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Steve Heminger served as the former executive director of the San Francisco Bay Area's Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) from 2001 until his retirement in 2019. Since then, he has been serving as a director for the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA).
Early life and education
Heminger received his bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and his master's degree from the University of Chicago.
Career
Prior to joining MTC, Heminger served as Vice President for Transportation for the Bay Area Council, and as a staff assistant for various local, state, and federal governments, including the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, California State Legislature and United States Congress. At MTC, Heminger started as the manager of Legislation and Public Affairs in 1993; he was promoted to deputy executive director in 1999 and executive director in 2001.
In 2005, Heminger was appointed by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi of California to serve on the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission. The commission, formed by SAFETEA-LU, expired on July 7, 2008.
Heminger, a Democrat, has been active in transportation politics, and he has recommended that the federal gasoline tax be raised by forty cents per gallon. He was also a possible candidate to be President Barack Obama's nominee as Secretary of Transportation. Obama would ultimately choose Ray LaHood to fill the Transportation post.
Heminger's leadership at the MTC has been controversial, in regards to his extensive foreign travel at public expense, the problematic construction management of the new eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, and the decision to spend substantial transportation funds on the acquisition of a new MTC regional headquarters, supporting a move from Oakland to San Francisco, which was projected to cost $48 million but later increased to $218 million.
Heminger became the executive director of the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) in July 2017 after ABAG and MTC merged. He retired from the executive director positions of both ABAG and MTC on February 28, 2019 and was appointed to the Board of Directors for the SFMTA by Mayor London Breed later that year. Heminger represents SFMTA on the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board, the authority that operates Caltrain. In addition, he serves as a Senior Fellow for the University of California at Berkeley's Institute of Transportation Studies.
References
External links
(July 25, 2011)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
California Democrats
Georgetown University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Heminger
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Constantin "Bibi" Costăchescu (12 April 1909–8 August 1983) was a submarine commander in the Romanian Navy during the Second World War. He is the only Romanian submarine commander to sink an enemy ship.
Early days
He was born in 1909 in Pleșești, Suceava County, the son of Olga and Vasile Costăchescu, both teachers. He went to school in his native village and in Fălticeni, after which he attended military school in Iași, graduating in 1928. He then enrolled in the Naval Academy in Constanța, finishing in 1930 second in his class, with the rank of aspirant. Costăchescu served on the destroyer NMS Mărășești and in 1933 graduated from the Special Naval School.
The attack
On 1 October 1938, Costăchescu was appointed second in command of NMS Dolphin, and from 1 October 1939 to November 1943, he served as its commanding officer (CO). In June 1941 Romania entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers; in October of that year, the Romanian Army joined in the Crimean campaign. On its 5th patrol in the Black Sea, the Dolphin'''s orders were to cut the Soviet supply routes for Sevastopol. The patrol lasted from 2–7 November 1941. It was his 3rd patrol as the CO of the Dolphin (from the first 5 patrols of the Dolphin, Costăchescu was the CO for the 1st, 3rd and 5th). On the morning of 5 November at 08:05, sub-lieutenant Constantin Stegaru spotted a big transport ship steaming for Yalta. At 08:43, Costăchescu launched one aft tube torpedo from away. In a couple of moments, the torpedo explosion followed by another bigger one could be heard. It is possible that the ship was not escorted, because the first contact with the Soviet submarine-hunter ships took place after an hour. The anti submarine attack lasted from 10:30 until 18:30 and there were 80 to 90 depth charge explosions. The sunken Soviet ship was the 1,975-ton cargo Uralets (also known as Uralles).
Romanian historians identified the Russian ship as being the Uralles, 1975-tonne cargo boat, but Soviet archives state that the Uralles'' was sunk by Luftwaffe bombers in the port of Eupatoria on 29 October 1941. To this day, the identity of the ship remains an open debate.
Costăchescu was awarded the Order of Michael the Brave 3rd class. He was also the recipient of the Order of the Star of Romania, Knight class; the Order of the Crown (Romania), Knight class; and the Iron Cross, 1st class and 2nd class.
After the war
After the end of the war, Costăchescu served as an instructor for Romanian submariners and as a professor at the Naval Academy in Constanța, teaching future navy officers spatial geometry. He died in 1983, after being hit by a car, and a hard fall on ice during a cold winter in Constanța. He was buried in the city's Central Cemetery.
Because he fought in the war against the Soviet Union, the Romanian Communist regime never acknowledged his merits.
Notes
References
External links
A history of the submarine warfare in the Black Sea during World War II
1909 births
1983 deaths
People from Suceava County
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Submarine commanders
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Knights of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
Romanian Naval Forces officers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin%20Cost%C4%83chescu
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The 1963 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at Warwick Farm Raceway in New South Wales, Australia on 10 February 1963. Open to Formula Libre cars, it was the opening heat of the 1963 Australian Drivers' Championship. The race, which was the twenty eighth Australian Grand Prix, had 16 starters.
The race featured a strong representation of international competitors, with entries from Ecurie Vitesse for Jack Brabham, Bruce McLaren for himself, R.R.C. Walker Racing Team for Graham Hill and from the Bowmaker Racing Team for John Surtees, Tony Maggs and Jim Palmer. Jack Brabham won the race, his second Australian Grand Prix victory, after a battle with John Surtees. It was the first AGP victory by a driver in a self-developed car since Doug Whiteford won in his "Black Bess" Ford V8 Special in 1950.
Stirling Moss, who was recovering from a near-fatal crash at the Goodwood Circuit, was the special guest at the Grand Prix. Moss, who had driven a Maserati 250F to victory in the 1956 Australian Grand Prix at the Albert Park Grand Prix Circuit in Melbourne, also provided guest commentary for Australian television station the ABC alongside Doug Woodward, Bill Reynolds and pit reporter Norman May.
Classification
Results as follows.
Notes
Pole position: Bruce McLaren - 1'38.8
Fastest lap: John Surtees and Jack Brabham - 1'40.2 (80.84 m.p.h.) (130.074 k.p.h.)
Winner's average speed: 79.57 m.p.h. (128.05 k.p.h)
References
Grand Prix
Australian Grand Prix
Motorsport at Warwick Farm
Australian Grand Prix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Australian%20Grand%20Prix
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Shipston High School is a coeducational secondary school with academy status in Shipston-on-Stour in Warwickshire, England. It is situated in the North West of the town and has strong links with the community. In recent years it has been greatly oversubscribed for its new year 7 intake and was the 4th most improved school in the country a few years ago. Shipston High School is a small school, only having around 500 students, but proves strong competition for other schools. Shipston High achieves greatly in sports and extra curricular activities such as public speaking. The school was previously well known for its technology-related activities, such as rocketry and RC car racing, but this has been halted for several years. It also had Specialist Technology Status, however schools no longer use specialist status.
Controversies
In 2016 Jonathan Hunt, a former science teacher at Shipston High School, was jailed for having a sexual relationship with a 15 year old student.
In 2020 a former rugby coach at the school was jailed after his wife discovered inappropriate images of female students on his computer.
References
External links
School website
Secondary schools in Warwickshire
Academies in Warwickshire
Shipston-on-Stour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipston%20High%20School
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Aurantia may refer to:
Animals
Argiope aurantia, the black and yellow garden spider
Partula aurantia, a tree snail
Pseudoeurycea aurantia, a Mexican salamander
Golden masked owl (Tyto aurantia), a barn owl of New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Fungi
Aleuria aurantia, the orange peel fungus
Tremella aurantia, the golden ear fungus
Plants
Banksia aurantia, a Western Australian shrub
Places
Aurantia, Florida
Other
Frateuria aurantia, a bacterium
Aurantia, an energy firm launched by GreenFuel Technologies Corporation
Ammonium salt of Hexanitrodiphenylamine, used as a yellow colorant for leather, wool and silk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurantia
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The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory () is an astronomical observatory located in Tapada da Ajuda, in the civil parish of Alcântara, municipality of Lisbon. Recognized internationally for its quality of work in the field of positional astronomy (since the 19th century), in 1992, it became a dependency of the University of Lisbon (and later, part of the Faculty of Sciences), responsible for scientific and historical research, along with media relations.
History
From an 1812 map, there existed in the Alto da Casa Branca in the Tapada of Ajuda an older observatory.
The observatory was born from great controversy between French astronomer Hervé Faye (1814-1902), then director of the Observatory of Paris, and Peters, an astronomer at the Russian Observatory of Pulkova, on the parallax of the star of Argelander. The construction of the Lisbon observatory was due to a strong desire to build an institution that was a reference in Portuguese culture. It was established in the mid-19th century with the aim of promoting new Sidereal Astronomy, discovery and understanding of the infinite cosmos, and concern about the exact mapping of the sky and measuring the size of the universe. In 1850, Hervé Faye and Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (1793-1864) proposed that astronomical observations should be taken in Lisbon, being the first and "unique locale in all of continental Europe that the zenithal telescope could encounter the marvelous Argelander star". In order to do so, it was necessary to build a new observatory where you could install the appropriate equipment. The Count of Lavradio proposed that the government's chamber of peers should acquire Faye's telescope.
The government named a commission, presided by José Feliciano da Silva Costa (1797-1866) and driven by Filipe Folque (1800-1874), to construct a new observatory, since the Royal Military Observatory () did not have the conditions. In January 1857, King D. Pedro V destined 30 contos de réis to the construction of the observatory and decreed a new commission, managed by Filipe Folque. The commission thought, initially, of constructing the new building in the Prince Royal's garden, then alternately in the Parque Eduardo VII and later the Tapada da Ajuda.
The plan of the building, executed by the French architect architects Jean François Gille Colson (1861-1865), José da Costa Sequeira (1800-1872) and Valentim José Correia (1822-1900) (then the most distinguished foreign architect living in Lisbon), was inspired by the building of the Russian Observatory in Pulkova. Wilhelm Struve, then-director at Pulkova offered his services to the Portuguese government and became the main adviser, playing a very important role in the choice of equipment and the orientation of astronomer Frederico Augusto Oom (1830-1890), who was given a rough 5-year training session. Oom, was as a Navy Lieutenant and hydrographic engineer, who eventually became the first director of the Royal Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon and who ultimately had a very important role in the whole foundation of this building.
D. Pedro V approved the installation of the astronomic observatory in the Tapada, but its construction started on 11 March 1861, during the reign of King Luis I. The King also contributed to the fund, withdrawing money from his personal budget for the project. The observatory would have been erected in the Alto da Casa Branca, the locale of the older observatory, but was actually situated in the Alto da Eira Velha. Construction work was completed in 1867 and the first observations began at the site between 1867 and 1869. The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory was formally established by decree on 6 May 1878.
Between 1900 and 1901, the observatory participated in the solar parallax campaign, centered on the observations of the asteroid Eros, using a circular meridian measuring instrument to improve the value of the Astronomical unit. It also contributed to production of a high-quality catalogue of reference stars; the observatory contributed with data and weight to all 3800 observations used in the catalogue. For this work, in 1904, its director César Augusto de Campos Rodrigues (1836-1919), received the Valz Prize, by the French Academy of Sciences in Paris.
In 1995, the observatory was integrated into the University of Lisbon. The first renovations began in the cupola of the rotational tower in 1999.
From May 2004, the investigation project Fundamentação de Critérios para a Musealização do Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, financed by FCT (POCTI/HAR/48711/2002) and under the University of Lisbon's Faculty of Sciences and UTL's Faculty of Architecture.
Architecture
The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory consists of a central building in the hills of Ajuda and overlooking the Tejo river, and two small cupolas in the south containing instruments. Besides the central cupola there are three rooms for astronomical observations, equipped with instruments (the best for the time) and windows for observation.
The central block of the observatory (a circular room) supports the weight of the large equatorial refractor over 8 large columns. In arches between the columns are many pendulum clock used over the century to measure the time. At the foot of the large windows (with a view over the Tapada da Ajuda) are wide tables, used by astronomers to assist in their research/investigation. In addition, there are spacious halls linking the central block, used for lessons, taking measurements and research, today used as workshops and support school educational activities.
The three observation rooms are spacious and high, lined in wood, with open space between the wainscoting and the walls of masonry and roofing. This space communicates with the outside world through gaps that are constantly open. There are roofs of rooms in stacks of circulation, and this permanent ventilation is there in order to establish the balance of air temperature in the rooms and beyond, as it is convenient to the accuracy of observations. The wooden wainscoting providing thermal insulation, apart from being a 100% ecological product, which provides the user with a friendlier environment compared to other substitute materials. The rooms provide openings in the lateral walls and in the ceiling, through doors, thanks to an ingenious mechanism. Once the doors open once they give you an insight to the sky, according to the meridian of Lisbon, from north to south.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Library, Archives and Historical Documents
Guided tours
Scientific office
Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon (AOL)
CAAUL
Buildings and structures in Lisbon
University of Lisbon
Science and technology in Portugal
Astronomical observatories in Portugal
Museums in Lisbon
History of science museums
Science museums in Portugal
University museums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon%20Astronomical%20Observatory
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Muscodor albus (frequently spelled "muscador albus") is a plant-dwelling fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It was first discovered in the bark of a cinnamon tree in Honduras. It has the ability to produce a mixture of volatile compounds, including alcohols and esters, which can kill pathogens like molds and bacteria such as listeria and salmonella and many plant pathogens. It also acts as an insecticide, killing potato tuber moths, codling moths and their larvae.
Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service investigated the antimicrobial effects of Muscodor albus on Botrytis cinerea, which causes the common grey mold found on table grapes. Researchers found that Muscodor albus reduces the occurrence of Botrytis cinerea up to 85% on table grapes. Utilizing Muscodor albus''' antimicrobial effects is ideal for organic farmers who suffer a loss in yield due to the grey mold, which is usually treated with sulfur dioxide.
Other isolates considered to be varieties of M. albus have been identified in Thailand, on Myristica fragrans, and in Australia's Northern Territory, on plants such as Grevillea pterifolia (fern-leafed grevillea), Kennedia nigriscans (snakevine) and Terminalia prostrata (nanka bakarra).
References
General
AgraQuest asks EPA to OK mold-killer Sacramento Business Journal'', Monday, August 11, 2003
Scientists Pit Fungus Against Potato Pest by Jan Suszkiw, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, May 15, 2007
Muscodor albus QST 20799 (006503) Fact Sheet; United States Environmental Protection Agency factsheet, issued 09/17/05
New endophytic isolates of Muscodor albus, a volatile-antibiotic-producing fungus
Specific
Xylariales
Fungi of North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscodor%20albus
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Edgardo Massa (born 22 March 1981 in Formosa, Argentina) is a former tennis player from Argentina, who turned professional in 1998. Massa plays right-handed, and uses a single-handed backhand.
Career
Massa who is known by the nickname "Yayo", started playing tennis at the age of 5. He was part of the same generation that produced David Nalbandian and Guillermo Coria. Together with Nalbandian and Coria, Massa represented Argentina in the Junior Davis Cup in 1996 and 1997. As a junior, Massa won the Asunción Bowl junior, which was G1 level event, the level under the junior Grand Slams, Banana and Orange Bowls without losing where he defeated Fernando González in the quarter-finals and Ricardo Mello in the final.
1998–2000
Massa turned professional in 1998, where he started off playing Futures tournaments. His best results of the year were losing in the Peru F3 semi finals to Luis Horna and the quarter-finals of the Resistencia to Guillermo Coria.
In 1999 Massa won his first Futures tournaments in Buenos Aires defeated Martín Vassallo Argüello and Asunción over Leonardo Olguín. Massa played a mix of Futures and Challengers, where he won two Futures events in Argentina and Paraguay, before finishing the season by qualifying for the ATP Challenger event in Buenos Aires, defeating Agustín Calleri in the quarter-finals before losing to Guillermo Coria in the semi-finals.
2001–2003
The 2001 season started slowly for Massa, but in September he won two consecutive Challengers in Florianópolis and São Paulo defeating Gastón Etlis and Martín Vassallo Argüello respectively, before losing to Agustín Calleri in Guadalajara in the following week and Marcelo Ríos in Santiago.
Massa had a poor 2002 and returned to playing Futures events in late 2003 where he won two tournaments defeating Carlos Berlocq in Chile and Diego Hartfield in Uruguay.
2004–2008
2004 saw Massa make the final of the Forest Hills Challenger as a qualifier before retiring against Juan Pablo Guzmán in the final. In September Massa went on a run where he won 15 successive matches, with 14 of them won in straight sets. This run included the Szczecin Challenger where he qualified for the main draw and lost a total of 35 games in the tournament inclusive of the qualifying rounds. He followed that with a tournament victory in Dubrovnik over Tomas Behrend in the final. Massa's last Challenger tournament win was in 2005 in La Serena over Mariano Puerta who would go on to make the Roland Garros final in that season.
Injuries have been a significant factor in Massa's career as a professional. He has suffered three shoulder operations, hip operation, a stress fracture in his right hand. In April 2005, he had an accident in attempting to evade a girl at a tournament, he fell on his right shoulder and it was broken instantly.
Massa's last injury was a hip problem. While the recovery was difficult, he hoped to retire on his own terms and not because of the injuries. His last tournament was 2008 La Serena Open, where he competed in the men's doubles event with Gustavo Marcaccio.
Singles titles
References
External links
Edgardo Massa world ranking history
1981 births
Living people
People from Formosa, Argentina
Sportspeople from Formosa Province
Argentine male tennis players
Tennis players from Buenos Aires
Tennis players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Argentina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo%20Massa
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Geoffrey Sserunkuma (born 7 June 1983) is a Ugandan international footballer who of recent played for Wakiso Giants FC and the Uganda national team (the "Cranes") as a striker.
Club career
Operating as striker, Sserukuma played for Police Jinja. He enjoyed success at Kampala City Council FC before a transfer to Ethiopian Premier League club Saint-George SA in July 2007. In summer 2008, he left the club Addis Ababa and moved to Bloemfontein Celtic. In July 2009, he left Bloemfontein Celtic and completed a move to Vasco Da Gama, after falling out with Celtic manager Owen da Gama.
Bidvest Wits
On 6 April 2010, Sserunkuma signed for Bidvest Wits agreeing a two-year deal with the club.
Vasco Da Gama
However, he returned to Vasco Da Gama the following season, playing in the second-tier following the club's relegation from the top flight.
Lweza Football Club
In 2015, Sserunkuma joined Lweza FC. Sserunkuma played for a season at the Lweza F.C and scored eight goals in that season.
Kampala City Council
In July 2016, Sserunkuma joined Kampala City Council FC from Lweza Football Club; this was the second stint for Sserunkuma at the Lugogo based club following his first era during 2004 and 2006 seasons.
Sserunkuma opened his goal account with a debut strike against JMC Hippos on Friday 22 August 2016 as the Kampala City Council FC edged their visitors 2-1 at Phillip Omondi Stadium, Lugogo.
While in 2016/2017 season, Sserunkuma was the first player to hit double figures that season, His goal in the third minute against BUL FC was his 10th goal of the season. He last featured for Kampala City Council when it was playing against Paidha Black Angels FC in Uganda Cup 2017 finals in Arua where he scored his last goal. Sserunkuma scored 31 goals in all competitions for KCCA FC last season and helped the team win their first ever domestic double.
Buildcon F.C
In July 2017, Sserunkuma joined Buildcon F.C. On 12 August, Sserunkuma scored his first goal for Buildcon F.C against Lusaka Dynamos in a league match played at Levy Mwanawasa Stadium.
NAPSA Stars
He played for NAPSA Stars F.C. FC for a season.
Wakiso Giants FC
On 7 August 2019, Sserunkuma joined Wakiso Giants FC.
International career
He first began playing for the Cranes in the year 2002.
He was part of the Uganda Cranes team that participated in the 2016 Championship of Africa Nations tournament in Rwanda and scored against Zimbabwe in their 1-1 draw. Sserunkuma was one of the six locally based players in the Cranes squad which represented Uganda in 2017 Africa Cup of Nations at Gabon.
International statistics
International goals
Scores and results list Uganda's goal tally first.
Honors and achievements
Club
Kampala Capital City Authority FC
Ugandan Super League: 2017
Uganda Cup: 2017
Individual
Uganda Super League top scorer (1): 2016-2017
Uganda Super League MVP : 2016-2017
Uganda Super League FANS` PLAYER OF THE YEAR : 2016-2017
Kawowo sports Best XI of the 2016-17 Uganda Premier League:
Most Valuable Player : 2017
Player of the year : 2017
Fans player of the year : 2017
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Ugandan men's footballers
Uganda men's international footballers
Footballers from Kampala
Ugandan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Expatriate men's footballers in Ethiopia
Ugandan expatriates in South Africa
Saint George S.C. players
Vasco da Gama (South Africa) players
Bidvest Wits F.C. players
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. players
Kampala Capital City Authority FC players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
Wakiso Giants FC players
Buildcon F.C. players
Uganda men's A' international footballers
2016 African Nations Championship players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Sserunkuma
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The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution () was an art exhibition held in Rome at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni from 1932 to 1934. It was opened by Benito Mussolini on 28 October 1932 and was the longest-lasting exhibition ever mounted by the Fascist regime. Nearly four million people attended the exhibition in its two years. Intended to commemorate the revolutionaries who had taken part in the rise to power of Italian fascism, the Exhibition was supposed to be, in Mussolini's own words, "an offering of faith which the old comrades hand down to the new ones so that, enlightened by our martyrs and heroes, they may continue the heavy task."
Background
In the early 1930s the Fascist regime's popularity was approaching its peak in Italy and abroad. The idea of an exhibition celebrating the first decade of Fascist rule originated with Dino Alfieri, the president of the National Institute of Fascist Culture, in 1928. Alfieri presented the program of the Exhibition in a meeting of the National Fascist Party directorate on 14 July 1931, in the presence of Mussolini, who enthusiastically approved it. Alfieri involved in the project a group of young, radical artists including, among others, the painters Mario Sironi and Achille Funi and the rationalist architects Adalberto Libera and Giuseppe Terragni. The artists were called to translate the epic of the Fascist Revolution into plastic form making use of contemporary styles in graphic arts and architecture. The purpose of the Exhibition was, in Mussolini's words, to “create something ultramodern and audacious, free from melancholy memories of the decorative styles of the past.”
Unlike Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, who openly attacked modern architecture and art on both stylistic and racial grounds, denigrating its practitioners as decadent if not actually communists or Jews, Fascism had been since its early inception closely linked to avant-garde artistic movements, such as Futurism. Many of Italy's best artists and architects were ardent fascists who tried in every possible way to embody fascist values in their work. Mario Sironi contributed a large number of cartoons—over 1700 in all—to Il Popolo d'Italia and La Rivista Illustrata del Popola d'Italia, the Fascist newspapers, and, together with Modernist architect Giovanni Muzio, designed a pavilion for Il Popolo d'Italia at the 1928 Milan trade fair. As Diane Ghirardo has shown "The Modern Movement received substantial state support in Italy as it did from no other major power in the decade before World War II". As of 1930, indeed, very few governments had offered official support to the European avant-garde art, perhaps with the exception of the Soviet Union and the Weimar Republic. While Hitler’s Degenerate Art exhibition placed avant-garde art on display for ridicule, Mussolini used modernist art as a tool to promote Fascist ideology, linking the Fascist revolution to an equally revolutionary style in art.
Event
The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution opened on October 28, 1932, on the tenth anniversary of the March on Rome. The anniversary was called the Decennale (evoking the ancient Roman Decennalia). The Exhibition was the propaganda centerpiece of the Decennale. It was the largest official display organized by the Fascist regime to date. Its director and designer was Dino Alfieri, with the cooperation of Luigi Freddi, , and Cipriano Efisio Oppo. As artistical-technical consultant for the exhibition, Oppo was joined by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, the Futurist leader and a longtime friend of Mussolini, and by a small group of artists, including the architect Enrico Del Debbio and the painter Giovanni Guerrini. The organizing body included a special Propaganda Office, that worked directly with the undersecretary of the Ministry of Interior Leandro Arpinati.
The Exhibition celebrated the Fascist' rise to power in October 1922 and presented the Fascist view of Italian history from Mussolini's foundation of his newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, in November 1914, to the March on Rome. It was never conceived as an objective representation of the facts or as being solely based on the exhibiting of historic documents, but as a work of Fascist propaganda to influence and involve the audience emotionally. The idea behind the exhibition, in the words of one Fascist journal, was "to express a faith, which must be represented with the kind of fervor that ... can arouse religious feelings." For this reason not only historians were called in to assist in the exhibition, but also exponents of various artistic currents of the era. Documents and memorabilia were displayed to help describe the events leading to the rise of Fascism. The exhibition’s organizers solicited items from Italian citizens such as symbols, photographs, medals, newspapers, letters connected to Fascism's historical origins, totaling 18,040 items collected by the end of this campaign. The exhibits were laid out in a series of twenty-three rooms, with specific rooms being devoted to periods of history. Each room of the exhibition was designed by a team composed of an historian and an artist, most of whom were young avant-garde designers, such as Mario Sironi, Enrico Prampolini, Gerardo Dottori, Adalberto Libera and Giuseppe Terragni. The rooms were filled with mural photomontages (or “photo-mosaics”), sculptures, collages, sound clips, and quotes that surrounded visitors with visions of World War I and achievements of the Fascist movement. The extensive use of photomontages was inspired by Soviet constructivist artist El Lissitzky's "The Task of the Press is the Education of the Masses" in the Soviet Pavilion at the 1928 Cologne International Press Exhibition.
The Palazzo delle Esposizioni was given a temporary façade by Adalberto Libera and Mario de Renzi dominated by four twenty-five-meter tall tin-plate fasces and two six-meter X's, one to either side of the entry. The X's represented a ten-year span of Fascist history. One "X" looked to the past, beginning in 1922, the second "X" pointed to the future (from 1932 to 1942). The façade conveyed a sense of startling modernity through its use of modern materials and stark simplicity of design.
The exhibition was designed in such a way that it led visitors sequentially from one space to the other. Visitors were led through nineteen chronological and thematic halls covering the period from the outbreak of World War I to the victory of Fascism. The nineteen rooms were divided into five units corresponding to the general history of pre- and early Fascism. Rooms A-C covered the years from 1914 to 1918. Rooms D and E covered the early postwar period from 1918 to March of 1919. Rooms F and G presented the year 1919, beginning with the foundation of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento on March 23. The chief themes of these early rooms were intervention, the italian mobilization, Fascism's emergence, and idealization of the sacrifice of the Italian soldier. Rooms H through N were devoted to the squad years from 1920 to 1921. Clashes between Socialists and Blackshirts were dramatized as battles over the soul of the nation leading up from the decadence of the years immediately following the war to the triumph of Fascism and the beginning of the new era. Room O (1922) presented the final year of Fascist struggle before the March on Rome. Rooms P-S covered the March on Rome and also stood as commemorative chambers to Fascism. The exhibition culminated in a Sala del Duce ('Room of the Duce') narrating the life of Mussolini from its humble beginnings to his rise to world leadership.
Having completed the long detour through the history of Fascism, the visitor finally reached the Sacrario dei Martiri della Rivoluzione Fascista ('Shrine of the Martyrs of the Fascist Revolution'), the most theatrical and cathartic space of the entire exhibition. This large cylindrical space, over thirteen meters in diameter and seven meters in height, was designed by the Rationalist architect Adalberto Libera and the theater designer Antonio Valente (creator of the famous Carro di Tespi). The Sacrario commemorated to the thousands of soldiers and scores of Fascist Party members who gave their lives for the cause and soon became the focal point of patriotic pilgrimages.
The government offered travel discounts and other perks to incentivize visitors. Schools were closed from October 24 to November 5 1932, so that entire families could view the Exhibition in its opening days and primary schools were offered numerous incentives to visit it. Over half a million posters were printed together with tourist pamphlets in several languages.
Although the Exhibition was initially intended to be temporary, lasting only six months, it proved so popular that the closing date, April 21, 1933, had first to be postponed until October and then again until the following October. The Exhibition was seen by 3,854,927 Italian and foreign visitors over the course of nearly two years. Outside Italy the Exhibition was widely hailed for its aesthetic value. Among the many foreigners who came to see it were Le Corbusier, André Gide, Auguste Perret, Maurice Denis, and Paul Valéry.
The exhibition made known to a wider public many young arists and architects. Some of them, including the sculptor Marino Marini and the painter Enrico Paulucci, would become leading figures in Italian and European art after the war. Others, like Esodo Pratelli or Leo Longanesi, went on to active careers in cinematography and the photographic documentary. The exhibition has been praised by many art historians, such as Giulio Carlo Argan and Bruno Zevi, who have both written appreciatively of Libera's and Terragni's contributions.
Subsequent events
Given its great success, the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution was repeated in 1937 and 1942, though these two repeats did not have the same public success. The Exhibition of 1937 took place in conjunction with the much larger and more important "Mostra Augustea della Romanità", celebrating the bimillennium of the birth of Augustus. This second version of the exhibit was held in the National Gallery of Modern Art. Italian rationalist architect Cesare Bazzani designed a new façade for the gallery. The Exhibition was updated to cover the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the proclamation of the Fascist Empire and the deeds of the Italian volunteers fighting for the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War. The second edition attracted far fewer visitors than had the first version. It closed after a year and reopened in a slightly altered form on March 23, 1939, the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.
In the Exhibition of 1942, new rooms were added, one dedicated to the Doctrine of Fascism, another to artifacts recovered during the African campaigns, and yet another against Jews and Communists, who were given the blame for starting the war. The inauguration ceremony was presided over by a German delegation. A room on "Victory" was promised soon. The Exhibition was still open when the Germans occupied Rome in July 1943. Most of the documentary material was then transferred to the seat of the new Italian Social Republic, in Salò on Lake Garda. Today much of this material is preserved in the Central Archives of the State in Rome.
References
Bibliography
Rocco, Vanessa (2009). “Acting on the Visitor's Mind': Architectonic Photography at the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution in Rome, 1932.” In Public Photographic Spaces: Exhibitions of Propaganda from Pressa to The Family of Man, ed. Jorge Ribalta, 245–55.
External links
Italian Fascism
Fascist propaganda
Modern history of Italy
1930s in Rome
1932 in Italy
Art exhibitions in Italy
Italian fascist architecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition%20of%20the%20Fascist%20Revolution
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Papillifera solida deburghiae is a subspecies of small, air-breathing land snail with a clausilium, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.
Distribution
This species occurs on Sicily, Italy
References
Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16th, 2017
External links
Paulucci, M. (1878). Matériaux pour servir à l'étude de la faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile de l'Italie et de ses iles. Paris: Savy. 54 pp
Papillifera deburghiae at AnimalBase
Clausiliidae
Gastropods described in 1878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillifera%20solida%20deburghiae
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Enrico Prampolini (20 April 1894, Modena – 17 June 1956, Rome) was an Italian Futurist painter, sculptor and scenographer. He assisted in the design of the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution and was (like Gerardo Dottori) active in Aeropainting.
He pursued a programme of abstract and quasi-abstract painting, combined with a career in stage design. His Spatial-Landscape Construction (1919) is quasi-abstract with large flat areas in bold colours, predominantly red, orange, blue and dark green. His Simultaneous Landscape (1922) is totally abstract, with flat colours and no attempt to create perspective. In his Umbrian Landscape (1929), produced in the year of the Aeropainting Manifesto, Prampolini returns to figuration, representing the hills of Umbria. But by 1931 he had adopted "cosmic idealism", a biomorphic abstractionism quite different from the works of the previous decade, for example in Pilot of the Infinite (1931) and Biological Apparition (1940).
Prampolini was an influence on Tullio Crali.
Life
After studying with Dullio Cambellotti at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, he became a leading member of the Futurist Movement as a painter, scenographer and architect. He had close contacts with the representatives of the European avant-garde art, with the Section d'Or, Dadaism, the Bauhaus, De Stijl, the Abstraction-Création group, with Pablo Picasso, Piet Mondrian, Wassily Kandinsky and Jean Cocteau.
From 1913 for a period collaborates with the monthly magazine Varietas in Milan.
In 1917, with Bino Sanminiatelli he founded the magazine Noi. The same year, he realised the sets for the futurist film Thaïs, directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia. He created the interior of a dream and suffocating villa, whose walls are decorated with spirals, lozenges, chessboards and symbolic figures. This film had a significant influence on the anti-naturalistic scenes of German Expressionism.
Prampolini's work occupies a place of its own in the European abstract art, characterized by its deep concern for the dynamism and Organicism , which manifests itself in the cosmic visions and dreams of the 1930s and 1940s. In 1927 he founded the "Futurist Theatre Prampolini". In 1928 he conceived the Futurist Pavilion at the "Esposizione del Valentino" in Turin, which was realised by Fillìa and Pino Curtone.
Together with Fillia, he realized in 1933 a large mosaic Le comunicazioni for the tower of the Palazzo delle Poste in La Spezia. After the futurist experience, he produced different materials and works, sometimes influenced by the visions of the microcosm. He declared that his aim to express the extreme latitudes of the introspective world. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
In 1944 he taught theatre and set design at the Brera Academy in Milan.
References
External links
Enrico Prampolini arte-argomenti.org. URL consultato il 08-07-2008.
Italian Futurist painters
Futurist sculptors
1894 births
1956 deaths
Abstract painters
Italian male painters
Italian male sculptors
Italian scenic designers
Artists from Modena
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Academic staff of Brera Academy
Italian magazine founders
Burials at Campo Verano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Prampolini
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Papillifera solida, is a species of small, air-breathing land snail with a clausilium, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.
Subspecies
Papillifera solida caietana (Rossmässler, 1842)
Papillifera solida deburghiae (Paulucci, 1878)
Papillifera solida diabolina H. Nordsieck, 2013
Papillifera solida pseudobidens H. Nordsieck, 2013
Papillifera solida solida(Draparnaud, 1805)
References
Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16th, 2017.
Kerney, M.P., Cameron, R.A.D. & Jungbluth, J-H. (1983). Die Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Biologen und Naturfreunde, 384 pp., 24 plates.
External links
Draparnaud, J.-P.-R. (1805). Histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. 2 pp. (Avertissement a sa Majesté l'Impératrice), 2 pp. Rapport, i-viii (Préface), 1-164, pl. 1-13, 1 p. Errata.
Papillifera solida at AnimalBase
Clausiliidae
Gastropods described in 1805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillifera%20solida
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The SV Schalding-Heining is a German association football club from the suburb of Schalding-Heining in the city of Passau, Bavaria. The club was the first winner of the Bavarian Cup, in 1998.
History
The club was formed on 22 May 1946, after the Second World War, mostly from players of the FC Rittsteig, which had gone defunct during the war. The formation was initiated by a friendly between the villages of Schalding and Heining, which ended 0–0. Originally, the club name was simply SV Schalding but in the early 1950s it was altered to SV Schalding-Heining.
The club achieved some immediate success, winning its league, the C-Klasse Passau and earning promotion to the B-Klasse Passau in 1947. For the next forty years, the SV S-H would fluctuate between the local A-Klasse and C-Klasse, the later being the lowest tier of league football in Bavaria.
In 1989, the club for the first time managed to leave the local leagues, earning promotion to the Bezirksliga Niederbayern-Ost (VI). After a short stint and relegation, it returned to this level in 1992. This time with more success, the SV survived in this league and earned promotion to the Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern in 1994, the highest league in the Lower Bavaria region.
It earned a league championship in the BOL in its first season but chose to decline promotion to the next level up at this stage. A second title in this league in 1999 however meant the SV now accepted promotion, to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte, the league the club would spend its time in since then a second place in 2007 being its greatest success. In this season, 2006–07, the club managed to win 14 games in a row which contributed largely to this achievement. This qualified the team for the promotion round where it lost to TSV Grossbardorf 2–3 after leading 2–0 after 11 minutes.
While the club remained an undistinguished league side, it achieved far more success on local cup level, rising as far becoming the first team to win the Bavarian Cup in 1998. Through this, the club gained entry to the DFB Cup 1998–99, where it lost narrowly to SpVgg Unterhaching in the first round of the competition. Additionally, the club also won the Niederbayern Cup on four occasions, in 1998, 2003, 2007 and 2009.
The club was in its eleventh Landesliga season in 2008–09 when it finally won promotion to the Oberliga Bayern, after coming first in the league. It also is won the Niederbayern Cup once more.
It only lasted for two seasons in Bavaria's highest league, being relegated in 2011. In the 2011–12 season the team came second in the Landesliga and earned the right to take part in the promotion round to the new Regionalliga Bayern. While the club was knocked out in the first round by FC Schweinfurt 05 it nevertheless qualified for an expanded Bayernliga from 2012.
In the 2012–13 season the club took out the championship in the southern division of the Bayernliga and thereby earned direct promotion to the Regionalliga Bayern. In its first season at this level the club finished twelfth in the league and avoided relegation or the relegation play-offs.
Local rivals
Traditionally, the biggest club in the city of Passau is the FC Passau but the SV Schalding-Heining and the FCP have rarely played in the same league. From 2000 to 2003 and again in 2006–07, both clubs competed in the Landesliga. The FCP has since dropped down to the Bezirksoberliga, making the SV S-H the number one in town, for the time.
Current squad
Honours
The club's honours:
League
Bayernliga Süd (V)
Champions: 2013, 2023
Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (VI)
Champions: 2009
Runners-up: 2007, 2012
Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern (VI)
Champions: (2) 1995, 1999
Runners-up: 1997
Cup
Bavarian Cup
Winners: 1998
Runners-up: 2014
Niederbayern Cup
Winners: (4) 1998, 2003, 2007, 2009
Runners-up: (2) 2000, 2006
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onward were elevated one tier.
DFB Cup
The club only reached the first round of the national German Cup, the DFB Cup, once, in 1998:
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1946
Football in Lower Bavaria
1946 establishments in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV%20Schalding-Heining
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Luigi Freddi (12 June 1895, Milan – 17 March 1977, Sabaudia) was an Italian journalist and politician, principally notable for being the first vice seсretary of the Fasci italiani all'estero, and later one of those most responsible for Italian political cinema in the second half of the 1930s and the start of the 1940s.
As a futurist and a legionario fiumano (see Italian Regency of Carnaro), he edited Il Popolo d'Italia and in 1920 was one of the founders of the student avant-garde within the fighting Italian Fascist party and became director of the review Giovinezza.
He was then head press officer of the PNF (1923–24), vicesegretario (vice-secretary) of the Fasci italiani all'estero (FIE) (1927) and vice-director of the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution.
In 1934 he was made head of the General Directorate of Cinematography, the Fascist organisation controlling cinema. Freddi aimed to create an entertainment cinema on the American type, imitating the commercial Hollywood model instead of the Soviet propaganda model. The Cinecittà studios (of which he became a director) and the film school were founded under his direction.
References
E. Piovano, il sogno di Freddi, in Il nuovo spettatore a. VI, n.10, December 1985
1895 births
1977 deaths
Politicians from Milan
Journalists from Milan
Italian male journalists
Italian film producers
Italian fascists
Futurist writers
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century Italian male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Freddi
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Anton Batagov (born 10 October 1965) is a Russian pianist and post-minimalist composer. "One of the most significant and unusual figures of Russian contemporary music", according to 'Newsweek's Russian edition in 1997, Batagov is an influential Russian composer and performer.
Biography
A graduate of the Gnessin School and the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory and prize-winner at the International Tchaikovsky Competition (1986) and other competitions, Batagov introduced music by John Cage, Morton Feldman, Steve Reich and Philip Glass to Russian audiences. From 1989 to 1996 Batagov was the artistic director of the festival of Alternativa, a festival of contemporary music. Batagov's work has been influential on the understanding of classical and new music in Russia.
In 1997 he stopped performing live for 12 years to focus on composition and studio recordings.
The style of Batagov's post-minimalist compositions is rooted in the harmonic and rhythmic patterns of Russian church bells and folk songs seamlessly mixed with the spirit of Buddhist philosophy and the dynamic pulse of early Soviet avant-garde. His discography includes over 50 albums. Batagov is the author of several movie soundtracks, and original music for major Russian TV channels.
In 2009 he returned to live performances. Since then, he has been performing a series of unique solo piano programs. His repertoire includes works by Bach, Pachelbel, Purcell and early English music, Mozart, Schubert, Debussy, as well as many other composers, and his own numerous piano compositions. He has performed at The Grand Hall of Moscow Conservatory and The Grand Hall of St.Petersburg Philharmonie, Moscow International House of Music and Zaryadye Hall, Brooklyn Academy of Music (New York), Jordan Hall (Boston), and Bing Concert Hall (Palo Alto, CA), Elbphilharmonie (Hamburg), The Berliner Philharmonie and Philharmonie de Paris, Musiikkitalo (Helsinki) and Reduta Hall (Bratislava), Teatro Regio (Parma, Italy) and Palau de la Música Catalana (Barcelona, Spain), and many other venues. The list of festivals he has participated in includes Diaghilev Festival (Perm, Russia), Ruhrtriennale (Essen, Germany), Next Wave and Bang on a Can (New York), Glass at 80 (University of North Carolina), Aarhus 2017 Festival (Aarhus, Denmark), and others.
Batagov is one of the key performers of piano works by Philip Glass. Batagov's recordings and live performances include The complete Etudes, Batagov's piano arrangements of scenes from Einstein on the Beach and Koyaanisqatsi, music from The Hours, Distant figure (a composition written by Philip Glass for and premiered by Anton Batagov), and other works.
Anton Batagov's compositions have been performed and recorded by outstanding Russian classical and rock musicians and orchestras. Numerous musicological articles and dissertations have been written about his music. The philosophy of Batagov's projects eliminates any boundaries between "performance" and "composition" by viewing all existing musical practices—from ancient rituals to rock and pop culture and advanced computer technologies—as inseparable elements of his own practice.
