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Marion Cunningham may refer to:
Marion Cunningham (author) (1922–2012), American cookbook author
Marion Cunningham (baseball) (1895–1982), American Negro leagues baseball player
Marion Cunningham (Happy Days), a fictional character on the 1970s television series Happy Days, played by Marion Ross
Marion Osborn Cunningham (1908–1948), American artist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Cunningham |
Masad may refer to:
Ala ud din Masud
Məsəd, Azerbaijan
Masad, Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masad |
Trucksville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,152 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Trucksville is located at , along Pennsylvania Route 309 in the western part of Kingston Township. It is located directly south of the CDP of Shavertown and north of the borough of Kingston. Trucksville is served by the Shavertown post office, with the zip code of 18708.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
The village is the site of the Lands at Hillside Farms, a popular small dairy store planned to expand into a major U.S. attraction the likes of Williamsburg, Virginia. The town has a volunteer fire department, a Methodist church, and a popular pizza place established in 1975. Trucksville is named for the town's founder, William Trucks (Trux), who operated a sawmill in the 19th century.
References
Census-designated places in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucksville%2C%20Pennsylvania |
The Lincoln Premiere was a luxury car model sold by Lincoln in the 1956 to 1960 model years. Positioned below the company's Continental Mark II coupe during 1956–1957 and above the Capri which it shared from 1956–1959, it was produced in 2 and 4 door versions which could both accommodate up to six people.
The Premiere was for a short time the largest, top level 4-door sedan Lincoln offered against rivals from Cadillac, Imperial and Packard during the mid-1950s while not being available as an extended length limousine.
For 1958, the Premiere shared its chassis and mechanicals with the Continental Mark III–V sedans, until it was replaced with the 1961 Continental sedan.
The Premiere name has been currently revived as a trim level on Lincoln models.
1956–1957
The Premiere was introduced in 1956 as an upscale version of the Lincoln Capri. It featured a Lincoln Y-Block V8 and it was approximately 223" (5664 mm) long in 1956. The vehicle weighed 4357 lb (1976.3 kg) and had a base price of $4,601 in 1956 ($ in dollars ). The top-end Lincoln, it was substantially different from the much more expensive and conservatively styled Continental Mark II sold by Ford's Continental Motorcars division, and was marketed against the Cadillac Series 62, Imperial Crown Coupe and Packard Patrician. To emphasize Lincoln's exclusivity and specialized appearance, there were 20 available colors, with 34 two-tone exterior color selections for 1956, increasing to 76 two-tone color choices and only 18 single color selections for 1957. 1956 production totals show a combination of 19,619 Hardtop Coupes, 19,465 4-door Sedans and 2,447 Convertibles were assembled.
The Premiere's appearance reflected the Capri's derivation from the radically different concept cars, the Mercury XM-800 and the Lincoln Futura in an era of fascination with the Space Race and Mid-century modern architecture and monochromatic appearances. It was known for a stylish exterior, high-grade interior and some unique features, such as optional factory installed air conditioning being run through overhead ducts much like those in an aircraft. The cool air was directed to the roof via a pair of clear plastic ducts visible through the rear window at each side, connecting upward from the rear package tray. Four way power seats were standard. The front suspension was independent with a stabilizer bar, and for 1957 the driving light was relocated from the bottom edge of the front bumper and installed below the conventional sealed beam, two-way headlight while giving an appearance of having stacked dual headlights which Lincoln called "Quadra-Lite".
1958–1960
These were the first Lincolns produced at the new Wixom plant, and were made on a unibody platform, Lincoln's first since the Lincoln-Zephyr. While advertising brochures made the case that Continental was still a separate make, the car shared its body with that year's Lincoln. The Lincoln Premiere was placed between the Lincoln Capri and Continental in trim level, with a traditional roof treatment instead of the Continental's extravagant reverse-angle power rear "breezeway" window that retracted behind the back seat that was also featured on the Mercury Turnpike Cruiser. Lincoln lost over $60 million ($ in dollars ) during 1958–1960, reflecting the enormous expense of developing the largest unibody car produced to date and poor consumer reception. The 1958 full-size Lincoln sold poorly in all models, compounded by the economic recession in the U.S and sold only 10,275 with an average retail price of US$5,483 ($ in dollars ).
The 1958–60 Lincoln Premiere was truly hulking. One of the largest cars ever made regardless of platform, larger than contemporaneous Cadillac Sixty-Specials or Imperial Crowns. With canted headlights and heavily scalloped fenders its styling was considered excessive even in a decade overcome with it. They are the longest Lincolns ever produced without federally mandated 5 mph (8.0 km/h) bumpers.
The front and rear shoulder room they possessed set a record for Lincoln that still stands to this day. FM radio was a rare option.
The model's overkill reflected the superabundance of styling talent involved in the development and modification of Lincolns of this vintage. George W. Walker, known for his contribution to the development of the original Ford Thunderbird, was Vice-President in charge of Styling at Ford during this time. Elwood Engel, famous for being lead designer of the 1961 Lincoln Continental and for his work as chief designer at Chrysler in the 1960s, was Staff Stylist (and consequently roamed all of the design studios) at Ford during this period and worked very closely with John Najjar in developing not only the 1958, but also the 1959 update. After Najjar was relieved of his responsibilities as Chief Stylist of Lincoln in 1957 he became Engel's executive assistant, and the two worked closely together in the "stilleto studio" in developing the 1961 Lincoln Continental, which won an award for its superlative styling. After Engel left Ford in 1961, Najjar became the lead designer of the Ford Mustang I concept car, which later gave birth to the Ford Mustang. Don Delarossa, who succeeded Najjar as Chief Stylist of Lincoln, was responsible for the 1960 Continental and Premiere update, and went on to become chief designer at Chrysler in the 1980s. Alex Tremulis, Chief Stylist at Auburn-Cord-Duesenberg in the mid to late 1930s and famous for the 1948 Tucker Sedan, was head of Ford's Advanced Styling Studio during this period. It was his Ford La Tosca concept car, with its oval overlaid with an "X" theme, that gave birth to the "slant eyed monster" nickname to the 1958 Lincoln front end. Immediately after he rebounded with a contribution to Joe Oros' dramatic "bullet" design for the 1961 Thunderbird.
References
Premiere
1950s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20Premiere |
The Times is an Australian midweek current affairs program hosted by Paul Barry that was broadcast on the Seven Network. It aired from March 1994 until November 1995.
Overview
It began in March 1994 airing late night on Wednesdays, and included regular contributions from Neil Mercer, and Seven's senior Canberra reporter, Glenn Milne. The program later moved to Sunday nights where it would screen after the Sunday night movie, and then in August 1995 it moved to Tuesday nights.
Unlike most current affairs programs, The Times made heavy use of short cuts, subtitles and fast-paced music, resulting in an energetic style aimed at younger viewers.
It was axed in November 1995, but the program's staff moved on to work on the new 10:30 pm news bulletin hosted by Anne Fulwood.
See also
List of Australian television series
External links
The Times at the National Film and Sound Archive
1994 Australian television series debuts
1995 Australian television series endings
Australian non-fiction television series
Seven Network original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Times%20%28TV%20program%29 |
Nowshera Virkan () is a town and a tehsil situated to the west of the industrial city of Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Nowshera Virkan is a hub of rice-growing villages.
History
Nowshera Virkan has been a center of political activities from its earliest days. It was dominated by Rajput, Jutt, Arain, and Syed families. It is located in the Gujranwala District and is one of the largest of the four tehsils (administrative divisions). It lies between three large cities: Gujranwala, Hafizabad, and Sheikhupura. The dominant surnames of the Nowshera Virkan people are from military castes, including [Arain] [Bhuttah, Maan], Rajput, Virk & SyedAnd Most of Mattu Jatz.
Elections
Ch Ijaz Khan was one of the most influential and popular leaders of this region in the twentieth century. He was elected four times as a Member of the National Assembly (MNA) from this region and was affiliated with the Pakistan Muslim League (N). After his death, his son Chaudhry Bilal Ijaz was elected MNA at age 25 in 2002 from Pakistan Muslim League (Q), defeating Hamid Nasir Chattha. Later in 2008, Mudassir Qayyum Nahra, a Member of the Provincial Assembly (MPA) from PP-102 in 2002–2008, won the seat, but was disqualified and jailed in 2010 for bearing a fake degree. In the 2010 by-elections, Chaudry Tussadiq Masud Khan (Pakistan Peoples Party), a relative of Bilal Ijaz and a member of the Rajput family, was elected as MNA. In 2013 and 2018, Azhar Qayyum Nahra (PMLN), brother of Mudassir Nahra, won the seat, due to PMLN's overall stronghold in Gujranwala region. Bilal Ijaz contested both 2013 and 2018 elections on PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) ticket but was unsuccessful. The Nahra family is facing charges from the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) for bearing assets beyond income sources.
Towns
Nowshera Virkan Tehsil has many small Towns like Jago Wala New, Tatly Aali,Nokhar,Kot Ladha,Jalhan,Bhiri Shah Rahman,Majo Chak,Karyal kalan,Mattu Bhaiky
References
Cities and towns in Gujranwala District
Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera%20Virkan%20Tehsil |
An operating agreement is a key document used by limited liability companies (LLCs) to outline the business' financial and functional decisions including rules, regulations and provisions. The purpose of the document is to govern the internal operations of the business in a way that suits the specific needs of the business owners, called "members". Once the document is signed by the members of the limited liability company, it acts as an official contract binding them to its terms. An operating agreement is mandatory as per laws in only 3 states: California, Missouri, and New York. LLCs operating without an operating agreement are governed by the state's default rules contained in the relevant statute and developed through state court decisions. An operating agreement is similar in function to corporate by-laws, or analogous to a partnership agreement in multi-member LLCs. In single-member LLC, an operating agreement is a declaration of the structure that the member has chosen for the company and sometimes used to prove in court that the LLC structure is separate from that of the individual owner and thus necessary so that the owner has documentation to prove that he or she is indeed separate from the entity itself.
Most states do not require operating agreements. However, an operating agreement is highly recommended for multi-member LLCs because it structures an LLC's finances and organization, and provides rules and regulations for smooth operation. The operating agreement usually includes percentage of interests, allocation of profits and losses, member's rights and responsibilities and other provisions.
References
Business documents
Business process
Business terms
Agreements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating%20agreement |
Arab culture is the culture of the Arabs, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, in a region of the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab world. The various religions the Arabs have adopted throughout their history and the various empires and kingdoms that have ruled and took lead of the Arabian civilization have contributed to the ethnogenesis and formation of modern Arab culture. Language, literature, gastronomy, art, architecture, music, spirituality, philosophy and mysticism are all part of the cultural heritage of the Arabs.
The countries of the Arab world, from Morocco to Iraq, share a common culture, traditions, language and history that give the region a distinct identity and distinguish it from other parts of the Muslim world. The Arab world is sometimes divided into separate regions depending on different cultures, dialects and traditions, such as the Arabian Peninsula (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates), Egypt, the Levant (Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Jordan), the Maghreb (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania), Mesopotamia (Iraq), and Sudan.
Literature
Arabic literature is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by speakers of the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is adab which is derived from a word meaning "to invite someone for a meal" and implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 6th century, with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an, from the 7th century, had the greatest and longest-lasting effect on Arabic culture and literature. Al-Khansa, a female contemporary of Muhammad, was an acclaimed Arab poet.
Mu'allaqat
The Mu'allaqat (Arabic: المعلقات, ) is the name given to a series of seven Arabic poems or qasida that originated before the time of Islam. Each poem in the set has a different author, and is considered to be their best work. Mu'allaqat means "The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems," and comes from the poems being hung on the wall in the Kaaba at Mecca.
The seven authors, who span a period of around 100 years, are Imru' al-Qais, Tarafa, Zuhayr, Labīd, 'Antara Ibn Shaddad, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, and Harith ibn Hilliza. All of the Mu’allaqats contain stories from the authors’ lives and tribe politics. This is because poetry was used in pre-Islamic time to advertise the strength of a tribe's king, wealth and people.
The One Thousand and One Nights ( ʾAlf layla wa-layla), is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade, a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands.
During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and ninth-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.
Music
Arabic music is the music of Arab people, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long been dominated by Cairo, a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from Tunisia to Saudi Arabia. Beirut has, in recent years, also become a major center of Arabic music. Classical Arab music is extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of popular music include Iraqi el Maqaam, Algerian raï, Kuwaiti sawt and Egyptian el gil.
"The common style that developed is usually called 'Islamic' or 'Arab', though in fact it transcends religious, ethnic, geographical, and linguistic boundaries" and it is suggested that it be called the Near East (from Morocco to Afghanistan) style (van der Merwe, Peter 1989, p. 9).
Habib Hassan Touma (1996, p.xix-xx) lists "five components" which "characterize the music of the Arabs:
The Arab tone system (a musical tuning system) with specific interval structures, invented by al-Farabi in the 10th century (p. 170).
Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of rhythmic patterns, awzan, used to accompany the metered vocal and instrumental genres and give them form.
Musical instruments that are found throughout the Arabian world and that represent a standardized tone system, are played with standardized performance techniques, and exhibit similar details in construction and design.
Specific social contexts for the making of music, whereby musical genres can be classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or Bedouin (music of the desert inhabitants).
A musical mentality that is responsible for the aesthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures in Arabian music, whether composed or improvised, instrumental or vocal, secular or sacred. The Arab's musical mentality is defined by:
The maqām phenomenon.
The predominance of vocal music.
The predilection for small instrumental ensembles.
The mosaiclike stringing together of musical form elements, that is, the arrangement in a sequence of small and smallest melodic elements, and their repetition, combination, and permutation within the framework of the tonal-spatial model.
The absence of polyphony, polyrhythm, and motivic development. Arabian music is, however, very familiar with the ostinato, as well as with a more instinctive heterophonic way of making music.
The alternation between a free rhythmic-temporal and fixed tonal-spatial organization on the one hand and a fixed rhythmic-temporal and free tonal-spatial structure on the other. This alternation... results in exciting contrasts."
Much Arab music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm rather than harmony. Thus much Arabic music is homophonic in nature. Some genres of Arab music are polyphonic—as the instrument Kanoun is based upon the idea of playing two-note chords—but quintessentially, Arabic music is melodic.
It would be incorrect though to call it modal, for the Arabic system is more complex than that of the Greek modes. The basis of the Arabic music is the maqam (pl. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The maqam has a "tonal" note on which the piece must end (unless modulation occurs).
The maqam consists of at least two jins, or scale segments. "Jins" in Arabic comes from the ancient Greek word "genus," meaning type. In practice, a jins (pl. ajnas) is either a trichord, a tetrachord, or a pentachord. The trichord is three notes, the tetrachord four, and the pentachord five. The maqam usually covers only one octave (two jins), but sometimes it covers more than one octave. Like the melodic minor scale and Indian ragas, some maqamat have different ajnas, and thus notes, while descending or ascending. Because of the continuous innovation of jins and because most music scholars don't agree on the existing number anyway, it's hard to give an accurate number of the jins. Nonetheless, in practice most musicians would agree on the 8 most frequently used ajnas: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, and Ajam — and a few of the most commonly used variants of those: Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba Zamzama. Mukhalif is a rare jins used exclusively in Iraq, and it does not occur in combination with other ajnas.
The main difference between the western chromatic scale and the Arabic scales is the existence of many in-between notes, which are sometimes referred to as quarter tones for the sake of practicality. However, while in some treatments of theory the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist, according to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) in practice there are many fewer tones (Touma 1996, p. 170).
In fact, the situation is much more complicated than that. In 1932, at International Convention on Arabic music held in Cairo, Egypt (attended by such Western luminaries as Béla Bartók and Henry George Farmer), experiments were done which determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale, and furthermore that the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq). The commission's recommendation is as follows: "The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are..." (translated in Maalouf 2002, p. 220). Both in modern practice, and based on the evidence from recorded music over the course of the last century, there are several differently tuned "E"s in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale, depending on the maqam or jins in use, and depending on the region.
Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as "quarter-tones" ("half-flat" or "half-sharp") for ease of nomenclature, but perform and teach the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam by ear. It should also be added, in reference to Touma's comment above, that these "quarter-tones" are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the Well-Tempered Klavier, and so the most commonly used "quarter tones" are on E (between E-flat and E-natural), A, B, D, F (between F-natural and F-sharp) and C.
The prototypical Arab ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the takht, which includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the 'oud, qanún, rabab, nay, violin (which was introduced in the 1840s or 50s), riq and dumbek. In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the chalghi, includes only two melodic instruments—the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and santur—with riq and dumbek.
Dance
Arab folk dances also referred to as Oriental dance, Middle-Eastern dance and Eastern dance, refers to the traditional folk dances of the Arabs in Arab world (Middle East and North Africa). The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with the belly dance. However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance, and many of them have a long history. These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court. Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and performative music and dance as long-standing traditions in Arab history. Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the belly dance and the Dabke.
Belly dance also referred to as Arabic dance ( is an Arab expressive dance, which emphasizes complex movements of the torso. Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a circular way.
Media
Prior to the Islamic Era, poetry was regarded as the main means of communication on the Arabian Peninsula. It related the achievements of tribes and defeats of enemies and also served as a tool for propaganda. After the arrival of Islam, Imams (preachers) played a role in disseminating information and relating news from the authorities to the people. The suq or marketplace gossip and interpersonal relationships played an important role in the spreading of news, and this form of communication among Arabs continues today. Before the introduction of the printing press Muslims obtained most of their news from the imams at the mosque, friends or in the marketplace. Colonial powers and Christian Missionaries in Lebanon were responsible for the introduction of the printing press. It was not until the 19th century that the first newspapers began to appear, mainly in Egypt and Lebanon, which had the most newspapers per capita.
During French rule in Egypt in the time of Napoleon Bonaparte the first newspaper was published, in French. There is debate over when the first Arabic language newspaper was published; according to Arab scholar Abu Bakr, it was Al Tanbeeh (1800), published in Egypt, or it was Junral Al Iraq (1816), published in Iraq, according to other researchers. In the mid-19th century the Turkish Empire dominated the first newspapers.
The first newspapers were limited to official content and included accounts of relations with other countries and civil trials. In the following decades Arab media blossomed due to journalists mainly from Syria and Lebanon, who were intellectuals and published their newspapers without the intention of making a profit. Because of the restrictions by most governments, these intellectuals were forced to flee their respective countries but had gained a following and because of their popularity in this field of work other intellectuals began to take interest in the field.
The first émigré Arab newspaper, Mar’at al Ahwal, was published in Turkey in 1855 by Rizqallah Hassoun Al Halabi. It was criticized by the Ottoman Empire and shut down after only one year. Intellectuals in the Arab world soon realized the power of the press. Some countries' newspapers were government-run and had political agendas in mind. Independent newspapers began to spring up which expressed opinions and were a place for the public to out their views on the state. Illiteracy rates in the Arab world played a role in the formation of media, and due to the low reader rates newspapers were forced to get political parties to subsidize their publications, giving them input to editorial policy.
Freedoms that have branched through the introduction of the Internet in Middle East are creating a stir politically, culturally, and socially. There is an increasing divide between the generations. The Arab world is in conflict internally. The internet has brought economic prosperity and development, but bloggers have been incarcerated all around in the Middle East for their opinions and views on their regimes, the same consequence which was once given to those who publicly expressed themselves without anonymity. But the power of the internet has provided also a public shield for these bloggers since they have the ability to engage public sympathy on such a large scale. This is creating a dilemma that shakes the foundation of Arab culture, government, religious interpretation, economic prosperity, and personal integrity.
Each country or region in the Arab world has varying colloquial languages which are used for everyday speech, yet its presence in the media world is discouraged. Prior to the establishment of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), during the 19th century, the language of the media was stylized and resembled literary language of the time, proving to be ineffective in relaying information. Currently MSA is used by Arab media, including newspapers, books and some television stations, in addition to all formal writing. Vernaculars are however present in certain forms of media including satires, dramas, music videos and other local programs.
Media values
Journalism ethics is a system of values that determines what constitutes "good" and "bad" journalism. A system of media values consists of and is constructed by journalists' and other actors' decisions about issues like what is "newsworthy," how to frame the news, and whether to observe topical "red lines." Such a system of values varies over space and time, and is embedded within the existing social, political, and economic structures in a society. William Rugh states, "There is an intimate, organic relationship between media institutions and society in the way that those institutions are organized and controlled. Neither the institution nor the society in which it functions can be understood properly without reference to the other. This is certainly true in the Arab world." Media values in the Arab world therefore vary between and within countries. In the words of Lawrence Pintak and Jeremy Ginges (2008), “The Arab media are not a monolith.”
Journalists in the Arab world hold many of the same values with their news generation as do journalists in the Western world. Journalists in the Arab world often aspire to Western norms of objectivity, impartiality, and balance. Kuldip Roy Rampal's study of journalist training programs in North Africa leads him to the conclusion that, "the most compelling dilemma faced by professional journalists, increasingly graduates of journalism degree programs, in the four Maghreb states is how to reconcile their preference for press freedom and objectivity with constraints imposed by political and legal factors that point to a pro-government journalism." Iyotika Ramaprasad and Naila Nabil Hamdy state, “A new trend toward objectivity and impartiality as a value in Arab journalism seems to be emerging, and the values of Arab and Western journalism in this field have started to converge.” Further, many journalists in the Arab world express their desires for the media to become a fourth estate akin to the media in the West. In a survey of 601 journalists in the Arab world, 40% of them viewed investigation of the government as part of their job.
Important differences between journalists in the Arab world and their Western counterparts are also apparent. Some journalists in the Arab world see no conflict between objectivity and support for political causes. Ramprasad and Hamdy's sample of 112 Egyptian journalists gave the highest importance to supporting Arabism and Arab values, which included injunctions such as “defend Islamic societies, traditions and values” and “support the cause of the Palestinians.” Sustaining democracy through “examining government policies and decisions critically,” ranked a close second.
Other journalists reject the notion of media ethics altogether because they see it as a mechanism of control. Kai Hafez states, “Many governments in the Arab world have tried to hijack the issue of media ethics and have used it as yet another controlling device, with the result that many Arab journalists, while they love to speak about the challenges of their profession, hate performing under the label of media ethics.”
Historically, news in the Arab world was used to inform, guide, and publicize the actions of political practitioners rather than being just a consumer product. The power of news as political tool was discovered in the early 19th century, with the purchase of shares from Le Temps a French newspaper by Ismail the grandson of Muhammad Ali. Doing so allowed Ismail to publicize his policies. Arab Media coming to modernity flourished and with it its responsibilities to the political figures that have governed its role. Ami Ayalon argues in his history of the press in the Arab Middle East that, “Private journalism began as an enterprise with very modest objectives, seeking not to defy authority but rather to serve it, to collaborate and coexist cordially with it. The demand for freedom of expression, as well as for individual political freedom, a true challenge to the existing order, came only later, and hesitantly at that, and was met by a public response that can best be described as faint."
Media researchers stress that the moral and social responsibility of newspeople dictates that they should not agitate public opinion, but rather should keep the status quo. It is also important to preserve national unity by not stirring up ethnic or religious conflict.
The values of media in the Arab world have started to change with the emergence of “new media." Examples of new media include news websites, blogs, and satellite television stations like Al Arabiya. The founding of the Qatari Al Jazeera network in 1996 especially affected media values. Some scholars believe that the network has blurred the line between private- and state- run news. Mohamed Zayani and Sofiane Sabraoui state, “Al Jazeera is owned by the government, but has an independent editorial policy; it is publicly funded, but independent minded.” The Al Jazeera media network espouses a clear mission and strategy, and was one of the first news organizations in the Arab world to release a code of ethics. Despite its government ties, it seeks to “give no priority to commercial or political over professional consideration” and to “cooperate with Arab and international journalistic unions and associations to defend freedom of the press.” With a motto of “the view and the other view,” it purports to “present the diverse points of view and opinions without bias and partiality.” It has sought to fuse these ostensibly Western media norms with a wider “Arab orientation,” evocative of the social responsibility discussed by scholars such as Noha Mellor above.
Some more recent assessments of Al Jazeera have criticized it for a lack of credibility in the wake of the Arab Spring. Criticism has come from within the Arab Middle East, including from state governments. Independent commentators have criticized its neutrality vis-a-vis the Syrian Civil War.
Media values are not the only variable that affects news output in Arab society. Hafez states, “The interaction of political, economic, and social environments with individual and collective professional ethics is the driving force behind journalism.” In most Arab countries, newspapers cannot be published without a government-issued license. Most Arab countries also have press laws, which impose boundaries on what can and cannot be said in print.
Censorship plays a significant role in journalism in the Arab world. Censorship comes in a variety of forms: Self-censorship, Government Censorship (governments struggle to control through technological advances in ex. the internet), Ideology/Religious Censorship, and Tribal/Family/Alliances Censorship. Because Journalism in the Arab world comes with a range of dangers – journalists throughout the Arab world can be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed in their line of work – self-censorship is extremely important for many Arab journalists. A study conducted by the Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) in Jordan, for example, found that the majority of Jordanian journalists exercise self-censorship. CPJ found that 34 journalists were killed in the region in 2012, 72 were imprisoned on December 1, 2012, and 126 were in exile from 2007 to 2012.
A related point is that media owners and patrons have effects on the values of their outlets. Newspapers in the Arab world can be divided into three categories: government owned, partisan owned, and independently owned. Newspaper, radio, and television patronization in the Arab world has heretofore been primarily a function of governments. "Now, newspaper ownership has been consolidated in the hands of powerful chains and groups. Yet, profit is not the driving force behind the launching of newspapers; publishers may establish a newspaper to ensure a platform for their political opinions, although it is claimed that this doesn't necessarily influence the news content". In the Arab world, as far as content is concerned, news is politics. Arab states are intimately involved in the economic well-being of many Arab news organizations so they apply pressure in several ways, most notably through ownership or advertising.
Some analysts hold that cultural and societal pressures determine journalists' news output in the Arab world. For example, to the extent that family reputation and personal reputation are fundamental principles in Arabian civilization, exposes of corruption, examples of weak moral fiber in governors and policy makers, and investigative journalism may have massive consequences. In fact, some journalists and media trainers in the Arab world nevertheless actively promote the centrality of investigative journalism to the media's larger watchdog function. In Jordan, for example, where the degree of government and security service interference in the media is high, non-governmental organizations such as the Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) and Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) train journalists to undertake investigative journalism projects.
Some Saudi journalists stress the importance of enhancing Islam through the media. The developmental role of media was acknowledged by an overwhelming majority of Saudi journalists, while giving the readers what they want was not regarded as a priority. However, journalism codes, as an important source for the study of media values, complicate this notion. Kai Hafez states, “The possible hypothesis that Islamic countries might not be interested in ‘truth’ and would rather propagate ‘Islam’ as the single truth cannot be verified completely because even a code that limits journalists’ freedom of expression to Islamic objectives and values, the Saudi Arabian code, demands that journalists present real facts.” In addition, Saudi journalists operate in an environment in which anti-religious talk is likely to be met with censorship.
Patterns of consumption also affect media values. People in the Arab world rely on newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet to differing degrees and to meet a variety of ends. For Rugh, the proportion of radio and television receivers to Arab populations relative to UNESCO minimum standards suggests that radio and television are the most widely consumed media. He estimates that television reaches well over 100 million people in the region, and this number has likely grown since 2004. By contrast, he supposes that Arab newspapers are designed more for elite-consumption on the basis of their low circulation. He states, "Only five Arab countries have daily newspapers which distribute over 60,000 copies and some have dailies only in the under-10,000 range. Only Egypt has dailies which distribute more than a half million copies." Estimating newspaper readership is complicated, however, by the fact that single newspapers can change hands many times in a day. Finally, the internet continues to be a fairly common denominator in Arab societies. A report by the Dubai School of Government and Bayt.com estimates that there are more than 125 million Internet users in the region, and that more than 53 million of them actively use social media. They caution, however, that while "the internet has wide-ranging benefits, these benefits do not reach large segments of societies in the Arab region. The digital divide remains a significant barrier for many people. In many parts of the Arab world levels of educational attainment, economic activity, standards of living and internet costs still determine a person's access to life-changing technology. Further, according to Leo Gher and Hussein Amin, the Internet and other modern telecommunication services may serve to counter the effects of private and public ownership and patronage of the press. They state, "Modern international telecommunications services now assist in the free flow of information, and neither inter-Arab conflicts nor differences among groups will affect the direct exchange of services provided by global cyberspace networks."
Magazines
In most Arabian countries, magazines cannot be published without a government-issued license. Magazines in the Arabian world, like many of the magazines in the Western world, are geared towards women. However, the number of magazines in the Arab world is significantly smaller than that of the Western world. The Arab world is not as advertisement driven as the Western world. Advertisers fuel the funding for most Western magazines to exist. Thus, a lesser emphasis on advertisement in the Arabian world plays into the low number of magazines.
Radio
There are 40 private radio stations throughout the Middle East (list of private radio stations in the Arab world)
Arab radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, but only a few Arab countries had their own broadcasting stations before World War II. After 1945, most Arab states began to create their own radio broadcasting systems, although it was not until 1970, when Oman opened its radio transmissions, that every one of them had its own radio station.
Among Arab countries, Egypt has been a leader in radio broadcasting from the beginning. Broadcasting began in Egypt in the 1920s with private commercial radio. In 1947, however, the Egyptian government declared radio a government monopoly and began investing in its expansion.
By the 1970s, Egyptian radio had fourteen different broadcast services with a total air time of 1,200 hours per week. Egypt is ranked third in the world among radio broadcasters. The programs were all government controlled, and much of the motivation for the government's investment in radio was due to the aspirations of President Gamal Abdel Nasser to be the recognized leader of the Arab world.
Egypt's "Voice of the Arabs" station, which targeted other Arab countries with a constant stream of news and political features and commentaries, became the most widely heard station in the region. Only after the June 1967 war, when it was revealed that this station had misinformed the public about what was happening, did it lose some credibility; nevertheless it retained a large listenership.
On the Arabian Peninsula, radio was slower to develop. In Saudi Arabia, radio broadcasts started in the Jidda-Mecca area in 1948, but they did not start in the central or eastern provinces until the 1960s. Neighboring Bahrain had radio by 1955, but Qatar, Abu Dhabi, and Oman did not start indigenous radio broadcasting until nearly a quarter century later.
Television
Almost all television channels in the Arab world were government-owned and strictly controlled prior to the 1990s. In the 1990s the spread of satellite television began changing television in Arab countries. Often noted as a pioneer, Al Jazeera represents a shift towards a more professional approach to news and current affairs. Financed by the Qatar government and established in 1996, Al Jazeera was the first Arabic channel to deliver extensive live news coverage, going so far as to send reporters to "unthinkable" places like Israel. Breaking the mold in more ways than one, Al Jazeera's discussion programs raised subjects that had long been prohibited. However, in 2008, Egypt and Saudi Arabia called for a meeting to approve a charter to regulate satellite broadcasting. The Arab League Satellite Broadcasting Charter (2008) lays out principles for regulating satellite broadcasting in the Arab world.
Other satellite channels:
Al Arabiya: established in 2003; based in Dubai; offshoot of MBC
Alhurra ("The Free One"): established in 2004 by the United States; counter-perceives biases in Arab news media
Al Manar: owned by Hezbollah; Lebanese-based; highly controversial
"Across the Middle East, new television stations, radio stations and websites are sprouting like incongruous electronic mushrooms in what was once a media desert. Meanwhile, newspapers are aggressively probing the red lines that have long contained them". Technology is playing a significant role in the changing Arab media. Pintak furthers, "Now, there are 263 free-to-air (FTA) satellite television stations in the region, according to Arab Advisors Group. That's double the figure as of just two years ago". Freedom of speech and money have little to do with why satellite television is sprouting up everywhere. Instead, "A desire for political influence is probably the biggest factor driving channel growth. But ego is a close second". The influence of the West is very apparent in Arab media, especially in television. Arab soap operas and the emerging popularity of reality TV are evidence of this notion.
"In the wake of controversy triggered by Super Star and Star Academy, some observers have hailed reality television as a harbinger of democracy in the Arab world." Star Academy in Lebanon is strikingly similar to American Idol mixed with The Real World. Star Academy began in 2003 in the Arab world. "Reality television entered Arab public discourse in the last five years at a time of significant turmoil in the region: escalating violence in Iraq, contested elections in Egypt, the struggle for women's political rights in Kuwait, political assassinations in Lebanon, and the protracted Arab–Israeli conflict. This geo-political crisis environment that currently frames Arab politics and Arab–Western relations is the backdrop to the controversy surrounding the social and political impact of Arab reality television, which assumes religious, cultural or moral manifestations."
Cinema
Most Arab countries did not produce films before independence. In Sudan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, production is even now confined to short films or television. Bahrain witnessed the production of its first and only full-length feature film in 1989. In Jordan, national production has barely exceeded half a dozen feature films. Iraq has produced approximately 100 films and Syria some 150. Lebanon, owing to an increased production during the 1950s and 1960s, has made some 180 feature films. Only Egypt has far exceeded these countries, with a production of more than 2,500 feature films (all meant for cinema, not television). As with most aspects of Arab media, censorship plays a large art of creating and distributing films. "In most Arab countries, film projects must first pass a state committee, which grants or denies permission to shoot. Once this permission is obtained, another official license, a so-called visa, is necessary in order to exploit the film commercially. This is normally approved by a committee of the Ministry of Information or a special censorship authority". The most significant taboo topics under state supervision are consistent with those of other forms of media: religion, sex, and politics.
Internet
The Internet in the Arab world is powerful source of expression and information as it is in other places in the world. While some believe that it is the harbinger of freedom in media to the Middle East, others think that it is a new medium for censorship. Both are true. The Internet has created a new arena for discussion and the dissemination of information for the Arab world just as it has in the rest of the world. The youth in particular are accessing and utilizing the tools. People are encouraged and enabled to join in political discussion and critique in a manner that was not previously possible. Those same people are also discouraged and blocked from those debates as the differing regimes try to restrict access based on religious and state objections to certain material.
This was posted on a website operated by the Muslim Brotherhood:The internet in the Arab world has a snowball effect; now that the snowball is rolling, it can no longer be stopped. Getting bigger and stronger, it is bound to crush down all obstacles. In addition, to the stress caused by the Arab bloggers, a new forum was opened for Arab activists; Facebook. Arab activists have been using Facebook in the utmost creative way to support the democracy movement in the region, a region that has one of the highest rates of repression in the world. Unlike other regions where oppressive countries (like China, Iran and Burma) represent the exception, oppression can be found everywhere in the Arab world. The number of Arab internet users interested in political affairs does not exceed a few thousands, mainly represented by internet activists and bloggers, out of 58 million internet users in the Arab world. As few as they are, they have succeeded in shedding some light on the corruption and repression of the Arab governments and dictatorships.
Public Internet use began in the US in the 1980s. Internet access began in the early 1990s in the Arab world, with Tunisia being first in 1991 according to Dr. Deborah L. Wheeler. The years of the Internet's introduction in the various Arab countries are reported differently. Wheeler reports that Kuwait joined in 1992, and in 1993, Iraq and the UAE came online. In 1994 Jordan joined the Internet, and Saudi Arabia and Syria followed in the late 1990s. Financial considerations and the lack of widespread availability of services are factors in the slower growth in the Arab world, but taking into consideration the popularity of internet cafes, the numbers online are much larger than the subscription numbers would reveal.
The people most commonly utilizing the Internet in the Arab world are youths. The café users in particular tend to be under 30, single and have a variety of levels of education and language proficiency. Despite reports that use of the internet was curtailed by lack of English skills, Dr. Wheeler found that people were able to search with Arabic. Searching for jobs, the unemployed frequently fill cafes in Egypt and Jordan. They are men and women equally. Most of them chat and they have email. In a survey conducted by Dr. Deborah Wheeler, she found them to almost all to have been taught to use the Internet by a friend or family member. They all felt their lives to have been significantly changed by the use of the Internet. The use of the Internet in the Arab world is very political in the nature of the posts and of the sites read and visited. The Internet has brought a medium to Arabs that allows for a freedom of expression not allowed or accepted before. For those who can get online, there are blogs to read and write and access to worldwide outlets of information once unobtainable. With this access, regimes have attempted to curtail what people are able to read, but the Internet is a medium not as easily manipulated as telling a newspaper what it can or cannot publish. The Internet can be reached via proxy server, mirror, and other means. Those who are thwarted with one method will find 12 more methods around the blocked site. As journalists suffer and are imprisoned in traditional media, the Internet is no different with bloggers regularly being imprisoned for expressing their views for the world to read. The difference is that there is a worldwide audience witnessing this crackdown and watching as laws are created and recreated to attempt to control the vastness of the Internet.
Jihadists are using the Internet to reach a greater audience. Just as a simple citizen can now have a worldwide voice, so can a movement. Groups are using the Internet to share video, photos, programs and any kind of information imaginable. Standard media may not report what the Muslim Brotherhood would say on their site. However, for the interested, the Internet is a tool that is utilized with great skill by those who wish to be heard. A file uploaded to 100 sites and placed in multiple forums will reach millions instantly. Information on the Internet can be thwarted, slowed, even redirected, but it cannot be stopped if someone wants it out there on the Internet.
The efforts by the various regimes to control the information are all falling apart gradually. Those fighting crime online have devised methods of tracking and catching criminals. Unfortunately those same tools are being used to arrest bloggers and those who would just wish to be heard. The Internet is a vast and seemingly endless source of information. Arabs are using it more than perhaps the world is aware and it is changing the media.
Society
Social loyalty is of great importance in Arab culture. Family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. While self-reliance, individuality, and responsibility are taught by Arabic parents to their children, family loyalty is the greatest lesson taught in Arab families. "Unlike the extreme individualism we see in North America (every person for him or herself, individual rights, families living on their own away from relatives, and so on), Arab society emphasizes the importance of the group. Arab culture teaches that the needs of the group are more important than the needs of one person." In the Bedouin tribes of Saudi Arabia, "intense feelings of loyalty and dependence are fostered and preserved" by the family. Margaret Nydell, in her book Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times, writes "family loyalty and obligations take precedence over loyalty to friends or demands of a job." She goes on to state that "members of a family are expected to support each other in disputes with outsiders. Regardless of personal antipathy among relatives, they must defend each other's honor, counter criticism, and display group cohesion..." Of all members of the family, however, the most revered member is the mother.
Family honor is one of the most important characteristics in the Arab family. According to Margaret Nydell, social exchanges between men and women happen very seldom outside of the work place. Men and women refrain from being alone together. They have to be very careful in social situations because those interactions can be interpreted negatively and cause gossip, which can tarnish the reputation of women. Women are able to socialize freely with other women and male family members, but have to have family members present to socialize with men that are not part of the family. These conservative practices are put into place to protect the reputation of women. Bad behavior not only affects women but her family's honor. Practices differ between countries and families. Saudi Arabia has stricter practices when it comes to men and women and will even require marriage documents if a woman and man are seen together alone.
Arab values
One of the characteristics of Arabs is generosity and they usually show it by being courteous with each other. Some of the most important values for Arabs are honor and loyalty. Margaret Nydell, in her book Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times' says that Arabs can be defined as, humanitarian, loyal and polite. Tarek Mahfouz explains in the book "Arab Culture" that it is common for Arabs in dinner situations to insist on guests to eat the last piece of the meal or to fight over who will pay the bill at a restaurant for generosity.Sports
Pan Arab Games
The Pan Arab Games are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. The first Games were held in 1953 in Alexandria, Egypt. Intended to be held every four years since, political turmoil as well as financial difficulties has made the event an unstable one. Women were first allowed to compete in 1985. By the 11th Pan Arab Games, the number of countries participating reached all 22 members of the Arab League, with roughly over 8,000 Arab athletes participating, it was considered the largest in the Games' history, with the Doha Games in 2011 expected to exceed that number.
Cuisine
Originally, the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on a diet of dates, wheat, barley, rice and meat, with little variety, with a heavy emphasis on yoghurt products, such as leben (لبن) (yoghurt without butterfat). Arabian cuisine today is the result of a combination of richly diverse cuisines, spanning the Arab world and incorporating Levantine, Egyptian, and others. It has also been influenced to a degree by the cuisines of India, Turkey, Berber, and others. In an average Arab household in Eastern Arabia, a visitor might expect a dinner consisting of a very large platter, shared commonly, with a vast mountain of rice, incorporating lamb or chicken, or both, as separate dishes, with various stewed vegetables, heavily spiced, sometimes with a tomato sauce. Most likely, there would be several other items on the side, less hearty. Tea would certainly accompany the meal, as it is almost constantly consumed. Coffee would be included as well.
Tea culture
Tea is a very important drink in the Arab world, it is usually served with breakfast, after lunch, and with dinner. For Arabs tea is a hospitality drink that is served to guests. It is also common for Arabs to drink tea with dates.
Dress
Men
Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing robes to blue jeans, T-shirts and business suits. The robes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. At times, Arabs mix the traditional garb with western clothes.
Thawb:
In the Arabian Peninsula men usually wear their national dress that is called "thawb" or "thobe" but can be also called "Dishdasha" in Kuwait or "Kandoura" (UAE). Thawbs differ slightly from state to state within the Gulf, but the basic ones are white. This is the traditional attire that Arabs wear in formal occasions.
Headdress:
The male headdress is known as a keffiyeh. In the Arabian Peninsula it is known as a guthra. It is usually worn with a black cord called an "agal", which keeps it on the wearer's head.
The Qatari guthra is heavily starched and it is known for its "cobra" shape.
The Saudi guthra is a square shaped cotton fabric. The traditional is white but the white and red (shemagh) is also very common in Saudi Arabia.
The Emirati guthra is usually white and can be used as a wrapped turban or traditionally with the black agal.
Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. However, this is not always the case. While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.
Checkered headdresses relate to type and government and participation in the Hajj, or a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Red and white checkered headdress – Generally of Jordanian origin. Wearer has made Hajj and comes from a country with a Monarch.
Black and white checkered headdress – The pattern is historically of Palestinian origin.
Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.
Women
Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies. Saudi Arabia is more traditional, while Egypt is less so. Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (abaya, jilbāb, or chador) and veil (hijab). Women are only required to wear abayas'' in Saudi Arabia, although that restriction has been eased since 2015. The veil is not as prevalent in most countries outside the Arabian peninsula.
See also
References
Further reading
Arabic-language culture
Folklore by country
Folklore by region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20culture |
Catastrophe Ballet is the second studio album by American rock band Christian Death. It was released in 1984, through record label Contempo.
Besides founder Rozz Williams, the lineup on the album is completely different from the band's debut, Only Theatre of Pain, and is the first record to feature future band leader Valor Kand. This and the follow-up record Ashes would be the final releases to feature Williams before his departure in mid 1985.
Content
Catastrophe Ballet, featured a change in Williams' vocal delivery. While Only Theatre of Pain and the Deathwish EP had Williams presenting a rhythmic spoken word style with an almost androgynous pitch to his voice, Catastrophe Ballet showed a richer, less harsh side to his vocal stylings, with more influence from David Bowie and Lou Reed. Rather than the occult-oriented lyrics from the first album, the singer showed a new-found interest in Surrealism and the Dada movement. Kand, Demone and Glass shared these interests, and the synergy between them helped cultivate the musical change from the old band's murky, dark punk to a more elegant, romantic strain of guitar-driven rock, though a tribalistic drumming was also added into the mix.
Album cover
The popular front cover art of this album was by Serge Burner of the Invitation Au Suicide label staff.
Reception
Trouser Press described the album as "a gem" and "goth that can afford to take itself seriously".
Track listing
Arranged by Valor. All songs copyright QAH Music U.S.A.
"Awake at the Wall" (Music-Williams-Demone-Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Sleepwalk" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"The Drowning" (Music & Lyrics-Williams)
"The Blue Hour" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"As Evening Falls" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Androgynous Noise Hand Permeates" (Music-Valor & Parkinson)
"Electra Descending" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Cervix Couch" (Music-Williams-Demone-Valor, Lyrics- Williams)
"This Glass House" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"The Fleeing Somnambulist" (Music-Williams & Valor)
Re-releases
The album was re-released in 1987 as A Catastrophe Ballet with Rhapsody of Youth and Rain with three bonus tracks:
"The Somnolent Pursuit" ("The Fleeing Somnabulist" backwards)
"Between Youth" (B-side track from Believers of the Unpure)
"After the Rain" (B-side track from Believers of the Unpure)
In 1999 it was released with live recordings of "Awake at the Wall" and "The Drowning" and a CD-Rom track with pictures.
In 2009, the album was re-released once more with an unreleased studio track entitled "Beneath His Widow" featuring Rozz Williams.
Personnel
Rozz Williams – vocals, producer
Valor Kand – guitars, backing vocals
Gitane Demone – keyboards, backing vocals
Constance Smith – bass
David Glass – drums
Production
Eric Westfall – producer, recording, engineering
References
External links
"Catastrophe Ballet" at discogs
1984 albums
Christian Death albums
Season of Mist albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe%20Ballet |
The Vela Pulsar (PSR J0835-4510 or PSR B0833-45) is a radio, optical, X-ray- and gamma-emitting pulsar associated with the Vela Supernova Remnant in the constellation of Vela. Its parent Type II supernova exploded approximately 11,000–12,300 years ago (and was about 800 light-years away).
Characteristics
Vela is the darkest pulsar (at radio frequencies) in the sky and spins 11 times per second (i.e. a period of 89.33 milliseconds—the shortest known at the time of its discovery) and the remnant from the supernova explosion is estimated to be travelling outwards at . It has the third-brightest optical component of all known pulsars (V = 23.6 mag) which pulses twice for every single radio pulse. The Vela pulsar is the brightest persistent object in the high-energy gamma-ray sky.
Glitches
Glitches are sudden spin-ups in the rotation of pulsars. Vela is the best known of all the glitching pulsars, with glitches occurring on average every three years. Glitches are currently not predictable.
