vesuvius in 1850. The waltz was first performed at a benefit ball going under the title of a "Ball in Vesuvius" at the Sofienbad-Saal in Vienna on January 29, 1850.
Lava-Ströme was one of the more imaginative of Strauss' waltzes, having a dramatic 105-bar introduction symbolising the eruption of the volcano. The opening waltz melody was used in Eduard Strauss' musical potpourri Bluthenkranz Johann Strauss'scher Walzer, opus 292. Johann Strauss himself reused the same melody as the main theme of his Jubilee Waltzes, written twenty-two years later, in 1872.
External links
Lava-Ströme waltz as a Youtube video
References
Waltzes by Johann Strauss II
1850 compositions
Mount Vesuvius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava-Str%C3%B6me
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The Women's 100m T36 had its Final held on September 16 at 18:03.
Medalists
Results
References
Final
Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008 in women's athletics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Paralympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20100%20metres%20T36
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The Humphries Ministry was the seventh ministry of the Government of the Australian Capital Territory, and was led by Liberal Chief Minister Gary Humphries and his deputy, Brendan Smyth. It was sworn in on 19 October 2000, after the forced resignation of Humphries' predecessor Kate Carnell over the Bruce Stadium affair, and the elevation of Deputy Chief Minister Humphries and new deputy Smyth.
Though Carnell resigned from parliament upon losing the Chief Minister position, she was initially sworn into an interim junior portfolio in the ministry of her successor, until a full ministry could be sworn in during December. The ministry operated until 13 November 2001, when the Labor First Stanhope Ministry was sworn in after the Liberal defeat in the 2001 election.
First arrangement
This covers the period from 19 October 2000 (when the Ministry was sworn in) until the reshuffle on 15 December forced by the resignation from politics of Kate Carnell. Carnell had technically continued to hold a number of minor ministerial portfolios after her resignation as Chief Minister, despite her also resigning from parliament at the same time.
Second arrangement
This covers the period from 15 December 2000, until the until 13 November 2001 and was brought about following the resignation from the Assembly from the earlier deposed former Chief Minister Carnell. Carnell was not replaced in the ministry, and Humphries decided to continue to the election with only four ministers after distributing Carnell's portfolios among the remaining members. The reporting of Moore in the list of ministers, in terms of hierarchy, shifted to the bottom of the ministerial list.
References
Australian Capital Territory ministries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphries%20ministry
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The 2008 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino was the second staging of the competition. The competition started on November 1, 2008, and was concluded on December 10, 2008. 32 clubs of all regions of Brazil participated of the cup, which is organized by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). The champion was Santos.
Competition format
The competition was contested by 32 clubs in a knock-out format where all rounds were played over two legs and the away goals rule was used, but in the first round if the away team won the first leg with an advantage of at least two goals, the second leg was not played and the club automatically qualified to the next round.
Participating teams
The 2008 participating teams are the following clubs:
Table
Semifinals
Group 29
Group 30
Final
References
2008
Copa Do Brasil De Futebol Feminino, 2008
Copa Do Brasil
Copa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Copa%20do%20Brasil%20de%20Futebol%20Feminino
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Cai Zhong Hu (Chinese: , lit. "Hu, Elder of Cai"), born Ji Hu (), was the only known son of Ji Du, the first lord of Cai.
Ji Du was removed from his office after participating in the Rebellion of the Three Guards against the regency of the Duke of Zhou. However, his son made an effort to get his manners straight and be kind to people and was sent by the Duke of Zhou to Lu as an ambassador. Following this, King Cheng restored his father's fief to him and his son inherited it after him.
References
Zhou dynasty nobility
Cai (state)
11th-century BC Chinese monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong%20Hu%20of%20Cai
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Huang, Earl of Cai (), born Ji Huang (), was an ancient Chinese noble from the Zhou dynasty and the third ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Cai.
Huang was the only known son of Zhong Hu of Cai and the second cousin of Kings Cheng and Kang of Zhou. His son inherited his land as Marquis Gōng of Cai, with a higher title, hou rather than bo.
See also
Shiji
External links
http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E8%94%A1%E4%BC%AF%E8%8D%92
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/rulers-cai.html
11th century BC in China
Zhou dynasty nobility
Cai (state)
11th-century BC Chinese monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%2C%20Earl%20of%20Cai
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Karl Anton Nowotny (June 21, 1904 in Hollabrunn – December 31, 1978 in Vienna) was an Austrian ethnographer, art historian and academic, specialising in the study of Mesoamerican cultures. He is most renowned for his analyses and reproductions of Mesoamerican codices, and his commentaries on their iconography and symbolisms.