Discography
Music by Anton Batagov
I was looking at green trees for a long time (1994)
Music for December (1998)
Best Before 02.2000 (2000)
Prayers and Dances (2001)
Music for the 35 Buddhas (2001)
The Wheel of the Law (2002)
Music for Piano (2003)
Save Changes Before Closing? (2003)
Symphony.ru (2003)
From the Beginning up to the End (2004)
Tetractys (2004)
Music for Films (2005)
Passionate Desire to Be an Angel (2006)
Breathing In Breathing Out (original motion picture soundtrack) (2007)
The Monk Thogmey's Thirty-Seven Precepts (2007)
The Musicmaker's Contract (NTV/NTV+ channels greatest hits) (2007)
ab & xmz. The Piano And Other Sounds (2008)
Lama Sonam Dorje & Anton Batagov. Daily Practice (2008)
Bodhicharyavatara (with Telo Tulku Rinpoche) (2009)
ab & xmz II (2009)
Tayatha (Yungchen Lhamo & Anton Batagov ) (2013)
Selected Letters of Sergei Rachmaninoff (2013)
Post Production (2014)
I Fear No More. Selected songs and meditations of John Donne (2015)
The One Thus Gone (2017)
Where We Are Not. Letters of Mother Seraphima (2017)
16+ (Female poetry through the ages) (Nadine Koutcher / Anton Batagov) (2019)
Disquiet (Music for Ivan Vyrypaev's drama) (2019)
Made in 1993: The Art of Sampling (2020)
Lamrim. A Prayer to the Gurus (EP, 2020)
I See Your Dream. You See My Dream (EP, 2020)
Invisible Lands (2020)
Early Piano Works Revisited (2021)
Optical Illusion (songs to the poetry of Alexander Pushkin and Daniil Kharms) (2021)
Quietude and Joy As Envisioned by Russian Painters (2021)
Bodhicharyavatara (Feat. Telo Tulku Rinpoche) (Remastered digital edition) (2022)
Dialog (2022)
The Last Alchemist (2023)
Music by various composers performed by Anton Batagov
Messiaen: Vingt Regards sur l'Enfant-Jesus (1990)
Rails (Russian avant-garde piano music) (1991)
Bach: Die Kunst der Fuge (1993)
Ravel: Piano works (1994)
Alexandre Rabinovitch: Oeuvres pour piano (1994)
The New Ravel (Ravel: Piano works) (1996)
Yesterday (Russian post-minimalist piano music) (1998)
Vladimir Martynov: Opus posth (1998)
Sergei Zagny: Sonata (2000)
Remix (Beethoven, Schubert, Bach) (2002)
Morton Feldman: Triadic Memories (2003)
The Battell (music of William Byrd and Johann Pachelbel) (2014)
Alle Menschen Müssen Sterben (music of Johann Pachelbel) (2015)
Prophecies (Music by Philip Glass from Einstein on the Beach and Koyaanisqatsi arranged for piano solo and performed by Anton Batagov) (2016)
Tchaikovsky Competition 1986 (2016)
BACH (Johann Sebastian Bach: Partitas No.4 & 6, Jesus bleibet meine Freude) (2017)
Philip Glass: The Complete Etudes (2017)
An Evening Hymn (Early English Music) (2018)
Big My Secret (Piano recital: Rameau, Bach, Mozart, Nyman, Bull) (2018)
Philip Glass: The Hours / Distant Figure (2018)
Sunny Night (Piano recital: Rebikov, Debussy, Grieg, Chopin, Waters) (2020)
Debussy. Preludes, Book 1 (Live) (2020)
SCHUBERT (Franz Schubert: Sonate in B flat major and other works) (2021)
One Two Three. Music in triple time (Piano recital: Bach, Satie, Tchaikovsky, Scarlatti, Rachmaninoff, Ravel, Beethoven, Bach) (2021)
References
External links
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1965 births
Living people
Tibetan Buddhists from Russia
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
Composers from Moscow
Russian male composers
Moscow Conservatory alumni
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Russian male musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Batagov
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Adelaide Secondary School of English is co-located with the School of Languages west of the city of Adelaide.
It is the only Government School for permanent, temporary and overseas full fee paying secondary students aged between 12 and 18 years who are newly arrived in South Australia, providing opportunities for students to develop their English skills.
Curriculum
Students learn English through a range of curriculum subjects and senior students are given the opportunity to gain SACE credits for completing the PLP (Personal Learning Plan) and EALD across the curriculum (Intensive English Language program).
Subjects provided by the school include: English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EALD), Maths, History, Geography, Health and Personal Learning and Wellbeing (PLW), Science, Design Technology, Physical Education, Visual and Dramatic Arts, Home Economics, Woodwork and Gardening, as well as select SACE Stage 1 subjects including Personal Learning Program (PLP), Integrated Learning (Citizenship) and Community Studies.
The wellbeing of students is also an important focus of the school. Students are provided with a range of wellbeing activities and sports that heighten their connection to the school (and wider) community, and further supports their transition to their new lives in Australia. Students are given frequent opportunities to engage in active learning activities and community service, reflecting the school values of Respect, Responsibility and Resilience.
References
Secondary schools in Adelaide
Public schools in South Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Secondary%20School%20of%20English
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Papyrus 62 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓62, known also as ‘‘Papyrus Osloensis’’, is a copy of the New Testament and Septuagint in Greek-Coptic. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew and Book of Daniel. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 4th century.
Description
The surviving text of Matthew are verses 11:25-30, they are in a fragmentary condition. It contains also fragments of Book of Daniel 3:51-53 and Odae (Papyrus 994 Rahlfs). Survived fragments of 13 leaves.
The text is written in one column per page, 7 lines per column, 7-12 letters in line.
Greek
Matthew 11:25; 11:25; 11:25-26; 11:27; 11:27; 11:27-28; 11:28-29; 11:29-30; 11:30.
Coptic
Matthew 11:25-29.
The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way (θς, ις, κε, πρ, πηρ, υς).
It has diaeresis over letter ypsilon.
Greek text of Matthew
The Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.
In Matthew 11:25 it reads εκρυψας along with Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Bezae, minuscule 33, lectionary 2211. Other manuscripts read απεκρυψας (C, L, W, Θ f1, f13, Byz).
The text of Daniel represents Theodotion's recension.
History
Leiv Amundsen dated the manuscript to the 4th century. INTF dated it to the 4th century.
The manuscript was found in Egypt.
The text was published by Amundsen in 1945. It was examined by Maldfeld, Kurt Treu, Karl Jaroš.
It is cited in critical editions of the New Testament (NA26, NA27).
It is currently housed at the University of Oslo Library (Inv. 1661) in Oslo.
Image gallery
See also
Daniel 3
List of New Testament papyri
Matthew 11
References
Further reading
Leiv Amundsen, Christian Papyri from the Oslo Collection, Symbolae Osloenses 24 (Oslo: 1945), pp. 121–147.
External links
Images of Papyrus 62
LDAB
New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Coptic New Testament manuscripts
Septuagint manuscripts
Gospel of Matthew papyri
Book of Daniel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus%2062
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William Moses Annyas Eanes was an Irish politician who in 1555 was elected mayor of Youghal in County Cork. He was the first Jew to hold such an elected position in Ireland. His grandfather was a Marrano Jew who had emigrated from Belmonte, Portugal.
References
Mayors of places in Ireland
Jewish Irish politicians
People from Youghal
Irish people of Portuguese descent
European Sephardi Jews
British people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
People of Elizabethan Ireland
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People from Belmonte, Portugal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Annyas
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Throwball is a non-contact ball sport played across a net between two teams of nine players on a rectangular court.
Throwball is popular in Asia, especially on the Indian subcontinent, and was first played in India as a women's sport in Chennai during the 1940s. Like volleyball, the game's roots are linked with the YMCA. Both volleyball and Newcomb ball, while older games, share many similarities with throwball. Throwball rules were first drafted in 1955 and India's first national level championship was played in 1980.
The International Throwball Federation is the highest governing body for the sport.
History
According to the Throwball Federation of India (TFI), throwball is thought to derive from a recreational sport popular among women in England and Australia during the 1930s. The YMCA brought the game to Chennai, where it was played as a women's sport in the 1940s.
Harry Crowe Buck, who founded the YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai, drafted guidelines for throwball rules and regulations in 1955. The game reached Bangalore in the 1950s.
The Throwball Federation of India (TFI) was formed along with the Indian National Throwball Championship. By 1990, Throwball in India developed separate competitions for both men and women.
Throwball is played in gym class, colleges, and clubs throughout Asia, and it has been slowly gaining popularity in other countries.
Rules and play
Court
The playing court is somewhat larger than a volleyball court at with a neutral box on either side of the center. The height of the net is or .
Ball
The ball is similar to a volleyball, but may be slightly larger. While in volleyball the ball is hit or volleyed throughout play, in throwball the ball is thrown over the net, where a member of the other team tries to catch the ball and quickly throw it back across the net.
Play
Teams
An official game is played between two teams of nine or seven players. A minimum of three or five substitute players are allowed for each team, which can make a maximum of three substitutions during a set. A team can take two time-outs of 30 seconds each during a set. The first team to score 25 points wins a set. A match is three sets.
Service
Service is within five seconds after the referee whistles and is done from the service zone, without crossing the end line. A player can jump while serving the ball. The service ball must not touch the net. Double touch is not allowed for receiving the service ball and players stay in 2-3-2 position during the serve.
Rally
During a rally, the ball must be caught at once with both hands, without any movement of the ball within the hands (dubs) and the ball should not have contact with the ground. The ball is thrown within three seconds after being caught, only from above the shoulder line and only with one hand. A player can jump when throwing the ball, which can touch the net (but not the antenna). The player should have contact with the ground when catching the ball. However, the ball is not touched by any part of the body other than the palm when catching or throwing (body touch). The ball can neither be shifted (passed) to the left or right nor deliberately pushed. Two players are not allowed to catch the ball simultaneously.
Uniforms
In official play, teams wear shorts and jersey uniform with numbers only in the range of 1–12 printed front and back.
Major competitions
In India, the National Throwball Championship is organized by the Throwball Federation of India. A Junior International Throwball Match was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in December 2015; eight countries participated.
See also
Throwball in India
References
External links
International Throwball Federation
Pakistan Throwball Federation
Ball games
Team sports
Articles containing video clips
YMCA
Women's sports
History of women's sports
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwball
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Lapland Nature Reserve () (also Laplandskiy) is a Russian zapovednik (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, above the Arctic Circle. Officially established in 1957, the reserve protects an area of to the northwest of Lake Imandra, including 86 km² of inland water. The terrain is mountainous tundra and northern taiga. Since 1985 the zapovednik has been designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. The name refers to the cultural area of Lapland, now preferably called Sápmi.
The Lapland Nature Reserve was established in 1930. However, in 1951 along with many other zapovedniks of the Soviet Union it was abolished. It was reestablished in 1957, but in 1961-1965 was merged to Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. In 1983 the 1,613 km² area of the Lapland Nature Reserve was significantly expanded to include 1,296 km² of territories to the northwest, farther from the polluting influence of the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, and the zapovednik gave away 124 km² near the city. The reserve is situated in Murmansk Oblast about 50 km south of the city of Murmansk. Its administrative center is the rural locality of Laplandsky Zapovednik.
Topography
The Lapland Reserve has a terrain that is mostly mountain tundra and lakes, being situated on the western zone of the Khibiny Mountains. Most of the territory is covered by northern taiga and montane tundra with the highest point on (1115 m a.s.l.).
Climate and ecoregion
Lapland Reserve is located in the Scandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion, which is situated in Northern Europe between tundra in the north and temperate mixed forests in the south. It is covers parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of European Russia, being the largest ecoregion in Europe. The ecoregion is characterized by coniferous forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris (in drier locations), often with an understory of Juniperus communis, Picea abies and Picea obovata and a significant admixture of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula. Larix sibirica is characteristic of the eastern part of the ecoregion.
The climate of the Lapland Reserve is Humid continental climate, cool summer (Köppen climate classification (Dfc)). This climate is characterised by long cold winters, and short, cool summers.
Ecoeducation and access
As a strict nature reserve, the Lapland Reserve is mostly closed to the general public, although scientists and those with 'environmental education' purposes can make arrangements with park management for visits. There are a number of 'ecotourist' routes in the reserve, however, that are open to the public. These change with the seasons and are designed to cover themes of the region - Christmas and New Year's in winter, "Spring Awakening Tour", etc. Excursions are arranged for groups through application for permits to be obtained in advance. The main office is in the city of Monchegorsk.
See also
Laponian area
List of Russian Nature Reserves (class 1a 'zapovedniks')
National Parks of Russia
References
Towards an inventory of the mycobiota of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Murmansk Region, North-West Russia)
External links
Map of Lapland Reserve, OpenStreetMap
Map of Laplandskiy Reserve, ProtectedPlanet
Official site (in Russian)
Laplandskiy Biosphere Reserve; UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory
Nature reserves in Russia
Biosphere reserves of Russia
Geography of Murmansk Oblast
1957 establishments in Russia
Protected areas established in 1957
Sápmi
Zapovednik
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland%20Biosphere%20Reserve
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Cipriano Efisio Òppo (2 July 1891 – 10 January 1962) was an Italian painter, stage designer, satirical illustrator, and critic. He was born in Rome, the city in which he also lived, worked and died, though his father's and mother's families had both come originally from Sardinia. He was an influential and perceptive commentator and mentor in respect of the Italian art scene through the challenges of the Mussolini years.
Life
Provenance and childhood
The father of Cipriano Efisio Òppo was Andrea Eugenio Òppo, who worked for the post office. His mother, born Ottavia Sutto, ran the family home when he was small, but he was still very young in 1894, when she died. Although he was always known as "Cipriano Efisio Oppo", and the usage is respected in most subsequent historiography, the name "Efisio" does not appear on his birth certificate so was, presumably, only adopted on his behalf (or by him) at some later date. Although the relationship between father and son could sometimes be confrontational under the one-parent set-up placed on them by circumstances, Andrea Eugenio Òppo was devoted to his son. When he was ten Cipriano's father sent him away to a boarding school at Spoleto, hoping thereby to assure the child an education appropriate to his middle-class aspirations. The boy rejected the institutional rigidities that the school sought to impose on him, however, and the arrangement was terminated after four years.
After returning to Rome full-time in 1904, Òppo enrolled at the city's "Royal Higher Academy of Fine Arts" ("Regia Accademia di Belle Arti denominata di San Luca", as it was known before Italy became a republic) in 1946). His studies were focused on learning to paint, exploiting a natural talent that had already been apparent for some years. College contemporaries who in due course became friends included Francesco Trombadori, Amerigo Bartoli and Antonio Maraini. He supported his studies with work at the prestigious commercial art gallery of Giuseppe Sangiorgi which filled a large part of the vast interior at the Palazzo Borghese. Here he "undertook the duties of an apprentice decorator and copyist of classic works under the guidance of Maestro Oreste Morozzi" (who appears to have combined the roles of head gardener and chief curator at the palace). In 1907 he started attending the academy's "Scuola libera del nudo" ("Free School of The Nude") in the Villa Medici, as a result of which he became more closely acquainted with Umberto Boccioni and Mario Sironi.
Òppo's first known paintings come from this period, notably his "triple self-portrait", which is dated 1910.
Cartoonist and artist
He embarked on a more public career in 1910/1911 as a caricaturist for the newly launched "Idea Nazionale", a political Rome-based newspaper published weekly between 1911 and 1914, supportive of the anti-Austrian Italian Nationalist Association. From 1910, he devoted himself principally to painting, tending towards the style of "les Fauves" and, in particular, that of Henri Matisse. During the first part of 1912 he began to participate in exhibitions, showing a painting (details unknown) at a portraits exhibition organised by the "International Artistic Association". During 1913 he took part in an exhibition of the "International Artistic Circle" in Rome with five paintings described in one source as "futurist", "cubist" and "sartorian". Later that year his work was on show in Naples at the "National Exhibition of Fine Arts" organised by the "Commissione Nazionale Attività Giovanile". The display included his "Castello del Mistero", a dark and shadowy work believed to have been powerfully influenced by symbolism and neo-Impressionist divisionism. In 1914 he contributed to the exhibition given by the Roman Secession.
Emilio Cecchi, another highly respected art critic who was in addition a close friend, describes Òppo's pictures from this time as employing "colours of an acrid, biting, almost burning" character, reflecting little of the Italian modernism of artistic contemporaries, but rather imbued with "a certain Matissian influence". The critic Alberto Cantù, writing in 1914, was struck by the "violence, aggression and capacity for all excesses before finding its equilibrium" apparent in Òppo's paintings.
Meanwhile, he also engaged in the networking vital to his career progression in the context of the times. Looking back in 1929, Mario Corsi recalled Òppo as having been "rather shy, and on account of the shyness a little contrary. He was always to be found in the "Caffè Greco" along the Via Condotti [in the heart of the city], at the end of the largest room at the farthest end of the establishment, known as "the omnibus", where beardless poets could interact with a few generally youthful and inexperienced journalists, and a few artists - not all of these in their first youth".
The journal "Idea Nazionale", to which Òppo contributed, was transformed from a weekly publication to a daily one in 1914, primarily in order to campaign for the Italian government to intervene militarily in the war which had broken out north of the Alps. One reason for the hesitancy was a lack of any consensus within the government and across the country as to whether Italy should participate alongside its alliance partners (which included Austria) or in opposition to the former colonial power alongside France, which was widely seen to have made Italian unification possible. In the end, partly in response to (at the time secret) British government promises, Italy declared war against Austria in May 1915. Òppo was supportive of this development and very soon volunteered for military service. He was involved in the fighting on the north-eastern front in the mountains round Gorizia. However, he suffered serious injuries to his forehead, jaw and right arm from a Hapsburg bayonet while engaged in close contact fighting. He was sent back to Rome to recover and convalesce, but in the event never returned to the frontline. Instead, he remained in the capital, and resumed providing his illustration to "Idea Nazionale".
Cultural organizer
He tirelessly dedicated himself to organising Italian cultural and artistic life. As well as being a highly regarded art critic writing for Rome's La Tribuna, his commitment led him to becoming an ambassador for art in public institutions. He became a deputy to Parliament and, in 1932, artistic director of the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution. He was then appointed secretary of the Direttorio Nazionale dei Sindacati delle Arti Plastiche (National Directorate of Unions of the Plastic Arts) and secretary of the Consiglio Superiore delle Belle Arti (Superior Council of Fine Arts). However, in this field, his most successful work was setting up the Quadriennale di Roma, born from one of his ideas and guided by him as its secretary-general over its first four shows from 1931 to 1943.
During the 1930s and 1940s, he believed he should abstain from exhibiting in Italy, precisely because of his political-administrative activity in the artistic field, not that this stopped his participating in several shows abroad, such as L'art italien des XIX et XX siècles (19th and 20th Century Italian Art) at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 1935 and at the 1939 New York World's Fair.
Post-War
Deemed free to return to the Quadriennale as an artist, in its 5th (1948) and 6th (1951) shows.
From 1949 to 1950, he was affiliated to the important collezione Verzocchi, as well as painting a charming portrait, La fiorista. The Verzocchi collection is now held at the Pinacoteca Civica of Forlì.
Among his works are:
Portrait of a lady (Roma, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna)
Eugenia in grey (Turin, Galleria d'arte moderna)
The florist (Forlì, Pinacoteca Civica)
References
External links
Artists of the Roman School
1891 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Rome
Italian art critics
Italian caricaturists
20th-century Italian male artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano%20Efisio%20Oppo
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Andrew Savage is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and painter.
Andrew Savage may also refer to:
Andrew Savage, contestant on Survivor (American TV series)
Andrew Savage, a 19th Century High Sheriff of Down
Andrew Savage, CEO of OpenDor Media
Andrew Savage, candidate in 2023 Blaby District Council election
Andrew Savage, director of The Second Coming: Brought to You in Low Definition, British film of 2014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Savage%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Japan Series, the 55th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's championship series, began on October 16 and ended on October 25, and matched the Pacific League playoffs winner Seibu Lions against the Central League Champion, Chunichi Dragons.
Seibu Lions
After an embarrassing sweep at the hands of the Yomiuri Giants in the 2002 Japan Series and losing out on the Pacific League pennant to the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in 2003, the Lions were back in the Japan Series in 2004 thanks in no small part to the healthy arm of Daisuke Matsuzaka. Also helping the cause offensively was Venezuelan import Alex Cabrera, who hit a record-tying 55 home runs in 2002. Seibu had not won the Japan Series since 1992.
Chunichi Dragons
Unlike the Lions, the Dragons had not had any success in winning the Japan Series since 1954, and this was their first appearance in the series since 1999, when they lost in 5 games to the Hawks. The Dragons pitching staff was led by Kenshin Kawakami and Masahiro Yamamoto, while Hitoki Iwase anchored the back of the bullpen. Offensively, the Dragons were led by Alex Ochoa and Kosuke Fukudome. In the middle of the infield, the Dragons were led by the amazing double-play tandem of Hirokazu Ibata and Masahiro Araki.
Summary
Game summaries
Game 1
The first Japan Series game held in Nagoya Dome since Game 5 of the 1999 Japan Series turned out to be quite the close game, but the end result was the same: the Dragons were defeated by great pitching, this time from unheralded Takashi Ishii, who only won four games in the regular season. Chunichi had their ace on the mound in Kenshin Kawakami, who bounced back nicely from an injury-plagued 2003 season.
The two teams matched zeroes for the first three innings as Ishii struck out four and Kawakami ducked in and out of trouble. Jose Fernández hit a two-out single in the first but was stranded there, and Kawakami left Kazuhiro Wada at third after he hit a leadoff triple, but Hiroyuki Nakajima and Kosuke Noda both grounded out, Hiroyuki Takagi drew an intentional walk to get to the pitcher Ishii, who struck out.
Wada would make sure he crossed the plate in his next at-bat. The fourth inning would also see the first run of the series on a towering home run to left field to give the Lions a 1-0 lead. That lead would be doubled in the next inning as Shogo Akada drove in Tomoaki Satoh with a single after Satoh doubled to lead off the inning.
The 2-0 lead would be enough for the Seibu pitching staff, as Ishii would work seven shutout innings, giving up just two hits and striking out six. Kiyoshi Toyoda worked a perfect 9th for the Lions to preserve the win. The shutout was also the third time in the last four home Japan Series games that Chunichi had been shut out, and it was the fourth time out of the last six overall.
Game 2
This would be the first of a few wild games in this series. The Dragons finally ended their home playoff futility by winning their first playoff game at Nagoya Dome at the expense of Lions ace Matsuzaka. However, the game did not start well for the Dragons.
Pitching in his third Japan Series, wily veteran screwballer Masa Yamamoto was lit up for two runs in the first inning off the bat of Fernandez, who also drove in Satoh who led off the game with a single. The quick 2-0 lead was enough for Matsuzaka for the first two innings, but he ran into his first bit of trouble in the 3rd.
Shogo Mori led off the inning with a single, and Yamamoto reached on a dropped third strike. Matsuzaka got himself into further trouble when he hit Masahiro Araki with a pitch to load the bases with nobody out. Hirokazu Ibata got a hit but saw Mori get gunned down at home. With the rally in trouble after Tatsunami grounded out, Alex Ochoa tied the game up with a two-run single to right. Matsuzaka made matters worse by plunking his second batter of the inning, this time Masahiko Morino, to re-load the bases. Finally, light-hitting catcher Motonobu Tanishige walked to force another run home and give Chunichi their first-ever lead at Nagoya Dome in the Japan series, 3-2.
Both Yamamoto and Matsuzaka would regain their composure in the following innings. Yamamoto struck out five batters between the 2nd and the 5th, and Dice-K only gave up one hit from the 4th to the 6th, striking out five in the process.
Seibu would chase Yamamoto and regain the lead in the 5th with a three-run barrage of their own. Takagi led the inning off with a single, then Satoh and Akada bot hit doubles to vault Seibu into the lead, 4-3. Eiji Ochiai came in to replace Yamamoto for the righty-on-righty matchup to Fernandez. After a sacrifice by Fernandez, the dangerous Cabrera was intentionally walked. Wada followed up the walk with a double that gave the Lions the 5-3 lead. Wada would double the Seibu advantage in the 7th with his second home run of the series, a shot that gave Seibu a seemingly safe 6-3 lead.
Then, Matsuzaka imploded. He was lit up for five runs in the 7th inning, with the rally having been started by pinch-hitter Takayuki Ohnishi. Araki lined out to right, but the rally truly began with Ibata's single to center. Tatsunami followed it up with three of his four RBIs on the day, as he hit his first home run of the series to right field, a three-run blast that tied the game at 6-6.
However, the Dragons weren't done. Ochoa drew a walk and Morino was plunked for the second time on the day, and Tanishige got in on the fun by singling home Ochoa to give the Dragons the 7-6 lead. Pinch-hitter Mitsunobu Takahashi then singled home another run to finish Matsuzaka's day and give Chunichi an 8-6 lead.
The Dragons would add three more in the 9th off Shinji Mori. Ibata collected his fourth hit of the day, stole second, and was driven home by Tatsunami. After Ochoa reached again, an RBI triple and another Tanishige RBI single ended the scoring with an 11-6 win for the Dragons. With the series going back to Seibu Dome for the next three, the Dragons were tied. They had beaten Seibu's best in Matsuzaka. Could they keep the ball rolling and win their first Japan Series since 1954?
Game 3
In what was one of the wildest games in Japan Series history, Game 3 was also the first time in Japan Series history that two grand slams were hit in the same game. Kazuyuki Hoashi faced off against Domingo Guzmán for the starting pitching matchup. The first three innings were a scoreless deadlock, with Chunichi having only one hit to their credit, and Seibu having no hits.
The fourth inning saw the first runs of the game, as the potent Seibu bats once again came alive, and the feared slugger Alex Cabrera finally came to life himself. Satoh and Fernandez both singled their way on, and then Cabrera launched his first home run of the series to give Seibu the 3-0 lead.
Hoashi would make it stand up, and he got another run in support of him in the 4th when young shortstop Hiroyuki Nakajima clubbed his first home run of the series. However, he ran into trouble in the 6th: trouble that would give the Dragons a 5-4 lead. The rally started when Nakajima muffed a ground ball. After Hoashi got the first out of the inning, Tatsunami and Ochoa both singled their way on to load the bases, and Takahashi drew a walk to force in one run. Hoashi was taken out and replaced by Shuichiro Osada, who faced Tanishige as his first batter. Tanishige took a 3-1 inside fastball and crushed it down the line in left for his first career grand slam. All of a sudden, the Lions were trailing 5-4.
With Guzman out of the game after five innings, Shinya Okamoto took over. He preserved the Dragons lead, and his teammates got him another run in the 6th when Ochoa got a bases-loaded RBI single to give the Dragons a 6-4 lead. However, the 7th truly was the lucky inning for the Lions, as Okamoto suffered an implosion of his own, similar to Matsuzaka's in the previous game.
With one out, Nakajima singled his way on, Yoshihito Ishii walked, and Takagi was hit by a pitch. Satoh doubled Nakajima and Ishii in to tie the game up at 6. At this point, conventional wisdom would say that Okamoto should have been relieved, but he was allowed to continue. Akada grounded out, and Fernandez walked. With two down, the game was hanging in the balance as Okamoto pitched to Cabrera, even though it was only the 7th inning. Cabrera responded with a towering home run to left on a 1-1 pitch that was hit out of Seibu Dome. It was Cabrera's second home run of the day, and it was also the second grand slam of the day in total. The slam gave Seibu a 10-6 lead going into the 8th.
Chunichi would not go quietly though. Against Koji Ohnuma, Omar Linares got in on the home run derby by leading off with a home run to the back screen in center to pull the Dragons to within 10-7. Morino followed it up with a double, and he came around to score on two groundouts for a 10-8 score. However, Toyoda would not let the Dragons get any closer in the 9th, as he stuck out two batters in the 9th to record the save and give Seibu a 2-1 series lead.
Game 4
Game 5
Game 6
Game 7
See also
2004 World Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
Chunichi Dragons
Seibu Lions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Japan%20Series
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Conistra vaccinii, the chestnut, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1761. It is distributed throughout Europe, North Africa and east through the Palearctic to Siberia.
Distribution
The species occurs on some Mediterranean islands (Balearics, Corsica, and Sardinia), in Northern Fennoscandia, and most of Europe except for southern Spain. The range extends south from Morocco in the west to Mediterranean North Africa, through Anatolia to Turkestan and Western and Central Siberia. In the German central uplands, it rises to about 1200 meters.
Description
The wingspan is 28–36 mm. Pattern and colouring are extremely variable. The colour varies from dove grey to dark grey brown, with light brown, light red, reddish-brown to black-brown markings. This has led to the distinction of formae (forms). The apex of the front wing is slightly concave. The head and thorax are coloured mostly according to the wing colour; the abdomen is partially or completely reddish brown. The inner and outer, serrated crossbars are usually darker than the colour and more or less clearly defined. These are often white lined specimens with much darker crossbars. Reniform and orbicular and stains can be as well shown, but also sometimes almost absent. There is always a black dot in the lower part of the reniform. The more or less significant medium shade is darker than the colour and has a strong median bulge. The wavy line is often a series of black dots. The moth flies from September to May depending on the location. The larva is reddish brown above, and greenish beneath, sometimes the upper surface is tinged with green also; the dorsum is freckled with pale brown, and the three lines along it are faintly paler, the raised dots are whitish. The head is glossy pale brown, freckled with reddish-brown, and lined with darker brown.
Recorded food plants
The larva feeds on various deciduous trees and shrubs and in later stages also herbaceous plants.
The species occurs in a wide range of habitats, from open forests, scrubland, downs, gardens, and parkland to shrub-rich open country. The habitats can be dry or wet, cool, or warm.
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e. V.
De Vlinderstichting
Cuculliinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Moths described in 1761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conistra%20vaccinii
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Sadakhlo (Georgian: სადახლო, ) is a village in Georgia located in the southern part of country in the administrative territory of Marneuli Municipality (Kvemo Kartli Region) at the border with Armenia. The village is about south of the municipal center Marneuli and south of capital Tbilisi and is situated along the left bank of the Debeda river. Sadakhlo is the largest village in Georgia, and is the center of the eponymous administrative community (თემი, temi) that includes 4 other nearby villages: Burma, Tazakendi, Molaoghli, and Khuldara.
The Sadakhlo market played a remarkable role in the interaction between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, in light of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Sadakhlo is almost entirely populated with Azerbaijanis, and is an important border town with Armenia. Since Georgia took a neutral stance in this conflict, it became a neutral territory in which both peoples could freely and safely interact with each other.
Six kilometers west of Sadakhlo, in the village of Tsopi along the national route Sh37 to Akhkerpi, the ruins of the medieval Tsopi fortress can be found. This castle dates from the 5th-6th century.
Population
The population of Sadakhlo village is 7,337 according to the 2014 census. Apart from a few dozen people, the village is mono-ethnic Azerbaijani (99.8%).
Transport
The road of international importance S7 (E001), the main road between Tbilisi and Yerevan (Armenia), passes through Sadakhlo. The Sadakhlo - Bagratashen border crossing is the most important of the four vehicular crossings between Georgia and Armenia. More than 1.2 million incoming travellers were registered in 2019. This is 15.7% of all inbound travellers to Georgia. This also leads to additional investments in infrastructure. With European money the car bridge across the Debeda is being renovated and expanded to four lanes.
There is a train station in Sadakhlo, which is on the Tbilisi - Gyumri - Yerevan railway line which opened in 1899. The railway runs along the village and crosses the border parallel to the S7. There are frequent night trains between Tbilisi and Yerevan. The station serves not only as a terminus for the Tbilisi - Sadakhlo commuter trains and stop for the international trains, but also as a border post for the latter. Nearly 3,400 passengers entered Georgia here in 2019.
From the center of Sadakhlo, the national route Sh37 heads west to Akhkerpi, which also has a border crossing to Armenia. It is Georgia's least used border crossing with 133 arriving travelers in 2019.
See also
Kvemo Kartli
Marneuli Municipality
References
Populated places in Marneuli Municipality
Tiflis Governorate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadakhlo
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California Pacific Computer Company is a defunct software company that published games and related software for the Apple II family of computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. California Pacific is best known as the publisher of the first installment of Richard Garriott's popular Ultima game series, and for Super Invader, a Space Invaders clone voted the most popular software of 1978–80.
Software
Akalabeth: World of Doom by Richard Garriott (1979)
Apple-oids by Tom Luhrs (1980)
Super Invader by M. Hata (1980), later renamed to Cosmos Mission
Bill Budge's Space Album (1980), collection of four games
Fender Bender
Trilogy of Games by Bill Budge (1980): Night Driver, Pinball, Space War
Ultima by Richard Garriott (1981)
3-D Game Tool by Bill Budge (1981)
Brainteaser Boulevard by Chuck Bueche (1982), Frogger clone
Lady Tut by Greggy (1983)
See also
Steve Gibson (computer programmer)
References
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Software companies based in California
Video game companies based in California
Companies based in Solano County, California
Davis, California
Software companies established in 1979
Software companies disestablished in 1983
Video game companies established in 1979
Video game companies disestablished in 1983
1979 establishments in California
1983 disestablishments in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Pacific%20Computer%20Company
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Papyrus 63 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓63, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving text of John are verses 3:14-18; 4:9-10. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 4th century (or 5th century).
Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, but with some the Byzantine readings. Aland placed it in Category II.
In John 3:16 it has the textual variant supported by the manuscript's second corrector of Sinaiticus (א2), A, L, Θ, Ψ, 063, 083, 086, 0113, f1, f13, Byz, Didache.
Location
The codex is currently housed at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Inv. 11914) in Berlin.
See also
John 3, John 4
List of New Testament papyri
References
Further reading
Otto Stegmüller, Zu den Bibelorakeln im Codex Bezae, Biblica 34 (1953), pp. 13–22.
External links
Digital image of P63 at CSNTM
Papyrus 63 - images: Multiply.com
New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Gospel of John papyri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus%2063
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The Right Way (, HaDerekh HaTova) was a Knesset faction in Israel. Its sole member was Elhanan Glazer.
History
In June 2008 Glazer was one of three Knesset members to break away from Gil to form Justice for the Elderly. When the new faction merged back into Gil on 27 October 2008, Glazer did not rejoin Gil, but was granted permission by the House Committee to create a new faction, The Right Way.
The party did not run in the 2009 elections, as Glazer ran on the Tzomet list.
References
External links
The Right Way Knesset website
Defunct political parties in Israel
Political parties established in 2008
Political parties disestablished in 2009
Pensioners' parties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Right%20Way%20%28political%20party%29
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Bracebridge is an undefined area of Worksop in Nottinghamshire, lying between Manton to the south, and Kilton to the north, lying on the Chesterfield Canal and the riverRyton, close to a point where the river is crossed-over by the canal. The area takes its name from the Georgian Bridge, which crosses the canal, which was achieved by "bracing" the stonework with iron, achieving a wide single-span. Immediately around this bridge is the core of old Bracebridge, which was created to serve the canal, and is the site of a lock. The bridge is the original route of the B6041, before a new road was built some 200 yards East, to avoid congestion, on the narrow Bracebridge. This original stretch of road is now a cul-de-sac, having been bollarded at the south end close to the bridge over the Ryton.
To the west of old Bracebridge, further along the Chesterfield Canal, most of Bracebridge consists of modern housing. However, much of the surrounding area around consists of open wasteland and farmland left behind by the building of the new B6041 road, and the industrial buildings of Manton.
Lying east of the new B6041 is a former pumping station, built of brick, in a pseudo French Baroque style complete with sloping roof.
Populated places in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District
Worksop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracebridge%2C%20Nottinghamshire
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The 1994 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1994 season. It was the 45th Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions against the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants. The series was the eighth time the two franchises played each other for the championship.
Because this year's edition of the Japan Series took place during the Major League Baseball strike that scuttled the entire postseason, including the World Series, it received much more attention than normal in the United States. Most memorably, the cover of the October 31 issue of Sports Illustrated featured Lions pitcher Hisanobu Watanabe along with the tagline "The World's Series", in the Lions' 11-0 win in Game One. Chicago-area Regional Sports Networks broadcast the game in English on a week delay basis, with Ken Harrelson being the lead broadcaster. This resulted eventually in Major League Baseball acquiring Japanese players upon the end of the strike.
Two members of the winning Yomiuri Giants team -- Hideki Matsui (2009) and Dan Gladden (1987, 1991) -- also won a World Series.
This was the second Japan Series to feature night games after 1964 Japan Series although the night games were only on weekdays, and the first with a reduction in extra innings. The Series, which had an 18-inning limit before a tie game, adopted a 15-inning limit before Series night games were tied.
Summary
Matchups
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Game 4
Game 5
Game 6
See also
Nippon Professional Baseball
References
External links
Nippon Professional Baseball—Official website (in English)
Japan Series
Seibu Lions
Yomiuri Giants
Japan Series, 1994
Series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Japan%20Series
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Kevin Sampson is a British novelist, best known for his novels Awaydays (1998), Powder (1999) and Stars Are Stars (2006). He lives in Birkenhead, Merseyside. His crime thriller, The Killing Pool, was published by Cape on 21 March 2013.
Career
Sampson began writing gig reviews for NME in the 80s, though was famously sacked by editor Neil Spencer for reviewing a Sex Gang Children concert at a Liverpool club that had been burned down on the night the band had been due to appear. He went on to contribute regularly to The Face, Arena, i-D, Sounds, Jamming, The Observer and Time Out before joining Channel 4 as an assistant editor for Youth Programmes.
He left C4 to set up Kinesis Films, a company that specialised in documentaries about subcultures (notably Sole of the Nation, a film about Dr. Martens boots, and Ibiza - A Short Film About Chilling). Sampson returned to Merseyside in 1990 to help long-time friend Peter Hooton set up Produce Records with partners Ian Croft, Wayne Chand, Barney Moores and Paul McKenna. Produce enjoyed a string of Top 40 hits in the early 1990s, including The Farm's "Groovy Train" and "All Together Now".
When The Farm broke up in 1994, Sampson dug out the manuscript to a novella he had sent to Penguin in 1982. Awaydays was based on what he saw during his youth, travelling to, and at, football grounds up and down the country. Inspired by Irvine Welsh's debut Trainspotting, Sampson re-worked the novel, which was acquired by publisher Dan Franklin at Jonathan Cape. Awaydays was an immediate critical and commercial success on its release in 1998. Sampson's second novel, Powder, reflects some of his experiences of the music business with The Farm and Produce Records, and subsequent adventures in Ibiza, and working for Richard Branson's V2 Music.
Awaydays was adapted to film in 2009. He writes about his involvement in the Ibiza film A Short Film About Chilling in the Summer 2010 Umbrella Magazine'''s Issue 1 and a film version of Powder was released August 2011. Surveillance, a film from one of Sampson's original screenplays, was in competition at the Berlinale's "Panorama" section in 2008, and his forthcoming crime thriller Gangsterland is under option with Red Union Films.
In January 2018, Sampson was hired to pen new mini-series Anne, produced by ITV Studios owned World Productions' for ITV, which centres on Anne Williams' crusade for justice after the death of her son Kevin in the Hillsborough disaster of 1989.
On the 21 April 2022, ITV announced that filming had started on the 3 episode drama series The Hunt for Raoul Moat. It's again being produced by World Productions for ITV1. It's written by Sampson, stars Lee Ingleby as Detective Chief Superintendent Neil Adamson, and Matt Stokoe as Raoul Moat.
NovelsAwaydays (1998)Powder (1999)Leisure (2000)Outlaws (2001)Clubland (2002)Freshers (2003)Stars are Stars (2006)Extra Time (2012) The Killing Pool (2013) The House on the Hill (2014)
Notes
External links
Author page
2001 interview, The GuardianArticle by Sampson on adaptation of Awaydays, The Observer'', November 2008
"Endless Summer" Article by Sampson on A Short Film About Chilling in Ibiza in Umbrella Magazine, Issue 1, p. 53
'Kevin Sampson' entry in British Crime Writing: an encyclopedia, edited by Barry Forshaw
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Sampson%20%28writer%29
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The Right Way or Right Way may refer to:
"The Right Way" (song), a 2004 song by Peter Andre
The Right Way (political party), an Israeli political faction
"The Right Way", a song by Tynisha Keli
Right Way (publisher), an imprint of Constable & Robinson
The Right Way (2004 film), a 2004 Canadian film
The Right Way (1921 film), a 1921 American silent drama film
See also
The Wright Way, British sitcom
The Right Thing, a principle for software development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Right%20Way
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Adrienne Krausz is a Hungarian pianist.
The winner of the 1989 Cincinnati World Competition while a student at the Ferenc Liszt Academy, she took part at the 1992 and 1993 Montecarlo Masters, reaching the finals. Soon afterwards she was engaged by Georg Solti for a European tour with the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich; she has performed internationally since. Subsequently, she took part in both posthumous homages to Solti in Italy (October'97) and England (February'98). She has recorded for Hungaroton.
Selected performance venues - Barbican Centre, Carnegie Hall, Cité de la Musique, Amsterdam Concertgebouw, Munich's Herkulessaal, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Brussels' Palais des Beaux Arts, Paris' Théâtre de la Ville.
Sir George Solti immediately engaged Miss Krausz for a European tour with the Tonhalle Orchestra of Zürich, following an audition. In the last interview he gave to the English Magazine “Classic FM” Solti specifically mentioned her as a young pianist about whom he was “extremely enthusiastic, and I very much hope to help her in her career.” Following this, Sir George introduced Miss Krausz to the Chimay Foundation Competition in Brussels where she won the first prize by unanimous decision of the jury. She was the only pianist to be invited to perform in the Tributes to Sir George Solti presented in Italy and in London.
Since then, Adrienne Krausz continues to impress the music world with each subsequent performance.
Born in Hungary, Miss Krausz started the piano at the age of nine and in 1990 graduated from the Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, where her teachers were György Nádor, György Kurtág and Ferenc Rados. She has also studied with Yvonne Lefébure and Lívia Rév. Since 1991 she lives in Paris.
Iván Fischer and his Budapest Festival Orchestra invited her to open the Ascona Festival (2004) and the Bemus Festival in Belgrade (2005). She was also invited to play with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the Berliner Symphoniker. She made her debut in Japan with the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra in 2001. Some of her prestigious partners and groups were Michael Gielen, Youri Bashmet, Miklós Perényi, Boris Pergamenshikov, Sergej Krylov, the Keller and the Bartók Quartets, the Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra, etc. With Shlomo Mintz she made frequent recital tours all around the world.
A finalist at the Piano Masters of Monte Carlo in both 1992 and 1993, she has won numerous first prizes in competitions such as the “World Competition” in Cincinnati (Piano USA 1989), the International Piano Competition in Senigallia (Italy 1985) the Hungarian National Piano Competition in Tarhos in 1984 and further prizes in Frankfurt (1987) and in Sydney (1988).
Other acknowledgements include the Key of the city of Cincinnati, (Ohio, USA), the “Diamonds of culture” of the city of Miskolc (Hungary), and Grand Prix of the Hungarian Radio. Adrienne has been an invited guest at music festivals like Montpellier, Menton, Monte-Carlo, Schwetzingen, the Mermoz music Festival, Yokohama, Prague, Cracow, Budapest, Stresa, Palma and Sion.
Her Shostakovich recording was chosen as “Indispensable”, in the French music-guide at Fayard edition. In 1996 she was acclaimed by the critics for her interpretation of the complete Preludes of Chopin and Shostakovich brought together on a CD.
In 2003, the Hungarian Gramophone Magazine awarded her the prize for the best recording of the year. Adrienne often returns to Hungary to give concerts and has made several recordings for the Hungarian Radio and Television Networks.
References
Budapest Festival Orchestra
Hungarian Cultural centre, Brussels
The New York Times
ArkivMusic - discography.
Website Krausz
Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian women pianists
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
1967 births
Living people
Women classical pianists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne%20Krausz
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Edmund Holland may refer to:
Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent
Edmund Milton Holland, American comedian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Holland
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The 1990 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1990 season. It was the 41st Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions against the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants. Seibu won the PL pennant for the seventh time in nine years to reach the series, and Yomiuri dominated the CL to return to the series after winning it the year before. Played at Tokyo Dome and Seibu Lions Stadium, the Lions swept the heavily favored Giants in four games to win the franchise's 10th Japan Series title. Seibu slugger and former MLB player Orestes Destrade was named Most Valuable Player of the series. The series was played between October 20 and October 24 with home field advantage going to the Central League.
Summary
Matchups
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Game 4
See also
1990 World Series
References
External links
Nippon Professional Baseball—Official website (in English)
Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
Seibu Lions
Yomiuri Giants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Japan%20Series
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Conistra rubiginea, the dotted chestnut, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is distributed in Europe and, according to William Warren, Armenia and Asia Minor.