On 12 December 2016, Vela was observed to glitch live for the first time with a radio telescope (the 26 m telescope at the Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory) large enough to see individual pulses. This observation showed that the pulsar nulled (i.e. did not pulse) for one pulse, with the pulse prior being very broad and the two following pulses featuring low linear polarization. It also appeared that the glitch process took under five seconds to occur and allowed to estimate physical properties of the pulsar.
On 22 July 2021, a new glitch occurred. As a result, the period of the pulsar decreased by about 1 part in a million.
Statistically, nearly the 1% of the long-term spin-down of the pulsar is reversed in spin-up glitches, a fraction that is also observed in other monitored pulsars (careful estimation of the glitch activity and its uncertainty requires statistical tools beyond the simple linear regression).
Research campaigns
The association of the Vela pulsar with the Vela Supernova Remnant, made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968, was direct observational proof that supernovae form neutron stars.
Studies conducted by Kellogg et al. with the Uhuru spacecraft in 1970–71 showed the Vela pulsar and Vela X to be separate but spatially related objects. The term Vela X was used to describe the entirety of the supernova remnant. Weiler and Panagia established in 1980 that Vela X was actually a pulsar wind nebula, contained within the fainter supernova remnant and driven by energy released by the pulsar.
Nomenclature
The pulsar is occasionally referred to as Vela X, but this phenomenon is separate from either the pulsar or the Vela X nebula. A radio survey of the Vela-Puppis region was made with the Mills Cross Telescope in 1956–57 and identified three strong radio sources: Vela X, Vela Y, and Vela Z. These sources are observationally close to the Puppis A supernova remnant, which is also a strong X-ray and radio source.
Neither the pulsar nor either of the associated nebulae should be confused with Vela X-1, an observationally close but unrelated high-mass X-ray binary system.
In music
The emissions of Vela and the pulsar PSR B0329+54 were converted into audible sound by French composer Gérard Grisey and used in the piece Le noir de l'étoile (1989–90).
Gallery
References
External links
Vela Pulsar at SIMBAD
Vela Pulsar at NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
Gum Nebula
Pulsars
Vela (constellation)
Optical pulsars
Articles containing video clips
Velorum, HU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela%20Pulsar |
Mikko Ronkainen (born November 25, 1978 in Muurame) is a freestyle skier from Finland. He is a two-time World Champion (2001 and 2003) and won the moguls World Cup during the 2000–2001 season. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin Ronkainen won a silver medal.
References
1978 births
Living people
People from Muurame
Finnish male freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers for Finland
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Central Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko%20Ronkainen |
Gossypiboma, textiloma or more broadly Retained Foreign Object (RFO) is the technical term for surgical complications resulting from foreign materials, such as a surgical sponge, accidentally left inside a patient's body.
Etymology
Gossypiboma is derived from Latin gossypium (cotton) and Swahili "boma" (place of concealment), meaning a tumor or growth. Gossypiboma describes a mass within a patient's body comprising a cotton matrix surrounded by a foreign body granuloma.
Textiloma is derived from textile (surgical sponges have historically been made of cloth), and is used in place of gossypiboma due to the increasing use of synthetic materials in place of cotton.
Incidence and clinical presentation
The actual incidence of gossypiboma is difficult to determine, possibly due to a reluctance to report occurrences arising from fear of legal repercussions, but retained surgical sponges is reported to occur once in every 3000 to 5000 abdominal operations and are most frequently discovered in the abdomen. The incidence of retained foreign bodies following surgery has a reported rate of 0.01% to 0.001%, of which gossypibomas make up 80% of cases.
Gossypibomas can often present, clinically or radiologically, similar to tumors and abscesses, with widely variable complications and manifestations, making diagnosis difficult and causing significant patient morbidity. Two major types of reaction occur in response to retained surgical foreign bodies. In the first type, an abscess may form with or without a secondary bacterial infection. The second reaction is an aseptic fibrinous response, resulting in tissue adhesions and encapsulation and eventually foreign body granuloma. Symptoms may not present for long periods of time, sometimes months or years following surgery.
Prevention
To prevent gossypiboma, sponges are counted by hand before and after surgeries. This method was codified into recommended guidelines in the 1970s by the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN). Four separate counts are recommended: the first when instruments and sponges are first unpackaged and set up, a second before the beginning of the surgical procedure, a third as closure begins, and a final count during final skin closure. Other guidelines have been promoted by the American College of Surgeons and the Joint Commission.
In most countries, surgical sponges contain radiopaque material that can be readily identified in radiographic and CT images, facilitating detection. In the United States, radiopaque threads impregnated into surgical gauzes were first introduced in 1929 and were in general use by about 1940. Some surgeons recommend routine postoperative X-ray films after surgery to reduce the likelihood of foreign body inclusion.
See also
Retained surgical instruments
References
External links
Case description and discussion
Ohio University, Data Matrix Integrity Test
A unified system for gossypiboma prevention
Surgery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypiboma |
The oldest dated rocks formed on Earth, as an aggregate of minerals that have not been subsequently broken down by erosion or melted, are more than 4 billion years old, formed during the Hadean Eon of Earth's geological history. Meteorites that were formed in other planetary systems can pre-date Earth. Particles from the Murchison meteorite were dated in January 2020 to be 7 billion years old.
Hadean rocks are exposed on Earth's surface in very few places, such as in the geologic shields of Canada, Australia, and Africa. The ages of these felsic rocks are generally between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years. The approximate ages have a margin of error of millions of years. In 1999, the oldest known rock on Earth was dated to 4.031 ±0.003 billion years, and is part of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada. Researchers at McGill University found a rock with a very old model age for extraction from the mantle (3.8 to 4.28 billion years ago) in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of Hudson Bay, in northern Quebec; the true age of these samples is still under debate, and they may actually be closer to 3.8 billion years old. Older than these rocks are crystals of the mineral zircon, which can survive the disaggregation of their parent rock and be found and dated in younger rock formations.
In January 2019, NASA scientists reported the discovery of the oldest known Earth rock, found on the Moon. Apollo 14 astronauts returned several rocks from the Moon and, later, scientists determined that a fragment from a rock nicknamed Big Bertha, which had been chosen by astronaut Alan Shepard, contained "a bit of Earth from about 4 billion years ago". The rock fragment contained quartz, feldspar, and zircon, all common on Earth, but highly uncommon on the Moon. In January 2020, astronomers reported that the oldest material on Earth found so far are Murchison meteorite particles that have been determined to be 7 billion years old, billions of years older than the 4.54 billion years age of Earth itself.
Oldest rocks by category
Oldest terrestrial material
The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ±0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia. The 4.404 ±0.008 Ga zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga. This zircon is part of a population of zircons within the metamorphosed conglomerate, which is believed to have been deposited about 3.060 Ga, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. Recent developments in atom-probe tomography have led to a further constraint on the age of the oldest continental zircon, with the most recent age quoted as 4.374 ±0.006 Ga.
The discovery of the oldest known Earth rock, found on the Moon, was reported in January 2019 by NASA scientists. Apollo 14 astronauts returned several rocks from the Moon and, later, scientists determined that a fragment from one of the rocks, nicknamed Big Bertha, contained "a bit of Earth from about 4 billion years ago". The rock fragment contained quartz, feldspar, and zircon, all common on Earth, but highly uncommon on the Moon.
Earth's oldest rock formation
The oldest rock formation is, depending on the latest research, either part of the Isua Greenstone Belt, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, Napier Complex, or the Acasta Gneiss (on the Slave Craton). The difficulty in assigning the title to one particular block of gneiss is that the gneisses are all extremely deformed, and the oldest rock may be represented by only one streak of minerals in a mylonite, representing a layer of sediment or an old dike. This may be difficult to find or map; hence, the oldest dates yet resolved are as much generated by luck in sampling as by understanding the rocks themselves.
It is thus premature to claim that any of these rocks, or indeed that of other formations of Hadean gneisses, is the oldest formations or rocks on Earth; doubtless, new analyses will continue to change conceptions of the structure and nature of these ancient continental fragments.
Nevertheless, the oldest cratons on Earth include the Kaapvaal Craton, the Western Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn Craton (~2.9 – >3.2 Ga), the Pilbara Craton (~3.4 Ga), and portions of the Canadian Shield (~2.4 – >3.6 Ga). Parts of Dharwar Craton in India are greater than 3.0 Ga. The oldest dated rocks of the Baltic Shield are 3.5 Ga old.
Other old formations include the Saglek Gneiss Complex, dated at 3.8-3.9 Ga; the Anshan Area, dated at 3.8 Ga; the Itsaq (Isua) Gneiss Complex, dated at 3.7-3.8 Ga; and the Ancient Gneiss Complex, dated at 3.6 Ga.
Oldest rock on Earth
The Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed in a glacial peneplain. Analyses of zircons from a felsic orthogneiss with presumed granitic protolith returned an age of 4.031 ±0.003 Ga.
On September 25, 2008, researchers from McGill University, Carnegie Institution for Science and UQAM announced that a rock formation, the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, exposed on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay in northern Quebec had a Sm–Nd model age for extraction from the mantle of 4.28 billion years. However, it is argued that the actual age of formation of this rock, as opposed to the extraction of its magma from the mantle, is likely closer to 3.8 billion years, according to Simon Wilde of the Institute for Geoscience Research in Australia.
2008 microprobe research
The zircons from the Western Australian Jack Hills returned an age of 4.404 billion years, interpreted to be the age of crystallization. These zircons also show another feature; their oxygen isotopic composition has been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of Earth. The importance and accuracy of these interpretations is currently the subject of scientific debate. It may be that the oxygen isotopes and other compositional features (the rare-earth elements) record more recent hydrothermal alteration of the zircons rather than the composition of the magma at the time of their original crystallization. In a paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of scientists suggest that rocky continents and liquid water existed at least 4.3 billion years ago and were subjected to heavy weathering by an acrid climate. Using an ion microprobe to analyze isotope ratios of the element lithium in zircons from the Jack Hills in Western Australia, and comparing these chemical fingerprints to lithium compositions in zircons from continental crust and primitive rocks similar to Earth's mantle, they found evidence that the young planet already had the beginnings of continents, relatively cool temperatures and liquid water by the time the Australian zircons formed.
Non-terrestrial rocks
Meteorites can be even older; in January 2020, astronomers reported that the oldest material on Earth found so far are Murchison meteorite particles that have been determined to be 7 billion years old, 2.5 billion years older than the Sun itself (which formed about 4.56 billion years ago).
One of the oldest Martian meteorites found on Earth, Allan Hills 84001, discovered in the Allan Hills of Antarctica, has been reported to have crystallized from molten rock 4.091 billion years ago.
The Genesis Rock (Lunar sample 15415), obtained from the Moon by astronauts during Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.08 billion years. During Apollo 16, older rocks, including Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, were brought back.
A volcanic meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 11119 found in Mauritania in December 2016 has been dated to 4.5648 ± 0.0003 billion years.
See also
Nature timeline
References
Bibliography
Zircons are Forever
Bowring, S.A., and Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3–16.
Stern, R.A., Bleeker, W., 1998. Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP. the Acasta gneiss complex, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geoscience Canada, v. 25, pp. 27–31
Yu A., Lee C-D and Halliday, A. N.Lutetium-Hafnium and Uranium-Lead Systematics of Early-Middle Archean Single Zircon Grains, Ninth Annual Goldschmidt Conference. 2
External links
Very old Australian zircons with a story to tell
On the Acasta Gneiss
Abstract and full text of the results from O'Neil's research, published by Science
Petrology
Radiometric dating
Oldest things | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest%20dated%20rocks |
Ngo hiang (), also known as heh gerng () lor bak () or kikiam () is a unique Hokkien and Teochew dish widely adopted in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand; in addition to its place of origin in southern China.
It is essentially a composition of various meats and vegetables and other ingredients, such as a sausage-like roll consisting of minced pork and prawn (or fish) seasoned with five-spice powder (Hokkien: , ngó͘-hiong-hún) after which it is named, rolled inside a tofu skin and deep-fried, lup cheong, cucumber, century egg, ginger, deep-fried egg, deep-fried tofu, fishball and many others. It is usually served with chili sauce and a house-special sweet sauce. Many stalls in Singaporean food courts and hawker centres sell fried bee hoon with ngo hiang; this combination is common for breakfast and lunch. In Indonesia, people enjoy ngo hiang with sambal.
The Philippine versions were originally introduced by Hokkien migrants and are generally known as kikiam. However, the variant called ngohiong from Cebu has diverged significantly from the original dish. Instead of using beancurd skin, it uses lumpia wrappers. A street food dish also sometimes called "kikiam" or "tempura" in the Philippines is neither of those dishes, but is instead an elongated version of fishballs. The street food version of kikiam was made from pork, not fish.
2019 Southeast Asian Games controversies
During the 2019 Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines, a report from the South China Morning Post on 26 November 2019 claimed that Muslim athletes from Singapore were served kikiam and pork rolls, both containing ground pork which Muslims are prohibited from consuming. The report, however, was refuted by the Singapore National Olympic Council, stating that the Muslim athletes on the Singaporean team were not served pork to eat.
On the same day, another incident occurred after the coach of the Philippine women's football team complained that the athletes were only served kikiam with rice and egg for breakfast at the hotel that they stayed in. The hotel clarified, however, that the kikiam was actually chicken sausage, and was part of a buffet service that included other food as well. It was also revealed that the coach was not actually at the hotel when the incident happened. Following this, the coach apologized to the hotel for the error.
Gallery
See also
Batagor
Fishcake
Fish ball
References
Fujian cuisine
Indonesian Chinese cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Deep fried foods
Thai desserts and snacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%20hiang |
Nkawkaw is a town in southern Ghana and is the capital of Kwahu West Municipal , an area in the Eastern Region of south Ghana. Nkawkaw has a 2013 settlement population of 61,785 people. Nkawkaw is also described as a city in a valley as it the gateway to ascend the Kwahu mountains. Hon. Joseph Frempong is the current member of parliament for the Kwahu West who was elected in the 2020 elections.
Geography
Nkawkaw is situated on the road and former railway between Accra and Kumasi, and lies about halfway between these cities. It is also connected by road to Koforidua and Konongo. Nkawkaw is one of the major towns of the Kwahu Mountains. Historically it is not considered as a Kwahu town because it is not on top of the mountain range. According to the 2013 census Nkawkaw has a settlement population of 61,785.
Sports
Nkawkaw is the location of football team Okwawu United and is also the location of the Nkawkaw Park (stadium).
Accommodation
Nkawkaw has hotels with decent services, some of which includes Dubai City Hotel, Kwadisco Hotel, Rojo Hotel, Real Parker Hotel.
Health
Holy Family Hospital
Climate
Notable people
George Boateng, football player
Raphael Dwamena, football player
Eric Darfour Kwakye, member of parliament
References
External links
Nkawkaw seen from space
Populated places in the Eastern Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkawkaw |
Jello salad is an American salad made with flavored gelatin, fruit, and sometimes grated carrots or (more rarely) other vegetables. Other ingredients may include cottage cheese, cream cheese, marshmallows, nuts, or pretzels. Jello salads were popular in the 1960s and are now considered retro.
Because of its many elements, the result has speckled bits of interior color against a colored gelatin background, and so the dish can be appreciated for its colorful visual appeal. For example, a jello salad might have green from a lime-flavored gelatin, brown from nuts or pretzels, white from bits of cottage cheese, and red and orange from fruit cocktail. Therefore, it has a "salad appearance" (small pieces of food) although it is held firm in gelatin (like aspic). The "salad" theme is more pronounced in variants containing mayonnaise, or another salad dressing. When the dish has plain gelatin instead of sweetened gelatin, the use of vegetables is more common (e.g. tomato aspic).
History
The name 'jello salad' comes from the genericization of the brand name Jell-O, a common gelatin product in the United States. The origins of jello salad can be traced back to a dish called 'perfection salad' () by Mrs. John E. Cook of New Castle, Pennsylvania, which won third prize in a Better Homes and Gardens recipe contest. Strawberry-pretzel and mandarin orange remain popular in the Midwest which are sweet alternatives for the original recipe.
Jello salads are a common feature of US communal meals such as potlucks, most probably because they are inexpensive and easy to prepare. The salad has a strong regional presence in Utah and surrounding states (the Mormon Corridor), especially among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In Utah, where Jell-O is the official state snack, jello salad is commonly available in local restaurants such as Chuck-A-Rama.
See also
Aspic, a savory gelatin dish
Seafoam salad, a type of jello salad
Frogeye salad, a sweet pasta salad
Watergate salad, dessert salad with pistachio pudding
Ambrosia salad, a fruit salad
"Lime Jello Marshmallow Cottage Cheese Surprise", a humorous song about a specific type of gelatin salad (1980)
References
External links
Jell-O Salad with cottage cheese recipe
Utah cuisine
Pennsylvania culture
Desserts
American salads
Jello salads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jello%20salad |
"The Fight" is the sixth episode of the second season of the television series The Office and the show's twelfth episode overall. It was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg and directed by Ken Kwapis. It originally aired on November 1, 2005, on NBC. "The Fight" guest starred Lance Krall, who played the part of Dwight's sensei, Ira.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell), after being embarrassed by Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) superior fighting skills, engages in a karate match with Dwight during lunch. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) flirting with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) goes too far.
"The Fight" was known as "Karate" and "The Dojo" by members of the cast and crew due to many of the scenes featuring the titular fight. Several of the cast members of the show—recurring and starring—had martial arts experience. The episode contained several cultural references, with many referring to popular fighting-related movies and television shows. "The Fight" received largely positive reviews from critics. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18–49 demographic and was viewed by 7.9 million viewers.
Synopsis
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) has one task: sign routine documents. Unfortunately, it's a month where three separate sets of paperwork are due at the same time, so Michael mulishly ignores his workload. To procrastinate, Michael makes Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) update emergency contact information of the staff. When Michael gets Ryan's cell phone number, he constantly prank calls Ryan with crude impersonations of Michael Jackson, Mike Tyson, and Saddam Hussein.
Talk of Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) karate experience gets Michael's competitive juices flowing, leading to a lunchtime match between the two at Dwight's dojo. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) accidentally goes too far when horsing around with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), and she abruptly shuts him down when their co-workers take notice.
After a pathetic showing by both combatants, Michael emerges victorious over Dwight, which leads to Dwight changing his emergency contact from "Michael Scott" to "The Hospital". At the end of the day, Michael promotes Dwight from his lowly "Assistant to the Regional Manager" position to his dream position: "Assistant Regional Manager" (although the "promotion" is little more than a title change only).
The office staff soon gets fed up with Michael's inability to accomplish even the simplest task, and so Pam manages to get the documents to the shipping place after Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein), Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey), and Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) forge Michael's signature on the documents.
On the way out, Jim gives Pam the bag of chips he owed her from earlier. Pam quietly takes them and stares in a forgiving manner after Jim leaves.
Production
"The Fight" was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, while Ken Kwapis served as the episode's director. The episode was the first entry of the series to be written by Stupnitsky and Eisenberg; it was also Kwapis' fifth episode directed. The episode guest starred comedian and actor Lance Krall, who portrayed Dwight's sensei, Ira. B. J. Novak, who portrays Ryan Howard in the series, noted that when the episode was being filmed, the majority of the cast and crew called it "'Karate', or 'The Dojo', since the most memorable scenes involve a karate fight." Novak explained that the episode centered on the effects of procrastination "carried to the nth degree". However, he noted that it was more memorable as "the episode in which Steve Carell and Rainn Wilson jump-kick each other in public to try to prove a point."
Several of the cast members had experience in martial arts prior to the filming of the episode. Rainn Wilson used to study karate and is a certified yellow belt. Krall is a black belt in Taekwondo and was nationally ranked. One of background actresses who played a student in Dwight's class was actually a black belt, but was forced to wear a white belt; ultimately, she was unhappy about having to hide her ability. Eventually, she vented her frustration by "practically knock[ing] Rainn over when she kicked the pad he was holding", which was included in the episode. During the filming of the episode, the protective piece of headgear that Wilson wore actually cut him.
During the filming of many scenes in the episode, the cast and crew members kept breaking character and laughing. Jenna Fischer recalls that she had to film the scene where Ryan reveals that he is working on emergency contacts "about 20 times". In addition, Fischer noted that she and John Krasinski kept laughing "about a million times" during the kitchen confrontation between Michael and Dwight. During the dojo scenes, cinematographer Randall Einhorn and Krall "lost it" when Michael pinned down. In fact, shots of Krall (and several of the cast) laughing made it into the closing scene of the episode.
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include brief shots of Dwight at the dojo and Michael and Dwight preparing to fight, Jim asking Dwight whom he could take on in a fight, Dwight discusses the result of the fight, Stanley confronting Michael about signing the forms, Michael saying that "no one ever lost their job for missing deadlines", and Michael delivering Pam the emergency contact information.
Cultural references
During the game of "phone tag", Michael impersonates Michael Jackson, Tito Jackson, Mike Tyson, and Saddam Hussein. In addition, several songs are alluded to. Michael sings "I don't want to work/I just want to bang on this mug all day" to the tune of "Bang the Drum All Day" by Todd Rundgren. Jim alludes to the Jets, one of the rival street gangs in the musical West Side Story, by quoting the noted lyrics "When you're a Jet, you're a Jet all the way", as well as snapping his fingers in the same way as the gang members. Several popular quotes are misused in the episode: Michael consistently misuses the phrase "Catch-22", and Dwight mistakes the phrase "tit for tat" as "tit for tit".
Several noted films are referenced in the episode. After grabbing Dwight in a sleeper hold, Michael nonsensically shouts out Bedtime for Bonzo, a 1951 movie starring Ronald Reagan. Michael notes that Dwight cried at the end of Armageddon, a 1998 science fiction action movie starring Bruce Willis. Michael's line "You talkin' to me?" is a line performed by Robert De Niro in the movie Taxi Driver. Michael mis-attributes it to Al Pacino in Raging Bull, a film Pacino did not appear in. The Karate Kid franchise is referenced two separate times. Michael notes that Dwight is the "Hilary Swank version", a reference to The Next Karate Kid, the fourth movie in the Karate Kid series, starring Swank as the first female student of sensei Miyagi. Kevin later tells Dwight to "sweep the leg", a quote from the original movie. The episode also contains several television references. Jim mocks Pam by doubting her status as an Ultimate Fighter; The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series in the form of a martial arts competition. Michael turns the insult "queer" into a reference to Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, a make-over reality television program featuring five openly gay men dispensing fashion and style advice.
Reception
"The Fight" originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 1, 2005. The episode was viewed by 7.9 million viewers and received a 3.9 rating/9% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. An encore presentation of the episode, on April 25, 2006, received 3.0 rating/8% share and retained 91% of its lead in "My Name is Earl" viewership. The encore presentation was viewed by over 6.1 million viewers.
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B", and wrote that he enjoyed the way the important elements of the episode go "unspoken: Jim composes an apology email but doesn’t send it; the way the spectators are blocked during the main event at the dojo, there’s practically an entire office standing between Krasinski and Jenna Fischer." Adams also enjoyed the way the episode wrote Pam's reaction, noting "is she generally uncomfortable, is she afraid of what Meredith might assume, or is she afraid of her own feelings?"
Critical reception to the episode was largely positive. "Miss Alli" from Television Without Pity gave the episode a positive review and rated it an A−. Francis Rizzo III from DVD Talk called the episode "classic", and praised the performance of Rainn Wilson as Dwight. He noted that the episode, along with several others, "wouldn't be nearly as entertaining" without his character. TV Fanatic reviewed several quotes from "The Fight", and rated Michael's "Would I rather be feared or loved?" soliloquy and Michael's confession that Dwight cried at the end of Armageddon 5 out of 5. In 2006, Jenna Fischer said that the episode's cold opening, featuring Jim moving Dwight's desk into the bathroom, was her favorite prank on the show.
References
External links
"The Fight" at NBC.com
2005 American television episodes
Martial arts fiction
The Office (American season 2) episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fight%20%28The%20Office%29 |
In the United States government, the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA) is a part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in the Western Hemisphere, as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, who is currently Brian A. Nichols.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
Office of Andean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
Office of Brazilian and Southern Cone Affairs – Coordinates policy on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Office of Canadian Affairs – Oversees Canada–United States relations
Office of Caribbean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago
Office of the Coordinator for Cuban Affairs – Oversees Cuba–United States relations
Office of Central American Affairs – Coordinates policy on Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama
Office of Economic Policy and Summit Coordination – Oversees policy related to trade, energy, finance, and the Summits of the Americas
Executive Office – Responsible for human resources and management support services for the bureau's overseas missions
Office of Mexican Affairs – Oversees Mexico–United States relations
Office of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs – Oversees public diplomacy activities at WHA's overseas posts
Office of Haitian Affairs - Oversees Haiti–United States relations
Office of Policy Planning and Coordination – Responsible for the bureau's strategic planning and evaluation
The Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs also oversees the United States Mission to the Organization of American States.
References
External links
Western Hemisphere
United States diplomacy
United States–Caribbean relations
United States–Central American relations
United States–South American relations
United States–North American relations
Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations
Argentina–United States relations
Bahamas–United States relations
Barbados–United States relations
Belize–United States relations
Bolivia–United States relations
Brazil–United States relations
Canada–United States relations
Chile–United States relations
Colombia–United States relations
Costa Rica–United States relations
Cuba–United States relations
Dominica–United States relations
Dominican Republic–United States relations
Ecuador–United States relations
El Salvador–United States relations
Grenada–United States relations
Guatemala–United States relations
Guyana–United States relations
Haiti–United States relations
Honduras–United States relations
Jamaica–United States relations
Mexico–United States relations
Nicaragua–United States relations
Panama–United States relations
Paraguay–United States relations
Peru–United States relations
Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations
Saint Lucia–United States relations
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations
Suriname–United States relations
Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations
United States–Uruguay relations
United States–Venezuela relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Western%20Hemisphere%20Affairs |
The men's combined was held on Tuesday, 14 February, two days after the downhill. The combined competition, as the name suggests, is a combination where the times in the downhill racing and the slalom events are added. One run of downhill and two runs of slalom are used to determine overall ranking in the combined event. All three runs were held in a single day.
Norway's Kjetil André Aamodt was defending Olympic champion from Salt Lake City in 2002, while Benjamin Raich of Austria was the reigning world champion. Raich led the Combined standings on the World Cup entering the Olympics, followed by Michael Walchhofer (Austria) and Bode Miller (USA) in a tie for second.
Miller, the leader after the downhill portion, was disqualified in the first slalom run for straddling a gate. This left Raich in the lead going into the final run of slalom, followed by Ivica Kostelić and young American Ted Ligety. Ligety scorched the final run for the gold medal, while Raich skied out. Aamodt did not start the event after a knee injury, and Filip Trejbal had to withdraw after a spectacular crash which delayed the event for a prolonged period.
These were the last Olympics to use the traditional combined format (one downhill run and two slalom runs). Starting in 2010, the Olympics are scheduled to switch to the "super-combined" format (one run each of downhill & slalom) for the combined event. First run on the World Cup circuit in 2005 at Wengen, the "super-combi" format was first used at the world championships in 2007.
Results
The results of the men's combined event in Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Combined | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20combined |
33rd Street station is a terminal station on the PATH system. Located at the intersection of 32nd Street and Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas) in the Herald Square neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan, New York City, it is served by the Hoboken–33rd Street and Journal Square–33rd Street lines on weekdays, and by the Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) line on late nights, weekends and holidays. 33rd Street serves as the northern terminus of all three lines.
History
Opening
The 33rd Street station is part of the Uptown Hudson Tubes, built by the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M), the PATH's predecessor. The first section of the tubes opened in February 1908. The 33rd Street station opened on November 10, 1910, as part of the northern extension of the line. The original plans for the Uptown Hudson Tubes called for a terminal at 33rd Street under the Gimbels department store, now Manhattan Mall. During construction, the plan was changed so the 33rd Street station was directly under Sixth Avenue, providing for a future northward extension. The Gimbels store at the site opened in 1910, but the underlying plot was owned by an H&M subsidiary until 1919, when it was sold to Gimbels.
An extension of the tunnel to Grand Central Terminal and the Grand Central subway station was proposed in 1910. A franchise to extend the Uptown Hudson Tubes to Grand Central was awarded in June 1909. Work never started due to various delays. By 1920, the H&M had submitted seventeen applications in which they sought to delay construction of the extension to Grand Central; in all seventeen instances, the H&M claimed that it was not an appropriate time to construct the tube. On the H&M's seventeenth application, the Rapid Transit Commissioners declined the request for a delay, effectively ending the H&M's right to build an extension to Grand Central.
Relocation
In 1924, the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND) submitted its list of proposed subway routes to the New York City Board of Transportation. One of the proposed routes, the Sixth Avenue Line, ran parallel to the Uptown Hudson Tubes from Ninth to 33rd streets. Negotiations between the city, IND, and H&M continued until 1929. The IND and H&M finally came to an agreement in 1930. The city had decided to build the IND Sixth Avenue Line's local tracks around the pre-existing H&M tubes, and add express tracks for the IND underneath the H&M tubes at a later date.
The 33rd Street terminal closed on December 26, 1937, and service on the H&M was cut back to 28th Street to allow for construction on the subway to take place. A temporary 29th Street entrance was installed at the 28th Street station. The 33rd Street terminal was moved south to 32nd Street and reopened on September 24, 1939. The city paid $800,000 to build the new 33rd Street station and reimbursed H&M another $300,000 for the loss of revenue. As part of this upgrade, the 28th Street station was closed and demolished. As a partial compensation for the loss of the station, an entrance to the new terminal was opened at 30th Street. The IND line opened in December 1940.
Subsequent years
In 1962, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally took over the H&M, rebranding the system as Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH). A "Gimbels passageway" was formerly used by pedestrians to connect to Penn Station a block to the west under 33rd Street. After years of safety and sanitation concerns, an epidemic of sexual assaults led to its closure in the 1980s.
A train-car wash formerly operated at track 1 of the 33rd Street terminal. It was replaced by a wash that opened in mid-September 1993 in Jersey City. It was computer-operated, and designed to reclean and recycle the water used. More space for the operation was provided at Jersey City, allowing the detergent used on the cars to have more time to take effect. At 33rd Street, brushes began scrubbing the cars very soon after the detergent went on. Its completion allowed the PANYNJ to deactivate the car wash at 33rd Street, providing more flexibility in terminal operations there.
Station layout
The present station has three tracks in a Spanish solution with two island platforms and two side platforms, located two stories below ground level. There is a small mezzanine with turnstiles, located above the platforms, at the south end of the station. The tracks end at bumper blocks at the north end of the station, where ramps from each platform lead up to the northern turnstile area, located about one and a half stories below ground level.
Exits
At the south end of the 33rd Street station are two staircases, one to either side of Sixth Avenue between 30th and 31st Streets. The northern end contains exits to the northwest and northeast corners of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street, and an elevator on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets. From the northern end of the station, there are also passageways to the connected New York City Subway station and its own exits.
Nearby attractions
Empire State Building
Herald Square
Koreatown
Macy's
Madison Square Garden
Penn Station
Manhattan Mall
References
External links
PATH - 33rd Street Station
32nd Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
30th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform from Google Maps Street View
PATH stations in Manhattan
Sixth Avenue
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1910
Railway stations located underground in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd%20Street%20station%20%28PATH%29 |
Sutton House is a Grade II* listed Tudor manor house in Homerton High Street, in Hackney and is in London Borough of Hackney, London, England. It is owned by the National Trust.
History
Originally known as Bryck Place, Sutton House was built in 1535 by Sir Ralph Sadler, Principal Secretary of State to Henry VIII, and is the oldest residential building in Hackney. It is a rare example of a red brick building from the Tudor period. Here, in 1569, Sadler entertained the Scottish diplomats William Maitland of Lethington and Robert Pitcairn during the negotiations with Elizabeth I.
Sutton House became home to a succession of merchants, sea captains, Huguenot silk-weavers, Victorian schoolmistresses and Edwardian clergy. The frontage was modified in the Georgian period, but the core remains an essentially Tudor building. Oak panelled rooms, including a rare 'linen fold' room, Tudor windows and carved fireplaces survive intact, and an exhibition tells the history of the house and its former occupants.
At the turn of the 18th century, Hackney was renowned for its many schools, and Sutton House contained a boys' school, with headmaster Dr Burnet, which was attended in 1818 by the novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton. The building next became Milford House girls' school.
The name is a mis-attribution to Thomas Sutton, founder of Charterhouse School, who was another notable Hackney resident, in the adjacent Tan House. This was demolished in 1806 to allow for the extension of Sutton Place, a terrace of 16 Georgian Houses (Grade II listed).
Sutton House was bought by the National Trust in the 1930s with the proceeds of a bequest. During World War II it was used as a centre for Fire Wardens, who kept watch from the roof. From the 1960s it was rented by the ASTMS Union, led by its charismatic general secretary Clive Jenkins. When the union left in the early 1980s, the house fell into disrepair.
The house is the oldest surviving domestic building in Hackney. It is the second oldest in East London, Bromley Hall, a much modified house of the Tudor period, which survives next to the Blackwall Tunnel approach road, being slightly older; the latter is not open to the public.
Rescue
In the mid-1980s the building was squatted and used as a music venue and social centre, known as the Blue House (a decorated wall from this time is preserved within the current museum). After the squatters were evicted the building's condition continued to decline. The Sutton House Society, originally known as the Save Sutton House Campaign, which was formed in March 1987, then began a campaign to rescue the building and open it to the public. Renovations were completed in 1991. The building remains in use as a museum, as well as housing a café, an art gallery and a book and gift shop. There is an active schools education programme at the house, together with other community programmes. Sutton House was short-listed for the 2004 Gulbenkian Prize. It is registered for the conduct of marriages.
The restoration was completed in 1993 and the house fully opened in 1994. The weekend of 23 and 24 June 2007 represented the 20th anniversary of the campaign to save the house, and the 500th anniversary of the birth of its commissioner, Ralph Sadler.
Transport
The closest railway stations are Hackney Central station and Homerton station on the North London Line (part of the London Overground network). Many buses also stop in this area. The pedestrian route from Hackney Central passes St Augustine's Tower, a remnant of Hackney's Tudor Parish church.
References and notes
Further reading
Patrick Wright: A Journey Through Ruins (Radius, 1991)
Jennifer Jenkins and Patrick James: From Acorn to Oak Tree (Macmillan, 1994)
Victor Belcher, Richard Bond, Mike Gray and Andy Wittrick: Sutton House — a Tudor Courtier’s House in Hackney (English Heritage, 2004)
External links
Sutton House information at the National Trust
Sutton House Music Society
Sutton House Society
Flickr pictures tagged Sutton House
Houses completed in 1535
History of the London Borough of Hackney
National Trust properties in London
Grade II* listed houses in London
Grade II* listed museum buildings
Houses in the London Borough of Hackney
Museums in the London Borough of Hackney
Historic house museums in London
1535 establishments in England
Hackney, London
Squats in the United Kingdom
Evicted squats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton%20House%2C%20London |
Stanley Market () is a street market in Stanley on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The street is a typical example of a traditional old open-air market in Hong Kong and has since become a major tourist attraction, well known for its bargains. Many of the stalls or shops in Stanley Market sell Hong Kong souvenirs as well as clothing - particularly silk garments and traditional Chinese dress - toys, ornaments, luggage, souvenirs, paintings, and Chinese arts and crafts. The market grew out of Chek Chu Tsuen, a nearby village.
There are several small Chinese restaurants in the marketplace and a small old dai pai dong or open food stall. There are also a variety of restaurants along the seafront.
The nearby Stanley Main Street offers many larger restaurants, both Western and Chinese.
References
External links
Stanley Market (Hong Kong Tourism Board)
Street markets in Hong Kong
Stanley, Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Market |
Vacuum is the absence of matter.
Vacuum may also refer to:
Vacuum cleaner, a home appliance which uses suction to remove dirt
Vacuum flask, an insulated storage vessel
Vacuum (outer space), the very high, but imperfect, vacuum of the solar system and interstellar space
Ultra-high vacuum
Vacuum state, the quantum state with the lowest possible energy
Vacuum Oil Company, an 1866 US petroleum company, now part of ExxonMobil
Vacuum (band), a musical group from Sweden
The Vacuum, a free monthly newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland
Vacuum, a 2006 play by Deborah McAndrew
Vacuum, a 2004 album by The Watch
VACUUM, a data set clean-up process
simple:Vacuum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The is a high-rise commercial building located in Sangen-jaya, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. It was completed in November 1996. The building has 26 stories above ground and 5 basement levels. Its name was the winning entry in a competition among local children.
The upper levels have office space, while the lower stories contain shops, a gallery, and a public theatre. The top floor has an observation deck along with a banquet area and restaurant. It also houses a broadcasting studio of the local FM Setagaya radio station.
The game development company Game Freak hosted their headquarters on the 22nd floor of the Carrot Tower until transferring to Kanda Square in 2020. The site on the 22nd floor still serves as an alternative site development studio for Game Freak today.
Sangen-Jaya Station on the Tōkyū Setagaya Line is integrated into the ground floor.
References
External links
Setagaya Public Theater (Japanese)
FM Setagaya (Japanese)
Buildings and structures in Setagaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot%20Tower |
Atlantic was the name of a very early American steam locomotive built by inventor and foundry owner Phineas Davis for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1832. It is in fact the first commercially successful and practical American built locomotive and class prototype, and Davis' second constructed for the B&O, his first having won a design competition contest announced by the B&O in 1830.
Design and construction
Built at a cost of $4,500 (equal to $ today), the Atlantic weighed and had two vertical cylinders. It was commissioned after Davis' entry had won the competition for a steam locomotive design, but the contract was awarded to the inventor of the Tom Thumb; when the five locomotives commissioned failed the contracted delivery, B&O bought out the patents. A few of these were incorporated in the Atlantic by Davis, whether by specification or because Davis wanted them is unclear. The locomotives he delivered before his death in 1835 were the first commercially feasible, sufficiently efficient coal burning steam locomotives produced domestically in the United States and placed into traction service. One of his engines, the John Quincy Adams, built in 1835, is the oldest existing American built locomotive. It is located at Carillon Historical Park in Dayton, Ohio.
Ox teams were used to convey the engine to Baltimore, where it made a successful inaugural trip to Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, a distance of . Nicknamed the 'Grasshopper' for its distinctive horizontal beam and long connecting rods, the locomotive carried of steam and burned of anthracite coal on a trip from Baltimore. Satisfied with this locomotive's operations, the B&O built 20 more locomotives of a similar design at its Mt. Clare shops in Baltimore. Despite this success, the Atlantic prototype engine was scrapped in 1835 after the death of Phineas Davis. The reason was unclear.
The Atlantic replica
In 1892, four surviving similar Grasshopper engines were reconditioned for display. These locomotives, first built in 1836, were second generation Grasshoppers that had survived as shop switchers at the B&O's Mt. Clare shops. Major J. G. Pangborn took the No. 7 Andrew Jackson, built in 1836 by Ross Winans and George Gillingham, and rebuilt it to resemble the 1832 Atlantic, as a heritage showpiece. The side rods and cab on No. 7 were removed, but the larger boiler and cylinders remain. The former Andrew Jackson was first exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, operated for the B&O 1927 Centenary Pageant "Fair of the Iron Horse", and then exhibited again at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and finally in 1948-49 at the Chicago Railroad Fair as part of the latter fair's "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. It was later placed on display in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum, where it currently remains.
References
0-4-0 locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Early steam locomotives
Baltimore and Ohio locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Preserved steam locomotives of Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20%28locomotive%29 |
Speed, first published in 1970, was the first of three published works by William S. Burroughs, Jr., the son of the Beat Generation author William S. Burroughs.
Summary
Speed is an autobiographical novel about the ins and outs of the life of a methamphetamine addict. It starts out with Burroughs in his grandmother's house in Florida and moves to the streets of New York. It is written in the straight narrative style. Throughout the book the life of the speed addict is explored and the stories of how Burroughs got from being a teenage speed-freak to getting arrested and tried for forging a prescription is touched upon. Speed was almost rejected by its publisher due to its crude themes, such as the in-depth sex scene between Burroughs and his child love, Maria.
Impact
Burroughs' second work, Kentucky Ham, is similar in some aspects to Speed and elucidates on the other adventures had by him after Speed was written. His third work, Cursed From Birth, was compiled by David Ohle and published posthumously.
Due to the author having an almost identical name to his more famous father, and because the book deals with themes often featured in his father's writings, Speed is often erroneously credited to the elder Burroughs.
References
American autobiographical novels
1970 American novels
Novels by William S. Burroughs Jr.
Olympia Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20%28novel%29 |
A contraceptive vaginal ring is a type of hormonal insert that is placed in the vagina for the purpose of birth control. The rings themselves utilize a plastic polymer matrix that is inlaid or embedded with contraceptive drug. This drug, often one or two hormones, is absorbed directly through the bloodstream through the cells that line the vaginal wall. Some vaginal rings contain both an estrogen and a progestin (brand names NuvaRing and Annovera), which are available in Europe and the United States. Other vaginal rings contain just progesterone (brand name Progering). The progesterone-only ring is only available in Latin America, exclusively for postpartum breastfeeding parents.
The Progering is made of silicone-elastorone with an outer diameter of 58 mm and cross-sectional diameter of 8.4 mm. Similarly, Annovera has an outer diameter of 56 mm and cross-sectional diameter of 8.4 mm. In contrast, the Nuvaring has a diameter of 54 mm with a cross-sectional diameter that measures 4 mm. The vaginal rings work as a long acting drug delivery system for varying indications, including prevention of pregnancy, improvement of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, lower risks of ovarian and endometrial cancers, and reduction of risk of cysts in the ovaries. Although the vaginal rings do not provide protection for sexually transmitted diseases, the rings are being assessed as a possible drug delivery system for HIV prevention.
Combined hormonal contraceptive vaginal ring
Mechanism of Action
The ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel vaginal ring is also known as NuvaRing. It is a flexible plastic (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) ring that releases a low dose of a progestin and estrogen over three weeks. The slow release of the hormones prevents pregnancy by blocking ovulation and causes changes in the cervical mucus that may stop implantation from occurring, as well.
Dosing
The low dose is a constant rate that averages to about 0.015 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.12 mg etonogestrel per day.
Administration
The contraceptive vaginal ring can be used at any time during the menstrual cycle as long as the patient is not currently pregnant. The standard process for administration is to insert the ring and leave it inside the vagina for 21 days, then remove it and have a break for 7 days without the ring inserted. After the 7 day break, a new ring should be reinserted for a 21 day period, and the cycle will continue thereafter. However, some patients may choose to have a shorter ring-free break or no break at all, which has been shown to be just as safe and effective as the regimen with breaks. About 9% of individuals using a vaginal ring will still get pregnant every year, although this drops to 1% with perfect use. The most common mistakes when using the ring are adherence issues and incorrect administration, including forgetting to replace the ring on time and failure to insert the ring far enough into the vagina. A study in Kenya demonstrated that there was concern circling on vaginal insertion and ring placement that called for practice from users, initially. Comparably, in Rwanda participants, there were challenges with ring insertion and removal originally but those worries dissipated with practice, and later described the process as "easy". Multiple other common reasons for nonadherence include removing the ring for washing or before sexual intercourse. If the ring has been removed for more than three hours, then backup contraception should be used until the ring has been inserted and back in place for at least seven days. Due to lack of patient education, some users struggle to insert the device comfortably and completely, which may hinder the contraceptive effects of the ring. A large number of accidental expulsion of the vaginal ring occurs in the first few weeks of ring use, further suggesting inadequate or absence of counseling in use of contraceptive vaginal rings or inexperience in vaginal ring use.
Side Effects
For any individual interested in using a contraceptive vaginal ring, it is important for their healthcare provider to provide counseling and support their understanding on these topics to ensure proper usage techniques and time. There is a small chance of blood clots, heart attacks and stroke with vaginal rings, and they are not recommended for individuals over 35 who smoke. Studies find that 2.4% to 6.4% of contraceptive vaginal ring users experience uterine bleeding.
A common concern with contraceptive vaginal rings are that they will impact vaginal health. Multiple studies have demonstrated that vaginal health is not impacted as contraceptive vaginal rings do not affect the vaginal microbiome. However, adverse effects that can lead to discontinuation of vaginal ring use include foreign body sensation, coital problems, and expulsion of the device.
The one-year combined hormonal contraceptive ring is also known as Annovera. It is a silicone elastomer vaginal ring containing the progestin segesterone acetate and the estrogen ethinylestradiol.
Side effects are not common but may be present in some patients as a result of the hormones released by the ring. These side effects could include headaches, nausea, changes in period/menstrual cycle, sore breasts, or increased vaginal discharge. These symptoms are most common when the patient first begins using the ring and often subside within the first 2–3 months. While these are not necessarily reasons for concern, patients should always contact their primary care provider if they feel sick or faint, as it may be a sign for more serious adverse events in which case the vaginal ring usage should be discontinued.
Progesterone only vaginal ring
Indications
A progesterone vaginal ring (PVR) has also been developed. It is specifically made for use during breastfeeding as it does not affect milk production. The progesterone rings are highly effective for breastfeeding parents because exclusive breastfeeding itself, inducing lactational amenorrhea, provides some protection from pregnancy, and is considered safe for the new infants.
Mechanism of action
The progesterone vaginal ring works by releasing a hormone, progesterone, over a three month period that leads to prevention of ovulation in the first postpartum year. After the three months, the ring can be replaced with a new one if breastfeeding is continued or if prolonged contraception is desired.
Dosing
Approximately 10 mg of progesterone diffuses from the ring per day through the vaginal walls into the bloodstream to suppress ovulation as well as thickening the cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration into the uterus.