Nowotny was a pioneer and leading exponent of applying comparative ethnography to the study of pre-Columbian and conquest-era texts and codices. In this technique, the meaning and symbolism of the texts are analysed and compared with the cultural practices and beliefs of modern indigenous Mesoamerican peoples whose traditions have been maintained. Nowotny used comprehensive ethnographic studies—such as those conducted by Leonhard Schultze in the 1930s among the Nahuas of the central Mexican altiplano—as a means of garnering further insight into the ancestral practices and beliefs underpinning the codices and related iconographies.
Nowotny also contributed extensively to the study and interpretation of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican calendars, their functioning and how they were used. Building upon work by earlier scholars such as Eduard Seler, Nowotny and his contemporaries like Alfonso Caso and Paul Kirchhoff greatly added to the scholarly understanding of calendrical elements such as the central Mexican tonalpohualli, veintena and trecena cycles. Nowotny's analysis and exposition of the ritual and divinatory importance of the tonalamatl almanac has been regarded as of "critical importance" to the modern understanding of this almanac, and a significant development beyond the primarily astronomically based approach of Seler and other predecessors.
Notes
References
Rohrbacher, Peter (2019) „Encrypted Astronomy” – Astral Mythologies, and Ancient Mexican Studies in Austria, 1910–1945 In: Revista de Antropologia 62/1: 140-161 (Special Number – German and German-speaking Anthropologists in Brazil, Universidade de São Paulo)
External links
1904 births
1978 deaths
People from Hollabrunn
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian academics
Austrian Mesoamericanists
Historians of Mesoamerican art
20th-century Mesoamericanists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Anton%20Nowotny
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In economics, a demand shock is a sudden event that increases or decreases demand for goods or services temporarily.
A positive demand shock increases aggregate demand (AD) and a negative demand shock decreases aggregate demand. Prices of goods and services are affected in both cases. When demand for goods or services increases, its price (or price levels) increases because of a shift in the demand curve to the right. When demand decreases, its price decreases because of a shift in the demand curve to the left. Demand shocks can originate from changes in things such as tax rates, money supply, and government spending. For example, taxpayers owe the government less money after a tax cut, thereby freeing up more money available for personal spending. When the taxpayers use the money to purchase goods and services, their prices go up.
In the midst of a poor economic situation in the United Kingdom in November 2002, the Bank of England's deputy governor, Mervyn King, warned that the domestic economy was sufficiently imbalanced that it ran the risk of causing a "large negative demand shock" in the near future. At the London School of Economics, he elaborated by saying, "Beneath the surface of overall stability in the UK economy lies a remarkable imbalance between a buoyant consumer and housing sector, on the one hand, and weak external demand on the other."
During the global financial crisis of 2008, a negative demand shock in the United States economy was caused by several factors that included falling house prices, the subprime mortgage crisis, and lost household wealth, which led to a drop in consumer spending. To counter this negative demand shock, the Federal Reserve System lowered interest rates. Before the crisis occurred, the world's economy experienced a positive global supply shock. Immediately afterward, however, a positive global demand shock led to global overheating and rising inflationary pressures.
See also
Shock (economics)
Supply shock
Demand-pull inflation
Technology shock
References
Economic events
Demand
Market trends
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand%20shock
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Cai Shu may refer to:
Shu Du of Cai, first ruler of the State of Cai
Cai Shu (athlete) (born 1962), Chinese retired high jumper
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai%20Shu
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Usonia Historic District was a planned community and is now a national historic district located in Town of Mount Pleasant, adjacent to the village of Pleasantville, Westchester County, New York. In 1945, a rural tract was purchased by a cooperative of young couples from New York City, who were able to enlist Frank Lloyd Wright to build his Broadacre City concept. Wright decided where each house should be placed. Wright designed three homes himself and approved architectural plans of the other 44, which were designed by such architects as Paul Schweikher, Theodore Dixon Bower, Ulrich Franzen, Kaneji Domoto, Aaron Resnick and David Henken – an engineer and Wright apprentice.
The layout of the neighborhood was planned by Wright in a circular manner, preserving most of the original trees and "encouraging the flow of the land". The balance of the homes were decreed to be in the modern "organic" style ordained by Wright. The community was named "Usonia" in homage to Wright, whose ideas on the way Americans should live together guided their plan.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 as the Usonia Historic District. The historic district encompasses 43 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures.
The Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Usonian homes in Pleasantville are:
Notable residents
Aaron Resnick
Mel Smilow
Martin Scheiner
Ann McGovern
Roger Kahn
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
References
External links
"Usonia Community Remembers Its Past", The New York Times
"Wright Find Recalls His Influence On A Community". The New York Times
"Updating Wright's Ideal", The New York Times
"Green Before It Had a Name", The New York Times
Pleasantville has the Wright Stuff, Retro Info!
Photos on Flickr
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Westchester County, New York
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Modernist architecture in New York (state)
Historic districts in Westchester County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Mount Pleasant, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usonia%20Historic%20District
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The 2001 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by first-year head coach John Bunting, the Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. North Carolina finished the season 8–5 overall and 5–3 in ACC play to place third. They beat Auburn in the Peach Bowl.
Schedule
Roster
Coaching staff
Game summaries
at No. 3 Oklahoma
at Maryland
Team players drafted in the NFL
The following players were selected in the 2002 NFL Draft.
References
North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons
Peach Bowl champion seasons
North Carolina Tar Heels football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20North%20Carolina%20Tar%20Heels%20football%20team
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The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony, the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, and the Province of New Hampshire, as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England, with Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts and Maine separating from it. Captain John Smith's 1616 work A Description of New England first applied the term "New England" to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland.
Arriving in America
England, France, and the Netherlands made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention over lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.
King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes.
Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by an older brother— at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and on a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.
Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River as far as Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there, and they eventually fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop," "Good Hope," and "Hope").
Establishing the New England Colonies
A group of Puritans commonly called the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in America following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the 102 passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter. In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.
The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their experiences called Mourt's Relation (1622). This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims, but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the Great Migration between 1620 and 1640.
The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.
A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Mayflower Pilgrims felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church. The separate colonies were governed independently of one another until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Spreading out
The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship. However, dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Wheelwright left with his followers to establish a colony in New Hampshire and then went on to Maine.
It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes. Massachusetts officials intended to forcibly deport him back to England, but he escaped and walked through deep snow from Salem, Massachusetts to Raynham, Massachusetts, a distance of 55 miles. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called Aquidneck Island) and another settlement in Warwick; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop which grew into Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left Massachusetts Bay was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. He obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven Colony and Saybrook Colony.
Commerce
The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was highly valued. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.
The New England Colonies were located along the Atlantic coast where there was an abundance of marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for freshwater fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as to the Slave Coast of West Africa, plantations in the West Indies, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the household.
The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.
In 1652, the Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage in shilling, sixpence, and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony. The colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, and counterfeit coins. In 1661, after the restoration of the monarchy, the English government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous. However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract expired as mint master, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mint master. The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684.
Indian slavery in the New England Colonies
American Indians who were captured during various conflicts in New England were sometimes sold into slavery, such as the Pequot War (1636–1638) and King Philip's War (1675–1678). Utilizing captured prisoners of war as a source of forced labor was common in Europe; during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, prisoners of war were frequently indentured and transported to plantations in Barbados and Jamaica.
Plymouth Colony ranger Benjamin Church spoke out against the practice of enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as "an action so hateful... that [I] opposed it to the loss of the goodwill and respect of some that before were good friends." However, Church was not opposed to black slavery, owning black slaves like many of his fellow colonists. During King Philip's War, some captured Indians were enslaved and transported aboard New England merchant ships to the West Indies, where they were sold to European planters. Various colonial councils decreed that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony." Margret Ellen Newell estimates that hundreds of Indians were enslaved during the colonial conflicts, while Nathaniel Philbrick estimates that at least 1,000 New England Indians were sold into slavery during King Philip's War, with more than half coming from Plymouth.
Education
In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.
Composition
See also
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Thirteen Colonies
History of Massachusetts
Historical outline of Massachusetts
British Colonial America
New England
History of New England
Dominion of New England
New England Confederation
Notes
Sources
-01
B01
Thirteen Colonies
Colonies
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Colonies
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The discography of American country music singer-songwriter K. T. Oslin contains six studio albums, six compilation albums, one video album, seven music videos, 25 singles and six album appearances. Oslin signed a recording contract with Elektra Records in 1981. Both singles failed to become major hits. She then signed with RCA Records in 1987 and released the single "80's Ladies." The song became a top ten country hit, reaching number seven on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in July 1987. Oslin's corresponding debut studio album of the same name reached number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and spent 148 weeks on the list. It would also be her highest-charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 68. The album would sell one million copies and spawn the number one hits "Do Ya" and "I'll Always Come Back." Oslin's second album, This Woman was released in 1988 and was her second record to certify platinum in sales. It was her second-highest charting album on the country chart, reaching number two in 1989. Its second single, "Hold Me," topped the country songs chart in January 1989. The album also spawned the top ten hits "Hey Bobby" and the title track.