Technical description and variation
C. rubiginea F. ( pulverea Hbn., neurodes Hbn., rubigo Rmb.) (36 e). Forewing fulvous yellow; the lines fulvous brown, marked by black spots on veins; the basal, inner, and outer lines double; median shade often broad and diffuse, rarely swollen so as to darken the central area on inner margin; orbicular and reniform of the pale ground colour, undefined, the former with a black centre, the latter with lower lobe black, the lateral margin on each side of it pale yellow; terminal area narrowly brown; hindwing blackish fuscous, the fringe rufous; —. specimens suffused with fulvous brown form the ab. tigerina Esp. (36 e);— unicolor Tutt has body and forewing brick-red, the black points few, restricted to base of submedian fold, the centre of orbicular stigma, the submarginal and marginal points, and the lower part of the reniform; hindwing reddish ochreous with dark brown suffusion; — ab. modesta Hmps. has the thorax and forewing deep fulvous, except the basal area and the lines of the stigmata, which remain yellow; — ab. completa Hmps. (36 e) has the thorax and forewing uniformly deep fulvous. Larva dark brown, with a black blotch on each segment on the dorsum; lines obscurely paler; a dark line above the feet; feeds on numerous low plants. The larva, which is anomalously protected by brownish-yellow hairs, is said to be found, as well as the pupa, in ants' nests.
The wingspan is 30–35 mm.
.
Biology
The moth flies from October to November depending on the location.
Recorded food plants
The larvae feed on various deciduous trees including Quercus, Salix and Ulmus, it has also been observed herbaceous plants including Plantago.
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e. V.
De Vlinderstichting.
Cuculliinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller
Moths described in 1775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conistra%20rubiginea
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The 1998 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 57th edition of the Rome Masters and was part of the Super 9 of the 1998 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1998 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy. The women's tournament was played from 4 to 10 May 1998; the men's tournament was played from 11 to 17 May 1998.
Finals
Men's singles
Marcelo Ríos defeated Albert Costa by walkover.
It was Ríos' 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was his 3rd Super 9 title and his 4th overall.
Women's singles
Martina Hingis defeated Venus Williams, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3.
It was Hingis' 8th title of the year and the 18th of her career. It was her 2nd Tier I title of the year and her 5th overall.
Men's doubles
Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes defeated Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6.
It was Bhupathi's 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was Paes' 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career.
Women's doubles
Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez defeated Amanda Coetzer / Arantxa Sánchez-Vicario, 7–6(7–1), 6–4.
It was Ruano Pascual's 4th title of the year and the 5th of her career. It was Suárez's 5th title of the year and the 6th of her career.
References
Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open (tennis)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Italian%20Open%20%28tennis%29
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The Pinacoteca Civica of Forlì, one of the civic museums of Forlì and currently based in the Musei di San Domenico, is an Italian art gallery. Artists whose work the gallery exhibits include:
Livio Agresti
Clemente Alberi
Beato Angelico
Nicola Bertucci
Guido Cagnacci - the museum recently acquired (2005) his work "Allegoria dell'Astrologia sferica"
Antonio Canova
Baldassarre Carrari
Giovanni Crivelli
Domenichino
Giovanni Fattori
Guercino
Lorenzo di Credi
Carlo Magini
Girolamo Marchesi
Melozzo da Forlì(?)
Francesco Menzocchi
Livio Modigliani
Giorgio Morandi
Marco Palmezzano
Adolfo Wildt
It contains the Verzocchi collection of 20th-century Italian painting.
Note
External links
Fuller account
Works exhibited
Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Buildings and structures in Forlì
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacoteca%20Civica%20di%20Forl%C3%AC
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This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the 19th Australian Parliament, which was elected at the 1949 election on 10 December 1949.
In the first of two significant expansions, the house was expanded by 48 seats, from 75 (including the Northern Territory) to 123 seats (including the Australian Capital Territory) — the other expansion in 1984 added 23 seats. In addition the seat of Bourke was replaced by Burke. The opposition Liberal Party of Australia led by Robert Menzies with coalition partner the Country Party led by Arthur Fadden won a net of 48 additional seats, allowing it to form government. The incumbent Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Ben Chifley won a net of four additional seats and the four representatives of minor parties and an independent were all defeated.
Notes
References
Members of Australian parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members%20of%20the%20Australian%20House%20of%20Representatives%2C%201949%E2%80%931951
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The civic museums of Forlì - today housed in Corso della Repubblica and elsewhere - are the:
Musei di San Domenico - headquarters
Pinacoteca - sited at the former
Biblioteca
Collezione Verzocchi
Collezione Pedriali
Gipsoteca
Monetiere Piancastelli
Museo Archeologico Antonio Santarelli
Museo Etnografico
Museo del Risorgimento
Museo del Teatro
Museo Ornitologico
Museo della Ceramica
Armeria Albicini
Museo della Ginnastica, housed at the Casa del Balilla during works beginning in 2009
External links
comune.forli.fo.it
Longer article
Buildings and structures in Forlì
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic%20museums%20of%20Forl%C3%AC
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The 1985 Japan Series was the 36th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Hanshin Tigers against the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions. Making their first appearance in the Japan Series since 1964, the Tigers finally won their first Japan Series championship. To this day, it remains the only Japan Series title won by the Tigers.
Summary
Matchups
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Game 4
Game 5
Game 6
See also
1985 World Series
Curse of the Colonel
References
Japan Series
Hanshin Tigers
Seibu Lions
Japan Series, 1985
Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Japan%20Series
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Aaron Anthony Rhodes (born 1949) is an international human rights activist and writer. He is a senior fellow at Common Sense Society and President of the Forum for Religious Freedom-Europe, an independent nongovernmental organization. Rhodes served as Executive Director of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) between 1993 and 2007, during which period the IHF was engaged inter alia in human rights challenges in the Balkans, in Chechnya, and in Central Asia, and the organization expanded significantly. He has been active in civil society campaigns vis a vis the Human Dimension of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, the European Union and the United Nations. He is based in Hamburg, Germany.
Biography
Rhodes was born in rural Upstate New York, the son of Lillyan Estelle (née Jacobs) and Daniel Rhodes. Rhodes was educated at Reed College and in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1980. After serving in political and governmental positions in Chicago and Illinois, he became Assistant to the President of Boston University, John Silber. He moved to Vienna in 1991 to work on projects for educational reform in Eastern Europe initiated by the Institute for Human Sciences (Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen).
He has also been involved with human rights issues in a number of Middle Eastern countries. In 2008, after the closure of IHF due to an economic crime, he helped found and became Policy Adviser to the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, a project of the Netherlands-based NGO Bridging the Gulf-Foundation for Human Security in the Middle East. He has also undertaken human rights investigations in Cuba, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and elsewhere.
Rhodes was a co-founder of the Freedom Rights Project, a human rights research initiative and think-tank, which documents and analyzes trends including the inflation, dilution and politicization of human rights in international law. In 2019, he assumed the position of Human Rights Editor of Dissident Magazine, a project of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
In 2008, Rhodes was made an honorary citizen of Austria for his "contributions to the Republic." He was awarded a Public Service Citation by the University of Chicago in 2009. In 2020, Rhodes was honored by the Moscow Helsinki Group "For Historical Contributions to the Protection of Human Rights and the Human Rights Movement."
In 2018, Rhodes published a book, "The Debasement of Human Rights: How Politics Sabotage the Ideal of Freedom" (Encounter Books, New York). His articles have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Die Zeit, The American Interest, National Review Online, and elsewhere.
He has two sons, by his first wife Sara Silverman Rhodes, who died in 2001. He and his second wife Anna Sunder-Plassmann have two daughters.
References
1949 births
Living people
American essayists
American human rights activists
Austrian human rights activists
Austrian non-fiction writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Boston University faculty
American emigrants to Austria
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Vienna
Reed College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Activists from New York (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Rhodes
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The Musei di San Domenico are a set of museums in Forlì in Italy. It is located in the renovated 13th century Dominican convent. Inside the complex is the headquarters of the civic museums of Forlì and the convent refectory, with frescoes showing a dinner (with Saint Dominic in the centre), severely damaged by soldiers during the Napoleonic period. The complex is formed of five buildings: Palazzo Pasquali, Chiesa di San Giacomo Apostolo, Convento dei Domenicani, Convento degli Agostiniani and Sala Santa Caterina.
The Museo San Domenico keeps Germano Sartelli's archival collection.
References
Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
Buildings and structures in Forlì
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musei%20di%20San%20Domenico
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The 1997 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 54th edition of the Italian Open and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1997 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events were held at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. The women's tournament was played from 5 May until 11 May 1997, and the men's tournament was played from 12 May until 19 May 1997. Àlex Corretja and Mary Pierce won the singles titles.
Finals
Men's singles
Àlex Corretja defeated Marcelo Ríos 7–5, 7–5, 6–3
It was Corretja's 3rd title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title.
Women's singles
Mary Pierce defeated Conchita Martínez 6–4, 6–0
It was Pierce's 2nd title of the year and the 11th of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title.
Men's doubles
Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor defeated Byron Black / Alex O'Brien 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
It was Knowles' 2nd title of the year and the 11th of his career. It was Nestor's 2nd title of the year and the 8th of his career.
Women's doubles
Nicole Arendt / Manon Bollegraf defeated Conchita Martínez / Patricia Tarabini 6–2, 6–4
It was Arendt's 2nd title of the year and the 11th of her career. It was Bollegraf's 3rd title of the year and the 26th of her career.
References
External links
Official website
Italian Open
May 1997 sports events in Europe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Italian%20Open%20%28tennis%29
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The diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia were established on January 31, 1992, when Serbia was part of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). Israel has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia had an embassy in Tel Aviv. Yugoslavia was the second country in Europe to recognize Israel in 1948. The two countries have economic and cultural ties, helped by a sizable community of Jews from the former Yugoslavia in Israel. Serbia agreed to move its embassy to Jerusalem on 4 September 2020 but decided not to after Israeli recognition of Kosovo as a sovereign state.
History
Ever since the 13th century there has been a recorded Jewish community of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in the city of Belgrade. The first Jews to settle in the city originally arrived from Italy and the city of Dubrovnik, and later on from Hungary and Spain.
The Jewish communities of the Balkans saw significant influx in the 15th and 16th centuries by the arrival of Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed the Jewish refugees into his Empire. Jews became involved in trade between the various provinces in the Ottoman Empire, becoming especially important in the salt trade. In the northern province of Vojvodina, which was under Habsburg rule, Jews settled in the 18th century, particularly after the 1782 Edict of Tolerance by the Emperor Joseph II, which gave Jews a measure of religious freedom.
The Jewish community developed substantially before and after World War I following the religious autonomy they have received, and many Jewish educational institutions and synagogues for both the Ashkenazi and Sephardic communities were established. By the year 1939 there were approximately 10,400 Jews living in Belgrade.
Most of the Jews living in Serbia were killed during the Holocaust. During the war, many Jews were given refuge by the Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, and many of them fought along their side. Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period. After the war, most of those who survived gradually emigrated to Israel.
According to the 2011 census, there are 578 declared Jews in Serbia, living mainly in Belgrade and Vojvodina.
SFR Yugoslavia and Israel established diplomatic relations in 1948. Until 1952, a total of 7,578 Jews emigrated from Yugoslavia to Israel. During the period, Yugoslavia was mostly neutral in the Arab–Israeli conflict, but maintained ties with Israel, helped by its sizable Jewish emigration.
Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel following the Six-Day War in 1967, and it was following a pro-Arab policy since. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, newly formed FR Yugoslavia renewed the relations on January 31, 1992, seeking for certain international support as it was practically isolated from the international community during the Yugoslav Wars.
Political relations
Government of the Kingdom of Serbia, in exile at the time because of the German-Austrian occupation during the World War I, was the first government to officially endorse the Balfour Declaration which announced the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine. Serbian diplomat to the United States and Zionist leader David Albala announced the support for the declaration on 27 December 1917. Milenko Vesnić, Serbian ambassador to Paris from 1907 to 1920, in one document referred to the new Jewish state as "Israel", which was the first official mention of that name in the international politics.
According to professor Igor Primoratz: "Since the beginning of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, Israel's political establishment has taken a pro-Serbian stand. Facts that Israel had an embassy in Belgrade since October 1991 and that Serbia was the first among Yugoslavia's successor states to open the embassy in Israel (though ambassador Budimir Košutić will never submit his credentials to the President of Israel due to the UN Security Council sanctions imposed on Belgrade) are just confirming that. Both Israeli public and the press itself as Yad Vashem refused to recognize crimes that Serbs committed in Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence."
On April 28, 2009, Arthur Koll, the Israeli ambassador to Serbia, said that though it had been more than a year since Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, Israel had no intention of recognizing the declaration, and that "Israel is asked from time to time how solid this decision is, but the fact is that Israel's position has not changed throughout this time. The Serbian people and government should appreciate Israel's position, which also demonstrates the friendship between the two states.". In September 2009, during an official visit to Belgrade, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also reaffirmed that Israel would not recognise Kosovo, but hoped the issue would be resolved peacefully.
Israel recognized the Republic of Kosovo as an independent sovereign state on 4 September 2020 and the two agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations. On 21 September the ambassador of Israel to Serbia, Yahel Vilan, confirmed that Israel had formally recognized Kosovo on 4 September 2020 saying "There is no doubt whether Israel will recognize Kosovo or not, because Israel already recognized Kosovo on 4 September".
On 9 September 2020, The Jerusalem Post quoted an unnamed source from the Serbian President's office who stated that Serbia would not move its embassy to Jerusalem as it pledged to do by signing the White House Agreement if Israel recognizes Kosovo as an independent state..
Former Yugoslavia, whose successor is Republic of Serbia today, had recognized the State of Palestine on 16 November 1988 and had established full diplomatic relations with it by 1989.
Economic ties
Economic ties between Israel and Serbia have been rapidly expanding since 2009, in part due to the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September of that year. On February 1, 2012, Serbian president Boris Tadić noted during a ceremony marking 20 years to the renewal of diplomatic ties that Israeli companies have invested more than a billion euros in infrastructures in Serbia.
In October 2009, Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić paid a visit to Israel, during which an agreement was signed between the two governments on cooperation in the fight against crime, illegal trade and abuse of narcotics and psychoactive substances, terrorism and other serious criminal acts.
Tourism
Since the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September 2009, the state of Israel has been promoting Serbian tourism to Israel through the Israeli embassy in Belgrade. These efforts include annual advertisements on billboards and public buses in Belgrade presenting Israel as a sea and sun summer destination under the title "Осети Израел / Oseti Izrael" ("Feel Israel"). In 2011 the Israeli embassy initiated a tourism campaign titled "Ја волим Тел Авив / Ja volim Tel Aviv" ("I Love Tel-Aviv"), which included the construction of a "beach" in Novi Sad meant to simulate a typical beach in the Israeli city of Tel-Aviv and be used as a venue for parties and different activities promoting tourism to Israel. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, during 2011 4,700 Serbians visited Israel as tourists, compared to 3,000 in 2010 and 1,400 in 2009. In 2016 15,129 Israeli tourists visited Serbia.
Controversy
Alleged financial and weapon support
In 1995, Israeli weapons supplies showed up among Serbian militants in Bosnia & Herzegovina. However, at the time it was not clear how extensive the supply was, or whether they were provided by state or private arms dealers, or whether the Israeli government had even known or approved of such transfers.
It was subsequently reported that Israel had purposely provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time, or possibly in exchange for the Sarajevo Jewish community to make aliyah to Israel. It has been alleged that the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad, was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms.
Criticism of 1999 NATO bombing
Israel refused to support the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, leading to admonishment from the United States. Ariel Sharon criticised NATO's bombing as an act of "brutal interventionism". In the first detailed Israeli response to the NATO campaign against Belgrade, Sharon said both Serbia and Kosovo have been victims of violence. He said prior to the current Yugoslav campaign against Kosovo Albanians, Serbians were the targets of attacks in the Kosovo province. "Israel has a clear policy. We are against aggressive actions. We are against hurting innocent people. I hope that the sides will return to the negotiating table as soon as possible." During the crisis, Elyakim Haetzni said the Serbs should be the first to receive Israeli aid. "They are our traditional friends," he told Israel Radio." It was suggested that Sharon may have supported the Yugoslav position because of the Serbian people's history of saving Jews during the Holocaust. On Sharon's death, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin stated: The Serbian people will remember Sharon for opposing the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the former Yugoslavia and advocating respect for sovereignty of other nations and a policy of not interfering with their internal affairs. It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position may have been a result of Serbs saving Jews during the Holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among many older Israeli politicians serving in government at the time such as Tommy Lapid.
Palestinian territories
Israel and Kosovo did not recognize each other until September 4, 2020. This decision is regarded in part due to the possibility of the Palestinian Authority using such a recognition to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence. However, In 2011 Serbia voted to recognize Palestine as UNESCO's 195th member, against Israel's wishes. Belgrade declared that it would not have opposed a resolution recognizing Palestinian sovereignty, had one come before the UN General Assembly.
See also
Foreign relations of Israel
Foreign relations of Serbia
Israel–Kosovo relations
Israel–Yugoslavia relations
External links
Israeli embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel
Serbian embassy in Tel Aviv
References
Israel–Serbia relations
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
Jewish Serbian history
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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is a Japanese surgeon, explorer, travel writer, photographer and anthropologist.
Biography
Sekino was born in 1949 in Tokyo. While a student at Hitotsubashi University, he cofounded and participated in a university team that descended the entire length of the Amazon, thereafter travelling around South America. He received a B.A. in law from Hitotsubashi University in 1975 and an M.D. from Yokohama City University School of Medicine in 1982.
Since 2002 Sekino has been a professor of cultural anthropology at Musashino Art University.
Great Journey
Sekino has worked as a surgeon in hospitals in western suburban Tokyo.
He is better known for his travels in Peru and elsewhere in South America as well as in Africa, where his explorations into the origins of mankind were made into a television series, Gurēto jānī (, i.e., "Great Journey"), broadcast on Fuji Television and later available on DVDs.
Starting in 1974, Sekino has published a stream of books about South America, anthropology, exploration, prehistoric demography, and more — some of which are primarily photographic.
References
External links
"Doctor plans global trek to explore how Japanese got here". Japan Times, 6 July 2004.
"Sekino Yoshiharu". The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett.
1949 births
Living people
People from Tokyo
Hitotsubashi University alumni
Japanese explorers
Japanese anthropologists
Japanese photographers
Japanese surgeons
20th-century travel writers
Japanese travel writers
Japanese educators
Japanese writers
Yokohama City University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiharu%20Sekino
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Independent Croatia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996, following the end of the Croatian War of Independence (March 1991—November 1995). From 1918 to 1991, both countries were part of Yugoslavia (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). They now share 241 kilometers of common border. According to the 2011 Croatian census, there were 186,633 Serbs living in Croatia. According to the 2011 Serbian census, there were 57,900 Croats living in Serbia. Smaller lasting disputes include border disputes over the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar. Serbian and Croatian are mutually intelligible standardized varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language and are official in Serbia and Croatia respectively.
Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates, one in Rijeka and one in Vukovar.
Background
With the nation-building process in the mid-19th century, the first Croatian–Serbian tensions appeared. Serbia's minister Ilija Garašanin's Načertanije (1844) claimed lands that were inhabited by Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Bosnians, Hungarians and Croats as part of Greater Serbia. Garašanin's plan also envisioned methods of spreading Serbian influence in the claimed lands. He proposed ways to influence Croats, who Garašanin regarded as "Serbs of Catholic faith". Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić considered Croatians, who spoke Shtokavian dialect, "Catholic Serbs". Croatia was at the time a kingdom in the Habsburg monarchy, with Dalmatia and Istria being separate Habsburg Crown lands. Croatian thinker and politician Ante Starčević, an advocate of Croatian unity and independence, who was both anti-Habsburg and anti-Serbian in outlook, envisioned the creation of Greater Croatia that would include territories inhabited by Bosniaks, Serbs, and Slovenes, considering Bosniaks and Serbs to be Croats who had been converted to Islam and Orthodox Christianity, while considering the Slovenes to be "mountain Croats". Starčević, who in 1861 co-founded a nationalist and irredentist Party of Rights, argued that the significant Serb presence in territories claimed by Greater Croatia was the result of recent settlement, encouraged by Habsburg rulers, and the influx of groups like Vlachs who converted to Orthodox Christianity and came to identify themselves as Serbs. Starčević admired Bosniaks because in his view they were Croats who had adopted Islam in order to preserve the economic and political autonomy of Bosnia and Ottoman Croatia. After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and Serbia gained its independence from Ottoman Empire, Croatian and Serbian relations deteriorated as both sides had pretensions on Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1902, major anti-Serb riots in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia were provoked by a re-publication by the Zagreb-based Serb Independent Party of an article authored by a Serb Nikola Stojanović that was titled Srbi i Hrvati ("Serbs and Croats"), also known as Do istrage vaše ili naše ("Till the Annihilation, Yours or Ours"). Stojanović denied the existence of the Croatian nation and forecast the result of the "inevitable" Serbian–Croatian conflict:
In World War I, ethnic Croats fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army against the Kingdom of Serbia, while Croatian general Ivan Salis-Seewis was a military governor of occupied Serbia. Some Croat POWs volunteered to fight in Thessaloniki battlefront with Serbian Army. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) declared independence from Austria-Hungary and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which on 1 December 1918 entered a union with the Kingdom of Serbia and formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Initial Croatian zeal for the new state faded away as the republican view of a new state was ignored, especially since the concept of Greater Serbia was put in practice during the early 1920s, under the Yugoslav premiership of Nikola Pašić. Using tactics of police intimidation and vote rigging, he diminished the role of the oppositions (mainly those loyal to his Croatian rival, Stjepan Radić) to his government in parliament, creating an environment for centralization of power in the hands of the Serbs in general and Serbian politicians in particular. Police violence further alienated Croats, who began to ask for their own state. On 20 June 1928, Stjepan Radić and five other Croat politicians (supported by a vast majority of Croats) were shot in the National Assembly in Belgrade by a Serb deputy Puniša Račić, enraged by continuous Croatian claims that they were "exploited by Serbia and that Serbia is treating them like a colony." This led to the royal dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929. The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia. The Croatian Peasant Party, now led by Vladko Maček who succeeded Radić, continued to advocate federalization of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia.
In April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy who created a puppet-state called the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) which was governed by the pro-Axis Ustasha organization. The Ustashas sought to create ethnically pure Greater Croatia by cleansing Serbs as well as Jews and Roma from its territory. The Ustashas regime systematically murdered around 300,000–350,000 Serbs, as a part of a genocide campaign. Approximately 100,000 people, primarily Serbs, Roma and Jews and others were murdered in Jasenovac concentration camp alone. The predominantly Serb Chetniks, a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force, engaged in war crimes and ethnic cleansing of Muslims and Croats in order to establish Greater Serbia, while also supporting the reinstatement of a Serbian monarchy. Some historians view these crimes as constituting genocide. The most recent estimates on the number of Muslims and Croats deaths caused by the Chetniks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina range from 47,000 to 65,000. Following the victory of Yugoslav Partisans, who were led by Croatian communist Josip Broz Tito, the Ustashas and the Chetniks were defeated. Yugoslav communists abolished the monarchy and established one-party socialist republic and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Newly formed socialist Yugoslav state under Tito's benevolent dictatorship was made up of six socialist republics including SR Serbia and SR Croatia.
Yugoslav wars and establishment of diplomatic relations
The period of 1991 to 1995 is marked as the Croatian War of Independence. Serbs living in Croatia stimulated by Serbian leadership established Republic of Serbian Krajina, which captured a third of the whole territory of Croatia, occupied by the remnants of the Serbian-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (from FR Yugoslavia) from 1991 to 1992 and supported by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia through military support. The reason for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to support the Republic of Serbian Krajina against Croatian forces were common interests in upholding the status quo of keeping ethnic Serbs of former Yugoslav territories united, either within the extant Yugoslav state or as satellite states serving as proxies to Belgrade. The war killed some 20,000 people from both sides. An estimated 170,000 to 250,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were expelled from parts of Croatia overrun by Serb forces and hundreds of Croatian and other non-Serbian civilians were killed. During the Croatian military's Operation Storm in August 1995, around 250,000 Serbs fled from their homes and hundreds of Serb civilians were killed.
Following the war in Croatia, the two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia filed a genocide lawsuit against Serbia at the International Court of Justice in 1999, and after Zagreb declined requests to withdraw it, Belgrade filed a countersuit in 2010. Both lawsuits were dismissed on 3 February 2015, as International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found no evidence to support either claim. The court ruled that both sides undoubtedly committed crimes, but they were not committed with genocidal intent so they are not considered genocide according to the Court's definition of genocide.
In September 2003, Croatian President Stjepan Mesić visited Belgrade, marking the first visit to Serbia and Montenegro by a Croatian head of state since Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991. During his visit Serbian President Svetozar Marović issued an apology for "all evils done by any citizen of Montenegro and Serbia to anyone in Croatia" during the war, prompting Mesić to deliver an apology of his own for "all those who have suffered pain or damage at any time from citizens of Croatia who misused or acted against the law".
In 2005, Croatia ratified a bilateral agreement with Serbia and Montenegro on the protection of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority in Croatia and the Croatian national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.
Relations since 2010
In November 2010, Serbian president Boris Tadić visited Memorial site of Vukovar massacre and apologised for the crime. He said that he came there to "create a possibility for Croats and Serbs to turn a new page of their histories". He also brought one part of the missing documentation taken to Serbia in the aftermath of Peaceful reintegration of the Croatia Danube River Region, needed to find out what happened to people who are still missing since fall of the city to JNA in 1991. Croatian president Ivo Josipović in turn visited site of Paulin Dvor massacre where he also apologised. Josipović said that "reconciliation means understanding hardships of others as well", that "reconciliation is their goal" and that "Croatia and Serbia will again become two friendly neighbouring countries".
In May 2014, floodwaters in southeastern Europe caused greatest damages to Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Croatia suffered to a lesser extent. Croatia provided military transport, a number of rescuers and 65 tons of drinking water to affected areas in Serbia. The Croatian Red Cross donated €71,386.90 to Bosnia and Herzegovina and €57,168.47 to Serbia for victims of the floods.
In April 2018, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin was proclaimed persona non grata in Croatia for making a statement that: "only the Supreme Commander of the Serbian Army – Aleksandar Vučić – can decide about me entering in Croatia, not Croatian ministers." Throughout the years, Vulin has made a reputation of a man often insulting Croatian officials and Croatian state by calling them fascists, ustašas, criminals in his public statements. As a response to that, Serbian authorities banned Damir Krstičević, then defense minister of Croatia, from entering Serbia. In the same month, as Croatian delegation was visiting the National Assembly of Serbia, ultranationalist Serb politician Vojislav Šešelj accompanied by members of his Serbian Radical Party trampled the Croatian flag in front of Croatian delegation and bragged of cursing Croats. In response, Croatian delegation led by Goran Jandroković canceled their visit.
In 2020, the birth home of Ban of Croatia Josip Jelačić, built in the 18th century and located in Petrovaradin, was bought by the Republic of Serbia from private owners. It was later reconstructed and given as a gift to the Croatian community.
During Serbian Protests in July 2020, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić blamed Croatia for the protests and, saying that "their rivalry is to destroy Serbia and destroy Vučić".
On 29 December 2020, a violent earthquake hit central Croatia with an epicenter in Petrinja. President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić announced that Serbia is ready to help Croatia both financially and technically. The next day, Government of Serbia decided to donate €1,000,000 to Croatia for repairing damages from the earthquake. Serbian Chamber of Commerce donated additional €50,000. Miloš Stojković, a member of Serb delegation which was supposed to bring the humanitarian aid to areas hit by the earthquake, came unannounced to Croatian city of Knin (once capital of self-proclaimed Krajina). From there he livestreamed on Facebook, saying that: "Knin is the occupied Serb town", and announced the "return of Republic of Serbian Krajina" and removal of Croatian flag from Knin fortress". His video went viral and caused a diplomatic incident. Croatian embassy in Belgrade issued a protest note to Serbian ministry of Foreign Affairs. According to Croatian ambasador Hidajet Bišćević; Serb ministry of Foreign Affairs distanced themself orally from Stojković's statements, however, Croatians also announced that they are expecting a written response from Serbian government. Stojković later called Croatian protest note "shameful".
In July 2021, Croatia announced that an image of Nikola Tesla would appear on its currency when it joined the Euro. Officials from the National Bank of Serbia stated that such a move was inappropriate and filed a complaint with their EU counterparts. The dispute over Tesla's ethnic origin has long affected the two countries' bilateral relations.
In July 2022, Croatia and Serbia entered a diplomatic dispute over Aleksandar Vučić's private trip to lay the flowers at the memorial site of the World War II Jasenovac concentration camp, which the Croatian government blocked on the basis that such presidential visits need to be "part of arrangements between the two sides". The Serbian authorities immediately reacted by putting similar restrictions on all Croatian officials traveling through its territory, requiring them to specifically announce and explain their visit or passage through Serbia. Serbian president's visit has then been postponed to request an official visit.
In October 2022, at the first meeting of the European Political Community in Prague, Czech Republic, the European Union, at the request of Croatia, as part of the eighth package of sanctions against Russia, asked for an additional ban of the import of Russian oil to Serbia through the Croatian port of Omišalj, via the Adriatic pipeline (JANAF), which caused a diplomatic rift between the two countries.
In May 2023, Vučić accused the political opposition in his country of being instructed by Croatia, after he was criticized by Croatian media following the Belgrade school shooting and Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings. It also followed a New York Times article which revealed his alleged connections to organized crime in Serbia. At the same time, Serbian media began a campaign to improve Vučić's domestic image, with claims such as that "president Vučić is the only opposition for ustasha domination on the Balkans" and that "Hitler's successors in Croatia strike at everything that is Serbian". In late May 2023, Vučić again accused Croatia for allegedly trying to topple the government in Serbia. Prime minister of Croatia Plenković responded by giving a statement that Croatia has no hidden agenda to topple the government anywhere in the region, including Serbia.
Border dispute
Due to the meandering of the Danube, the eastern border of Baranya with Serbia according to cadastral delineation is not followed, as each country controls territory on their side of the main river flow.
Further south, near Vukovar and near Šarengrad, there are two river islands (Island of Vukovar and Island of Šarengrad) which have been part of SR Croatia (during Yugoslavia) but during the war they came under Serbian control.
Croatia requests that the islands be returned because of the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia decision from 1991 that all internal borders between Yugoslav republics have become international. Serbia's position is that the natural border between the countries is the middle of the main flow of Danube, which would make the islands Serbian territory. Military occupation of the islands ended after an incident in which Serbian military opened fire and arrested the Mayor of Vukovar Vladimir Štengel with nineteen other Croatian civilians and eight children who were going to visit Zvezdan Kisić, the Mayor of the Serbian town Bačka Palanka. These islands are now under Serbian police control.
Consulate General of Serbia in Vukovar
Serbia established a diplomatic mission in Vukovar, Croatia on 5 February 1998, twenty days after the end of the reintegration process of Eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Western Syrmia into Croatia, which was the end of the Croatian War of Independence. The consulate is responsible for five Slavonian counties: Vukovar-Syrmia, Osijek-Baranja, Brod-Posavina, Požega-Slavonia and Virovitica-Podravina.
Due to the huge interest of local citizens, in the beginning consulate operated also in Beli Manastir. The consulate at the end of the war played a very positive role in the life of the local Serbian minority in the city and region.
Representatives of the consulate are frequent interlocutors of local and national media when it comes to issues of protection and promotion of Serbian identity in the Danube region. Consulate organizes and participates in various cultural and educational projects and humanitarian actions, some of which are the celebration of the signing of Erdut Agreement, showing of documentary films, donation of equipment, organizing concerts etc. On the occasion of 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, the consulate, in conjunction with the U.S. Embassy in Zagreb, co-financed Days of Nikola Tesla in Osijek.
Over time the consulate achieved close cooperation with minority institutions and organizations such as Joint Council of Municipalities, Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranya, and Radio Borovo.
International organizations
Both countries are full members of the South-East European Cooperation Process, Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe, Central European Initiative and Southeast European Cooperative Initiative.
Croatia also supports Serbia's accession to the European Union.
Popular culture
Rivalry in basketball
The big rivalry in basketball started at the FIBA European Championship in 1995. At the time, Croatia was a newly independent state, while Serbia was a federal unit of FR Yugoslavia. Both countries did well in the tournament, with Yugoslavia ranking first. The third-place Croatian team caused an international scandal when they walked off the medal stand and out of the arena just before Serbs and Montenegrins were about to receive their gold medals. Curiously, there hasn't been a single direct game involving the two countries over the course of the championship.
Croatia and Yugoslavia did face each other in a game at EuroBasket 1997. Four seconds before the end of the tense game, Croatian team was leading by two points when Serbian Saša Đorđević took the ball and made a three-pointer, winning the game for Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia went on to win the championship, while Croatia ended up ranking 11th overall.
Afterward, at EuroBasket 2001, Croats were heavily beaten by 80–66. Their last match at a major competition was at the 2016 Olympics, where Serbia also won 86–83.
This rivalry went on also to clubs. Serbian clubs dominate in the regional ABA League, where they won 14 times (out of which Partizan eight times and Crvena zvezda five times), and Croatian clubs won two titles.
Rivalry in football
Rivalries between Croatian and Serbian football contenders became especially famous to the world in the early 1990s, starting with the historic Dinamo Zagreb–Red Star Belgrade riot, which emphasized in some peoples' eyes the breakup of Yugoslavia. The Croatia national football team and the FR Yugoslavia national football team played on only a few occasions—the first being in 1999 in the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8. Nevertheless, the rivalry between the two teams has been described as one of fiercest in the world. Fourteen years later, for the first time in history, Serbia as an independent country played against the Croatian team on 22 March 2013 in qualification group A of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The match, which Croatia won 2–0, was closely followed around the world. The football federations of Serbia and Croatia agreed to ban foreign guest fans at the two games because of security concerns. Later, Croatia drew Serbia 1–1 in Belgrade which meant Serbia was eliminated. During the match, Miralem Sulejmani, who was in a goal scoring opportunity, was knocked down by a tactical tackle from Josip Šimunić for which he was given a red card.
Some Serbs, including the tennis star Novak Djokovic, who supported Croatia national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, were publicly criticized by some politicians and media.
Croatian stance on Kosovo
Croatia recognized Kosovo as an independent and sovereign republic on 19 March 2008. Croatia opened their embassy in Pristina on 7 November 2008, while Kosovo opened theirs in Zagreb on 19 February 2010. In late May 2023, Prime Minister of Croatia Andrej Plenković commented on the North Kosovo crisis by saying that Croatia is interested in peace in Kosovo. He stated that the international community must mediate in the affair to ensure Kosovo Serbs in North Kosovo participate in the country's democratic process.
Diplomatic missions
Croatian ambassadors to Belgrade
Davor Božinović (2002–2004)
Tonči Staničić (2004–2008)
Željko Kuprešak (2008–2013)
Gordan Markotić (2013–2017)
Gordan Bakota (2017–2020)
Hidajet Biščević (2020–)
Serbian ambassadors to Zagreb
Milan Simurdić (2001–2005)
Radivoj Cvjetićanin (2005–2009)
Stanimir Vukićević (2009–2013)
Bosa Prodanović (chargé d'affaires) (2013–2015)
Mira Nikolić (2015–2020)
Davor Trkulja (chargé d'affaires) (2020–2022)
Jelena Surla (chargé d'affaires) (2022–)
Diplomacy
Source
Republic of Croatia
Belgrade (Embassy)
Subotica (Consulate)
Republic of Serbia
Zagreb (Embassy)
Vukovar (Consulate General)
Rijeka (Consulate General)
See also
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Croatia–Kosovo relations
Croats of Serbia
List of Serbian Orthodox churches in Croatia
Serbs of Croatia
Tragovi: Journal for Serbian and Croatian Topics
Yugosphere
References
External links
Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia
Croatian embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia
Serbian embassy in Zagreb
Serbian general consulate in Rijeka
Serbian general consulate in Vukovar
Slobodna Evropa – Da li su Hrvati neravnopravni u Srbiji? Retrieved 29 January 2006
Lecture: Ognjen Karanović - "SRPSKO-HRVATSKI ODNOSI U KRALjEVINI SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA"
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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A-League expansion in Tasmania has been proposed since the establishment of the A-League in 2005. Before the introduction of the league, Football Federation Australia (FFA) chairman Frank Lowy said he hoped to expand the competition into cities such as Hobart and Launceston, among others.
Football Tasmania president Bob Gordon stated in 2021 that he was confident a club would likely be entering the competition as soon as 2023. However in 2023 the proposal was pushed back to the 2025-2026 season, on the condition that either the Macquarie Point Stadium is made convertible or a new rectangular stadium is built.
The bid has the backing of the Tasmanian government.
Tasmania United bid
History
Following the success of the A-League, a Tasmanian football task force headed by Hobart-based businessman John McGirr was given the task of finding funding for a Tasmanian-based A-League side. The taskforce has registered the name "Tasmania United FC" and is submitting a bid for the 2011–12 season. In September 2008 McGirr Announced the adoption of an official club logo for the proposed club and announced that the taskforce was on target "to present an extremely strong business case to both FFA and the Tasmanian community and intend to be ready to put a formal proposal for an A-League licence by mid-2009". Tasmanian Football Taskforce official Ken Morton has stated that should Tasmania United FC be awarded an A-League licence then the competition would become "a far more 'national' competition than rivals AFL and NRL, which are based in Melbourne and Sydney respectively. Indeed, the AFL has consistently refused Tasmania's push to have its own team, with economic factors being brought into play. We have a good cricket team down there who compete well at national level and we believe we can do the same in the A-League." In February 2008, Ken Morton stated "we meet the criteria but we require an owner."
In October 2007, Football Federation Tasmania CEO Martin Shaw suggested that Tasmania would be a viable location for an A-League club, mentioning the fact that it would need support from state and local government. It has been suggested that such a team would play games in both Hobart and Launceston. In 2008, a Tasmanian football taskforce was formed to investigate an A-League bid. The taskforce registered the name "Tasmania United FC" and submitted a bid for the join the 2011–12 A-League season. Despite multiple failed attempts to join the A-League, Tasmania United remains active in promoting a Tasmanian-based A-League club.
In October 2007, Football Federation Tasmania CEO Martin Shaw suggested that Tasmania would be a viable location for an A-League club. It was further suggested, in something of a contradiction, that a Tasmanian team would require Tasmanian Government support. On 16 March 2009, the Tasmanian Football Taskforce Chairman John McGirr clarified this statement by pointing out that "Obviously as a task force we would welcome any sort of funding from whoever," John McGirr then added "from day one we have seen this as a private business enterprise and we are not looking for any Government funds to prop the bid up".
The Tasmanian task force, which has the backing of the state government, has scheduled the launch of Tasmania United FC for 25 November, and that a deal with a major sponsor is close at hand. Ken Morton states that "we had good news regarding the major investor and once that is finalised in the next few days I think you will see our bid progress very aggressively."
On 12 February 2009, the task force announced it was "still in the mix" and "working harder than ever of late to entice investors and sponsors, as well as being in regular contact with the FFA". The Taskforce was unable to complete a formal proposal in time for the early expansion, although the Taskforce continued operating with the intention of obtaining a future A-league licence. Ken Morton has since stated that he believes Tasmania United FC's chance of entering the A-League to be "100%. I believe the A-League want us, the Tasmanian community want us and for this reason I believe it will become reality."
On 16 March 2009, Chairman John McGirr stated that the task force was in negotiation with a Dubai businessman regarding sponsorship and ownership of Tasmania United FC. The businessman has since been named as Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi—the 77th richest man in the world with a net worth of $13.7 billion. As of December 2010, it is unknown if Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi has any involvement with the consortium.
On 22 April 2009 the Tasmanian Government launched a six-week feasibility study to determine the possibility of a Tasmanian A-League side being viable. Stratcorp Consulting and Sporting Management Concepts, the same business to successfully manage the Melbourne Heart A-League licence bid have been engaged to manage the study utilising their experience in this field.
The outcome was a final Report that considered the key issues and questions that decision makers and potential funding partners may have in relation to the need for the proposed A-League team.
The Report was aimed at exciting key Ministers and Government staff about the opportunities to establish the team and provide sufficient need and justification to enable Government commitment.
This feasibility study succeeded in obtaining State Government and FFA support and shortly after its review the State Government agreed to provide funding towards the preparation of a Business Plan.
With the positive feedback obtained from the completed feasibility study, the taskforce obtained funding from the Tasmanian State Government to cover those costs associated with the preparation of a business plan that could be made available to both investors and the FFA. The business plan was completed successfully in late December 2010, with the consortium stating that it would be making a presentation to both the FFA and key investors in early to mid-2011 with the express intention of winning the now vacant 11th A-league licence for the 2012–2013 Season along with gaining crucial private investment. There is unknown if Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi—the 77th richest man in the world, may be one of these potential investors.
Early in 2011 the results of the business plan were released to the public by Tasmania United FC and these demonstrated that Tasmania could hold an A-league licence.
Shortly after the business plan was released to the public the current state government made a media release alongside representatives of Football Federation Tasmania, who had no involvement with Tasmania United FC or a Tasmanian bid until that point, and with no members of the Tasmania United FC board present. At the media release the State Government stated that they would not be pursuing any bid and that if they were to do so in the future then they would utilise a business model where Football Federation Tasmania controlled all aspects of the bid and club. A short time afterwards the board of Tasmania United FC who had laid the foundation stated that they would continue to press for a future Tasmanian A-League licence that worked with the State Government and Football Federation Tasmania, though as a wholly independent body.
Club culture
It has been decided that Tasmania United FC will be a club with a nickname that represents all Tasmanians. Many oppose using the name 'Tigers' as the state cricket team already has this nickname. For similar reasons the name 'Tassie Devils' may also be excluded as the former Tasmanian VFL side used this name and there is the expectation that it will be the name of a future Tasmanian-based AFL side.
The Taskforce has obtained supporter opinion of the names Wolves, Apples, Lions, Convicts, Pirates and Islanders and several others through the use of website polling. Another suggestion was The Wanderers due to the famous overland walking track, however this title is now taken. No firm decisions have been made although Wolves remains a highly popular choice making use of the thylacines name 'native marsupial wolf', although that name in football is already associated with the Wollongong Wolves, another team who may eventually enter the A-League.
Potential home ground
Despite a growing national interest supporters of a Tasmanian A-League club are still divided over the location of home games with both the north and south ends of the state supporting home games being played in their own region. The two supporter groups are focused on either Hobart or Launceston. Both cities contain sporting venues; Bellerive Oval in Hobart and Aurora Stadium in Launceston, but both are oval designs and would be far from ideal. In spite of these concerns the Tasmanian A-league Taskforce have in consultation with the FFA implemented a policy directed towards delivering one A-League Club for all Tasmanians playing home games in both the north and south of the state. This has resulted in considerable frustration for some football fans in both the north and south of the state who believe that football should be solely located in their region only.