Administration
Similar to the combined hormonal ring, the progesterone vaginal ring should be left in place and should not be removed for a period longer than two hours. If it is removed for a longer period of time, backup contraception should be used until the ring has been inserted and back in place for at least seven days.
The effectiveness rate is 98 to 99% in individuals using the progesterone vaginal ring for a year.
Side Effects
Side effects include, but are not limited to, vaginal discharge, breast pain, and spotting or irregular bleeding.
Advantages and disadvantages
Since the vaginal ring is a different form of birth control, there are certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to other forms.
Advantages
The ring offers better adherence from its longer duration effect as it needs to be changed at the very most once a month, compared to taking contraceptive pills daily. Also, unlike the pill, it is not affected by gastrointestinal issues, such as vomiting and diarrhea, as the hormones are directly absorbed into the bloodstream. The estrogen dosing is lower compared to that of contraceptive pills and patches, which results in fewer side effects related to estrogen. Additionally, there are a lower incidence rates of drug-drug interactions because the route does not involve the gastrointestinal tract, but rather the vaginal epithelium. In a 2014 study conducted in Chilean individuals, a positive correlation between contraceptive counseling and preference for contraceptive vaginal rings has been demonstrated. Preferences for an oral pill formulation, which was the most popular option, decreased after physician counseling; whereas, preferences for vaginal rings and transdermal patches increased after physician counseling. When compared to other forms of contraception (combined oral contraceptives, contraceptive patch), the contraceptive vaginal ring showed similar, comparable efficacy and a better safety profile than its competitors. Oral contraceptive users experienced more adverse events of nausea and vomiting. However on the other hand, vaginal ring users experienced more vaginal discharge. The study found that adherence was far higher for contraceptive vaginal rings as they did not need to be changed daily like the other forms of contraception. This provides a good indication for real world effectiveness of vaginal rings as the primary source of contraception, as adherence issues are the main source of contraceptive failures. An additional benefit is that the bleeding pattern of the contraceptive vaginal ring is consistent over a year long period, which has led to lower discontinuation rates.
Disadvantages
Though it requires less maintenance, the vaginal ring will still have to be placed and removed at the right time. A prescription is required to obtain a vaginal ring, which makes it less accessible compared to over the counter contraceptives. The vaginal ring does not offer protection against all sexually transmitted infections. The dapivirine vaginal ring (DPV-VR) is a relatively recent type of vaginal ring that reduces the risk of acquiring HIV during vaginal sex, with further research attempting to create a contraceptive and HIV preventative vaginal ring. Unscheduled ring removals can increase the risk of failure, and further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the ring beyond a 21-day period.
Contraindications
In addition, due to the higher risk of thromboembolism, the vaginal ring is not suitable for individuals with the following conditions:
severe obesity
history of thromboembolic episodes
history of breast cancer, hepatitis, stroke, heart attack, irregular vaginal bleeding, or migraines of certain types
smoking, especially 15 or more cigarettes per day
over 35 years of age
concurrent use of medications such as St. John's Wort, rifampin, or corticosteroids
References
Combined hormonal contraceptives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive%20vaginal%20ring |
Nova Cinema is a pay television service available in Greece that broadcasts blockbuster movies and hit series. It is a 24/7 movie service and it launched in 1994, It is owned by Nova, who own and operate a DTH satellite service with the same name and Nova Sports—a sports channel.
In 2015, Nova Cinema has an output deal with HBO to broadcast the biggest hit series in Greece at the same time with the US. The fifth season of Game of Thrones premiered on 12 April 2015 on HBO and Nova Cinema at the same time.
Nova satellite subscribers have access to all four Nova Cinema channels if they subscribe to either the Cinema pack or the Full pack offered by the company.
FilmNet
From 1994 until 1 June 2008, Nova Cinema was known as Filmnet which was one of the oldest names in European pay television history: Originally, service was launched in 1985 targeting Benelux and Scandinavia. In 1997, all Filmnet channels minus the one in Greece were sold to Groupe Canal+ and rebranded as Canal+. With the arrival of the Nova Cinema brand, the name Filmnet was retired.
Channels and content
Nova Cinema operates four multiplex channels:
NovaCinema 1 HD: features blockbusters and premieres, Greek co-productions from Nova, as well as movie awards.
NovaCinema 2 HD: The channel showing movies.
NovaCinema 3 HD: features adventure, crime, fantasy, sci-fi, horror and western movies and as well as adult zone every night.
NovaCinema 4 HD: The series channel, features foreign series with new episodes, broadcast for the first time in Greece, shortly after America’s air time.
Temporary channels
Nova occasionally gives one of their channels a temporary rebrand to air different kinds of seasonal or promotional programming. Examples of this include:
Nova Summer HD: Broadcast from 1 June until 31 August, featuring 2 movies every night.
Nova Christmas HD: Broadcast during the Christmas holidays as a seasonal channel featuring family and kids movies every night.
Nova Stars HD: Broadcast during the whole January and the whole February, featuring 2 awarded/nominated movies every night.
Nova Star Wars: Broadcast from 4 May 2015 until 31 May 2015, featuring Star Wars full-time.
Nova Harry Potter HD: Broadcast from 14 October 2017 until 29 October 2017, featuring Harry Potter full-time.
Nova X-Men HD: Broadcast from 11 May 2018 until 28 May 2018, featuring X-Men full-time.
Nova Thrones HD: Broadcast from 1 April 2019 until 31 May 2019, featuring Game of Thrones full-time.
Nova Rock HD: Broadcast from 15 June 2019 until 31 July 2019, featuring 2 rock music movies every night.
Special Events
NovaCinema 1 HD features special events such as Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards and BAFTA. It used to broadcast the Academy Awards until 2016 when Nova lost the exclusive rights to the coverage of the ceremony.
Current Hit Series
Absentia
Big Little Lies
Blindspot
Condor
Four Weddings and a Funeral
Gotham
His Dark Materials
Lethal Weapon
Mrs. Fletcher
NCIS
Prodigal Son
Silicon Valley
Succession
The Deuce
The Good Doctor
The Handmaid's Tale
True Detective
Watchmen
Westworld
Former Hit Series
Black Sails
Boardwalk Empire
Cedar Cove
Counterpart
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Deadly Class
Deception
Divorce
Game of Thrones
Gomorrah
Gran Hotel
Hannibal
Person of Interest
Satisfaction
Show Me a Hero
The Art of More
The Following
The Leftovers
The Mentalist
The Newsroom
Timeless
Vinyl
Whiskey Cavalier
Logos
References
Movie channels in Greece
Television channels in Greece
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Pay television
cy:FilmNet
nl:FilmNet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova%20Cinema%20%28Greece%29 |
A galactocele (also called lacteal cyst or milk cyst) is a retention cyst containing milk or a milky substance that is usually located in the mammary glands. They can occur in women during or shortly after lactation.
They present as a firm mass, often subareolar, and are caused by the obstruction of a lactiferous duct. Clinically, they appear similar to a cyst on examination. The duct becomes more distended over time by epithelial cells and milk. It may rarely be complicated by a secondary infection and result in abscess formation. These cysts may rupture leading to formation of inflammatory reaction and may mimic malignancy.
Once lactation has ended the cyst should resolve on its own without intervention. A galactocele is not normally infected as the milk within is sterile and has no outlet through which to become contaminated. Treatment is by aspiration of the contents or by excision of the cyst. Antibiotics are given to prevent infection.
Galactoceles may be associated with oral contraceptive use. They have been known to present, although rarely, after Breast augmentation and Breast reduction.
References
External links
Case description and discussion at Harvard.edu
Rare diseases
Breast diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactocele |
Sanam Luang (, ; lit: 'royal turf') is a open field and public square in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang is in the Phra Nakhon District, the historic center of Bangkok.
In the Royal Chronicle it was written that, "In front of Wat Mahathat, Sanam Luang lies between the Royal Palace and the Front Palace. When royal cremation was held at the Phra Men Ground, the pyre set up in the centre with the Royal Palace Pavilion to the south and the one of the Prince of the Front Palace to the north. The music from the Royal Palace and from the Palace to the Front would be played on opposite sides of Sanam Luang".
Sanam Luang was officially known as "Thung Phra Men" (the royal cremation ground) (Thai: ทุ่งพระเมรุ). It has been used as a site for the cremation of kings, queens, and high-ranking princes since the reign of King Rama I. In 1855, King Rama IV changed its name from "Thung Phra Men" to "Thong Sanam Luang", in common usage now shortened to "Sanam Luang".
The Fine Arts Department lists Sanam Luang as a historical site.
History
Sanam Luang has been used since the time of King Rama I. It was the site of royal ceremonies and functions, including the cremation of the Front Palace, who was Rama I's brother. King Rama II followed this example of performing royal ceremonies there, including the cremation of the Front Palace of his reign, who was also his beloved brother. The Royal Chronicles mention the close link between the two brothers as follows:
"At the beginning of the season of the tradewind, the king flew a Chula kite (star-shaped kite) in front of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha and the Prince of the Palace to the Front flew a Pakpao kite (plain kite) at Sanam Luang".
During the reign of King Rama III, when Thailand was engaged in a conflict with Vietnam over the Cambodian border, the king wished to demonstrate to other nations that Thailand was such a fertile, flourishing country that even the area in front of the Grand Palace was cultivated. Sanam Luang was then a normal plot of land, used for growing rice. When there was a royal funeral, it would be smoothed over to prepare for the event.
King Rama IV set up a place for performing the Royal Ploughing Ceremony (Thai: พระราชพิธีพืชมงคลจรดพระนังคัลแรกนาขวัญ) where low walls were put up and a small hall was built to place the Buddha image for the ceremony. Pavilions and towers were built near the king's seat when he watched the ploughing ceremony. Next to the king's pavilion there was a stage where plays were performed as part of the ritual of propitiating the gods. Outside the wall there was a barn where the rice would be stored.
King Rama V enlarged Sanam Luang and pulled down all the buildings which were used for the ceremonies of former kings. In addition, it was no longer necessary to grow rice near the Royal Palace. The space was needed for the preparation of the centennial celebration of Bangkok in 1897 which took place soon after King Rama V's return from Europe. It was a grand celebration also corresponding to the king's fiftieth birthday. Following a visit to the Javanese court, where he was impressed by the gardens surrounding the sultan's place, Rama V ordered that two rows of tamarind trees be planted encircling Sanam Luang. Two additional rows were planted about 1967, bringing the total to 783 trees. Sanam Luang was still the place for kite flying. King Rama VI again used the place in the same manner as former kings to perform various ceremonies. Also, it was used as a racetrack, and golf course as more foreigners came to visit and stay in the country.
In 1976, a massacre took place on the grounds of Sanam Luang and the nearby Thammasat University. The perpetrators were corrupt police, right volunteers and militia.
King Rama IX used Sanam Luang annually in May, for the Ploughing Ceremony and the Ceremony of Calling the Rain. There were various ceremonies performed at Sanam Luang, including the Bi-Centennial Celebration of Bangkok (Thai: พระราชพิธีฉลองกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ครบ 200 ปี), in 1982, the grand celebration of the golden jubilee royal ceremony in 1996 (Thai: พระราชพิธีกาญจนาภิเษก) and the cremation of King Ananda Mahidol in 1950, Queen Savang Vadhana in 1956, Queen Rambhai Barni of King Rama VII in 1986, Princess Mother Srinagarindra in 1996, Princess Galyani Vadhana in 2008, and Princess Bejaratana Rajasuda in 2012.
Following the 13 October 2016 death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, massive crowds flooded Sanam Luang to pay their respects to the late-king. His cremation took place here on 26 October 2017.
During 2020 Thai protests, the field was a place of a rally on 19–20 September 2020, and the place where the "Second Khana Ratsadon Plaque" was installed. The plaque was removed within 24 hours, and protest leaders were charged with damaging a historical site.
References
Parks in Bangkok
Phra Nakhon district
Squares and plazas in Bangkok
Registered ancient monuments in Bangkok | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanam%20Luang |
"The Client" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's thirteenth episode overall. Written by Paul Lieberstein, who also acts in the show as Toby Flenderson, and directed by Greg Daniels, the episode first aired in the United States on November 8, 2005, on NBC.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) begin a relationship after landing an important client (Tim Meadows). Meanwhile, the rest of the office finds a screenplay written by Michael and they decide to read it together.
The idea for Jan and Michael to have a romantic relationship was conceived by Steve Carell as far back as the filming of the pilot episode. The kiss between the two was rehearsed and filmed "many, many, many times", according to B. J. Novak. While filming, Steve Carell and Tim Meadows improvised a good majority of their dinner scene, but most of it never made the final cut. During the production of the episode, the cast and crew were informed by NBC that the show would be picked up for a whole 22 episodes, a move that "surprised" them. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics and earned a Nielsen rating of 3.8 in the 18–49 demographic, being viewed by 7.5 million viewers.
Plot
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) meet with Christian (Tim Meadows), a county government employee in charge of the government's office paper contract. Taking him on as a client could mean the branch will not have to downsize, a threat that has been looming for the past year. Jan is not happy that Michael changed the meeting location from a hotel meeting room to Chili's without permission and persists in jokes and personal discussion instead of getting down to business. However, she discovers at the end of the day that there is a method to his madness, as the bonding between Michael and Christian allows him to close the deal. Afterwards, in the parking lot, Michael and the recently divorced Jan kiss and leave together.
During the meeting Michael calls Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) to read from one of the joke books in his desk, where she finds a screenplay written by Michael entitled Threat Level: Midnight, starring himself as "Agent Michael Scarn". The staff perform a read-through of the script, in which the character sequence "Dwigt" appears. They realize Michael based his incompetent sidekick on Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), but later changed the name with a search and replace, which did not affect the single misspelling of Dwight's name. Dwight is upset and shuts down the exercise to invite everyone to set off fireworks outside, but only Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) follows.
When the staff discuss their worst first dates, Pam astounds them with a story of how her date forgot about her and left her behind at a minor league hockey game. Their astonishment increases when they realize the date was her now-fiancé, Roy. Later, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam break off their respective evening plans to enjoy an impromptu dinner on the roof and watch Dwight and Kevin fool around with fireworks. The next day Jim half-jokingly remarks to Pam that this was their first date. When Pam replies bluntly that it was not a date, Jim is caught by surprise and makes a snide comment about the hockey game date. Hurt, Pam breaks off the conversation.
The following morning, Dwight, having spent the night in the office, sees Jan coming by to retrieve her car, igniting gossip that she had sex with Michael. Michael reveals to the documentary crew that they made out and talked long into the night before falling asleep. Jan calls and says she regrets what happened, even accusing Michael of deliberately getting her drunk to initiate a romantic encounter with her, but Michael refuses to accept her change of heart. He and Jim share a moment of confusion at their (apparently) unrequited loves.
Production
This episode was the third episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels. Daniels had previously directed the episodes "Basketball" and "The Dundies". "The Client" was written by Paul Lieberstein, who acts on the show as human resources director Toby Flenderson. The idea for Jan and Michael to have a romantic relationship was conceived by Steve Carell as far back as the filming of the pilot episode. According to writer and producer Greg Daniels "it was like he (Michael) was turned on by his teacher." Writer and actor Paul Lieberstein said that the first idea that anybody came up for the episode was the final shot, where Jim and Michael look at each other and shake their heads, suggesting that they had been through similar experiences. The rest of the episode was written to lead to that scene. The scene where Oscar tells a story about a date getting a background check on him was based on an actual date that Paul Lieberstein went on.
While filming, Steve Carell and Tim Meadows improvised a lot of their dinner scene, but most of it never made the final cut. One improvised scene that did make the final cut was the "Baby Back Ribs" song. In an interview, Jenna Fischer said that the rooftop scene was her favorite to shoot. Fischer recalled that "there was a very small crew up on the roof and they had the cameras really far away." After the main shooting ended, producers decided to do a re-shoot to explain the "Dwigt" situation clearly and concisely. The kiss between Michael and Jan was rehearsed and filmed "many, many, many times", according to B. J. Novak. While editing the kiss between Michael and Jan, Greg Daniels brought many people into the editing room to see if they thought the kiss was too long or not long enough.
During the production of the episode, the cast and crew were informed by NBC that the show would be picked up for a whole 22 episodes. Initially, the show's second season had only been brought back for six episodes, to test the water. Despite the lackluster reception the first season had, ratings jumped during the second season to 7.7 million in the fall alone. After the ratings success, Kevin Reilly, NBC Entertainment president, "surprised" the cast and crew of the staff and ordered a full season; he later likened the series to Seinfeld and Cheers, noting that they too had "slow starts".
Cultural references
Michael tells Jan that he moved their meeting from a Radisson to a Chili's, per advice—that he sent in—to the magazine Small Businessman. During their meeting, Michael tells Christian and Jan the Lighthouse and naval vessel joke. Dwight reveals to the camera that he was once in a production of Oklahoma!, and played the part of "Mutie The Mailman". He explains that the production had too many kids, so they made up extra roles.
Michael's screenplay is a parody of secret agent films, most notably the James Bond franchise. In Michael's screenplay, his love interest is named Catherine Zeta-Jones. The name of Michael's movie has been referenced several other times through the series. In the third season episode "Product Recall", Michael frantically states that, due to the amount of angry customers, the office has been "put at Threat Level Midnight." Michael's screenplay was eventually turned into a home movie, and is viewed by the entire office in the seventh season episode "Threat Level Midnight."
Reception
"The Client" originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 8, 2005. The episode was viewed by 7.5 million viewers and received a 3.8 rating/9% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.8% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode retained 73 percent of its lead-in "My Name is Earl" audience, the best the show had done up until that point. An encore presentation of the episode, on April 25, 2006, received 2.4 rating/7% share was viewed by over 4.8 million viewers.
The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics. TV Squad's Michael Sciannamea gave the episode a largely positive review wrote that Michael is "totally taken with himself", but still "has shown us his vulnerabilities". Sciannamea noted that, by showing the audience Michael's humanity, the writers were making "this sitcom so compelling". Sciannamea, however, did point out that this is the second week in a row that "Pam is offended by something Jim has said or done", which in his mind "will get tiresome quickly if it continues". "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity graded the episode with a "B+". Rolling Stone named the scene wherein the employees read Threat Level: Midnight as the tenth funniest in The Office's first three seasons.
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an "A" and called it "a series-best episode of The Office whose series-best status sneaks up on you". He was largely complimentary towards the way the episode built towards a climax, and followed various successful "setup-punchline rhythms". He also applauded the introduction of the Threatlevel: Midnight screenplay, calling it "a subplot so crucial to the mythology of the series, it would form the basis of an entire episode near the end of Steve Carell’s time in Scranton." Adams ultimately concluded that the episode is "a top-notch Office installment overall", thanks in large part to the Pam-Jim and Michael-Jan subplots and dynamics.
References
External links
"The Client" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Daniels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Client%20%28The%20Office%29 |
College Avenue Gymnasium is an athletic facility on the College Avenue Campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
It is the second gymnasium built on the site. The first was built in 1892 on the site of College Field, the former RU football field. The first collegiate game of American football was played on the site on November 6, 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton University, 6–4 (roughly 42–28 under today's scoring).
The old Ballantine Gymnasium burned down in 1930, and this replacement building opened in 1932. Officially, it is the College Avenue Gymnasium, but it is known to the RU community as "The Barn." Most of the seating is in the form of a balcony on three sides, upstairs from the court level, giving the gym one of the most intimate settings in Eastern college basketball while it was RU's main venue for the sport. Seating capacity has been approximately 3,200 throughout its existence. There is an annex attached to the side of the gym that sport courts for basketball, indoor soccer and a variety of other sports. The Barn has a rock climbing wall and provides willing students with lessons. The Barn also has a room used solely for those interested in kickboxing or mixed martial arts in general. There is also a room with multiple Olympic weightlifting platforms complete bumper plates, which are in kilograms, for both beginners and advanced lifters. Both the kickboxing room and the Olympic weightlifting room are deemed "The Power Gym" and are located off of The Barn's main weight-room.
Rutgers reached its only NCAA Final Four in the 1975–76 season, going undefeated until losing to the University of Michigan in the National Semifinal. Home games at The Barn became festive affairs, with the crowd yelling so loudly that paint chips fell from the ceiling. RU knew it was time to build a bigger home court, and the Rutgers Athletic Center was built across the Raritan River in Piscataway in time for the 1977–78 season. It was renamed the Louis Brown Athletic Center in 1986, and subsequently became Jersey Mike's Arena in 2021.
The College Avenue Gym remains the home of RU's volleyball team, as well as gym facilities for students, and there are no plans to replace it. Besides volleyball, their most recent tenant was the Rutgers Wrestling team for a practice location, as well as their home arena, but moved over to the RWJBarnabas Health Athletic Performance Center in September of 2019.
The current New Jersey State Constitution was written and adopted in a constitutional convention, led by Rutgers President Robert Clarkson Clothier, held here in 1947.
References
External links
Rutgers Scarlet Knights basketball venues
College volleyball venues in the United States
College wrestling venues in the United States
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
1932 establishments in New Jersey
Sports venues completed in 1932
Gyms in the United States
Sports in New Brunswick, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Avenue%20Gymnasium |
Worthington Kilbourne High School (WKHS) is a public school located in Columbus, Ohio, United States, and is part of the Worthington City School District. Kilbourne was named after James Kilbourne, the founder of the city of Worthington. The school colors are black and royal blue and a gray wolf named "Lobo" is the mascot. The current principal is Aric Thomas.
Within the Worthington City School District, students who attend McCord Middle School, Perry Middle School, and students from Phoenix Middle School who would traditionally attend McCord or Perry feed into WKHS.
Student demographics
In the 2009-2010 school year, approximately 6.0% of the 1,357 students at the school are of Asian descent, about 1.7% are Hispanic and about 6.0% are African American. 82.9% of the students are Caucasian, a category that includes 2.9% students of multi-racial descent. The school has about 1.9% of its students who are considered Limited English Proficient, about 13.1% are Students With Disabilities, and 13.2% are considered Economically Disadvantaged.
History
Worthington Kilbourne was founded in 1991 to handle the increasing student enrollment in the district at Thomas Worthington High School. The school is named after James Kilbourne, the founder of the city of Worthington.
Ravine
The school was built at 1499 Hard Road, over a ravine, which became the name of the school newspaper. The ravine is considered by students a central element of the school both physically and communally. It has a stream that runs in it which biology and earth science classes conduct research on. The stream brought anxiety during the winter of 2004-2005. After heavy snows, the Worthington area experienced a large rainfall that when combined with the melting snow caused the level of the stream to rise dramatically causing the administration to worry that lasting damage would be done to the school and that the structural integrity of the building could be compromised. It was later determined that there was no lasting damage.
Campus land
Worthington Kilbourne High School is built on land acquired by the school district from Jack Antrim. The land was long owned by his family until it was condemned and sold to Worthington City Schools.
Traditions
Arts in Action
Arts in Action is an event that takes place every year in the spring, where students of the school are given a forum to display their works of art. This can take the shape of paintings, photography, sculptures, singing, and instrumental performance. One of the main events of this day is the highly competitive throw down, where potters race to create a clay pot on potters' wheels. Each match is a head-to-head match and the tournament is single elimination. Five points are awarded and the winner is the person who wins at least three points. One point is awarded for the first potter to center his clay. The other four points are awarded after the match is over, 10 minutes later. Another point is awarded for the tallest pot, and one point for the thinnest walls. If a potter has won these three points, it is known as a technical win and the other two points are not awarded (as there are only 2 points left, the other potter cannot win). If however a technical win does not happen, a panel of three judges (two students and a teacher or administrator chosen at the start of the 10-minute period) will vote on which pot they think is better based on artistic merits and creativity. The potter who gets at least two votes from the panel wins two points. Often, the final match is judged by three former champions (sometimes current students, sometimes alumni).
Other activities during the day may include the HOME BASE class building a house in the middle of the commons, inflatable games being brought into the gym, a variety of vendors selling food, drinks, and desserts in the hallways, band, orchestral and choral ensemble performances, and some charity related carnival style games.
Black Watch
The Kilbourne Black Watch is a group of students who want to see all students excel at Worthington Kilbourne.
The Kilbourne Black Watch was formed in 2007 by 35 WKHS students with the support of their advisor, history teacher John Jordan. The purpose of the organization is to build a spirit of community among WKHS students by offering mutual support for student activities of all kinds. Members of the
Black Watch make it their goal to attend at least one home game/match/meet of every WKHS team, one performance of each of the WKHS performing arts groups, and otherwise encourage the efforts of their fellow students in their diverse pursuits. Events which Black Watch members are encouraged to attend are published on a register called “The Watch List.”
When Kilbourne Black Watch members attend an event, they dress in black and sometimes paint their faces royal blue in the manner of the Scottish warriors in the film “Braveheart.” Some members sport a standardized black T-shirt. The front features the Kilbourne Black Watch flag, a black WKHS “K” emblazoned upon the Cross of St. Andrew, the flag of Scotland. The back features the regimental badge of the actual Black Watch regiment in royal blue and white, with the name “Kilbourne” visible across the base of the badge. The back also features the slogan “Alba Gu Bra! Kilburnie Gu Bra!” which means, “Scotland Forever! Kilbourne Forever!” The Kilbourne Black Watch thus honors the Scottish legacy of the school’s namesake, the Rev. James Kilbourne.
Battle of Hard Road
One of WKHS' biggest rivals is just 2.5 miles down the road. Every year, Worthington Kilbourne High School and Dublin Scioto High School face off in a football game known as the Battle of Hard Road. The winning team is awarded bragging rights for a year as well as a chunk of pavement from Hard Road (the street both schools are on) that serves as a trophy. The two schools first played each other in 1995 and have faced off every year since. Throughout the rivalry, Kilbourne and Scioto have each won 10 regular season games. These teams have also competed against each other in the playoffs three times, Kilbourne came out on top in 2004 and 2013 while Scioto won in 2014. The rivalry between these two schools is present in all sports, but is strongest on the football field.
Extracurricular activities
Worthington Kilbourne High School is part of the Ohio Capital Conference and has a number of extracurricular activities available to its students.
Sports
The following sports are available to students:
Baseball
Basketball
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Curling
Dance Team
Equestrian
Field Hockey
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Ice hockey
Lacrosse
Marching band
Soccer
Softball
Speed Skating
Swimming
Synchronised swimming
Table Tennis
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Water Polo
Wrestling
Awards and recognitions
Boys
Men's Gymnastics - Ohio High School Athletic Association State Runner Up 1994.
Lacrosse - Ohio High School Lacrosse Association State Champions 2009, 2016. State Runner Up 1994, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011.
Soccer - Ohio High School Athletic Association State Champions 2000.
Water Polo - Ohio High School Athletic Association State Champions 2005, 2007
Tennis - Ohio High School Athletic Association State Runner Up 2001
Girls
Water Polo - 2007 State Champions
Both
Science Olympiad - Regional Champions 2008, 2013. Regionals Runner Up 2006, 2007, 2012.
Mock Trial - State Qualifiers 2010, 2012
Buckeye Stars Basketball Camp
On July 29 to 31 of 2009, WKHS hosted the Buckeye Stars Basketball Camp for children of ages 7 to 18. The camp was run by professional NBA players Mike Conley Jr., Greg Oden and Daequan Cook.
Weekend programs
The Ohio Contemporary Chinese School (OCCS, ) is located in the area, holding classes at Worthington Kilbourne. It serves the Chinese American community.
Notable alumni
Andrew Anglin; (born July 27, 1984) is an American neo-Nazi and conspiracy theorist, and editor of the website The Daily Stormer.
Emily Elizabeth Douglas (2000) - Founder of Grandma's Gifts
Danny O'Rourke (2001) - Major League Soccer player (Columbus Crew)
Matt Skura - National Football League player (Los Angeles Rams)
Alex Hendricks - CP football player (United States men's national CP soccer team)
Liam McCullough - National Football League player (Atlanta Falcons)
References
External links
High schools in Columbus, Ohio
High schools in Franklin County, Ohio
Worthington, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
1991 establishments in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington%20Kilbourne%20High%20School |
James Lewis Stoll (January 18, 1936 – December 8, 1994) was a Unitarian Universalist minister who became the first ordained minister of an established denomination in the United States or Canada to come out as gay. He did so at the annual Continental Conference of Student Religious Liberals on September 5, 1969, at the La Foret Conference Center near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
He led the effort that convinced the Unitarian Universalist Association to pass the first-ever gay rights resolution in 1970.
He founded the first counseling center for gays and lesbians in San Francisco. In the 1970s, he established the first hospice on Maui. He was president of the San Francisco chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1990s. He died at the age of 58 from complications of heart and lung disease, exacerbated by obesity and a lifelong smoking habit.
See also
Homosexuality and Unitarian Universalism
Troy Perry
References
External links
Discrimination Against Homosexuals and Bisexuals - 1970 General Resolution of the Unitarian Universalist Association
1936 births
1994 deaths
American Unitarian Universalists
American LGBT rights activists
LGBT clergy
LGBT Unitarian Universalists
20th-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Stoll |
American Outlaws is a 2001 American Western action film directed by Les Mayfield and starring Colin Farrell, Scott Caan, and Ali Larter.
Plot
Confederate guerillas attempt to raid the Union Army late in the American Civil War. The guerillas are ambushed, but thanks to the sharp-shooting of Frank James and the distractions of his brother Jesse they survive. The James, along with their buddies, the Younger brothers, congratulate themselves but learn that the Confederacy has pulled out of the war and it is over. The group decides to return to Missouri to their families and farms.
When they arrive, their town is occupied by the Union Army. Jesse's childhood friend Zee has grown into an attractive young woman, and there is a man hanging in the town square. Farmers are being pressured to sell their farms to the railroad company, who are pushing across the United States. If they don't sell their land to Thaddeus Rains, and his secret-service organizer, Allan Pinkerton, the farmers are burned out of their homes, or killed.
Frank finds the railroad doesn't even need their land. The James and Younger brothers don't want to sell, and Cole Younger loses his temper when several railroad men approach him about selling and kills two of them. The army decides to hang him, but his brothers Bob and Jim, along with Jesse, Frank, and Zee, decide to rescue him. During the rescue, Jesse is shot in the shoulder, and hides out at Zee's.
A few weeks later, when Jesse has recovered, the railroad sets fire to the James' home, killing Jesse's mother. The James and Younger brothers ride out for revenge against the railroad men but instead focus on the bank's payroll, reasoning that if they steal the money and attack supply trains, the army will notice. Dubbing themselves the James–Younger Gang, they set out robbing banks, with Pinkerton and Rains struggling to stop them. The James gang turns themselves into folk heroes in the process.
The gang struggles over leadership, with Cole feeling that Jesse is getting an overblown ego from the publicity of the gang's activities. Jesse backs down, after an argument, and lets Cole plan and execute a robbery; Cole's chosen target proves to be a trap set by Pinkerton and Rains. Jim is shot and killed, and Jesse and his brother leave the gang, with Jesse later marrying Zee.
The gang does not do well without the James'. People do not respect the Younger brothers as much as they did the James-Younger Gang. When Jesse and Zee attempt to start a new life, Pinkerton finds and arrests Jesse. During the train ride to the jail, Jesse is chained in a rear car, but tricks a deputy into showing his gun, which he takes from him and uses to escape to the top of the train car.
Zee and the remainder of the Gang shoot a cannon at the train, stopping it and rescuing Jesse. Confronted with Rains and Pinkerton, Jesse shoots neither of them but rather Rains' prized watch. Pinkerton tells Jesse that he should go to Tennessee, as 'the railroad has no interest in Tennessee'.
Cast
Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on December 4, 2001.
Reception
American Outlaws opened to dismal box office and mostly negative reviews. Many critics cited a poor sense of time and place as a major cause of the film's problems. Others just dismissed the film as another Young Guns ripoff.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 14% approval rating based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With corny dialogue, revisionist history, anachronistic music, and a generically attractive cast, American Outlaws is a sanitized, teenybopper version of Jesse James". On Metacritic, it has a score of 25% based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "For years there have been reports of the death of the Western. Now comes American Outlaws, proof that even the B Western is dead." Robert Koehler of Variety said the film "sadly symbolizes the decline of the Western. The 36th bigscreen version of the exploits of the James-Younger Gang is one of the least convincing."
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review and called it "a handsome and skillful retelling of a legend that imaginatively draws on conventions of both the western and the gangster movie to create an energetic yet thoughtful contemporary action-adventure."
References
External links
2001 films
2001 Western (genre) films
American Civil War films
Biographical films about Jesse James
Cultural depictions of Allan Pinkerton
Films directed by Les Mayfield
Films with screenplays by John Rogers
Films scored by Trevor Rabin
Films set in 1865
Morgan Creek Productions films
Warner Bros. films
American Western (genre) films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Outlaws%20%282001%20film%29 |
Unity Christian High School is a private Christian school located in Hudsonville, Michigan. It is a member of Christian Schools International.
Unity Christian had approximately 674 students for the 2021–2022 school year. Unity offers several Advanced Placement courses. The school also supports a band as well as an orchestra program, both of which have been successful at state band and orchestra festival.
Academics
Unity offers over 100 courses including 9 Advanced Placement classes, as well as Careerline Tech Center courses. The A.P. classes that Unity offers are: Spanish Language, English Language, English Literature, Calculus, Statistics, Physics, Music Theory, U.S History and U.S Government. Traditional classes are graded on the 4 point GPA scale, while A.P. classes are weighted to a 5-point scale.
The school operates with semesters as opposed to trimesters or quarters.
Athletics
Unity Christian High School is a member of the Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) and the Michigan Interscholastic Horsemanship Association (MIHA), and competes in the Ottawa-Kent Conference Green Division. The school offers 13 varsity sports for boys and 11 for girls. Boys are offered soccer, football, baseball, basketball, bowling, tennis, track and field, cross country, golf, wrestling, swimming, ice hockey (cooperative team with Hudsonville High School), and lacrosse (cooperative team with Holland Christian High School). Girls are offered soccer, softball, basketball, bowling, golf, track and field, cross country, tennis, volleyball, and swimming. A co-ed equestrian team is offered as well. Unity Christian's equestrian, bowling, softball, and track and field teams have also been successful in state competitions.
The Crusader varsity girls' soccer team had a 98 game unbeaten streak from 2005-2008. The school's American football team entered the MHSAA playoffs in 2007 for the first time. In 2008, the football team lost a first round playoff game to the eventual state champion, Holland Christian. In 2018 the football team won the Division 5 state championship. In 2021, the football team set a new single season state scoring record on their way to the state finals.
MHSAA State Championships
1973 Girls Basketball - Class B
1992 Softball - Class B
1994 Equestrian - B Division (MIHA)
1998 Equestrian - B Division (MIHA)
2004 Boys Bowling - Class B
2005 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2006 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2006 Girls Basketball - Class B
2007 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2007 Boys Soccer - Division 2
2008 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2009 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2009 Boys Soccer - Division 2
2010 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2012 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2012 Boys Soccer - Division 2
2014 Boys Soccer - Division 3
2014 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2015 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2016 Girls Soccer - Division 3
2018 Boys Soccer - Division 3
2018 Football - Division 5
2019 Boys Basketball - Division 2
2022 Vex Robotics
Notable alumni
Bethany Balcer, soccer player
Laura Heyboer, soccer player
Hillary Scholten, American politician
References
External links
UnityChristian.org Official Site
Christian schools in Michigan
Private high schools in Michigan
Schools in Ottawa County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity%20Christian%20High%20School%20%28Hudsonville%29 |
James Whitney Young (born January 24, 1941) is an American astronomer who worked in the field of asteroid research. After nearly 47 years with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at their Table Mountain Facility, Young retired July 16, 2009.
He was a very prolific minor planet-observer of both physical properties and astrometric positions, and had discovered more than 250 asteroids since 2002, most of them from the main-belt, as well as several near-Earth objects, Mars-crossers and Jupiter trojans. He also discovered SN 2004eg, an extra-galactic supernova.
The Florian asteroid 2874 Jim Young was named in his honor.
Biography
James W. Young (aka Jim Young) was born in Portland, Oregon and recently retired as the resident astronomer of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Table Mountain Observatory (TMO) near Wrightwood, California having been with them for 47 years.
Young was the lead technical guide at the NASA exhibit of the Seattle World's Fair during 1962. It was there he was encouraged to apply for an 'assistant observer' and 'darkroom technician' position at the recently developed Table Mountain Observatory with its new telescope which had just begun full operations in late 1962.
Table Mountain Observatory
Along with Charles F. Capen, Jr. (TMO's first resident astronomer), Young carried out photographic synoptic patrols using specific colors (UV through IR) of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Several technical reports were published of 'patrol' images of Mars during two Martian apparitions (1964–65 and 1966–67). The 1964 inferior conjunction of Venus was well observed from TMO. Color astrophotography was carefully investigated for planetary imaging using recently developed high speed color film emulsions.
With the newly (1966) installed Cassegrain/Coudé telescope, Young began his asteroid observations with JPL astronomers, Ellis D. Miner and Alan W. Harris. Asteroid rotational rates became his speciality soon thereafter and by 1980, over 30 publications in Icarus with Alan W. Harris resulted in nearly half of the (then) known rotational rates of these small solar system bodies.
With the advent of powerful lasers, Young became involved with several projects that aimed lasers successfully, first at the Surveyor VII spacecraft on the Moon (1968), later as two laser ranging programs developed at JPL in the 1990s found their marks on low and high earth orbiting satellites, and finally to the Galileo spacecraft some 6 million kilometers from Earth. In each case, Young was responsible for aiming/tracking the telescope on each successive target.
Hypersensitization
Other noteworthy projects Young was involved in included the 1969 installation of a large planetary spectrograph utilizing the Coudé focus of the telescope. Spectroscopic studies of the planet Venus were carried out by JPL astronomers, Andrew and Louise Young, with Jim Young assisting with hypersensitization of Eastman Kodak IR spectroscopic glass plates. Jim Young developed a new technique of cold storage for these extremely sensitive plates. His experimentation of 'clean' and properly washed plates, stored at −70 °C. for over two years, were without increased noise or loss of sensitivity. Previous experimenters could manage around a two-month reliability.
2-Micron All Sky Survey
In 1998, Young was asked to be an official observer for the 2-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint venture of Caltech (California Institute of Technology) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass). Young carried out observations for this project at Mount Hopkins (south of Tucson, Arizona) and at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile until 2000, all the while maintaining his full Table Mountain Observatory responsibilities for JPL.
Near Earth Objects
Late in 2002, Young began his last asteroid research, centering on NEOs and comets that have been discovered by several NASA funded NEO search teams such as NEAT, LINEAR, LONEOS, Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), and Spacewatch. With the use of Astrometrica software, Young become an extremely prolific astrometrist for the Minor Planet Center (MPC) of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The director of the MPC, Dr. Brian G. Marsden called Young the third most accurate and reliable observer in the world then. He also co-authored and authored over 1500 MPECs (Minor Planet Electronic Circulars) and IAUCs (International Astronomical Union Circulars) during these last 7 years at JPL. NASA awarded Young a three-year grant to further his studies of NEOs and comets for JPL and the MPC during the last years before his retirement.
In 2003 Young accepted a new responsibility as 'Astronomy Team Leader' at Table Mountain, and supervised a staff of three employees
in maintaining two optical telescopes (0.4 and 0.6 meter cassegrain systems), four CCD cameras, and a computer network of over 20
computers. Young maintained the optical performance of the telescopes, and the vacuum requirements for the CCD cameras. He also was
in charge of the telescope scheduling for all visiting astronomers and his staff. TMO recently placed their new on-line webpage for
all users as well as the public (see below link).
List of discovered minor planets
James Whitney Young is credited as "J. W. Young" by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 256 minor planets made between 2002 and 2009.
Outreach
Young taught an astronomy extension course for the University of California, Riverside in 1969 and 1970 specifically for high school and junior college teachers and educators.
Young frequently lectures about his work to youth, school, civic, and church groups around the western USA. In 2006 he attended the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) General Assembly 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic. Young gave a presentation on his activities taking astrometric observations of NEOs and comets at Table Mountain Observatory in the S236 Symposium on August 14. Young, and his wife Karen (a HS Science and Math teacher), hold annual star-parties for their local communities as an
Outreach Program. The 13th annual event, was held on October 15, 2010. The event was attended by approximately 80 people, with many
school children, parents, and Boy Scouts present. With six telescopes, many from members of the High Desert Astronomical Society (HiDAS),
participants viewed the moon, and later when the clouds cleared in the east, a shadow transit of Io across Jupiter's cloud surface was seen.
Mr. Young spoke at the Imiloa Astronomy Center in Hilo, Hawaii on December 23, 2010. Young's presentation, entitled "The First Asteroid
Discovery to Near-Earth Hazards" featured Scott Manley's visualization titled, '1980-2010 Asteroid Discoveries', a six-minute
version (made especially for this presentation, with a re-mix of the music "Transgenic" from Trifonic Music, LLC). Still in Hilo, Mr. Young also gave
an evening fireside at the Hilo Stake Center of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, entitled, "The Creation as Viewed by an Astronomer".
This same fireside was given in Dallas, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; and Medina, Ohio in May, 2011.
On the afternoon of June 5, Young held a viewing of the Venus transit from Wrightwood, California for the local community. Mr. Young's 6-inch telescope was used
with a solar filter for the 80-100 people who attended, as well as photography to record the event with a 2000mm telephoto lens.
Honors
The Florian asteroid 2874 Jim Young, discovered by Edward Bowell in 1982, was named in his honor.
Memberships and affiliations
Asteroid meanings
See also
List of minor planet discoverers
References
External links
TMO website
Astrophotography site
Professional Photography Site
1941 births
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century American astronomers
Discoverers of asteroids
Living people
NASA people
People from Wrightwood, California
Scientists from California
Scientists from Portland, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Whitney%20Young |
Charles Horatio "Soc" McMorris (August 31, 1890 – February 11, 1954) was an American rear admiral during World War II, most notably commanding forces at the Battle of the Komandorski Islands during the Aleutian Islands Campaign.
Early life and career
Born in Wetumpka, Alabama, McMorris attended public schools in Wetumpka for several years before entering the United States Naval Academy on June 26, 1908. After graduating fifth in his class on June 8, 1912, McMorris served as an ensign aboard several battleships including the , , and , later taking part in the occupation of Veracruz in 1914 as part of the United States' intervention into Mexico. He also served aboard the battleship , which salvaged the submarine following its sinking off the coast of Honolulu, Hawaii in 1915.
World War I
A junior officer during World War I, McMorris saw combat in the Atlantic aboard the destroyers and prior to his promotion to lieutenant in 1918. During the interwar years, he was stationed in various sea and shore posts before his graduation from the Naval War College in 1938, serving as operations officer to the Hawaiian-based US fleet from 1939 until 1941.
World War II
Appointed war plans officer to the United States Pacific Fleet following the attack on Pearl Harbor, McMorris remained in this post until April 1942 when he was assigned command of Task Force 8 led by the cruiser . After engaging the Imperial Japanese Navy several times, both in the Aleutian Islands Campaign, specifically at the Battle of the Komandorski Islands and (as well as winning distinction for bravery and the award of the Navy Cross during the Battle of Cape Esperance on October 11–12, 1942), McMorris was named Chief of Staff of the Pacific Fleet in June 1943, as well as a personal advisor to Admiral Chester Nimitz, a post he retained until the end of the war.
Post-war
Briefly serving as vice admiral from September 23, 1944 until July 1948, McMorris commanded the United States Fourth Fleet and presided over the General Board before assuming command of Pearl Harbor's Fourteenth Naval District on August 25, 1948. He eventually commanded the Pearl Harbor naval base before retiring to Marietta, Pennsylvania, where he lived until his death in 1954.
Namesake
The destroyer escort was named for McMorris.
Decorations
References
Parrish, Thomas and S. L. A. Marshall, ed. The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
External links
USS McMorris – Vice Admiral Charles Horatio McMorris, USN
1890 births
1954 deaths
People from Wetumpka, Alabama
United States Navy vice admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Aleutian Islands campaign
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20McMorris |
Criolla is a genre of Cuban music which is closely related to the music of the Cuban Coros de Clave and a genre of Cuban popular music called Clave.
The Clave became a very popular genre in the Cuban vernacular theater and was created by composer Jorge Anckermann based on the style of the Coros de Clave. The Clave served, in turn, as a model for the creation of a new genre called Criolla. According to musicologist Helio Orovio, "Carmela", the first Criolla, was composed by Luis Casas Romero in 1909, which also created one of the most famous Criollas of all times, "El Mambí".
Like the Clave and the Guajira (music), the formal structure of the Criolla consist of a brief introduction, followed by two sections of 16 measures each. The first one in a minor tone, and the second one in its major direct relative.
The essential rhythm of the Criolla is the same as the one of the Clave, the Vertical Hemiola, which appears consistently in the base part of those songs.
The Cuban traditional Trova singers also adopted the Clave and Criolla genres, which became part of their repertoire. Some famous composers of Criollas were: Jorge Anckermann (Linda criolla), Alberto Villalón (Quiero besarte) and Sindo Garay (Mujer bayamesa).
In spite of the fact that the basic structure of the Guajira (music), the Clave and the Criolla is almost identical, it is possible to observe a certain style evolution that may suggest a possible relationship in the development of those three genres. For example, the rhythmic pattern of the Vertical Hemiola does not appear in the first versions of the Guajira (music), so therefore it may have been included at a later time, maybe due to the influence of the Coros de Clave. Also the modulation style from a minor to a major mode, which already appears in the famous Guajira (music) "El arroyo que murmura" by Jorge Anckermann, varies in the posterior Criollas of Trovadores Sindo Garay and Manuel Corona, in which they utilize much more complex modulations than in previous versions.
References
See also
Music of Cuba
Cuban styles of music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criolla |
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin. The test can detect hemoglobin S, the form associated with sickle cell disease, as well as other abnormal types of hemoglobin, such as hemoglobin C. It can also be used to investigate thalassemias, which are disorders caused by defective hemoglobin production.