In 1990, Love in a Small Town became Oslin's third studio release. It reached number five on the country albums list and spent 71 weeks charting. It spawned Oslin's third number one hit, "Come Next Monday." Her career slowed down following the album, yet she did release 1993's Greatest Hits: Songs from an Aging Sex Bomb. In 1996, she returned with a new studio record titled "My Roots Are Showing...". It reached a lower-end position on the Top Country Albums chart, peaking at number 45 after six weeks. The album spawned two singles, including the charting single "Silver Tongue and Goldplated Lies." In 2001, Live Close By, Visit Often became her fifth studio recording. Its cover of "Come on-a My House," was her first (and only) single to chart on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs list. In 2015, Oslin released her final studio effort, Simply. In December 2020, Oslin died after several years battling Parkinson's disease.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Videography
Video albums
Music videos
Other album appearances
Notes
References
External links
Entry at 45cat.com as K. T.
Entry at 45cat.com as Kay T.
Oslin, K. T.
Discographies of American artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20T.%20Oslin%20discography
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Small Hours was the late night radio show hosted by Donal Dineen on Today FM. It commenced broadcasting in 2004, following the seven-year tenure of Here Comes the Night. It is Dineen's second radio show on Today FM, airing Monday - Thursday, 00:00 - 02:00.
On 30 December 2007, The Small Hours had a two-hour radio special broadcast from the living room of David Gray's London home, where Gray and Liam Ó Maonlaí traded songs and stories on the piano and acoustic guitar, "intermittently picking their Desert Island discs for Dineen to spin". Dineen is largely credited with breaking Gray in Ireland.
In recent years, the Small Hours has ended and been replaced by the Midnight Chill, an hour devoted to playing a mixture of chill-out songs that have been released in recent years.
References
External links
Official site
Irish late night radio shows
Today FM programmes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Hours
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Edward Serlin House was completed in 1949, and is the second of three designs by Frank Lloyd Wright for Usonia, planned as a cooperative community starting in the late 1940s. This is now known as the Usonia Historic District and is located in Pleasantville, New York. The community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
The home has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and is on a five-foot square module, with a shed roof over the living room. Construction was supervised by former Wright apprentice, David Henken, with additions to the design made by Aaron L. Resnick.
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
References
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.317)
External links
Photos on Arcaid
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Westchester County, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Serlin%20House
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The Women's 200m T36 had its Final held on September 13 at 10:40.
Medalists
Results
References
Final
Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008 in women's athletics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Paralympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20200%20metres%20T36
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Eastwood Park may refer to:
Eastwood Park Historic District, a district in Minot, North Dakota, USA
Eastwood Park, Essex, a town in Essex, England
Eastwood Park (HM Prison), a prison in South Gloucestershire, England.
Eastwood Park, a small park in Hasland, Chesterfield, England.
Eastwood Park, a park in Giffnock, Scotland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood%20Park
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Here Comes the Night was a late night radio show hosted by Donal Dineen on Today FM. It commenced broadcasting on 17 March 1997, lasting for a seven-year period before being replaced by Dineen's current show Small Hours. It was Dineen's first radio show on Today FM, airing from the station's opening day. Dineen is largely credited with breaking David Gray in Ireland during this show's tenure. Other artists whose music featured on this show included Jape, who went on to win the Choice Music Prize in 2009.
References
External links
Dineen profiled
Official Small Hours site (Dineen's current show)
Irish late night radio shows
Today FM programmes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Comes%20the%20Night%20%28radio%20show%29
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Secrets is the sixth studio album by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1989 through Intima Records; a remastered edition was reissued in 2008 through Eidolon Efformation. The album features drummer Vinnie Colaiuta, rather than regular collaborator Chad Wackerman; Wackerman did, however, write and perform drums on the song "Peril Premonition".
Critical reception
Vincent Jeffries at AllMusic awarded Secrets 4.5 stars out of 5, calling it "a true masterpiece" and "a triumph", whilst highlighting Holdsworth's "unreachable technical standard" and continued development of the SynthAxe.
In a 2013 interview with MusicRadar, Porcupine Tree drummer Gavin Harrison picked Secrets as one of ten "essential drum albums". He praised the drumming of Colaiuta, whom he described as "playing with wild abandon" as well as being "incredibly accurate." Patrick Mameli, guitarist and vocalist for death metal band Pestilence, called Secrets "the greatest fusion album ever recorded".