Given that the future establishment of a 20/20 League in Australia may prevent the use of Bellerive stadium for A-League matches, other facilities have been suggested including the redevelopment of King George V Oval, North Hobart Oval, Wentworth Park or Rugby Park, along with the possible complete development of an entirely new sporting precinct somewhere in the Greater Hobart region. These possibilities are all reliant upon potential investment from third parties.
Many potential supporters of A-League in Tasmania have encouraged the redevelopment of North Hobart Oval as Tasmania's premier association rules and rugby field in Tasmania.
Other grounds that may be suitable for friendly matches include both the Devonport Oval and West Park in Burnie, as a Tasmanian A-league side will no doubt want a presence on the North West Coast of the state, if only in friendly matches.
Squad
During the bidding process, although there were no plans to sign players until the granting of an A-League licence, Ken Morton stated that he already had in mind "2 Dutch Under 21 stars who I think would do very well and they would be great acquisitions for the A-League. Both played in Under 21 European Championships for Holland." However, with a delay to submission of the bid these acquisitions did not eventuate.
While no firm decisions have been made Ken states that he is establishing scouting networks "through existing scouts in Brazil, the UK and Asia." and intends to look at recruiting both locally and from "Asia, Africa and Europe." When asked if he would be prepared to apply for the senior coach position once an A-League licence was granted, Ken Morton stated "Yes, without a doubt."
National Youth League squad
Following the successful friendly matches played between a Tasmanian Youth Side and National Youth League squads Ken Morton has stated that "given a chance our youngsters can compete at this level" and that "the passion shown by these boys was tremendous."
Tasmanian sides have also performed in previous National Championships
See also
Expansion of the A-League
References
External links
Official Tasmania United website
Expansion of the A-League Men
Soccer clubs in Tasmania
Association football clubs established in 2008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian%20A-League%20bid
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Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sofia. Bulgaria is a European Union member state and Serbia is a European Union candidate.
Both countries are full members of the Southeast European Cooperation Process, of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, of the Central European Initiative, of the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. The countries share 318 km of common borderline.
Bulgaria recognized Kosovo as an independent self-proclaimed country in 2008, which strained relations between two nations, however the two countries enjoy good cooperation in the area of culture, as seen in the examples of co-production of Serbian movies.
History
Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Sava Rakovski was provided shelter in Belgrade, revolutionary publications were printed in the city and Rakovski's armed group joined clashes against Ottomans in Belgrade in 1862. In 1867, a Bulgarian society, active in Bucharest approached the Serbian state with a draft-agreement. The Bulgarian side proposed the founding of a common Serbo-Bulgarian (Bulgaro-Serbian) dual state called South Slav Tsardom, headed by the Serbian Prince. Serbian Prime minister Ilija Garašanin accepted the Bulgarian proposal in a letter from June 1867, but he diplomatically refused to sign the document, fearing how representative this organisation had been. The establishment of this common state concerned other Bulgarian organisations, which perceived it as an implementation of Garašanin's plan called Načertanije.
Despite the cultural similarities, the two countries were enemies during the Second Balkan War and World War I, due to disputes over territory and spheres of influence, such as North Macedonia.
In 2018, Serbia and Bulgaria celebrated 140 years of modern diplomatic relations.
Serbian Presidents Aleksandar Vučić and Bulgarian PM Boyko Borisov concluded that the opening of the Balkan Pipeline through Bulgaria and Serbia in 2021 was a "remarkable success of the two fraternal states".
See also
Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Foreign relations of Serbia
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Bulgaria–Montenegro relations
Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
Bulgaria–Kosovo relations
Bulgarians in Serbia
Serbs in Bulgaria
Craiova Group
Bulgaria–Yugoslavia relations
References
Sources and further reading
Antić, Dejan D. "A view of Serbian-Bulgarian relations at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century." Godišnjak Pedagoškog fakulteta u Vranju 7 (2016): 55–67.
Hering, Gunnar. "Serbian-Bulgarian relations on the eve of and during the Balkan Wars.} Balkan Studies (1962) 4#2 pp 297-326.
Rossos, Andrew. "Serbian-Bulgarian Relations, 1903-1914." Canadian Slavonic Papers 23.4 (1981) pp 347–378. and 394-408 .
External links
Bulgarian embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria
Serbian embassy in Sofia
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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The Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science also known as LCRSSS, established in 1989, is a governmental research organization dedicated to the researches in remote sensing, space, and earthquake sciences, currently with more than 5 research stations. Headquartered in Tripoli, LCRSSS has a staff of close to 300 with an annual budget of about €7 million in 2008.
Education in Libya
Government of Libya
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan%20Center%20for%20Remote%20Sensing%20and%20Space%20Science
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Eyal Golasa (or Golsa, ; born 7 October 1991) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Maccabi Tel Aviv.
Early life
Golasa was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of Mizrahi Jewish (Yemeni-Jewish) descent. His father is former Israeli footballer Avner Golasa.
Club career
Maccabi Haifa
Born in Netanya, Israel, Golasa came from the highly successful youth system of Beitar Nes Tubruk. In the summer of 2008, he joined Maccabi Haifa. He made his debut in the 2008–09 Israeli Premier League. The midfielder remained a substitute at the beginning of this season until coming off the bench in a UEFA Champions League match against Kazakh champion FK Aktobe on 4 August. Golasa came off the bench, almost singlehandedly turning around a 0–3 deficit as Maccabi claimed a vital 4–3 victory. After leading Maccabi to the playoff stage of the UEFA Champions League, Golasa scored a goal against Red Bull Salzburg, as the Israelis won 3–0. This result enabled the Israelis to return to the group stages of Europe's elite competition. At that time he was being monitored by major European clubs. Websites specializing on football scouting would present him as the new star of the Israeli football.
On 1 February 2010, Golasa had reportedly signed a contract with Italian club S.S. Lazio. Five days later, the club announced the signing on a 4.5-year deal. However, Golasa decided to return to Israel to rejoin Maccabi Haifa and apologised for joining Lazio without informing Maccabi Haifa. Maccabi Haifa confirmed the player was staying and stated the Lazio contract was not valid because they had not been informed of negotiations between Golasa and Lazio.
He was suspended for six months by Maccabi Haifa after agreeing to sign a new contract. He made a verbal agreement but later backed out, causing club boss Ya'akov Shahar to suspend him until the end of the season, after which he was sold to Greek football club PAOK...
PAOK
On 24 June 2014, Golasa was transferred to the Greek football team PAOK for an undisclosed fee till summer 2017. He could not help the club during the Super League 2014–15 play-offs as he suffered a second degree sprain in the left groin and medical reports stated he would be back in action after four to six weeks.
Maccabi Tel Aviv
In July 2016, Golasa returned to his native Israel, joining Maccabi Tel Aviv.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Maccabi Haifa
Israeli Premier League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
Maccabi Tel Aviv
Israeli Premier League (2): 2018–19, 2019-20
Toto Cup (3): 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020-21
Israel Super Cup (2): 2019, 2020
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Beitar Nes Tubruk F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
PAOK FC players
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Super League Greece players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Footballers from Netanya
Israeli people of Yemeni-Jewish descent
Israeli twins
Men's association football midfielders
Israel men's international footballers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyal%20Golasa
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Stathmopoda aposema is a species of moth of the family Stathmopodidae. The common name is Kowhai Seed Moth. It is found in New Zealand.
References
Stathmopodidae
Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1901
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmopoda%20aposema
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Antonio Santarelli (22 April 1832 in Forlì – 12 August 1920) was an Italian archaeologist.
A member of the Governing Commission of Fine Arts, royal inspector of excavations and monuments, and director of the Pinacoteca and civic museums of his birthplace of Forlì. He carried out several digs in the outskirts of his town, at Villanova, Vecchiazzano and other sites, wrote many works of history and archaeology and founded the nucleus of what would become the National Archaeological Museum at Sarsina. The Museo Civico Archeologico at Forlì, which he founded and formed, is named after him and, among others, houses stone finds from Montepoggiolo, among the oldest from Europe. He and his brother Apelli were great philanthropists and benefactors, founding a map archive and children's asylum bearing their name.
1832 births
1920 deaths
Italian archaeologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Santarelli%20%28archaeologist%29
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Romania–Serbia relations are foreign relations between Romania and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 19, 1841. As of 2023, relations are very close and a mutual friendship sentiment is present in both countries.
History
Although Serbia unofficially opened a kind of diplomatic agency in Bucharest in March 1836, officially, the first Serbian diplomatic agency in Bucharest was established in February 1863, with Kosta Magazinović, as its first diplomatic agent. Reciprocally the first Romanian diplomatic agency in Belgrade was established on 12/24 March 1863 and the first diplomatic agent was Teodor Calimachi.
In 1879, as a consequence of the independent state status, the diplomatic agencies from Belgrade and Bucharest became legations and the diplomatic agents, resident ministers. Thus on 14/26 April 1879 the Romanian diplomatic agency in Belgrade became legation, having Lascăr Catargiu as its first resident minister. In the summer of 1879 Milan A. Petronijević became Serbia's first resident minister in Romania. Later, after Romania and Serbia became kingdoms, in 1881 and 1882, their diplomatic representatives became "extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary ministers". It was only in 1939 when the legations from Belgrade and Bucharest became embassies.
However, a gradual cut-off of international relations between Romania and Serbia (in that time Yugoslavia) happened in May 1941, after Romania recognized the independence of the German-controlled Independent State of Croatia, due to Romania being an Axis power at the time.
Modern relations
Modern relations between Romania and Serbia began right after the Romanian Revolution and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. In the last decade of the 20th century, relations between the two countries were mostly affected after Romania decided to join the international community and enforced the embargo UN imposed over Yugoslavia during the Bosnian War, leading to a political rupture of the good historical relations between the two countries.
This, inadvertently, led to one of the biggest illegal trafficking network in Europe at the time. As the embargo prevented Yugoslavia from purchasing fuel, Romanian citizens, impoverished by the internal crisis inadvertely caused by the fall of the communist regime, began illegaly crossing the Danube in order to sell petrol, diesel and other forms of fuel to their Serbian neighbours. During a two years period, between 1993 and 1995, a lot of Romanians in the villages on the Danube shore got rich by illegal means, helping their Serbian counterparts. Any form of gas in Yugoslavia was around five times more expensive than in Romania. The network abruptly shut down in 1995, and it is believed that, despite their position, the Romanian government involved in it. Around ten to twenty people were killed during those years, either by the Romanian border guards or other smugglers.
Politic relations got even worse during the late years of the same decade, when Romania, on its way of accession to NATO, allowed NATO planes to use Romanian airspace in order to strike targets in Serbia. Supporting NATO during the Yugoslav Wars got Romania's position as an official NATO member in 2004. However, civilians continued showing support to Serbia, most Romanian citizens not agreeing with their government position.
After the end of the Yugoslav Wars, relations gradually improved, with Romania supporting Serbia's integration with the international community. Nowadays, symbolizing the good relations between Romania and Serbia, there is in the former a sentence that says "Romania only has two friends: the Black Sea and Serbia". However, this phrase and the state of the relations between both has been disturbed by the Romanians in the Timok Valley in Serbia, where they are known in Serbian as "Vlachs", claiming a separate ethnic identity from the Romanians.
Romania-Kosovo relations
Relations between Romania and the Republic of Kosovo are inexistent as of 2023. Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia caused debates and outrage in Romania, as the country strongly opposes Kosovo's independence. Romania is among the five countries part of the European Union who does not recognize Kosovo, and one of the seven countries boycotting Kosovo's admission to the Council of Europe in 2023.
The main reason for this is the Székely Land problem that Romania faces: it is considered that, if Romania would recognize Kosovo's independence, Székely Land, with a majority of ethnic Hungarians and Székelys, would seek to obtain its autonomy or independence, with some public nationalist individuals such as Corneliu Vadim Tudor claiming that Székely Land would instantly follow joining neighbouring Hungary, country that used to control the area for hundreds of years.
A vote was held on 18 February 2008 in the Parliament of Romania, the very next day after Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, to determine if Romania shall recognize Kosovo as an independent country, but the results were divided by a landslide for voting against, with 357 votes for ”No” and only 27 votes for ”Yes”, mostly coming from the ethnic-Hungarian party UDMR (Hungary recognized Kosovo's independence on March 19 of the same year). Furthermore, both the president Traian Băsescu and prime-minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu opposed.
A possible change was shown during the leadership of Victor Ponta, who stated that ”Romania must follow EU's lead" after the European Union urged Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and Spain to reconsider their decisions regarding Kosovo. However, after his resign in 2015, no such thing was considered by the Government of Romania.
Romania mantains a liaison office in Pristina, but not an official embassy.
Romania-Kosovo football match in 2023
Relations between Romania and Kosovo got even worse after a football match between the two national football teams in 2023. Despite not having relations and Romania not recognizing Kosovo as a sovereign state, the two national teams were drawn in the same group for the qualifiers to the UEFA Euro 2024 tournament.
During the second leg match between the teams taking place on Arena Națională in Bucharest, an extremist fan faction of the Romanian side, named ”Uniți Sub Tricolor” (”United Under Tricolour” in Romanian) displayed two banners quoting ”Basarabia e România” (”Bessarabia is Romania” in Romanian) and ”Kosovo je Srbija” (”Kosovo is Serbia” in Serbian) and began shouting pro-Serbia chants. Moreover, in the 19th minute, a fan threw a torch on the pitch, causing the Kosovar side to leave the pitch in protest, with the match getting interrupted.
The Romanian ”Jandarmerie” unit forcefully removed the banners, but not also the hooligans. Despite being called back on the pitch, the Kosovar players still refused to come back on the pitch, disrupting the match even more. The match was eventually relaunched 50 minutes later and Romania won 2-0.
After the match, the Football Federation of Kosovo filled a report against the Romanian Football Federation to UEFA, demanding that Kosovo should be awarded a 3-0 victory because of the events. The complain was denied but the Romanian Football Federation was given a 52,000 Euros fine and was ordered to play the next home match in the group (against Andorra) without fans.
Embassies
Romania has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate-general in Vršac. Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Timișoara.
Memberships
Both Romania and Serbia are members of the:
South-East European Cooperation Process Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
Central European Initiative
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Romania's position in Serbia's accession to the European Union
Serbia borders four European Union member states while not being itself a member state. Out of 1343.4 kilometers of border, 546.4 are of shared border with Romania, which is considered to be one of Serbia's key allies in its European Union integration path.
Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on December 22, 2009, and has become an official candidate on March 1, 2012. Before this, Romania unsuccessfully tried to veto Serbia on receiving the candidate status, quoting the lack of minority rights for the Romanian minority in Serbia. However, ever since then, Romania intensively intervened in Serbia's accession by sending aid in forms of financiar and technical means to their Serbian counterparts.
Romania has not recognized Kosovo's independence from Serbia despite European Union's general support for Kosovo's autodetermination. In order for Serbia to become a European Union member state, it is considered that it should recognize Kosovo's legitimacy, thing that was completely unnacceptable for any Serbian government ever since Kosovo's declaration of independence or since Serbia applied for European Union membership. Kosovo itself tries to become an European Union member state but opposition from some European Union member states, as well as its disputed status, is making this very hard.
Both Serbia and Romania are firm with their positions regarding Kosovo, thus making Serbia's accession to the European Union a harder mission. The 35th chapter of the negociations between Serbia and the European Union regard the relations with Kosovo, and while some progress has been made, neither Belgrade's or Pristina's positions are clear.
However, despite any of those reasons, with the progress that has been made, Serbia is widely believed to be the next country to join the European Union (maybe in the same time as Montenegro), somewhere between 2025 and 2030 (between 12 and 17 years since the last country, Croatia, joined the European Union).
Serbs of Romania
The Serbs of Romania are a recognized ethnic minority. According to the 2011 census, there were 18,076 Serbs in Romania (~0.1%). Serbs mostly live in western Romania, in the Romanian part of the Banat region, where they constitute an absolute majority in two communes and a relative majority in one other.
Romanians of Serbia
The Romanians of Serbia are a recognized ethnic minority. According to the 2022 census, there were 23,044 Romanians in Serbia (~0.3%), while 21,013 people declared themselves "Vlachs". There are differing views among some of the "Vlachs" over whether or not they should be regarded as Romanians or as members of a distinctive nationality. Romanians and "Vlachs" mostly live in northeastern Serbia, in the Timok Valley and in the Serbian part of the Banat region to be exact, where they constitute a minority in two municipalities and in Vojvodina. Romanians of the Timok Valley have no schools where to practice their maternal language.
Diplomacy
Romania
Belgrade (Embassy)
Republic of Serbia
Bucharest (Embassy)
See also
Foreign relations of Romania
Foreign relations of Serbia
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Romania–Serbia border
Romania's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
Romania–Yugoslavia relations
References
Further reading
External links
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Romania
Serbian embassy in Bucharest
Serbian general consulate in Timișoara (in Romanian and Serbian only)
Romanian-Serbian Relations (late 19th century – early 20th century)
General Consulate of Romania in Vršac
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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Serbia–Slovenia relations Before 1991, both countries were part of Yugoslavia. Slovenia gained its independence after the Ten-Day War. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 2000. Serbia has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Belgrade.
Both countries are full members of the Central European Initiative and of the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Also Serbia is an EU candidate and Slovenia is an EU member.
Serbs are the biggest national minority in Slovenia.
See also
Foreign relations of Serbia
Foreign relations of Slovenia
Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
References
External links
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovenia
Serbian embassy in Ljubljana (in Serbian and Slovenian only)
Slovenian embassy in Belgrade
Slovenia
Bilateral relations of Slovenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Slovenia%20relations
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Wearable Augmented task-List Interchange Device (W.A.L.I.D) system was designed by computing researchers of the wearable computing group at the University of Oregon as a simulator to test wearable communities projects. The first version was used in testing the Negotiation System described in When Cyborgs Meet: Building Communities of Cooperating Wearable Agents, and as described in Modeling Wearable Negotiation in an Opportunistic Task Oriented Domain. The WALID simulator is also modified for the trust domain.
The experimental system of WALID is developed to test the weighing of trust versus self-interest. The experiment was made easy by the fact that Oregon computing researchers live and worked in the same neighbourhood in Eugene, Oregon.
In this experiment, two individuals use their mobile devices to negotiate about and to exchange real world tasks such as dropping off someone's dry cleaning of returning a book to the library. It is based on the ideal of "doing a favour for others knowing that one day they will do it for you".
The WALID system utilizes personal agent software to find nearby community members in close proximity to negotiate the exchange of tasks. Agents are made aware of the activities of the tasks and their locations via a user's task list. When an encounter occurs, negotiation is made and the tasks are exchanged if the negotiation goes through.
Ideas from game theory are employed to ensure that results negotiations are mutually beneficial; cooperation is conducted only if there is opportunity to enhance the user's objective.
Notes
Robotics projects
University of Oregon
Mobile computers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable%20augmented%20task-list%20interchange%20device
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The , enacted in 1993, governs general functions of government agencies in Japan.
Chapters
General Provisions
Dispositions Upon Applications: Requires administrative agencies to implement concrete standards of review and indicate processing times for applications.
Adverse Dispositions: Establishes procedures and evidentiary standards for hearings and rulings.
Administrative Guidance: Establishes regulations for non-dispositive advice conducted by the government.
Notifications
Public Comment Procedure, Etc.
Exclusions
A number of government activities are excluded from the Act. These include:
Diet, judicial and prosecutorial activities
Law enforcement
Tax and securities regulation
Prisons
Schools
Immigration control
External links
Text of the law (Japanese and English)
Japanese legislation
Government of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative%20Procedure%20Act%20%28Japan%29
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Konstantin Shamray (born 27 May 1985, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian pianist.
Shamray was born in Novosibirsk and began musical-schooling at the age of six in the Kemerovo Music School with Natalia Knobloch. From 1996 he continued his studies in Moscow at the Gnessin Special School of Music , later at the Russian Gnessin Academy of Music with Tatiana Zelikman and Vladimir Tropp, and then at Musikhochschule Freiburg with Tibor Szasz.
Konstantin came into the music scene in August 2008 as Winner of the Sydney International Piano Competition. He captured people's attention as the first in the history of the competition to take out both First and Peoples’ Choice Prize along with six other special prizes.
The young pianist has performed at such festivals as Ruhr Klavier Festival, the Bochum Festival and Kissinger Sommer in Germany, White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, receiving critical acclaim. In October 2011 the pianist won the First prize at the piano competition Kissinger Klavierolymp and in 2013 the Luitpoldpreis (Luitpold Prize) of the festival Kissinger Sommer in Bad Kissingen, Germany.
References
External links
ABC Classic FM - Sydney International Piano Competition
Brisbane Times
Australian String Quartet
Performance of Sergey Prokofiev's 2nd Piano Concerto (finale)
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1985 births
Living people
Musicians from Novosibirsk
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Russian male musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20Shamray
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The Verzocchi collection or the Galleria Verzocchi - work in contemporary painting is a collection of over seventy 20th-century Italian paintings formed by the entrepreneur Giuseppe Verzocchi from 1949 to 1950. It contains only paintings of 90 by 70 cm and only on the themes of work and self-portraiture. Each painting is marked "V & D", the Verzocchi brand. It now forms part of the Pinacoteca civica di Forlì.
Artists and works
Afro, Tenaglia e camera oscura
Amerigo Bartoli Natinguerra, L'impiegato
Luigi Bartolini, Le mietitrici
Aldo Bergamini, Pittrice di ceramiche
Ugo Bernasconi, Vangatori
Renato Birolli, Il porto di Nantes
Marcello Boccacci, La stiratrice
Leonardo Borgese, Indossatrici
Pompeo Borra, Compagni di lavoro
Giovanni Brancaccio, Pescatori di fondo
Gastone Breddo, Il ciabattino
Anselmo Bucci, Il ponte sul Metauro
Guido Cadorin, Pittori di barche
Corrado Cagli, Il vasaio
Massimo Campigli, L'architrave
Domenico Cantatore, Cucitrice
Giuseppe Capogrossi, Lavoro
Felice Carena, Lo scultore
Aldo Carpi, Studio del pittore
Carlo Carrà, Costruttori
Felice Casorati, Mani, oggetti, testa...
Bruno Cassinari, Pescatori del porto di Antibes
Primo Conti, Giardiniere
Antonio Corpora, I lavoratori del mare
Giorgio de Chirico, Forgia di Vulcano
Raffaele De Grada, Massaie al lavoro
Fortunato Depero, Tornio e telaio
Filippo De Pisis, Piccolo fabbro
Francesco De Rocchi, Semina di primavera
Antonio Donghi, Carico di fascine
Cesare Fratino, La pressa idraulica
Achille Funi, Lo scultore
Bepi Galletti, Allieve di pittura
Luciano Gaspari, Merlettaia di Burano
Romano Gazzera, I pionieri
Virgilio Guidi, Il lavoro del metallo
Renato Guttuso, Bracciante siciliano
Mino Maccari, Scuola di pittura
Mario Mafai, Gli scaricatori di carbone
Concetto Maugeri, Ricostruzione
Francesco Menzio, Nello studio
Giuseppe Migneco, Contadino che zappa
Cesare Monti, Ai campi
Enzo Morelli, La strada nuova
Mattia Moreni, La fucina
Ennio Morlotti, Riparatrici di reti
Marco Novati, "El remer" (Il fabbricante di remi)
Giuseppe Novello, Ricamatrice
Cipriano Efisio Oppo, La fiorista
Carlo Parmeggiani, Il santo lavoro
Fausto Pirandello, I vangatori
Armando Pizzinato, I costruttori di forni
Enrico Prampolini, Il lavoro del tempo (Ritmi geologici)
Ottone Rosai, I muratori
Bruno Saetti, La mondina
Alberto Salietti, La vendemmia
Aldo Salvadori, La modella
Giuseppe Santomaso, Piccola vetreria
Aligi Sassu, Il campo arato
Pio Semeghini, Piccola merlettaia
Gino Severini, Simboli del lavoro
Mario Sironi, Il lavoro
Ardengo Soffici, La vangatura
Orfeo Tamburi, La fornace
Fiorenzo Tomea, Il raccolto dell'orzo
Arturo Tosi, Terre arate
Giulio Turcato, Gli scaricatori
Gianni Vagnetti, Il lavoro del pittore
Italo Valenti, Le locomotive
Emilio Vedova, Interno di fabbrica
Mario Vellani Marchi, Piccole merlettaie buranelle
Umberto Vittorini, Donna che lavora
External links
Deeper article
Time Magazine Article
Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Forlì
Former private collections in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzocchi%20collection
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Maltese-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Malta and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1964. Malta is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Valletta (in the Foreign Ministry). Serbia has an Embassy Office in Valletta.
Malta is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
History
Relations between Maltese and Serbians took place in early history in the framework of the relations between their masters, the British and the Ottoman empire.
One of the first Maltese public figures of Serbian/Montenegrin descent was Giorgio Mitrovich (1795 – 1885), patriot and politician known for his role in the struggle for freedom of the press in Malta, whose homonym grandfather was a successful privateer originally from Venice-ruled Kotor who moved to Malta around 1770.
In 1918, a group of cadets and personnel of the Serbian army, on board of the SS Polynesien, was rescued to Malta and healed at Cottonera Hospital after the ship was sunk by a German torpedo.
During the Second World War, as during the first, Malta provided a rest and recuperation setting for British allies - in this case, Tito's Yugoslav partisans, led by Major Jerko Juricic, who set up a camp at Bingemma. While in Malta, the partisans (both male and female) could be trained by British experts in the use of both Ally as well as Axis weapons. At least one Yugoslav partisan died of his wounds in Malta, and was buried at the Military Cemetery.
In the late 1940s, Maltese emigrants left to Australia on board of the Yugoslav steamers S.S. Partizanka and S.S. Radnik.
Relations between newly independent Malta and socialist Yugoslavia during the Cold War were shaped by the Cold War context. Malta under socialist PM Dom Mintoff joined the Non-Aligned Movement, which had been launched by Tito. Economic cooperation was marked by the construction of a small factory on the island with Yugoslav capitals. In the early 1980s, Yugoslavia donated a ship to Malta, upon request of Mintoff.
During Mintoff's rule, marked by relations with Qaddafi's Libya, Yugoslavia was a rather warm ally of Malta, probably the main one in Europe. Future foreign minister Michael Frendo wrote his graduate thesis in 1977 on "Workers' self-management: A new concept of the legal structure of the enterprise in Malta and Yugoslavia".
Agreements
Malta signed its 12th bilateral double taxation agreement with Serbia on 9 September 2009. Foreign Affairs Minister of Malta, Tonio Borg signed two agreements with Serbia during a two-day visit in 2010 about readmission of people residing without authorisation.
Diasporas
The Serbian community is one of the fastest-growing diasporas in Malta. Their number has steadily grown throughout the 2010s, and in 2017 - with 2,757 workers - Serbians were the second biggest non-EU foreign community on the islands after Libyans and just ahead of Filipinos. Though the actual number is probably bigger. Serbian citizens in Malta work in the tourist industry and often follow a seasonal migration pattern. Crime rates, hooliganism and integration matters of the Serbian community has also come to the attention of Maltese society. Few Serbian-Maltese have come to the fore in Maltese society too.
See also
Foreign relations of Malta
Foreign relations of Serbia
Malta–Yugoslavia relations
Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement
Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
References
External links
Direction of the Maltese representation in Serbia
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Malta
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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Stathmopoda melanochra is a species of moth of the family Stathmopodidae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand.
References
Stathmopodidae
Moths of New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmopoda%20melanochra
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The portmanteau micromorph is a combination of the words microcrystalline and amorphous. It is used for a type of silicon based multijunction thin-film solar cell.
The micromorph cell
Micromorph cells are thin film solar cells based on a multijunction–architecture consisting of two solar cells that are stacked on top of each other. While the thin amorphous silicon top cell absorbs the blue light, the thicker microcrystalline silicon bottom cell absorbs the red and near-infrared light, allowing this so-called tandem cell to cover a wider range of the solar spectrum.
Since the bandgaps of amorphous silicon (1.7eV) and microcrystalline Silicon (1.1eV) are well suited for tandem solar cells, the Shockley-Queisser limit of this cell allows conversion efficiencies of over 30%.
In reality this limit can not be reached and typical stable efficiencies are about 9% (world record 11.7%). That is well over the stable efficiencies of single junction thin film silicon solar cells which are around 6%. One reason of the low costs of silicon thin film solar cells is its very low thickness (2 μm) compared to silicon wafer (200 μm). In the red and infrared wavelength range 2 μm of silicon are not enough to absorb all light and therefore 'light trapping' is needed.
The advantage of the micromorph approach is that it keeps the thickness of the amorphous top cell low. This reduces the effect of degradation induced by light (Staebler-Wronski effect).
In multijunction cells top and bottom cell have to produce the same current. But the top cell is limited by the Staebler-Wronski effect and therefore light trapping and an intermediate reflector are needed to keep the thickness of the top cell low while increasing its current.
The intermediate reflector
The intermediate reflector is a layer (IRL) of zinc oxide (ZnO intermediate reflector: ZIR) or silicon oxide (SiOx intermediate reflector: SOIR) between the top and the bottom cell. Due to its lower refractive index of around 2 comparing to the surrounding silicon (4) light is reflected back into the top cell. This increases the top cell current from around 10mA/cm to 12mA/cm, but reduces the bottom cell current by an equal amount.
The word micromorph
This artificial word was first mentioned in a scientific publication of the University of Neuchâtel research group of Prof. Arvind Shah by the author J. Meier in the year 1995, but is based on long pioneering research of several authors and of several years. For a detailed list of publications, see the two main research group's publications website under http://pvlab.epfl.ch and under https://web.archive.org/web/20110222142422/http://www.fz-juelich.de/ief/ief-5/publicger/
Years later, other European, Japanese and American research groups started research activities in the field of improving the conversion efficiency of thin-film silicon solar cells by utilizing the stacked solar cell concept, naming the micromorph device 'hybrid' solar cell or naming the microcrystalline silicon absorber 'nanocrystalline' or even 'policrystalline' silicon.
The word 'micromorph' has been lately claimed to belong to an equipment manufacturer of silicon coating tools, but in a patent judgement, this claim has not been accepted by European patent offices.
See also
TEL Solar (former Oerlikon solar)
External links
Presentation with informative pictures and current state of industrial production: http://www.swisslaser.net/libraries.files/UlrichKrollOerlikon.pdf
References
Solar cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromorph
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Balaklava High School is a country high school of around 300 students ranging from years 8 to 12. The school has around 30 teachers. It is located in Balaklava, in the Adelaide Plains in South Australia, Australia.
The school has a strong emphasis on Vocational Education and Industry and training partnership programs such as VET, Agriculture, Performing Arts, and an Engineering Pathways programs.
Facilities
Balaklava High School has facilities for its students to use, including:
References
External links
Official school website
High schools in South Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava%20High%20School
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Amir Edri (Hebrew: אמיר אדרי), (born July 26, 1985) is an Israeli goalkeeper. After a loan spell with Maccabi Herzliya in the 2007/08 season, Edri returned to Haifa and played 11 games after the first-string 'keeper was injured.
Honours
Israeli Premier League (2):
2008–09, 2010–11
References
1985 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
People from Or Akiva
Men's association football goalkeepers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Edri
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Relations between Hungary and Serbia, or Serbo-Hungarian relations form a part of the wider politics of Central and Southeast Europe. The two countries have a long relationship stretching back to the Middle Ages. History of official diplomatic relations of Hungary and Serbia dates back to 21 November 1882, when they were established between the Kingdom of Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Today, Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica, while Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.
The two countries share 151 km of common border. There are around 254,000 people of Hungarian descent according to the latest census living in northern Serbia (particularly in Vojvodina) and around 7,000 people of traditional Serbian descent living in Hungary (not counting workers and refugees from Serbia to Hungary since the 1990s). In recent years, the relations between the two countries have been characterized by a strong partnership.
History
Hungary and Serbia share a long historical contact, but both have been characterized between cooperation and conflict. Contacts begin with the immigration of Hungarian tribes to Pannonia around the 10th century. The first serious ties between Serbs and Hungarians came with the formation of the medieval Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Hungary. Daughter of Serbian ruler Uroš I, Grand Prince of Serbia Jelena married the son and heir of Stephen II of Hungary around 1130 while marking the first dynastic marriage between the ruling families of the two countries. Later, the Hungarian princess Catherine (Katalin) will become the wife of Stephen Dragutin I, King of Serbia, while his brother, the later King Stephen Milutin I of Serbia, married the Hungarian princess Elizabeth (Erzsébet). Serbian Prince Stefan Lazarević had a great alliance with King Sigismund of Luxembourg and formed the knightly Order of the Dragon. He also received Belgrade as a gift in 1403, which then became the capital for the first time. During the defense against Turkish attacks, especially during the siege of Belgrade in 1456, the Hungarian hero John Hunyadi stood out, who is mentioned in many Serbian epic poems as Sibinjanin Janko. King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary was a great friend of the Serbs and helped the Serbian states in their defense against the Turkish invasion. After the Fall of Smederevo in 1459, he accepted thousands of Serbian refugees into Hungary and allowed the descendants of Đurađ Branković to bear the title of despot while fighting under the Hungarian flag. One of them was the famous Black Army commander Vuk Grgurević-Branković, known as Vuk the Fiery Dragon, a friend of Matthias Corvinus who conquered Sarajevo and brought thousands of Serbian refugees from Bosnia to Syrmia. Hungarian and Serbian refugees fled from Ottoman occupations, and used to be part of the famous Winged Hussars, a military regiment of the previous Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
However, relationship between two states turned tense in the later half of the 19th century, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian interests toward Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vojvodina, both have significant Serbian population. As part of Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian army formed a significant part of the invading army on Serbia at the World War I. After the war, Hungary lost Vojvodina, a former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, to Serbia.
Hungary signed a non-aggression and "Treaty of Eternal Friendship" with Yugoslavia on 12 December 1940. However, Hungary participated in the Axis invasion on Yugoslavia which prompted the then Prime Minister of Hungary Pál Teleki to commit suicide. In the communist era, Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito was against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and supportive of Soviet military uses against Hungarians; but the suppression of Hungarian protesters by Soviet army might have influenced Tito's decision to change against the Soviets at the Prague Spring a decade later.
The relationship between Serbia and Hungary went downhill in the 1990s, when Yugoslavia started to disintegrate. Hungary was one of the earliest supporters of newly independent Croatia and allowed the Croats to supply weapons through their territory.However, during the NATO-led bombing of Serbia, Hungary under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the north of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo but expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because it got membership in NATO before the war. Several protests against the bombing were also organized in Budapest. Therefore, relations between the two countries slowly improved in the post-war period. During the premiership of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the relations continued to worsen, with Hungary being one of the earliest nations in the world to recognize Kosovo as an independent state.
In 2013, a historical reconciliation was marked after decades of tensions between Belgrade and Budapest. The President of Hungary, János Áder gave a speech in front of the National Assembly where he issued an official apology for the Hungarian role in the World War II persecution of Serbs such as Novi Sad raid. In turn, in 2014 the National Assembly in Belgrade symbolically voided Yugoslav laws on collective guilt of Hungarian people for crimes committed during World War II.
Since then, relations between Serbia and Hungary progressed to the point where the two countries are extremely friendly. The project of building a high-speed railway between Belgrade and Budapest was started, and the Hungarian government financed many projects in the north of Serbia, such as the stadium in Bačka Topola. During the energy crisis in Serbia at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the government in Budapest allowed Serbia to store gas in Hungarian warehouses due to a lack of space in the Banatski Dvor warehouse. Also, although it officially recognizes Kosovo's independence, in many cases Hungary was on the Serbian side when Kosovo was discussed, for example it voted against Kosovo's membership in the Council of Europe in 2023.
Neither Hungary nor Serbia have joined the sanctions against Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with the exception of those Hungary had to adopt as a member of the European Union. Both countries have been vocally against restricting Russian gas imports, and as a consequence have also suffered a deterioration in relations with Ukraine. On the other hand, because of their common stance, relations between the two countries have continued to improve. Recently, Serbia and Hungary started planning the construction of an oil pipeline from Hungary to refineries in Serbia.
Today, Hungary strongly supports Serbia's membership in the European Union and, along with Greece, is considered Serbia's strongest ally in the EU. Along with Poland, Serbia is considered Hungary's biggest friend in foreign policy.
Serbian heritage in Hungary
The presence of Serbs in the territory of present-day Hungary dates from the Middle Ages. The mother of the Hungarian king Géza II (1141-1162) was Helena of Serbia, a daughter of Uroš I, ruler of the Grand Principality of Serbia,. During the rule of Géza II, her brother Beloš Vukanović was a palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary. Since the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Kingdom of Hungary.
The most complex example of Serb architectural heritage in Hungary is the old town of Szentendre (Serbian: Sentandreja), next to the Danube, with 7 Orthodox Churches (two of which have been sold), brightly coloured merchant houses and the Museum of Serb Orthodox Heritage. In Budapest, the Serb Orthodox Cathedral in the Tabán district was damaged in WWII and later demolished. There is an old Serb Orthodox Church in Serb Street, Pest and the famous Serb college, Thökölyanum (Serbian: Tekelijanum).
There are Serbian churches in Vác (Vac), Székesfehérvár (Stoni Beograd) with a Serbian open-air village museum, Szeged (Segedin), Baja (Baja) with two churches, Mohács (Mohač), Siklós (Šikloš), Eger (Jegra), Győr (Đur), Esztergom (Ostrogon), Hódmezővásárhely (Vašarhelj).
There are also village churches in Pomáz (Pomaz), Csobánka (Čobanac), Izbég, Ráckeve (Srpski Kovin, rare example of Serb Gothic architecture from the 15th century), Lórév (Lovra), Szigetcsép (Čip), Budakalász (Kalaz), Magyarcsanád (Čanad), Battonya (Batanja), Deszk (Deska), Szőreg (Sirig), Dunapentele (Pantelija, now Dunaújváros), Százhalombatta (Bata), Dunaföldvár (Feldvar), Alsónána (Donja Nana), Bátaszék (Batsek, demolished in the 1960s), Medina (Medina), Illocska (Iločac), Magyarbóly (Madžarboja), Dunaszekcső (Sečuj), Villány (Viljan), Sárok (Šarok), Majs (Majš), Lippó (Lipova), Beremend (Breme), Erdősmecske (Racmečka), Somberek (Šumberak), Véménd (Vemend, demolished), Nagybudmér (Veliki Budmir, demolished in 2001), Hercegszántó (Santovo), Újszentiván (Novi Sentivan).
There are two Serbian Orthodox Monasteries, one in Ráckeve (Srpski Kovin) and one in Grábóc (Grabovac).
Hungarian heritage in Serbia
Parts of the Vojvodina region were included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by Slavs. During Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of population in northern parts of the region. Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija. In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In the 19th century, the Hungarian colonization increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel. In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Dunántúl settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements, and later they formed one single settlement - Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883–1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. Total number of Székely colonists was 3,520.
The first Hungarian settlers in Syrmia moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka.
Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from Dunántúl, while Hungarians of Protestant faith originated mostly from Alföld.
Economy
A mutual trade plays an important role in the economy of both countries. In 2015, Serbia was the 18th most important trading partner of Hungary. Serbia was among the most important countries for Hungary (export: the 18th place, import: the 26th place).
Most important Hungarian investors in Serbia: OTP Bank, MOL and Masterplast.
Resident diplomatic missions
Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade (Belgrád) and a general consulate in Subotica (Szabadka). Ambassador of Hungary in Serbia is dr. Attila Pintér as of 22 November 2021.
Serbia has an embassy in Budapest (Будимпешта) and an honorary consulate in Szeged (Сегедин). Ambassador of Serbia, in Hungary is dr. Ivan Todorov as of 22 November 2021.
See also
Foreign relations of Hungary
Foreign relations of Serbia
Hungary–Yugoslavia relations
Hungarians in Serbia
Serbs in Hungary
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
References and notes
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Hungarian embassy in Belgrade
Hungarian general consulate in Subotica(in Hungarian and Serbian only)
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
Serbian embassy in Budapest (in Hungarian and Serbian only)
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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Polish-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Poland and Serbia. Diplomatic relations have been maintained since Poland and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes established them in 1919. Poland is a European Union member state and Serbia is a European Union candidate.
Middle Ages
Queen Jadwiga of Poland (1384–99) had partial Serbian ancestry, through King Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82) of the Nemanjić dynasty. Serbian fiddlers (guslars) were mentioned at the court of Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło (r. 1386–1434) in 1415.
Polish knight Zawisza Czarny, who joined Hungarian–Bohemian King Sigismund's war against the Ottomans, fell at the Golubac fortress in eastern Serbia in 1428; there is a commemorative plaque on the fortress in his honour (Česma Zaviše Crnog). Hungarian commander John Hunyadi led a long campaign against the Ottomans in 1443–44, accompanied by Polish king Władysław III, Serbian despot Đurađ Branković, Wallachian voivode Vlad II Dracul, and a Polish contingent. They marched throughout Serbia and defeated the Ottomans at Niš.
The Polish hussars (cavalry) originated in mercenary units of exiled Serbian warriors, the concept having originated in Serbia in the late 14th century. The oldest mention of hussars in Polish documents date to 1500, although they were probably in service earlier.
Early modern history
After the Ottoman conquest of Serbia, Serbian guslars (fiddlers) found refuge throughout Europe, as mentioned in sources. Polish poets of the 17th century mentioned Serbian epic poetry and the gusle in their works. In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that "the Serbian gusle and gaidas will overwhelm Shrove Tuesday" (Serbskie skrzypki i dudy ostatek zagluszą). In the idyll named Śpiewacy, published in 1663, Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" (przy Serbskich gęślach śpiewać).
Modern history
19th century
After the November Uprising (1830–31), Polish revolutionaries fled to the Principality of Serbia. Serbian commander, and later politician, Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874) contacted these Polish emigrees. It was a Pole, Adam Czartoryski, who initiated the Načertanije project (the precursor to Greater Serbia). While in 1804, during his mandate as a Russian foreign minister, Czartoryski tended to dismiss what he perceived as Serb ambitious requests, he later substantially changed his view when as one of the exiled Polish leaders he perceived the Principality of Serbia as the key member of the future anti-imperialist (Austrian and Russian) aliance of small European states.
The great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855) thought highly of Serb epic poetry, and chose it as a theme of lectures at Collège de France.
The Serbians and Poles were part of the Pan-Slavic Sokol organizations, along with other Slavic nations.
World War I
In March 1914, Serbian, French, Polish and Greek allied troops landed at Odessa. In the early fall of 1918, an Allied account said that Serbs and Poles in a region from the Urals to Volga had been recruited by a French officer. In 1918, Serbs and Poles together with Chinese, were part of the "Officer's Corps", a unit of the Russian Consul at Harbin.
World War II
Serbs and Poles were some of the major Slavic victims of Nazi German war crimes in Europe. Nazi Germany considered all Poles and Serbs as Untermensch, meaning "subhumans". Many ethnic Poles and ethnic Serbs died in concentration camps, or during retaliative guerrilla fights. Poles joined the Yugoslav Partisans in the beginning of the war. Yugoslav Partisans were often compared to the Polish Underground State and the Polish Resistance Movement which was the largest anti-Nazi guerrilla movement in all of German-occupied Europe. Ethnic Serbian prisoners of war were among Allied POWs held in German POW camps operated in occupied Poland.