Procedure
The test uses the principles of gel electrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of native gel electrophoresis. After the sample has been treated to release the hemoglobin from the red cells, it is introduced into a porous gel (usually made of agarose or cellulose acetate) and subjected to an electrical field, most commonly in an alkaline medium. Different hemoglobins have different charges, and according to those charges, they move at different speeds in the gel and eventually form discrete bands (see electrophoretic migration patterns). A quality control sample containing hemoglobins A, F, S, and C is run along with the patient sample to aid in identifying the different bands. The relative amounts of each type of hemoglobin can be estimated by measuring the optical density of the bands, though this method is not reliable for hemoglobins that are present in low quantities.
Because hemoglobins exhibit different migration patterns depending on the pH level, testing the same sample at both an acid and an alkaline pH can help to identify some abnormal hemoglobins that would otherwise be impossible to distinguish from others.
Clinical significance
Adult human blood normally contains three types of hemoglobin: hemoglobin A, which makes up approximately 95% of the total; hemoglobin A2, which accounts for less than 3.5%; and a minute amount of hemoglobin F. If abnormal hemoglobin variants such as hemoglobin S (which occurs in sickle cell disease), C or E are present, they will appear as unexpected bands on electrophoresis (provided they do not migrate to the same place as other hemoglobins).
Hemoglobin electrophoresis can also be used to investigate thalassemias, which are caused by decreased production of subunits of the hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin A2 levels are typically elevated in beta-thalassemia minor and hemoglobin F may be slightly increased. In beta-thalassemia major, hemoglobin A is decreased (or in some cases absent) and hemoglobin F is markedly elevated; A2 levels are variable. In hemoglobin H disease, a form of alpha-thalassemia, an abnormal band of hemoglobin H can be detected, and sometimes a band of Hemoglobin Barts; but in the milder alpha-thalassemia trait, electrophoresis results are effectively normal.
History
Linus Pauling is credited with the invention of hemoglobin electrophoresis in 1949. Newer alternatives to conventional hemoglobin electrophoresis include isoelectric focusing, capillary zone electrophoresis, and high-performance liquid chromatography.
References
Blood tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin%20electrophoresis |
Cowards are a British four-man comedy act, composed of Tim Key, Stefan Golaszewski, Tom Basden and Lloyd Woolf. The group has created eponymous radio and TV series of their sketch comedy.
History
The Cowards met at Cambridge University's Footlights Dramatic Club where they worked together. Basden, Golaszewski, and Woolf performed in a show directed by Key and Mark Watson. It later emerged that Key was not studying at Cambridge University and that he had misled the society when auditioning. This was discovered when he got into the tour show Far Too Happy but the Footlights agreed to "keep up the charade" until the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In Far Too Happy, Key performed alongside Mark Watson and Sophie Winkleman and they were nominated for the Perrier Comedy Award for Best Newcomer. Key later described the period as "life-changing".
Basden, Golaszewski, Key, and Woolf moved to London and started working together as Cowards. Cowards initially involved Rick Edwards, Alex Horne, and Mark Watson but they agreed that the group would not work as they had different styles. Cowards began working as a four-piece group in October 2004, writing and performing new material each month. In 2005 and 2006, they had sell-out runs at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, performing at the Pleasance.
Radio
The group first appeared on radio with a BBC Radio 1 show called The Milk Run which incorporated some Cowards material. As a result of working on The Milk Run, they were asked to do a one-off special, which led to a Cowards series being commissioned. Their first, six episode, radio series was broadcast on BBC Radio 4, beginning on 17 April 2007, and a four episode second series was broadcast in autumn 2008. The show was well received, with the British Comedy Guide describing it as "very funny" - though also stating that it suffered from "some less amusing filler". Both series have since been released as CD Audiobooks by BBC Worldwide.
Television
Cowards took over the BBC Three website on 25 January 2007 and built their own "comedy world". Presented as living inside the website for a six-week duration, Cowards would walk on to the screen and encourage visitors to click through to their comedy area. In that area users could view a range of pre-filmed sketches and animation, as well as 'overhead' sketches filmed to give the impression the act are 'living' on the site. As part of the BBC 360-degree development strategy the material was used as a pilot for a TV series. However, BBC Three decided not to commission a series.
In early 2008, BBC Four commissioned a three episode TV series, produced by Angel Eye Media. The series (also called Cowards) was shot with director Steve Bendelack and was broadcast in January 2009. The show was critically acclaimed, and received a nomination for a BAFTA Scotland Award in the "Best Entertainment" category. As a result of the television series, Esquire named the Cowards on its list of "60 Brilliant Brits Shaping 2009".
Future
While the Cowards have not appeared together for several years, all four have continued to write and perform. Basden and Key often perform together as sketch duo Freeze! as well as being resident musician and poet on Mark Watson's radio series Mark Watson Makes the World Substantially Better. Basden has written several plays, including Party which was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2009, winning the Fringe First award and later being adapted into a well-received radio series
. Key's solo show The Slutcracker won the Edinburgh Comedy Award for Best Show in 2009.
As a director, Golaszewski has won the Edinburgh Comedy Award for Best Newcomer twice: in 2007 for Basden's solo show Won't Say Anything and in 2009 for Jonny Sweet's show Mostly About Arthur. Golaszewski has also written a BBC Three sitcom called Him & Her, starring Russell Tovey and Sarah Solemani, as well as writing a play Sex with a Stranger that was staged in the West End in early 2012. Woolf has performed in BBC Three series The Wrong Door, the short films Nightwalking and How Much for My Brother?, and various television adverts. More recently, Woolf has co-written Parents, a six-part sitcom which aired on Sky1 in summer 2012.
References
British comedy troupes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowards%20%28comedy%20troupe%29 |
All News Channel (ANC) was an American satellite television news channel that was owned by CONUS Communications, a joint venture between Viacom and Hubbard Broadcasting. The channel was carried mainly on direct-broadcast satellite provider DirecTV (and prior to that, USSB, which was folded into DirecTV in 1999). All News Channel's programming was also syndicated to television stations across the United States. The channel was headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, out of the facility of Hubbard's flagship station KSTP-TV (channel 5), the ABC affiliate for the Minneapolis–St. Paul market. The channel ceased broadcasting on September 30, 2002.
History
All News Channel was launched on January 1, 1989, through a partnership formed between Viacom and Hubbard called CONUS Communications (CONUS being an acronym for Continental U.S.), which included a news video-sharing service for local television stations nationwide, particularly those affiliated with a major broadcast network. Nearly all of ANC's video came from these stations, who in turn utilized satellite news-gathering trucks that had been invented, built and sold by Hubbard beginning in 1984. CONUS also maintained a small news bureau in Washington, D.C. It was the second nationwide challenger to established cable news channel CNN after the Satellite News Channel (SNC), as well as the first since SNC folded in 1983.
All-News Channel also produced news content for third parties. From shortly after its inception until the early 1990s, All News Channel produced daily news updates that aired on Showtime (at the time, owned by ANC co-parent Viacom) during the premium channel's promo breaks. The channel also produced similar updates for USA Network from 1993 to 2000; the news briefs were originally produced at KYW-TV in Philadelphia (which had been producing other news services for parent Group W), but management and newscast changes at that station caused the network to move production. From 1991 to 1994, VH1 (also owned by Viacom) carried All News Channel-produced interstitials during the morning block Hits, News & Weather. ANC also produced the syndicated morning business news program First Business, before its national distribution rights were transferred to MGM Television shortly after ANC's shut down.
All News Channel was never profitable throughout its history and could not withstand the challenges of MSNBC and Fox News Channel (ironically, Rupert Murdoch made an offer to buy ANC from the Hubbards to serve as the cornerstone for what would become FNC; the Hubbards refused to sell), which pushed ANC to fifth place in the ratings among all cable news channels (behind Headline News). It benefited in part by being the only news channel on the USSB satellite service (USSB, as with ANC, was owned by Hubbard Broadcasting); after USSB merged into DirecTV, it was then one of five such channels, and it no longer had the explicit backing of its satellite provider.
The channel shut down on September 30, 2002, with veteran anchor Stan Turner thanking those watching and those behind the scenes; stations that carried ANC have since replaced the channel's programming with syndicated and/or paid programming (especially common with NBC stations as the network no longer has an overnight newscast since NBC Nightside ended in 1998) or have expanded their clearance of overnight news programs supplied by their affiliated network.
Format
ANC aired up to five live half-hour newscasts each day (airing at 4:00 a.m., 8:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 4:00 p.m., and 10:00 p.m. Central Time, with an occasional sixth at 4:30 a.m.), with each edition being repeated until the next live newscast aired; however, exceptions to this set scheduling were made for major breaking news stories.
If mistakes were made during the live broadcasts, a corrected segment would be produced (sometimes live) for the repeat broadcasts. ANC operated on a fixed schedule, where each news block ran the same length every day, and commercials (which consisted mainly of direct response advertisements, and by the mid-1990s, promos for USSB's – and later DirecTV's – slate of general entertainment and premium channels; the latter type of ads were also seen on some stations that carried the channel's programming at times) aired at the same time every day. The on-air talent was mostly exclusive to All News Channel, though some anchors from KSTP also served as ANC anchors, most notably Stan Turner; KSTP producers also recorded weather segments for All News Channel until 2002. Later, ANC show producers voiced their own weather segments, along with other stories.
Broadcast television stations in many markets carried All News Channel programming during the overnight hours in lieu of signing off, or scheduling movies, infomercials or other syndicated programming to fill overnight and early morning timeslots (similar to the overnight carriage of Headline News that was also common among stations during the same timeframe). In later years, as NBC, ABC and CBS launched their own overnight news programs, ANC programming continued to air on stations affiliated with those networks as a complement to these programs and also to provide news programming in weekend time periods when network overnight newscasts were not airing. For a time in the early 1990s, KSTP aired ANC programming overnights in half-hour blocks, alongside local news reports, branded as Eyewitness News All Night. In addition, since ANC's newscasts never contained any copyrighted music (by design), stations broadcasting the ANC feed could stay on the air longer without increasing their ASCAP, Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and/or SESAC fees.
External links
All News Channel video 11 Sep 2001 c. 1200 CDT
All News Channel clip 11 Sep 2001 c. 2200 CDT
References
Defunct television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2002
Hubbard Broadcasting
Former Viacom subsidiaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20News%20Channel |
Carpenter is a small unincorporated community located in western Wake County, North Carolina, United States. Carpenter is centered on the intersection of Carpenter-Upchurch Road and Morrisville-Carpenter Road just east of North Carolina Highway 55. Most of Carpenter has been annexed by the Town of Cary. The community was named for William Carpenter, the first settler in the area, in 1865 . Carpenter was a stop on the former Durham and Southern Railway. Part of the community also includes the Carpenter Historic District, which was created in 2000.
Carpenter Elementary was named for the community but lies in a recently annexed part of Cary.
References
Unincorporated communities in Wake County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Populated places established in 1865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%2C%20North%20Carolina |
NewsOne or News 1 or variation, may refer to:
News One, an Urdu-language Karachi-based Pakistani news channel started in November 2007
NewsOne, an American online news website by Urban One which targets an African-American audience
ABC News One, a video service of ABC News, an American news media company
CTV News1, Canadian cable news channel
NewsOne (Ukrainian TV channel), a former Ukrainian TV news channel
News1, Israeli news website
News1 (Thai TV channel)
See also
NewsON
One News (disambiguation)
News (disambiguation)
One (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsOne |
Tsai Ing-wen (; born 31 August 1956) is a Taiwanese politician who has been serving as the president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2016. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Tsai is the first female president of Taiwan. She served as chair of the DPP from 2020 to 2022, and also previously from 2008 to 2012 and 2014 to 2018.
Tsai grew up in Taipei and studied law and international trade, and later became a law professor at Soochow University School of Law and National Chengchi University after earning an LLB from National Taiwan University and an LLM from Cornell Law School. She later studied law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, with her thesis titled "Unfair trade practices and safeguard actions", and was awarded a Ph.D. in law from the University of London. In 1993, as an independent (without party affiliation), she was appointed to a series of governmental positions, including trade negotiator for WTO affairs, by the then ruling party Kuomintang (KMT) and was one of the chief drafters of the special state-to-state relations doctrine under the President Lee Teng-hui.
During the first term of Chen Shui-bian's presidency, Tsai served as Minister of the Mainland Affairs Council. She joined the DPP in 2004 and served briefly as a DPP-nominated at-large member of the Legislative Yuan, and was then appointed as Vice Premier under Premier Su Tseng-chang until the cabinet's mass resignation in 2007. Following the DPP's defeat in the presidential election in 2008, she was elected as party chair of the DPP, but she resigned when the party lost the presidential election in 2012.
Tsai ran for New Taipei City mayorship in the 2010 municipal elections but was defeated by the KMT candidate, Eric Chu. In April 2011, Tsai became the first female nominated by a major party as a presidential candidate in the history of Taiwan after defeating her former superior, Su Tseng-chang, in the DPP's primary by a slight margin. In the fifth presidential election in 2012, she was defeated by the then-president Ma Ying-jeou, but she won her first term of presidency in the 2016 presidential election by a landslide in a rematch against Chu. In the 2020 election, she was re-elected as president with an increased share of the vote. Tsai is the second president from the Democratic Progressive Party, and the first popularly elected president to have never served as Mayor of Taipei.
Tsai was named one of Time's most influential people of 2020 and was #9 on Forbes's most powerful women and #2 female politician after Kamala Harris of 2021. Internationally, Tsai has been praised for her response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and for standing up to pressure from the Government of the People's Republic of China. Tsai resigned as head of the Democratic People's Party (DPP) in November 2022, citing her party's poor performance in local elections earlier that month.
Early life and career
Tsai was born at Mackay Memorial Hospital in Zhongshan District, Taipei City on 31 August 1956, the youngest of nine (or eleven) children. Her father, Tsai Chieh-sheng (1918–2006), was a businessman who ran an auto repair shop, and her mother Chang Chin-fong (1925–2018) was a housewife. Her given name, Ing-wen (英文), was chosen by genealogical naming practices. While these suggested the spelling 瀛文, her father felt that the character 瀛 had too many strokes and decided to replace it with the character 英. During her high school period, she studied at Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School. She studied law at the behest of her father. After graduating at the College of Law, National Taiwan University, in 1978, Tsai obtained a Master of Laws at Cornell University Law School in 1980. She then studied law at the London School of Economics and was awarded a Ph.D. in law from the University of London in 1984. Upon her return to Taiwan, she taught law at the School of Law of Soochow University and National Chengchi University, both in Taipei.
In the 1990s, Tsai was also appointed to the Fair Trade Commission and the Copyright Commission. She served as consultant for the Mainland Affairs Council and the National Security Council. She also led the drafting team on the Statute Governing Relations with Hong Kong and Macau ().
Rise in politics
In 2000, Tsai was given the high-profile appointment of chair of the Mainland Affairs Council. Confirming the widely held belief that she maintained Pan-Green sympathies, Tsai joined the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2004. She was subsequently nominated by the DPP to be a candidate in the 2004 legislative election and was elected as a legislator-at-large.
On 26 January 2006, Tsai was appointed to the post of vice president of the Executive Yuan, a position commonly referred to as vice premier. She concurrently served as chairwoman of the Consumer Protection Commission.
On 17 May 2007, Tsai, along with the rest of the cabinet of out-going Premier Su Tseng-chang, resigned to make way for incoming Premier Chang Chun-hsiung and his cabinet. Premier Chang named Chiou I-jen, the incumbent secretary-general of the Presidential Office to replace Tsai as vice premier. She then served as the chair of TaiMedBiologics, a biotechnology company based in Taiwan. The Kuomintang accused Tsai of contracting government work out to TaiMedBiologics during her term as vice premier, while planning to leave the government and lead the company afterward. She was later cleared of all alleged wrongdoing.
In Kuomintang candidate Ma Ying-jeou's search for his running mate for the 2008 ROC presidential election, Tsai, a DPP member, was surprisingly suggested. Ma stated that there were no set criteria for a running mate, that his search would not be defined by gender, occupation, or even political party affiliations.
On 19 May 2008, Tsai defeated Koo Kwang-ming in the election for DPP chair, and succeeded outgoing Frank Hsieh as the 12th-term chair of the party. She was the first woman to chair a major Taiwanese political party.
DPP chair
First term: 2008–2012
Tsai took office on 20 May 2008, the same day Ma Ying-jeou was inaugurated as president. She said that DPP would work to deepen the Taiwanese localization movement while defending social justice. She criticized Ma for mentioning closer Cross-Strait relations but nothing about Taiwan's sovereignty and national security.
Tsai questioned Ma's stance on Taiwan's sovereign status. Ma emphasized the importance of the so-called 1992 Consensus and called Tsai a Taiwan independence extremist. Tsai criticized Ma's government for not answering her question and labeling others.
After former President Chen Shui-bian's acknowledgment of transferring past campaign funds overseas, Tsai apologized to the public and also said that the DPP would not try to cover up for Chen's alleged misdeeds. The Clean Government Commission was set up to investigate corruption within the DPP.
On 25 April 2010, Tsai participated in a televised debate against President and Kuomintang chairman Ma Ying-jeou over a proposed trade agreement, the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA); while President Ma believed ECFA would increase Taiwanese exports to mainland China and lower unemployment rates, Tsai said it "will force Taiwan to open up for cheap Chinese exports eventually" and certain domestic industries will be harmed by the mainland trade invasion. Tsai also said that the pact "will make Taiwan lose its independence in cross-strait relations and become a Chinese parasite" and that Taiwan should negotiate with China under the multilateral-framework World Trade Organization, which would offer more trade protections and emphasize Taiwan's distinct status.
Under Tsai's leadership, along with some of KMT's unpopular policies, the DPP regained momentum in elections of 2009, after major defeats from 2006 to 2008. In 2010, she was re-elected as the chair of the DPP.
Tsai made a controversial statement in May 2010 claiming that the Republic of China was a "government-in-exile" non-native to Taiwan; however on 8 October 2011, two days prior to the 100-year anniversary celebrations of the Double Ten Day, Tsai changed her statement, stating that "The ROC is Taiwan, Taiwan is the ROC, and the current ROC government is no longer ruled by a non-native political power".
Tsai resigned as chair of the DPP after losing her 2012 presidential election bid to incumbent Ma Ying-jeou.
Second term: 2014–2018
On 15 March 2014, Tsai announced that she would once more run for party chief of the DPP against incumbent Su Tseng-chang and Frank Hsieh. However, both Su and Hsieh dropped out of the election in the aftermath of the Sunflower Student Movement. Tsai defeated Kaohsiung County deputy commissioner Kuo Tai-lin by 79,676 votes.
Tsai led the DPP to an historic victory in the local elections held on 29 November 2014, in which the party secured leadership of 13 of Taiwan's 22 municipalities and counties. The DPP's stunning victory in the elections strengthened Tsai's position within the party and placed her as the front-runner in the 2016 Presidential Elections; she announced her second bid for the Presidency on 15 February 2015. On 16 January 2016, she won the election by a landslide, winning 56.12% of votes, beating her opponent Eric Chu, who won 31.07% of the votes.
On 24 November 2018, she resigned as leader of the Democratic Progressive Party and refused Premier William Lai's resignation after a major defeat in local elections.
Third term: 2020–2022
Tsai resumed the Democratic Progressive Party leadership from Cho Jung-tai on 20 May 2020, when she was inaugurated for her second presidential term. She resigned as party leader following the 2022 Taiwanese local elections.
Presidential campaigns
2012
On 11 March 2011, Tsai Ing-wen officially announced her run for the presidential nomination of the Democratic Progressive Party. On 27 April 2011, Tsai became the first female presidential candidate in Taiwan after she defeated former Premier Su Tseng-chang by a small margin in a nationwide phone poll (of more than 15,000 samples) that served as the party's primary. Tsai ran against incumbent President Ma Ying-jeou of the Kuomintang and James Soong of the People First Party in the 5th direct presidential election, which was held on 14 January 2012. Garnering 45% of the vote, she conceded defeat to President Ma in an international press conference, resigning her seat as Chairman of the DPP.
2016
On 15 February 2015, Tsai officially registered for the Democratic Progressive Party's presidential nomination primary. Though William Lai and Su Tseng-chang were seen as likely opponents, Tsai was the only candidate to run in the primary and the DPP officially nominated her as the presidential candidate on 15 April.
During summer of 2015, Tsai embarked on a visit to the United States and met a number of US policy makers including Senators John McCain and Jack Reed. In her speech addressing Taiwanese diaspora on the east coast of the United States, Tsai signaled a willingness to cooperate with the rising Third Party coalition in Taiwan in the incoming general election. On 14 November, Tsai's campaign announced that she had chosen Chen Chien-jen as DPP vice presidential candidate. On 16 January 2016, Tsai won the presidential election, beating her opponent Eric Chu by a margin of 25.04%. Tsai was inaugurated as president on 20 May 2016.
After her election, Tsai was named one of "The 100 Most Influential People" in TIME magazine 2 May 2016 issue.
2020
Tsai announced on 19 February 2019 via an interview with CNN that she would run for reelection as president in 2020. She registered to run in the Democratic Progressive Party presidential primary on 21 March 2019. Tsai defeated William Lai in the primary, and the Democratic Progressive Party nominated her as its candidate for the 2020 presidential election on 19 June 2019. Tsai and Lai formed the Democratic Progressive Party ticket on 17 November 2019.
Political positions
United States
Tsai supports strong and stable relationships between Taiwan (ROC) and the United States. In early December 2016, Tsai held an unprecedented telephone call with President-elect Donald Trump. This was the first time that the President of ROC spoke with the president or president-elect of the United States since 1979. Afterwards, she indicated there had been no major "policy shift".
In January 2021, Tsai met with United States Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft by video link. Craft said: "We discussed the many ways Taiwan is a model for the world, as demonstrated by its success in fighting Covid-19 and all that Taiwan has to offer in the fields of health, technology and cutting-edge science.... the U.S. stands with Taiwan and always will." Speaking in Beijing, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Zhao Lijian said: "Certain U.S. politicians will pay a heavy price for their wrong words and deeds." On her last day in office later that month, Craft called Taiwan "a force for good on the global stage -- a vibrant democracy, a generous humanitarian actor, a responsible actor in the global health community, and a vigorous promoter and defender of human rights."
In March 2023, Tsai is set to travel to the United States on a 10-day tour of the Americas. The trip comes after Honduras severed ties with Taiwan in order to establish diplomatic relations with China. Tsai will stop in New York before visiting Guatemala and Belize, before heading to Los Angeles before heading back to Taiwan. During the trip, Tsai is expected to meet Kevin McCarthy during her stop in Los Angeles. Chinese diplomats threatened a strong response, if senior American politicians, including McCarthy, meet with Tsai. Despite China's threat, McCarthy confirmed that he will meet Tsai when she arrives in California. The meeting would also involve members of the Republican and Democratic parties at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
Cross-strait relations
The DPP's traditional position on the issue of cross-strait relations is that the Republic of China, widely known as Taiwan, is already an independent state governing the territories of Kinmen, Matsu, Penghu Islands, and the island of Taiwan, thus rendering a formal declaration of independence unnecessary. While Tsai has never departed fundamentally from the party line, her personal approach to the issue is nuanced and evolving.
During the 2012 presidential election cycle, Tsai said that she disagreed with the 1992 Consensus as the basis for negotiations between Taiwan and mainland China, that such a consensus only served to buttress the "One China Principle", and that "no such consensus exists" because the majority of the Taiwanese public does not necessarily agree with this consensus. She believed that broad consultations should be held at all levels of Taiwanese society to decide the basis on which to advance negotiations with Beijing, dubbed the "Taiwan consensus". During the 2016 election cycle, Tsai was notably more moderate, making "maintaining the status quo" the centerpiece of party policy. She vowed to work within the Republic of China governing framework in addition to preserving the progress made in cross-strait relations by previous governments, while preserving "freedom and democracy" for the residents of Taiwan.
Tsai believes in the importance of economic and trade links with mainland China, but publicly spoke out against the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), a preferential trade agreement that increased economic links between Taiwan and mainland China. She generally supports the diversification of Taiwan's economic partners.
In response to the death of Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while in government custody, Tsai pleaded with the Communist government to "show confidence in engaging in political reform so that the Chinese can enjoy the God-given rights of freedom and democracy".
Tsai has accused the Communist Party of China's troll army of spreading fake news via social media to influence voters and support candidates more sympathetic to Beijing ahead of the 2018 Taiwanese local elections.
In January 2019, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), had announced an open letter to Taiwan proposing a one country, two systems formula for eventual unification. Tsai responded to Xi in a January 2019 speech by stating that Taiwan rejects "one country, two systems" and that because Beijing equates the 1992 Consensus with "one country, two systems", Taiwan rejects the 1992 Consensus as well.
Tsai expressed her solidarity with Hong Kong protesters, remarking that Taiwan's democracy was hard-earned and had to be guarded and renewed. Pledging that as long as she was Taiwan's president, she would never accept "one country, two systems", Tsai cited what she considered to be the constant and rapid deterioration of Hong Kong's democracy over the course of 20 years.
Domestic policy
Tsai has traditionally been supportive of disadvantaged groups in society, including the poor, women and children, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, and LGBT groups. She favours government action to reduce unemployment, introducing incentives for entrepreneurship among youth, expanding public housing, and government-mandated childcare support. She supports government transparency and more prudent and disciplined fiscal management.
Tsai advocated for the non-partisanship of the president of the Legislative Yuan, the increase in the number of "at-large" seats in the legislature, the broadening of participation among all political parties and interest groups. She supports proactively repairing the damage done to Taiwanese aboriginal groups, as well as the government actions in the February 28 Incident and during the phase of White Terror. She has also called for the de-polarization of Taiwanese politics, and advocates for a more open and consensus-based approach to addressing issues and passing legislation.
LGBT rights
Tsai supports LGBT rights and has endorsed same-sex marriage to be legalised in Taiwan. On 21 August 2015, the day of the annual Qixi Festival, she released a campaign video in which three same-sex couples actors appeared. On 31 October 2015, when the biggest gay pride parade in Asia was held in Taipei, Tsai expressed her support for same-sex marriage. She posted a 15-second video on her Facebook page saying "I am Tsai Ing-wen, and I support marriage equality" and "Let everyone be able to freely love and pursue happiness". However during the presidency, Tsai delayed the process to legalize same-sex marriage due to opposition from conservative and religious groups. After the 2018 Taiwanese referendum, Tsai led the government to legalize same-sex marriage outside of the Civil Code.
Presidency
In the inauguration speech for her first term, Tsai stated policy goals such as pension reform, long-term care for the elderly, transitional justice, and judicial reform. She outlined an economic policy of diversification via the New Southbound Policy as well as prioritization of innovative industries. In terms of cross-strait policy, she acknowledged the 1992 Consensus without agreeing to it and called for continued cross-strait dialogue.
In her second inauguration speech, Tsai outlined her major goals in her second term, including instituting a lay judge system, lowering the voting age from 20 to 18, and establishing a human rights commission under the Control Yuan. She also outlined her economic policy, which included transitioning from manufacturing to high-tech industries, with a focus on existing semiconductor and information and communications technology industries, cybersecurity, biotechnology and healthcare, domestic production of military equipment, green energy and strategically-critical industries. She proposed goals for defense reform, including a focus on asymmetric warfare, maintenance of a military reserve force, and reform in management to reflect a democratic society. On cross-strait issues, she explicitly rejected the one country, two systems model proposed by Beijing and expressed a desire for both sides to coexist peacefully.
Defense policy and indigenous programs
Under the Tsai administration, military spending has risen in Taiwan relative to GDP. The defense budget was set to $327 billion NTD in 2018 and $346 billion in 2019. The defense budget in 2020 was set to $411 billion NTD, estimated to be 2.3% of GDP, representing an 8.3% increase in total spending over the previous year and a 0.2% increase in percentage of GDP. In 2021 it was set to $453 billion NTD, estimated to be 2.4% of GDP, and a 4.4% increase over the previous year.
The administration has also focused on defensive self-sufficiency and developing indigenous industries, such as in submarines and missiles. The AIDC T-5 Brave Eagle indigenous jet trainer, which started development in 2017, successfully conducted its first test flight in 2020. On 29 June 2020, Tsai announced measures to shore up Taiwan's military reserves, including assigning them the same combat gear as active servicemembers and synchronization of mobilization. The first domestically-produced rapid mine-laying ship was delivered on 4 August 2020, and construction on an indigenous diesel submarine began in November 2020. The navy's first indigenous amphibious transport dock was launched on April 13, 2021; named Yu Shan after the mountain with the same name and built by CSBC, it will replace the aging ROCN Hsu Hai (formerly the USS Pensacola).
On 11 March 2022, a special force soldier wrote to Tsai, reporting that insufficient basic logistic supply compelled combatants to purchase equipment from outsider suppliers at their own expense for two years, then being disqualified as non-standard upon inspection, in contrast of the reserve trainees receiving new sets; and appealed to abolish the mandatory diary writing for examination. The classified "2022006470" document was somehow illegally leaked from the presidential palace to the media with his identity exposed on 18 March, then Minister of National Defense, Chiu Kuo-cheng reacted: "I will not let him get away with it", "Fix the crying baby!"; but later clarified after being questioned by the parliament members in the Legislative Yuan, that he just disgusts the coward behavior behind his back, and the critique unfair to the preparatory staff. The case raised the society concern on the standard operating procedure practice on the data security breach to the presidential office.
Diplomatic relations
Under Tsai, several countries which had formally recognized the Republic of China (ROC) switched recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC): São Tomé and Príncipe in 2016, Panama in 2017, the Dominican Republic, Burkina Faso and El Salvador in 2018, and the Solomon Islands and Kiribati in 2019, and Nicaragua in 2021, and Honduras in 2023. This continued a trend that was temporarily halted under an unofficial "diplomatic truce" during the Ma Ying-jeou administration where the PRC ceased to court official diplomatic allies of the ROC.
At the same time, the Tsai administration saw breakthroughs in Taiwan's unofficial relations with the United States and the European Union. On 9 August 2020, the United States Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar of the Trump administration became the highest-level Cabinet member to visit Taiwan since the diplomatic break between the ROC and the United States in 1979. In April 2021, the United States ambassador to Palau made an official visit to Taiwan, the first time a US ambassador had done so since the US switched recognition from the ROC to the PRC in 1979. In the same month, the United States President Joe Biden also sent an official delegation including former senator Chris Dodd to Taiwan.
On November 3, 2021 the first official European Union delegation arrived in Taiwan led by French MEP Raphael Glucksmann, and consisting of Lithuanian MEPs Andrius Kubilius and Petras Auštrevičius, Czech MEP Markéta Gregorová, Austrian MEP Andreas Schieder, Greek MEP Georgios Kyrtsos and Italian MEP Marco Dreosto, with the purpose of conducting exchanges on disinformation and cyber attacks against democracies. The visit followed an official tour of Central Europe by foreign minister Joseph Wu which included an unofficial visit to Brussels.
On August 2, 2022, U.S. House speaker Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan with a delegation of 6 Democratic representatives, the first since a visit by Newt Gingrich in 1997, and the highest-profile visit since. The PRC responded with several days of military exercises around Taiwan.
On March 25, 2023, an official delegation of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, led by Markéta Pekarová Adamová, visited Taiwan to conduct exchanges on trade, cultural, and academic exchanges.
Cross-strait policy
During her first inauguration speech, Tsai acknowledged that the talks surrounding the 1992 Summit took place but does not agree that a "consensus" was ever reached by both sides. She credited the talks with spurring 20 years of dialogue and exchange between the two sides. She hoped that exchanges would continue on the basis of these historical facts, as well as the existence of the Republic of China constitutional system and democratic will of the Taiwanese people. In response, Beijing called Tsai's answer an "incomplete test paper" because Tsai did not agree to the content of the 1992 Consensus. On 25 June 2016, Beijing suspended official cross-strait communications, with any remaining cross-strait exchanges thereafter taking place through unofficial channels.
In January 2019, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), wrote an open letter to Taiwan, proposing a one country, two systems formula for eventual unification. Tsai responded to Xi in a January 2019 speech by stating that Taiwan rejects "one country, two systems" and that because Beijing equates the 1992 Consensus with "one country, two systems", Taiwan rejects the 1992 Consensus as well. During her second inauguration speech, Tsai rejected one country, two systems explicitly again and reaffirmed her previous stance that cross-strait exchanges should be held on the basis of parity between the two sides. She further remarked that cross-strait relations had reached a "historical turning point."
On October 10, 2021 During her speech on the Double Tenth Day, President Tsai rejected the idea of "complete unification of Chinese motherland" through a peaceful unification under "One country, two systems" proposed by the Chinese leader Xi Jinping on the 72nd Anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. She insisted "the two sides (The ROC and PRC) of the Taiwan Strait do not belong to each other" (海峽兩岸互不隸屬).
COVID-19 Pandemic
The Tsai administration oversaw Taiwan's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Central Epidemic Command Center was activated on January 20, 2022, and deactivated May 1, 2023.
Trade relations
On August 28, 2020, the Tsai administration lifted a ban on leaning agent ractopamine, clearing the way for U.S. pork imports and removing a major hurdle for bilateral trade talks between Taiwan and the United States. This move proved controversial domestically, and a referendum to reinstate the ban was defeated in 2021.
On June 1, 2022, Taiwan established a trade negotiation framework titled the U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st-Century Trade. On June 1, 2023, an initial trade agreement was signed with the United States on June 1, 2023 under this framework, which streamlined customs regulations, established common regulatory practices, and introduced anti-corruption measures, with further measures still in discussion.
Energy policy
The Tsai administration has stated an electricity supply goal of 20% from renewables, 30% from coal and 50% from liquefied natural gas by 2025.
Green energy
Bills under the umbrella of the Forward-Looking Infrastructure initiative have been used to fund green energy initiatives. The administration plans to install 1,000 wind turbines on land and offshore and has contracted Ørsted of Denmark to install 900 MW of capacity and wpd of Germany to install 1 GW of capacity. Taiwan's first offshore wind farm, Formosa I, consisting of 22 wind turbines expected to produce 128 MW, is slated to begin operations at the end of 2019. The government also purchased 520 MW of solar capacity in 2017 and more than 1 GW in 2018; total capacity was 2.8 GW at the end of 2018, with the government planning to deploy an addition 1.5 GW of solar power in 2019 and 2.2 GW in 2020.
On May 30, 2023, the Renewable Energy Development Act was amended to require solar panels on all new buildings.
Break-up of Taipower
The government approved amendments to the Electricity Act on 20 October 2016 to break up the state-owned monopoly Taipower into subsidiaries and further liberalize the power sector by allowing companies to sell electricity to users directly rather than selling through Taipower. In particular, the generation and distribution divisions of Taipower are to be separated. Amongst the stated motivations for liberalisation was to allow for the direct purchase of green energy by consumers. The plan also included emissions controls, the creation of a regulatory agency, mandatory reserve margins (waived for start-up green energy companies), and measures for price stabilization. The plan was met with protests by Taipower employees.
Nuclear energy
Tsai campaigned on a promise to make Taiwan nuclear-free by 2025, which was codified into law on 11 January 2017 via amendments to the Electricity Act. An energy blackout due to an unrelated operational mistake have led some to question the nuclear phase-out. According to the results of the 2018 referendum, this provision was abolished on 7 May 2019. Nonetheless, the administration has maintained a goal of phasing out nuclear energy. The controversial nuclear waste site on Orchid Island and the dangers of nuclear power plants in a seismic activity area (Taiwan is in a region of the world very prone to large earthquakes and tsunamis) like what happened at Fukushima in Japan in 2011 influenced Tsai and her party to make Taiwan nuclear power-free by 2025. While the nuclear energy referendum guaranteed that nuclear energy would not be abolished in 2018 Tsai decided to not renew the three remaining nuclear power plants' licenses which would expire after 40 years. Of the three active nuclear power plants as of 2016, the Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in July 2019, the Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant will be decommissioned in March 2023, and the final nuclear power plant to shut down will be the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant in May 2025.
Forward-looking infrastructure
On 5 July 2017, the first Forward-Looking Infrastructure Bill passed the Legislative Yuan. The bill provided $420 billion NTD in funds over a period of 4 years toward infrastructure projects in light-rail infrastructure, water supply infrastructure, flood control measures, and green energy, talent development, urban and rural infrastructure, digital infrastructure and food safety. Other projects include improving road safety and aesthetics, locally oriented industrial parks, recreation centers, bicycle paths, and public service centers for long-term care.
Judicial reform
The Tsai administration proposed a lay judge system modelled after Japan's over a jury system proposed by the New Power Party. The Citizen Judges Act was passed on 22 July 2020, instituting a lay judge system with three professional judges along with six lay judges. The law took effect on January 1, 2023.
Labour reform
On 1 January 2017, the amended Labour Standards Law (commonly referred to as 一例一休 ), which was passed on 6 December 2016 by the legislature, took effect. The amendments stipulated, with some exceptions, a 40-hour five-day work week with one compulsory rest day and one flexible rest day. On the flexible rest day, workers may work for overtime pay, and the compulsory rest day guaranteed that workers could not work more than six days in a row. The amendments also reduced the number of national holidays from 19 to 12, eliminating Youth Day, Teachers’ Day, Retrocession Day, Chiang Kai-shek's birthday, Sun Yat-sen's birthday, Constitution Day and the day following New Year's Day. Prior to the amendments, the Labor Standards Act stipulated a maximum of 84 hours of work in any given 14 day period. The amendments were met with protests from labor groups, who opposed the reduction of national holidays and demanded that work on flexible rest days should result in compensatory vacation days in addition to overtime pay.
After taking effect, the amendments were criticized for their lack of flexibility, resulting in a net decrease in total pay and an increase in cost of living, and for having an overly complicated scheme for calculating overtime pay, leading the administration to further revise the Labor Standards Act. On 1 March 2018, the second revision of the Labor Standards Act came into effect. The revisions relaxed the previous regulations by stipulating two compulsory rest days for each 14 day period rather than one compulsory rest day for each 7 day period, meaning that workers could work for 12 days in a row. The revisions also simplified the formula for overtime pay. The revisions were met with protests and hunger strikes by labor groups.
National languages
The Tsai administration took actions to preserve languages facing a crisis of inheritance and to put them on more equal footing to Mandarin. Previously, the only national language was Mandarin; during her administration, the national languages of Taiwan were eventually broadened to include Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, 16 indigenous Formosan languages, Taiwanese Sign Language and the Matsu dialect of Eastern Min spoken on the Matsu Islands.
The Indigenous Languages Development Act took effect on 14 June 2017, designating 16 indigenous Formosan languages as national languages. Hakka was made a national language via amendments to the Hakka Basic Act on 29 December 2017. On 25 December 2018, the sweeping National Languages Development Act passed the legislature, creating broadcast services for each national language of Taiwan, providing interpreters for all national languages in the legislature, guaranteeing access to public services in each language (including legislative, and introducing elective language classes in primary schools. The act also directed the government to work with civic groups to create standard orthographies for each national language, and to develop a plan for preserving and revitalizing threatened languages. It furthermore automatically designated, in Article 3, all languages of all ethnic groups in Taiwan as national languages, thus clearing the way for Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Sign Language, and the Matsu dialect to become national languages.
On 15 August 2019, the government amended the Enforcement Rules of the Passport Act to allow for the use of romanizations of names in any national language (Hakka, Hoklo or indigenous languages) in passports.
On 27 September 2021, Legislator Chen Po-wei of the Taiwan Statebuilding Party spoke Taiwanese during a session questioning the Foreign and National Defense Committee. The Minister of National Defense Chiu Kuo-cheng responded by asking Chen to speak Mandarin to allow for easier communication, and would not lengthen the session to accommodate the interpretive service, after which the exchange became heated. Chen later apologized on Facebook, saying that the language barrier led to contextual errors. The parliamentary interpretation service stipulated by the National Languages Development Act were temporarily suspended pending improvements.
New Southbound Policy
The New Southbound Policy was launched on 5 September 2016 with the intent to make Taiwan less dependent on Mainland China and to improve Taiwan's cooperation with other countries. The 18 countries the New Southbound Policy targeted for increased cooperation are: Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Australia and New Zealand. The policy designated areas of cooperation in trade, technology, agriculture, medicine, education, and tourism. In mid-2019, the Taiwanese government announced that since the implementation of the policy, bilateral trade between Taiwan and the targeted countries increased by 22%, while investment by targeted countries increased by 60%. Further, the number of medical patients from targeted countries increased by 50%, the number of visitors increased by 58%, and the number of students increased by 52%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Taiwan donated 1 million masks to countries targeted in the New Southbound Policy.
Pension reform
International observers have noted that Taiwan's pre-reform pension system was due to default by 2030 for civil servants and 2020 for the military. Pension reform was passed via two separate bills, one dealing with civil servants and schoolteachers on 27 June 2017 and another dealing with military veterans on 20 June 2018. On 1 July 2018, the pension reforms came into effect. Civil servants, upon retirement, have a choice between receiving pensions in monthly instalments subject to a preferential interest rate or via a lump sum. Under the reforms, the previous preferential interest rate for those who opted for monthly instalments would be gradually reduced from 18% to 0% over the span of 30 months. Civil servants who opted for a lump sum would see their interest rates decreased from 18% to 6% over a period of 6 years. The reforms were estimated to affect 63,000 military veterans, 130,000 public servants and 140,000 schoolteachers. The reforms simultaneously set minimum monthly pensions for schoolteachers and civil servants at $32,160 NTD and for military veterans at $38,990 NTD. The reforms also raised the minimum retirement age to 60 from 55, to increase by 1 per year until the retirement age reaches 65. Though the reforms were met with protests from government retirees and veterans, polls have shown that the majority of Taiwanese are satisfied with the outcome of the pension reforms. After a legal challenge by the KMT, the Constitutional Court found most of the pension reform constitutional, while striking down clauses regarding the suspension of pensions for retirees that took jobs later in the private sector.
Same-sex marriage
On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that the constitutional right to equality and freedom of marriage guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry under the Constitution of the Republic of China. The ruling (Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748) gave the Legislative Yuan two years to bring the marriage laws into compliance, after which registration of such marriages would come into force automatically. Following the ruling, progress on implementing a same-sex marriage law was slow due to government inaction and strong opposition from some conservative people and Christian groups. In November 2018, the Taiwanese electorate passed referendums to prevent recognition of same-sex marriages in the Civil Code and to restrict teaching about LGBT issues. The Government responded by confirming that the Court's ruling would be implemented and that the referendums could not support laws contrary to the Constitution.
On 20 February 2019, a draft bill entitled the Act for Implementation of J.Y. Interpretation No. 748 was released. The draft bill would grant same-sex married couples almost all the rights available to heterosexual married couples under the Civil Code, with the exception that it only allows adoption of a child genetically related to one of them. The Executive Yuan passed it the following day, sending it to the Legislative Yuan for fast-tracked review. The bill was passed on 17 May, signed by the President on 22 May and took effect on 24 May 2019 (the last day possible under the Court's ruling).
Transitional justice and ill-gotten assets
The Act on Promoting Transitional Justice () was passed by the Legislative Yuan on 5 December 2017. The act sought to rectify injustices committed by the authoritarian Kuomintang government of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and to this end established the Transitional Justice Commission to investigate actions taken from 15 August 1945, the date of the Hirohito surrender broadcast, to 6 November 1992, when president Lee Teng-hui lifted the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion for Fujian Province, Republic of China, ending the period of mobilization. This time period, in particular, includes the February 28 Incident as well as White Terror. The committee's main aims include: making political archives more readily available, removing authoritarian symbols, redressing judicial injustice, and producing a report on the history of the period which delineates steps to further promote transitional justice. Thus far, the commission has exonerated political criminals from the martial law era, made recommendations on the removal of authoritarian symbols, and declassified government documents from the martial law era.
The Act Governing the Handling of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations was passed in July and Wellington Koo, one of the main authors of the Act, was named as the committee chairman in August. The stated goal of the act is to investigate state assets which were illegally transferred to private political parties and affiliates during the martial law era, and therefore applies only to political parties officially formed before the end of martial law. This effectively limits its scope to the KMT, which has insisted that it has been illegally and unconstitutionally persecuted and that the investigation is a political witch hunt. However, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) maintained that the means are necessary for achieving transitional justice and leveling the playing field for all political parties. Thus far, the committee has determined that the China Youth Corps, Central Motion Picture Corp., National Women's League, and the Broadcasting Corporation of China were KMT-affiliated organizations and either froze their assets or ordered them to forfeit them. The KMT had difficulty paying salaries as its assets were frozen during the investigation.
The KMT challenged the constitutionality of the Ill-gotten Properties Act, asserting that the law deprived the right of citizens to form political parties by depriving those parties of assets needed for their operation. In August 2020, the Constitutional Court ruled that the law was constitutional. In its interpretation, Judicial Yuan secretary-general Lin Hui-Huang wrote that the law was a form of transitional justice and viewed it as a corrective measure for actions during the martial law period which were legal in form but contrary to the principles of constitutional democracy.
Personal life and family
Tsai's paternal grandfather came from a prominent Hakka family in Fangshan, Pingtung. Her grandmother, from Shizi, Pingtung, was of aboriginal Paiwan descent. Tsai's father, Tsai Chieh-sheng () owned a car repair business. Tsai's mother is Chang Chin-fong (), the last of her father's four wives. Tsai is the youngest of her parents' four children. She also has seven elder half-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. She is the first Taiwanese president of aboriginal descent, and the second of Hakka descent after Lee Teng-hui.
Tsai is unmarried and has no children, making her Taiwan’s first unmarried president. According to traditional Chinese genealogical naming practices, Tsai's name should have been , since her generation name is (), not (). However, Tsai's father believed the former to have too many strokes for her to learn, so she was instead named , which can be literally translated by its individual parts as "heroic" and "literature". The word 英文 is coincidentally also the Chinese name for the English language, as yīng is also used as a phonetic approximation of the first syllable of "England". Tsai also has an Paiwan name, Tjuku.