Track listing
Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, SynthAxe, spoken vocals (track 7), engineering, mixing, production
Rowanne Mark – vocals (track 2)
Craig Copeland – vocals (track 8)
Gary Husband – keyboard (track 1)
Steve Hunt – keyboard (tracks 4, 6)
Alan Pasqua – piano
Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (except track 7)
Chad Wackerman – drums (track 7), keyboard (track 7)
Jimmy Johnson – bass (except track 7)
Bob Wackerman – bass (track 7)
Claire Holdsworth – spoken vocals (track 7)
Technical
Jeffrey Ocheltree – sound effects
Robert Feist – engineering, mixing
Biff Vincent – engineering
Charlie Watts – engineering
Dan Humann – engineering
Bernie Grundman – mastering
References
External links
Secrets at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)
Allan Holdsworth "Secrets" at Guitar Nine
In-depth interview about Secrets at the Allan Holdsworth Information Center
Allan Holdsworth albums
1989 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets%20%28Allan%20Holdsworth%20album%29
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"Don't" is a song written by Jim Beavers and Jonathan Singleton and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in July 2008 as the first single from Currington's 2008 album Little Bit of Everything. For the week of February 7, 2009, the song became Currington's fifth Top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number 2 behind Blake Shelton's "She Wouldn't Be Gone".
Content
In the lyric, the male narrator asks that his lover stay with him after a sexual encounter the night before. Jonathan Singleton and Jim Beavers were inspired to write "Don't" after spending a day listening to R&B music. According to Country Weekly, Beavers "started it with the groove and vibe, which had the kind of sexy R&B feel to it, with the idea of a guy begging his girl not to leave." Singleton said that he considered it "unusual" for the chorus to begin with "baby, baby, don't", and after realizing that the word "don't" appeared several times in the lyric, they decided to name the song "Don't".
Currington recorded the song in one take. During the session, electric guitarist Brent Mason ad-libbed a "wah-wah" sound, which Currington asked to be left in the final recording.
Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic described the song as having a "sleek '80s sheen". Jessica Phillips of Country Standard Time said that it had a "suggestive R&B strut and pleading chorus."
Music video
The accompanying music video for this song was directed by "The Brads". It was shot in downtown Nashville and shows Currington carrying two cups of coffee, one of which is intended for his female partner. Upon entering her apartment, he finds that she has left in a cab. He then runs down a fire escape and jumps into an alleyway, before driving off to catch up with the cab. Currington performed all of the video's stunts himself.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2008 singles
Country ballads
2000s ballads
Billy Currington songs
Songs written by Jonathan Singleton
Songs written by Jim Beavers
Song recordings produced by Carson Chamberlain
Mercury Nashville singles
2008 songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20%28Billy%20Currington%20song%29
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Roland Reisley House was built in Pleasantville, New York in 1951. The third of the "Usonia Homes" (now known as the Usonia Historic District) designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. this is a building on a hillside with a masonry "core" and wood siding. Roland Reisley was 26 when he built his home. The entrance is dominated by a dramatic wood cantilevered carport, which leads to an impressive yet unpresumptuous low-slung house with cypress paneling and indigenous stone.
The original house, built in 1951, had one bedroom, a study and a kitchen and a total of . Wright returned five years later to design a addition.
Usonia Homes was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
References
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.318)
External links
Reisley House Pleasantville New York by Frank Lloyd Wright
Photos on Arcaid
Plan to Protect Water Called a Threat to Trees April 16, 2009 NY Times article
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Westchester County, New York
Houses completed in 1951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Reisley%20House
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, better known by his stage name is a Japanese impressionist from Kanagawa Prefecture. His son, Ryūji Aoki, is also an impressionist.