In the mountains of Serbia in the years 1942–43 there were three Polish companies attached to the Chetnik Corps. The Rules of Chetnik Warfare was first published in Polish, then translated into Serbian.
On 1 June 1944, a Balkan Air Force was established by the British. It had mostly British, but also Italian, a Yugoslav squadron, and a Polish flight.
2022
A large number of terrorist threats sent to Serbia from Poland occurred in year 2022, which targeted schools, hospitals, dormitories, museums, stadiums, embassies, shopping malls, water plants, planes and more.
Serbian president claimed that one EU country secret service is involved. Polish side didn't try to catch those responsible.
Two Polish citizens were arrested for filming Serbian arms factory Sloboda.
Politics
April 15, 2010, was declared a day of national mourning in Serbia to commemorate the 96 victims of the Smolensk air disaster, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria Kaczyńska.
In November 2021, Poland donated 200,000 COVID-19 vaccines to Serbia.
Kosovo
Polish opinion on NATO intervention in FR Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War (1998–99) was mixed: 37% favoured involvement while 43% were against. The government decided in favor of a NATO-led operation to bring cease-fire in the conflict. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in May 1999, a poll found 51% felt attacks to be justified, 26% opposed. Another poll found 53% in favour and 35% opposed.
Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and Poland recognized it on 26 February 2008. Poland was the first Slavic country to do so.
In September 2008, President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, stated that the original cause of the 2008 South Ossetia war was not the Georgian operation, but the recognition of Kosovo's independence and that he would block attempts to establish diplomatic relations of Poland with Kosovo at ambassadorial level; however, the government has not proposed to send an ambassador to Pristina.
The recognition of Kosovo Albanian independence has been criticized in Poland. Dozens of protests and demonstrations have been organized by various groups in Poland in support of the Serbian cause in Kosovo, with some attracting up to 1,500 to 2,000 people. An organization called "Poles for Serbian Kosovo" was formed in order to provide and support for Serbs in Kosovo. Also Poland is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
Peacekeeping
Poland had (as of July 2009) 274 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO-led Kosovo Force. Originally there were 800 Polish troops in KFOR.
Cultural relations
The Polish and Serbian languages, both part of the Slavic languages (West and South branches, respectively), are related and partially mutually intelligible.
Due to huge popularity of the Yugoslav rock scene in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s, many Yugoslav artists toured Poland. Električni orgazam recorded a live album titled Warszawa "'81'" to support the Polish opposition against Wojciech Jaruzelski. These connections in the 1980s led to albums being produced in Poland based on covers of popular Serbian and Yugoslav Rock bands with the albums Yugoton and Yugopolis covering artists such as Bajaga i Instruktori, Idoli and Električni orgazam.
The Kayah i Bregović-album by Polish singer-songwriter Kayah and Serbian musician Goran Bregović became a bestseller after its release in 1999.
Poles in Serbia
There are documents on Polish officers participating in the First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813). In the second half of the 19th century, especially after the suppression of the January Uprising in Poland (1864), some 20 Polish doctors arrived in Serbia, most of which settled down and gave a great contribution to the development of medical culture in the renewed Serbian state. The League of Yugoslavia–Poland (Liga Jugoslavija-Poljska) was active in the Interwar period, aimed at economical and cultural cooperation with Poland. The League was not a diaspora organization, although it gathered also a small number of Yugoslav Poles at its seat in Uzun–Mirko's Street 5 in Belgrade, especially during national and Catholic holidays. Members of the League helped Polish soldiers and civilians who in autumn 1939 fled from Romania via Yugoslavia to the West. Immediately after World War II some tens of Polish women with their Serbian husbands arrived in Serbia; they had met at forced labor and concentration camps in Germany. The largest part of the Polonia (Polish diaspora) in Serbia is made up of women who married in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 70s. During the Yugoslav wars, when Yugoslavia broke up, many Polish and their families either returned to Poland or emigrated to the West. According to the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Serbia, there are around 1,000 Polish citizens living in Serbia. These are individuals born in Poland, as well as their descendants from mixed marriages. Apart from Belgrade, larger numbers exist in Niš, Novi Sad, Kraljevo, Vrnjačka Banja and Subotica. The only community regarded starosedeoci ("natives"), is the one inhabiting Ostojićevo in northern Serbia, having settled in the mid-19th century from the Wisła.
Serbian people of Polish descent
Serbian aviators Tadija Sondermajer and Stanislav Sondermajer, the youngest fighter in the Battle of Cer (1914), were of paternal Polish descent. Serbian officer and journalist Stanislav Krakov (1895–1968) had a father of Polish origin. Journalist and military analyst Miroslav Lazanski is of paternal Polish ancestry. Film director and political commentator Boris Malagurski is of distant paternal Polish ancestry.
Resident diplomatic missions
Poland has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Warsaw.
See also
Foreign relations of Poland
Foreign relations of Serbia
Croatia–Poland relations
Poles in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Poland–Yugoslavia relations
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
References
External links
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Poland
Further reading
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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Iveagh ( ) was a constituency of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
Boundaries
Iveagh was a county constituency comprising part of northern County Down, south west of Belfast. It was created when the House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929 introduced first-past-the-post elections throughout Northern Ireland. Iveagh was created by the division of Down into eight new constituencies. The constituency survived unchanged until 1969, when its eastern part became part of the new Lagan Valley constituency. It returned one Member of Parliament until the Parliament of Northern Ireland was temporarily suspended in 1972, and then formally abolished in 1973.
The original seat was centred on the town of Dromore and also included parts of the rural districts of Banbridge, Hillsborough, Waringstown and Moira.
Politics
The seat had a substantial unionist majority and was always won by Ulster Unionist Party candidates. It was often contested by independent Unionists, and once by a member of the Protestant Unionist Party, some of whom were able to take more than 40% of the votes cast.
Members of Parliament
Election results
At the 1933 Northern Ireland general election, John Charles Wilson was elected unopposed.
At the 1945 Northern Ireland general election, Brian Maginess was elected unopposed.
At the 1962 Northern Ireland general election, Brian Maginess was elected unopposed.
At the 1964 by-election and the 1965 Northern Ireland general election, Samuel Magowan was elected unopposed.
References
Historic constituencies in County Down
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies established in 1929
Constituencies of the Northern Ireland Parliament
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies disestablished in 1973
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveagh%20%28Northern%20Ireland%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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Foreign relations exist between Austria and Serbia and their predecessor states. Austria has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Vienna and a general consulate in Salzburg. Austria is a European Union member and Serbia is a European Union candidate.
History
The history of relations between the two countries goes back to the Great Turkish War, Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–91) and Great Serb Migrations (formation of Military Frontier and building of Petrovaradin Fortress), to the era when the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) had been a province of the Habsburg monarchy, and the last Austro-Turkish War (1787–91) at the time of Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92).
Foreign relations, as such, date from the proclamation of the Austrian Empire in 1804 and the formation in 1817 of the Principality of Serbia, an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire. The Habsburg recognized the independence of Serbia and established diplomatic relations in 1874, supported by the Treaty of Berlin (1878).
Hungarian suppression of Serbian revolts during the 1848 Revolutions were not opposed by the Habsburg rulers. Serbian claims were not recognized by Hungary was eventually placated with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, further angering Serbian nationalists. One notable flare-up between the two countries was the 1906-1909 economic conflict known as the Pig War followed with the diplomatic and military crisis over the Austrian annexation of Bosnia which contributed to inflame pan-Serb sentiment and helped lay the grounds for World War I. Ultimately, the tensions between the two countries could not withstand the strain of the Assassination of the Austrian Archduke, by a young Bosnian Serb, an opportunity for the Austro-Hungarian government to solve Slav nationalism.
Following the July Crisis, Austro-Hungary launched three unsuccessful offensives to punish Serbia for allegedly supporting the assassins. In October 1915 with the help of German and Bulgarian forces, Serbia was finally conquered and divided into separate occupation zones. The northern three-quarters of Serbia was placed under a harsh Austro-Hungarian occupational regime until its liberation by allied forces in 1918.
The First World War eventually destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leaving a shrunken First Austrian Republic as a rump state. Serbia annexed much of the former Austrian holdings in the Balkans to become the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Austria was eventually annexed by Germany, ending its separate foreign relations.
A number of Serb medical doctors and veterinarians got educated in Austria during the interwar period and earlier as well.
Population
There are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria.
There are also 3,000 Austrian expats in Serbia, making it home to the largest Austrian population in the Eastern European region (besides Romania).
Diplomacy
Serbia has an embassy in Vienna and a consulate-general in Salzburg
Austria has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate-general in Niš
See also
Foreign relations of Austria
Foreign relations of Serbia
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Serbs in Austria
Austria–Yugoslavia relations
Serbskija novini
References
Further reading
Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414-440 online
External links
Austrian Foreign Ministry: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in German only)
Austrian embassy in Belgrade (in German and Serbian only)
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria
Serbian embassy in Vienna (in German and Serbian only)
Serbian general consulate in Salzburg (in German and Serbian only)
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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British – Serbian relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1837. The UK has an embassy and consulate in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in London. The Serbian ambassador to the United Kingdom is Dr Dejan Popovic and the British ambassador to Serbia is Sian MacLeod.
Trade between the two countries in 2004 amounted to US$245.8 million. In the first ten months of 2005 exports of Serbia and Montenegro to Great Britain accounted for US$68.2 million (110.6 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2004) and the imports from the UK were US$104.2 million (85 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2004).
The 2001 UK Census recorded 31,244 people born in the former state of Serbia and Montenegro, which are now the independent states of Serbia and Montenegro, while Kosovo's independence from Serbia is still disputed.
History
During Gascoyne-Cecil's first tenure as Prime Minister from 1885-1886, his cabinet held negative views of Kingdom of Serbia and instead supported the Kingdom of Bulgaria. A Times correspondent claimed that Serbia was the biggest threat to peace in the Balkans. This view was refuted by archeologist Arthur Evans, who stated that Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija were facing terror from the hand of local Albanian population, with murders being a daily occurrence.
The Kingdom of Serbia and the UK were allies in World War I. British influence in Serbia became more relevant only after WWI. Around 350 Serb pupils and students received an education in the United Kingdom during this period and afterwards, under the supervision of university professor Pavle Popović, who was a visiting professor at King's College. The Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Minister's Fund were formed for the purpose of providing financial and other aid to Serb students in UK, and a hostel for Serb students was opened. In the 1920s, Serbs went to Britain to study banking, finances and economics, while in the 1930s mining engineering was the main field of study.
In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the UK was perceived as a friendly country and an ally. Serb elites, based mostly in Belgrade, like Slobodan Jovanovic and Bogdan Bogdanovic considered that Serbs and the British shared a joint love of liberty and fierce patriotism, and they advocated looking upon United Kingdom in order to further develop democracy in the country.
As early as the 1920s, London made its way to Serbia, mostly through banks. In 1920, the British Trade Corporation was founded in Belgrade. Although this bank only operated until 1928, its work led to serious improvements in the local industry, primarily mining. In the same period, relations between the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Church of England were established. Several big donations of books by British to Serbian libraries took place in the 1920s. British citizens were the main foreign sponsors of scientific research in the interwar period. Archaeological excavations in Vinča were funded by sir Charles Hyde.
Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović played an important role in furthering the relations between the two countries. He was held in high regard in London, and Velimirović was the first Orthodox clergyman to preach at St. Paul’s Cathedral. He established firm relations between the Serbian Orthodox Church with the Church of England.
An English Language and Literature Department was formed in Belgrade in 1929. Cultural and other exchanges became popular in the interwar period. A number of societies of Yugoslav-British friendship were functioning in Belgrade in 1930s, with full support from the Yugoslav government. Several important local cultural figures were part of the friendship society, such as Isidora Sekulić, Raša Plaović, and Viktor Novak. As of 1935, the English language was taught in schools in Serbia, but to a smaller degree compared to French and German, due to lack of teachers and political reasons. A total of 75 students with Yugoslav citizenship were enrolled at British faculties in the Interwar period, of which six got their PhD in the country, mostly in the subject of English literature.
Following the Yugoslav coup d'état, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia entered World War II on the Allied side.
See also
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Foreign relations of Serbia
Serbs in the United Kingdom
Britons in Serbia
United Kingdom–Yugoslavia relations
References
Sources and further reading
Antić, Čedomir D. "Crisis and Armament: Economic Relations Between Great Britain and Serbia 1910–1912." Balcanica 36 (2005): 151-163 online.
Bataković, Dušan T. "Serbia and Greece in the First World War: an overview." Balkan Studies 45.1 (2004): 59-80 online.
Antić, Čedomir. Ralph Paget: a diplomat in Serbia (Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006) online free.
Boyd, James. "Representing the Western Balkans, Post-war Understandings: A discourse analysis of contemporary representations of Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia in UK press media." (2018) online.
Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia." Slavonic Review (1922): 1#1 86-109 online.
Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia.(II)." Slavonic Review (1922): 333-351 online.
Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia.(III)." Slavonic Review (1923): 552-560 online.
Glaurdić, Josip. The hour of Europe: Western powers and the breakup of Yugoslavia (Yale UP, 2011).
Hodge, Carole. Britain and the Balkans: 1991 until the Present (Routledge, 2006).
McCourt, David. "Embracing humanitarian intervention: Atlanticism and the UK interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15.2 (2013): 246-262 online.
Markovich, Slobodan G., ed. British-Serbian Relations from the 18th to the 21st Centuries (Faculty of Political Science of the University of Belgrade [and] Zepter Book World, 2018) online link.
Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Anglo-Russian rivalry in Serbia 1837-1839 (1961)
Simms, Brendan. Unfinest hour: Britain and the destruction of Bosnia (Penguin UK, 2002).
External links
British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Serbia
British embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the United Kingdom
Serbian embassy in London
Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
1837 establishments in Europe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations
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French-Serbian relations are foreign relations between France and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1839, between the French Third Republic and the Principality of Serbia. Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). After a short period of severance caused by the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, France's diplomatic relations with Serbia (then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) were restored on 16 November 2000. Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie.
France is also an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France.
The last official visit of the French President to Serbia took place in July 2019, when the head of the French state, Emmanuel Macron, went to Serbia.
History
Serbia and France have a history of close relations. Those were seriously shaken with France's participation in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and Kosovo war, but have been improving since 2000.
The oldest documented possible contact between the two sides was the marriage of Stephen Uroš I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. The first important contacts of French and Serbs came only in the 19th century when French travel writers first wrote about this Balkan country. In the 19th century, Karađorđe Petrović, leader of Serbian Revolution, sent a letter to Napoleon expressing his admiration, while in the French parliament, Victor Hugo made a speech asking France to assist Serbia and to protect the Serbian population from Ottoman crimes. Rapid development of bilateral relations followed, so that the people in Serbia saw a great new friend in "mighty France", that could protect them from the Ottomans and Habsburgs. Relations between Serbia and France continued to improve until the First World War, when the "common struggle" against a common enemy reached its peak. Before the war France won the sympathy of the Serbian population by building railways, opening French Schools, a Consulate and a French Bank. Several Serbian kings from this period studied at universities in Paris, as well as large part of the future diplomats. Serbs gained a sense of Francophile because all these activities moved them away from the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. The Serbian-French alliance until 1914 even threatened the traditional inclination towards Russia. Great humanitarian and military assistance was sent by France to Serbia during the First World War, including assistance in the evacuation of children, civilians and military at the end of the war, and the support of French newspaper headlines. In the interwar period, rivaling German political influence became less relevant, and France became the primary influence in Kingdom of Yugoslavia and French culture was favored by Serb elites.
The members of four generations of the national elite known as 'Parisians' played an important role in the political life of modern Serbia. Liberals, Progressives, Radicals and Independent Radicals pursued and shaped modern political principles and values in 19th century Serbia. Implementing and creatively adapting French models and doctrines, and the 'Parisians' contributed to the democratization and Europeanization of Serbia and the eminent place the French influence had in her politics and culture before the WWI. Also, a number of notable Serb painters were educated and worked in France, mostly Paris. French was the second language in schools during the whole interwar period, and it was studied as the second language in Kingdom of Serbia.
French influence was visible in the literary production which drew on French models. This influence was explained with “strong spiritual similarity between the French and Serbian mentalities and the French and Serbian languages" and it had a fundamental role in creation of the "Belgrade style".
Some French travelers wrote that “Serbia is the most Francophile country in the world”.
Even today, actions and alliance from the WWI remain deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness of a large number of Serbs. In 1964 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and France signed 6 year bilateral trade agreement which provided Yugoslavia with the same trading conditions France was providing for the OECD member countries contributing to further development of Yugoslav relations with the European Economic Community.
Kosovo
When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, France became one of the first countries to recognize its independence. A WikiLeaks report suggested that France had made it clear that Serbia could not enter the EU without recognizing Kosovo's independence. France participated in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, which resulted in a UN administration of Kosovo and then to eventual independence in which Serbia does not recognise. France currently has 1,368 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force. Originally there was 7,000 French troops in KFOR.
Cooperation
With the signing of the Agreement on the Succession of Interstate Treaties on 26 March 2003, the procedure of consolidation of the treaty status between the two countries has been completed. Among the treaties, the most important ones are: the Agreement for the Protection of Investments (1974); the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation (1974); the Convention on Social Security (1950); the Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1964); the Agreement on Road Transport (1964). In 2005, the volume of trade between the two countries was US$453,827 million. Serbian and French Presidents Boris Tadić and Nicolas Sarkozy signed in Paris at April 2011 a political declaration meant to support Serbia's EU integration.
Resident diplomatic missions
France has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Paris with a consulate-general in Strasbourg.
See also
Serbian Embassy, Paris
Banque franco-serbe
Serbs in France
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
France–Yugoslavia relations
References
External links
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia
French embassy in Belgrade (in French and Serbian only)
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France
Serbian embassy in Paris(in French and Serbian only)
Serbs in France NGO
French-Serbian friendship site (in French and Serbian only)
Serbian Orthodox Church in France (in French and Serbian only)
Serbian-French association (in French and Serbian only)
Serbian-French cultural and sports association (in French and Serbian only)
Sources
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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The Eclipse Award of Merit is part of the American Eclipse Awards in Thoroughbred horse racing. The industry's highest honor, it is presented to an individual or entity displaying outstanding lifetime achievement in, and service to, the Thoroughbred industry.
First awarded in 1976, the Eclipse Award of Merit is voted on by a panel of representatives from the National Thoroughbred Racing Association, Daily Racing Form and the National Turf Writers Association.
Winners
2022 - No Award Presented
2021 - Earle I. Mack
2020 - No Award Presented
2019 - No Award Presented
2018 - Joe Harper
2017 - No Award Presented
2016 - Andrew Beyer / Steven Crist
2015 - Leonard Lavin
2014 - Tom Durkin
2013 - D. Wayne Lukas
2012 - Nick Nicholson
2011 - W. Cothran "Cot" Campbell
2010 - Claiborne Farm / Marylou Whitney
2009 - William S. Farish III, Lane's End Farm
2008 - Alice Headley Chandler of Mill Ridge Farm
2007 - No Award Presented
2006 - John A. Nerud
2005 - Penny Chenery
2004 - The Cella Family
2003 - Richard L. Duchossois
2002 - Ogden Phipps / Howard Battle
2001 - Harry T. Mangurian Jr. / Pete Pederson
2000 - Jim McKay
1999 - No award presented
1998 - D. G. Van Clief Jr.
1997 - Bob and Beverly Lewis
1996 - Allen E. Paulson
1995 - James E. "Ted" Bassett III
1994 - Alfred G. Vanderbilt II
1993 - Paul Mellon
1992 - Joe Hirsch / Robert P. Strub
1991 - Fred W. Hooper
1990 - Warner L. Jones Jr.
1989 - Michael Sandler
1988 - John Forsythe
1987 - James B. Faulconer
1986 - Herman Cohen
1985 - Keene Daingerfield
1984 - John R. Gaines
1981 - Bill Shoemaker
1980 - John D. Shapiro
1979 - Frank E. Kilroe
1978 - Ogden Mills Phipps
1977 - Steve Cauthen
1976 - Jack J. Dreyfus
References
The Eclipse Awards at the Thoroughbred Racing Associations of America, Inc.
The Bloodhorse.com Champion's history charts
Horse racing awards
Horse racing in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse%20Award%20of%20Merit
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Limbani Kalilani (born 15 June 1984) is a Malawian hip hop artist better known by his stage name Tay Grin. In 2009 Tay Grin founded an Entertainment & Event Promotion company, which helps to promote events across Malawi. The company is known as Black Rhyno Entertainment. In 2014, Grin won a Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts (BEFFTA) award for Best International African Act. In 2016, he won the BEFFTA Star Award in the music category. He has performed at the annual Lake of Stars Music Festival. He also won the 2016 WatsUp TV Africa Music Video Awards Best Traditional Video award, with the Video Chipapapa featuring 2baba. He has also won numerous local awards like the Nyasa Music awards and the Urban Music People (UMP Awards) in categories such as best live act, best video and best Male artist. In 2018, he won the UMP Fashion awards for Most Fashionable Celebrity.
Business ventures
Tay is the CEO of Black Rhyno Entertainment. Under this label he signed other local artists, notably Kumbu, who is now no longer with the label. Most notable achievements of the label was bringing international artists to perform most notably Brick and Lace, Ice Prince, Sean Kingston and Naeto C.
Tay Grin also launched a fruit drink called Chipapapa in 2018.
Politics
In September 2018, Tay Grin announced his intentions to contest in the 2019 tripartite elections for a parliamentary seat in Lilongwe City Centre, Malawi. He lost the elections.
Personal life
Tay Grin is a son to Dr Jean Kalilani, a former cabinet minister and a senior official in the Malawi's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) led government. He is not married but has a daughter from his previous relationship
References
21st-century Malawian male singers
Living people
1984 births
People from Blantyre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%20Grin
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The Anillo Periférico known by locals as el periférico(Spanish for peripheral ring) is the outer beltway of Mexico City.
The Periferico was originally planned by architect Carlos Contreras as early as 1925, together with other major roads such as the Viaducto Miguel Alemán. Some parts of the beltway were built to follow the bed of a river; the flow of the river was modified to flow through a pipe.
The beltway gained major media attention when the then Mexico City mayor, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, started a project to turn a southern section of the ring into a two-story highway. The second level was finished in 2006 in the Federal District and in the State of Mexico in 2009. From Cuautitlán in the north (State of Mexico) to Naucalpan at the Federal District border the second floor operates as the Viaducto Elevado Bicentenario ("Bicentennial Elevated Viaduct"). From the old bullring (Toreo) at the north of the Federal District to San Jerónimo in the southwest the second level is called the Autopista Urbana Norte ("Northern Urban Tollway"). At San Jerónimo the second level intersects directly with a toll road to Santa Fe, the Supervía Poniente. From San Jerónimo to the intersection with the Calzada de Tlalpan in the south of the city, the second level is called the Autopista Urbana Sur ("Southern Urban Tollway").
References
Highways in Greater Mexico City
Ring roads in Mexico
Transportation in the State of Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anillo%20Perif%C3%A9rico
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The Bolus Herbarium was established in 1865 from a donation by Harry Bolus of his extensive herbarium and library to the South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town.
Its collection of specimens numbers over 320 000, making it the third largest university herbarium in the Southern Hemisphere. The collection is highly representative of the Cape Flora and also houses many type specimens. The international herbarium abbreviation BOL is used when referring to the Bolus Herbarium.
Although the building caught on fire during the 2021 Table Mountain fire, which gutted several other collections in the university including the Plant Conservation Unit, the Bolus Herbarium managed to narrowly escape being destroyed in the blaze.
History
Dr. Harry Bolus (1834-1911), a rich Cape Town businessman, began his collection in 1865 in Graaff-Reinet, and it is now the oldest functioning herbarium in the country. In 1903 Louisa Bolus who was a grand-niece of Harry Bolus was appointed a Curator of the herbarium. After his death, the South African College (which changed its name to the University of Cape Town on April 2, 1918) inherited his herbarium; a library featuring many expensive, unique, and rare books on botany; and a substantial amount of money for the maintenance and expansion of the collection. In 1924, a dedicated building was erected for the herbarium in Kirstenbosch, but it proved unsuitable later. Therefore, the herbarium was moved onto the campus in 1938. Dr. Louisa Bolus was also involved with the herbarium until her death in 1970.
Goal
Botanical and ecological research at the herbarium runs the gamut. The focus is primarily on Cape Province flora, including their taxonomy, invasive plants, biogeography, systematics, and evolution. Scientists from around the world conduct research here.
Special collections
The best-known of the several collections of plants in the herbarium are Harry Bolus's set of orchids and heaths, Dr. H.M.L. (Lulu) Bolus's Mesembryanthemum, Dr. Augusta Vera Duthie's fungi, and Henry Georges Fourcade's trees from the area between Humansdorp and George.
Bequests
Several botanists bequeathed their collections of flora and books to the Bolus Herbarium. Among them were Dr. C. Louis Leipoldt in 1946, Fourcade in 1948, and Gen. Jan Smuts in 1950.
Publications
Between 1915 and 1928, 4 editions were published of the Annals of the Bolus Herbarium. Later, Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium appeared.
See also
List of herbaria
Isobel Agnes Arbuthnot
Bibliography
Floyd, K.B. "The Bolus Herbarium. University of Cape Town." Lantern, tydskrif vir kennis en kultuur. Yearbook 23, no, 1, September 1973.
Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, several vol. Cape Town: Nasou. 1970–1976.
References
External links
Official Bolus Herbarium website
Herbaria in Africa
1865 establishments in the Cape Colony
University of Cape Town buildings
Libraries in Cape Town
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolus%20Herbarium
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Serbian-Swiss are foreign relations between Serbia and Switzerland. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1916. Switzerland has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Bern and two general consulates (in Geneva and Zürich).
There are around 59,000 people of Serbian descent living in Switzerland. The Serbs are the ninth largest foreign population in Switzerland.
Assassination plot
In 2022, Swiss media reported that one of Switzerland’s top prosecutors (Dick Marty) was the target of an assassination plot by the Serbian government and Serbian mafia.
See also
Foreign relations of Serbia
Foreign relations of Switzerland
Serbs in Switzerland
Switzerland–Yugoslavia relations
References
External links
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Switzerland
Serbian embassy in Bern
Serbian general consulate in Zurich (in German only)
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
Swiss embassy in Belgrade
Switzerland
Bilateral relations of Switzerland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Switzerland%20relations
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The suborder Ascaridina contains the bulk of the Ascaridida, parasitic roundworms with three "lips" on the anterior end. The Ascaridida were formerly placed in the subclass Rhabditia by some, but morphological and DNA sequence data rather unequivocally assigns them to the Spiruria. The Oxyurida and Rhigonematida are occasionally placed in the Ascaridina as superfamily Oxyuroidea, but while they seem indeed to be Spiruria, they are not as close to Ascaris as such a treatment would place them.
These "worms" contain a number of important parasites of humans and domestic animals, namely in the superfamily Ascaridoidea.
Systematics
The Ascaridina contain the following superfamilies and families:
Superfamily Ascaridoidea
Acanthocheilidae
Anisakidae
Ascarididae
Crossophoridae
Goeziidae
Raphidascarididae (disputed)
Toxocaridae
Superfamily Cosmocercoidea
Atractidae
Cosmocercidae
Kathlaniidae
Superfamily Heterakoidea
Ascaridiidae
Aspidoderidae (disputed)
Heterakidae
Superfamily Seuratoidea
Chitwoodchabaudiidae (disputed)
Cucullanidae
Quimperiidae
Schneidernematidae
Seuratidae
Superfamily Subuluroidea
Maupasinidae
Subuluridae
Footnotes
References
(2008): Suborder Ascaridina. Version of 2008-AUG-14. Retrieved 2008-NOV-05.
(2002): Nematoda. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-NOV-02.
Ascaridida
Protostome suborders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaridina
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Dutch-Serbian are foreign relations between the Netherlands and Serbia. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on April 26, 1899. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. The Netherlands is an EU member while Serbia is an EU candidate.
There are between 10,000 and 15,000 people of Serbian descent living in the Netherlands.
Resident diplomatic missions
Netherlands has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in The Hague.
See also
Foreign relations of the Netherlands
Foreign relations of Serbia
Kosovo–Netherlands relations
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Netherlands–Yugoslavia relations
References
External links
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia (in Dutch only)
Dutch embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with the Netherlands
Serbian embassy in The Hague
Serbia
Netherlands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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The enclosed helmet, also termed a primitive great helm or early great helm, was a type of Western European helmet of the late 12th and early 13th century. It was the forerunner of the great helm.
Development and characteristics
The enclosed helmet covered the entire head, with full protection for the face and somewhat deeper coverage for the sides and back of the head than that found on previous types of helmets. It was developed near the end of 12th century and was largely superseded by the true great helm by c. 1240. It is distinguishable from the great helm by a much greater depth to the face protection when compared to the depth of the helmet at the rear and sides.
It probably evolved from the nasal helmet, which had been produced in a flat-topped variant with a square profile by about 1180. The enclosed helmet was created by adding a face-protecting plate, pierced for sight and breathing, and by extending downwards the back and sides of a flat-topped helmet, to produce a cylindrical helm. From the evidence of extant contemporary illustrations the face protection was added first, probably as an extension of the pre-existing nasal. Some German illustrations dating to around 1180 show a bar at the end of the nasal covering the mouth, if such a bar had been extended and curved back to the brow of the helmet, a forerunner of a full face-plate would have been created.
One of the earliest illustrations of a fully developed example of this type of helmet, with the addition of a fan-shaped crest, is depicted on the second Great Seal of Richard I of England dating to 1198.
Use
The enclosed helmet would have been worn over a mail coif, with additional padding circling the head to cushion the helmet and help absorb the force of any blow.
The helmet may have arisen from a need for greater facial protection in response to the penetrating power of couched lances used in the closely packed "conrois" formation, or possibly as a response to an increased threat from archery. The enclosed helmet was only used by men of knightly rank. Many soldiers, including knights, disliked the restriction to sight and hearing imposed by the enclosed helmet, and therefore the more open round-topped and flat-topped nasal helmets, plus 'kettle hats', continued in use alongside it into the mid 13th century.
References
Bibliography
Gravett, Christopher (1993) Norman Knight 950-1204 AD, Osprey, London.
Nicolle, David, (1988) The Crusades, Osprey, London.
Nicolle, David, (1996) Knight of Outremer 1187-1344 AD, Osprey, London.
Medieval helmets
Western plate armour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed%20helmet
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Foreign relations exist between Australia and Serbia. The two countries maintained diplomatic relations established by Australia and SFR Yugoslavia in 1966. Australia has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney. The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003.
In the 2006 Australian Census, 95,364 people identified themselves as having Serbian origin.
In 2006–07 period, Australian merchandise export to Serbia were about A$2.04 million, consisting primarily of toys, games and sporting goods. In the same period, Serbian exports were about A$3.19 million, consisting mainly of preserved food products.
The Australian government took over all the bilateral treaties and agreements signed with the former Yugoslavia in its relations with Serbia, with reserve of cessation of certain contracts if they are considered to be surpassed. There are nine agreements in force, among which the most important are trade agreement, agreement of residence and employment of Serbian citizens in Australia and the Agreement on cultural cooperation. Cultural and education relations are based on the Agreement on cultural and scientific cooperation, which was concluded between the governments of two countries on 14 September 1976.
There have been no visits of heads of state or government between two countries in recent years. The delegation led by MPs Roger Price and Danna Vale and Senator Judith Troeth visited Serbia in October 2008 while the delegation led by Slavica Đukić Dejanović visited Australia in September 2009.
See also
Australian Serbs
Australia–Yugoslavia relations
References
External links
Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Serbia
Australian embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
Increasing Australian Business Activities with Serbia
Embassy of The Republic of Serbia in Canberra
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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"As Long as the Price Is Right" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood. From a live recording made in 1979, it appeared on their live album, As It Happens, which was released in May that year. It was recorded at 'The Town House Studios'.
"As Long as the Price Is Right" was also issued as a single in the UK in April 1979. It reached number 40 in the UK Singles Chart, and spent six weeks in the listing. Written by Larry Wallis, and produced by Dr. Feelgood, the song was Dr. Feelgood's fifth hit single. The B-side of the record, is a live version of "Down at the Doctors", which was penned by Mickey Jupp.
There were four different versions of the 7" single released at the same time. As well as the traditional black vinyl (catalogue reference UP 36506), discs were also issued in blue (cat. ref. XUP 365606); brown (cat.ref. YUP 36506); and purple (cat. ref. ZUP 36506) vinyl variants, with slightly differing picture sleeves to reflect the colour theme and featuring different denomination notes (£5, £10 and £20) stuffed into the bra. The picture sleeve was designed by John Pasche.
The original studio version of the song first appeared on Dr. Feelgood's 1977 album, Be Seeing You.
"As Long as the Price Is Right" was later included in Dr. Feelgood's 1989's compilation album, Singles - The UA Years.
References
External links
Song lyrics @ Stlyrics.com
1979 singles
Music in Southend-on-Sea
Dr. Feelgood (band) songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20Long%20as%20the%20Price%20Is%20Right
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Canadian-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Canada and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1922 with the opening of a Consulate-General in Montreal. Canada has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a general consulate in Toronto and 2 honorary consulates (in Montreal and Vancouver). There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada.
See also
Serbian Canadians
Foreign relations of Canada
Foreign relations of Serbia
Canada–Yugoslavia relations
Tropical Heat, a 1991–93 Canadian television series uniquely popular in Serbia
References
External links
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia
Canadian embassy in Belgrade
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Serbian embassy in Ottawa
Serbian general consulate in Toronto
Serbia
Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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China-Serbian relations are foreign relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. Relations have been maintained since SFR Yugoslavia's recognition of PR China on October 1, 1949, while diplomatic relations between the two countries were formally established by the exchange of diplomatic notes between the two Foreign Ministers on January 2, 1955. China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006. Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Shanghai. In 2017, Serbia and China mutually abolished the requirement of obtaining an entry visa for its citizens.
History
1990 to present
The PRC supported the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War and opposed the NATO airstrikes against targets in Serbia and Montenegro. The PRC believed that Milošević was acting to prevent the secession of Kosovo by Albanian separatists from the FRY, and thus supported his actions as preserving the FRY's territorial integrity. The PRC opposed NATO intervention in Kosovo on the basis that it set a dangerous precedent that PRC officials believed could in the future afflict the PRC, should riots occur in Tibet or Xinjiang and then result in bombings. PRC opposition to the NATO actions intensified after the bombing of the PR Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the war.
Under president Aleksandar Vučić, Serbia has sought closer cooperation with China. After meeting with Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi, he secured Chinese help in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia through delivery of PPE and CoronaVac vaccine doses, which has contributed to Serbia leading COVID-19 vaccination rates in Europe. China has invested US$10 billion in Serbian infrastructure and energy including projects such as the Budapest–Belgrade railway. Chinese Hesteel Group took over the struggling Smederevo steel plant, keeping 5,000 Serbians employed.
Vučić has stated that "Serbia firmly supports the Chinese government's positions in safeguarding China's core interests including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Xinjiang and supports the "One Belt And One Road" initiative" According to commentators, China has replaced Russia to become Serbia's strongest ally.
Kosovo
China backs Serbia's position regarding Kosovo. The PR Chinese Foreign Ministry has made a statement stressing that the PRC "expresses grave concern" over Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. The spokesman Liu Jianchao's remarks go on to add that "The resolution of the Kosovo issue bares on peace and stability of the Balkan region, the fundamental norms governing international relations as well as the authority and role of the UN Security Council. China always believes that a plan acceptable to both Serbia and Kosovo through negotiations is the best way to resolve this issue. The unilateral move taken by Kosovo will lead to a series of consequences. China is deeply worried about its severe and negative impact on peace and stability of the Balkan region and the goal of establishing a multi-ethnic society in Kosovo. China calls upon Serbia and Kosovo to continue negotiations for a proper resolution within the framework of the international law and work together to safeguard peace and stability of the Balkan region. The international community should create favorable conditions for that."
Serbian Deputy Prime Minister Božidar Đelić told reporters after a meeting in Beijing with Politburo member Liu Yandong that China reiterated its support to help Serbia preserve her territorial integrity. "Just as Serbia supports the one China policy, China supports Serbia as its best and most stable friend in southeastern Europe." Ambassador of China to Serbia, Wei Jinghua, stated in June 2009 that "China respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia and understands the great concern of Serbia on the issue of Kosovo. We support the negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina that would bring a mutually acceptable solution, in accordance with international law, the UN Charter and UN resolutions."
Economic relations
The People's Republic of China is the most important trading partner of the Republic of Serbia in the region of Asia. The volume of trade between the two countries in 2006 was US$788.1 million with Serbian exports taking US$6.25 million. While in period of January–October 2007, the trade totaled EUR 793.8 million. Serbia's exports to China were worth EUR 3.2 million.
Serbia exports to China are natural rubber, rubber products, machinery and equipment (special machine tools and road vehicles), cork, timber, etc. and Chinese exports to Serbia are machinery and equipment (office equipment, telecommunication equipment, electric machines), various manufactured goods, clothing, footwear, textiles, chemicals and staple items.
In 2006, Serbia officially confirmed its participation at Expo 2010 which took place in Shanghai.
On 18 December 2014, Premier Li Keqiang visited Serbia and attended the opening ceremony of Pupin Bridge.
Culture and education
Educational and cultural cooperation between the two countries is being maintained under the interstate Agreement on cultural cooperation that was concluded in Beijing on 7 June 1957.
The Confucius Institute in Belgrade has opened on August, 2006 by Tang Jiaxuan.
In February 2020 Slobodan Trkulja held a concert on Kalemegdan in support of Chinese people and victims of coronavirus 2 from Wuhan.
Healthcare coordination
Serbia was the first European country to approve the use of the COVID-19 vaccine produced by China, Sinopharm. Serbia also agreed to build a factory to produce Sinopharm itself.
List of recent bilateral meetings
Strategic partnership
Serbia and China signed an important strategic partnership agreement in August 2009. The agreement has ten points and covers wide array of subjects including the mutual respect of territorial integrity, plans for trade development as well as cultural, technological and scientific exchange.
See also
Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
Foreign relations of Serbia
Chinese people in Serbia
China–Yugoslavia relations
References
External links
Chinese Foreign Ministry about relations with Serbia
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with China
Serbian embassy in Beijing
Serbia
China, Peoples Republic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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Barack Obama's tenure as the 44th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 2009, and ended on January 20, 2017. A Democrat from Illinois, Obama took office following a decisive victory over Republican nominee John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2012 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee Mitt Romney to win re-election. Obama is the first African American president, the first multiracial president, the first non-white president, and the first president born in Hawaii.
Obama's accomplishments during the first 100 days of his presidency included signing the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits; signing into law the expanded State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP); winning approval of a congressional budget resolution that put Congress on record as dedicated to dealing with major health care reform legislation in 2009; implementing new ethics guidelines designed to significantly curtail the influence of lobbyists on the executive branch; breaking from the Bush administration on a number of policy fronts, except for Iraq, in which he followed through on Bush's Iraq withdrawal of US troops; supporting the UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity; and lifting the 7½-year ban on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. Obama also ordered the closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, though it remains open. He lifted some travel and money restrictions to the island.
Obama signed many landmark bills into law during his first two years in office. The main reforms include: the Affordable Care Act, sometimes referred to as "the ACA" or "Obamacare", the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act served as economic stimuli amidst the Great Recession. After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, he signed the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. In foreign policy, he increased US troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. In 2011, Obama ordered the drone-strike killing in Yemen of al-Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki, who was an American citizen. He ordered military involvement in Libya in order to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi. He also ordered the counterterrorism raid that killed Osama bin Laden.
After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. During this term, he condemned the 2013 Snowden leaks as unpatriotic, but called for more restrictions on the National Security Agency (NSA) to address privacy issues. Obama also promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans. His administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional (United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges); same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide in 2015 after the Court ruled so in Obergefell. He advocated for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, indicating support for a ban on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning global warming and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered military interventions in Iraq and Syria in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, drew down US troops in Afghanistan in 2016, initiated sanctions against Russia following its annexation of Crimea and again after interference in the 2016 US elections, brokered the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized US relations with Cuba. Obama nominated three justices to the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were confirmed as justices, while Merrick Garland was denied hearings or a vote from the Republican-majority Senate.
Barack Obama has been featured in presidential rankings since 2010. Scholars and historians place him in the upper tier of American presidents.
Major acts and legislation
Economic policy actions
Responding to the Great Recession
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Automotive industry bailout
Wall Street reform
Credit CARD Act of 2009
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Taxation and spending
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
Budget Control Act of 2011
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015
2013 debt ceiling crisis and government shutdown
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013
Other domestic policy actions
Healthcare reform
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
Education
Race to the Top competitive grant program
Every Student Succeeds Act
Climate change
Clean Power Plan
Immigration policy
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (blocked by Supreme Court)
Social policy
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Matthew Shepard Act
Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
Intelligence and surveillance policy
Patriot Act extension (2011–2015)
USA Freedom Act
Foreign policy actions
Free trade agreements
United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement
Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement
South Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement
Trans-Pacific Partnership (signed but not ratified)
Arms control
New START
Climate change
Paris Agreement
Iraq
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
American-led intervention in Iraq
Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan
Partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan
Rapprochement with Cuba and Iran
Cuban thaw
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran
Other military operations
Drone strikes in Pakistan
2011 military intervention in Libya
Killing of Osama bin Laden
Military intervention against ISIL
Supreme Court nominations
Sonia Sotomayor (confirmed)
Elena Kagan (confirmed)
Merrick Garland (not confirmed)
2008 election
After winning election to represent Illinois in the Senate in 2004, Obama announced that he would run for president in February 2007. In the 2008 Democratic primary, Obama faced Senator and former First Lady Hillary Clinton. Several other candidates, including Senator Joe Biden of Delaware and former Senator John Edwards, also ran for the nomination, but these candidates dropped out after the initial primaries. In June, on the day of the final primaries, Obama clinched the nomination by winning a majority of the delegates, including both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Obama and Biden, whom Obama selected as his running mate, were nominated as the Democratic ticket at the August 2008 Democratic National Convention.
With Republican President George W. Bush term-limited, the Republicans nominated Senator John McCain of Arizona for the presidency. In the general election, Obama defeated McCain, taking 52.9% of the popular vote and 365 of the 538 electoral votes. In the Congressional elections, Democrats added to their majorities in both houses of Congress, and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid both remained in their posts. Republicans John Boehner and Mitch McConnell continued to serve as House Minority Leader and Senate Minority Leader, respectively.
Transition period, inauguration, and first 100 days
The presidential transition period began following Obama's election to the presidency in November 2008, though Obama had chosen Chris Lu to begin planning for the transition in May 2008. John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse co-chaired the Obama-Biden Transition Project. During the transition period, Obama announced nominations for his Cabinet and administration. In November 2008, Congressman Rahm Emanuel accepted Obama's offer to serve as White House Chief of Staff. Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, succeeding George W. Bush. Obama officially assumed the presidency at 12:00 pm, EST, and completed the oath of office at 12:05 pm, EST. He delivered his inaugural address immediately following his oath. Obama's transition team was highly complimentary of the Bush administration's outgoing transition team, particularly with regards to national security, and some elements of the Bush-Obama transition were later codified into law.