Tsai is known to be a cat lover, and her two cats, "Think Think" and "Ah Tsai", featured prominently in her election campaign. In October 2016, she adopted three retired guide dogs, named Bella, Bunny, and Maru.
Honors
She has received:
:
Order of Belize (2018)
:
Grand Cross with Gold Star of the National Order of Doctor José Matías Delgado (2017)
:
Collar of the Order of the Elephant (2018)
:
Grand Collar of the Order of the Quetzal (2017)
Peace Ambassador
:
Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit (2018)
:
Grand Cross with Gold Star of the Order of Francisco Morazán (2016)
:
Grand Collar of the National Order of Merit (2016)
Order of St Christopher and Nevis (2019)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
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1956 births
Living people
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Taipei
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Pingtung County
Presidents of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Democratic Progressive Party chairpersons
Democratic Progressive Party Members of the Legislative Yuan
Democratic Progressive Party presidential nominees
Female heads of government
Members of the 6th Legislative Yuan
Party List Members of the Legislative Yuan
Taiwanese politicians of Hakka descent
Women presidents in Asia
Taiwanese legal scholars
Taiwanese politicians of indigenous descent
Taiwanese LGBT rights activists
Asian social liberals
National Taiwan University alumni
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Cornell Law School alumni
Cornell University alumni
Academic staff of the National Chengchi University
Academic staff of Soochow University (Taiwan)
Grand Crosses of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Quetzal
20th-century Taiwanese women politicians
21st-century Taiwanese women politicians
Women government ministers of Taiwan
First women presidents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai%20Ing-wen |
Domestica (also styled as Cursive's Domestica) is the third studio album by the American indie rock band Cursive, released on June 20, 2000. This album was the 31st release by Saddle Creek Records, released on CD as well as both red and black vinyl.
About
Domestica is a concept album that tells the story of a relationship between two characters named "Sweetie" and "Pretty Baby." Both characters are mentioned by name in several of the songs on the album ("The Casualty," "The Martyr," "A Red So Deep," and "The Radiator Hums") as well as the title of "The Lament of Pretty Baby." It is presumed that the album correlates directly with lead singer and principal songwriter Tim Kasher's divorce, but additional dynamics were added to the story. One is the theme of infidelity, prevalent in the songs "A Red So Deep" and "The Game of Who Needs Who the Worst," a dynamic Kasher says was not present in his marriage. While the ending track is ambiguous, lead singer Tim Kasher said in an interview that the couple stays together, despite their differences and fights. The album is mainly considered emo, post-hardcore and indie rock.
Reception
In 2014, Stereogum named "The Martyr" in their list of "30 Emo Songs: Late 90s & Early 2000s Essentials."
Track listing
Personnel
Cursive
Tim Kasher - vocals, guitar
Matt Maginn - bass, vocals
Clint Schnase - drums, percussion
Ted Stevens - guitar, vocals
Additional Personnel
AJ Mogis - recording, mixing, mastering
Mike Mogis - recording, mixing, mastering, production
Doug Van Sloun - mastering
Zack Nipper - cover art model for "Sweetie"
Jenn Bernard - cover art model for "Pretty Baby"
References
External links
Cursive official website
Saddle Creek Records
2000 albums
Cursive (band) albums
Saddle Creek Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Mogis
Concept albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestica |
Mortimer Leo Downey III (born August 9, 1936) was the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 2001, making him the longest-serving person to ever hold the post. Downey was originally appointed to the position at the beginning of the Clinton administration, and additionally served as Acting Secretary of Transportation for the first four days of the Bush administration, from January 21, 2001 to January 24, 2001. Prior to his service as Deputy Secretary of Transportation, he was executive director and chief financial officer of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), where he was instrumental in creating and successfully orchestrating the critically, complex and much needed multi-agency capital plan and subsequent updates. During the Carter Administration, from 1977 to 1981, Downey served in the Department of Transportation as Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs. Prior to that appointment, Downey was the first transportation program analyst for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Budget. He also held various positions at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
He was on the Obama transition team, and the subject of speculation as a possible Secretary of Transportation in the Obama Administration.
Downey serves on the board of directors of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and served as Board Chair from January 2015–January 2016.
An alumnus of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Downey graduated magna cum laude from Yale University in 1958, and received a master's of public administration from New York University in 1966. He served in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, attaining the rank of lieutenant commander. Following completion of his service as Deputy Secretary of Transportation in 2001, Downey became a transportation consultant.
Downey is a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.
References
External links
Living people
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Phillips Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
1936 births
People from Oakton, Virginia
Politicians from Springfield, Massachusetts
Virginia Democrats
United States Coast Guard officers
Carter administration personnel
Clinton administration personnel
Employees of the United States House of Representatives
United States Deputy Secretaries of Transportation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20L.%20Downey |
Lomas Brown Jr. (born March 30, 1963) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for 18 seasons in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. Brown played college football for the University of Florida, and received consensus All-American honors. A first-round pick in the 1985 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Detroit Lions and four other NFL teams. He is currently a color analyst for Lions radio broadcasts on WXYT 97.1 The Ticket, as well as a commentator and analyst for ESPN and other television and radio networks.
Early life
Brown was born in Miami, Florida. He attended Miami Springs High School in Miami Springs, Florida, where he was a stand-out offensive lineman for the Miami Springs Golden Hawks high school football team. In 2007, the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) recognized Brown as one of the 33 all-time greatest Florida high school football players of the last 100 years by naming him to its "All-Century Team."
College career
Brown accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Charley Pell and coach Galen Hall's Florida Gators football teams from 1981 to 1984. He started 34 games in his college career at Florida, all at tackle. Brown was a team captain, a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection and a consensus first-team All-American, and the winner of the Jacobs Blocking Trophy recognizing the best blocker in the SEC during his senior year in 1984. He anchored the Gators' outstanding offensive line, memorably dubbed "The Great Wall of Florida," and which included Brown, Phil Bromley, Billy Hinson, Crawford Ker and Jeff Zimmerman in 1984. Behind the blocking of Brown and his Great Wall teammates, the Gators' quarterback Kerwin Bell, fullback John L. Williams and halfback Neal Anderson led the Gators to a 9–1–1 overall win–loss record and won their first SEC championship with a conference record of 5–0–1. (The title was later vacated by the SEC university presidents because of NCAA rules violations committed by Charley Pell and the Gators coaching staff between 1979 and 1983.) Brown was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1995. As part of its 2006 article series about the top 100 players of the first 100 years of Florida football, The Gainesville Sun recognized him as the No. 8 all-time Gator player.
While Brown was a student at Florida, he was initiated as a member of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity (Zeta Kappa Chapter). He later returned to the university during the NFL off-season to complete his bachelor's degree in health and human performance in 1996.
Professional career
The Detroit Lions selected Brown in the first round (sixth pick overall) in the 1985 NFL Draft. He played for the Lions for 11 seasons (–). In his long professional career, he also played for the Arizona Cardinals (–), the Cleveland Browns (), the New York Giants (–), and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (), with whom he won a Super Bowl before retiring after 18 seasons in the NFL. Brown was a remarkably consistent starter in his unusually long-lived career, playing in 263 games and starting 251 of them, and was named to the NFC Pro Bowl team seven straight seasons from 1990 to 1996.
Brown is probably remembered most from his years in Detroit, where he gained the reputation as one of the league's premier offensive tackles. He was a pivotal piece on the offensive line that blocked for perhaps the greatest running back of all-time (Barry Sanders). Brown was one of the most durable offensive linemen in the Detroit Lions' history, starting all but one of the 164 games that he played for the Lions.
Along with Kevin Glover, Brown was a key blocker on a line that paved the way for Sanders, who claimed NFL rushing titles in and . He blocked for Sanders for seven seasons (–), and Sanders accumulated 10,172 yards (an average of 4.9 yards per carry) and 73 rushing touchdowns during that time.
Brown was a member of Lions teams that made the playoffs in , , and , and he was a member of the 1991 and 1993 squads that won the NFC Central division title. In 1991, the Lions set a franchise high with 12 regular season wins and earned a berth in the 1991 NFC Championship Game. During the 1995-96 playoffs, Brown guaranteed a victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. The Eagles opened the game with 51–7 run. The Lions went on to lose the game 37–58.
Brown was also a charismatic and respected leader on the team, who graciously donated a great deal of time, energy and money to many charitable causes throughout the Metro Detroit area.
On October 30, 2023 Brown was inducted into the Detroit Lions Hall of Fame, known as the Pride of the Lions.
Life after the NFL
Since his retirement from the NFL, Brown has spent some time with the NFL Network and ESPNEWS as an analyst and also co-hosts a sports radio show for WXYT-FM in Detroit, Michigan. He has also served as an analyst on ESPN First Take, and is a co-host of the segment "Law Offices of Brooks and Brown." In 2018 he was named as the color analyst for the Detroit Lions radio broadcasts on WJR, replacing Jim Brandstatter.
During 2012, Brown served as an assistant coach for the Andover Barons football team of Andover High School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
On December 22, 2012, Brown admitted during an interview on the SVP and Russillo show on ESPN Radio that he purposefully failed to block Green Bay Packers defensive end Sean Jones during a 1994 game so teammate and quarterback Scott Mitchell would get injured and be forced to leave the game. Mitchell's finger was broken on the play and he left the game. Mitchell was taken aback by Brown's comments, remarking, "I had Lomas in my home. . . . I'm dumbfounded that he would do such a thing. . . . [F]or him to allow someone to take a shot at a teammate, that's crazy."
Less than a week after the interview, Brown expressed remorse during an episode of ESPN First Take, saying "It's one play out of the 18,000 that I regret." He did not deny his original comments: "I'm not going to retract, I'm not going to sit here and make excuses . . . The one thing I can say is I should have been more tactful at how I said that. That was wrong on my part. I should have humbly said that. It came off boastful, and I shouldn't have said it that way. I said it, I can't take it back, but I shouldn't have said it the way I said it."
Lomas became a partner in Talegator Distributors, LLC "the greatest tailgating invention ever!" in 2009
and has helped to promote the product and various marketing efforts. Recently the Talegator became a proud partner with the Jimmy V Foundation.
See also
1984 College Football All-America Team
Florida Gators football, 1980–89
List of Detroit Lions players
List of Florida Gators football All-Americans
List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
List of New York Giants players
List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers
List of SEC Jacobs Blocking Trophy winners
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members
References
Bibliography
Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). .
Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). .
Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). .
McCarthy, Kevin M., Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). .
Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). .
External links
1963 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football offensive tackles
American sports radio personalities
Arizona Cardinals players
Cleveland Browns players
Detroit Lions announcers
Detroit Lions players
Florida Gators football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
New York Giants players
Players of American football from Miami
Miami Springs Senior High School alumni
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomas%20Brown |
Aaron Stanton Merrill (March 26, 1890 – February 28, 1961), also known as Tip Merrill, was an American rear admiral during World War II who led American naval forces during the Solomon Islands campaign as well as the first admiral to solely use radar for fire control during wartime.
Military career
1912–1939
After graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1912, Merrill first served for several years in the Mediterranean Sea. He was assigned to the destroyer , based in Plymouth, England, during the last months of World War I. In 1919 he commanded the patrol craft , based at Harwich, England.
In June 1935 Merrill was assigned to the heavy cruiser , and received the Order of the Crown from the Belgian Government, after conveying the remains of Paul May, the Belgian Ambassador to the United States, back to Antwerp.
In 1938–39 Merrill completed the senior course at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and was promoted to captain. In 1939–1940 he commanded a destroyer division in the Pacific with the as flagship.
World War II
Merrill was Professor of Naval Science and Tactics at Tulane University, until being assigned command of the battleship in April 1942. After promotion to rear admiral in January 1943, Merrill led a cruiser-destroyer task force participating in the Battle of Guadalcanal and later won distinction during the Bougainville campaign at the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay successfully defending ground forces against an assault by the Japanese fleet in a hard-fought night battle.
In March 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign, he showed the usefulness of radar against enemy naval forces at the Battle of Blackett Strait. Merrill, commanding Task Force 68, engaged and destroyed two Japanese destroyers and , using only radar fire control. For his efforts he received both the Legion of Merit and the Navy Cross.
Serving as Director of Office of Public Relations for the Navy Department from June 15, 1944, until April 23, 1945, Merrill joined a diplomatic delegation to meet with members of the Chilean government to discuss mutual defense policies in Santiago, Chile. While in attendance, Merrill's efforts to establish an American naval mission to Chile in place of the former British presence earned him the title of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit by Chile.
Post-war
In June 1946, after briefly serving for several months as commandant of the Eighth Naval District in New Orleans, Louisiana, Merrill assumed command of Gulf Sea Frontier, remaining in this post until being placed on the retired list in November 1947, eventually retiring a vice admiral. Moving first to Natchez, Mississippi and later to New Orleans following his retirement, Merrill lived with his wife until his death on February 28, 1961.
Personal life
Admiral Merrill was born March 26, 1890, at Brandon Hall in Adams County, Mississippi, to parents Dunbar Surget Merrill and Charlotte Brandon Stanton. His 2nd great-grandfather was Gerard Chittocque Brandon, one of Mississippi's earliest governors. His grandfather, Ayres Phillips Merrill, was also once U.S. Minister to Belgium.
He inherited the nickname "Tip" from his great-grandfather, who garnered the moniker after fighting in the Battle of Tippecanoe. His father, Aaron Stanton, a Confederate soldier, was also known as "Tip".
Merrill married New York native, Louise Gautier Witherbee, on January 28, 1922; they remained together until his death in 1961.
Awards
Navy Cross
Legion of Merit
Mexican Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal with star
Yangtze Service Medal
American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Commander, Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Officer, Order of Merit (Chile)
See also
References
Parrish, Thomas and S. L. A. Marshall, ed. The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
James J. Fahey, Pacific War Diary: 1942 - 1945, The Secret Diary of an American Sailor, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.
Fahey (1918–1991) was Seaman First Class on board the Admiral's flagship, the . Diaries, in general, were against Navy regulations, and so Fahey offers a rare view of not just life on the Montpelier, but of wartime naval life in general. To this seaman the Admiral was a remote but favorable figure.
External links
Aaron Stanton Merrill (Archived 2009-10-24)
1890 births
1961 deaths
United States Navy World War II admirals
People from Natchez, Mississippi
Military personnel from New Orleans
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Washington, Mississippi
Military personnel from Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20S.%20Merrill |
The Atoni (also known as the Atoin Meto, Atoin Pah Meto or Dawan) people are an ethnic group on Timor, in Indonesian West Timor and the East Timorese enclave of Oecussi-Ambeno. They number around 844,030. Their language is Uab Meto.
The Atoni live in villages consisting of 50 to 60 people, each village is surrounded with stone fence or shrubs, with fields and cattle cages on the periphery. The houses usually form a circular cluster, or following the road after the introduction of a road.
Spatial symbolism
According to ethnographer Clarke Cunningham, their culture is notable for its spatial symbolism, associated with a gender dichotomy. Male-female principle is important, as with the duality of sun-earth, light-dark, open-close, dry season-wet season, outer-inner, central-periphery, secular-sacral, right-left, and so on. This in turn affects the spatial configuration of an Atoni house.
The right side of the house (facing the door) is always male, whereas the left is female. The center of the house (and the attic) is male, while the periphery of the house is female. The interior of the house is female, the terrace is male. The house is female and the yard is male. This principle conceived the Atoni house as a microcosmos. The house also expresses social order.
A more elaborate house is called Ume Atoni (Atoni means "male"). The house is dominantly male in quality. The Atoni entertains their guest in a communal house called Lopo. A Lopo is always located in front of a house and is oriented to the road.
Furthermore, each cardinal direction is associated with a gender, as are different parts of a house. Sex and gender do not always line up, as an important lord is called a "female-man," and is accordingly always a man, but performs stereotypically female duties.
Eponyms
A species of skink, Eremiascincus antoniorum, which is endemic to Timor, is named in honor of the Atoni people.
References
Literature
Clarke E. Cunningham, Atoni Borrowing Of Children: An Aspect Of Mediation, in: Spiro, M.E. (ed.), American Ethnological Society Proceedings, Annual Spring Meeting, Seattle, 1965.
Clarke E. Cunningham, Categories Of Descent Groups In A Timorese Village, in: Oceania 37, 1966:13-21.
Herbert W. Jardner, Textilien der Atoni. Variationen eines Stils in West-Timor, unpubl. Magisterschrift, 1988,Köln.
Herbert W. Jardner, Die Kuan Fatu-Chronik. Form und Kontext der mümdlichen Dichtung der Atoin Meto (Amanuban, Westtimor), Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Unsiversität Hamburg, Band 23, Berlin und Hamburg, 1999.
Herbert W. und Heidrun Jardner, Eingefangene Fäden. Textile Verzierungstechniken in West-Timor, Indonesien, Austronesia Bd.1, herausgegeben von Rainer Carle und Peter Pink, 2., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl., Hamburg, 1995.
Andrew R. McWilliam, Harvest of the nakaf: A Study of Headhunting Among the Atoni of West Timor, B.Litt.thesis, Australian National University, 1982.
Andrew R. McWilliam, Narrating the gate and the path. Place and precedence in South West Timor, Ph.D.thesis Australian National University, 1989.
Schulte Nordholt, H.G., The Political System Of The Atoni Of Timor, Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut 60, 1971.
External links
Ethnic groups in East Timor
Ethnic groups in Indonesia
Headhunting
Timorese people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoni |
is located in Yokohama, Japan, which is located just south of Tokyo. It is about 160 years old, with a population of about 3,000 to 4,000. Today, only a few Chinese people still live there, most being from Guangzhou (Cantonese people).
Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown in Japan, larger than both Kobe Chinatown and Nagasaki Chinatown. There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned or themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, with the highest concentration centered on a area.
History
In 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. In its early days, American and British trading companies, many of which had already engaged in trade with China, expanded their operations into Yokohama, with accompanying Chinese agents. These agents were entrusted to negotiate with Japanese merchants in the buying of raw silk and tea, which, at the time, was a major product imported from Japan. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started. Many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of the designated foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform.
Much of the Chinatown’s early growth is attributed to the increased trade between China and Japan, following the Sino-Japanese Trade Treaty in 1871. This led to Chinese immigrants taking on a variety of professions converging into one geographical location.
In 1923, the Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake. Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless. Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama. Overall, the total death toll among the Chinese population in Yokohama Chinatown was as many as 1,541, approximately one third of the total 4,705 prior to the event. After the earthquake, there had been a major shake-up in the social structure within Yokohama Chinatown, sowing the seeds for Chinese gourmet business to grow within the overseas Chinese community. Four years after the earthquake, around half of the Chinese population within this area were barbers, tailors or chefs.
In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown. After the war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built. That is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai (Yokohama Chinatown).
In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and severed relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in the number of visitors to Chinatown. It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama.
On February 1, 2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station, which serves Chinatown directly.
2006 saw the establishment of the Mazu Miao temple to mark the 150th anniversary of Yokohama Chinatown, and has become a significant part of the area's modern landscape.
Transportation
Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car.
Train
Minatomirai Line, Motomachi-Chūkagai Station (35 min from Shibuya Station in Tokyo)
Negishi Line, Ishikawachō Station (35 min from Shinagawa Station in Tokyo)
Bus
There are 6 bus routes from Yokohama Station East bus depot and from Sakuragichō Bus Depot, 16 bus routes that go to Yokohama Chinatown.
Seabus
Seabus (Ferry)
Highway
Shuto Expressway K1 Yokohane Route, Yokohama Kōen (Yokohama Park) Exit
Shuto Expressway K3 Kariba Route. (At Tomei Expressway Intersection, go Hodogaya Bypass then exit at Shin Yamashita.)
Shuto Expressway Wangan Line (Via Tokyo Bay Aqua Line Tunnel, Exit at Shin Yamashita.)
Tomei Expressway (Via Hodogaya Bypass)
See also
Yokohama Ma Zu Miao
Yokohama Overseas Chinese School
Yokohama Yamate Chinese School
Chinatown
Chinatowns in Asia
Nankin-machi ("Nanjing Town" in Kobe)
Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown
Chinese in Japan
China
Koreatowns in Japan
Chinatowns in the United States
Incheon Chinatown
References
External links
Yokohama Chinatown Official Website
Kwan Tai Temple
Yokohama Chinatown Official Website (Japanese)
City of Yokohama - Yokohama Sightseeing Spots Chinatown Area (English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
Naka-ku, Yokohama
Chinese-Japanese culture
Chinatown
Chinatowns in Japan
Restaurant districts and streets in Japan
Tourist attractions in Yokohama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama%20Chinatown |
Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology. There are a number of applications that are developed from this research, and these are also considered parts of the process. The base system of analysis revolves around general genetics. Basic studies include identification of genes and inherited disorders. This research has been conducted for centuries on both a large-scale physical observation basis and on a more microscopic scale.
Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology, or to applications resulting from this research.
Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and DNA copy number changes.
History of genetic analysis
Much of the research that set the foundation of genetic analysis began in prehistoric times. Early humans found that they could practice selective breeding to improve crops and animals. They also identified inherited traits in humans that were eliminated over the years. The many genetic analyses gradually evolved over time.
Mendelian research
Modern genetic analysis began in the mid-1800s with research conducted by Gregor Mendel. Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics", was inspired to study variation in plants. Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. Lacking the basic understanding of heredity, Mendel observed various organisms and first utilized genetic analysis to find that traits were inherited from parents and those traits could vary between children. Later, it was found that units within each cell are responsible for these traits. These units are called genes. Each gene is defined by a series of amino acids that create proteins responsible for genetic traits.
Various types of genetic analysis
Genetic analyses include molecular technologies such as PCR, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, and DNA microarrays, and cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation.
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is essential to the applications of genetic analysis. This process is used to determine the order of nucleotide bases. Each molecule of DNA is made from adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which determine what function the genes will possess. This was first discovered during the 1970s. DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. By generating a DNA sequence for a particular organism, you are determining the patterns that make up genetic traits and in some cases behaviors.
Sequencing methods have evolved from relatively laborious gel-based procedures to modern automated protocols based on dye labelling and detection in capillary electrophoresis that permit rapid large-scale sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes. Knowledge of DNA sequences of genes and other parts of the genome of organisms has become indispensable for basic research studying biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery.
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. Polymerase chain reaction studies the amplification of DNA. Because of the close analysis of chromosomes in cytogenetics, abnormalities are more readily seen and diagnosed.
Karyotyping
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism.
Karyotypes describe the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.
Karyotyping uses a system of studying chromosomes to identify genetic abnormalities and evolutionary changes in the past.
DNA microarrays
A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. When a gene is expressed in a cell, it generates messenger RNA (mRNA). Overexpressed genes generate more mRNA than underexpressed genes. This can be detected on the microarray.
Since an array can contain tens of thousands of probes, a microarray experiment can accomplish many genetic tests in parallel. Therefore, arrays have dramatically accelerated many types of investigations.
PCR
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny, or functional analysis of genes; the diagnosis of hereditary diseases; the identification of genetic fingerprints (used in forensic sciences and paternity testing); and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Practical application
Cancer breakthrough
Numerous practical advancements have been made in the field of genetics and molecular biology through the processes of genetic analysis. One of the most prevalent advancements during the late 20th and early 21st centuries is a greater understanding of cancer's link to genetics. By identifying which genes in the cancer cells are working abnormally, doctors can better diagnose and treat cancers.
Possibilities
This research has been able to identify the concepts of genetic mutations, fusion genes and changes in DNA copy numbers, and advances are made in the field every day. Much of these applications have led to new types of sciences that use the foundations of genetic analysis. Reverse genetics uses the methods to determine what is missing in a genetic code or what can be added to change that code. Genetic linkage studies analyze the spatial arrangements of genes and chromosomes. There have also been studies to determine the legal and social and moral effects of the increase of genetic analysis. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and DNA copy number changes.
Genetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20analysis |
is a visual novel released for the PC by âge. It is a prequel of sorts to Muv-Luv and side story to Kimi ga Nozomu Eien, and features Akane Suzumiya from Kimi ga Nozomu Eien as its main heroine. Like Muv-Luv Extra and unlike Kimi ga Nozomu Eien, it focuses more on comedy than drama.
The game starts several weeks after the end of Kimi ga Nozomu Eien and ends a day before Muv-Luv Extra starts. Most of the main characters from Muv-Luv can be seen in the game. It was originally released in parts with Tech GIAN without voice acting, but was later released as a game with full voice acting for members of âge's official fanclub.
There is also a three episode OVA roughly based on the game, with the first DVD released on November 25, 2004. The series was animated by Silver. Many characters in the game parody Tekkaman and Tekkaman Blade. The OVA mainly parodies robot shows such as Mazinger Z. Akane Maniax marked the first appearance of Gouda Jouji, who would later become a recurring gag character in âge's games.
Plot
Jouji Gouda is a new transfer student at Hakuryo High School. On his first day of class, he fell in love at first sight for Akane Suzumiya and boldly proposed to her on the spot. The two characters conflict with each other greatly, but Jouji never gives up and would do anything to express his love towards Akane. Although his attempts to win Akane's love at first do nothing but anger Akane, he gradually starts to make an impression on her, inspiring Akane to be more honest about her own feelings.
There are two possible endings. In the good ending, Akane admits she might have developed feelings for Jouji—but confesses that she might be using him as a rebound guy since he reminds her of her sister's ex-boyfriend. He then finds a new true love in the form of Muv-Luv'''s Sumika, only to have his heart broken about a minute later when she goes running after Takeru. In the true ending, Jouji transforms into a hero called Dimension Knight Tekkumen (時空の騎士テックメン, "Jikuu no Kishi Tekkumen") and fights aliens. Either way, he is said to have transferred out of the school after being scouted for a baseball team in Muv-Luv Extra, which Kouzuki suggests might have been Meiya's doing.
In the ending of the later produced Akane Maniax OVA, Akane told Jouji that she has been accepted by an American university and will go there to further her studies. She still said it was nice to have met him. Later, after seeing Sumika running to Takeru, Jouji was taken away by Meiya and Tsukoyomi in their long limousine, presumably arranged to get some compensation and transfer to another school as a result.
Characters
The main character of Akane Maniax. After being kicked out of his last school's baseball club, he transfers to Hakuryou with the intention of getting to the Koshien, paying no heed to the fact that he is a third-year student (i.e., he would never have another chance). He has a tendency to lose himself in his imagination, and is a bit of an idiot. He grows infatuated with Akane at first sight, and does whatever he can to get her attention. His character is a parody of Minami Jouji from Uchuu no Kishi Tekkaman, and in one of the endings he transforms into a parody of Tekkaman named Jikuu no Kishi Tekkumen. He first joins class 3-D, but is later dumped into class 3-B.
From Kimi ga Nozomu Eien. The main heroine. In Akane Maniax, she starts off with the personality she had in Kimi ga Nozomu Eien, but gradually softens up to become the Akane seen in Muv-Luv. Student in class 3-D.
A gym teacher sporting a yellow afro who is actually an alien. Has a mutant living in his afro. Based on Andlau (also pronounced Andorō) Umeda from Tekkaman. Only seen in the game.
A Hakuryou student who looks like a fat nerd, but is in fact the robot Takesu. Student in class 3-D. Only seen in the game.
From Muv-Luv. Akane's friend and rival. Student of class 3-B.
From Muv-Luv. Class 3-D's form teacher.
From Muv-Luv. Class 3-B's form teacher.
From Muv-Luv. Student in class 3-B. Jouji calls her "Psychic Gal".
From Muv-Luv. Student in class 3-B. Jouji calls her "Ambassador of the Animal Kingdom".
From Muv-Luv. Student in class 3-B. Jouji calls him "Gaia's Messenger", or sometimes just Gaia. They seem to get along pretty well, but it does not take very long for Mikoto to forget who he is after he transfers out (in Muv-Luv Extra).Muv-Luv's main heroine. Student in class 3-B.
The protagonist of Muv-Luv. Student in class 3-B.
From Kimi ga Nozomu Eien. Akane's older sister. Only seen in the OVA.
From Muv-Luv. Only seen in the OVA.
From Muv-Luv. Only seen in the OVA.
Jouji after transforming via Tekku Setup. Looks like a cross between Tekkaman and a Gyan.
Takeo's true form, that of a robot. Based on Pegasu from Tekkaman Blade''. Looks like a cross between Pegasu and a Zaku II. Serves as a mount for Tekkumen.
Episodes
Music
The game's normal route ending theme song is by Minami Kuribayashi, and the true route ending theme song is by Takayuki Miyauchi. For the OVA, the opening theme song is "Beginning" by Kuribayashi, the ending theme song for episodes 1 and 2 is by Kaori Mizuhashi, and the ending theme song for episode 3 is "Muv-Luv" by Kuribayashi.
References
External links
Visual novel official website
OVA official website
2002 video games
2004 anime OVAs
Visual novels
Mecha anime and manga
Japan-exclusive video games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Windows-only games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akane%20Maniax |
St. Peter's Abbey on the Madron (Kloster St. Peter am Madron) was a Benedictine monastery in Flintsbach am Inn in Bavaria, Germany. The church, now a pilgrimage church known as the Peterskirchlein, still stands on the site.
History
The Madron is a mountain known also as the Petersberg ("St. Peter's Mount"). It was occupied in ancient times, showing traces of Bronze Age settlement.
A poorly documented monastic foundation dating from sometime in the 8th century and settled by monks from St. Peter's Abbey in Salzburg was destroyed by the Hungarian invasion of the early 10th century. A supposed resettlement in about 955 by refugee monks from Wessobrunn Abbey is equally poorly evidenced.
In 1130 however the monastery, dedicated to Saint Peter, was definitely (re)founded by Count Siboto of Falkenstein and resettled by monks from Weihenstephan Abbey in Freising. The Counts of Falkenstein-Neuburg were also the monastery's Vögte (lords protector) and endowed it with a number of estates. They gave the monastery to the Bishop of Freising in 1163, but retained the office of Vogt. The monastery was destroyed in 1296 during a dynastic conflict, and never rebuilt. From the early 14th century, the site became a prebend for a canon of Freising Cathedral, part of whose responsibilities was to oversee the long-established pilgrimage here. It was dissolved in the secularisation of 1803.
The area for which the place had pastoral responsibility was extremely small, but against expectation, the church survived and became shortly afterward the centre of a renewed interest in the tradition of the pilgrimage. The Peterskirchlein is today a well-known landmark on its mountain.
External links
St. Peter am Madron (Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte)
Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Peter%27s%20Abbey%20on%20the%20Madron |
Phanerothyme is the ninth full-length studio album by the Norwegian band Motorpsycho. It was released through Stickman Records (Europe) and Sony (Norway). It was also released in Japan through P-Vine.
Track listing
"Bedroom Eyes" – 2:18
"For Free" – 5:13
"B.S." – 3:41
"Landslide" – 4:38
"Go To California" – 8:00
"Painting The Night Unreal" – 6:35
"The Slow Phaseout" – 4:30
"Blindfolded" – 3:44
"When You're Dead" – 4:52
Nr. 1–3, 6 by Sæther.
Nr. 4, 5, 7 by Sæther/Ryan.
Nr. 8 by Ryan.
Nr. 9 by Gebhardt.
Vinyl version
Due to space limitations, the track list was altered for the LP release.
Side A
Bedroom Eyes
For Free
B.S.
Landslide
The Slow Phaseout
Side B
Go To California
Painting the Night Unreal
Blindfolded
When You're Dead
Personnel
Bent Sæther: vocals, bass, guitars, mellotron, guitarmando, percussion, viscount organ, drums
Hans Magnus Ryan: guitars, vocals, piano, viscount organ, mellotron, bass
Håkon Gebhardt: drums, vocals, percussion, guitars, zither, banjo, lap-steel guitar
Helge Sten (Deathprod): audio virus, filters, ringmodulators, echoplex, theremin
Baard Slagsvold: piano, Wurlitzer, clavinette, Rhodes piano, backing vocals. Slagsvold did all the string/reed-arrangements, except for "When You're Dead," which was arranged by Lars Horntveth.
Øyvind Fossheim: violin
Vegard Johnsen: violin
André Orvik: violin
Hans Morten Stensland: violin
Jon W. Sønstebø: viola
Anne Britt Søvig Årdal: cello
Ketil Vestrum Einarsen: flute
Lars Horntveth: tenor sax and bass-clarinet
Anne-Grethe Orvik: oboe
Even Skatrud Andersen: trombone
Mathias Eick: trumpet and flugelhorn
Line Horntveth: tuba
Kim Hiorthøy: cover artwork
Videos
The band made videos for "The Slow Phaseout" and "Go To California", the latter showing them as Amish people walking, running and jumping through the Norwegian woods, whilst carrying surfboards around.
Singles
There were no single/EP releases for this album, but some of the additional songs recorded during the Phanerothyme sessions surfaced on the "Serpentine" EP (2002). Also an EP named "Barracuda" was released in February 2001, containing left over songs from the Let Them Eat Cake-sessions. Still, promotional only singles of "The Slow Phaseout" and "Go To California" (edited version, 2:53 mins) were pressed and sent to radio stations.
2001 albums
Motorpsycho albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerothyme |
This is a list of Scottish National Party MPs. It includes all members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons representing the Scottish National Party since the party's formation. Members of the Scottish Parliament or the European Parliament are not listed as they are separate entities.
Current members of Parliament are listed in bold.
List of MPs
Graphical representation
See also
Scottish National Party
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2005–2010)
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2010–2015)
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2015–2017)
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2017–2019)
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2019–present)
List of Scottish National Party MPs (2005–2010)
List of Scottish National Party MPs (2010–2015)
References
Scottish National Party MPs
Scottish National Party MPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scottish%20National%20Party%20MPs |
Otto Steinbrinck (19 December 1888 – 16 August 1949) was a highly decorated World War I naval officer and German industrialist who was later indicted and found guilty in the Nuremberg Flick Trial.
Having had a very successful career as a U-boat commander in World War I, during which he won the much-coveted Pour le Mérite, Steinbrinck had a highly successful career in industry in the 1920s. Through the Freundeskreis Reichsführer SS, he cultivated relationships with the Third Reich's leading circles. Steinbrinck's leading position within the Flick conglomerate and his role in integrating coalmines and heavy industry in occupied West Europe into the German war economy were what in the end brought him before the court at Nuremberg.
U-boat commander
The schoolteacher's son was from 1907 a professional soldier in the German Imperial Navy, and as of 1911 saw service on several submarines. His younger brother, Erich Steinbrinck, also served in the Navy until he was killed during the Battle of Jutland in 1916. In World War I, Steinbrinck was one of the most successful U-boat commanders; in 1916, he was decorated with the Pour le Mérite. He eventually sank 204 merchant ships totalling , as well as the protected cruiser and the submarine E22. However, in 1919, after the German Empire had lost the war, no further use could be found for him in the reconstituted Reichsmarine, and so he was discharged with the rank of Kapitänleutnant.
Business career post-war
Steinbrinck served as a company director of the Organization of German Iron and Steel Industrialists, until he found a new post in 1924 at the Flick conglomerate, where he became First Associate in Friedrich Flick's private secretariat by 1925 and later rose to vice president. Steinbrinck also worked as a board member in many companies.
Nazi career
In May 1933, Steinbrinck joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) and soon became a Standartenführer in the SS, later becoming an SS Oberführer in April 1935. Soon after that, he was a member in the so-called Freundeskreis des Reichsführers SS, a rather exclusive circle whose leader was Wilhelm Keppler. He contributed 100,000 Reichsmarks to Heinrich Himmler for "special purposes".
Between 1937 and 1939, Steinbrinck ferved ned as a general plenipotentiary for the Flick conglomerate. Moreover, he carried out various other functions, becoming in April 1938 a Wehrwirtschaftsführer (War Economy Leader) – a title given industrialists who were important to Germany's armament industry – and as of January 1939 a SS-Brigadeführer.
In the summer of 1939, he resigned from Flick and as of December of the same year began work as a trustee at Krupp. Shortly before this, he had also been remobilized as a frigate captain. From May 1940 until March 1942, Steinbrinck worked as a general plenipotentiary for the steel industry in Luxembourg, Belgium and France, and functioned in April 1941 as an associate in the presidium of the Reichsvereinigung Kohle (Reich Coal Association).
From March 1942 until the evacuation of the western occupation zones in the autumn of 1944, Steinbrinck was also general plenipotentiary for the Reichsvereinigung Kohle for mining and coal economy in the Netherlands, Belgium and France, the so-called Beko (Befehlskommando) West. This organization employed the use of slave labour. In April 1945 – World War II had by now long ago been lost – Steinbrinck operated as a link between Ruhr industry and Army Group B under Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model.
Flick Trial
In August 1945, Steinbrinck was arrested by the Americans and faced charges at the so-called Flick Trial in Nuremberg. On 22 December 1947, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Steinbrinck died while serving his sentence at Landsberg Prison on 16 August 1949.
References
External links
1888 births
1949 deaths
People from Lippstadt
Military personnel from the Province of Westphalia
U-boat commanders (Imperial German Navy)
People indicted for war crimes
People indicted for crimes against humanity
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
SS-Brigadeführer
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Steel industry of Luxembourg
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
Nazis who died in prison custody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Steinbrinck |
Holland 1 (or HM submarine Torpedo Boat No 1) is the first submarine commissioned by the Royal Navy. The first in a six-boat batch of the , she was lost in 1913 while under tow to be scrapped following her decommissioning. Recovered in 1982, she was put on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport. Her battery bank found in the boat was discovered to be functional after being cleaned and recharged.
History
She was ordered in 1901 from John Philip Holland and built at Barrow-in-Furness. Her keel was laid down 4 February 1901. In order to keep the boat’s construction secret, she was assembled in a building labelled "Yacht Shed", and the parts that had to be fabricated in the general yard were marked for "pontoon no 1". She was launched on 2 October 1901 and dived for the first time (in an enclosed basin) on 20 March 1902. Her sea trials began in April 1902.
In September 1902 she arrived at Portsmouth, along with the other completed Holland boat and their tender, . Together they made up the "First Submarine Flotilla", commanded by Captain Reginald Bacon. Holland 1 suffered an explosion 3 March 1903 that caused four injuries.
On 24 October 1904, with the rest of the Holland fleet and three A-class boats, Holland 1 sailed from Portsmouth to attack a Russian fleet that had mistakenly sunk a number of British fishing vessels in the North Sea in the Dogger Bank incident. The boats were recalled before any attack could take place.
The submarine was decommissioned and sold in 1913 to Thos. W. Ward for £410. By the time the submarine was sold she was considered so obsolete that she was sold with all fittings intact, and the only requirement put on the purchaser was that the torpedo tube be put out of action.
Loss
While being towed to the scrapyard, Holland 1 encountered very severe weather and sank about a mile and a half off Eddystone Lighthouse. No one was on board the submarine at the time, and, since the submarine had been seen to be sinking earlier in the journey, the crew of the tug were ready to release the tow rope, preventing any damage to the tug.
Recovery
The wreck was located in 1981 by Plymouth historian Michael Pearn and she was raised in November 1982. From 1983, after coating in anti-corrosion chemicals, she was displayed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. Work on restoring the submarine continued until September 1988. A talking figure was included to explain the details of the craft to visitors. However, by 1993 it was apparent that the treatment had proved inadequate. A fibreglass tank was built around her, and she was immersed in sodium carbonate solution from 1995. After four years the corrosive chloride ions had been removed, and she was able to be displayed again after restoration work.
Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, in 2001, on her centenary, a new purpose-built climate-controlled building was opened by Countess Mountbatten. In the same year the Royal Mail put a photo of the submarine on a 65 pence stamp. In 2011 the submarine was given an Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
The original bank of batteries, recovered with the wreckage, were submitted for testing by the original manufacturer, Chloride Industrial Batteries Ltd based in Swinton, Greater Manchester. Following the initial clean, the lead batteries were recharged and found to be in good working order. Some of the original batteries still remain in the possession of Enersys (ex-CIBL) at the Newport plant, in South Wales.
See also
Holland I
Fenian Ram
Royal Navy Submarine Service
Notes and references
External links
Own page on RNSM website
MaritimeQuest HMS Holland 1 Pages
Early Holland Submarines Photos of John Holland's Submarine No. 1 and the Fenian Ram at the Paterson Museum
The 'Talking Figure' from the Holland display in a video from a museum visit in 1989.
1901 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Holland-class submarines
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
Ships preserved in museums
Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Holland%201 |
Enloe may refer to:
Enloe, Texas, an unincorporated community in Delta County
William G. Enloe High School, public high school in Raleigh, North Carolina
Enloe Dam and Powerplant, a powerplant in Okanogan County, Washington
Persons with the surname Enloe
Benjamin A. Enloe (1848–1922), U.S. Congressman from Tennessee
William G. Enloe (1902–1972), mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina
Cynthia Enloe (b. 1938), feminist writer
Jason Enloe (b. 1974), professional golfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enloe |
Holland Boat No. I was a prototype submarine designed and operated by John Philip Holland.
Construction
Work on the vessel began at the Albany Iron Works in New York City, moving to Paterson, New Jersey, in early 1878. The boat was launched on 22 May 1878. It was 14 feet long, weighed 2.25 tons, and was powered by a 4-horsepower Brayton Ready Motor petroleum engine driving a single screw. The boat was operated by Holland himself.
Testing
After several tests, on 6 June Holland conducted his first proper trial. The boat ran on the surface at approximately 3.5 knots, then submerged to a depth of 12 feet, before eventually surfacing. However, problems with the engine, meant that Holland eventually connected the engine, by a flexible hose, to a steam engine in an accompanying launch and powered the boat externally. In a second trial, Holland remained submerged for an hour. Holland eventually stripped the boat of usable equipment and scuttled it in the Passaic River.
These trials impressed Holland's backers, the Fenian Brotherhood, who on the strength of this success financed the Holland Boat No. II, which became known as the Fenian Ram.
The vessel was recovered in 1927 and is now on display at the Paterson Museum in New Jersey.
See also
Holland Torpedo Boat Company
Submarine Force Library and Museum
History of submarines
Holland II
Holland III
Holland IV
References
1878 ships
19th-century submarines of the United States
John Philip Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%20I |
Bole is a small town and is the capital of Bole district, a district in the Savannah Region of northern Ghana. Bole is connected by road to the town of Sawla and the town of Bamboi. Bole is home to the Bole District Hospital and post office. The Bole District covers an area of 4800 km2 land mass and has a population of about 87,656 . The ex president of Ghana John Dramani Mahama is from this small town.
Institutions
Bole Senior High School
Bole District Police Command
Bole District Government Hospital
Nkilgi FM
Climate
References
Populated places in the Savannah Region (Ghana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole%2C%20Ghana |
Kubb was a British indie rock band from London, that had two UK top 40 hits in 2005/6 and a top 30 album. Original member Ben Langmaid went on to become half of the duo La Roux.
Biography
The band started to form when singer Harry Collier was invited by Rollo Armstrong (of Faithless fame) to record in the latter's studio after Armstrong heard him sing "Happy Birthday" in the organic café where he was working as a waiter in 2001. At the studio he met Armstrong's old schoolfriend Ben Langmaid, who had a studio in the same complex, and Jeff Patterson. Collier grew up in Tobago, returning to England aged 17. The trio began writing songs together that would become Kubb's debut album, Mother. Langmaid and Patterson were only interested in studio and songwriting work, so Collier recruited former Reef member Dom Greensmith (drums), John Tilley (keyboards), and Adj Buffone (guitar).
The band were signed by Mercury Records, and narrowly missed out on a top 40 hit with the second single "Remain". The follow-up "Wicked Soul" gave them a top 30 hit and was used in a Rimmel cosmetics advert on television, and Youth-produced debut album Mother also reached the top 30 of the UK Albums Chart, going on to be certified gold. Collier explained the album's title: "The earth is our mother; we're all made of dirt. It's given birth to us. Most people's emotional make-up stems from their relationship with their mother. So it's a very pertinent word and a very beautiful word." The band had their biggest hit with "Grow", which reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart. The band headlined several tours in the UK. They also played two gigs at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, and made guest appearances on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross (on 16 December 2005, and on the Jonathan Ross Radio Show on 4 February 2006). They also appeared on Jools Holland's show Later..., Popworld, CDUK, the Des and Mel Show, The Friday Night Project, and appeared three times on Top of the Pops. They performed an iTunes Live from London gig at the London Apple Store. They recorded a 'secret session' for Tiscali. They appeared at the V Festival, and the Isle of Wight Festival.
Guitarist Adj Buffone announced that he had left the band and formed the band Raygun in November 2006. Lead singer Harry Collier featured on the 2006 Faithless single "Bombs".
Kubb's official website was last updated in 2006, and news on the band has been lacking since Buffone left. Harry Collier is currently working on new material for Kubb with a new line-up that features John Hogg (guitar) and Alex Evans (keyboards) from Moke, and Martin Wright (drums). The band played the O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire in December 2009 under the name The Daddy. Original member Ben Langmaid served as half of the duo La Roux until his departure in 2012.
Musical style
The band have drawn comparisons with others such as Radiohead, Muse, Keane and Jeff Buckley Caroline Sullivan in The Guardian commented "Kubb specialise in the kind of arena-sized balladry that has Coldplay racking up the frequent-flyer miles", and compared Collier's voice to Buckley and Antony Hegarty. Dave Simpson, writing in The Guardian, described the band's sound as "Abbey Road-era Beatles fronted by Jeff Buckley with a suggestion of epic, melancholy 1980s heroic failures such as The Comsat Angels."