Impression repertoire
Eun-sook Kye
Keiko Fuji
Akira Fuse
Hiromi Go
Shinji Harada
Takao Horiuchi
Takashi Hosokawa
Kōshi Inaba
Michael Jackson
Ryūichi Kawamura
Yuki Katsuragi
Saburō Kitajima
Keisuke Kuwata
Nobuteru Maeda
Chiharu Matsuyama
Yoshikazu Mera
Hibari Misora
Yoshinori Monta
Shinichi Mori
Yoshizaki Musshu
Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi
Kaname Nemoto
Tomotaka Okamoto
Judy Ongg
Masashi Sada
Hideki Saijō
Kenji Sawada
Eiko Segawa
Masanori Sera
Kiyomi Suzuki
Toshihiko Tahara
Kōji Tamaki
Masakazu Tamura
Shinji Tanimura
Yoshimi Tendō
Hideaki Tokunaga
Machiko Watanabe
Masayoshi Yamazaki
External links
Home page
1959 births
Japanese impressionists (entertainers)
Living people
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twotone%20Aoki
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Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It was constituted under IWAI Act-1985 by the Parliament of India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 km, out of which about 5200 km of the river and 4000 km of canals can be used by mechanised crafts. Freight transportation by waterways is highly under-utilised in India compared to other large countries and geographic areas like the United States, China and the European Union. The total cargo moved (in tonne kilometres) by the inland waterway was just 0.1% of the total inland traffic in India, compared to the 21% figure for the United States. Cargo transportation in an organised manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam, and Kerala.
It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration. On 31 August 2018, IWAI made 13 standardised state-of-art design public for the transportation of cargo and passengers keeping in mind Ganges complex river morphology, hydraulics, acute bends, currents etc. in National Waterway 1. The first implementation will be between Varanasi-Haldia stretch in assistance and investment from the World Bank.
History
Inland Waterways Authority of India was created by the Government of India on 27 October 1986 for development and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The Authority primarily undertakes projects for development and maintenance of Inland Waterway Terminal infrastructure on National Waterways through grant received from the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Road Transport and Highways. The head office is at Noida. The Authority also has its regional offices at Patna, Kolkata, Guwahati and Kochi and sub-offices at Prayagraj, Varanasi, Bhagalpur, Farrakka and Kollam.
Classifications & Standards
Budget
Till 2010, an amount of was spent on Inland waterways of India.
Executives
Amita Prasad is the current Chairman of the Authority.
National Waterways
Based on the data available on navigable waterways, compiled by the ministry of statistics and programme implementation, by 2015–16 a total of 106 water bodies with a minimum length of were declared as national waterways. These have been classified into 3 categories based on financial viability and location as well as into 8 clusters based on locations. In first phase, 8 national water (NW) of category-1 that are considered most viable will be developed. There are 60 category II NWs in coastal regions with tidal stretches and feasibility reports for 54 of these (6 are in phase-1) will be delivered from May 2016 onwards
National Waterway 1
Prayagraj–Haldia stretch of the Ganges–Bhagirathi–Hooghly river system.
Estd = October 1986
Length =
Fixed terminals = Haldia, Kolkata, Sahibganj, Farrakka and Patna.
Floating terminals = Haldia, Kolkata, Diamond Harbour, Katwa, Tribeni, Baharampur, Jangipur, Bhagalpur, Munger, Semaria, Doriganj, Ballia, Ghazipur, Chunar, Varanasi and Prayagraj
Cargo Movement = 4 million tonnes
National Waterway 2
Sadiya – Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra river
Estd = September 1988
Length =
Fixed terminals = Pandu.
Floating terminals = Dhubri, Jogighopa, Tezpur, Silghat, Dibrugarh, Jamgurhi, Bogibil, Saikhowa and Sadiya
Cargo Movement = 2 million tonnes
National Waterway 3
Kozhikode-Kollam stretch of the West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal and Udyogmandal Canal.
Estd = February 1993
Length =
Fixed terminals = Aluva, Vaikom, Kayamkulam, Kottappuram, Maradu, Cherthala, Thrikkunnapuzha, Kollam and Alappuzha
Cargo Movement = 1 million tonne
National Waterway 4
Kakinada–Pudhucherry stretch of canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam – Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad – Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna
Estd = November 2008
Length =
National Waterway 5
Talcher–Dhamra stretch of the Brahmani River, the Geonkhali – Charbatia stretch of the East Coast Canal, the Charbatia–Dhamra stretch of Matai river and the Mangalgadi – Paradip stretch of the Mahanadi River Delta
Established = November 2008
Length =
National Waterway 6
NW-6 is a waterway between Lakhipur and Bhanga of the Barak River.
In Assam, Lakhipur to Bhanga stretch of Barak River.
Estd = 2016
Length =
See also
Inland waterways of India
Waterway
Transport in India
The Inland Vessels (Amendment) Act, 2007
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
Indian Railways
References
External links
Official Website
Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)
Inland waterway authorities
Government agencies established in 1986
Regulatory agencies of India
Waterways in India
1986 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Transport organisations based in India
Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh
de:Verkehr in Indien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Waterways%20Authority%20of%20India
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Mona Penelope Simpson is a fictional guest character in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is voiced most prominently by Glenn Close, but has also been voiced by Maggie Roswell, Tress MacNeille, and Pamela Hayden. Close's performances as Mona have been well received by critics and she was named one of the top 25 guest stars on the show by IGN.