Inaugural address
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First 100 days
Within minutes of Obama's taking office, his chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, issued an order suspending last-minute regulations and executive orders signed by his predecessor George W. Bush. Some of the first actions of Obama's presidency focused on reversing measures taken by the Bush administration following the September 11 attacks. In his first week in office, Obama signed Executive Order 13492 suspending all ongoing proceedings of the Guantanamo military commissions and ordering the Guantanamo detention facility to be shut down within the year. Another order, Executive Order 13491, banned torture and other coercive techniques, such as waterboarding. Obama also issued an executive order placing tighter restrictions on lobbying in the White House, and rescinded the Mexico City Policy, which banned federal grants to international groups that provide abortion services or counseling.
On January 29, Obama signed a bill for the first time in his presidency; the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 revised the statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits. On February 3, he signed the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIP), expanding CHIP's health care coverage from 7 million children to 11 million children. On March 9, 2009, Obama lifted restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research. Obama stated that, like Bush, he would employ signing statements if he deems a portion of a bill to be unconstitutional, and he subsequently issued several signing statements. Obama also signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which added of land to the National Wilderness Preservation System, as well as a law raising the cigarette pack tax by 62 cents ().
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to address the Great Recession. The ARRA had been passed, after much debate, by both the House and Senate four days earlier. While it was originally intended to be a bipartisan bill, Congressional passage of the bill relied largely on Democratic votes, though three Republican Senators voted for it. The lack of Republican support for the bill, and the inability of Democrats to win that support, foreshadowed the gridlock and partisanship that continued throughout Obama's presidency. The $787 billion bill combined tax breaks with spending on infrastructure projects, extension of welfare benefits, and education.
Administration
Cabinet
Following his inauguration, Obama and the Senate worked to confirm his nominees to the United States Cabinet. Three Cabinet-level officers did not require confirmation: Vice President Joe Biden, whom Obama had chosen as his running mate at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, and Defense Secretary Robert Gates, whom Obama chose to retain from the previous administration. An early list of suggestions came from Michael Froman, then an executive at Citigroup. Obama described his Cabinet choices as a "team of rivals," and Obama chose several prominent public officials for Cabinet positions, including defeated rival Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State. Obama nominated several former Clinton administration officials to the Cabinet and to other positions. On April 28, 2009, the Senate confirmed former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services, completing Obama's initial Cabinet. During Obama's presidency, four Republicans served in Obama's Cabinet: Ray LaHood as Secretary of Transportation, Robert McDonald as Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and Gates and Chuck Hagel as Secretaries of Defense.
Notable non-Cabinet positions
Counselor to the President
Pete Rouse (2011–2014)
John Podesta (2014–2015)
Senior Advisor to the President
Valerie Jarrett (2009–2017)
Pete Rouse (2009–2010)
David Axelrod (2009–2011)
David Plouffe (2011–2013)
Daniel Pfeiffer (2013–2015)
Brian Deese (2015–2017)
Shailagh Murray (2015–2017)
White House Deputy Chief of Staff
Jim Messina (2009–2011)
Mona Sutphen (2009–2011)
Nancy-Ann DeParle (2011–2013)
Alyssa Mastromonaco (2011–2014)
Mark B. Childress (2012–2014)
Rob Nabors (2013–2015)
Anita Decker Breckenridge (2014–2017)
Kristie Canegallo (2014–2017)
White House Press Secretary
Robert Gibbs (2009–2011)
Jay Carney (2011–2014)
Josh Earnest (2014–2017)
White House Communications Director
Ellen Moran (2009)
Anita Dunn (2009)
Daniel Pfeiffer (2009–2013)
Jennifer Palmieri (2013–2015)
Jen Psaki (2015–2017)
White House Counsel
Greg Craig (2009–2010)
Bob Bauer (2010–2011)
Kathryn Ruemmler (2011–2014)
Neil Eggleston (2014–2017)
Security and international affairs
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
James L. Jones (2009–2011)
Thomas E. Donilon (2011–2013)
Susan Rice (2013–2017)
Special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan
Richard Holbrooke (2009–2010)
Marc Grossman (2011–2012)
James Dobbins (2013–2014)
Daniel F. Feldman (2014–2017)
Special envoy to the Middle East
George J. Mitchell (2009–2011)
David Hale (2011–2013)
Martin Indyk (2013–2014)
Frank Lowenstein (2014–2017)
Director of National Intelligence
Dennis C. Blair (2009–2010)
David Gompert (acting, 2010)
James Clapper (2010–2017)
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Robert Mueller (2001–2013)†
James Comey (2013–2017)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Leon Panetta (2009–2011)
Michael Morell (acting, 2011)
David Petraeus (2011–2012)
Michael Morell (acting, 2013)
John Brennan (2013–2017)
Economic affairs
Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of National Economic Council
Lawrence Summers (2009–2010)
Gene Sperling (2011–2014)
Jeffrey Zients (2014–2017)
Chair of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board
Paul Volcker (2009–2011)
Replaced by Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2011
Chairperson of the Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
Jeffrey R. Immelt (2011–2017)
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Ben Bernanke, Chair (2006–2014)‡
Daniel Tarullo (2009–2017)
Janet Yellen (2010–2018), Chair (2014–2018)
Sarah Bloom Raskin (2010–2014)
Jerome Powell (2012–present), Chair (2018–present)
Jeremy C. Stein (2012–2014)
Stanley Fischer (2014–2017)
Lael Brainard (2014–present)
Chair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Sheila Bair (2006–2011)†
Martin J. Gruenberg (2011–2018)
Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
Mary Schapiro (2009–2012)
Elisse B. Walter (2012–2013)
Mary Jo White (2013–2017)
†Appointed by President Bush
‡Originally appointed by President Bush, reappointed by President Obama
Judicial appointments
United States Supreme Court nominations
There were three vacancies on the Supreme Court of the United States during Obama's tenure, but Obama made only two successful appointments. During the 111th Congress, when Democrats held a majority in the Senate, Obama successfully nominated two Supreme Court Justices:
Sonia Sotomayor, replacing David Souter2009
Elena Kagan, replacing John Paul Stevens2010
Justice Antonin Scalia died in February 2016, during the 114th Congress, which had a Republican majority in the Senate. In March 2016, Obama nominated Chief Judge Merrick Garland of the D.C. Circuit to fill Scalia's seat. However, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Judiciary Committee Chair Chuck Grassley, and other Senate Republicans argued that Supreme Court nominations should not be made during a presidential election year, and that the winner of the 2016 presidential election should instead appoint Scalia's replacement. Garland's nomination remained before the Senate for longer than any other Supreme Court nomination in history, and the nomination expired with the end of the 114th Congress. President Donald Trump later nominated Neil Gorsuch to Scalia's former seat on the Supreme Court, and Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate in April 2017.
Other courts
Obama's presidency saw the continuation of battles between both parties over the confirmation of judicial nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of stalling nominees throughout Obama's tenure. After several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 reformed the use of the filibuster so that it could no longer be used on executive or judicial nominations (excluding the Supreme Court). Republicans took over the Senate after the 2014 elections, giving them the power to block any judicial nominee, and the 114th Congress confirmed just 20 judicial nominees, the lowest number of confirmations since the 82nd Congress. Obama's judicial nominees were significantly more diverse than those of previous administrations, with more appointments going to women and minorities.
Domestic affairs
Health care reform
Once the stimulus bill was enacted in February 2009, health care reform became Obama's top domestic priority, and the 111th Congress passed a major bill that eventually became widely known as "Obamacare". Health care reform had long been a top priority of the Democratic Party, and Democrats were eager to implement a new plan that would lower costs and increase coverage. In contrast to Bill Clinton's 1993 plan to reform health care, Obama adopted a strategy of letting Congress drive the process, with the House and Senate writing their own bills. In the Senate, a bipartisan group of Senators on the Finance Committee known as the Gang of Six began meeting with the hope of creating a bipartisan healthcare reform bill, even though the Republican Senators involved with the crafting of the bill ultimately came to oppose it. In November 2009, the House passed the Affordable Health Care for America Act on a 220–215 vote, with only one Republican voting for the bill. In December 2009, the Senate passed its own health care reform bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA or ACA), on a party-line, 60–39 vote. Both bills expanded Medicaid and provided health care subsidies; they also established an individual mandate, health insurance exchanges, and a ban on denying coverage based on pre-existing conditions. However, the House bill included a tax increase on families making more than $1 million per year and a public health insurance option, while the Senate plan included an excise tax on high-cost health plans.
The 2010 Massachusetts Senate special election victory of Scott Brown seriously imperiled the prospects of a health care reform bill, as Democrats lost their 60-seat Senate super-majority. The White House and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi engaged in an extensive campaign to convince both centrists and liberals in the House to pass the Senate's health care bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In March 2010, after Obama announced an executive order reinforcing the current law against spending federal funds for elective abortion services, the House passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The bill, which had passed the Senate in December 2009, did not receive a single Republican vote in either house. On March 23, 2010, Obama signed the PPACA into law. The New York Times described the PPACA as "the most expansive social legislation enacted in decades," while the Washington Post noted that it was the biggest expansion of health insurance coverage since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Both houses of Congress also passed a reconciliation measure to make significant changes and corrections to the PPACA; this second bill was signed into law on March 30, 2010. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act became widely known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or "Obamacare".
The Affordable Care Act faced considerable challenges and opposition after its passage, and Republicans continually attempted to repeal the law. The law also survived two major challenges that went to the Supreme Court. In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, a 5–4 majority upheld the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act, even though it made state Medicaid expansion voluntary. In King v. Burwell, a 6–3 majority allowed the use of tax credits in state-operated exchanges. The October 2013 launch of HealthCare.gov, a health insurance exchange website created under the provisions of the ACA, was widely criticized, even though many of the problems were fixed by the end of the year. The number of uninsured Americans dropped from 20.2% of the population in 2010 to 13.3% of the population in 2015, though Republicans continued to oppose Obamacare as an unwelcome expansion of government. Many liberals continued to push for a single-payer healthcare system or a public option, and Obama endorsed the latter proposal, as well as an expansion of health insurance tax credits, in 2016.
Wall Street reform
Risky practices among the major financial institutions on Wall Street were widely seen as contributing to the subprime mortgage crisis, the financial crisis of 2007–08, and the subsequent Great Recession, so Obama made Wall Street reform a priority in his first term. On July 21, 2010, Obama signed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the largest financial regulatory overhaul since the New Deal. The act increased regulation and reporting requirements on derivatives (particularly credit default swaps), and took steps to limit systemic risks to the US economy with policies such as higher capital requirements, the creation of the Orderly Liquidation Authority to help wind down large, failing financial institutions, and the creation of the Financial Stability Oversight Council to monitor systemic risks. Dodd-Frank also established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was charged with protecting consumers against abusive financial practices. On signing the bill, Obama stated that the bill would "empower consumers and investors," "bring the shadowy deals that caused the crisis to the light of day," and "put a stop to taxpayer bailouts once and for all." Some liberals were disappointed that the law did not break up the country's largest banks or reinstate the Glass-Steagall Act, while many conservatives criticized the bill as a government overreach that could make the country less competitive. Under the bill, the Federal Reserve and other regulatory agencies were required to propose and implement several new regulatory rules, and battles over these rules continued throughout Obama's presidency. Obama called for further Wall Street reform after the passage of Dodd-Frank, saying that banks should have a smaller role in the economy and less incentive to make risky trades. Obama also signed the Credit CARD Act of 2009, which created new rules for credit card companies.
Climate change and the environment
During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world. Obama took several steps to combat global warming, but was unable to pass a major bill addressing the issue, in part because many Republicans and some Democrats questioned whether global warming is occurring and whether human activity contributes to it. Following his inauguration, Obama asked that Congress pass a bill to put a cap on domestic carbon emissions. After the House passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in 2009, Obama sought to convince the Senate to pass the bill as well. The legislation would have required the US to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by 83 percent by the middle of the 21st century. However, the bill was strongly opposed by Republicans and neither it nor a separate proposed bipartisan compromise ever came up for a vote in the Senate. In 2013, Obama announced that he would bypass Congress by ordering the EPA to implement new carbon emissions limits. The Clean Power Plan, unveiled in 2015, seeks to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 percent by 2025. Obama also imposed regulations on soot, sulfur, and mercury that encouraged a transition away from coal as an energy source, but the falling price of wind, solar, and natural gas energy sources also contributed to coal's decline. Obama encouraged this successful transition away from coal in large part due to the fact that coal emits more carbon than other sources of power, including natural gas.
Obama's campaign to fight global warming found more success at the international level than in Congress. Obama attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which drafted the non-binding Copenhagen Accord as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. The deal provided for the monitoring of carbon emissions among developing countries, but it did not include Obama's proposal to commit to cutting greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2050. In 2014, Obama reached an agreement with China in which China pledged to reach peak carbon emission levels by 2030, while the US pledged to cut its emissions by 26–28 percent compared to its 2005 levels. The deal provided momentum for a potential multilateral global warming agreement among the world's largest carbon emitters. Many Republicans criticized Obama's climate goals as a potential drain on the economy. At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement created a universal accounting system for emissions, required each country to monitor its emissions, and required each country to create a plan to reduce its emissions. Several climate negotiators noted that the US-China climate deal and the EPA's emission limits helped make the deal possible. In 2016, the international community agreed to the Kigali accord, an amendment to the Montreal Protocol which sought to reduce the use of HFCs, organic compounds that contribute to global warming.
From the beginning of his presidency, Obama took several actions to raise vehicle fuel efficiency in the United States. In 2009, Obama announced a plan to increase the Corporate Average Fuel Economy to ], a 40 percent increase from 2009 levels. Both environmentalists and auto industry officials largely welcomed the move, as the plan raised national emission standards but provided the single national efficiency standard that auto industry officials group had long desired. In 2012, Obama set even higher standards, mandating an average fuel efficiency of . Obama also signed the "cash-for-clunkers" bill, which provided incentives to consumers to trade in older, less fuel-efficient cars for more efficient cars. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $54 billion in funds to encourage domestic renewable energy production, make federal buildings more energy-efficient, improve the electricity grid, repair public housing, and weatherize modest-income homes. Obama also promoted the use of plug-in electric vehicles, and 400,000 electric cars had been sold by the end of 2015.
According to a report by The American Lung Association, there was a "major improvement" in air quality under Obama.
Economy
Upon entering office, Obama focused on handling the global financial crisis and the subsequent Great Recession that had begun before his election, which was generally regarded as the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. On February 17, 2009, Obama signed into law a $787 billion economic stimulus bill that included spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals. The tax provisions of the law, including a $116 billion income tax cut, temporarily reduced taxes for 98% of taxpayers, bringing tax rates to their lowest levels in 60 years. The Obama administration would later argue that the stimulus saved the United States from a "double-dip" recession. Obama asked for a second major stimulus package in December 2009, but no major second stimulus bill passed. Obama also launched a second bailout of US automakers, possibly saving General Motors and Chrysler from bankruptcy at the cost of $9.3 billion. For homeowners in danger of defaulting on their mortgage due to the subprime mortgage crisis, Obama launched several programs, including HARP and HAMP. Obama re-appointed Ben Bernanke as Chair of the Federal Reserve Board in 2009, and appointed Janet Yellen to succeed Bernanke in 2013. Short-term interest rates remained near zero for much of Obama's presidency, and the Federal Reserve did not raise interest rates during Obama's presidency until December 2015.
There was a sustained increase of the US unemployment rate during the early months of the administration, as multi-year economic stimulus efforts continued. The unemployment rate reached a peak in October 2009 at 10.0%. However, the economy added non-farm jobs for a record 75 straight months between October 2010 and December 2016, and the unemployment rate fell to 4.7% in December 2016. The recovery from the Great Recession was marked by a lower labor force participation rate, some economists attributing the lower participation rate partially to an aging population and people staying in school longer, as well as long-term structural demographic changes. The recovery also laid bare the growing income inequality in the United States, which the Obama administration highlighted as a major problem. The federal minimum wage increased during Obama's presidency to $7.25 per hour; in his second term, Obama advocated for another increase to $12 per hour.
GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a 1.6% pace, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter. Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year. The country's real GDP grew by about 2% in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, peaking at 2.9% in 2015. In the aftermath of the recession, median household income (adjusted for inflation) declined during Obama's first term, before recovering to a new record high in his final year. The poverty rate peaked at 15.1% in 2010 but declined to 12.7% in 2016, which was still higher than the 12.5% pre-recession figure of 2007. The relatively small GDP growth rates in the United States and other developed countries following the Great Recession left economists and others wondering whether US growth rates would ever return to the levels seen in the second half of the twentieth century.
Taxation
Obama's presidency saw an extended battle over taxes that ultimately led to the permanent extension of most of the Bush tax cuts, which had been enacted between 2001 and 2003. Those tax cuts were set to expire during Obama's presidency since they were originally passed using a Congressional maneuver known as reconciliation, and had to fulfill the long-term deficit requirements of the "Byrd rule." During the lame duck session of the 111th Congress, Obama and Republicans wrangled over the ultimate fate of the cuts. Obama wanted to extend the tax cuts for taxpayers making less than $250,000 a year, while Congressional Republicans wanted a total extension of the tax cuts, and refused to support any bill that did not extend tax cuts for top earners. Obama and the Republican Congressional leadership reached a deal that included a two-year extension of all the tax cuts, a 13-month extension of unemployment insurance, a one-year reduction in the FICA payroll tax, and other measures. Obama ultimately persuaded many wary Democrats to support the bill, though many liberals such as Bernie Sanders continued to oppose it. The $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress and was signed into law by Obama on December 17, 2010.
Shortly after Obama's 2012 re-election, Congressional Republicans and Obama again faced off over the final fate of the Bush tax cuts. Republicans sought to make all tax cuts permanent, while Obama sought to extend the tax cuts only for those making under $250,000. Obama and Congressional Republicans came to an agreement on the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which made permanent the tax cuts for individuals making less than $400,000 a year (or less than $450,000 for couples). For earnings greater than that amount, the income tax increased from 35% to 39.6%, which was the top rate before the passage of the Bush tax cuts. The deal also permanently indexed the alternative minimum tax for inflation, limited deductions for individuals making more than $250,000 ($300,000 for couples), permanently set the estate tax exemption at $5.12 million (indexed to inflation), and increased the top estate tax rate from 35% to 40%. Though many Republicans did not like the deal, the bill passed the Republican House in large part due to the fact that the failure to pass any bill would have resulted in the total expiration of the Bush tax cuts.
Budget and debt ceiling
US government debt grew substantially during the Great Recession, as government revenues fell. Obama largely rejected the austerity policies followed by many European countries. US government debt grew from 52% of GDP when Obama took office in 2009 to 74% in 2014, with most of the growth in debt coming between 2009 and 2012. In 2010, Obama ordered the creation of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform (also known as the "Simpson-Bowles Commission") in order to find ways to reduce the country's debt. The commission ultimately released a report that called for a mix of spending cuts and tax increases. Notable recommendations of the report include a cut in military spending, a scaling back of tax deductions for mortgages and employer-provided health insurance, a raise of the Social Security retirement age, and reduced spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and federal employees. The proposal never received a vote in Congress, but it served as a template for future plans to reduce the national debt.
After taking control of the House in the 2010 elections, Congressional Republicans demanded spending cuts in return for raising the United States debt ceiling, the statutory limit on the total amount of debt that the Treasury Department can issue. The 2011 debt-ceiling crisis developed as Obama and Congressional Democrats demanded a "clean" debt-ceiling increase that did not include spending cuts. Though some Democrats argued that Obama could unilaterally raise the debt ceiling under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment, Obama chose to negotiate with Congressional Republicans. Obama and Speaker of the House John Boehner attempted to negotiate a "grand bargain" to cut the deficit, reform entitlement programs, and re-write the tax code, but the negotiations eventually collapsed due to ideological differences between the Democratic and Republican leaders. Congress instead passed the Budget Control Act of 2011, which raised the debt ceiling, provided for domestic and military spending cuts, and established the bipartisan Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further spending cuts. As the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction failed to reach an agreement on further cuts, domestic and military spending cuts known as the "sequester" took effect starting in 2013.
In October 2013, the government shut down for two weeks as Republicans and Democrats were unable to agree on a budget. House Republicans passed a budget that would defund Obamacare, but Senate Democrats refused to pass any budget that defunded Obamacare. Meanwhile, the country faced another debt ceiling crisis. Ultimately the two sides agreed to a continuing resolution that re-opened the government and suspended the debt ceiling. Months after passing the continuing resolution, Congress passed the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and an omnibus spending bill to fund the government through 2014. In 2015, after John Boehner announced that he would resign as Speaker of the House, Congress passed a bill that set government spending targets and suspended the debt limit until after Obama left office.
LGBT rights
During his presidency, Obama, Congress, and the Supreme Court all contributed to a major expansion of LGBT rights. In 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which expanded hate crime laws to cover crimes committed because of the victim's sexual orientation. In December 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which ended the military's policy of disallowing openly gay and lesbian people from openly serving in the United States Armed Forces. Obama also supported the passage of ENDA, which would ban discrimination against employees on the basis of gender or sexual identity for all companies with 15 or more employees, and the similar but more comprehensive Equality Act. Neither bill passed Congress. In May 2012, Obama became the first sitting president to support same-sex marriage, shortly after Vice President Joe Biden had also expressed support for the institution. The following year, Obama appointed Todd M. Hughes to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, making Hughes the first openly gay federal judge in US history. In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges. The Obama Administration filed an amicus brief in support of gay marriage and Obama personally congratulated the plaintiff. Obama also issued dozens of executive orders intended to help LGBT Americans, including a 2010 order that extended full benefits to same-sex partners of federal employees. A 2014 order prohibited discrimination against employees of federal contractors on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. In 2015, Secretary of Defense Ash Carter ended the ban on women in combat roles, and in 2016, he ended the ban on transgender individuals openly serving in the military. On the international stage, Obama advocated for gay rights, particularly in Africa.
Education
The Great Recession of 2008–09 caused a sharp decline in tax revenues in all cities and states. The response was to cut education budgets. Obama's $800 billion stimulus package included $100 billion for public schools, which every state used to protect its educational budget. However, in terms of sponsoring innovation, Obama and his Education Secretary Arne Duncan pursued K-12 education reform through the Race to the Top grant program. With over $15 billion of grants at stake, 34 states quickly revised their education laws according to the proposals of advanced educational reformers. In the competition points were awarded for allowing charter schools to multiply, for compensating teachers on a merit basis including student test scores, and for adopting higher educational standards. There were incentives for states to establish college and career-ready standards, which in practice meant adopting the Common Core State Standards Initiative that had been developed on a bipartisan basis by the National Governors Association, and the Council of Chief State School Officers. The criteria were not mandatory, they were incentives to improve opportunities to get a grant. Most states revised their laws accordingly, even though they realized it was unlikely they would when a highly competitive new grant. Race to the Top had strong bipartisan support, with centrist elements from both parties. It was opposed by the left wing of the Democratic Party, and by the right wing of the Republican Party, and criticized for centralizing too much power in Washington. Complaints also came from middle-class families, who were annoyed at the increasing emphasis on teaching to the test, rather than encouraging teachers to show creativity and stimulating students' imagination.
Obama also advocated for universal pre-kindergarten programs, and two free years of community college for everyone. Through her Let's Move program and advocacy of healthier school lunches, First Lady Michelle Obama focused attention on childhood obesity, which was three times higher in 2008 than it had been in 1974. In December 2015, Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act, a bipartisan bill that reauthorized federally mandated testing but shrank the federal government's role in education, especially with regard to troubled schools. The law also ended the use of waivers by the Education Secretary. In post-secondary education, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which ended the role of private banks in lending out federally insured student loans, created a new income-based loan repayment plan known as Pay as You Earn, and increased the amount of Pell Grant awards given each year. He also instituted new regulations on for-profit colleges, including a "gainful employment" rule that restricted federal funding from colleges that failed to adequately prepare graduates for careers.
Immigration
From the beginning of his presidency, Obama supported comprehensive immigration reform, including a pathway to citizenship for many immigrants illegally residing in the United States. However, Congress did not pass a comprehensive immigration bill during Obama's tenure, and Obama turned to executive actions. In the 2010 lame-duck session, Obama supported passage of the DREAM Act, which passed the House but failed to overcome a Senate filibuster in a 55–41 vote in favor of the bill. In 2013, the Senate passed an immigration bill with a path to citizenship, but the House did not vote on the bill. In 2012, Obama implemented the DACA policy, which protected roughly 700,000 illegal immigrants from deportation; the policy applies only to those who were brought to the United States before their 16th birthday. In 2014, Obama announced a new executive order that would have protected another four million illegal immigrants from deportation, but the order was blocked by the Supreme Court in a 4–4 tie vote that upheld a lower court's ruling. Despite executive actions to protect some individuals, deportations of illegal immigrants continued under Obama. A record high of 400,000 deportations occurred in 2012, though the number of deportations fell during Obama's second term. In continuation of a trend that began with the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the percentage of foreign-born people living in the United States reached 13.7% in 2015, higher than at any point since the early 20th century. After having risen since 1990, the number of illegal immigrants living in the United States stabilized at around 11.5 million individuals during Obama's presidency, down from a peak of 12.2 million in 2007.
The nation's immigrant population hit a record 42.2 million in 2014. In November 2015, Obama announced a plan to resettle at least 10,000 Syrian refugees in the United States.
Energy
Energy production boomed during the Obama administration. An increase in oil production was driven largely by a fracking boom spurred by private investment on private land, and the Obama administration played only a small role in this development. The Obama administration promoted the growth of renewable energy, and solar power generation tripled during Obama's presidency. Obama also issued numerous energy efficiency standards, contributing to a flattening of growth of the total US energy demand. In May 2010, Obama extended a moratorium on offshore drilling permits after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which is generally considered to be the worst oil spill in US history. In December 2016, President Obama invoked the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act to ban offshore oil and gas exploration in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.
During Obama's tenure, the battle over the Keystone XL Pipeline became a major issue, with advocates arguing that it would contribute to economic growth and environmentalists arguing that its approval would contribute to global warming. The proposed pipeline would have connected Canada's oil sands with the Gulf of Mexico. Because the pipeline crossed international boundaries, its construction required the approval of the US federal government, and the US State Department engaged in a lengthy review process. President Obama vetoed a bill to construct the Keystone Pipeline in February 2015, arguing that the decision of approval should rest with the executive branch. It was the first major veto of his presidency, and Congress was unable to override it. In November 2015, Obama announced that he would not approve of the construction of the pipeline. On vetoing the bill, he stated that the pipeline played an "overinflated role" in US political discourse and would have had relatively little impact on job creation or climate change.
Drug policy and criminal justice reform
The Obama administration took a few steps to reform the criminal justice system at a time when many in both parties felt that the US had gone too far in incarcerating drug offenders, and Obama was the first president since the 1960s to preside over a reduction in the federal prison population. Obama's tenure also saw a continued decline of the national violent crime rate from its peak in 1991, though there was an uptick in the violent crime rate in 2015. In October 2009, the US Department of Justice issued a directive to federal prosecutors in states with medical marijuana laws not to investigate or prosecute cases of marijuana use or production done in compliance with those laws. In 2009, President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, which repealed a 21-year-old ban on federal funding of needle exchange programs. In August 2010, Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced the sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder cocaine. In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize non-medical marijuana, and six more states legalized recreational marijuana by the time Obama left office. Though any use of marijuana remained illegal under federal law, the Obama administration generally chose not to prosecute those who used marijuana in states that chose to legalize it. In 2016, Obama announced that the federal government would phase out the use of private prisons. Obama commuted the sentences of over 1,000 individuals, a higher number of commutations than any other president, and most of Obama's commutations went to nonviolent drug offenders.
During Obama's presidency, there was a sharp rise in opioid mortality. Many of the deaths – then and now – result from fentanyl consumption where an overdose is more likely than with heroin consumption. And many people died because they were not aware of this difference or thought that they would administer themselves heroin or a drug mixture but actually used pure fentanyl. Health experts criticized the government's response as slow and weak.
Gun control
Upon taking office in 2009, Obama expressed support for reinstating the Federal Assault Weapons Ban; but did not make a strong push to pass it-or any new gun control legislation early on in his presidency. During his first year in office, Obama signed into law two bills containing amendments reducing restrictions on gun owners, one which permitted guns to be transported in checked baggage on Amtrak trains and another allowing the concealed carry of loaded firearms in National Parks, located in states where concealed carry was permitted.
Following the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama outlined a series of sweeping gun control proposals, urging Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on "military-style" assault weapons, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, require universal background checks for all domestic gun sales, ban the possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets and introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers.
Despite Obama's advocacy and subsequent mass shootings, no major gun control bill passed Congress during Obama's presidency. Senators Joe Manchin (D-WV) and Pat Toomey (R-PA) attempted to pass a more limited gun control measure that would have expanded background checks, but the bill was blocked in the Senate.
Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity emerged as an important issue during Obama's presidency. In 2009, the Obama administration established United States Cyber Command, an armed forces sub-unified command charged with defending the military against cyber attacks. Sony Pictures suffered a major hack in 2014, which the US government alleges originated from North Korea in retaliation for the release of the film The Interview. China also developed sophisticated cyber-warfare forces. In 2015, Obama declared cyber-attacks on the US a national emergency. Later that year, Obama signed the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act into law. In 2016, the Democratic National Committee and other US organizations were hacked, and the FBI and CIA concluded that Russia sponsored the hacking in hopes of helping Donald Trump win the 2016 presidential election. The email accounts of other prominent individuals, including former Secretary of State Colin Powell and CIA Director John O. Brennan, were also hacked, leading to new fears about the confidentiality of emails.
Racial issues
In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors, but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.
Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "postracial America." However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent, and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as "racial venom" directed at Obama's presidency. In July 2009, prominent African-American Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., was arrested at his Cambridge, Massachusetts home by a local police officer, sparking a controversy after Obama stated that the police acted "stupidly" in handling the incident. To reduce tensions, Obama invited Gates and the police officer to the White House in what became known as the "Beer Summit". Several other incidents during Obama's presidency sparked outrage in the African-American community and/or the law enforcement community, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists. The acquittal of George Zimmerman following the killing of Trayvon Martin sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago." The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri sparked a wave of protests. These and other events led to the birth of the Black Lives Matter movement, which campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people. Some in the law enforcement community criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police. Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001.
NASA space policy
In July 2009, Obama appointed Charles Bolden, a former astronaut, as NASA Administrator. That same year, Obama set up the Augustine panel to review the Constellation program. In February 2010, Obama announced that he was cutting the program from the 2011 United States federal budget, describing it as "over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation." After the decision drew criticism in the United States, a new "Flexible path to Mars" plan was unveiled at a space conference in April 2010. It included new technology programs, increased R&D spending, an increase in NASA's 2011 budget from $18.3 billion to $19 billion, a focus on the International Space Station, and plans to contract future transportation to Low Earth orbit to private companies. During Obama's presidency, NASA designed the Space Launch System and developed the Commercial Crew Development and Commercial Orbital Transportation Services to cooperate with private space flight companies. These private companies, including SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, Boeing, and Bigelow Aerospace, became increasingly active during Obama's presidency. The Space Shuttle program ended in 2011, and NASA relied on the Russian space program to launch its astronauts into orbit for the remainder of the Obama administration. Obama's presidency also saw the launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Mars Science Laboratory. In 2016, Obama called on the United States to land a human on Mars by the 2030s.
High tech initiatives
Obama promoted various technologies and the technological prowess of the United States. The number of American adults using the internet grew from 74% in 2008 to 84% in 2013, and Obama pushed programs to extend broadband internet to lower income Americans. Over the opposition of many Republicans, the Federal Communications Commission began regulating internet providers as public utilities, with the goal of protecting "net neutrality." Obama launched 18F and the United States Digital Service, two organizations devoted to modernizing government information technology. The stimulus package included money to build high-speed rail networks such as the proposed Florida High Speed Corridor, but political resistance and funding problems stymied those efforts. In January 2016, Obama announced a plan to invest $4 billion in the development of self-driving cars, as well as an initiative by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to develop regulations for self-driving cars. That same month, Obama called for a national effort led by Vice President Biden to develop a cure for cancer. On October 19, 2016, Biden spoke at the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate at the University of Massachusetts Boston to speak about the administration's cancer initiative. A 2020 study in the American Economic Review found that the decision by the Obama administration to issue press releases that named and shamed facilities that violated OSHA safety and health regulations led other facilities to increase their compliance and to experience fewer workplace injuries. The study estimated that each press release had the same effect on compliance as 210 inspections.
Foreign affairs
The Obama administration inherited a war in Afghanistan, a war in Iraq, and a global "War on Terror", all launched by Congress during the term of President Bush in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Upon taking office, Obama called for a "new beginning" in relations between the Muslim world and the United States, and he discontinued the use of the term "War on Terror" in favor of the term "Overseas Contingency Operation." Obama pursued a "light footprint" military strategy in the Middle East that emphasized special forces, drone strikes, and diplomacy over large ground troop occupations. However, American forces continued to clash with Islamic militant organizations such as al-Qaeda, ISIL, and al-Shabaab under the terms of the AUMF passed by Congress in 2001. Though the Middle East remained important to American foreign policy, Obama pursued a "pivot" to East Asia. Obama also emphasized closer relations with India, and was the first president to visit the country twice. An advocate for nuclear non-proliferation, Obama successfully negotiated arms-reduction deals with Iran and Russia. In 2015, Obama described the Obama Doctrine, saying "we will engage, but we preserve all our capabilities." Obama also described himself as an internationalist who rejected isolationism and was influenced by realism and liberal interventionism.
Iraq and Afghanistan
During the 2008 presidential election, Obama strongly criticized the Iraq War, and Obama withdrew the vast majority of US soldiers in Iraq by late 2011. On taking office, Obama announced that US combat forces would leave Iraq by August 2010, with 35,000–50,000 American soldiers remaining in Iraq as advisers and trainers, down from the roughly 150,000 American soldiers in Iraq in early 2009. In 2008, President Bush had signed the US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, in which the United States committed to withdrawing all forces by late 2011. Obama attempted to convince Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki to allow US soldiers to stay past 2011, but the large presence of American soldiers was unpopular with most Iraqis. By late-December 2011, only 150 American soldiers remained to serve at the US embassy. However, in 2014, the US began a campaign against ISIL, an Islamic extremist terrorist group operating in Iraq and Syria that grew dramatically after the withdrawal of US soldiers from Iraq and the start of the Syrian Civil War. By June 2015, there were about 3500 American soldiers in Iraq serving as advisers to anti-ISIL forces in the Iraqi Civil War, and Obama left office with roughly 5,262 US soldiers in Iraq and 503 of them in Syria.
Obama increased the number of American soldiers in Afghanistan during his first term before withdrawing most military personnel in his second term. On taking office, Obama announced that the US military presence in Afghanistan would be bolstered by 17,000 new troops by Summer 2009, on top of the roughly 30,000 soldiers already in Afghanistan at the start of 2009. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Michael Mullen all argued for further troops, and Obama dispatched additional soldiers after a lengthy review process. During this time, his administration had used the neologism AfPak to denote Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single theater of operations in the war on terror. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan would peak at 100,000 in 2010. In 2012, the US and Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement in which the US agreed to hand over major combat operation to Afghan forces. That same year, the Obama administration designated Afghanistan as a major non-NATO ally. In 2014, Obama announced that most troops would leave Afghanistan by late 2016, with a small force remaining at the US embassy. In September 2014, Ashraf Ghani succeeded Hamid Karzai as the President of Afghanistan after the US helped negotiate a power-sharing agreement between Ghani and Abdullah Abdullah. On January 1, 2015, the US military ended Operation Enduring Freedom and began Resolute Support Mission, in which the US shifted to more of a training role, although some combat operations continued. In October 2015, Obama announced that US soldiers would remain in Afghanistan indefinitely in order support the Afghan government in the civil war against the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and ISIL. Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Martin Dempsey framed the decision to keep soldiers in Afghanistan as part of a long-term counter-terrorism operation stretching across Central Asia. Obama left office with roughly 8,400 US soldiers remaining in Afghanistan.
East Asia
Though other areas of the world remained important to American foreign policy, Obama pursued a "pivot" to East Asia, focusing the US's diplomacy and trade in the region. China's continued emergence as a major power was a major issue of Obama's presidency; while the two countries worked together on issues such as climate change, the China-United States relationship also experienced tensions regarding territorial claims in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. In 2016, the United States hosted a summit with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for the first time, reflecting the Obama administration's pursuit of closer relations with ASEAN and other Asian countries. After helping to encourage openly contested elections in Myanmar, Obama lifted many US sanctions on Myanmar. Obama also increased US military ties with Vietnam, Australia, and the Philippines, increased aid to Laos, and contributed to a warming of relations between South Korea and Japan. Obama designed the Trans-Pacific Partnership as the key economic pillar of the Asian pivot, though the agreement remains unratified. Obama made little progress with relations with North Korea, a long-time adversary of the United States, and North Korea continued to develop its WMD program.
Russia
On taking office, Obama called for a "reset" in relations with Russia, which had declined following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. While President Bush had successfully pushed for NATO expansion into former Eastern bloc states, the early Obama era saw NATO put more of an emphasis on creating a long-term partnership with Russia. Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev worked together on a new treaty to reduce and monitor nuclear weapons, Russian accession to the World Trade Organization, and counterterrorism. On April 8, 2010, Obama and Medvedev signed the New START treaty, a major nuclear arms control agreement that reduced the nuclear weapons stockpiles of both countries and provided for a monitoring regime. In December 2010, the Senate ratified New START in a 71–26 vote, with 13 Republicans and all Democrats voting in favor of the treaty. In 2012, Russia joined the World Trade Organization and Obama normalized trade relations with Russia.
US–Russia relations declined after Vladimir Putin returned to the presidency in 2012. Russia's intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea in response to the Euromaidan movement led to a strong condemnation by Obama and other Western leaders, who imposed sanctions on Russian leaders. The sanctions contributed to a Russian financial crisis. Some members of Congress from both parties also called for the US to arm Ukrainian forces, but Obama resisted becoming closely involved in the War in Donbass. In 2016, following several cybersecurity incidents, the Obama administration formally accused Russia of engaging in a campaign to undermine the 2016 election, and the administration imposed sanctions on some Russian-linked people and organizations. In 2017, after Obama left office, Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel to investigate Russian's involvement in the 2016 election, including the myriad links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies. The Mueller Report, released in 2019, concludes that Russia undertook a sustained social media campaign and cyberhacking operation to bolster the Trump campaign. The report did not reach a conclusion on allegations that the Trump campaign had colluded with Russia, but, according to Mueller, his investigation did not find evidence "sufficient to charge any member of the [Trump] campaign with taking part in a criminal conspiracy."
Israel
The relationship between Obama and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (who held office for all but two months of Obama's presidency) was notably icy, with many commenting on their mutual distaste for each other. On taking office, Obama appointed George J. Mitchell as a special envoy to the Middle East to work towards a settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, but Mitchell made little progress before stepping down in 2011. In March 2010, Secretary of State Clinton criticized the Israeli government for approving expansion of settlements in East Jerusalem. Netanyahu strongly opposed Obama's efforts to negotiate with Iran and was seen as favoring Mitt Romney in the 2012 US presidential election. However, Obama continued the US policy of vetoing UN resolutions calling for a Palestinian state, and the administration continued to advocate for a negotiated two-state solution. Obama also increased aid to Israel, including a $225 million emergency aid package for the Iron Dome air defense program.
During Obama's last months in office, his administration chose not to veto United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which urged the end of Israeli settlement in the territories that Israel captured in the Six-Day War of 1967. The Obama administration argued that the abstention was consistent with long-standing American opposition to the expansion of settlements, while critics of the abstention argued that it abandoned a close US ally.
Trade agreements
Like his predecessor, Obama pursued free trade agreements, in part due to the lack of progress at the Doha negotiations in lowering trade barriers worldwide. In October 2011, the United States entered into free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the agreements, while Congressional Democrats cast a mix of votes. The three agreements had originally been negotiated by the Bush administration, but Obama re-opened negotiations with each country and changed some terms of each deal.
Obama promoted two significantly larger, multilateral free trade agreements: the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with eleven Pacific Rim countries, including Japan, Mexico, and Canada, and the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the European Union. TPP negotiations began under President Bush, and Obama continued them as part of a long-term strategy that sought to refocus on rapidly growing economies in East Asia. The chief administration goals in the TPP, included: (1) establishing free market capitalism as the main normative platform for economic integration in the region; (2) guaranteeing standards for intellectual property rights, especially regarding copyright, software, and technology; (3) underscore American leadership in shaping the rules and norms of the emerging global order; (4) and blocking China from establishing a rival network.
After years of negotiations, the 12 countries reached a final agreement on the content of the TPP in October 2015, and the full text of the treaty was made public in November 2015. The Obama administration was criticized from the left for a lack of transparency in the negotiations, as well as the presence of corporate representatives who assisted in the drafting process. In July 2015, Congress passed a bill giving trade promotion authority to the president until 2021; trade promotion authority requires Congress to vote up or down on trade agreements signed by the president, with no possibility of amendments or filibusters. The TPP became a major campaign issue in the 2016 elections, with both major party presidential nominees opposing its ratification. After Obama left office, President Trump pulled the United States out of the TPP negotiations, and the remaining TPP signatories later concluded a separate free trade agreement known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
In June 2011, it was reported that the US Embassy aided Levi's, Hanes contractors in their fight against an increase in Haiti's minimum wage.
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
In 2002, the Bush administration established the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to hold alleged "enemy combatants" in a manner that did not treat the detainees as conventional prisoners of war. Obama repeatedly stated his desire to close the detention camp, arguing that the camp's extrajudicial nature provided a recruitment tool for terrorist organizations. On his first day in office, Obama instructed all military prosecutors to suspend proceedings so that the incoming administration could review the military commission process. On January 22, 2009, Obama signed an executive order restricting interrogators to methods listed and authorized by an Army Field Manual, ending the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques." In March 2009, the administration announced that it would no longer refer to prisoners at Guantanamo Bay as enemy combatants, but it also asserted that the president had the authority to detain terrorism suspects there without criminal charges. The prisoner population of the detention camp fell from 242 in January 2009 to 91 in January 2016, in part due to the Periodic Review Boards that Obama established in 2011. Many members of Congress strongly opposed plans to transfer Guantanamo detainees to prisons in US states, and the Obama administration was reluctant to send potentially dangerous prisoners to other countries, especially unstable countries such as Yemen. Though Obama continued to advocate for the closure of the detention camp, 41 inmates remained in Guantanamo when Obama left office.
Killing of Osama bin Laden
The Obama administration launched a successful operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda, a global Sunni Islamist militant organization responsible for the September 11 attacks and several other terrorist attacks. Starting with information received in July 2010, the CIA determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area from Islamabad. CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to Obama in March 2011. Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs. The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound. Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing, and buried at sea several hours later. Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from his two predecessors George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and from many countries around the world.