Discography
Albums
Mother (14 November 2005), Mercury - UK # 26
Live from London (iTunes) (7 March 2006)
Singles
From Mother:
"Somebody Else" (30 May 2005)
"Remain" (22 August 2005), UK # 45
"Wicked Soul" (7 November 2005), UK # 25 TUR # 14
"Grow" (6 February 2006), UK # 18
"Remain" (1 May 2006), UK # 189
Opendisc
Exclusive content available through Opendisc: Video: 'Grow', 'Remain', Making Of 'Remain', Kubb Interview, Vidéo Live au Barfly and photos.
References
External links
Official Web Site Archive.org
Kubb Myspace Site
British indie rock groups
Post-Britpop groups
Musical groups established in 2005
English alternative rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubb%20%28band%29 |
A main battery is the primary weapon or group of weapons around which a warship is designed. As such, a main battery was historically a gun or group of guns, as in the broadsides of cannon on a ship of the line. Later, this came to be turreted groups of similar large-caliber naval rifles. With the evolution of technology the term has come to encompass guided missiles as a vessel's principal offensive weapon, deployed both on surface ships and submarines.
A main battery features common parts, ammunition, and fire control across the weapons which it comprises.
Description
In the age of cannon at sea, the main battery was the principal group of weapons around which a ship was designed, usually its heavies. With the coming of naval rifles and subsequent revolving gun turrets, the main battery became the principal group of heaviest guns, regardless of how many turrets they were placed in. As missiles displaced guns both above and below the water their principal group became a vessel's main battery.
Between the age of sail and its cannons and the dreadnought era of large iron warships fighting ships' weapons deployments lacked standardization, with a variety of naval rifles of mixed breach and caliber scattered throughout vessels. Dreadnoughts resolved this in favor of a main battery of large guns, supported by largely defensive secondary batteries of smaller guns of standardized form, further augmented on large warships such as battleships and cruisers with smaller yet tertiary batteries. As air superiority became all-important early in World War II, weight of broadside fell by the wayside as a vessel's principal fighting asset. Anti-aircraft batteries of scores of small-caliber rapid-fire weapons came to supplant big guns even on large warships assigned to protect vital fast carrier task forces. At sea, ships such as small, fast destroyers assigned to convoy protection, essential in the transport of the enormous stock of materials required for land war particularly in the European Theater, came to rely more on depth charge projectors.
The terms main battery and secondary battery fell out of favor as ships were designed to carry surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship missiles with greater range and heavier warheads than their guns. Such ships often referred to their remaining guns as simply the gun battery and to the missiles as the missile battery. Ships with more than one type of missile might refer to the batteries by the name of the missile. had a Talos battery and a Tartar battery.
Examples
The German battleship , carried a main battery of eight 15 inch (380mm) guns, along with a secondary battery of twelve 5.9 inch (150mm) guns for defense against destroyers and torpedo boats, and an anti-aircraft battery of various guns ranging in caliber from 4.1 inch (105mm) to 20mm guns.
Many later ships during World War II used dual-purpose guns to combine the secondary battery and the heavier guns of the anti-aircraft battery for increased flexibility and economy. The United States Navy battleship had a main battery of nine guns arranged in three turrets, two forward and one aft. The secondary battery was 5-inch dual purpose guns, allowing use against other ships and aircraft. A dedicated anti-aircraft battery was composed of light Bofors 40 mm guns and Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.
References
Notes
Weapon fixtures
Shipbuilding
Naval warfare
Naval artillery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20battery |
St Mary's Cathedral Choir in Sydney is the oldest musical institution in Australia. In 1818 a group of choristers was formed to sing Vespers before the Blessed Sacrament in the Dempsey Household, the centre of Roman Catholic worship in Sydney as a penal colony. When St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, was constructed, the successors of these choristers formed the Permanent Cathedral Choir under the guidance of Catherine Fitzpatrick.
Now over 200 years old, the choir is formed of approximately 20 boy choristers and 11 lay clerks, and sings Mass and Vespers daily (excluding Saturday). The choir has gone on many tours and concerts, sometimes singing with the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra (2003, 2005). The choir is currently directed by the Director of Music, Mr Thomas Wilson.
Choir tradition
In 1818, Catherine Fitzpatrick, a schoolteacher New South Wales, established a group of singers to provide music for masses and other Catholic liturgies. As was the custom in the 19th century, the nascent choir included both men and women singers. In 1821, St. Mary's Cathedral was established in Sydney, and Fitzpatrick became the first conductor of the Cathedral's choir.
The repertoire, both before and under John Albert Delaney (choirmaster largely from 1872 to 1907) and then continuously prior to 1955, favoured Gregorian chant, polyphony and the classical Masses and operatic-style sacred works popular in the 19th century. Under Benedictine episcopal leadership and then diocesan episcopal leadership the choir was variously mixed or single sex.
In 1955, the mixed choir of men and women was reformed under Fr Ron Harden into a choir of boys and men and incorporating a choir school. Since 1955, consistent to the Benedictine English tradition from which the cathedral's founders came, the choir has been a liturgical choir for male voices, boy trebles and adult men, thus finally confirming to the motu proprio of Pope Pius X aimed at restoring the tradition of Catholic liturgical and musical heritage. The musical heritage of Gregorian chant and polyphonic Masses, including composers typified by Palaestrina and Victoria, was given priority in the reformed choir. Fr Harden's successor as director was Fr John De Luca.
Under the direction of the successor of Fr John De Luca, David Russell (1976-2009), the choir undertook three international concert tours, two to Europe and one to the United States.
Under Thomas Wilson (Director of Music) the Cathedral Choir has expanded its repertoire and involvement in the cathedral's life of prayer and worship. The choir currently sing at daily services of Vespers and Mass (excluding Fridays) and continue to sing at Solemn Mass each Sunday at 10:30 am. The gentlemen of the choir sing Vespers most Sundays at 5:00 pm. New choristers (who attend the Cathedral College as trebles in Year 5) learn not only about music, but also about the Catholic faith, history and culture.
The choir continues to perform works by composers such as Palestrina, Victoria as well as modern composers such as Macmillan, Bingham, Matthew Martin and David Briggs. In addition to the wide range of polyphonic repertoire the choir sings Gregorian Chant at all services. The Gentlemen of the Cathedral Choir have recently released a CD of Marian Vespers and the full choir will be releasing a CD that encompasses the full church year (currently in post-production).
In 2010 the Cathedral Choir were invited to sing at the opening of Domus Australia in Rome, which was presided over by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. While on tour in Rome the choir performed at St Peter's Basilica, St Paul's Outside the Wall, St Maria Maggiore, Domus Australia, Santa Maria in Trastevere and Santa Maria Dei Pellegrini.
2018 marked the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of the choir. In July 2018, the Cathedral Choir performed in Rome at St. Peter's Basilica, with the Pope in attendance. Earlier that year, the Choristers of the Cathedral Choir performed as part of the International Gregorian Festival of Watou.
Choir crest
As part of the cathedral, the choir has its own coat of arms. This crest appears on the medals worn by head-boys, corner-boys (assistant head-boys) and others with a special role. The crest is divided into two equal parts, both with much symbolism. In colour it is blue (the colour for St Mary), crimson and white (the choir colours) as well as gold (colour for feasts of Christ).
The left panel bears the arms of the cathedral itself. The cross, symbol of Christian faith in the redemption, is mounted on the crescent moon, symbol of the Virgin Mary, the patroness of the cathedral. Christian tradition represents her as the Fair Moon, preceding the rise of Christ, the Sun of Justice.
The right panel displays a musical stave of Gregorian chant, imposed upon an archbishop's cross. The stave bears the first notes of the famous Gregorian hymn to the Virgin Mary, "Alma Redemptoris Mater" ("Hail, thou Mother of the Redeemer"). It is a reminder both of their musical vocation and of the cathedral's special consecration to the Virgin Mary. The archiepiscopal cross with its double cross-bar belongs exclusively to archbishops, and may be carried before them in procession. It is the sign that the cathedral is the personal seat of the archbishop, the centre of unity in the diocese.
Directors of Music
1818–1843 - Catherine Fitzpatrick
c.1842–1854 - Isaac Nathan (1792–1864)
1872–1907 - John Albert Delaney
1930–1933 - Dr Mario Petorelli
1933–1954 - William J. Caspers
1955–1970 - Fr Ron Harden
1970–1975 - Fr John De Luca
1975–2009 - David Russell
2009–2010 - Elizabeth Swain
2010–2022 - Thomas Wilson
Organists
1834–35 J. de C. Cavendish
1839 J. A. Reid
c. 1840– ? Ross
1841–1842 Isaac Nathan
1842–1843 George W. Worgan
c. 1848–c. 1854 Walton [Bishop Henry Davis is also known to have played regularly at this time]
1856–1870 William J. Cordner
1870–1871 or 72 John Hill
1872–1877 John A. Delany
1877–1878 "Professor" Hughes
1879–1888 Thomas P. Banks
1888–1895 Neville G. Barnett
1895–1907 John A. Delany
1907–1863 Harry Dawkins
1963 Neil Slarke
1964–1971 Errol Lea-Scarlett
1971–1974 John O'Donnell
1974 Mark Davies (?)
1974–1979 Errol Lea-Scarlett
1979–1987 Gavin Tipping
1988–2011 Peter Kneeshaw
Assistant Directors of Music
2011-2015 Oliver Brett
2016-2016 Andrej Kouznetsov
2017 Michael Butterfield (Acting)
2018–present Simon Niemiński
Organ scholars
2011 James Goldrick
2012 Michael Butterfield
2013 Joshua Ryan
See also
Music of Sydney
St Mary's Cathedral College, Sydney
References
St Mary's Cathedral Choir Chorister's Manual, Archdiocese of Sydney (Published By The St Mary's Cathedral Choir, Compiled by James Chegwidden, Copyright (C) 2002-2006)
External links
Choir website
Music in Sydney
Australian choirs
Boys' and men's choirs
1818 establishments in Australia
Church choirs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%20Choir%2C%20Sydney |
The Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs is the head of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs within the United States Department of State, the foreign affairs department of the United States federal government. The Assistant Secretary of State guides operation of the U.S. diplomatic establishment in the countries of the Western Hemisphere and advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary for Political Affairs.
The Department of State created the position of Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs during the general reorganization of December 20, 1944, after Congress had authorized an increase in the number of Assistant Secretaries of State from four to six. This reorganization was the first to assign substantive designations to specific Assistant Secretary positions. The position was temporarily discontinued between June 1947 and June 1949, when American Republic Affairs were handled by an Assistant Secretary for Political Affairs.
The Department re-established the position in June 1949 after the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government recommended that certain offices be upgraded to bureau level and after Congress increased the number of Assistant Secretaries of State from six to ten. On October 3, 1949, the Department by administrative action changed the incumbent's designation to Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs. The Department of State had first established a Division of Latin American Affairs in 1909.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for American Republic Affairs, 1944–1947
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Inter-American Affairs, 1949–2000
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, 2000–present
References
United States–North American relations
United States–Caribbean relations
United States–Central American relations
United States–South American relations
1944 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Western%20Hemisphere%20Affairs |
Ernest II (c. 1007 – 17 August 1030) was Duke of Swabia from 1015 to 1030. A member of the House of Babenberg, he was the son of Ernest I and Gisela of Swabia.
Ernest became duke following the senior Ernest's death in 1015. Since he was a minor, the duchy was governed by regency. At first his mother Gisela assumed the position of regent; she later gave way to Ernest's uncle Poppo, Archbishop of Trier.
In 1024 Gisela's husband Conrad, whom she had married in 1016, was elected King of Germany as Conrad II. Although Conrad was generous in his relations with Ernest, contentious issues soon split the duke and his stepfather. Ernest resented the power of the German Kings over Swabia. Both men also were potential claimants to the Kingdom of Burgundy once its childless ruler, Rudolph III, died. Gisela's mother was Gerberga, a sister of the king, and both Conrad and Ernest wished to become Rudolph's eventual successor.
In 1025 Ernest, who was still relatively young, entered into rebellion against Conrad. By 1026, however, Conrad had defeated the resistance and Ernest eventually submitted, gaining the abbey of Kempten as a fief. During Conrad's Italian expedition of 1026-1027, Ernest joined the opposition and rebelled against Conrad again. The refusal of the local Swabian rulers to support him caused his defeat. He was forced to surrender and was imprisoned. Gisela, despite supporting Conrad against her son, did not wish for him to be entirely humiliated; as a result Ernest remained duke, although Gisela probably governed the duchy while he remained imprisoned.
In 1028, Conrad's son Henry was crowned king, and Ernest was offered his duchy if he would give up his vassal Werner of Kyburg. At the Diet of Easter 1030 Ernest was again extended the offer, if he would crack down on the enemies of Conrad. Ernest's refusal to do so, especially against his friend Werner von Kyburg, resulted in his final downfall. He was deposed as duke and placed under imperial ban. A few months later, both Ernest and Werner were killed while battling troops of Count Manegold in the Black Forest. Ernest was buried at Konstanz Minster. The Duchy of Swabia passed to his younger brother Herman.
References
Sources
1000s births
1030 deaths
Dukes of Swabia
Babenberg
Military personnel killed in action
Medieval child monarchs
11th-century dukes in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20II%2C%20Duke%20of%20Swabia |
Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService) () is the national meteorological service of New Zealand. MetService was established as a state-owned enterprise in 1992. It employs about 300 staff, and its headquarters are in Wellington, New Zealand. Prior to becoming a state-owned enterprise, New Zealand's national meteorological service has existed in a number of forms since the appointment of the country's first Director of Meteorological Stations in August 1861.
As New Zealand's national meteorological service, MetService produces and issues forecasts and official weather warnings on behalf of New Zealand's Ministry of Transport and is certified by the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand.
International media, aviation and energy business is conducted under the MetraWeather brand.
MetService has been certified to the ISO 9001 standard since November 1995.
History
The weather forecasting service began in 1861, when a spate of shipwrecks prompted the Government to start a storm warning service as part of the then Marine Department.
Forecasting remained a marine service until 1926, when it became part of the newly formed Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1927 Edward Kidson was appointed Dominion Meteorologist by Earnest Marsden. At the time the New Zealand Meteorological Service was a very small institution with a staff of five and a complete lack of useful long-period meteorological records.
At the outbreak of World War Two in 1939, forecasting became part of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The focus on aviation continued with a move in 1964 to the then Department of Civil Aviation, which in 1968 became part of a new "super ministry", the Ministry of Transport.
During the 1980s there was increasing pressure on government funding for meteorology in New Zealand, together with a government-wide move to "user-pays" for specialised services, and to more autonomy and accountability for government departments. A combination of commercial competition in the deregulated market for meteorological services and reform of publicly funded science led to the establishment of MetService as a state-owned enterprise on 1 July 1992.
In 2013, MetService invested in a 49% shareholding in MetOcean Solutions Limited, a New Zealand oceanographic services company. MetOcean was an established company specialising in oceanographic analysis for research and forecasting for many purposes, including ports, offshore oil & gas industries and surfers.
In early September 2020, MetService's website came under a wave of distributed denial of service attacks that also targeted the New Zealand Exchange, Stuff, Radio New Zealand and Westpac bank.
World Meteorological Organization
The world's national meteorological and hydrological services work with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a specialised agency of the United Nations. As part of the WMO World Weather Watch, MetService sends observational data gathered from the New Zealand region to other WMO member countries around the world. This is used as input to computer models of the weather at the world's major numerical weather prediction centres.
MetService operates a data collection network within New Zealand. It complies with recognised international standards as prescribed by the WMO over and around New Zealand. In particular, data are collected through:
Surface observations over New Zealand
Upper air observations using a variety of means ground-based equipment, aircraft, weather radars
Voluntary observing ships
A network of drifting buoys in the Tasman Sea.
Norm Henry, General Manager of Science and Strategy, is the current permanent representative of New Zealand with the WMO.
Weather forecasts for New Zealand
Forecasts and warnings funded by the New Zealand government include:
Land:
Basic public and mountain forecasts
Warnings of hazardous weather affecting land areas
Marine:
Warnings of gales, storms and hurricanes for New Zealand's marine area of responsibility, METAREA XIV
Synopses and forecasts for New Zealand's marine area of responsibility, METAREA XIV
Warnings and forecasts for coastal waters
Aviation (ICAO services):
Meteorological Watch Office (MWO)
Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
OPMET data.
MetraWeather
MetraWeather (Australia) Pty Ltd, MetraWeather (UK) Ltd and MetraWeather (Thailand) Ltd are wholly owned subsidiaries of Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited, providing weather intelligence and information presentation products and services globally under the MetraWeather brand to:
Port and harbour managers and offshore oil & gas operators
Transport and related infrastructure operations, including aviation, roading and rail
Energy generators (combined cycle gas turbine operators, hydro power operators and wind farm operators), retailers and network managers
Broadcast and interactive media, via the Weatherscape XT weather presentation system
Retailers and logistics managers
The Pacific
MetService maintains close links with the meteorological agencies of various Pacific Island states.
All warnings of hazardous weather for the South Pacific region, normally received from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji, are forwarded to Radio New Zealand International and to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
MetService provides backup for the main warning and forecasting responsibilities of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji, should that centre temporarily shut down or be cut off, possibly due to a direct hit by a cyclone. They also take over Primary warning responsibility should a cyclone move to the south of 25S.
Numerical weather prediction
The cooperative relationship among the world's national meteorological services enables the sharing of much weather information, including the output from global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Meteorologists at MetService routinely use information from the world's major modelling centres for day-to-day production of forecasts and weather warnings.
The global models that MetService uses generally provide reliable forecasts of weather features, like highs and lows, over forecast periods of several days; however, they are less effective at predicting small-scale weather features like sea breezes and localised showers. Such features are often strongly affected by the local geography, which tends to be poorly represented in the global models.
An effective way of dealing with this problem is to use another type of NWP model known as a limited-area model. MetService routinely runs a number of limited-area models based on both MM5 and WRF with lateral boundary conditions provided by each of the available global models. The
primary model configuration for regional forecasting in New Zealand has a horizontal spacing between grid points of 12 km, which allows weather features down to about 50 km wide to be represented (highs and lows are thousands of kilometres wide). This domain is nested within a much larger domain of 60 km grid spacing, which enables the weather to be modelled over quite a large geographical area for reasonable computational cost.
Competition with NIWA
MetService and NIWA are both government organizations that produce weather forecasts. In 2009, they signed a memorandum of understanding to work more closely together. In 2020, MetService chief executive Peter Lennox told Parliament that they have more weather models and meteorologists and produce more detailed forecast than NIWA. Private weather forecaster WeatherWatch commented that it is "bizarre" the government is funding two weather forecasters and compared it to "Fire Service getting into Police Speeding Infringements".
See also
[[{{#ifexpr:>6|–|–}} South Pacific cyclone season]]
Climate of New Zealand
References
De Lisle, John Felix. Sails to satellites: a history of meteorology in New Zealand. History of the New Zealand Meteorological Service from its inception through to 1985, written by a former Director. While published by the then New Zealand Meteorological Service, the author states in the Preface that "The Service, which sponsored this book, has had no influence upon the interpretation of historical events, or the judgements made." New Zealand Meteorological Service, 1986.
External links
MetService - Te Ratonga Tirorangi
MetraWeather
1992 establishments in New Zealand
Government-owned companies of New Zealand
New Zealand
Climate of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetService |
Novasports is a Greek sports pay television network owned by Nova, a subsidiary of Greek telecommunications company of the same name. It was launched in 1994 as SuperSport and at the time was the first premium sports service in Greece. It is available exclusively on Nova, a DTH satellite service. It is available terrestrially and via satellite only on Nova.
Nova Sports covers most major national and international sports, such as first division soccer, the top leagues in Europe and around the world (EuroLeague basketball) and exclusive coverage of the EFL Cup. Nova Sports also broadcasts other sports such as volleyball and table tennis. Nova Sports also features extensive Tennis coverage.
Nova Sports 1 broadcasts on terrestrial television timeshifting with Nova Cinema 1 at night and earlier with Disney XD (children's channel) during the day. A decoder is required in order to receive the services as well as a monthly fee. Repeaters have been set up across the country that enables more than 77% of the population to receive these services. The multiplex channels (Nova Sports 2–7) are available only through Nova.
SuperSport era
From 1994 until 1 June 2008, Nova Sports was known as SuperSport.
The SuperSport brand is still prevalent in South Africa as the name is used thereby DStv which is a satellite television provider owned by MultiChoice South Africa, the previous owners of Greece's SuperSport as well.
Some events shown on Nova Sports are still taken directly from SuperSport (South Africa) broadcast feeds, complete with SuperSport logos and on-screen promotions. These normally include Golf and Rugby Union matches, and occasionally result in the second audio feed, which usually broadcasts English alongside Greek, broadcasting commentary in Afrikaans.
Channels and content
Novasports operates fourteen (14) multiplex channels, all of which are of 1080p (HD) quality:
Novasports News
Novasports Start
Novasports Prime
Novasports 1
Novasports 2
Novasports 3
Novasports 4
Novasports 5
Novasports 6
Novasports Premier League
Novasports Extra 1
Novasports Extra 2
Novasports Extra 3
Novasports Extra 4
Original programs
Time of the Champions - Football show covering Super League Greece with news, interviews, statistical analysis and highlights (pre- and postgame).
Playmakers - Basketball show covering EuroLeague Basketball with news, interviews, statistical analysis and highlights (pre- and postgame).
Monday Football Club (Monday FC) - Football show covering the reviews and highlights of past weekend matches (Super League, Premier League, LaLiga, Bundesliga, Ligue 1 and Eredivisie). The program is being aired on Monday nights. When it is shown in different weekdays, it is called ,,Novasports Football Club,, (Novasports FC).
Novasports Challenge - Mini interviews with former legends (players and coaches) of the Greek football championship.
Novasports Moments - Flashback moments from retro games of the Greek football championship that were left unattended in time.
Kings of Europe - Mini tributes to important moments of the European national football championship.
Novasports Exclusive - A documentary series with extended interviews of high profile players and coaches of Greek sport.
Sports
Football
Club competitions
Super League (Home matches of Aris, PAOK, Atromitos, PAS Giannina, Asteras Tripolis, Panserraikos)
Premier League
Premier League Summer Series
La Liga
Segunda División
Bundesliga
2. Bundesliga
DFL-Supercup
Serie B
Coppa Italia
Supercoppa Italiana
Ligue 1
Trophée des Champions
Eredivisie
Belgian Pro League
Belgian Cup
Belgian Super Cup
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
National team competitions
2026 FIFA World Cup qualification
UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying
UEFA Nations League
Arabian Gulf Cup
Basketball
Club competitions
EuroLeague
EuroCup
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
National team competitions
FIBA Basketball World Cup
FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup
2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification
FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournaments
EuroBasket
EuroBasket Women
EuroBasket 2025 qualification
Volleyball
Club competitions
FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship
National team competitions
FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship
Tennis
Wimbledon Championships
WTA 250 tournaments
WTA 500 tournaments
WTA 1000 tournaments
WTA Finals
Davis Cup
Mixed Martial Art
ONE Championship
Logos
References
External links
Official Site
Sports television networks
Sports television in Greece
Television channels in Greece
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novasports |
In computer science, in particular in automata theory, a two-way finite automaton is a finite automaton that is allowed to re-read its input.
Two-way deterministic finite automaton
A two-way deterministic finite automaton (2DFA) is an abstract machine, a generalized version of the deterministic finite automaton (DFA) which can revisit characters already processed. As in a DFA, there are a finite number of states with transitions between them based on the current character, but each transition is also labelled with a value indicating whether the machine will move its position in the input to the left, right, or stay at the same position. Equivalently, 2DFAs can be seen as read-only Turing machines with no work tape, only a read-only input tape.
2DFAs were introduced in a seminal 1959 paper by Rabin and Scott, who proved them to have equivalent power to one-way DFAs. That is, any formal language which can be recognized by a 2DFA can be recognized by a DFA which only examines and consumes each character in order. Since DFAs are obviously a special case of 2DFAs, this implies that both kinds of machines recognize precisely the class of regular languages. However, the equivalent DFA for a 2DFA may require exponentially many states, making 2DFAs a much more practical representation for algorithms for some common problems.
2DFAs are also equivalent to read-only Turing machines that use only a constant amount of space on their work tape, since any constant amount of information can be incorporated into the finite control state via a product construction (a state for each combination of work tape state and control state).
Formal description
Formally, a two-way deterministic finite automaton can be described by the following 8-tuple: where
is the finite, non-empty set of states
is the finite, non-empty set of input symbols
is the left endmarker
is the right endmarker
is the start state
is the end state
is the reject state
In addition, the following two conditions must also be satisfied:
For all
for some
for some
It says that there must be some transition possible when the pointer reaches either end of the input word.
For all symbols
It says that once the automaton reaches the accept or reject state, it stays in there forever and the pointer goes to the right most symbol and cycles there infinitely.
Two-way nondeterministic finite automaton
A two-way nondeterministic finite automaton (2NFA) may have multiple transitions defined in the same configuration. Its transition function is
.
Like a standard one-way NFA, a 2NFA accepts a string if at least one of the possible computations is accepting. Like the 2DFAs, the 2NFAs also accept only regular languages.
Two-way alternating finite automaton
A two-way alternating finite automaton (2AFA) is a two-way extension of an alternating finite automaton (AFA). Its state set is
where .
States in and are called existential resp. universal. In an existential state a 2AFA nondeterministically chooses the next state like an NFA, and accepts if at least one of the resulting computations accepts. In a universal state 2AFA moves to all next states, and accepts if all the resulting computations accept.
State complexity tradeoffs
Two-way and one-way finite automata, deterministic and nondeterministic and alternating, accept the same class of regular languages. However, transforming an automaton of one type to an equivalent automaton of another type incurs a blow-up in the number of states. Christos Kapoutsis determined that transforming an -state 2DFA to an equivalent DFA requires states in the worst case. If an -state 2DFA or a 2NFA is transformed to an NFA, the worst-case number of states required is . Ladner, Lipton and Stockmeyer. proved that an -state 2AFA can be converted to a DFA with states. The 2AFA to NFA conversion requires states in the worst case, see Geffert and Okhotin.
It is an open problem whether every 2NFA can be converted to a 2DFA with only a polynomial increase in the number of states. The problem was raised by Sakoda and Sipser,
who compared it to the P vs. NP problem in the computational complexity theory. Berman and Lingas discovered a formal relation between this problem and the L vs. NL open problem, see Kapoutsis for a precise relation.
Sweeping automata
Sweeping automata are 2DFAs of a special kind that process the input string by making alternating left-to-right and right-to-left sweeps, turning only at the endmarkers. Sipser constructed a sequence of languages, each accepted by an n-state NFA, yet which is not accepted by any sweeping automata with fewer than states.
Two-way quantum finite automaton
The concept of 2DFAs was in 1997 generalized to quantum computing by John Watrous's "On the Power of 2-Way Quantum Finite State Automata", in which he demonstrates that these machines can recognize nonregular languages and so are more powerful than DFAs.
Two-way pushdown automaton
A pushdown automaton that is allowed to move either way on its input tape is called two-way pushdown automaton (2PDA);
it has been studied by Hartmanis, Lewis, and Stearns (1965).
Aho, Hopcroft, Ullman (1968)
and Cook (1971) characterized the class of languages recognizable by deterministic (2DPDA) and non-deterministic (2NPDA) two-way pushdown automata;
Gray, Harrison, and Ibarra (1967) investigated the closure properties of these languages.
References
Finite automata | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way%20finite%20automaton |
Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.
It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is C14H21NO15S. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) and iduronic acid (IdoA). These repeating units are sulfated at a variety of positions. Dermatan sulfate is a component of the compound sulodexide.
Function
Dermatan sulfate may have roles in coagulation, cardiovascular disease, carcinogenesis, infection, wound repair, maintaining the shape of galactosamine 4-sulfate, skin, and fibrosis.
Pathology
Dermatan sulfate accumulates abnormally in several of the mucopolysaccharidosis disorders.
An excess of dermatan sulfate in the mitral valve is characteristic of myxomatous degeneration of the leaflets leading to redundancy of valve tissue and ultimately, mitral valve prolapse (into the left atrium) and insufficiency. This chronic prolapse occurs mainly in women over the age of 60, and can predispose the patient to mitral annular calcification. Mitral valve insufficiency can lead to eccentric (volume dependent or dilated) hypertrophy and eventually left heart failure if untreated.
See also
Iduronic acid
References
External links
Glycosaminoglycans
Sulfate esters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatan%20sulfate |
The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) is an agency of the U.S. state of Texas's government that oversees all public post-secondary education in the state. It is headquartered at 1801 North Congress Avenue in Austin.
THECB determines which Texas public four-year universities are permitted to start or continue degree programs. THECB also evaluates degrees from other states and other nations for use in Texas. However, operations of the various universities or systems are the responsibility of each university or system board of regents.
From 1998 to 2003, it developed a higher-education plan for the state, called "Closing the Gaps by 2015". The plan's primary purpose was closing education gaps within Texas, as well as between Texas and other U.S. states. The four main goals of the plan were closing gaps in student participation, student success, excellence and research. In June 2016, the THECB released its final progress report on the state's success in meeting most of the targeted goals. The goal for enrollment of 630,000 students from fall 2000 to 2015, fell short by 25,000.
In 2015, the THECB officially adopted a new 15-year strategic plan called "60x30TX" and then implemented statewide. With the 60x30TX plan, Texas aims to award a total of 6.4 million certificates or degrees by 2030. The plan also sets targets for Hispanic, African American, male, and economically disadvantaged completers.
The board consists of nine members and one non-voting student representative, all of whom are appointed by the Governor of Texas on a staggered basis. The terms for the voting members are for six years, ending on August 31 of odd-numbered years while the student representative serves a one-year term. The board appoints the Commissioner of Higher Education who serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the THECB. The current commissioner is Harrison Keller, who assumed the post on October 1, 2019. He succeeded Raymund Paredes, who had been the commissioner since 2004.
List of commissioners
Jack Williams (19661968)
Bevington Reed (19681976)
Kenneth H. Ashworth (19761997)
Don W. Brown (19972004)
Raymund A. Paredes (20042019)
Harrison Keller (2019present)
See also
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
Center for Measuring University Performance
List of research universities in the United States
Research I university
Education in Texas
List of colleges and universities in Texas
List of public universities in Texas by enrollment
References
External links
Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board website
Higher Education Coordinating Board, Texas
Public education in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Higher%20Education%20Coordinating%20Board |
Cesbronite is a copper-tellurium oxysalt mineral with the chemical formula Cu3Te6+O4(OH)4 (IMA 17-C). It is colored green and its crystals are orthorhombic dipyramidal. Cesbronite is rated 3 on the Mohs Scale. It is named after Fabien Cesbron (born 1938), a French mineralogist.
Occurrence
It was first found in the Bambollita ("La Oriental") mine in the Mexican state of Sonora. It also occurs in the Tombstone District of Cochise County, Arizona and the Tintic District of the East Tintic Mountains, Juab County, Utah. It is often associated with argentian gold, teineite, carlfriesite, xocomecatlite, utahite, leisingite, jensenite and hematite.
See also
List of minerals named after people
List of minerals
References
Copper(II) minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesbronite |
Keratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an injury. Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to absorb mechanical shock.
Structure
Like other glycosaminoglycans keratan sulfate is a linear polymer that consists of a repeating disaccharide unit. Keratan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (PG) in which KS chains are attached to cell-surface or extracellular matrix proteins, termed core proteins. KS core proteins include lumican, keratocan, mimecan, fibromodulin, PRELP, osteoadherin, and aggrecan.
The basic repeating disaccharide unit within keratan sulfate is -3Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ1-. This can be sulfated at carbon position 6 (C6) of either or both the Gal or GlcNAc monosaccharides. However, the detailed primary structure of specific KS types are best considered to be composed of three regions:
A linkage region, at one end of which the KS chain is linked to the core protein.
A repeat region, composed of the -3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1- repeating disaccharide unit and
A chain capping region, occurring at the opposite end of the KS chain to the protein linkage region.
The monosaccharide mannose is found within the linkage region of keratan sulfate type I (KSI). Disaccharides within the repeating region of KSII may be fucosylated and N-Acetylneuraminic acid caps the end of all keratan sulfate type II (KSII) chains and up to 70% of KSI type chains.
KS classes
The designations KSI and KSII were originally assigned on the basis of the tissue type from which the keratan sulfate was isolated. KSI was isolated from corneal tissue and KSII from skeletal tissue. Minor monosaccharide compositional differences exist between KS extracted from both sources and even KS extracted from the same source. However, major differences occur in the way each KS type is joined to its core protein. The designations KSI and KSII are now based upon these protein linkage differences. KSI is N-linked to specific asparagine amino acids via N-acetylglucosamine and KSII is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via N-acetylgalactosamine. The tissue based classification of KS no longer exists as KS types have been shown to be non tissue specific. A third type of KS (KSIII) has also been isolated from brain tissue that is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via mannose.
Corneal KSI
The amount of KS found in the cornea is 10 fold higher than it is in cartilage and 2-4 times higher than it is in other tissues. It is produced by corneal keratocytes and is thought to play a role of a dynamic buffer of corneal hydration. In a rare progressive disorder called macular corneal dystrophy (MCDC), the synthesis of keratan sulfate is either absent (MCDC type I) or abnormal (MCDC type II).
Non-corneal KSI
Osteoadherin, fibromodulin, and PRELP are core proteins found in bone and cartilage, that are modified by N-linked KS chains. Osteoadherin and Fibromodulin linked KS chains are shorter than those found in the cornea, typically 8-9 disaccharide units in length. Whereas corneal KSI is composed of a number of domains showing variable degrees of sulphation the longest of which may be 8-32 disaccharide units in length. The non-reducing terminal of Fibromodulin KS is more similar in structure to the non-reducing terminal of a KSII type keratan sulphate rather than to corneal KSI. KS structure is therefore believed to be determined by the tissue specific availability of glycosyltransferases rather than linkage type to the core protein.
KSII
Cartilage KSII is almost entirely sulphated, consisting of disulphated monomers interrupted occasionally by a single monosulphated lactosamine monomer. Fucosylation is also common with alpha-linked fucose present at the carbon 3 position of sulphated GlcNAc, except in the case of tracheal KSII where this feature is absent.
See also
N-Acetylglucosamine
Galactose
Lumican
Morquio syndrome is marked by the accumulation of KS
Proteoglycan 4
References
External links
Glycosaminoglycans
Sulfate esters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratan%20sulfate |
"Nann Nigga", ("Nann" in the clean version), is the first single from Trick Daddy's second album, www.thug.com, released in 1998. It features Trina as the song's guest rapper. She is also the love (or lust) interest in the song.
Background and composition
The song is about Trick Daddy boasting that no one can do anything like him, especially when it comes to loving (or providing carnal pleasure to) Trina. The word "Nann" could be said to mean "no", "none" or "not one"; the resultant statement a double negative typical of southern vernacular: "You don't know "no" nigga like me..." Other possible interpretations could be that "nann" is a disambiguation of the colloquial "nary", meaning "not a" or "not one," "any other," or "never a". "You don't know any other ho..." Trick Daddy's boasting is reciprocated by Trina, with her singing "You don't know nann ho..." towards the middle of the song. It is also possible that "nann" is a contraction of "no damn."
However, AAVE scholars agree that "nann," or more properly, "'n'an'," is properly a contraction of "any other," the phonetic path being 'n'an' < 'ny ath' < any other. This is typical of Southern AAVE rap, which deploys aggressive vowel merging and final dropping to ease rhyming.
Chart performance
The song reached number 62 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single was also successful on Hot Rap Tracks (peaking at number 3; Trick Daddy's best performance on this chart) and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (peaking at number 20).
Music video
The music video for "Nann Nigga" directed by Zodiac Fishgrease features Chico Debarge, J.T. Money and then Indianapolis Colts running back Edgerrin James, who, like Trick Daddy, resides in Miami, Florida.
Charts
1998 debut singles
Trick Daddy songs
Songs written by Trick Daddy
Songs written by Trina
Warlock Records singles
Dirty rap songs
1998 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nann%20Nigga |
Australian Payments Network Limited (AusPayNet), formerly the Australian Payments Clearing Association (APCA) is the self-regulatory body set up by the payments industry to improve the safety, reliability, equity, convenience and efficiency of payment systems in Australia.
AusPayNet has over 140 members which include Australia's leading financial institutions, such as banks, building societies and credit unions, as well as major retailers and other service providers.
AusPayNet administers a number of payment systems in Australia. AusPayNet sets, manages and develops regulations, procedures and standards governing payments clearing and settlement within Australia. Payments systems covered by AusPayNet's rules include cheques, direct debits and credits, aspects of ATM and EFTPOS transactions, high value payments and the distribution of wholesale cash. Its role includes strategic direction and regulatory policy for the Australian payments system.
AusPayNet provides a venue for collaboration and cross-industry innovation on these issues and works closely with government, regulators, payments stakeholders and individuals to improve the payments system.
AusPayNet is also the official issuer and custodian of Bank State Branch (BSB) numbers, the bank code system used in Australia. AusPayNet assigns the bank code to a financial institution who then allocates the other digits, in line with guidelines set by AusPayNet. AusPayNet also manages the Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) cheque encoding standards in Australia.
Objectives
The objective of AusPayNet is to improve the Australian payments system through:
enabling competition and innovation
promoting efficiency
controlling risk.
AusPayNet's roles include providing:
thought leadership and advocacy
industry collaboration
self-regulation
system-wide standards.
History
AusPayNet was called APCA when established on 18 February 1992 as a self-regulatory industry body charged with carrying forward the process of payments reform. In its early years, it focused on re-grouping payment services into distinct clearing systems and developing and managing rules and procedures for their day-to-day operation. In its next phase, the company took responsibility for managing projects and for contingency planning, certification and accreditation. These kinds of activities remain core business for AusPayNet.
It took over the regulation and management of the BSB system, which had been in operation since the 1970s. In 2017, the company celebrated its 25th anniversary as the payments industry's self-regulatory body and changed its name to Australian Payments Network (AusPayNet).
On 1 January 2014, it adopted a new Constitution designed to recognise the growing diversity of interests in payments arising from structural and technological change and to provide a more inclusive and representative association of the Australian payments system. The new Constitution opened AusPayNet membership to participants and operators of non-AusPayNet payment systems.
Fraud
AusPayNet has been publishing cheque and card fraud statistics since November 2006 as part of the payment industry's commitment to counter payments fraud and to help the public in understanding payments fraud issues. The payment fraud figures for 2016 show that Australian card fraud is increasing as part of a global trend, but that detection and prevention measures employed by the industry are showing promising results in keeping fraud levels down.
Transaction fraud declined by 15% in 2019, the first decline in eight years, whilst "strong growth" was noted in card use over the same year. In December 2021, AusPayNet released data showing a 9.2% rise of fraud in payment card transactions during increased online spending, concurrent with COVID-19 lockdowns, for the 12 months ending 30 June 2021.
Projects
In 2011, the company began a public consultation period to gain feedback on the future role of cheques in Australia.
In May 2012 the company released the final report from its consultation entitled "The Decline of Cheques: Building a Bridge to the Digital Economy". The report summarises the outcomes of the consultation process and includes a series of Recommendation and Commitments to ensure those that still rely on cheques today can switch to electronic payments as cheques become scarcer and more difficult to use. AusPayNet regularly releases Milestones Reports, to track progress against the Recommendations and Commitments. One recent report, released in August 2014, featured a special focus on cash use. The latest Report, was released in May 2017.
In July 2013, the company announced a new industry-wide program to develop a New Payments Platform (NPP) for Australia and established NPP Australia Limited in December 2014 to oversee its development and operation.
AusPayNet is supporting Australia's first Contactless Transport Payments trial launched by Transport NSW on 6 July 2017.
See also
ATMIA
References
External links
Australian Payments Network
Financial services companies established in 1992
Banking in Australia
Payment systems organizations
1992 establishments in Australia
Financial services companies based in Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Payments%20Network |
A religious test is a legal requirement to swear faith to a specific religion or sect, or to renounce the same.
In the United Kingdom
British Test Act of 1673 and 1678
The Test Act of 1673 in England obligated all persons filling any office, civil or military, to take oaths of supremacy and allegiance, to subscribe to a declaration against transubstantiation, and to receive the sacrament within three months of taking office.
The oath for the Test Act of 1673 was:
"I, N, do declare that I do believe that there is not any transubstantion in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of the bread and wine, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsovever."
In 1678 the act was extended thus:
"I, N, do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of God profess, testify, and declare, that I do believe that in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper there is not any Transubstantiation of the elements of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever: and that the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary or any other Saint, and the Sacrifice of the Mass, as they are now used in the Church of Rome, are superstitious and idolatrous..."
Catholic Relief Act of 1829
The necessity of receiving the sacrament as a qualification for office was abolished under George IV, and all acts requiring the taking of oaths and declarations against transubstantiation etc. were repealed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829.
University requirement for Masters Degree
Until 1871 a religious test was still necessary at the University of Oxford before a Master's Degree could be conferred, but there is now no religious test associated with any degree. However, religious tests are still required for admission to certain holy orders.
Religious Test for a Monarch
The Sovereign of the United Kingdom is, in effect, required to take a religious test, as a result of the Coronation Oath Act 1688, Bill of Rights 1688, Act of Settlement 1701, and the Accession Declaration Act 1910.
In the United States
Mandatory religious tests in the United States are banned by the No Religious Test Clause by Article VI of the United States Constitution, which states "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." At first the prohibition was interpreted as applying only to federal office, and many of the states continued to apply religious tests, typically limiting public office to those who professed their belief in Protestantism, Christianity, or a divine power. In 1961 the United States Supreme Court heard a challenge to a clause in the Maryland State Constitution that required "a declaration of belief in the existence of God" in order for a person to hold "any office of profit or trust in this State". The court overturned that requirement and declared that religious tests cannot be required for state or federal office, basing their decision on the First and Fourteenth amendments. While it remains common practice for government officials to take their oath of office with their hand on a Bible, this practice is no longer required.
Many U.S. states including New Jersey, Delaware and Virginia explicitly ban the usage of religious tests in their own constitutions. Eight states continue to have a religious test in their constitutions, but the clause is inoperable and unenforceable because of the 1961 Supreme Court decision.
See also
Separation of church and state
Freedom of religion
References
Legal history of England
English laws
Religion and politics
Freedom of religion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20test |
Burning Oil is the first studio album by Skeletal Family, released in 1984. The band had been together less than two years when this album was released by the independent label Red Rhino Records. Tracks 11-13 are bonus tracks.
Track listing
All lyrics written by Anne-Marie Hurst except "Ritual" (Karlheinz) and "Black Ju Ju" (Dunaway)
"So Sure" –
"Ritual" – 2:57
"Burning Oil" – 2:41
"The Wind Blows" – 4:13
"And I" – 3:37
"11:15" – 2:30
"Waiting Here" – 3:47
"Someone New" – 4:21
"Black Ju Ju" – 5:10
"Woman and Child" – 4:24
"Trees"
"Just a Friend"
"The Night"
References
1984 debut albums
Red Rhino Records albums
Gothic rock albums by English artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20Oil |
Jayson Stark (born July 19, 1951) is an American sportswriter and author who covers baseball for The Athletic. He is most known for his time with The Philadelphia Inquirer and ESPN.
Biography
Stark grew up in Northeast Philadelphia and graduated from Syracuse University's S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications with a degree in journalism in 1973. In 1979 he joined The Philadelphia Inquirer as a beat writer for the Philadelphia Phillies, and eventually became a national baseball writer and columnist for that paper. From 1983 to 1999 he produced a nationally syndicated Baseball Week in Review column "known for unearthing obscure, historic and humorous aspects of baseball". He was twice named Pennsylvania Sportswriter of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association. His observations and analysis of the 1993 Phillies team is quoted in several books.
Stark joined ESPN in 2000. He was a senior writer for ESPN.com. He also contributed to SportsCenter, ESPNews, Baseball Tonight, and a weekly segment during baseball season with WHB 810 in Kansas City. He appeared weekly on Mike & Mike. Beginning in 2014, Stark began co-hosting a weekly radio show during baseball season on ESPN Radio's affiliate in Philadelphia. Stark was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2017. Stark was laid off from ESPN on April 26, 2017, along with several other on-air personalities. On April 1, 2018, he started writing for The Athletic.
Stark is the 2019 recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award given by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, for "meritorious contributions to baseball writing".
Personal
Stark's wife Lisa is an assistant coach for the Council Rock North volleyball team. They have three children.
Bibliography
Books
Selected articles
"Schmidt Just Made It Look Easy", in The Phillies Reader, Richard Orodenker, ed. 2005: Temple University Press, page 220. .
References
External links
ESPN Jayson Stark Blog
Jayson Stark Live CBS Local
Stark on 'Cuse Conversations Podcast in 2020
Living people
1951 births
Writers from Philadelphia
Sportswriters from Pennsylvania
S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications alumni
American television reporters and correspondents
Jewish American writers
ESPN people
The Philadelphia Inquirer people
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
21st-century American journalists
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayson%20Stark |
Caller ID spoofing is a spoofing attack which causes the telephone network's Caller ID to indicate to the receiver of a call that the originator of the call is a station other than the true originating station. This can lead to a display showing a phone number different from that of the telephone from which the call was placed.
The term is commonly used to describe situations in which the motivation is considered malicious by the originator.
One effect of the widespread availability of Caller ID spoofing is that, as AARP published in 2019, "you can no longer trust call ID."
History
Caller ID spoofing has been available for years to people with a specialized digital connection to the telephone company, called an ISDN PRI circuit. Collection agencies, law-enforcement officials, and private investigators have used the practice, with varying degrees of legality. The first mainstream caller ID spoofing service was launched U.S.-wide on September 1, 2004 by California-based Star38.com. Founded by Jason Jepson, it was the first service to allow spoofed calls to be placed from a web interface. It stopped offering service in 2005, as a handful of similar sites were launched.