Mona was the estranged wife of Abe Simpson, the mother of Homer Simpson, and the mother-in-law of Marge Simpson. The character appeared briefly in flashbacks in the early seasons of the show and was absent from Homer's life but no reason was given. The season seven episode "Mother Simpson" was the first to focus on the character. It was established that Homer believed that his mother was dead, a lie his father, Abe, told him when in reality she was on the run from the law after she sabotaged Mr. Burns's biological warfare laboratory. She also had a large role in "My Mother the Carjacker". The character appeared again in season 19's "Mona Leaves-a", and dies during the episode. An Inception-inspired dream version of her appears in season 23's "How I Wet Your Mother". In the episode "Let's Go Fly a Coot", a flashback reveals she met Abe when she was a waitress in a cantina and he broke the sound barrier to impress her.
The character is named after writer Richard Appel's ex-wife, the American novelist (and Steve Jobs's biological sister) Mona Simpson. The inspiration for the character is Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground.
Biography
Few pieces of Mona's life story have been revealed. She was first mentioned in season one and made two brief flashback appearances, but her first major appearance was in "Mother Simpson". In the episode, it is revealed that in the 1960s, Mona was a homemaker who lived with her husband Abraham Simpson and Homer, who at the time was a child. She became caught up in the hippie movement after her beliefs were ignited by seeing Joe Namath's long hair during Super Bowl III.
Mona soon became a political activist and, at one event, Mona and a group of other activists protesting germ research entered Montgomery Burns's laboratory and destroyed all the biological warfare experiments. As the gang escaped, she stayed behind to help a fallen Burns, who in turn, swore to have her thrown in jail for the rest of her life. Since that night, Mona was forced to leave her family and run off with a jester. Abe lied and said Mona had died while Homer was at the movies, to spare him of the trauma that his mother was a wanted criminal. For 27 years, Homer presumed that his mother was dead. He was accidentally reunited with Mona in "Mother Simpson" after he faked his own death to get a day off from work and Mona visited his supposed gravesite. Overjoyed at their reunion, he brings Mona home to meet his family. At first, Mona does not reveal her whereabouts and spends time catching up with her family, but is forced to reveal her past. She later travels to the post office with Homer, where Mr. Burns recognizes her face and tracks her down with FBI assistance. However, a tip-off to Homer from Chief Wiggum allows Mona to escape. Wiggum is grateful to Mona because his asthma was cured by the "antibiotic bomb" her group detonated during their lab infiltration, thereby allowing him to join the police force. Forced to go on the run again, Mona tells Homer she loves him and escapes to the underground.
In "D'oh-in' in the Wind", it is revealed that at some point, Mona spent time at a commune with two hippies, Seth and Munchie, after life with Abraham became unbearable. It is also strongly implied that she was unfaithful to Abraham. In the episode "Homer's Paternity Coot", a long lost letter reveals that Mona had an affair with lifeguard Mason Fairbanks, leading Homer to falsely believe that he might, in fact, be his real father.
In "My Mother the Carjacker", Homer discovers a secret message left for him in a newspaper that tells him to go to a location. There Homer finds Mona, who explains she had to return after she saw a macaroni pencil holder Homer made for her when he was five. She is captured by police and put on trial for the crime she committed. Due to Homer's heartfelt testimony, she is acquitted. Mr. Burns is angered by this and has her imprisoned for the minor charge of signing into a national park under a false name (Anita Bonghit). As she is being transported to jail, Homer attempts to break her free from the prison bus, but the chase ends in what appears to be her death when the bus drives off a cliff and lands in the water, where it explodes and sets off a rock avalanche which buries it. In truth, she narrowly escaped before the bus went off the cliff, and is still on the run.
Mona returns in "Mona Leaves-a" to try to make up for lost time with Homer, but he angrily refuses, saying that she will just abandon him again. Homer feels guilty about being angry with her and tries to make up only to learn she has died. Then Homer feels very guilty and Homer does something she asked for. She is cremated and, according to her will, Homer is supposed to throw her ashes on a mountain, where they disrupt a missile guidance system which would have devastated the Amazon Rainforest, once again plotted by Burns. Although disappointed that the last thing his mother asked him to do was "another hippie protest", Homer successfully stops the launch and accidentally causes an explosion that destroys the launch site, representing Mona's final victory, through her family and over all the things she spent her life fighting for. Reassured by Lisa that Mona will live on forever through his heroics, Homer releases his mother's ashes once more.