Drone warfare
Obama expanded the drone strike program begun by the Bush administration, and the Obama administration conducted drone strikes against targets in Yemen, Somalia, and, most prominently, Pakistan. Though the drone strikes killed high-ranking terrorists, they were also criticized for resulting in civilian casualties. A 2013 Pew research poll showed that the strikes were broadly unpopular in Pakistan, and some former members of the Obama administration have criticized the strikes for causing a backlash against the United States. However, based on 147 interviews conducted in 2015, professor Aqil Shah argued that the strikes were popular in North Waziristan, the area in which most of the strikes take place, and that little blowback occurred. In 2009, the UN special investigator on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions called the United States' reliance on drones "increasingly common" and "deeply troubling", and called on the US to justify its use of targeted assassinations rather than attempting to capture al Qaeda or Taliban suspects.
Starting in 2011, in response to Obama's attempts to avoid civilian casualties, the Hellfire R9X "flying Ginsu" missile was developed. It is usually fired from drones. It does not have an explosive warhead that causes a large area of destruction but kills by using six rotating blades that cut the target into shreds. On July 31, 2022, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri was killed by an R9X missile. In 2013, Obama appointed John Brennan as the new CIA Director and announced a new policy that required CIA operatives to determine with a "near-certainty" that no civilians would be hurt in a drone strike. The number of drone strikes fell substantially after the announcement of the new policy.
As of 2015, US drone strikes had killed eight American citizens, one of whom, Anwar al-Aulaqi, was targeted. The targeted killing of a United States citizen raised Constitutional issues, as it is the first known instance of a sitting US president ordering the extrajudicial killing of a US citizen. Obama had ordered the targeted killing of al-Aulaqi, a Muslim cleric with ties to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, after al-Aulaqi allegedly shifted from encouraging attacks on the United States to directly participating in them. The Obama administration continually sought to keep classified the legal opinions justifying drone strikes, but it said that it conducted special legal reviews before targeting Americans in order to purportedly satisfy the due process requirements of the Constitution.
Cuban thaw
The Obama presidency saw a major thaw in relations with Cuba, which the United States embargoed following the Cuban Revolution and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Starting in the spring of 2013 secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba, with the meetings taking place in the neutral locations of Canada and Vatican City. The Vatican was consulted initially in 2013 as Pope Francis advised the US and Cuba to exchange prisoners as a gesture of goodwill. On December 10, 2013, Cuban President Raul Castro, in a significant public moment, shook hands with and greeted Obama at Nelson Mandela's memorial service in Johannesburg. In December 2014, Cuba released Alan Gross in exchange for the remaining members of the Cuban Five. That same month, President Obama ordered the restoration of diplomatic ties with Cuba. Obama stated that he was normalizing relationships because the economic embargo had been ineffective in persuading Cuba to develop a democratic society. In May 2015, Cuba was taken off the United States's list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. In August 2015, following the restoration of official diplomatic relations, the United States and Cuba reopened their respective embassies. In March 2016, Obama visited Cuba, making him the first American president to set foot on the island since Calvin Coolidge. In 2017, Obama ended the "wet feet, dry feet policy", which had given special rights to Cuban immigrants to the United States. The restored ties between Cuba and the US were seen as a boon to broader Latin America–United States relations, as Latin American leaders unanimously approved of the move. Presidential candidate Donald Trump promised to reverse the Obama policies and return to a hard line on Cuba.
Iranian nuclear negotiations
Iran and the United States have had a poor relationship since the Iranian Revolution and the Iran hostage crisis, and tensions continued during the Obama administration due to issues such as the Iranian nuclear program and Iran's alleged sponsorship of terrorism. On taking office, Obama focused on negotiations with Iran over the status of its nuclear program, working with the other P5+1 powers to adopt a multilateral agreement. Obama's stance differed dramatically from the more hawkish position of his predecessor, George W. Bush, as well as the stated positions of most of Obama's rivals in the 2008 presidential campaign. In June 2013, Hasan Rouhani won election as the new President of Iran, and Rouhani called for a continuation of talks on Iran's nuclear program. In November 2013, Iran and the P5 announced an interim agreement, and in April 2015, negotiators announced that a framework agreement had been reached. Congressional Republicans, who along with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had strongly opposed the negotiations, attempted but failed to pass a Congressional resolution rejecting the six-nation accord. Under the agreement, Iran promised to limit its nuclear program and to provide access to International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors, while the US and other countries agreed to reduce sanctions on Iran. The partisan fight over the Iran nuclear deal exemplified a broader ideological disagreement regarding American foreign policy in the Middle East and how to handle adversarial regimes, as many opponents of the deal considered Iran to be an implacably hostile adversary who would inevitably break any agreement.
Arab Spring and its aftermath
After a sudden revolution in Tunisia in 2011, protests occurred in almost every Arab state. The wave of demonstrations became known as the Arab Spring, and the handling of the Arab Spring played a major role in Obama's foreign policy. After three weeks of unrest, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigned at the urging of President Obama. General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi eventually took power from Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi in a 2013 coup d'état, prompting the US to cut off arms shipments to its long-time ally. However, Obama resumed the shipments in 2015. Yemen experienced a revolution and then civil war, leading to a Saudi military campaign that received logistical and intelligence assistance from the United States. The Obama administration announced its intention to review US military assistance to Saudi Arabia after Saudi warplanes targeted a funeral in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. The UN accused the Saudi-led coalition of "complete disregard for human life".
Libya
Libya was strongly affected by the Arab Spring. Anti-government protests broke out in Benghazi, Libya, in February 2011, and the Gaddafi government responded with military force. The Obama administration initially resisted calls to take strong action but relented after the Arab League requested Western intervention in Libya. In March 2011, international reaction to Gaddafi's military crackdown culminated in a United Nations resolution to enforce a no fly zone in Libya. Obama authorized US forces to participate in international air attacks on Libyan air defenses using Tomahawk cruise missiles to establish the protective zone. The intervention was led by NATO, but Sweden and three Arab nations also participated in the mission. With coalition support, the rebels took Tripoli the following August. The Libyan campaign culminated in the toppling of the Gaddafi regime, but Libya experienced turmoil in the aftermath of the civil war. Obama's intervention in Libya provoked criticism from members of Congress and ignited a debate over the applicability of the War Powers Resolution. In September 2012, Islamic militants attacked the American consulate in Benghazi, killing Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans. Republicans strongly criticized the Obama administration's handling of the Benghazi attack, and established a select committee in the House to investigate the attack. After his presidency, Obama acknowledged his "worst mistake" of his presidency was being unable to anticipate the aftermath of ousting Gaddafi.
Syrian civil war
Syria was one of the states most heavily affected by the Arab Spring, and by the second half of March 2011, major anti-government protests were being held in Syria. Though Syria had long been an adversary of the United States, Obama argued that unilateral military action to topple the Bashar al-Assad regime would be a mistake. As the protests continued, Syria fell into a protracted civil war, and the United States supported the Syrian opposition against the Assad regime. US criticism of Assad intensified after the Ghouta chemical attack, eventually resulting in a Russian-backed deal that saw the Syrian government relinquish its chemical weapons. In the chaos of the Syrian Civil War, an Islamist group known as Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took control of large portions of Syria and Iraq. ISIL, which had originated as al-Qaeda in Iraq under the leadership of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, eventually challenged al-Qaeda as the most prominent global terrorist group during Obama's second term. Starting in 2014, the Obama administration launched air strikes against ISIL and trained anti-ISIL soldiers, while continuing to oppose Assad's regime. The Obama administration also cooperated with Syrian Kurds in opposing the ISIL, straining relations with Turkey, which accused the Syrian Kurds of working with the Kurdish terrorist groups inside Turkey. Russia launched its own military intervention to aid Assad's regime, creating a complicated multi-party proxy war, though the United States and Russia sometimes cooperated to fight ISIL. In November 2015, Obama announced a plan to resettle at least 10,000 Syrian refugees in the United States. Obama's "light-footprint" approach to the Syrian conflict was criticized by many as the Syrian Civil War became a major humanitarian catastrophe, but supporters of Obama argued that he deserved credit for keeping the United States out of another costly ground war in the Middle East.
Foreign and domestic surveillance
The Obama administration inherited several government surveillance programs from the Bush administration, and Obama attempted to strike a balance between protecting civil liberties and tracking terrorist threats, but Obama's continuation of many programs disappointed many civil libertarians. The New York Times reported in 2009 that the NSA had been intercepting communications of American citizens including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the NSA had corrected its errors. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year extension of some provisions of the Patriot Act. In June 2013 the existence of PRISM, a clandestine mass electronic surveillance data mining program operated by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) since 2007, was leaked by NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who warned that the extent of mass data collection was far greater than the public knew. In the face of international outrage, US government officials defended the PRISM surveillance program by asserting it could not be used on domestic targets without a warrant, that it helped to prevent acts of terrorism, and that it received independent oversight from the federal government's executive, judicial and legislative branches. In June 2013, Obama stated that the NSA's data gathering practices constitute "a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people." In 2015, Obama signed the USA Freedom Act, which extended several provisions of the Patriot Act but ended the collection of bulk telephone records by the NSA.
Ethics
Lobbying reform
Early in his presidential campaign, Obama stated that lobbyists "won't find a job in my White House", but softened his stance after taking office. On January 21, 2009, Obama issued an executive order for all future appointees to his administration, which ordered that no appointee who was a registered lobbyist within the two years before his appointment could participate on matters in which he lobbied for a period of two years after the date of appointment. Three formal waivers were initially issued in early 2009, out of 800 executive appointments: The Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington criticized the administration, claiming that Obama retreated from his own ethics rules barring lobbyists from working on the issues about which they lobbied during the previous two years by issuing waivers. A 2015 Politico investigation found that, while Obama had instituted incremental reforms and the number of lobbyists fell during Obama's presidency, Obama had failed to close the "revolving door" of officials moving between government and business. However, the Obama administration avoided "conflict of interest" scandals that previous administrations had experienced, in part due to the administration's lobbyist rules.
Transparency
Obama promised that he would run the "most transparent" administration in US history, with mixed results. On taking office, the Obama administration said that all executive orders, non-emergency legislation, and proclamations would be posted to the official White House website, whitehouse.gov, allowing the public to review and comment for five days before the President signs the legislation, but this pledge was twice broken during Obama's first month in office. On January 21, 2009, by executive order, Obama revoked Executive Order 13233, which had limited access to the records of former United States presidents. Obama issued instructions to all agencies and departments in his administration to "adopt a presumption in favor" of Freedom of Information Act requests. These actions helped the rate of classification fall to record lows during the Obama administration. In April 2009, the United States Department of Justice released four legal memos from the Bush administration describing in detail controversial interrogation methods the CIA had used on prisoners suspected of terrorism. The Obama administration also introduced the Open Government Directive, which encouraged government agencies to publish data and collaborate with the public, and the Open Government Partnership, which advocated open government norms. However, Obama continued to make use of secret memos and the state secrets privilege, and he continued to prosecute whistleblowers.
The Obama administration has been characterized as much more aggressive than the Bush and other previous administrations in their response to whistleblowing and leaks to the press, prompting critics to describe the Obama administration's crackdown as a "war on whistleblowers." Several people were charged under the previously rarely used leak-related provisions of the Espionage Act of 1917, including Thomas Andrews Drake, a former National Security Agency employee, Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, a State Department contractor, and Jeffrey Sterling. Others prosecuted for leaking information include Shamai Leibowitz, a contract linguist for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, John Kiriakou, a former CIA analyst, and Chelsea Manning, an intelligence analyst for the US Army whose trial received wide coverage. Most notably, Edward Snowden, a technical contractor for the NSA, was charged with theft and the unauthorized disclosure of classified information to columnist Glenn Greenwald. Snowden's disclosures provoked wide array of reactions; many called for Snowden to be pardoned, while others called him a traitor.
Elections during the Obama presidency
2010 mid-term elections
Attacking Obama relentlessly, emphasizing the stalled economy, and enjoying the anger of the Tea Party Movement, Republicans scored a landslide in the 2010 midterm elections, winning control of the House and gaining seats in the Senate. After the election, John Boehner replaced Nancy Pelosi as Speaker of the House, and Pelosi became the new House Minority Leader. Boehner pledged to repeal Obamacare and cut federal spending.
Obama called the elections "humbling" and a "shellacking", arguing that the defeat came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery. The newly empowered House Republicans quickly confronted Obama on issues such as Obamacare and the debt ceiling. The Republican victory in the election also gave Republicans the upper hand in the redistricting that occurred after the 2010 United States census.
2012 re-election campaign
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced that he would seek re-election in 2012. He did not face any significant rivals for the Democratic nomination. His Republican opponent was Mitt Romney, a former governor of Massachusetts. Romney called for lower taxes, spending cuts, an increase in defense spending, and a repeal of Obamacare (even though it was based on a Massachusetts healthcare plan developed under Romney). Obama's campaign was based in Chicago and run by many former members of the White House staff and members of the successful 2008 campaign. Obama won re-election with 332 (out of a total of 538) electoral votes and 51.1% of the popular vote, making him the first person since Dwight Eisenhower to twice win 51 percent of the vote. According to exit polls, Obama won a majority of the vote from women, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, people under 45, people making less than $50,000 per year, people inhabiting large or mid-sized cities, liberals, moderates, the unmarried, gays, and people with no college education, some college education, or graduate degrees. In addition to the presidential election victory, the Democrats also picked up seats in both houses of Congress, but Republicans retained control of the House.
2014 mid-term elections
Obama's second mid-term election turned into another wave election, as Republicans won control of the Senate and picked up several governorships. Mitch McConnell replaced Harry Reid as Senate Majority Leader, while Reid became the Senate Minority Leader. Republican control of the Senate gave the party the power to block Obama's executive and judicial nominees. The Republican waves in 2010 and 2014 defeated many young Democratic candidates, weakening the farm team of several state Democratic parties.
2016 elections and transition period
The 2016 elections took place on November 8. Obama was term-limited in 2016 due to the 22nd Amendment, though Obama's approval ratings may have impacted his party's ability to win the race. In June 2016, with the Democratic primaries nearly complete, Obama endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as his successor. However, according to Glenn Thrush of Politico, Obama had long supported Clinton as his preferred successor, and Obama dissuaded Vice President Biden from running against Clinton. Obama spoke in favor of Clinton at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, and he continued to campaign for Clinton and other Democrats in the months leading up to Election Day. However, in the general election, Clinton was defeated by Republican nominee Donald Trump, who prominently questioned Obama's place of birth during Obama's first term. Republicans also retained control of the House and Senate. During the eight years of Obama's presidency, the Democratic Party experienced a net loss of 1,041 governorships and state and federal legislative seats. Ronald Brownstein of The Atlantic noted that these losses were similar to those of other post-World War II two-term presidents.
Trump and Obama frequently communicated during the transition period, and Trump stated that he sought Obama's advice regarding presidential appointments. However, President-elect Trump also criticized some of Obama's actions, including Obama's refusal to veto a UN Resolution condemning Israel settlements. In his farewell address, Obama expressed concerns about a divisive political environment, economic inequality, and racism, but remained optimistic about the future.
Approval ratings and other opinions
After his transition period, Obama entered office with an approval rating of 82% according to Gallup, Obama's approval rating fell to 69% after he took office and announced his first policy decisions. Obama received the support of 90% of Democrats, 60% of independents, and 40% of Republicans in January 2009 polls. By December 2009, Obama's approval rating had fallen to 51%, with Obama receiving approval from roughly 85% of Democrats, 45% of independents, and just 18% of Republicans. In July 2010, after the passage of the Dodd-Frank and Obamacare, Obama's approval rating stood at 45%, with 47% disapproving. Obama's approval rating would remain stable until the 2010 elections, when Republicans won major gains in both houses of Congress and took control of the House. Obama's approval ratings climbed back to 50% in January 2011, but fell to 40% in August 2011 following the 2011 debt-ceiling crisis. Obama's approval ratings slowly increased during 2012, and they rose above 50% shortly before the 2012 election, in which Obama defeated Mitt Romney. After his re-election, Obama's approval ratings reached 57%, but that number fell into the low 40s after the federal government shutdown in October 2013. Obama's approval ratings remained in the mid-to-low 40s until the 2014 elections, when Republicans won gains in both houses of Congress and took control of the Senate. In 2015, Obama's approval ratings climbed to the mid-to-high 40s, with his approval and disapproval ratings roughly matching each other. His approval ratings rose into the 50s during the 2016 presidential campaign, and Obama registered a 57% approval rating in November 2016. In a Gallup poll taken in the final week of his presidency, Obama registered a 95% approval rating with Democrats, a 61% approval rating with independents, and a 14% approval rating with Republicans.
Obama's election also provoked a reaction to his race, birthplace, and religion. As president, Obama faced numerous taunts and racial innuendos, though most overt racist comments were limited to a small fringe. Donald Trump theorized that Obama had been born in Kenya; an April 2011 CNN poll taken shortly before Obama released his long-form birth certificate found that 40% of Republicans believed that Obama had been born in Kenya. Many of these "birthers" argued that because Obama was (allegedly) not a citizen, he was not eligible to serve as president under the natural-born-citizen requirements of the Constitution. Despite Obama's release of his long-form birth certificate, which affirmed that Obama was born in Hawaii, a 2015 CNN poll found that 20% of Americans believed that Obama was born outside of the country. Many also claimed that Obama practiced Islam, and a 2015 CNN poll found that 29% of Americans and 43% of Republicans believed Obama to be a Muslim. Even prior to his election as president, Obama had clarified that he was a long-time member of a church affiliated with the United Church of Christ, a mainline Protestant denomination.
In a January 2010 survey by the Siena Research Institute at Siena College in Loudonville, New York—one year into the Obama presidency—238 US history and political science professors ranked Obama 15th of 43 US presidents. In a September 2010 survey by the United States Presidency Centre of the Institute for the Study of the Americas at the University of London School of Advanced Study—one year and eight months into the Obama presidency—47 unnamed respondents who were UK academic specialists on American history and politics ranked 40 of 42 US presidents from 1789 to 2009, not including Obama; if Obama had been included he would have ranked 8th, behind Harry S. Truman but ahead of Ronald Reagan and all other post-World War II US presidents. In a June 2012 survey by Newsweek magazine—three years and five months into the Obama presidency—ten selected American historians and biographers ranked Obama 10th of 20 US presidents since 1900. In an April 2013 survey by History News Network (HNN) website in Seattle—four years and three months into the Obama presidency—203 scholars from 69 top US colleges and universities gave Obama a B− grade on an A–F scale. A February 2015 Brookings Institution survey of members of the American Political Science Association put Obama in 18th place out of the 43 presidents. Additionally, a 2011 Gallup poll found that 5% of Americans saw Obama as the country's greatest president.
As Obama left office, historians expressed various opinions about his effectiveness as president, with many noting that subsequent events would determine his ultimate legacy. There was universal agreement that Obama would long be remembered as the first African-American president. Many noted that Obama presided over an economic recovery and passed major domestic legislation, but failed to bridge a partisan divide and left office with his party in a weakened state.
Cultural influence
Vox and Rolling Stone both named the American sitcom Parks and Recreation as the television show that "defined" the cultural zeitgeist of the Presidency of Barack Obama. In the same article, Rolling Stone named Breaking Bad, Veep and Empire as other television shows that defined the era.
See also
Speeches of Barack Obama
List of people pardoned by Barack Obama
Federal political scandals, Barack Obama administration
Roberts Court
Barack Obama
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Notes
References
Further reading
Bald, Dan, ed. Collision 2012: Obama vs. Romney and the future of elections in America (2012) excerpt
Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: Volume 13: 2009–2012 (CQ Press, 2013) online, 1075 pp of highly detailed coverage of all major themes
Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: Volume 14: 2012–2016 (CQ Press, 2017)
Conley, Richard S., and Kevin Baron. "Obama's 'Hidden-Hand' Presidency: Myth, Metaphor, or Misrepresentation?." White House Studies 13 (2015): 129–57.
Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Peter R. Orszag, eds. American Economic Policy in the 1990s (2002) introduction
Gaman-Golutvina, Oxana. "Political elites in the USA under George W. Bush and Barack Obama: Structure and international politics." Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 43.4 (2018): 141–163. online
Goolsbee, Austan D., and Alan B. Krueger. "A retrospective look at rescuing and restructuring General Motors and Chrysler." Journal of Economic Perspectives 29.2 (2015): 3–24. online
Grunwald, Michael. The new New Deal: the hidden story of change in the Obama era (2012), by TIME magazine editor. excerpt
Holzer, Harold. The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020) pp. 377–401. online
Kesler, Charles R. I am the change: Barack Obama and the crisis of liberalism (2012); comparing Obama to Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson. excerpt
Lansford, Tom, et al. Leadership and Legacy: The Presidency of Barack Obama (SUNY 2021), 320pp excerpt
Rich, Wilbur C. Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change (2019)
White, John Kenneth. Barack Obama's America: how new conceptions of race, family, and religion ended the Reagan era (University of Michigan Press, 2009).
Foreign and military policy
Bentley, Michelle, and Jack Holland, eds. The Obama Doctrine: A Legacy of Continuity in US Foreign Policy? (Routledge, 2016).
Bentley, Michelle and Jack Holland, eds. Obama's Foreign Policy: Ending the War on Terror (Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy) (2013) excerpt and text search
Bose, Meena. "Appraising the foreign policy legacy of the Obama presidency." in Wilbur C. Rich, ed., Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 93–113.
Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) excerpt pp 518–40.
Kenealy, Andrew. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Military Force, 2009–2012." Presidential Studies Quarterly (2022). https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12798
Maass, Matthias. The World Views of the Obama Era (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
Tesler, Michael. "President Obama and the Emergence of Islamophobia in Mass Partisan Preferences." Political Research Quarterly 75.2 (2022): 394–408.
External links
Obama White House archives
"Obama's People" (photography: Nadav Kander)
"President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address". The White House.
"Wrapping Up Open for Questions". The White House.
"President Obama's State of the Union Address" C-SPAN.
Statistics comparing the beginning and ending of the Obama presidency
Obama, Barack
Barack Obama
2000s in the United States
2010s in the United States
2000s in American politics
2010s in American politics
2009 establishments in the United States
2017 disestablishments in the United States
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency%20of%20Barack%20Obama
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A Tale of Love and Darkness ( Sipur al ahava ve choshech) is a memoir by the Israeli author Amos Oz, first published in Hebrew in 2002.
The book has been translated into 28 languages and over a million copies have been sold worldwide. In 2011, a bootleg Kurdish translation was found in a bookstore in northern Iraq. Oz was reportedly delighted.
Background
The book documents much of Oz's early life, and includes a family history researched by an uncle of his father. It describes a number of events he previously hadn't communicated. For example, before writing the book, Oz had avoided discussing his mother's 1952 suicide with his father, or writing publicly about it.
Summary
Oz chronicles his childhood in Jerusalem in the last years of Mandatory Palestine and the early years of the State of Israel. The love and darkness of his title refer to his mother, whose suffering from severe depression led her to take her own life when he was a boy. The book is an effort to describe Oz's feelings for his mother and the pain of losing her. After her death he spent his teenage years on Kibbutz Hulda.
His parents, mother Fania Mussman and father Ariyeh Klausner, feature as prominent characters within the book. Importantly, his mother's 1952 overdose of sleeping pills becomes the point of exploration for the work, launching the deep probing into other parts of his childhood and youth. As a child, he crossed paths with prominent figures in Israeli society, among them Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Shaul Tchernichovsky, and David Ben-Gurion. One of his teachers was the Israeli poet Zelda. Historian Joseph Klausner was his great-uncle.
Told in a non-linear fashion, Oz's story is interwoven with tales of his family's Eastern European roots. The original family name was Klausner. By changing his own name to a Hebrew one, Oz separated himself from his father.
Film adaptation
A production company owned by Natalie Portman acquired the film rights to the book. Portman began shooting the movie in February 2014 in Jerusalem. The film marks her directorial feature film debut and she also plays the role of Oz's mother; Slawomir Idziak is director of photography and Amir Tessler played the young Oz.
Translations
Elias Khoury, a Palestinian-Israeli lawyer whose father Daoud was a victim in a suicide bombing of Zion Square and whose son George was shot to death by Palestinian militants who mistook him for a Jew (see George Khoury), paid to have the book translated into Arabic and distributed in Beirut and other Arab cities in order to promote better understanding of the Jewish people's narrative of national rebirth.
The English translation was done by Nicholas de Lange and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2004. The translation was praised by New York Magazine's book reviewer Boris Kacha as "preserving the author’s gorgeous, discursive style and his love of wordplay."
Reception
The book was well-received, receiving several awards, and a number of positive reviews. Sales of the book were also high, with The Guardian Reviewer Linda Grant describing the book as the "biggest selling literary work in Israeli history." Grant describes the book as "one of the funniest, most tragic and most touching books I have ever read," and " a testament to a family, a time and a place."
New York magazine reviewer Boris Kachika described the book as very well written, though "sometimes meandering," but all in all a "sophisticated and searing memorial." The Jewish Book Council reviewer, Maron L. Waxmon called it "a masterful double memoir" of both himself and "Israel's birth and early years." For Waxman, "This is an important and richly rewarding book, sensitively told and filled with memorably drawn characters."
Controversy
In March 2011, Oz sent imprisoned former Tanzim leader Marwan Barghouti a copy of his book A Tale of Love and Darkness in Arabic translation with his personal dedication in Hebrew: “This story is our story, I hope you read it and understand us as we understand you, hoping to see you outside and in peace, yours, Amos Oz”. The gesture was criticized by members of rightist political parties, among them Likud MK Tzipi Hotovely. Assaf Harofeh Hospital canceled Oz's invitation to give the keynote speech at an awards ceremony for outstanding physicians in the wake of this incident, leading to widespread criticism of the "small-minded" hospital.
Awards and honours
2005: JQ Wingate Prize, nonfiction
2005: Koret Jewish Book Award, biography, autobiography or literary study
2005: National Jewish Book Awards for Jewish Book of the Year
References
Literary autobiographies
Novels by Amos Oz
21st-century Israeli novels
2002 novels
Autobiographical novels
Hebrew-language novels
Novels set in Israel
Israeli novels adapted into films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Tale%20of%20Love%20and%20Darkness
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Mexico–Serbia relations are the diplomatic relations between Mexico and Serbia. Both nations were founding members of the Group of 77 and the United Nations.
History
Mexico and the SFR Yugoslavia established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1946. In 1951, Mexico opened a resident embassy in Belgrade. In March 1963, Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos paid an official visit to Serbia. During President López Mateos visit, Mexico awarded its highest honor, the Order of the Aztec Eagle, to President Josip Broz Tito. The visit was soon reciprocated when in October 1963, Yugoslav President Tito paid an official visit to Mexico. Since the initial visits, there have been several high-level visits between leaders of both nations.
In 1991, Yugoslavia entered into a series of ethnic conflicts known as the Yugoslav wars. During the war, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 757 calling all nations to remove their diplomatic staff from Belgrade. As a result, Mexico downgraded its embassy to that of a Chargé d'affaires and refused the entry of any Yugoslav official wishing to visit Mexico. Furthermore, Mexican government officials were not allowed to travel to Yugoslavia. By doing so, however, Mexico remained one of the few countries that opted not to close its embassy in Belgrade. In 1995, Mexico elevated its diplomatic mission in Belgrade back to an embassy and established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later known as Serbia and Montenegro) as the successor of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (e.g. not the pre-war SFR Yugoslavia); and with the other newly independent successor nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and the Republic of Macedonia.
In 2006, the state union between Serbia and Montenegro dissolved and created two separate nations: the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro. That same year, Mexico recognized the independence of Montenegro and continues to maintain diplomatic relations with the Republic of Serbia. Mexico has not recognized Kosovo since it declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. In 2021, Mexico and Serbia celebrated 75 years of diplomatic relations.
High-level visits
High-level visits from Mexico to the SF Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia
President Adolfo López Mateos (1963)
President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1974)
President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1985)
Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa Cantellano (2011)
High-level visits from SF Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia to Mexico
President Josip Broz Tito (1963 & 1976)
President Sergej Kraigher (1981)
President Lazar Mojsov (1987)
Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić (2008 & 2011)
First Deputy Prime Minister Ivica Dačić (2012 & 2015)
Foreign Minister Nikola Selaković (2021)
Bilateral agreements
Agreements between Mexico and SF Yugoslavia are being carried forward into agreements between Mexico and Serbia. In March 1950, both nations signed an agreement to establish trade relations. In March 1960 a cultural exchange agreement was signed and an additional protocol trade agreement was signed in July 1963. In addition, a scientific and technical cooperation agreement was signed between both nations in February 1974. In July 2010, an agricultural agreement was signed between both nations.
Trade
In 2018, two-way trade between Mexico and Serbia amounted to US$45 million. Mexico's main exports to Serbia include: computer memories and mother boards, tobacco and minerals; while Serbia's main exports to Mexico include: car tires and clothing. Mexican multinational company América Móvil operates in Serbia.
Famous Serbs in Mexico
As manager, Bora Milutinović led the Mexico national football team to the 1986 FIFA World Cup knock-out stage.
Resident diplomatic missions
Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
See also
List of ambassadors of Mexico to Serbia
Mexico–Yugoslavia relations
Serbian diaspora
References
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations
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John Arthur Fraser (born 8 August 1951) is an Australian public servant. He commenced in his role as Secretary of the Department of the Treasury in January 2015, and announced his retirement in July 2018.
Life and career
Fraser graduated from Monash University in Australia in 1972 with a first class honours degree in Economics. He worked for the Australian Treasury, including two international postings to Washington DC, firstly at the International Monetary Fund and then as Economic Minister at the Australian embassy. He was Deputy Secretary (Economic) of the Department of the Treasury.
Fraser joined the UBS Group in Australia in 1993 and was named Head of Asia Pacific for the Business Group in 1999. From 1994 to 1998 he was Executive Chairman and CEO of Swiss Bank Corporation's division SBC Australia Funds Management Ltd. He was Chairman and CEO of UBS Global Asset Management from December 2001 until December 2013. Prior to that, he was president and chief operating officer of UBS Asset Management and Head of Asia Pacific.
In December 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced John Fraser's appointment as Secretary of the Treasury Department, to commence 15 January 2015. The appointment is for five years. Treasurer Joe Hockey said that, in his new role, Fraser would be asked to undertake a thorough review of the Treasury Department's resources and capabilities. On 12 July 2018, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that Fraser had resigned as Treasury Secretary, effective 31 July, and that he would be replaced by Philip Gaetjens.
Fraser was a member of the Board of Governors at the Marymount International School in Kingston-upon-Thames from 2007 to 2012.
References
1951 births
Living people
UBS people
Australian businesspeople
Secretaries of the Department of the Treasury of Australia
20th-century Australian public servants
21st-century Australian public servants
People from Armadale, Victoria
Public servants from Melbourne
Monash University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Fraser%20%28businessman%29
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Tehmtan R. Andhyarujina (17 November 1933 – 28 March 2017) was an Indian lawyer and jurist. He was a designated senior advocate and practised at the Supreme Court of India.
He was the Solicitor General of India from 1996 to 1998. Prior to that he was the Advocate-General of Maharashtra from 1993 to 1995. He specialized in the field of constitutional law, human rights, public law and commercial law. He is widely remembered for his expertise in a branch of constitutional law relating to parliamentary privileges.
Education
Born to a Parsi family, Andhyarujina was a student of Bombay Scottish School, Mahim and the Government Law College, Mumbai, between 1955 and 1957. He was awarded the Sir Charles Sergeant Scholarship and the Vishnu Dhurander Gold medal in law by the Bombay University. He was selected for the Indian Foreign Service in 1958 but opted to practise law.
Career
Andhyarujina was a counsel in the chamber of H M Seervai, the then Advocate-General of erstwhile Bombay state from 1958 to 1974 and appeared for the State of Maharashtra in the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India alongside him. Before joining the Bar, Andhyarujina was selected for the Indian Foreign Service in 1958. He secured 3rd rank in the ICSE (now UPSC) examination.
Some of the important cases in which he has appeared in the Supreme Court are: Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala case, The Parliamentary Privileges Case (In Re: Keshav Singh), Sexual Harassment of Women case (Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan), the Narmada, Cauvery and Krishna River Water Disputes Cases, the Legislative Assemblies Dissolution case (S. R. Bommai v. Union of India), Hindustan Lever and Tomco Merger case, JMM Bribery case (P.V. Narasimha Rao v. State), Raja Ram Pal vs. Hon'ble Speaker (Cash for Query:expulsion of MPs by Parliament), I.R. Coelho vs. State of Tamil Nadu (Constitutional validity of the IXth Schedule to the Constitution), Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India, Glanrock Estate v. State of Tamil Nadu, Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (the recent case that permitted passive euthanasia in India), and Novartis v. Union of India & Others (concerning evergreening of patents).
He was the Chairman of the Committee on Banking Laws (Andhyarujina Committee) appointed by the Government of India in 1998 which led to the passing of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act). He was a member of the Task Force on the Committee on Centre–State Relations Review appointed by the Government of India in 2007.
He was a part-time Professor in Constitutional Law in the University of Bombay, a visiting Lecturer at Queen's University of Belfast in 1990 and an Honorary Professor at the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, Symbiosis Law School, Pune and other leading law colleges in India.
Publications
He is the author of The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The untold story of struggle for supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament (2011), a masterpiece in understanding the landmark Constitutional Case of India and the circumstances surrounding the proceedings of the Court. He has also authored Judicial Activism and Constitutional Democracy in India (1992) and Judges and Judicial Accountability (2002). He wrote frequently on constitutional and public law in law journals and newspapers.
References
External links
Columns by T R Andhyarujina in Indian Express
1933 births
2017 deaths
Advocates General for Indian states
Indian Senior Counsel
Scholars from Mumbai
Senior Advocates in India
Supreme Court of India lawyers
20th-century Indian lawyers
Parsi people from Mumbai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20R.%20Andhyarujina
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Major General Daniel K. Addo is a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. He is a Ghanaian soldier and politician.
Career
Daniel Addo was once Commander of the Second Infantry Brigade Group (now the Northern Command) of the Ghana army. The headquarters was at Kumasi. He had responsibility for all units in the northern half of Ghana. He became Chief of Army Staff in August 1969. In June 1971, he was appointed Chief of the Defence Staff by the Busia government, a position he still occupied at the time of the coup d'état that replaced it with the National Redemption Council military government. He was relieved of his post after the coup.
Politics
The NRC government appointed Major General Addo as the Commissioner for Agriculture, a positioned he held between 1972 and 1973. He was later replaced with Colonel Frank Bernasko.
Personal problems
In 1982, Daniel Addo had two of his houses confiscated by the "One Man One House" Investigation Sub-Committee under the auspices of the Provisional National Defence Council military government on the grounds that he had acquired them illegally. This was under military decrees of the previous Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana military government. He appealed unsuccessfully to the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice in 1994 to have the houses returned to him.
References
Living people
Ghanaian soldiers
Agriculture ministers of Ghana
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Addo%20%28soldier%29
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The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration.
Synopsis
The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure.
From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions.
But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath.
Excerpt
The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern):
"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots in the temple (Wieser); abruptly (Fro) putting an end to their marital hell (Wieser). Konrad had always been quick to fire at anything within range of the house, they say at Laska’s, and as everyone knows he did shoot the woodcutter and game keeper Koller who was passing by on his way home from work one evening about four and a half years ago; quite soon after Konrad had moved in, carrying his knapsack and a hoe, and catching it in the left shoulder because Konrad mistook him for a burglar; for which shooting Konrad was in due course sentenced to nine and a half months at hard labor. The incident brought to light about fifteen previous convictions of Konrad’s, mostly for libel and aggravated assault, they say at Laska’s. Konrad served his time in the Wels district prison, where he is being held again right now..."
--T. Bernhard, The Lime Works, p. 4.
Book's Epigraph
But instead of thinking about my book and how to write it, as I go pacing the floor, I fall to counting my footsteps until I feel about to go mad. --T.B.
Notes
References
Bernhardiana, a Critical Anthology of Bernhard's works
"On Thomas Bernhard" by Jason M. Baskin (Boston Review, 2001)
"An Introduction to Thomas Bernhard", by Thomas Cousineau (2001)
The Novels of Thomas Bernhard by J.J. Long (2001)
"Thomas Bernhard: Failing To Go Under: An essay on the 10th anniversary of his death", critical review by S. Mitchelmore (SpikeMagazine, 1999).
1970 novels
Novels by Thomas Bernhard
Alfred A. Knopf books
Novels set in Austria
Gun violence in fiction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lime%20Works
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.
Obsessions are persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, or urges that generate feelings of anxiety, disgust, or discomfort. Some common obsessions include fear of contamination, obsession with symmetry, the fear of acting blasphemously, the sufferer's sexual orientation, and the fear of possibly harming others or themselves. Compulsions are repeated actions or routines that occur in response to obsessions to achieve a relief from anxiety. Common compulsions include excessive hand washing, cleaning, counting, ordering, avoiding triggers, hoarding, neutralizing, seeking assurance, praying, and checking things. People with OCD may only perform mental compulsions, this is called primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O). Many adults with OCD are aware that their compulsions do not make sense, but they perform them anyway to relieve the distress caused by obsessions. Compulsions occur often, typically taking up at least one hour per day and impairing one's quality of life. Compulsions cause relief in the moment, but cause obsessions to grow over time. More than three million Americans suffer from OCD. According to Mercy, approximately 1 in 40 U.S. adults and 1 in 100 U.S. children have OCD.
The cause of OCD is unknown. There appear to be some genetic components, and it is more likely for both identical twins to be affected than both fraternal twins. Risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress-inducing events; some cases have occurred after streptococcal infections. Diagnosis is based on presented symptoms and requires ruling out other drug-related or medical causes; rating scales such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity. Other disorders with similar symptoms include generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. The condition is also associated with a general increase in suicidality.
OCD is chronic and long-lasting with periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of improvement. Treatment can improve ability to function and quality of life. Treatment for OCD may involve psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants, or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation. CBT increases exposure to obsessions and prevents compulsions, while metacognitive therapy encourages ritual behaviors to alter the relationship to one's thoughts about them. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common antidepressant used to treat OCD. SSRIs are more effective when used in excess of the recommended depression dosage; however, higher doses can increase side effect intensity. Commonly used SSRIs include sertraline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram. Some patients fail to improve after taking the maximum tolerated dose of multiple SSRIs for at least two months; these cases qualify as treatment-resistant and can require second-line treatment such as clomipramine or atypical antipsychotic augmentation. Surgery may be used as a final resort in the most severe or treatment-resistant cases, though most procedures are considered experimental due to the limited literature on their side effects.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their lives, while rates during any given year are about 1.2%. It is unusual for symptoms to begin after age 35, and around 50% of patients experience detrimental effects to daily life before age 20. Males and females are affected equally, and OCD occurs worldwide. The phrase obsessive–compulsive is sometimes used in an informal manner unrelated to OCD to describe someone as excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, absorbed, or otherwise fixated. However, the actual disorder is not characterized by that, and many individuals with OCD may be dirty, unclean, or uncaring about disease/symmetry.
Signs and symptoms
OCD can present with a wide variety of symptoms. Certain groups of symptoms usually occur together; these groups are sometimes viewed as dimensions, or clusters, which may reflect an underlying process. The standard assessment tool for OCD, the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), has 13 predefined categories of symptoms. These symptoms fit into three to five groupings. A meta-analytic review of symptom structures found a four-factor grouping structure to be most reliable: a symmetry factor, a forbidden thoughts factor, a cleaning factor, and a hoarding factor. The symmetry factor correlates highly with obsessions related to ordering, counting, and symmetry, as well as repeating compulsions. The forbidden thoughts factor correlates highly with intrusive thoughts of a violent, religious, or sexual nature. The cleaning factor correlates highly with obsessions about contamination and compulsions related to cleaning. The hoarding factor only involves hoarding-related obsessions and compulsions, and was identified as being distinct from other symptom groupings.
When looking into the onset of OCD, one study suggests that there are differences in the age of onset between males and females. In children, a study found the average age of onset of OCD to be 9.6 for male children and 11.0 for female children. When looking at both adults and children a study found the average ages of onset to be 21 and 24 for males and females respectively. Looking at women specifically, a different study suggested that 62% of participants found that their symptoms worsened at a premenstrual age. Across the board, all demographics and studies showed a mean age of onset of less than 25.
Some OCD subtypes have been associated with improvement in performance on certain tasks, such as pattern recognition (washing subtype) and spatial working memory (obsessive thought subtype). Subgroups have also been distinguished by neuroimaging findings and treatment response, though neuroimaging studies have not been comprehensive enough to draw conclusions. Subtype-dependent treatment response has been studied, and the hoarding subtype has consistently been least responsive to treatment.
While OCD is considered a homogeneous disorder from a neuropsychological perspective, many of the symptoms may be the result of comorbid disorders. For example, adults with OCD have exhibited more symptoms of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than adults without OCD.
In regards to the cause of onset, researchers asked participants in one study what they felt was responsible for triggering the initial onset of their illness. 29% of patients answered that there was an environmental factor in their life that did so. Specifically, the majority of participants who answered with that noted their environmental factor to be related to an increased responsibility.
Obsessions
Obsessions are stress-inducing thoughts that recur and persist, despite efforts to ignore or confront them. People with OCD frequently perform tasks, or compulsions, to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. Within and among individuals, initial obsessions vary in clarity and vividness. A relatively vague obsession could involve a general sense of disarray or tension, accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. A more intense obsession could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of a close family member or friend dying, or intrusive thoughts related to relationship rightness. Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself—such as God, the devil, or disease—will harm either the patient or the people or things the patient cares about. Others with OCD may experience the sensation of invisible protrusions emanating from their bodies, or feel that inanimate objects are ensouled.
Some people with OCD experience sexual obsessions that may involve intrusive thoughts or images of "kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, anal sex, intercourse, incest, and rape" with "strangers, acquaintances, parents, children, family members, friends, coworkers, animals, and religious figures," and can include heterosexual or homosexual contact with people of any age. Similar to other intrusive thoughts or images, some disquieting sexual thoughts are normal at times, but people with OCD may attach extraordinary significance to such thoughts. For example, obsessive fears about sexual orientation can appear to the affected individual, and even to those around them, as a crisis of sexual identity. Furthermore, the doubt that accompanies OCD leads to uncertainty regarding whether one might act on the troubling thoughts, resulting in self-criticism or self-loathing.
Most people with OCD understand that their thoughts do not correspond with reality; however, they feel that they must act as though these ideas are correct or realistic. For example, someone who engages in compulsive hoarding might be inclined to treat inorganic matter as if it had the sentience or rights of living organisms, despite accepting that such behavior is irrational on an intellectual level. There is debate as to whether hoarding should be considered an independent syndrome from OCD.
Compulsions
Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel that they must do so, while others act compulsively to mitigate the anxiety that stems from obsessive thoughts. The affected individual might feel that these actions will either prevent a dreaded event from occurring, or push the event from their thoughts. In any case, their reasoning is so idiosyncratic or distorted that it results in significant distress, either personally, or for those around the affected individual. Excessive skin picking, hair pulling, nail biting, and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders are all on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. Some individuals with OCD are aware that their behaviors are not rational, but they feel compelled to follow through with them to fend off feelings of panic or dread. Furthermore, compulsions often stem from memory distrust, a symptom of OCD characterized by insecurity in one's skills in perception, attention, and memory, even in cases where there is no clear evidence of a deficit.