In August 2006, Paris Hilton was accused of using caller ID spoofing to break into a voicemail system that used caller ID for authentication. Caller ID spoofing also has been used in purchase scams on web sites such as Craigslist and eBay. The scamming caller claims to be calling from Canada into the U.S. with a legitimate interest in purchasing advertised items. Often the sellers are asked for personal information such as a copy of a registration title, etc., before the (scammer) purchaser invests the time and effort to come see the for-sale items. In the 2010 election, fake caller IDs of ambulance companies and hospitals were used in Missouri to get potential voters to answer the phone. In 2009, a vindictive Brooklyn wife spoofed the doctor's office of her husband's lover in an attempt to trick the other woman into taking medication which would make her miscarry.
Caller ID spoofing has been used for prank calls, sometimes with devastating consequences. In December 2007, a hacker used a caller ID spoofing service and was arrested for sending a SWAT team to a house of an unsuspecting victim. In February 2008, a Collegeville, Pennsylvania, man was arrested for making threatening phone calls to women and having their home numbers appear "on their caller ID to make it look like the call was coming from inside the house."
In March 2008, several residents in Wilmington, Delaware, reported receiving telemarketing calls during the early morning hours, when the caller had apparently spoofed the caller ID to evoke Tommy Tutone's 1981 hit "867-5309/Jenny". By 2014, an increase in illegal telemarketers displaying the victim's own number, either verbatim or with a few digits randomized, was observed as an attempt to evade caller ID-based blacklists.
In the Canadian federal election of May 2, 2011, both live calls and robocalls are alleged to have been placed with false caller ID, either to replace the caller's identity with that of a fictitious person (Pierre Poutine of Joliette, Quebec) or to disguise calls from an Ohio call centre as Peterborough, Ontario, domestic calls. See Robocall scandal.
In June 2012, a search on Google returned nearly 50,000 consumer complaints by individuals receiving multiple continuing spoofed voice over IP (VoIP) calls on lines leased / originating from "Pacific Telecom Communications Group" located in Los Angeles, CA (in a mailbox store), in apparent violation of FCC rules. Companies such as these lease out thousands of phone numbers to anonymous voice-mail providers who, in combination with dubious companies like "Phone Broadcast Club" (who do the actual spoofing), allow phone spam to become an increasingly widespread and pervasive problem. In 2013, the misleading caller name "Teachers Phone" was reported on a large quantity of robocalls advertising credit card services as a ruse to trick students' families into answering the unwanted calls in the mistaken belief they were from local schools.
On January 7, 2013, the Internet Crime Complaint Center issued a scam alert for various telephony denial-of-service attacks by which fraudsters were using spoofed caller ID to impersonate police in an attempt to collect bogus payday loans, then placing repeated harassing calls to police with the victim's number displayed. While impersonation of police is common, other scams involved impersonating utility companies to threaten businesses or householders with disconnection as a means to extort money, impersonating immigration officials or impersonating medical insurers to obtain personal data for use in theft of identity. Bogus caller ID has also been used in grandparent scams, which target the elderly by impersonating family members and requesting wire transfer of money.
In 2018, one method of caller ID spoofing was called "neighbor spoofing", using either the same area code and telephone prefix of the person being called, or the name of a person or business in the area.
Technology and methods
Caller ID is spoofed through a variety of methods and different technology. The most popular ways of spoofing caller ID are through the use of VoIP or PRI lines.
Voice over IP
In the past, caller ID spoofing required an advanced knowledge of telephony equipment that could be quite expensive. However, with open source software (such as Asterisk or FreeSWITCH, and almost any VoIP company), one can spoof calls with minimal costs and effort.
Some VoIP providers allow the user to configure their displayed number as part of the configuration page on the provider's web interface. No additional software is required. If the caller name is sent with the call (instead of being generated from the number by a database lookup at destination) it may be configured as part of the settings on a client-owned analog telephone adapter or SIP phone. The level of flexibility is provider-dependent. A provider which allows users to bring their own device and unbundles service so that direct inward dial numbers may be purchased separately from outbound calling minutes will be more flexible. A carrier which doesn't follow established hardware standards (such as Skype) or locks subscribers out of configuration settings on hardware which the subscriber owns outright (such as Vonage) is more restrictive. Providers which market "wholesale VoIP" are typically intended to allow any displayed number to be sent, as resellers will want their end user's numbers to appear.
In rare cases, a destination number served by voice-over-IP is reachable directly at a known SIP address (which may be published through ENUM telephone number mapping, a .tel DNS record or located using an intermediary such as SIP Broker). Some Google Voice users are directly reachable by SIP, as are all iNum Initiative numbers in country codes +883 5100 and +888. As a federated VoIP scheme providing a direct Internet connection which does not pass through a signaling gateway to the public switched telephone network, it shares the advantages (nearly free unlimited access worldwide) and disadvantages (ernet applications).
Service providers
Some spoofing services work similarly to a prepaid calling card. Customers pay in advance for a personal identification number (PIN). Customers dial the number given to them by the company, their PIN, the destination number and the number they wish to appear as the caller ID. The call is bridged or transferred and arrives with the spoofed number chosen by the caller—thus tricking the called party.
Many providers also provide a Web-based interface or a mobile application where a user creates an account, logs in and supplies a source number, destination number, and the bogus caller ID information to be displayed. The server then places a call to each of the two endpoint numbers and bridges the calls together.
Some providers offer the ability to record calls, change the voice and send text messages.
Orange box
Another method of spoofing is that of emulating the Bell 202 FSK signal. This method, informally called orange boxing, uses software that generates the audio signal which is then coupled to the telephone line during the call. The object is to deceive the called party into thinking that there is an incoming call waiting call from the spoofed number, when in fact there is no new incoming call. This technique often also involves an accomplice who may provide a secondary voice to complete the illusion of a call-waiting call. Because the orange box cannot truly spoof an incoming caller ID prior to answering and relies to a certain extent on the guile of the caller, it is considered as much a social engineering technique as a technical hack.
Other methods include switch access to the Signaling System 7 network and social engineering telephone company operators, who place calls for you from the desired phone number.
Caller name display
Telephone exchange equipment manufacturers vary in their handling of caller name display. Much of the equipment manufactured for Bell System companies in the United States sends only the caller's number to the distant exchange; that switch must then use a database lookup to find the name to display with the calling number. Canadian landline exchanges often run Nortel equipment which sends the name along with the number. Mobile, CLEC, Internet or independent exchanges also vary in their handling of caller name, depending on the switching equipment manufacturer. Calls between numbers in differing country codes represent a further complication, as caller ID often displays the local portion of the calling number without indicating a country of origin or in a format that can be mistaken for a domestic or invalid number.
This results in multiple possible outcomes:
The name provided by the caller (in the analog telephone adapter configuration screen for voice-over-IP users or on the web interface on a spoofing provider) is blindly passed verbatim to the called party and may be spoofed at will
The name is generated from a telephone company database using the spoofed caller ID number.
A destination provider may display no name or just the geographic location of the provided telephone area code on caller ID (e.g., "ARIZONA", "CALIFORNIA", "OREGON", or "ONTARIO"). This often occurs where the destination carrier is a low-cost service (such as a VoIP provider) running no database or outdated data in which the number is not found.
If the displayed number is in the recipient's address book, some handsets will display the name from the local address book in place of the transmitted name. Some VoIP providers use Asterisk (PBX) to provide similar functionality at the server; this may lead to multiple substitutions with priority going to the destination user's own handset as the last link in the CNAM chain.
Legal considerations
Canada
Caller ID spoofing remains legal in Canada, and has recently become so prevalent that the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre has "add[ed] an automated message about [the practice] to their fraud-reporting hotline". The CRTC estimates that 40% of the complaints they receive regarding unsolicited calls involve spoofing. The agency advises Canadians to file complaints regarding such calls, provides a list of protection options for dealing with them on its website, and, from July through December 2015, held a public consultation to identify "technical solutions" to address the issue.
On January 25, 2018, the CRTC set a target date of March 31, 2019 for the implementation of a CID authentication system. On December 9, 2019, the CRTC extended this date, announcing that they expect STIR/SHAKEN, a CID authentication system, to be implemented by September 30, 2020. On September 15, 2020, the CRTC extended the target date one more time, changing it to June 30, 2021. The CRTC is formally considering making its target date for STIR/SHAKEN mandatory.
On December 19, 2018, the CRTC announced that beginning in a year from that date, phone providers must block all calls with caller IDs that do not conform to established numbering plans.
India
According to a report from the India Department of Telecommunications, the government of India has taken the following steps against the CLI spoofing service providers:
Websites offering caller ID spoofing services are blocked in India as an immediate measure.
International long-distance operators (ILDOs), national long-distance operators (NLDOs) and access service providers have been alerted to the existence of such spoofing services, and shall collectively be prepared to take action to investigate cases of caller ID spoofing as they are reported.
As per DOT, using spoofed call service is illegal as per the Indian Telegraph Act, Sec 25(c). Using such service may lead to a fine, three years' imprisonment or both.
United Kingdom
In the UK, the spoofed number is called the "presentation number". This must be either allocated to the caller, or if allocated to a third party, it is only to be used with the third party's explicit permission.
Starting 2016, direct marketing companies are obliged to display their phone numbers. Any offending companies can be fined up to £2 million by Ofcom.
In 2021, Huw Saunders, a director at Ofcom, the UK regulator, said the current UK phone network (Public Switched Telephone Network) is being updated to a new system (Voice Over Internet Protocol), which should be in place by 2025. Saunders said, "It's only when the vast majority of people are on the new technology (VOIP) that we can implement a new patch to address this problem [of Caller ID spoofing]."
United States
Caller ID spoofing is generally legal in the United States unless done "with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value". The relevant federal statute, the Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009, does make exceptions for certain law-enforcement purposes. Callers are also still allowed to preserve their anonymity by choosing to block all outgoing caller ID information on their phone lines.
Under the act, which also targets VoIP services, it is illegal "to cause any caller identification service to knowingly transmit misleading or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value...." Forfeiture penalties or criminal fines of up to $10,000 per violation (not to exceed $1,000,000) could be imposed. The law maintains an exemption for blocking one's own outgoing caller ID information, and law enforcement isn't affected.
The New York Times sent the number 111-111-1111 for all calls made from its offices until August 15, 2011. The fake number was intended to prevent the extensions of its reporters appearing in call logs, and thus protect reporters from having to divulge calls made to anonymous sources. The Times abandoned this practice because of the proposed changes to the caller ID law, and because many companies were blocking calls from the well-known number.
Starting in mid-2017, the FCC pushed forward Caller ID certification implemented using a framework known as STIR/SHAKEN. SHAKEN/STIR are acronyms for Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information Using toKENs (SHAKEN) and the Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR) standards. The FCC has mandated that telecom providers implement STIR/SHAKEN-based caller ID attestation in the IP portions of their networks beginning no later than June 30, 2021.
On August 1, 2019, the FCC voted to extend the Truth in Caller ID Act to international calls and text messaging. Congress passed the TRACED Act in 2019 which makes Caller ID authentication mandatory.
See also
Caller ID
Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009
References
External links
Spoofing
Confidence tricks
Deception
Telemarketing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller%20ID%20spoofing |
Nasir ud din Mahmud Shah (1229/1230 – 19 November 1266, reigned: 1246–1265) was the eighth sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate (Slave dynasty). The Tabaqat-i Nasiri, written by the court historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, is dedicated to him. His father-in-law Ghiyas ud din Balban handled the state affairs during his reign.
Early life
Tabaqat-i Nasiri, written by the Sultan's court historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, calls him a son (ibn) of Iltutmish. According to Minhaj's account, Nasiruddin was born in the year of 626 Hijri (1229-1230 CE), in Delhi's Kasr-Bagh (the Garden Castle). His mother was a concubine ( who later, during his son's reign, was given the title of Malikah-i-Jahan). He was born sometime after the untimely death of Iltutmish's eldest son and heir apparent Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah. Iltutmish named the child after the deceased prince, and sent him and his mother to live in a palace in the Loni (or Luni) village.
Isami and Firishta describe the Sultan as a grandson of Iltutmish instead. Some modern scholars consider Minhaj as more reliable because he was a contemporary of the Sultan, while others believe that he was a son of Iltutmish's eldest son Nasiruddin, and was named after his father. For example, historians K. A. Nizami and J. L. Mehta believe that it is unlikely that Iltutmish sent his own son away from Delhi to the Loni village instead of bringing him up at the royal palace. Mehta states that Minhaj's statement that the child was "brought up and educated as a prince" indirectly implies that the child was not a prince by birth. Plus, Minhaj states that in 1225 CE, Sultan Nasiruddin's mother married an office named Qutlugh Khan. According to Nizami and Mehta, it is unlikely that a widow of Iltutmish married a petty noble: it is more likely that Sultan Nasiruddin's mother was a widow of Iltutmish's son Nasiruddin.
Reign
On May 10,1242, Sultan Muiz ud din Bahram was dethroned. Amirs and Maliks took the possession of Delhi from him. Mahmud, along with his brother Jalal-ud-Din Masud Shah and nephew Ala ud din Masud (son of Ruknuddin Firuz) was brought to Firuzi castle, the royal residence, from the confinement of the white castle by the amirs and Ala ud din Masud was chosen as the Sultan. Both the brothers remained in confinement until September 1243, when Masud ordered them to be released and conferred upon Mahmud the city of Bharaij and its dependencies. Mahmud left Delhi and went to his fief with his mother. He undertook expeditions against the rebels in that territory and the adjacent mountains.
He ascended to the throne of Delhi Sultanate in 1246 at the tender age of 17 or 18 after the chiefs replaced Ala ud din Masud, when they felt that Masud began to behave as a tyrant.
As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer (namaz) and copying the Quran. However, it was actually his father-in-law and Naib, Ghiyas ud din Balban, who primarily dealt with the state affairs. His reign lasted from 1246 to 1265. After Mahmud's death in 1266, Balban (1266–87) rose to power as Mahmud had no surviving children to be his heir.
Personal life
Unlike many of his predecessors and successors, Mahmud strictly followed monogamy. He spent most of his time writing down verses of the Quran. He sold the handwritten copies and used the money for his personal expenses. Surprising enough, he had no servants to carry out his personal tasks. His wife had to cook the food for the family.
See also
Mamluk dynasty
History of India
Islamic history
List of Indian monarchs
References
Bibliography
External links
India Through the Ages
The Slave Dynasty
Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
1266 deaths
1246 births
Indian Sunni Muslims
13th-century Indian monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin%20Mahmud%20Shah%2C%20Sultan%20of%20Delhi |
Dylan Addison (born 7 October 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs (where he was fondly known as "DFA") and Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted with the 27th overall selection in the 2005 national draft by the Western Bulldogs. He grew up in the south-west Sydney suburb of Picnic Point, with his father, mother and two brothers.
The Western Bulldogs were perceived to have taken a bit of a gamble in using such a high draft selection on a young player from the suburbs of Sydney, which traditionally is not an Australian football area. Addison was one of the better NSW-ACT Rams players in the 2005 AFL Under-18 Championships, coming via the St George Crows in the SFL. He attended St Gregory's College, Campbelltown and completed his HSC in 2005.
Addison started his career by playing as a medium forward, or on the ball, under the tutelage of head coach Rodney Eade. Although his career between 2006–2011 was positively noted for his hard-attack on the football, he was subject to criticism regarding his disposal efficiency, a facet of his game play that saw him in-and-out of the Western Bulldogs team across those 6 years.
Following the appointment of Brendan McCartney as head coach of the Western Bulldogs in November 2011, and resulting change in game play style towards winning the contested football, Dylan Addison's place in the Bulldogs's team has been ever-present during 2012.
Addison was delisted by the Western Bulldogs on 29 October 2013 after playing 88 AFL games. He subsequently joined as a delisted free agent.
He retired in October 2015.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|
| 22 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 9 || 18 || 6 || 6 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 9.1 || 8.4 || 17.5 || 2.8 || 4.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 22 || 11 || 1 || 0 || 47 || 40 || 87 || 33 || 32 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 9.4 || 10.5 || 19.9 || 2.8 || 4.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 22 || 17 || 2 || 3 || 105 || 128 || 233 || 73 || 40 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 8.8 || 13.1 || 21.9 || 1.9 || 6.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|
| 22 || 12 || 4 || 1 || 68 || 73 || 141 || 40 || 27 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 5.7 || 6.1 || 11.8 || 3.3 || 2.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|
| 22 || 13 || 4 || 3 || 85 || 68 || 153 || 54 || 23 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 6.5 || 5.2 || 11.8 || 4.2 || 1.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 22 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 23 || 32 || 55 || 12 || 13 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 5.8 || 8.0 || 13.8 || 3.0 || 3.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 22 || 17 || 7 || 5 || 129 || 103 || 232 || 81 || 40 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 7.6 || 6.1 || 13.6 || 4.8 || 2.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 22 || 12 || 12 || 11 || 62 || 60 || 122 || 44 || 28 || 1.0 || 0.9 || 5.2 || 5.0 || 10.2 || 3.7 || 2.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 46 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 24 || 50 || 20 || 14 || 0.0 || 0.4 || 5.2 || 4.8 || 10.0 || 4.0 || 2.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 46 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 93
! 30
! 26
! 554
! 537
! 1091
! 363
! 223
! 0.3
! 0.3
! 6.0
! 5.8
! 11.7
! 3.9
! 2.4
|}
References
AFL Record 2006 Season Preview, ed. Michael Lovett, AFL Publishing.
External links
1987 births
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Western Bulldogs players
Greater Western Sydney Giants players
St George AFC players
Williamstown Football Club players
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan%20Addison |
Brian Basset is an American comic strip artist (Red and Rover). Previously, he worked as an editorial cartoonist for the Seattle Times from 1978 to 1994, as well as being the creator and artist behind the syndicated comic strip Adam, later changed to Adam@home (1984–2009).
Early years
Basset was born in Norwalk, Connecticut on November 30, 1957. His father. Gene Basset, was a sports, theatrical and political cartoonist for over 40 years, retiring in 1993. His mother was a mental health administrator. He has one brother and one sister.
Basset attended Langley High School in McLean, Virginia where he was a political cartoonist for the schoolpaper The Saxon Scope from 1974-75.
In 1975, Basset enrolled at the Ohio State University where he drew editorial cartoons for the school newspaper, The Lantern, from 1975-1978. There, he attended the Fine Arts program.
The Seattle Times Years
After university, he landed a 16-year stint at the Seattle Times, where he drew editorial cartoons for the newspaper. It was during this career when he developed the comic strip "Adam" (later known as Adam@Home or Adam at Home). It was first syndicated in 1984 and focused on the life of Adam Newman, who Basset has admitted has eerie resemblances to his real-life self.
In 1994, Basset was laid off by the Seattle Times during a period of downsizing.
Adam@Home
Following his layoff at the Seattle Times, Basset became a full-time Work-From-Home Dad and his comic strip reflected this changing reality as Adam Newman went from Stay-At-Home Dad to harried home-office worker.
In 1995, this change was noticeable as the comic's name became "Adam@Home".
Beginning with the February 23, 2009 strip, Basset handed over responsibilities for Adam@home to Rob Harrell, former comic strip artist of Big Top. Basset drew almost a month's worth of Sunday strips after that, with Harrell's first Sunday strip appearing on March 22, 2009.
Red and Rover
In 1998, Basset began thinking about producing a second comic strip that had a more childlike quality to it. On Sunday May 7, 2000, Red and Rover appeared in newspapers for the first time. Red and Rover is a retro-feel comic strip about the unconditional love between a dog and his boy that captures the spirit and flavor of the early-1960s-to-mid-1970s. It is auto-biographical in nature. Originally distributed for the first ten years by The Washington Post Writers Group, Red and Rover is currently syndicated to over 200 papers by Universal Uclick. In March, 2013, Brian Basset and Red and Rover were nominated for the third time (2003 and 2010 previously) for work done in 2012 by the National Cartoonists Society for Best Newspaper Comic Strip of the Year. On 25.May 2013, Red and Rover received the Award for Best Newspaper Comic Strip by the National Cartoonists Society at the 67th Annual Reuben Awards held in Pittsburgh, PA.
NASA
In February, 2005, an exhibition of Basset's Red and Rover space-themed strips was held at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. - the first comic strip artist so honored.
On July 26, 2005, an original drawing Basset had done for NASA celebrating the "Return to Flight" was carried aboard STS-114 Discovery following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster 29 months earlier.
In early 2011, Basset was asked by NASA to design and draw a poster commemorating 30-years of the Space Shuttle program, which came to an end with the safe predawn landing of Shuttle Atlantis on July 21, 2011.
Personal life
Basset lives and works in Edmonds, Washington. Besides cartooning, Basset is actively engaged in animal shelter charity work.
He is married to Bobbi Robinson and is the father of two grown sons, two grown step-daughters, and one teenage step-son.
References
External links
The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Art Database
American comic strip cartoonists
Living people
1957 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Basset |
Portsmouth Square (), formerly known as Portsmouth Plaza, and originally known as Plaza de Yerba Buena, or simply La Plaza, is a one-block plaza () in Chinatown, San Francisco, California. Portsmouth Square is the first park in San Francisco, predating both Washington Square (1847) and Union Square (1850).
Established in the early 19th century, during the period of Mexican California, the plaza was renamed following the U.S. Conquest of California in honor of the USS Portsmouth, the American ship which captured the city. It is bounded by Kearny Street on the east, Washington Street on the north, Clay Street on the south, and Walter Lum Place on the west.
History
Early history
Portsmouth Square is located on the site of the first public square, The Grand Plaza, established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena. The site was first used as a public gathering site in 1833; it was set aside as an official plaza in 1835. Jean Jacques Vioget was commissioned to survey the settlement in 1839, and Vioget imposed a grid of streets centered on the plaza overlooking the cove.
In 1844, a custom house was built at the northwest corner of the plaza by the Mexican government. During the Mexican–American War, Captain John Berrien Montgomery of the was ordered to seize Yerba Buena. On July 9, 1846, Montgomery and a party of 17 men landed and raised the first American flag near the Mexican adobe custom house. The plaza would be named Portsmouth Square in honor of the ship later that year, and the settlement's name was changed to San Francisco in 1847.
Many historical events have happened at the plaza:
In 1847, the first public school in California was erected at the southwest corner of plaza.
On May 11, 1848, the discovery of gold was announced when Sam Brannan showed his gold to a crowd.
On June 12, 1849, a crowd was gathered at the plaza, demanding election of delegates at the Monterey Constitutional Convention.
An assembly was organized on July 16, 1849, to fight against a lawless body, 'The Hounds.'
On August 29, 1850, a memorial service was held after the death of US President Zachary Taylor.
The First Admission Day celebration was held October 29, 1850 when California became the 31st state of the United States.
On June 1, 1852, a crowd protested against the purchase of the Jenny Lind Theatre, across from Portsmouth Square, as the city hall.
On September 18, 1859, Colonel E. D. Baker delivered an oration after U.S. Senator David C. Broderick was killed in a duel with California Chief Justice David S. Terry.
Original park
In the 1860s, the park was laid out with paved paths radiating out from the center, dividing the area into wedge-shaped lawns. Trees were planted and had matured by the time the Square was adopted by the growing Chinese American community as Fa Yuhn Gok (meaning "the garden corner") in the 1880s. By 1905, many of the trees had been cleared and the Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial (erected in 1897) held a prominent spot in the park's central circle.
During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, Portsmouth Square again served as a gathering location for San Francisco, this time as a temporary tent city for displaced residents and temporary gravesite. The site was renamed Portsmouth Plaza in the late 1920s.
Portsmouth Square Garage
A parking garage underneath Portsmouth Square was approved in early October 1959 by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, over significant public opposition. Landscape architect Douglas Baylis was hired to draft plans for the revised park, but he resigned from the project after his original design was modified into "the world's worst" plan that would cause "any landscape architect [to] laugh himself sick" without his consent. Construction on the Portsmouth Square Garage began in 1961, requiring the complete removal of the original park, and completed in 1963. The design was finished by Royston, Hanamoto and Mayes.
The Garage has spaces for 500 cars distributed on four levels of parking, with access from Kearny onto the second level. It extends to a depth of below Kearny and below Walter U Lum. The level above the entrance level is a partial level. On average, in June 2014 approximately 1500 vehicles used the garage per day. The reinforced concrete garage was cast in place with parking floors and ramps designed to bear a load of as required by building codes.
When the Holiday Inn (now the Hilton San Francisco Financial District) hotel was designed and constructed in the late 1960s, replacing the old San Francisco Hall of Justice, a pedestrian bridge was added across Kearny to connect the new hotel with the park. On November 18, 1968, Charles Slutzkin of Justice Enterprises (the firm responsible for redeveloping the Hall of Justice site) engaged landscape architect Robert Royston to determine how Portsmouth Square should be modified to accommodate the new bridge; Royston responded in 1970, concluding the existing playground should be enlarged. The playground was completed in 1971–72.
Second renovation
Recommendations were prepared in the late 1970s ("Chinatown Plan") and early 1980s ("Chinatown Public Improvements Plan"), proposing revisions to Portsmouth Square.
In 1987, the park underwent its second major renovation, taking place over three separate phases. The first phase involved installing new elevators and bathrooms on the top of the park. The second phase began in 1994, included installation of child play structures, Chinese chess tables, benches, and landscaping. Phase three included the construction of a new community room and play areas. This $3.9 million renovation was completed and the park was opened to the public in 2001.
Today
Portsmouth Square is known as the "Heart" or "Living Room" of Chinatown. Residents of the neighborhood play games, practice tai chi, and socialize in the park.
It was also home for a large number of homeless people. San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, who represented the area surrounding the park, and Mayor Gavin Newsom have criticized the Department of Recreation and Parks for failing in its upkeep of the park. Regarding these criticisms, the city department has tried to hire additional gardeners and custodians despite budget cuts. Another city department, Public Works, was urged by Newsom to help clean up the park, at least temporarily.
The San Francisco Planning Department has initiated the Portsmouth Square Area Project to enhance the space and surrounding streets. A report evaluating the existing conditions and feasibility of updates was completed in December 2014. On October 13, 2020, the Recreation and Park Department announced the schematic design was complete.
Design and features
A four-level underground parking garage is located beneath Portsmouth Square, accommodating an average of 50,000 vehicles per month.
Historical markers and memorials
It features many markers and statues. There are three markers registered as California Historical Landmarks, honoring the first raising of the American flag on the square in 1846 (#119, placed 1924), the Eastern Terminus of the Clay Street Hill Railroad Company (#500, 1953), and the 1848 opening of the first public school in California (#587, 1957).
The Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial is also located inside the park to commemorate its history, designed by Bruce Porter and Willis Polk, and topped with a bronze galleon sculpted by George Piper. The Stevenson Memorial was erected in 1897. In addition, a statue of the Goddess of Democracy, a gift from the San Francisco Goddess of Democracy Statue Project, to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and massacre to the city, sits in the park.
Tot Lot
The playground at the square features an installation by Mary Fuller and Robert McChesney called Tot Lot. The collection of sculptures are made of concrete and glass and overall encompass approximately × × . Completed in 1983 and dedicated in 1984, the sculptures are used as playground equipment such as a slide and a sandbox. It consists of six animals from the Chinese zodiac: a Goat, a Tiger, a Monkey, a Rabbit, a Dragon and a Snake. All of the animals have glass eyes and are abstract in design.
Tot Lot was commissioned by the city and county of San Francisco's Bureau of Architecture and two of the pieces, the ram and rabbit, were gifts of the Tamarack Foundation. The architect's office, Recreation and Parks Department and San Francisco Arts Commission developed the piece. Children use the pieces frequently due to its playground status. In 1994 it was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program in 1994 and was described as needing conservation treatment.
In media
Director Don Siegel filmed a scene from the 1971 movie Dirty Harry in the Square. As the character "Dirty Harry" follows "Scorpio", it is possible to see the stone bridge joining the park to the Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco, at 750 Kearny Street.
References
External links
Portsmouth Square on Sanborn map, 1950
Further reading
Chinatown, San Francisco
Parks in San Francisco
Squares in San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Squares in the United States
1833 establishments in Alta California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth%20Square |
The New Zealand National League is the name given to the current New Zealand top football competition. Originally set up as the New Zealand National Soccer League there has been many versions of the competition as well as many different names. The most common format saw club teams play each other, at least two times, on a home and away basis. At the completion of those games, the best-performing team was declared as the New Zealand champion. The latest version has the clubs play in their regional leagues with the top teams qualifying for the Championship phase to then play each other for the champion.
Leagues structures
The national competition has had many different formats:
1892–1968
Canterbury
1965–1970
Northern League
1965 Eastern Suburbs
1966 Eastern Suburbs
1967 Ponsonby AFC (Auckland)
1968 Mount Wellington
1969 Mount Wellington
Central League
1966 Kiwi United (Western League)
1967 Eastern Union (Central Districts League)
1968 Western Suburbs
1969 Western Suburbs
Southern League
1968 Christchurch City
1969 Christchurch Technical
1970–1992
When the National Soccer League was launched in 1970, it became the first national league for any sport in New Zealand. It involved clubs playing each other two times, on a home and away basis. Two points were awarded for a win, and one point was awarded for a draw. The club with the greatest number of points was declared the champion. The league was open and clubs could be relegated from it and promoted to it.
The National Soccer League continued until 1992 when the League was disbanded due to financial reasons.
Season results
1993–1995
Following the dissolution of the league a new competition, called Superclub Championship, was launched to decide the top club in the country. The top 10 clubs in each three regional groups (Northern, Central, Southern) would play each other home and away with $10,000 going to the team that finished first in their region, $7,000 for second and $5,000 for third. Then the country's top eight teams, being three teams from northern, and central regions, and two from the south, combine to play each other once. After that the top four teams then play each other once before culminating in a grand final between the top two from that round. For the team that finished first, they were paid $30,000, $15,000 went to the runner-up with $5,000 to third and fourth.
The winners in those years were as follows:
The increase in the number of teams participating for the championship, as well as lack of a true national league system, caused a strong drop in playing standards. It was clear that New Zealand not only needed a national league, but also one which was financially stable.
1996–1998
In 1996 a National League was launched for the second time in the history of New Zealand soccer. This time however, the league was (mostly) played during the summer months and did not feature relegation and promotion. Teams were invited to participate and the selection criteria involved the financial strength of the club and its location. The league also featured a championship play-off session at the end of the seasons, involving teams finishing high in the table.
To further upset the traditionalists, penalties followed matches which ended in a draw. The winners of the penalty shoot-out were awarded two points, the losers one point while winners in the regular 90 minutes were awarded four points (although this system as dropped in the last year of the National Summer Soccer League). The winners in those years were:
1999
In 1999, the National Soccer League again took a break. The competition for determining the New Zealand champion was moved back to (mostly) winter months. Two leagues were created, the North Island Soccer League (NISL) and the South Island Soccer League (SISL). The winner of the NISL, Central United, defeated the winner of the SISL, Dunedin Technical, 3–1, in extra time, in the championship final.
2000–2003
The National Soccer League was launched for the third time in 2000 as the National Club Championship. Like the original in 1970, it was played during (mostly) winter months and a promotion and relegation system was used. In the first season, a bonus point was awarded for scoring four or more goals in one match but that system was dropped in subsequent seasons. The championship play-offs system at the end of the league was the major difference when compared with the competition launched in 1970.
Seven teams, participating in the first edition, came from the NISL (Central United, Waitakere City, Napier City Rovers, Mt Wellington, Miramar Rangers, Metro and Manawatu AFC) and three came from the SISL (Dunedin Technical, Nelson Suburbs, Woolston WMC).
2004
2004 was the transition year between the National Soccer League and the New Zealand Football championship. Regional competitions were played but no New Zealand champion was determined.
2004–2021
On 15 October 2004 the New Zealand Football Championship was launched (NZFC). It marked a turning point in the history of the game in New Zealand, as for the first time traditional clubs were not eligible to participate in the top league. They were replaced by eight franchise style entities.
2021–
In March 2021, New Zealand Football announced a change to the structure of both the premiership and the top regional leagues around the country. The four top regional leagues (NRFL Premier, Central Premier League, Mainland Premier League and the FootballSouth Premier League) would be formed into the Northern League, Central League, and the Southern League. These leagues would allow local clubs to qualify for the premiership season (now known as the National League Championship), with the top 4 teams from the Northern League, the top 3 teams from the Central League, and the top 2 teams from the Southern League making up the competition, alongside the Wellington Phoenix Reserve side. All teams that qualify plus the Phoenix Reserves, would then play a single round-robin competition between October and December. The top two placed teams will then progress to the Grand Final.
Champions
†Disbanded teams
#Club has since merged into a new team
See also
Football in New Zealand
National Women's League
Chatham Cup
Kate Sheppard Cup
References
External links
New Zealand Football National Competition Review
National League - The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website
The National League Debates
RSSSF.com - New Zealand - List of Champions - National Champions since 1970
New Zealand National Soccer League
Defunct association football leagues in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20National%20Football%20Leagues |
Te Pīhopatanga o Te Manawa o Te Wheke is an episcopal polity or diocese of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. Literally, the diocese is the Anglican bishopric of the heart of the octopus of the North Island of Aotearoa, New Zealand; also known as the synod (or in ).
Te Manawa o Te Wheke extends from the Bombay Hills south of Auckland through to Taumarunui in the King Country. Te Manawa o Te Wheke is one of five pīhopatanga, or episcopal units, that comprise Te Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa, the Māori Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand.
In 2015 the Pīhopatanga (bishopric) underwent a major restructure which resulted in the disestablishment of Archdeaconries and the merging of some Pariha (parish). It also led to the creation of the role of Te Manutaki, a senior cleric who, on behalf of the bishop, oversees and implements the mission and ministry of the Amorangi.
Ministry
There are 14 Rohe (regions) within Te Manawa o Te Wheke. The Rohe are grouped into 7 Rohe Mihana (Mission Districts), each led by a Missioner:
Te Rohe Mihana o Waikato: Taupiri, Ngati Haua, Kirikiriroa, Puaha o Waikato / Tuakau, and Taumarunui.
Te Rohe Mihana o Waiariki: Te Ngae, Ohinemutu, and Tauponui-a-Tia
Te Rohe Mihana o Mataatua: Whakatāne, Kawerau, Ruatoki, and Murupara
Te Rohe Mihana o Tauranga Moana: Tauranga, Maketu, Pukehina, and Te Puke
Te Rohe Mihana o Hauraki: Parawai, Paeroa, and Kennedy's Bay
Te Rohe Mihana o Te Kaha: Ōpōtiki, Tōrere, Te Kaha, Raukokore, and Kauaetangohia
Ministry also takes place in:
prison, school and hospital chaplaincies
relational ministries including Kahui Wāhine (women's ministry), Kahui Tane (men's ministry), and Kahui Rangatahi (youth ministry)
Structure
The Hui Amorangi is governed by a hinota, a representative synod that meets annually. The Amorangi Whaiti executive meets several times a year, to discuss matters pertaining to the Hui Amorangi.
The Hui Amorangi comes under episcopal leadership of te Pīhopa o (the Bishop of) Te Manawa o Te Wheke, Ngarahu Katene. Katene was ordained (consecrated) as a bishop at Te Papa-i-o-uru Marae, Rotorua on 14 October 2006. Katene is the first elected Pīhopa o Te Manawa o Te Wheke. In 2019 Archbishop Don Tamihere (Te Pihopa o Aotearoa) appointed Bishop Ngarahu as the Vicar General of Te Pihopatanga o Aotearoa. In this role, when delegated, Katene acts as the Senior Bishop for the Maori Anglican Church.
Since 2017, David Moxon (archbishop emeritus) has served as He Pīhopa Āwhina (an honorary assistant bishop).
Archdeacon Ngira Simmonds is Te Manutaki | Director of Mission and Education. In this role he led all administrative, educational, missional and managerial matters for Te Manawa o Te Wheke. Archdeacon Simmonds is also the Chaplain to Kingi Tuheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero VII, the Maori King. Jasmin Haimona is the Office Administrator, assisting the bishop and all staff with administrative matters.
Each Mission District is led by a Missioner/ Matanga Mihingare. The role of a Missioner is twofold:
1 – To extend the educational work of the Amorangi to the Rohe by providing local educational initiatives
2 – To act as an extension of the Bishop's pastoral ministry in that Rohe. Missioner's oversee all ministry and mission in their Rohe and report back to the Bishop frequently.
The Missioner of Waiariki is the Venerable Joe Huta
The Missioner of Mataatua is the Venerable Dr Te Waaka Melboure
The Missioner of Tauranga Moana is the Reverend Wiremu Anania
The Missioner of Hauraki is vacant
The Missioner of Waikato is the Reverend Father Cruz Karauti-Fox
The Missioner of Te Kaha is the Reverend Bettina Maxwell.
Rangatahi (children and youth) ministry is a strong priority for Te Manawa o Te Wheke. This ministry is led by two Enablers:
Kaiwhakamana Rangarahi: Tauranga Moana, Mataatua, Te Kaha is Sophie Anania
Kaiwhakamana Rangarahi: Waikato, Hauraki, Waiariki is Mira Martin
Gallery
References
External links
Provincial Media Site
Provincial Synod Site
Anglican dioceses in New Zealand
1992 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20P%C4%ABhopatanga%20o%20Te%20Manawa%20o%20Te%20Wheke |
Culligan is a United States based global water treatment company with network of dealers and direct operations in 90 countries with 1,000 dealers, over 600 in North America alone, and more than 7,500 employees.
History
Culligan was founded in 1936 by Emmett Culligan. With $50 and with additional financing by his brother Dr. John M. Culligan, and his sister, Anna V. Culligan, Emmett established the Culligan Zeolite Company with his brothers Drs. John and Leo Culligan as partners. They started the business in Jack McLaughlin's Blacksmith Shop at Northbrook, Illinois. Emmett perforated the bottom of a coffee can and used greensand to make a water filter. Upon running water through his device, he discovered that the filter acted as a water softener. By 1938, the first Culligan franchised dealership opened in Wheaton, Illinois, followed by another in Hagerstown, Maryland. In 1945, Emmett dissolved the partnership with his brothers and a new company was incorporated. Emmett was president until 1950 when he became chairman of the board and Harold Werhane was made President. In 1962, the name was changed to Culligan, Incorporated. The company now has its international headquarters in Rosemont, Illinois. To date, there are more than 1,000 dealerships and business offices in over 90 countries. For further information refer to the company magazine, "Topics" of July, 1970. Later on, Beatrice Foods acquired the company.
In 1986, Beatrice Foods, newly acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, spun off its specialty foods and non-food brands as E-II Holdings. E-II attempted to take over American Brands in 1988. Instead, American Brands purchased E-II. American Brands later sold the majority of the E-II brands to Meshulam Riklis. Riklis soon left the company, and E-II filed for bankruptcy in 1992. After a takeover battle from Carl Icahn, E-II emerged from bankruptcy in 1993 under the name Astrum International. Culligan was spun off in 1995, and Astrum was renamed Samsonite.
Culligan was acquired by United States Filter in 1998. US Filter was acquired by Vivendi in 1999. Vivendi spun off its water business in 2000, and the resulting company, Veolia Environnement, sold Culligan to Clayton, Dubilier & Rice in 2003. In 2004, Entrepreneur Magazine named Culligan the number one franchise in its industry. In 2007, Culligan's headquarters relocated from Northbrook, IL to its current home in Rosemont, Illinois with the only state-of-the-art analytical laboratory certified by the State of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency to be compliant with National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference standards, reflecting the company's commitment to advancements in water treatment. Centerbridge Partners acquired Culligan in 2012.
In 2021, during a bid to buy out the UK supermarket chain Morrisons, in a lawsuit, Culligans accused Clayton, Dubilier & Rice of Asset Stripping, leaving the firm 'saddled with over $850 million of debt', CD&R denied the accusations. In 2021, Culligan was acquired by BDT Capital Partners, LLC.
Company slogan
Culligan's first known advertisement was in Life Magazine in 1947. From there, they are best known for a television and radio advertisement featuring a housewife yelling out the slogan "Hey, Culligan Man!" in a raucous tone, in response to the announcer advising her to "Call your Culligan Man." The campaign was originally created in 1959 for radio by Dallas Williams Productions of Los Angeles. He played the straight man in those advertisements, and his wife Jean Hughes Williams provided the shouting voice. Filmmaker Dan Bessie directed and animated the award-winning "Hey, Culligan Man!" soft water commercials for 15 years. Variations of "Hey, Culligan Man!" ads would continue to air for over three decades.
In 2018, Culligan launched a North American re-branding campaign, as Culligan Water, during the Golden Globes with a television advertisement featuring Cary Elwes from The Princess Bride. As of January 7, 2018, the slogan "Hey, Culligan Man!" is now "Hey, Culligan!" in an effort to build "contemporary branding".
A lesser known phrase is coined by Culligan Jr. He came up with “Shucks, I bet that is Culligan Fresh Boyyy,” but the phrase was pulled from all advertisements less than three days after its introduction.
References
Bottled water brands
Franchises
Private equity portfolio companies
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992
American brands
Rosemont, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culligan |
"Trust Me to Open My Mouth" was the second single released in the UK from Squeeze's seventh album, Babylon and On. It reached number 72 in the UK Singles Chart.
In North America, this song was not released as a single. Instead, "853-5937" was the second single from Babylon and On in Canada and the US.
Track listing
7"
"Trust Me to Open My Mouth" (3:13)
"Take Me I'm Yours" (live) (4:01)
12"
"Trust Me to Open My Mouth" (remix) (4:30)
"Take Me I'm Yours" (live) (4:01)
"Trust Me to Open My Mouth" (3:13)
"Black Coffee in Bed" (live) (6:31)
References
External links
Squeeze discography at Squeezenet
Squeeze (band) songs
1987 singles
Songs written by Glenn Tilbrook
Songs written by Chris Difford
1987 songs
A&M Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust%20Me%20to%20Open%20My%20Mouth |
Metanoia (from the Greek , metanoia, changing one's mind) in the context of rhetoric is a device used to retract a statement just made, and then state it in a better way. As such, metanoia is similar to correction. Metanoia is used in recalling a statement in two ways, either to weaken the prior declaration or to strengthen it.
Metanoia is later personified as a figure accompanying kairos, sometimes as a hag and sometimes as a young lady. Ausonius' epigrams describe her thus: "I am a goddess to whom even Cicero himself did not give a name. I am the goddess who exacts punishment for what has and has not been done, so that people regret it. Hence, my name is Metanoea."
Weakening
The use of metanoia to weaken a statement is effective because the original statement still stands, along with the qualifying statement. For instance, when one says, "I will murder you. You shall be punished." the force of the original statement ("I will murder you") remains, while a more realistic alternative has been put forward ("you shall be punished").
Strengthening
When it is used to strengthen a statement, metanoia works to ease the reader from a moderate statement to a more radical one, as in this quote from Marcus Aurelius's Meditations
I still fall short of it through my own fault, and through not observing the admonitions of the gods, and, I may almost say, their direct instructions (Book One);
Here Aurelius utilizes metanoia to move from a mild idea ("not observing the admonitions of the gods") to a more intense one ("not observing... their direct instructions"); the clause "I may almost say" introduces the metanoia.
References
Cuddon, J.A., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
Narratology
Rhetoric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanoia%20%28rhetoric%29 |
Autostereoscopy is any method of displaying stereoscopic images (adding binocular perception of 3D depth) without the use of special headgear, glasses, something that affects vision, or anything for eyes on the part of the viewer. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D" or "glassesless 3D". There are two broad approaches currently used to accommodate motion parallax and wider viewing angles: eye-tracking, and multiple views so that the display does not need to sense where the viewer's eyes are located. Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include lenticular lens, parallax barrier, and may include Integral imaging, but notably do not include volumetric display or holographic displays.
Technology
Many organizations have developed autostereoscopic 3D displays, ranging from experimental displays in university departments to commercial products, and using a range of different technologies.
The method of creating autostereoscopic flat panel video displays using lenses was mainly developed in 1985 by Reinhard Boerner at the Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) in Berlin.
Prototypes of single-viewer displays were already being presented in the 1990s, by Sega AM3 (Floating Image System) and the HHI. Nowadays, this technology has been developed further mainly by European and Japanese companies.
One of the best-known 3D displays developed by HHI was the Free2C, a display with very high resolution and very good comfort achieved by an eye tracking system and a seamless mechanical adjustment of the lenses.
Eye tracking has been used in a variety of systems in order to limit the number of displayed views to just two, or to enlarge the stereoscopic sweet spot. However, as this limits the display to a single viewer, it is not favored for consumer products.
Currently, most flat-panel displays employ lenticular lenses or parallax barriers that redirect imagery to several viewing regions; however, this manipulation requires reduced image resolutions. When the viewer's head is in a certain position, a different image is seen with each eye, giving a convincing illusion of 3D. Such displays can have multiple viewing zones, thereby allowing multiple users to view the image at the same time, though they may also exhibit dead zones where only a non-stereoscopic or pseudoscopic image can be seen, if at all.
Parallax barrier
A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by Auguste Berthier, who published first but produced no practical results, and by Frederic E. Ives, who made and exhibited the first known functional autostereoscopic image in 1901. About two years later, Ives began selling specimen images as novelties, the first known commercial use.
In the early 2000s, Sharp developed the electronic flat-panel application of this old technology to commercialization, briefly selling two laptops with the world's only 3D LCD screens. These displays are no longer available from Sharp but are still being manufactured and further developed from other companies. Similarly, Hitachi has released the first 3D mobile phone for the Japanese market under distribution by KDDI. In 2009, Fujifilm released the FinePix Real 3D W1 digital camera, which features a built-in autostereoscopic LCD measuring diagonal. The Nintendo 3DS video game console family uses a parallax barrier for 3D imagery; on a newer revision, the New Nintendo 3DS, this is combined with an eye tracking system.