Mona briefly returns in "How I Wet Your Mother", where she rescues the family in a dream of Homer's, saying that she lives on in his dreams. It is revealed in this episode that a couple of weeks before she left Homer as a child, Homer and Grampa went on a fishing trip that was unsuccessful as the boat capsized. Homer would later feel guilt, believing that the incident prompted Mona to leave him and his father. Mona solves Homer's problem by telling him that the fishing trip never played a role in her leaving.
In an alternative retconned story introduced in "Mothers and Other Strangers", Homer discovered Mona's whereabouts in Utah when he was a teenager and went with Grampa to track her down, while unknowingly being tailed by FBI agents. The agents pursued Homer, Grampa and Mona to a canyon where Grampa got stuck in a small gap. Forced to choose between both his parents, Homer went back to save Grampa, while Mona managed to flee on a bus to San Francisco. In the present, Grampa and Homer lament to a therapist how they were never able to find Mona again, but Homer does reveal to his family that Mona secretly visited him in the hospital when Bart was born, disguising herself as a doctor.
Character
Creation
Mona Simpson is first mentioned in season one's "There's No Disgrace Like Home", where Homer recalls his mother telling him that he's a "big disappointment". She later made two brief flashback appearances, the first being season two's "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" and the second being season six's "Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy", and in both cases she was voiced by Maggie Roswell.
Mona's first major appearance was in the seventh season episode "Mother Simpson". The episode was pitched by Richard Appel, who had been desperately trying to think of a story idea and decided to do something about Homer's mother.
Many of the writers were surprised that an episode about Homer's mother had not previously been produced. The writers used the episode as an opportunity to solve several puzzles about the show, such as where Lisa's intelligence came from.
The character is named after Richard Appel's then wife, the novelist Mona Simpson who is Steve Jobs's biological sister. The inspiration for the character comes from Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground, although the writers acknowledge that several people fit her description. Her crime was intentionally the least violent crime the writers could think of, as she did not harm anyone and was only caught because she came back to help Mr. Burns.
Mona Simpson was drawn in a way so that she has a little bit of Homer in her face, such as the shape of her upper lip and her nose. There were several design changes because the directors were trying to make her an attractive older and younger woman, but still be "Simpson-esque".
Voice
Glenn Close was convinced to voice the character in "Mother Simpson" partially because of James L. Brooks. She was directed in her first performance by Josh Weinstein. When Mona gets in the van, her voice is done by Pamela Hayden because Glenn Close could not say "d'oh!" properly and thus they used the original temp track recorded by Hayden.
Glenn Close recorded original material for three other episodes: season 15's "My Mother the Carjacker" and season 19's "Mona Leaves-a". A deleted scene featuring Mona from "Mother Simpson" appears in season seven's "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" as well as season thirty-one's "Todd, Todd, Why Hast Thou Forsaken Me?". The character also has a speaking appearance in season ten's "D'oh-in in the Wind", this time voiced by Tress MacNeille.
Reception
Glenn Close has been well received as the voice of Mona. IGN ranked Close as the 25th-best guest star in the show's history for her first two performances as Mona. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly called Close one of "fourteen guest stars whose standout performances on TV make us wish they'd turn up in a Simpsons Movie 2". In 2008, Entertainment Weekly also named Close one of the 16 best Simpsons guest stars. The Phoenix.com placed Close in the second position on their list of the best 20 Simpsons guest stars. Star News Online listed Close as one of the four hundred reasons why they love The Simpsons. Close appeared on AOL's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars. Robert Canning of IGN wrote that Close "gave us the sweet voice of Mona Simpson. She's a perfect fit, able to convey a loving, motherly tone, while still convincing the audience she's a headstrong hippie activist."
"Mother Simpson" is one of Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein's favorite episodes as a perfect combination of real emotion, good jokes and an interesting story and they have expressed regret about not submitting it for the Emmy Award in the Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour) category. "My Mother the Carjacker" received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination in 2004 in the animation category. "Mona Leaves-a" received mixed reviews from critics. Robert Canning described it as "clunky and forced and wasn't all that funny" but still gave it a 7/10. Richard Keller called it a decent episode, but despised Mona's brief appearance.
References
External links
The Simpsons characters
Television characters introduced in 1991
Animated characters introduced in 1991
Fictional activists
Fictional criminals
Animated human characters
Female characters in animated series
American female characters in television
Hippie movement
Fictional characters incorrectly presumed dead
Fictional criminals in television
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%20Simpson%20%28The%20Simpsons%29
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