Common compulsions may include hand washing, cleaning, checking things (such as locks on doors), repeating actions (such as repeatedly turning on and off switches), ordering items in a certain way, and requesting reassurance. Although some individuals perform actions repeatedly, they do not necessarily perform these actions compulsively; for example, morning or nighttime routines and religious practices are not usually compulsions. Whether behaviors qualify as compulsions or mere habit depends on the context in which they are performed. For instance, arranging and ordering books for eight hours a day would be expected of someone who works in a library, but this routine would seem abnormal in other situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to disrupt it. Furthermore, compulsions are different from tics (such as touching, tapping, rubbing, or blinking) and stereotyped movements (such as head banging, body rocking, or self-biting), which are usually not as complex and not precipitated by obsessions. It can sometimes be difficult to tell the difference between compulsions and complex tics, and about 10–40% of people with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder.
People with OCD rely on compulsions as an escape from their obsessive thoughts; however, they are aware that relief is only temporary, and that intrusive thoughts will return. Some affected individuals use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger obsessions. Compulsions may be actions directly related to the obsession, such as someone obsessed with contamination compulsively washing their hands, but they can be unrelated as well. In addition to experiencing the anxiety and fear that typically accompanies OCD, affected individuals may spend hours performing compulsions every day. In such situations, it can become difficult for the person to fulfill their work, familial, or social roles. These behaviors can also cause adverse physical symptoms; for example, people who obsessively wash their hands with antibacterial soap and hot water can make their skin red and raw with dermatitis.
Individuals with OCD often use rationalizations to explain their behavior; however, these rationalizations do not apply to the behavioral pattern, but to each individual occurrence. For example, someone compulsively checking the front door may argue that the time and stress associated with one check is less than the time and stress associated with being robbed, and checking is consequently the better option. This reasoning often occurs in a cyclical manner, and can continue for as long as the affected person needs it to in order to feel safe.
In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), OCD patients are asked to overcome intrusive thoughts by not indulging in any compulsions. They are taught that rituals keep OCD strong, while not performing them causes OCD to become weaker. This position is supported by the pattern of memory distrust; the more often compulsions are repeated, the more weakened memory trust becomes, and this cycle continues as memory distrust increases compulsion frequency. For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) such as trichotillomania (hair pulling), skin picking, and onychophagia (nail biting), behavioral interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling are recommended for the treatment of compulsive behaviors.
OCD sometimes manifests without overt compulsions, which may be termed "primarily obsessional OCD." OCD without overt compulsions could, by one estimate, characterize as many as 50–60% of OCD cases.
Insight and overvalued ideation
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), identifies a continuum for the level of insight in OCD, ranging from good insight (the least severe) to no insight (the most severe). Good or fair insight is characterized by the acknowledgment that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are not or may not be true, while poor insight, in the middle of the continuum, is characterized by the belief that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are probably true. The absence of insight altogether, in which the individual is completely convinced that their beliefs are true, is also identified as a delusional thought pattern, and occurs in about 4% of people with OCD. When cases of OCD with no insight become severe, affected individuals have an unshakable belief in the reality of their delusions, which can make their cases difficult to differentiate from psychotic disorders.
Some people with OCD exhibit what is known as overvalued ideas, ideas that are abnormal compared to affected individuals' respective cultures, and more treatment-resistant than most negative thoughts and obsessions. After some discussion, it is possible to convince the individual that their fears are unfounded. It may be more difficult to practice exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP) on such people, as they may be unwilling to cooperate, at least initially. Similar to how insight is identified on a continuum, obsessive-compulsive beliefs are characterized on a spectrum, ranging from obsessive doubt to delusional conviction. In the United States, overvalued ideation (OVI) is considered most akin to poor insight—especially when considering belief strength as one of an idea's key identifiers—but European qualifications have historically been broader. Furthermore, severe and frequent overvalued ideas are considered similar to idealized values, which are so rigidly held by, and so important to affected individuals, that they end up becoming a defining identity. In adolescent OCD patients, OVI is considered a severe symptom.
Historically, OVI has been thought to be linked to poorer treatment outcome in patients with OCD, but it is currently considered a poor indicator of prognosis. The Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) has been developed as a reliable quantitative method of measuring levels of OVI in patients with OCD, and research has suggested that overvalued ideas are more stable for those with more extreme OVIS scores.
Cognitive performance
Though OCD was once believed to be associated with above-average intelligence, this does not appear to necessarily be the case. A 2013 review reported that people with OCD may sometimes have mild but wide-ranging cognitive deficits, most significantly those affecting spatial memory and to a lesser extent with verbal memory, fluency, executive function, and processing speed, while auditory attention was not significantly affected. People with OCD show impairment in formulating an organizational strategy for coding information, set-shifting, and motor and cognitive inhibition.
Specific subtypes of symptom dimensions in OCD have been associated with specific cognitive deficits. For example, the results of one meta-analysis comparing washing and checking symptoms reported that washers outperformed checkers on eight out of ten cognitive tests. The symptom dimension of contamination and cleaning may be associated with higher scores on tests of inhibition and verbal memory.
Children
Approximately 1–2% of children are affected by OCD. Obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms tend to develop more frequently in children 10–14 years of age, with males displaying symptoms at an earlier age, and at a more severe level than females. In children, symptoms can be grouped into at least four types, including sporadic and tic-related OCD.
Associated conditions
People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions as well, such as obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, transformation obsession, ASD, ADHD, dermatillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. More than 50% of people with OCD experience suicidal tendencies, and 15% have attempted suicide. Depression, anxiety, and prior suicide attempts increase the risk of future suicide attempts.
It has been found that between 18 and 34% of females currently experiencing OCD scored positively on an inventory measuring disordered eating. Another study found that 7% are likely to have an eating disorder, while another found that fewer than 5% of males have OCD and an eating disorder.
Individuals with OCD have also been found to be affected by delayed sleep phase disorder at a substantially higher rate than the general public. Moreover, severe OCD symptoms are consistently associated with greater sleep disturbance. Reduced total sleep time and sleep efficiency have been observed in people with OCD, with delayed sleep onset and offset.
Some research has demonstrated a link between drug addiction and OCD. For example, there is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder, likely as a way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety. However, drug addiction among people with OCD may be a compulsive behavior. Depression is also extremely prevalent among people with OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD, or any other anxiety disorder, may feel "out of control".
Someone exhibiting OCD signs does not necessarily have OCD. Behaviors that present as obsessive–compulsive can also be found in a number of other conditions, including obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or disorders in which perseveration is a possible feature (ADHD, PTSD, bodily disorders, or stereotyped behaviors). Some cases of OCD present symptoms typically associated with Tourette syndrome, such as compulsions that may appear to resemble motor tics; this has been termed tic-related OCD or Tourettic OCD.
OCD frequently occurs comorbidly with both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Between 60 and 80% of those with OCD experience a major depressive episode in their lifetime. Comorbidity rates have been reported at between 19 and 90%, as a result of methodological differences. Between 9–35% of those with bipolar disorder also have OCD, compared to 1–2% in the general population. About 50% of those with OCD experience cyclothymic traits or hypomanic episodes. OCD is also associated with anxiety disorders. Lifetime comorbidity for OCD has been reported at 22% for specific phobia, 18% for social anxiety disorder, 12% for panic disorder, and 30% for generalized anxiety disorder. The comorbidity rate for OCD and ADHD has been reported to be as high as 51%.
Causes
The cause of OCD is unknown. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include a history of Adverse Childhood Experiences or other stress-inducing events.
Drug-induced OCD
Some medications and other drugs, such as methamphetamine or cocaine, can induce obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in people without previous symptoms.
Some atypical antipsychotics (second-generation antipsychotics) such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) and clozapine (Clozaril) can induce OCD in people, particularly individuals with schizophrenia.
Genetics
There appear to be some genetic components of OCD causation, with identical twins more often affected than fraternal twins. Furthermore, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting the same disorders than matched controls. In cases in which OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than with cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45–65% of the variability in OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder. A 2007 study found evidence supporting the possibility of a heritable risk for OCD.
Research has found there to be a genetic correlation between anorexia nervosa and OCD, suggesting a strong etiology. First and second hand relatives of probands with OCD have a greater risk of developing anorexia nervosa as genetic relatedness increases.
A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene hSERT in unrelated families with OCD.
A systematic review found that while neither allele was associated with OCD overall, in Caucasians, the L allele was associated with OCD. Another meta-analysis observed an increased risk in those with the homozygous S allele, but found the LS genotype to be inversely associated with OCD.
A genome-wide association study found OCD to be linked with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near BTBD3, and two SNPs in DLGAP1 in a trio-based analysis, but no SNP reached significance when analyzed with case-control data.
One meta-analysis found a small but significant association between a polymorphism in SLC1A1 and OCD.
The relationship between OCD and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been inconsistent, with one meta-analysis reporting a significant association, albeit only in men, and another meta analysis reporting no association.
It has been postulated by evolutionary psychologists that moderate versions of compulsive behavior may have had evolutionary advantages. Examples would be moderate constant checking of hygiene, the hearth, or the environment for enemies. Similarly, hoarding may have had evolutionary advantages. In this view, OCD may be the extreme statistical tail of such behaviors, possibly the result of a high number of predisposing genes.
Brain structure and functioning
Imaging studies have shown differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain in patients with OCD. There appears to be a connection between the OCD symptoms and abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, but such a connection is not clear. Some people with OCD have areas of unusually high activity in their brain, or low levels of the chemical serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that some nerve cells use to communicate with each other, and is thought to be involved in regulating many functions, influencing emotions, mood, memory, and sleep.
Autoimmune
A controversial hypothesis is that some cases of rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents may be caused by a syndrome connected to Group A streptococcal infections (GABHS), known as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). OCD and tic disorders are hypothesized to arise in a subset of children as a result of a post-streptococcal autoimmune process. The PANDAS hypothesis is unconfirmed and unsupported by data, and two new categories have been proposed: PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome) and CANS (childhood acute neuropsychiatric syndrome). The CANS and PANS hypotheses include different possible mechanisms underlying acute-onset neuropsychiatric conditions, but do not exclude GABHS infections as a cause in a subset of individuals. PANDAS, PANS, and CANS are the focus of clinical and laboratory research, but remain unproven. Whether PANDAS is a distinct entity differing from other cases of tic disorders or OCD is debated.
A review of studies examining anti-basal ganglia antibodies in OCD found an increased risk of having anti-basal ganglia antibodies in those with OCD versus the general population.
Environment
OCD may be more common in people who have been bullied, abused, or neglected, and it sometimes starts after a significant life event, such as childbirth or bereavement. It has been reported in some studies that there is a connection between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. More research is needed to understand this relationship better.
Mechanisms
Neuroimaging
Functional neuroimaging during symptom provocation has observed abnormal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right premotor cortex, left superior temporal gyrus, globus pallidus externus, hippocampus, and right uncus. Weaker foci of abnormal activity were found in the left caudate, posterior cingulate cortex, and superior parietal lobule. However, an older meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in OCD reported that the only consistent functional neuroimaging finding was increased activity in the orbital gyrus and head of the caudate nucleus, while anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation abnormalities were too inconsistent.
A meta-analysis comparing affective and nonaffective tasks observed differences with controls in regions implicated in salience, habit, goal-directed behavior, self-referential thinking, and cognitive control. For nonaffective tasks, hyperactivity was observed in the insula, ACC, and head of the caudate/putamen, while hypoactivity was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior caudate. Affective tasks were observed to relate to increased activation in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, while decreased activation was found in the pallidum, ventral anterior thalamus, and posterior caudate. The involvement of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop in OCD, as well as the high rates of comorbidity between OCD and ADHD, have led some to draw a link in their mechanism. Observed similarities include dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex, as well as shared deficits in executive functions. The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in OCD is shared with bipolar disorder, and may explain the high degree of comorbidity. Decreased volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to executive function has also been observed in OCD.
People with OCD evince increased grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, with decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular/caudate nuclei, as well as decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. Increased white matter volume and decreased fractional anisotropy in anterior midline tracts has been observed in OCD, possibly indicating increased fiber crossings.
Cognitive models
Generally, two categories of models for OCD have been postulated. The first category involves deficits in executive dysfunction and is based on the observed structural and functional abnormalities in the dlPFC, striatum and thalamus. The second category involves dysfunctional modulatory control and primarily relies on observed functional and structural differences in the ACC, mPFC, and OFC.
One proposed model suggests that dysfunction in the OFC leads to improper valuation of behaviors and decreased behavioral control, while the observed alterations in amygdala activations leads to exaggerated fears and representations of negative stimuli.
Due to the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms, studies differentiating various symptoms have been performed. Symptom-specific neuroimaging abnormalities include the hyperactivity of caudate and ACC in checking rituals, while finding increased activity of cortical and cerebellar regions in contamination-related symptoms. Neuroimaging differentiating content of intrusive thoughts has found differences between aggressive as opposed to taboo thoughts, finding increased connectivity of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in aggressive symptoms, while observing increased connectivity between the ventral striatum and insula in sexual or religious intrusive thoughts.
Another model proposes that affective dysregulation links excessive reliance on habit-based action selection with compulsions. This is supported by the observation that those with OCD demonstrate decreased activation of the ventral striatum when anticipating monetary reward, as well as increased functional connectivity between the VS and the OFC. Furthermore, those with OCD demonstrate reduced performance in Pavlovian fear-extinction tasks, hyperresponsiveness in the amygdala to fearful stimuli, and hyporesponsiveness in the amygdala when exposed to positively valanced stimuli. Stimulation of the nucleus accumbens has also been observed to effectively alleviate both obsessions and compulsions, supporting the role of affective dysregulation in generating both.
Neurobiological
From the observation of the efficacy of antidepressants in OCD, a serotonin hypothesis of OCD has been formulated. Studies of peripheral markers of serotonin, as well as challenges with proserotonergic compounds have yielded inconsistent results, including evidence pointing towards basal hyperactivity of serotonergic systems. Serotonin receptor and transporter binding studies have yielded conflicting results, including higher and lower serotonin receptor 5-HT2A and serotonin transporter binding potentials that were normalized by treatment with SSRIs. Despite inconsistencies in the types of abnormalities found, evidence points towards dysfunction of serotonergic systems in OCD. Orbitofrontal cortex overactivity is attenuated in people who have successfully responded to SSRI medication, a result believed to be caused by increased stimulation of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C.
A complex relationship between dopamine and OCD has been observed. Although antipsychotics, which act by antagonizing dopamine receptors, may improve some cases of OCD, they frequently exacerbate others. Antipsychotics, in the low doses used to treat OCD, may actually increase the release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, through inhibiting autoreceptors. Further complicating things is the efficacy of amphetamines, decreased dopamine transporter activity observed in OCD, and low levels of D2 binding in the striatum. Furthermore, increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens after deep brain stimulation correlates with improvement in symptoms, pointing to reduced dopamine release in the striatum playing a role in generating symptoms.
Abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission have been implicated in OCD. Findings such as increased cerebrospinal glutamate, less consistent abnormalities observed in neuroimaging studies, and the efficacy of some glutamatergic drugs (such as the glutamate-inhibiting riluzole) have implicated glutamate in OCD. OCD has been associated with reduced N-Acetylaspartic acid in the mPFC, which is thought to reflect neuron density or functionality, although the exact interpretation has not been established.
Diagnosis
Formal diagnosis may be performed by a psychologist, psychiatrist, clinical social worker, or other licensed mental health professional. OCD, like other mental and behavioral health disorders, cannot be diagnosed by a medical exam. Nor are there any medical exams that can predict if one will fall victim to such illnesses. To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must have obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM notes that there are multiple characteristics that can turn obsessions and compulsions from normalized behavior to "clinically significant". There has to be recurring and strong thoughts or impulsive that intrude on the day-to-day lives of the patients and cause noticeable levels of anxiousness.
These thoughts, impulses, or images are of a degree or type that lies outside the normal range of worries about conventional problems. A person may attempt to ignore, suppress such obsessions, neutralize them with another thought or action, or try to rationalize their anxiety away. People with OCD tend to recognize their obsessions as irrational.
Compulsions become clinically significant when a person feels driven to perform them in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly, and when the person consequently feels or causes significant distress. Therefore, while many people who do not have OCD may perform actions often associated with OCD (such as ordering items in a pantry by height), the distinction with clinically significant OCD lies in the fact that the person with OCD must perform these actions to avoid significant psychological distress. These behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these activities are not logically or practically connected to the issue, or, they are excessive. In addition, at some point during the course of the disorder, the individual must realize that his or her obsessions or compulsions are unreasonable or excessive.
Moreover, the obsessions or compulsions must be time-consuming, often taking up more than one hour per day, or cause impairment in social, occupational, or scholastic functioning. It is helpful to quantify the severity of symptoms and impairment before and during treatment for OCD. In addition to the person's estimate of the time spent each day harboring obsessive-compulsive thoughts or behaviors, concrete tools can be used to gauge the person's condition. This may be done with rating scales, such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS; expert rating) or the obsessive-compulsive inventory (OCI-R; self-rating). With measurements such as these, psychiatric consultation can be more appropriately determined, as it has been standardized.
In regards to diagnosing, the health professional also looks to make sure that the signs of obsessions and compulsions are not the results of any drugs, prescription or recreational, that the patient may be taking.
There are several types of obsessive thoughts that are found commonly in those with OCD. Some of these include fear of germs, hurting loved ones, embarrassment, neatness, societally unacceptable sexual thoughts etc. Within OCD, these specific categories are often diagnosed into their own type of OCD.
OCD is sometimes placed in a group of disorders called the obsessive–compulsive spectrum.
Another criterion in the DSM is that a person's mental illness does not fit one of the other categories of a mental disorder better. That is to say, if the obsessions and compulsions of a patient could be better described by trichotillomania, it would not be diagnosed as OCD. That being said, OCD does often go hand in hand with other mental disorders. For this reason, one may be diagnosed with multiple mental disorders at once.
A different aspect of the diagnoses is the degree of insight had by the individual in regards to the truth of the obsessions. There are three levels, good/fair, poor and absent/delusional. Good/fair indicated that the patient is aware that the obsessions they have are not true or probably not true. Poor indicates that the patient believes their obsessional beliefs are probably true. Absent/delusional indicates that they fully believe their obsessional thoughts to be true. Approximately 4% or fewer individuals with OCD will be diagnosed as absent/delusional. Additionally, as many as 30% of those with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder, meaning they have been diagnosed with a tic disorder at some point in their life.
There are several different types of tics that have been observed in individuals with OCD. These include but are not limited to, "grunting", "jerking" or "shrugging" body parts, sniffling, and excessive blinking.
There has been a significant amount of progress over the last few decades, and as of 2022 there is statically significant improvement in the diagnostic process for individuals with OCD. One study found that of two groups of individuals, one with participants under the age of 27.25 and one with participants over that age, those in the younger group experienced a significantly faster time between the onset of OCD tendencies and their formal diagnoses.
Differential diagnosis
OCD is often confused with the separate condition obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCD is egodystonic, meaning that the disorder is incompatible with the individual's self-concept. As egodystonic disorders go against a person's self-concept, they tend to cause much distress. OCPD, on the other hand, is egosyntonic, marked by the person's acceptance that the characteristics and behaviors displayed as a result are compatible with their self-image, or are otherwise appropriate, correct, or reasonable.
As a result, people with OCD are often aware that their behavior is not rational, and are unhappy about their obsessions, but nevertheless feel compelled by them. By contrast, people with OCPD are not aware of anything abnormal; they will readily explain why their actions are rational. It is usually impossible to convince them otherwise, and they tend to derive pleasure from their obsessions or compulsions.
Management
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychotropic medications are the first-line treatments for OCD.
Therapy
The specific CBT technique used is called exposure and response prevention (ERP), which involves teaching the person to deliberately come into contact with situations that trigger obsessive thoughts and fears (exposure), without carrying out the usual compulsive acts associated with the obsession (response prevention). This technique causes patients to gradually learn to tolerate the discomfort and anxiety associated with not performing their compulsions. For many patients, ERP is the add-on treatment of choice when selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) medication does not effectively treat OCD symptoms, or vice versa, for individuals who begin treatment with psychotherapy. Modalities differ in ERP treatment but both virtual reality based as well as unguided computer assisted treatment programs have shown effective results in treatment programs.
For example, a patient might be asked to touch something very mildly contaminated (exposure), and wash their hands only once afterward (response prevention). Another example might entail asking the patient to leave the house and check the lock only once (exposure), without going back to check again (response prevention). After succeeding at one stage of treatment, the patient's level of discomfort in the exposure phase can be increased. When this therapy is successful, the patient will quickly habituate to an anxiety-producing situation, discovering a considerable drop in anxiety level.
ERP has a strong evidence base, and is considered the most effective treatment for OCD. However, this claim was doubted by some researchers in 2000, who criticized the quality of many studies.
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a newer therapy also used to treat anxiety and depression, has also been found to be effective in treatment of OCD. ACT uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies to teach patients not to overreact to or avoid unpleasant thoughts and feelings but rather "move toward valued behavior."
A 2007 Cochrane review found that psychological interventions derived from CBT models, such as ERP and ACT, were more effective than non-CBT interventions. Other forms of psychotherapy, such as psychodynamics and psychoanalysis, may help in managing some aspects of the disorder. However, in 2007, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted a lack of controlled studies showing their efficacy, "in dealing with the core symptoms of OCD." For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB), behavioral interventions such as habit-reversal training and decoupling are recommended.
Psychotherapy in combination with psychiatric medication may be more effective than either option alone for individuals with severe OCD. ERP coupled with weight restoration and serotonin reuptake inhibitors has proven the most effective when treating OCD and an eating disorder simultaneously.
Medication
The medications most frequently used to treat OCD are antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Sertraline and fluoxetine are effective in treating OCD for children and adolescents.
SSRIs help people with OCD by inhibiting the reabsorption of serotonin by the nerve cells after they carry messages from neurons to synapse; thus, more serotonin is available to pass further messages between nearby nerve cells.
SSRIs are a second-line treatment of adult OCD with mild functional impairment, and as first-line treatment for those with moderate or severe impairment. In children, SSRIs can be considered as a second-line therapy in those with moderate to severe impairment, with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects. Patients treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as are those treated with placebo, so this treatment is qualified as efficacious. Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short-term (6–24 weeks) treatment trials, and in discontinuation trials with durations of 28–52 weeks.
Clomipramine, a medication belonging to the class of tricyclic antidepressants, appears to work as well as SSRIs, but has a higher rate of side effects.
In 2006, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommended augmentative second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics for treatment-resistant OCD. Atypical antipsychotics are not useful when used alone, and no evidence supports the use of first-generation antipsychotics. For OCD treatment specifically, there is tentative evidence for risperidone, and insufficient evidence for olanzapine. Quetiapine is no better than placebo with regard to primary outcomes, but small effects were found in terms of Y-BOCS score. The efficacy of quetiapine and olanzapine are limited by an insufficient number of studies. A 2014 review article found two studies that indicated that aripiprazole was "effective in the short-term", and found that "[t]here was a small effect-size for risperidone or anti-psychotics in general in the short-term"; however, the study authors found "no evidence for the effectiveness of quetiapine or olanzapine in comparison to placebo." While quetiapine may be useful when used in addition to an SSRI/SNRI in treatment-resistant OCD, these drugs are often poorly tolerated, and have metabolic side effects that limit their use. A guideline by the American Psychological Association suggested that dextroamphetamine may be considered by itself after more well-supported treatments have been attempted.
Procedures
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been found to have effectiveness in some severe and refractory cases. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has shown to provide therapeutic benefits in alleviating symptoms.
Surgery may be used as a last resort in people who do not improve with other treatments. In this procedure, a surgical lesion is made in an area of the brain (the cingulate cortex). In one study, 30% of participants benefitted significantly from this procedure. Deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are possible surgical options that do not require destruction of brain tissue. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration approved deep-brain stimulation for the treatment of OCD under a humanitarian device exemption, requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with special qualifications to do so.
In the United States, psychosurgery for OCD is a treatment of last resort, and will not be performed until the person has failed several attempts at medication (at the full dosage) with augmentation, and many months of intensive cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure and ritual/response prevention. Likewise, in the United Kingdom, psychosurgery cannot be performed unless a course of treatment from a suitably qualified cognitive–behavioral therapist has been carried out.
Children
Therapeutic treatment may be effective in reducing ritual behaviors of OCD for children and adolescents. Similar to the treatment of adults with OCD, cognitive behavioral therapy stands as an effective and validated first line of treatment of OCD in children. Family involvement, in the form of behavioral observations and reports, is a key component to the success of such treatments. Parental interventions also provide positive reinforcement for a child who exhibits appropriate behaviors as alternatives to compulsive responses. In a recent meta-analysis of evidenced-based treatment of OCD in children, family-focused individual CBT was labeled as "probably efficacious," establishing it as one of the leading psychosocial treatments for youth with OCD. After one or two years of therapy, in which a child learns the nature of their obsession and acquires strategies for coping, they may acquire a larger circle of friends, exhibit less shyness, and become less self-critical.
Although the known causes of OCD in younger age groups range from brain abnormalities to psychological preoccupations, life stress such as bullying and traumatic familial deaths may also contribute to childhood cases of OCD, and acknowledging these stressors can play a role in treating the disorder.
Epidemiology
Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their life, with the yearly rate about 1.2%. OCD occurs worldwide. It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of 35 and half of people develop problems before 20. Males and females are affected about equally. However there is an earlier age for onset for males than females.
Prognosis
Quality of life is reduced across all domains in OCD. While psychological or pharmacological treatment can lead to a reduction of OCD symptoms and an increase in reported quality of life, symptoms may persist at moderate levels even following adequate treatment courses, and completely symptom-free periods are uncommon. In pediatric OCD, around 40% still have the disorder in adulthood, and around 40% qualify for remission.
History
Plutarch, an ancient Greek philosopher and historian, describes an ancient Roman man who possibly had scrupulosity, which could be a symptom of OCD or OCPD. This man is described as "turning pale under his crown of flowers," praying with a "faltering voice," and scattering "incense with trembling hands."
In the 7th century AD, John Climacus records an instance of a young monk plagued by constant and overwhelming "temptations to blasphemy" consulting an older monk, who told him: "My son, I take upon myself all the sins which these temptations have led you, or may lead you, to commit. All I require of you is that for the future you pay no attention to them whatsoever." The Cloud of Unknowing, a Christian mystical text from the late 14th century, recommends dealing with recurring obsessions by attempting to ignore them, and, if that fails, to "cower under them like a poor wretch and a coward overcome in battle, and reckon it to be a waste of your time for you to strive any longer against them", a technique now known as emotional flooding.
From the 14th to the 16th century in Europe, it was believed that people who experienced blasphemous, sexual or other obsessive thoughts were possessed by the devil. Based on this reasoning, treatment involved banishing the "evil" from the "possessed" person through exorcism. The vast majority of people who thought that they were possessed by the devil did not have hallucinations or other "spectacular symptoms" but "complained of anxiety, religious fears, and evil thoughts." In 1584, a woman from Kent, England, named Mrs. Davie, described by a justice of the peace as "a good wife", was nearly burned at the stake after she confessed that she experienced constant, unwanted urges to murder her family.
The English term obsessive–compulsive arose as a translation of German Zwangsvorstellung (obsession) used in the first conceptions of OCD by Karl Westphal. Westphal's description went on to influence Pierre Janet, who further documented features of OCD. In the early 1910s, Sigmund Freud attributed obsessive–compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts that manifest as symptoms. Freud describes the clinical history of a typical case of "touching phobia" as starting in early childhood, when the person has a strong desire to touch an item. In response, the person develops an "external prohibition" against this type of touching. However, this "prohibition does not succeed in abolishing" the desire to touch; all it can do is repress the desire and "force it into the unconscious." Freudian psychoanalysis remained the dominant treatment for OCD until the mid-1980s, even though medicinal and therapeutic treatments were known and available, because it was widely thought that these treatments would be detrimental to the effectiveness of the psychotherapy. In the mid-1980s, this approach changed, and practitioners began treating OCD primarily with medicine and practical therapy rather than through psychoanalysis.
Notable cases
John Bunyan (1628–1688), the author of The Pilgrim's Progress, displayed symptoms of OCD (which had not yet been named). During the most severe period of his condition, he would mutter the same phrase over and over again to himself while rocking back and forth. He later described his obsessions in his autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, stating, "These things may seem ridiculous to others, even as ridiculous as they were in themselves, but to me they were the most tormenting cogitations." He wrote two pamphlets advising those with similar anxieties. In one of them, he warns against indulging in compulsions: "Have care of putting off your trouble of spirit in the wrong way: by promising to reform yourself and lead a new life, by your performances or duties".
British poet, essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) also had OCD. He had elaborate rituals for crossing the thresholds of doorways, and repeatedly walked up and down staircases counting the steps. He would touch every post on the street as he walked past, only step in the middles of paving stones, and repeatedly perform tasks as though they had not been done properly the first time.
The American aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes is known to have had OCD, primarily an obsessive fear of germs and contamination. Friends of Hughes have also mentioned his obsession with minor flaws in clothing. This was conveyed in The Aviator (2004), a film biography of Hughes.
English singer-songwriter George Ezra has openly spoken about his life-long struggle with OCD, particularly primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O).
World renowned Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg is also known to have OCD, among other mental health conditions.
American actor James Spader has also spoken about his OCD. In 2014, when interviewed for Rolling Stone he said: "I'm obsessive-compulsive. I have very, very strong obsessive-compulsive issues. I'm very particular. ... It's very hard for me, you know? It makes you very addictive in behavior, because routine and ritual become entrenched. But in work, it manifests itself in obsessive attention to detail and fixation. It serves my work very well: Things don't slip by. But I'm not very easygoing.
In 2022 the president of Chile Gabriel Boric stated that he had OCD, saying: "I have an obsessive–compulsive disorder that's completely under control. Thank God I've been able to undergo treatment and it doesn't make me unable to carry out my responsibilities as the President of the Republic."
Society and culture
Art, entertainment and media
Movies and television shows may portray idealized or incomplete representations of disorders such as OCD. Compassionate and accurate literary and on-screen depictions may help counteract the potential stigma associated with an OCD diagnosis, and lead to increased public awareness, understanding and sympathy for such disorders.
The play and film adaptations of The Odd Couple based around the character of Felix, who shows some of the common symptoms of OCD.
In the film As Good as It Gets (1997), actor Jack Nicholson portrays a man with OCD who performs ritualistic behaviors that disrupt his life.
The film Matchstick Men (2003) portrays a con man named Roy (Nicolas Cage) with OCD who opens and closes doors three times while counting aloud before he can walk through them.
In the television series Monk (2002–2009), the titular character Adrian Monk fears both human contact and dirt.
In the novel Turtles All the Way Down (2017) by John Green, teenage main character Aza Holmes struggles with OCD that manifests as a fear of the human microbiome. Throughout the story, Aza repeatedly opens an unhealed callus on her finger to drain out what she believes are pathogens. The novel is based on Green's own experiences with OCD. He explained that Turtles All the Way Down is intended to show how "most people with chronic mental illnesses also live long, fulfilling lives".
The British TV series Pure (2019) stars Charly Clive as a 24-year-old Marnie who is plagued by disturbing sexual thoughts, as a kind of primarily obsessional obsessive compulsive disorder.
Research
The naturally occurring sugar inositol has been suggested as a treatment for OCD.
μ-Opioids, such as hydrocodone and tramadol, may improve OCD symptoms. Administration of opiate treatment may be contraindicated in individuals concurrently taking CYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine and paroxetine.
Much current research is devoted to the therapeutic potential of the agents that affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate or the binding to its receptors. These include riluzole, memantine, gabapentin, N-acetylcysteine, topiramate and lamotrigine.
Other animals
References
External links
National Institute Of Mental Health
American Psychiatric Association
APA Division 12 treatment page for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Anxiety disorders
Magical thinking
Ritual
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive%20disorder
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Allotinus major, the major darkie, is a small butterfly found in Sulawesi that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.
Range
This species resides in Sulawesi, Sangihe, Banggai (Peleng) and Sula (Mangole).
Taxonomy
Along with Allotinus maximus this species forms the major group of Allotinus, which is restricted to the Sulawesi region.
Gallery
Cited references
Allotinus
Butterflies of Indonesia
Butterflies described in 1865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotinus%20major
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This article gives a list of all British Rail Class 87 locomotives.
Pre-tops numbers E3201–34 were allocated to the first 34 locomotives, but these were never carried.
Notes
References
External links
The AC Locomotive Group
Bo-Bo locomotives
BREL locomotives
British Rail electric locomotives
25 kV AC locomotives
British railway-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20Rail%20Class%2087%20locomotives
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Subuluridae is a family of spirurian nematodes which, together with the two species of Maupasinidae, make up the superfamily Subuluroidea. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system.
They number about one dozen genera and somewhat over 100 species, and are parasites of amniotes, chiefly birds and mammals.
Systematics
Several subfamilies are very small or even monotypic, and might not be valid. Spiruroides might actually belong in the Gongylonematidae, which are not closely related to the Subuluridae as far as Spiruria go.
Subfamily Allodapinae Inglis, 1958
Allodapa Diesing, 1861
Aulonocephalus Chandler, 1935
Subfamily Labiobulurinae Quentin, 1969
Cyclobulura Quentin, 1977
Labiobulura Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1948
Tarsubulura Inglis, 1958
Subfamily Leipoanematinae Chabaud, 1957
Leipoanema Johnston & Mawson, 1942
Subfamily Parasubulurinae Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938
Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938
Subfamily Subulurinae Travassos, 1914
Inglisubulura Devamma, 1977
Oxynema Linstow, 1899
Primasubulura Inglis, 1958
Spiruroides Cameron & Parnell, 1933 (tentatively placed here)
Subulura Molin, 1860
Travassallodapa López-Neyra, 1945
Footnotes
References
(2007): Family Subuluridae. Version of 2007-AUG-07. Retrieved 2008-NOV-05.
Ascaridida
Nematode families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subuluridae
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Tzvia Greenfield (, born 27 October 1945) is an Israeli politician and a former Member of the Knesset for Meretz. She was the first ex Haredi woman to be an MK.
Biography
Greenfield was born in Jerusalem in 1945. She grew up in a Haredi family and attended Bais Yaakov schools. She earned an M.A. in philosophy and history at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and later a Ph.D. in political philosophy. She became politically active in the early 1990s. In 1993, she established the Mifneh ["pivot point"] Institute to promote peace, tolerance, and democracy in Orthodox society. She was one of the founders of Orthodox Women for the Sanctity of Life, which opposed the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon. Greenfield is a member of the Board of Directors of B'tselem and was among the signatories of the Geneva accords. She wrote the book They Are Afraid': How the Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox Became the Leading Force in Israel. She lives in Har Nof, and her five children attend Orthodox Zionist schools.
In 2006, Greenfield decided to pursue a parliamentary career. She was on the Meretz list for the 17th Knesset and was ranked sixth in an internal vote by 700 of Meretz's 1,000 central committee members, after Chair Yossi Beilin, Ran Cohen, Avshalom Vilan, Zehava Gal-On, and Haim Oron. Meretz received five seats. On 4 November 2008, Greenfield replaced Beilin, who retired from politics, and became the first Haredi woman sworn into the Knesset. Prior to the 2009 elections, she again won sixth place on the Meretz list. However, she lost her seat in the February 2009 elections, as the party's representation was reduced to three seats.
Greenfield opposes the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict along the Green Line with "minor adjustments". She describes herself as a social democrat and a supporter of a strong welfare state. She does not follow any rabbis, claiming that contemporary Israeli rabbis do not advance the interests of their followers. She also accused them of not preparing their followers for the Gazan disengagement plan. She remains Orthodox, rather than choosing Reform Judaism or Conservative Judaism, because she believes in continuity, feels close to Jewish tradition and history, and is committed to observing Halacha.
Greenfield considers herself an Orthodox woman with similar values to those of the United States and Europe, accepting separation of church and state, which she believes is necessary in Israel as well in order to save Judaism. She supports gay rights and gay marriage. In her book, she accuses the Haredi sector of using child benefits as a source of income. She use elevators on Shabbat, and has a pet dog. She has stirred controversy among the Haredim, and Haredi journalist Kobi Arieli claimed that she is not truly Haredi because she has a dog, and that "real Haredim" hate Meretz.
Publications
They are afraid: how the religious and ultra-religious right became the leading factor in Israel (Yediot Aharanot/Tamar, 2001).
References
External links
Haredi politicians
Israeli Haredim
Jewish women politicians
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Women members of the Knesset
Israeli human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Meretz politicians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Politicians from Jerusalem
1945 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli women politicians
Haredi feminists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzvia%20Greenfeld
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Ironclads: American Civil War is a 3D naval historical turned-based strategy game based on the American Civil War.
The player operates a squadron of warships of the United States Navy or the Confederate States Navy: broadside ironclads, ironclad rams, ironclad turret ships, monitors, sloops-of-war, gunboats and screw commerce raiders. The player is tasked with destroying the opponent's ships, coastal batteries and warehouses.
A lot of attention went into the details, historical accuracy and convenience of the interface. 3D models of the ships are based on archival drawings. Realistic ship to ship combat simulating the characteristics of each ship, including: damage, flooding, fires, destruction, armor values and guns.
References
External links
Official website
2008 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
American Civil War video games
Naval video games
Turn-based tactics video games
Video games developed in Russia
Strategy First games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclads%3A%20American%20Civil%20War
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"Mala" is the first single from Yolandita's 31st studio album, Mala. This song was written by Maria Isabel Saavedra and produced by Jose Luis Pagan. The Yolandita new single “Mala”, was released on October 6, 2008 on national radio.
Music video
For this video, Yolandita had to be like his song "Mala". Before the world premiere of the video, Yolandita was giving interviews, while recording it, the television network with more reports on this video recording was Univision / Telefutura. But with this, the world premiere of the music video was for the Program of Telemundo Puerto Rico, "No Te Duermas" and was a success. The first part of the music video has a strong vocabulary, so they had to cut the voice, as Yolandita saying words like, "Mierda" and "Hijo de P...". With this, she had all expectations of the success of the single. Portions of the video, was to Monge, with several dancers, were filmed several scenes Yolandita in a bathroom next to a man who is assumed to be deceived (in the fabric of the song). Also at the end of the video, she is giving a concert in a "club", all this with a leather clothes and chains embedded in clothing, making their image "Mala".
New versions
Reggaeton and Tropical Official Remix
Yolandita Monge, began to record the official versions or "remix" of her first single in promotion "Mala", her new album, which bears the same name. The single, recorded in that version "reggaeton", will do next to the Puerto Rican reggaetón singer Ivy Queen, and this will be produced by the rappers, Luny Tunes.
In addition, Monge will save the tropical version of this theme, along with the Puerto Rican singer, "La India", this is the first duo that Yolandita makes along this singer.
Release history
Charts
References
External links
Facebook.com - Yolandita Monge Facebook Page
YolanditaMonge.net - La Eterna Diva Spanish Fansite.*
YolanditaMonge.com - Spanish Fansite
2008 singles
Ivy Queen songs
La India songs
Song recordings produced by Luny Tunes
2008 songs
es:Yolandita Monge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala%20%28song%29
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The is a Japanese statute enacted in 1962 which governs lawsuits involving the government of Japan. It overlays the Code of Civil Procedure, and the Code governs such cases to the extent the Act is silent.
Types of administrative litigation
The Act provides for four types of :
, an in-court appeal of an unlawful use of government authority. Such a claim may seek to cancel a government act (by far the most common type of administrative litigation), declare an act legally invalid, declare an inaction illegal, impose a duty or provide an injunction against future acts.
, which requires the resolution of a public law issue in the context of a private dispute. Most such cases are treated as ordinary civil litigation, so few cases are heard under the ex parte system. Common examples of ex parte cases include confirmation of Japanese nationality, and expropriation claims.
, essentially a class action of affected individuals against the government. The most common types are election-related litigation and citizen suits under the Local Autonomy Law.
, litigation between administrative entities or organs.
Objection by the Prime Minister
is that the challenge to that a court order to suspend execution in the . This is prescribed by the article 27 in the law. This institution is in only Japan, and no similar institution in another country.
Many administrative law jurists do not admit that this institution is constitutional, by reason of that violation to the principle of separation of powers.
However in 1969, the Tokyo District Court reject crime of a jurist who appeal that this institution is not constitutional.
Administrative litigation versus other means of appeal
The Administrative Appeal Act may also be used to appeal a wrongful government act. Administrative appeals are made directly to the government body whose act is being appealed. Ordinarily the petitioner may choose either venue to contest a government act. However, there are certain special cases (such as tax-related claims) where an administrative appeal process must be completed before a court may hear the case.
Note
References
.
External links
Administrative Case Litigation Act (in English), Ministry of Justice, Japan
Japanese legislation
Government of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative%20Litigation%20Act
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Attanagh railway station served the village of Attanagh in County Laois, Ireland.
The station opened on 1 March 1865. Passenger services were withdrawn on 1 January 1963 by CIÉ.
History
Opened by the Kilkenny Junction Railway, by the beginning of the 20th century the station was run by the Great Southern and Western Railway. It was absorbed into the Great Southern Railways in 1925.
The station was then nationalised, passing on to Córas Iompair Éireann as a result of the Transport Act 1944 which took effect from 1 January 1945. It was closed in 1963.
References
Further reading
External links
Disused railway stations in County Laois
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1865
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland closed in 1963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attanagh%20railway%20station
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The Carfax Conduit was a water conduit that supplied the city of Oxford with water from 1610 until 1869.
The conduit ran in an underground lead pipe from a spring on the hillside above the village of North Hinksey, beneath Seacourt Stream and the River Thames, to a building at Carfax in the centre of Oxford. The system was built by Otho Nicholson, a London lawyer, to supply the citizens of Oxford with clean water. It replaced a system built by Osney Abbey between 1205 and 1221 that had fallen into disrepair.
The conduit building at Carfax was an elaborate structure, some tall, with eight niches containing statues of historic and mythical figures. By 1787 it had become an obstacle to traffic and it was removed in 1797 and replaced by a smaller cistern. The original structure was given to the Earl Harcourt, who had it re-erected in the grounds of his home, Nuneham House, where it remains to this day. Two plaques are attached to opposite sides of the building, giving a short history in English and Latin. The re-erected conduit is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.
A building, now called the Conduit House, was built at Harcourt Hill over the spring. It remains in situ and is in the care of English Heritage. The Conduit House site is designated as a Grade II* listed building and a scheduled monument.
The entire system fell into disuse in the 19th century. In 1869, when it was carrying very little water, the conduit was sold to Oxford Corporation.
Locations
Conduit House
Carfax
Cistern, now at Nuneham House
Notes
References
Hibbert, Christopher (ed.) (1988) The Encyclopaedia of Oxford; associate editor: Edward Hibbert. London: Macmillan
Buildings and structures in Oxfordshire
English Heritage sites in Oxfordshire
Grade I listed buildings in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Oxfordshire
Scheduled monuments in Oxfordshire
Aqueducts in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1617
Infrastructure completed in 1617
1617 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfax%20Conduit
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