Integral photography and lenticular arrays
The principle of integral photography, which uses a two-dimensional (X–Y) array of many small lenses to capture a 3-D scene, was introduced by Gabriel Lippmann in 1908. Integral photography is capable of creating window-like autostereoscopic displays that reproduce objects and scenes life-size, with full parallax and perspective shift and even the depth cue of accommodation, but the full realization of this potential requires a very large number of very small high-quality optical systems and very high bandwidth. Only relatively crude photographic and video implementations have yet been produced.
One-dimensional arrays of cylindrical lenses were patented by Walter Hess in 1912. By replacing the line and space pairs in a simple parallax barrier with tiny cylindrical lenses, Hess avoided the light loss that dimmed images viewed by transmitted light and that made prints on paper unacceptably dark. An additional benefit is that the position of the observer is less restricted, as the substitution of lenses is geometrically equivalent to narrowing the spaces in a line-and-space barrier.
Philips solved a significant problem with electronic displays in the mid-1990s by slanting the cylindrical lenses with respect to the underlying pixel grid. Based on this idea, Philips produced its WOWvx line until 2009, running up to 2160p (a resolution of 3840×2160 pixels) with 46 viewing angles. Lenny Lipton's company, StereoGraphics, produced displays based on the same idea, citing a much earlier patent for the slanted lenticulars. Magnetic3d and Zero Creative have also been involved.
Compressive light field displays
With rapid advances in optical fabrication, digital processing power, and computational models for human perception, a new generation of display technology is emerging: compressive light field displays. These architectures explore the co-design of optical elements and compressive computation while taking particular characteristics of the human visual system into account. Compressive display designs include dual and multilayer devices that are driven by algorithms such as computed tomography and Non-negative matrix factorization and non-negative tensor factorization.
Autostereoscopic content creation and conversion
Tools for the instant conversion of existing 3D movies to autostereoscopic were demonstrated by Dolby, Stereolabs and Viva3D.
Other
Dimension Technologies released a range of commercially available 2D/3D switchable LCDs in 2002 using a combination of parallax barriers and lenticular lenses. SeeReal Technologies has developed a holographic display based on eye tracking. CubicVue exhibited a color filter pattern autostereoscopic display at the Consumer Electronics Association's i-Stage competition in 2009.
There are a variety of other autostereo systems as well, such as volumetric display, in which the reconstructed light field occupies a true volume of space, and integral imaging, which uses a fly's-eye lens array.
The term automultiscopic display has recently been introduced as a shorter synonym for the lengthy "multi-view autostereoscopic 3D display", as well as for the earlier, more specific "parallax panoramagram". The latter term originally indicated a continuous sampling along a horizontal line of viewpoints, e.g., image capture using a very large lens or a moving camera and a shifting barrier screen, but it later came to include synthesis from a relatively large number of discrete views.
Sunny Ocean Studios, located in Singapore, has been credited with developing an automultiscopic screen that can display autostereo 3D images from 64 different reference points.
A fundamentally new approach to autostereoscopy called HR3D has been developed by researchers from MIT's Media Lab. It would consume half as much power, doubling the battery life if used with devices like the Nintendo 3DS, without compromising screen brightness or resolution; other advantages include a larger viewing angle and maintaining the 3D effect when the screen is rotated.
Movement parallax: single view vs. multi-view systems
Movement parallax refers to the fact that the view of a scene changes with movement of the head. Thus, different images of the scene are seen as the head is moved from left to right, and from up to down.
Many autostereoscopic displays are single-view displays and are thus not capable of reproducing the sense of movement parallax, except for a single viewer in systems capable of eye tracking.
Some autostereoscopic displays, however, are multi-view displays, and are thus capable of providing the perception of left–right movement parallax.
Eight and sixteen views are typical for such displays. While it is theoretically possible to simulate the perception of up–down movement parallax, no current display systems are known to do so, and the up–down effect is widely seen as less important than left–right movement parallax. One consequence of not including parallax about both axes becomes more evident as objects increasingly distant from the plane of the display are presented: as the viewer moves closer to or farther away from the display, such objects will more obviously exhibit the effects of perspective shift about one axis but not the other, appearing variously stretched or squashed to a viewer not positioned at the optimal distance from the display.
Vergence-accommodation conflict
Autostereoscopic displays display stereoscopic content without matching focal depth, thereby exhibiting vergence-accommodation conflict.
References
External links
Tridelity
Viva3D
VisuMotion
Explanation of 3D Autostereoscopic Monitors
Overview of different Autostereoscopic LCD displays
Rendering for an Interactive 360° Light Field Display, a demonstration of Autostereoscopy using a spinning mirror, a holographic diffuser, and a high speed video projector demonstrated at SIGGRAPH 2007
Behind-the-scenes video about production for autostereoscopic displays
3D Without Glasses - The Future of 3D Technology?
Diffraction Influence on the Field of View and Resolution of Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging
Stereoscopy
3D imaging
Display technology
Photographic techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereoscopy |
Natasha Irons is a fictional superhero in DC Comics, first appeared in Steel (vol. 2) #1 (February 1994) created by Louise Simonson and Chris Bastista. A super-genius similar to her uncle John Henry Irons and ally to Team Superman, she becomes the hero known as Steel after her uncle is injured and in current continuity, operates alongside her uncle concurrently. Prior the New 52 reboot, the character gained super-powers in the 2006 limited series 52, using the codename Starlight. She would later change her name when her powers changed, instead assuming the codename Vaperlock.
The character has made several appearance in media, including Superman: The Animated Series where she is voiced by Cree Summer and is portrayed by Tayler Buck in the television series Superman & Lois, where she is renamed Natalie Irons and is made the daughter of John.
Fictional character biography
Natasha Irons is the daughter of John Henry's brother, Clay, and Clay's wife Blondel. She is introduced in the first issue of Steel's solo series, where she is initially portrayed as being 13. Like the rest of her family, she knew about Steel's secret identity all along. Contrasting sharply with her brother Jemahl, Natasha is shown to be very level headed and practical. By issue #14, she is shown to be working (presumably as an intern) for a U.S. Senator. She appears to have aged forward to be about 16 somehow. Nat is a supporting character throughout Louise Simonson's run on the series. She is kidnapped by Hazard and Steel has to rescue her. She also uses the drug Tar to help fight at her uncle's side briefly. She is later kidnapped by the villain Plasmus and apparently kills him by shattering once Steel froze the villain (although he later turns up alive). Natasha was devastated at the loss of her beloved great-grandmother, Bess Irons, but is the only one of her family who stays with Steel when he moves to Jersey City (see the Steel entry for more details of the Irons family).
With Christopher Priest at the helm of Steel starting with #34, Nat was radically altered. She was transformed into a more stereotypical modern teenager with a flippant attitude. All trace of her previous work for a U.S. Senator was never referenced. During this time she also meets and befriends a teen named Paul Tomlinson, whom she dubs "Boris". Her father also makes a return as the villain Crash. When an assassin named Skorpio poisons Nat, Crash has to turn himself in so that he can give a blood transfusion and save his daughter. He is never seen nor heard from again.
Nat later goes with Steel to Metropolis when he opens up Steelworks there. She becomes his assistant, even reprogramming Superman's Kryptonian robot Kelex to speak hip hop slang. She continues to be friends with Boris, who visits from Jersey City.
The new Steel
When the Entropy Aegis of Darkseid traps John, Natasha designs a suit of armor that uses the Aegis' power, teleports to Apokolips, and fights Doomsday with the help of Superman, Superboy, Supergirl, and the pre-Crisis Supergirl.
John is too injured to continue operating as Steel. Having intended to pass his legacy as Steel on to Natasha, John made a new, more advanced suit of armor for her to use.
When Natasha hears that Superman has been injured by a ghostly ninja, she dons her armor and becomes the new Steel. She teams up with Cir-El and Girl 13 to stop the ninja. During the adventure, she uses her hammer to fire an electric pulse into Superman's heart to start it again.
As part of the Superman/Batman "Public Enemies" arc, false news of Batman and Superman's capture by the forces of President Lex Luthor is leaked to draw out their various associates into attacking the White House. Cir-El, Natasha, Krypto, Superboy and the Batman Family do exactly that. Natasha is neutralized early in the incident, staying back to try to rescue Cir-El and Superboy from a crushing deathtrap. Instead, Batman saves them.
Natasha is briefly seen in a cameo role during the events of "Infinite Crisis".
Operating as Starlight
In 52, Natasha has a violent falling out with her uncle John, over John's disgust over what he feels is the self-absorbed narcissism of the DC Universe's superhero community. When Natasha discovers that the Teen Titans (whose roster was devastated by the events of Infinite Crisis) are holding an open call for new members, John forbids Natasha from going and instead insists she continue the clearing out debris from the battle of Metropolis. When Natasha refuses, John dismantles her armor, and she is left powerless. John also makes it clear that she will have to build her own armor if she wants to be a super-hero.
Soon, Natasha attempts to rebuild her armor, with little success. When she learns that John had his DNA rewritten by the exo-gene, Natasha wrongly assumes John chose to have his DNA altered and snaps.
After a fierce argument with her uncle, Natasha applies for Luthor's "Everyman Project" and becomes one of the first official subjects. When John, looking for Natasha, threatens to kill Luthor at a Lexcorp party, Natasha appears, along with a team of super-powered people in Luthor's employ, and beats him severely. From that point, she is estranged from her uncle, who makes numerous attempts to contact her, which she rebuffs. Gifted with new skills, Natasha is given the codename Starlight. While in battle, she witnesses her friend Eliza Harmon (a.k.a. Trajectory) killed by a new Blockbuster. Natasha is finally contacted by John on New Year's Eve, who forces her to rethink everything that Luthor has told her. After the "Rain of the Supermen," in which Lex Luthor deactivates the powers of each Everyman hero outside of Infinity, Inc. (causing many to plummet from the sky; this forms the basis of the title pun on "The Reign of the Supermen" storyline), Natasha realizes that her uncle was right all along. She then begins working as a double agent within Luthor's organization. However, she is found out and beaten by Luthor, who has acquired superpowers.
Steel and the Teen Titans launch an attack on LexCorp and manage to rescue Natasha. However, Lex stripped her of her Starlight powers. Later, she is seen escorting Luthor into custody, wearing a new set of armour made for her by her uncle. The duo restore Steelworks, and Natasha is later seen, during the World War III assembling a nanotech payload missile to fire over Black Adam, although the missile is stolen by Booster Gold. Natasha survives the battle, and resumes working at Steelworks.
Operating as Vaporlock
The new Infinity, Inc. series reveals that the Everyman Project has had a lingering effect on its subjects. Natasha now has the ability to dissolve into a cloud of gas, although she has difficulty controlling it. Her uncle suggests she adopt the codename "Vaporlock." In the final issue, of the series all the Infinity Inc members are prisoners in the Dark Side Club. By the end of the Terror Titans miniseries they are released thanks to Miss Martian.
"Jenny" Blake and Project 7734
After being released from the Dark Side Club, the members of Infinity Inc. take new names and infiltrate a government project named Project 7734. The goal of the project is simple: the death of Superman. Towards that end, the government project has placed satellites in space that fire magic lasers, plucked the powerful Atlas from the time stream, release Metallo, and brainwashed people.
Natasha is not sure whom to trust as part of Project: Breach (the brainwashing of Captain Atom). She visits Earth to tell Jimmy Olsen, who has been looking into Project 7734, about Captain Atom and leaves just before Jimmy is found and shot by Codename: Assassin. In the Captain Atom back-up story in Action Comics, Captain Atom remembers who he is, revealing his real name and rank along with the "Codename: Captain Atom". Joining others of Project 7734 (such as Codename: Superwoman and Codename: Metallo), Natasha is part of the team that takes down Captain Atom to brainwash him before they are attacked by the natives of the magical world where Project 7734 is located. The natives want her to help them with Captain Atom.
Following this, Natasha is shown helping Steel rescue civilians during the Reign of Doomsday event. Doomsday attacks Natasha in order to draw Steel's attention, and though she escapes unscathed, Steel is ultimately beaten into submission and captured.
DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Natasha is back to using her armor and no longer has any of her Vaporlock abilities. Here she was in a romantic relationship with Traci 13, but they broke up (It has now been confirmed that she is lesbian, as per the 2023 Pride cover for Steelworks). Following the No Justice event, she becomes a member of the new incarnation of the Titans.
In "The New Golden Age", Natalie was with her uncle when they met her great-great-uncle John Henry Jr.
Powers, abilities, and resources
As Starlight, Natasha is able to fly, exert superhuman strength, and is more durable. Her fists also emit large flashes of light. She also can focus her light into forcefields, and trap her opponents within them, such as when she encased Blockbuster in a light energy field to prevent him from moving.
As Vaporlock, Natasha has the ability to transform her body into a gaseous substance.
Equipment
Natasha's "Steel" armor boosts her strength to super-human levels, and rockets in her boots allow her to fly. The armor can grow to heights of up to 60 feet, and it is equipped with limited-technomorphing abilities able to shift energy guns and projectile weaponry from its liquid-metal. Natasha's main weapon is her hammer, which has inertial dampeners that cause the hammer's force to increase exponentially (the farther it is thrown, the harder it hits). The hammer can fire electromagnetic pulses and generate powerful electric and magnetic fields at Natasha's command. When the hammer is placed on the ground, it connects with the Earth's magnetic field and cannot be moved except by Natasha or someone with similar DNA, such as her uncle John Henry Irons.
The original, Entropy-Aegis-fueled armor endowed her with enhanced strength and teleportation, and enabled her to fire blasts of strange, purple energy from her hands,
Other versions
Natasha Irons / Steel appears as a background character in Kingdom Come.
An alternate timeline version of Natasha Irons appears in Flashpoint as a member of the Brazilian Army who fights Nazis.
An anime-inspired Natasha Irons / Steel with superhuman intelligence appears in the Ame-Comi series. After recruiting the Flash, the three young heroines set out to face down Dent.
A teenage version of Natasha Irons appears in Superman Family Adventures as a friend and classmate of Jimmy Olsen.
An adult version of Natasha Irons / Steel appears in Multiversity as a member of the Justice League of Earth-16.
In other media
Television
Natasha Irons appears in television series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU).
She first appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Heavy Metal", voiced by Cree Summer.
Irons also makes a cameo appearance in the Justice League episode "Hereafter".
A character based on Natasha named Natalie Lane Irons appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Tayler Buck. This version is the daughter of John Henry Irons and Lois Lane from a parallel Earth ruled by Morgan Edge, Superman, and an army of genetically-engineered Kryptonians. After Superman killed Lane, Natalie helped her father build an exo-suit so he could avenge Lane. At the end of the first season, Natalie unknowingly makes her way to the "prime" Earth in a spaceship and reunites with her father. In the second season, Irons and the "prime" Lane help Natalie adjust to the new Earth. In response to Ally Allston's attempts to merge Earth with Bizarro World, Natalie constructs an exo-suit with X-Kryptonite lacquer for her father.
Miscellaneous
Natasha Irons appears in issue #35 of the Justice League Unlimited tie-in comic, in which she wears a costume similar to her Steel armor in the mainstream comics.
Natasha Irons / Steel appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic. This version took up the mantle of Steel after John Henry Irons was killed by the Joker years prior when the latter nuked Metropolis. Additionally, she maintains John's use of the s-shield because she views it as his symbol, not Superman's. Following the Regime's downfall, Natasha helps Batman's Insurgency restore world peace.
References
African-American superheroes
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional characters who can manipulate light
Fictional hammer fighters
Steel (John Henry Irons)
Comics characters introduced in 1994
Characters created by Louise Simonson
Superman characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha%20Irons |
Coma Divine – Recorded Live in Rome or just Coma Divine, is a live album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, first released in October 1997. It was expanded to a double album in 2003, adding the three tracks from the promotional single Coma Divine II (1999), and one more previously unreleased outtake. The expanded edition was also released on vinyl containing 3 LPs, plus a bonus 7 inch single with two demo versions of the song "Disappear" (later included on the compilation album The Sound of No One Listening in 2020; a newer version was included on the "Four Chords That Made a Million" single in 2000 and the compilation Recordings in 2001).
The album was finally revamped in digipack through Snapper label in 2004.
Recording
The band recorded three shows at the Frontiera in Rome (on 25, 26 and 27 March 1997) for the purpose of this release; however, only recordings from the 2nd and 3rd night were used, as the recordings from the first concert were flawed with technical problems. A vast amount of material had been performed during the shows, but the band eventually decided to release only the best performances on a single CD. While later the album was reissued as a double CD featuring an extra 25 minutes of music, there are still other unreleased performances from the show, featuring both original phases of "Voyage 34," "Dark Matter," "Burning Sky," "Stars Die," "Idiot Prayer," "The Nostalgia Factory," "Nine Cats," the first performances of "Every Home is Wired," and an instrumental called "Cryogenics" written especially to feature on the album; it was ultimately dropped as the band felt it wasn't good enough. Several of these recordings were later released on the 2020 EP Coma: Coda (Rome 1997), made available through the official Porcupine Tree Bandcamp page.
Although essentially a live record, Coma Divine features studio overdubs of the vocals, as the original takes were too poor both in terms of performance and the quality of recording.
Track listing
Original release
All songs written by Steven Wilson unless otherwise noted.
There were various technical problems with the original CD edition due to its extreme length, and later pressings had about two minutes of audience noise removed between tracks to try to solve the problem.
Expanded edition
All songs written by Steven Wilson unless otherwise noted.
(*) N.B. Originally released on the Coma Divine II EP in 1999.
Musicians
Steven Wilson – guitars, vocals
Richard Barbieri – synthesizers
Colin Edwin – bass guitar
Chris Maitland – drums, percussion, harmony vocals
Reviews
Professional reviews:
Metal Hammer – Captured live in Rome, they reinforce both their ability and their charm through the likes of 'Moonloop' and 'The Sky Moves Sideways', lengthy but not overdone pieces, led as ever by Steve Wilson's intriguing vision. Admittedly, it'll make them few friends (live albums never do), but it's essential listening for the faithful.
References
External links
Porcupine Tree Official Website
Coma Divine – Recorded Live in Rome at Snapper Music
Porcupine Tree live albums
1997 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma%20Divine%20%E2%80%93%20Recorded%20Live%20in%20Rome |
Gauss was a ship built in Germany specially for polar exploration, named after the mathematician and physical scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss. Purchased by Canada in 1904, the vessel was renamed CGS Arctic. As Arctic, the vessel made annual trips to the Canadian Arctic until 1925. The ship's fate is disputed among the sources, but all claim that by the mid-1920s, the vessel was out of service.
Ship construction
The ship was built by the Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft shipyard at Kiel at a cost of 500,000 marks. Launched on 2 April 1901 she was modelled on Fridtjof Nansen's ship Fram, and rigged as a barquentine. Displacing , Gauss had a tonnage of . The ship was long, in the beam, with a draught of . With a triple expansion steam engine driving one screw to augment the sails, she was capable of .
Classed "A1" by Germanischer Lloyds, she was designed to carry 700 tons of stores, enough to make her self-sufficient for up to three years with a crew of 30 aboard. The hull was exceptionally strong, and the rudder and propeller were designed to be hoisted aboard for inspection or repairs.
Ship history
Between 1901 and 1903 Gauss explored the Antarctic in the Gauss expedition under the leadership of Erich von Drygalski.
In early 1904 the ship was purchased by the Canadian government under the advice of Joseph-Elzéar Bernier, who had surveyed the ship before the acquisition. The ship was renamed Arctic and under the command of Bernier she explored the Arctic Archipelago. Bernier and Arctic made annual expeditions to Canada's north. On 1 July 1909, Bernier, without government approval, claimed the entire area between Canada's eastern and western borders all the way to the North Pole. Bernier only left the ship during the First World War, returning to command Arctic again from 1922 to 1925. The vessel's end is not agreed upon. According to schiffe-und-mehr.com, Arctic was abandoned in 1925 and left to rot at her moorings. Maginley and Collin claim the vessel was broken up in 1926 while the Miramar Ship Index say the ship was abandoned in 1927.
See also
List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
W.B. Wiegand Diary of a Voyage on the Arctic in 1912 at Dartmouth College Library
1901 ships
Exploration ships
Canadian Government Ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%20%28ship%29 |
Rehman Dheri or sometime Rahman Dheri () is a Pre-Harappan Archaeological Site situated near Dera Ismail Khan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This is one of the oldest urbanised centres found to date in South Asia. Dated (3300 - 1900 BC), the site is situated north of Dera Ismail Khan. It is on the Tentative List for future World Heritage Sites in Pakistan.
Location
The site is located on the Gomal River Plain, which is part of the Indus river watershed. It is close to where the Zhob River flows into the Gomal River. Since the earliest occupation, except for the extension outside the city in the south, the entire habitation area was enclosed by a massive wall, built from dressed blocks made from clay slabs.
The low rectangular mound is covering about 22 hectares and standing 4.5 m above the surrounding field.
Near Rehman Dheri, there's an unexcavated Harappan site of Hisham Dheri. This indicates that, in some regions, Kot Dijian (such as Rehman Dheri) and Harappan communities coexisted side by side.
Also, the site of Gumla, Pakistan is located nearby.
Gomal river is mentioned in Ramayan as river Gomti and Raam Dheri (renamed to Rehman Dheri) is the site of Ayodhya originally.
Cultural context
The earliest site of this culture is Kunal (4000 BCE) in Haryana which is older than Rehman Dheri (3300 BCE). The type site, the first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji. Rehman Dheri, which was considered oldest example of this culture, is now the second oldest example of this culture after Kunal was excavated and found to be older than Rehman Dher with similar older cultural artifacts then the Rehman Dheri.
Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri, however, later excavations found the oldest example of this culture at Kunal. These are cultural ancestor to site at Harappa. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II). Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-2800 BCE) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and alongside Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BCE). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows.
Kunal (5000/4000 BCE- ), in Hisar district of Haryana in India is the earliest site found with layers in phase I dating back to 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE, site's culture is an older ancestry of the Pre-Harappan site of Rehman Dheri which was dated to 3300 BC. A button seal was discovered at Kunal during 1998-99 excavations by Archaeological Survey of India. The seal is similar to the Rehman Dheri examples. It contained a picture of two deer on one side, and geometrical pattern on other side. The similar specimen from Rehman-Dheri is datable to , which makes Kunal site an older ancestor of Rehman Dheri. The second phase of Kunal corresponds to post-neolithic phase of Hakra culture' (also called Early Harappan Phase, c.3300-2800 BCE or c.5000-2800 BCE) was also found.
Kot Diji (3300 BCE), is the type site, located in Sindh in Pakistan.
Amri (3600–3300 BCE), also has non-Harappan phases daring 6000 BC to 4000 BC, and later Harappan Phses till 1300 BCE.
Kalibangan (3500 BC – 2500 BC), in northwest Rajasthan in India on Ghaggar River.
Rehman Dheri, 3300 BCE, 3300-2800 BCE is pre Kot Diji phase.
Cultural finds
The mound is rectangular is shape with a grid-like street network. The walls demarcating individual buildings and avenue frontages are still clearly visible, and it’s easy to recognize some small-scale industrial areas; within the site, eroded kilns and scatters of slag have been found.
The fortified town shows sign of town planning. Pottery, and stone and metal tools were found.
Beads were made from lapis lazuli and turquoise. Terracotta figurines were similar to Gumla and Mehrgarh IV forms at the early stages, but later developed their own distinctive style.
Seals have been found made from ivory, from fired steatite and shell. Some square seals from Rehman Dheri were designed for hanging on a string. This type of steatite seal became common in the later Indus cities.
No writing was discovered, though some type of notations on the pottery were observed. These 'potter’s marks', engraved or painted, are "strikingly similar to those appearing in the Mature Indus symbol system".
At Kunal in Haryana, a button seal was discovered during 1998-99 excavations by Archaeological Survey of India. The seal is similar to the Rehman Dheri examples. It contained a picture of two deer on one side, and geometrical pattern on other side. The similar specimen at Kunal is datable to , and it is older than Rehman-Dheri, which makes Kunal site an older cultural ancestor of Rehman Dheri.
Archeological phases
In Rehman Dehri the archeological sequence is over 4.5 meters deep and it covers a series of over 1,400 years that was begun at c. 3,300 BC. Reham Dehri characterizes different periods which includes the period from c. 3300-2850 BC, c. 2850-2500 BC, and the last is from c. 2500-1900 BC.
In its earliest phases it is accepted that the settlement receives its formal planning and that consequent stages extended the plan over time. Even though the excavators have cut a number of deep trenches into the lower levels, the uncovered area was too limited to study the spatial sharing of craft activities. So the occupation of Rehman Dheri may have been more ancient than is presently attested.
In the middle of the third millennium BC, at the beginning of the mature Indus phase, the site was abandoned. There was limited reoccupation.
Some more records are found at the neighbouring archaeological mound Hisham Dheri''.
Due to the recent developments, the plans of the Early Harappan settlement were disturbed.
This site represents the earliest urban settlement on the sub-continent, with a very rich bead industry. It was earlier than the Kot Diji-Sothi complex.
Tochi-Gomal Cultural Phase
Recent research has revealed a Tochi-Gomal Cultural Phase in the Gomal Plain of Northwest Pakistan. Rehman Dheri was a part of that cultural sequence.
This was the culture that flourished in the Bannu Basin and Dera Ismail Khan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the end of Neolithic Age.
"Typological and chronological sequence suggests that the Tochi-Gomal Phase co-existed for a certain period with other contemporaneous regional cultures of South Asia such as the Ravi (Ravi-Hakra) Phase in the Punjab; Amri-Nal culture in Sindh; Togau & Kechi Beg Phases in Baluchistan, and Sothi-Siswal culture in Rajasthan, India."
The Tochi-Gomal Phase followed the local Neolithic phase, as represented in this area at Jhandi Babar. After Tochi-Gomal, the Kot Diji culture followed, and it was also represented at Rehman Dheri, as well as at nearby Gumla.
The inscribed seals and sherds of Tochi-Gomal phase may have contributed significantly to the development of the writing system of the mature Indus Civilization. The animals and the symbols depicted on the earliest seal found at Rehman Dheri remind us of the animals and symbols as were portrayed later during the Mature Indus Civilization.
Also, it was during the Tochi-Gomal phase that the progress from handmade to wheel thrown pottery had occurred.
See also
Indus Valley civilization
Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization
List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Kunal, Haryana
Notes
External links
Nadine Zubair (2016), Rehman Dheri: One of the earliest planned cities in South Asia. harappa.com
Former populated places in Pakistan
Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites
Kot Diji culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehman%20Dheri |
The Man Who Skied Down Everest is a Canadian documentary about Yuichiro Miura, a Japanese alpinist who skied down Mount Everest in 1970. The film was produced by Crawley Films' "Budge" Crawley and directed by Crawley and Bruce Nyznik.
Miura skied 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in two minutes and 20 seconds and fell 400 m (1,320 ft) down the steep Lhotse face from the Yellow Band just below the South Col. He used a large parachute to slow his descent. He came to a full stop just 76 m (250 ft) from the edge of a bergschrund, a large, deep crevasse where the ice shears away from the stagnant ice on the rock face and begins to move downwards as a glacier.
The ski descent was the objective of The Japanese Everest Skiing Expedition 1970. Six Sherpa members were killed during the expedition, as well as a Japanese member who died of a heart attack.
Crawley Films won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for this picture. The Academy Film Archive preserved The Man Who Skied Down Everest in 2010.
See also
1970 Mount Everest disaster
References
External links
1975 films
English-language Canadian films
Mountaineering films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Films directed by Lawrence Schiller
Canadian sports documentary films
1975 documentary films
Films about Mount Everest
1970s English-language films
1970s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20Who%20Skied%20Down%20Everest |
It's a Love Cult is the tenth full-length studio album by the Norwegian band Motorpsycho. The album was preceded by the EP release of "Serpentine", for which also a video was made.
The sleeve was designed by Kim Hiorthøy.
Track listing
Überwagner or a Billion Bubbles in My Mind – 5:36
Circles – 3:59
Neverland – 4:01
This Otherness – 6:30
Carousel – 7:16
What if... – 4:15
The Mirror and the Lie – 6:43
Serpentine – 5:15
Custer's Last Stand (One More Daemon) – 4:06
Composite Head – 2:25
#1, #2, #4, #7, #9 by Sæther.
#3, #5, #10 by Ryan/Sæther.
#8 by Ryan.
#6 by Gebhardt.
Orchestral arrangements on #5, #7 by B. Slagsvold.
Horn/reed arrangement on #6 by L. Horntveth, H. Gebhardt.
Personnel
Bent Sæther: bass guitar, vocals, guitars, piano, harmonium, mellotron, percussion, viscount organ
Hans Magnus Ryan: guitars, vocals, rhodes piano, ARP, sidstation, electric harmonium, viscount organ, percussion, lap-steel
Håkon Gebhardt: drums, vocals, banjo, percussion, zither, guitars, glockenspiel, lap-steel
with:
Helge Sten (Deathprod): Audio virus, echoplex, filters, theremin, percussion
Baard Slagsvold: Piano, vocals, mellotron, clavinette, hammond organ
and:
Strings played by: Øyvind Fossheim, Vegard Johnsen, André Orvik, Hans Morten Stensland, Jon W. Sønstebø & Anne Britt Søvig Årdal
Horns and reeds played by: Ketil Vestrum Einarsen, Lars Horntveth, Anne-Grethe Orvik, Øyvind Brække, Mathias Eick.
References
2002 albums
Motorpsycho albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20a%20Love%20Cult |
In combinatorics, a squarefree word is a word (a sequence of symbols) that does not contain any squares. A square is a word of the form , where is not empty. Thus, a squarefree word can also be defined as a word that avoids the pattern .
Finite squarefree words
Binary alphabet
Over a binary alphabet , the only squarefree words are the empty word , and .
Ternary alphabet
Over a ternary alphabet , there are infinitely many squarefree words. It is possible to count the number of ternary squarefree words of length .
This number is bounded by , where . The upper bound on can be found via Fekete's Lemma and approximation by automata. The lower bound can be found by finding a substitution that preserves squarefreeness.
Alphabet with more than three letters
Since there are infinitely many squarefree words over three-letter alphabets, this implies there are also infinitely many squarefree words over an alphabet with more than three letters.
The following table shows the exact growth rate of the -ary squarefree words:
2-dimensional words
Consider a map from to , where is an alphabet and is called a 2-dimensional word. Let be the entry . A word is a line of if there exists such that , and for .
Carpi proves that there exists a 2-dimensional word over a 16-letter alphabet such that every line of is squarefree. A computer search shows that there are no 2-dimensional words over a 7-letter alphabet, such that every line of is squarefree.
Generating finite squarefree words
Shur proposes an algorithm called R2F (random-t(w)o-free) that can generate a squarefree word of length over any alphabet with three or more letters. This algorithm is based on a modification of entropy compression: it randomly selects letters from a k-letter alphabet to generate a -ary squarefree word.
algorithm R2F is
input: alphabet size ,
word length
output: a -ary squarefree word of length .
choose in uniformly at random
set to followed by all other letters of in increasing order
set the number of iterations to 0
while do
choose in uniformly at random
append to the end of
update shifting the first elements to the right and setting
increment by
if ends with a square of rank then
delete the last letters of
return
Every (k+1)-ary squarefree word can be the output of Algorithm R2F, because on each iteration it can append any letter except for the last letter of .
The expected number of random k-ary letters used by Algorithm R2F to construct a -ary squarefree word of length isNote that there exists an algorithm that can verify the squarefreeness of a word of length in time. Apostolico and Preparata give an algorithm using suffix trees. Crochemore uses partitioning in his algorithm. Main and Lorentz provide an algorithm based on the divide-and-conquer method. A naive implementation may require time to verify the squarefreeness of a word of length .
Infinite squarefree words
There exist arbitrarily long squarefree words in any alphabet with three or more letters, as proved by Axel Thue.
Examples
First difference of the Thue–Morse sequence
One example of an infinite squarefree word over an alphabet of size 3 is the word over the alphabet obtained by taking the first difference of the Thue–Morse sequence. That is, from the Thue–Morse sequence
one forms a new sequence in which each term is the difference of two consecutive terms of the Thue–Morse sequence. The resulting squarefree word is
.
Leech's morphism
Another example found by John Leech is defined recursively over the alphabet . Let be any squarefree word starting with the letter . Define the words recursively as follows: the word is obtained from by replacing each in with , each with , and each with . It is possible to prove that the sequence converges to the infinite squarefree word
Generating infinite squarefree words
Infinite squarefree words can be generated by squarefree morphism. A morphism is called squarefree if the image of every squarefree word is squarefree. A morphism is called k–squarefree if the image of every squarefree word of length k is squarefree.
Crochemore proves that a uniform morphism is squarefree if and only if it is 3-squarefree. In other words, is squarefree if and only if is squarefree for all squarefree of length 3. It is possible to find a squarefree morphism by brute-force search.
algorithm squarefree_morphism is
output: a squarefree morphism with the lowest possible rank .
set
while True do
set k_sf_words to the list of all squarefree words of length over a ternary alphabet
for each in k_sf_words do
for each in k_sf_words do
for each in k_sf_words do
if then
break from the current loop (advance to next )
if and then
if is squarefree for all squarefree of length then
return
increment by
Over a ternary alphabet, there are exactly 144 uniform squarefree morphisms of rank 11 and no uniform squarefree morphisms with a lower rank than 11.
To obtain an infinite squarefree words, start with any squarefree word such as , and successively apply a squarefree morphism to it. The resulting words preserve the property of squarefreeness. For example, let be a squarefree morphism, then as , is an infinite squarefree word.
Note that, if a morphism over a ternary alphabet is not uniform, then this morphism is squarefree if and only if it is 5-squarefree.
Letter combinations in squarefree words
Avoid two-letter combinations
Over a ternary alphabet, a squarefree word of length more than 13 contains all the squarefree two-letter combinations.
This can be proved by constructing a squarefree word without the two-letter combination . As a result, is the longest squarefree word without the combination and its length is equal to 13.
Note that over a more than three-letter alphabet there are squarefree words of any length without an arbitrary two-letter combination.
Avoid three-letter combinations
Over a ternary alphabet, a squarefree word of length more than 36 contains all the squarefree three-letter combinations.
However, there are squarefree words of any length without the three-letter combination .
Note that over a more than three-letter alphabet there are squarefree words of any length without an arbitrary three-letter combination.
Density of a letter
The density of a letter in a finite word is defined as where is the number of occurrences of in and is the length of the word. The density of a letter in an infinite word is where is the prefix of the word of length .
The minimal density of a letter in an infinite ternary squarefree word is equal to .
The maximum density of a letter in an infinite ternary squarefree word is equal to .
Notes
References
.
Formal languages
Combinatorics on words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-free%20word |
Dinosaur is the debut studio album by the alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. It was released in 1985 on Homestead Records. The album exhibits a folkier side of the band than on future releases, but some of the tracks on the album showed off a much heavier, more hardcore punk-based side to the band in songs such as "Does it Float", "Mountain Man" and "Bulbs of Passion."
The album was originally released when the band was still known simply as Dinosaur, before a lawsuit forced the name change to Dinosaur Jr. Therefore, it was originally a self-titled album, but subsequent issues kept the Dinosaur title.
Reception
Critical reception of the album was mixed to positive. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the albums 3 stars out of a possible 5, describing Dinosaur as having a few standout songs but overall as "impressive, but uneven" due to the band's struggling to integrate hardcore punk, hard rock with touches of experimental music. Pitchfork Media ranked the album at 6.2 out of 10, describing it as "a fucking mess" with overlong songs drawing on too many styles to be consistent.
Track listing
All songs written by J Mascis.
"Bulbs of Passion" was not featured on the original vinyl LP; it was a b-side to the "Repulsion" single. Subsequent reissues on cassette and compact disc featured it as the last song. The 2005 reissue on Merge Records placed "Bulbs of Passion" as the first track at J Mascis' request. "Yeah, I asked for that," J recalls, "because [that song] gave our new direction - it felt like we were our own sound." Also featured was a 1987 live performance of "Does It Float" as a bonus track to close out the album.
Personnel
Dinosaur Jr.
J Mascis - vocals, guitar, tom tom, cymbal, big muff
Lou Barlow - bass, vocals, synthesizer (credited as casio)
Murph - drums, vocals, synthesizer (credited as casio)
Additional Personnel
Chris Dixon and Glen - engineering
Jason Talerman - photography
Maura Jasper - cover art
Lou Barlow - back cover art
References
Dinosaur Jr. albums
1985 debut albums
Homestead Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur%20%28Dinosaur%20Jr.%20album%29 |
The enzyme histidine decarboxylase (, HDC) is transcribed on chromosome 15, region q21.1-21.2, and catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine. In mammals, histamine is an important biogenic amine with regulatory roles in neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion and immune response. Histidine decarboxylase is the sole member of the histamine synthesis pathway, producing histamine in a one-step reaction. Histamine cannot be generated by any other known enzyme. HDC is therefore the primary source of histamine in most mammals and eukaryotes. The enzyme employs a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) cofactor, in similarity to many amino acid decarboxylases. Eukaryotes, as well as gram-negative bacteria share a common HDC, while gram-positive bacteria employ an evolutionarily unrelated pyruvoyl-dependent HDC. In humans, histidine decarboxylase is encoded by the HDC gene.
Structure
Histidine decarboxylase is a group II pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase, along with aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, and tyrosine decarboxylase. HDC is expressed as a 74 kDa polypeptide which is not enzymatically functional. Only after post-translational processing does the enzyme become active. This processing consists of truncating much of the protein's C-terminal chain, reducing the peptide molecular weight to 54 kDa.
Histidine decarboxylase exists as a homodimer, with several amino acids from the respective opposing chain stabilizing the HDC active site. In HDC's resting state, PLP is covalently bound in a Schiff base to lysine 305, and stabilized by several hydrogen bonds to nearby amino acids aspartate 273, serine 151 and the opposing chain's serine 354. HDC contains several regions that are sequentially and structurally similar to those in a number of other pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases. This is particularly evident in the vicinity of the active site lysine 305.
Mechanism
HDC decarboxylates histidine through the use of a PLP cofactor initially bound in a Schiff base to lysine 305. Histidine initiates the reaction by displacing lysine 305 and forming an aldimine with PLP. Then, histidine's carboxyl group leaves the substrate, forming carbon dioxide. This is the rate-limiting step of the all process, requiring an activation energy of 17.6 kcal/mol and fitting the experimental turnover of 1.73 s^{-1}. After the decarboxylation takes place, the PLP intermediate is protonated by tyrosine 334 from the second subunit. The protonation is mediated by a water molecule and it is very fast and also very exergonic. Finally, PLP re-forms its original Schiff base at lysine 305, and histamine is released. This mechanism is very similar to those employed by other pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases. In particular, the aldimine intermediate is a common feature of all known PLP-dependent decarboxylases. HDC is highly specific for its histidine substrate.
Biological relevance
Histidine decarboxylase is the primary biological source of histamine. Histamine is an important biogenic amine that moderates numerous physiologic processes. There are four different histamine receptors, H1, H2, H3, and H4, each of which carries a different biological significance. H1 modulates several functions of the central and peripheral nervous system, including circadian rhythm, body temperature and appetite. H2 activation results in gastric acid secretion and smooth muscle relaxation. H3 controls histamine turnover by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release. Finally, H4 plays roles in mast cell chemotaxis and cytokine production.
In humans, HDC is primarily expressed in mast cells and basophil granulocytes. Accordingly, these cells contain the body's highest concentrations of histamine granules. Non-mast cell histamine is also found in the brain, where it is used as a neurotransmitter.
Inhibition
HDC can be inhibited by α-fluoromethylhistidine and histidine methyl ester.
Clinical significance
Antihistamines are a class of medications designed to reduce unwanted effects of histamine in the body. Typical antihistamines block specific histamine receptors, depending on what physiological purpose they serve. For example, diphenhydramine (Benadryl™), targets and inhibits the H1 histamine receptor to relieve symptoms of allergic reactions. Inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase can conceivably be used as atypical antihistamines. Tritoqualine, as well as various catechins, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a major component of green tea, have been shown to target HDC and histamine-producing cells, reducing histamine levels and providing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-angiogenic effects.
Mutations in the gene for Histidine decarboxylase have been observed in one family with Tourette syndrome (TS) and are not thought to account for most cases of TS.
See also
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Tyrosine decarboxylase
Decarboxylation
Histamine
Antihistamine
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Mast cell
References
Further reading
External links
EC 4.1.1
Histamine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine%20decarboxylase |
Voyage 34: The Complete Trip is a compilation album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. The individual tracks for the album were recorded in 1992 and 1993, while the album itself was compiled and released in 2000, and then reissued again in 2004.
Background
The album originated from a single track, titled "Voyage 34", which was to be part of Porcupine Tree's second studio album, Up the Downstair. Originally a 30-minute track intended to be the second disc of a double album, Wilson eventually decided to release "Voyage 34" independently of the rest of the album. It was released in two parts, as singles, as "Voyage 34 (Phase 1)" and "Voyage 34 (Phase 2)" in 1992. In 1993, Voyage 34: Remixes was released, containing two remixes of the originals. "Voyage 34 (Phase 3)" was a remix by the British electronic music group Astralasia, while "Voyage 34 (Phase 4)" was a remix by Wilson himself, along with future band member Richard Barbieri. A voice sample of Dead Can Dance's song "As the Bell Rings the Maypole Spins" is repeated throughout all four tracks as well as a synth effect sampled from Van der Graaf Generator's song "A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers".
Voyage 34: The Complete Trip compiles all four "phases" onto one album. The cover art is inspired in Timothy Leary's record L.S.D (1966) cover.
Concept
Voyage 34 is a concept album, where the LSD trip of a young man called Brian is told with spoken words. Musically it is a fusion of progressive rock, psychedelic rock and trance music. During a 2002 interview before the release of In Absentia, Steven Wilson said the following about the release of Voyage 34 after being asked why the band released a 30-minute single:
"It was an anti-single. It was a thirty-minute single about drugs and it had no vocals in it. I thought that no one is going to play this. But it charted anyway. It was the ultimate 'fuck you'. We have released four-minute singles since then. But for Porcupine Tree to release a single is like an oxymoron. It's very difficult to take out a four-minute chunk from an album and say 'Here we are. This totally encapsulates everything Porcupine Tree are about.' It's never been satisfactory to me to release a single. If you know the group, you know that one minute we go from extreme metal riffing to ambient texture, the next minute we'll have a pop hook, and the next minute we'll have some avant-garde sample. All of these things are part of the album. How do you take a chunk of that? To me it's totally unrepresentative."
Wilson said of Voyage 34 in 2012:
The whole point about Voyage 34 was an exercise in genre. In that sense it stands apart from the rest of the catalogue...back in the early Nineties, there was an explosion in ambient music, a fusion of electronic music and techno music with the philosophy of people like Brian Eno and Tangerine Dream. I thought there was an interesting opportunity to do something that would bring progressive rock and psychedelia into that mixture. I wouldn't say Voyage 34 was a technical exercise, that makes it sound like a science project, but it was a one-off experiment in a particular genre in which I knew I wouldn't be staying for very long.
I was given a tape of a guy having a bad trip in the Sixties. It was an anti-LSD propaganda album and it was perfect to form a narrative around which I could form this long, hypnotic, trippy piece of music. And that was Voyage 34. Even at the time, I think that sort of music was already passing. Music that is too attached to a trend very soon starts to sound very dated. I was always interested in existing outside the bubble of whatever was hip, and that kind of music was very briefly hip. Voyage 34 sits inside that bubble. I'm still very proud of it. It was a unique piece of music, but of all the catalogue, it's one of the pieces which relates most closely to the era that it was created in.
Track listing
"Phase I" – 12:55
"Phase II" – 17:31
"Phase III" – 19:29
"Phase IV" - 19:47
When the tracks were compiled for CD in 2000, the length of Phase IV was cut to 13:42; there is about five minutes of silence after this on the 2004 reissue, followed by a 2-minute hidden track, taking its duration to 20:44. A recent 2017 CD reissue reinstates the original length of 19:47.
References
External links
Porcupine Tree Official Website
Porcupine Tree albums
2000 compilation albums
Concept albums
Instrumental rock compilation albums
Snapper Music compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage%2034%3A%20The%20Complete%20Trip |
Traci Thirteen, also known as Girl 13 and Traci 13, is a superhero featured in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Joe Kelly and artist Dwayne Turner, she first appeared in Superman vol. 2 #189 (February 2003).
Traci is the daughter of sorceress Meihui Lan and Doctor Thirteen, a renowned investigator and skeptic of the supernatural. Despite her father's disapproval of her mystic powers, Traci eventually separates from him and embarks on her own superhero career as a sorceress. She combines her magical abilities with the detective skills taught to her by her father and Elongated Man. Throughout her appearances, Traci becomes an ally of the Superman Family and has been involved with several superhero teams, including Justice League Dark, Night Force, and Justice League Queer. The character is often written to be of Asian descent and queer, having been love interests to both Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes) and Natasha Irons.
Traci 13, has made several notable appearances in animated media. She appeared in the animated film Teen Titans: The Judas Contract and made her debut in the third season of Young Justice, where she was voiced by Lauren Tom. In Young Justice, her character is named Traci Thurston.
Publication history
Traci Thirteen first appeared in Superman vol. 2 #189 (February 2003), created by Joe Kelly and Dwayne Turner.
Fictional character biography
Traci 13 is a member of the "Homo Magi," a lineage of humans with inherent sorcery abilities. Her father, Doctor Thirteen, prohibits her from practicing magic due to her mother's death caused by magical influences. Traci relocated to Metropolis' Suicide Slum, determined to live independently alongside her pet iguana named Leeroy. There, she discovered and harnessed the "urban magic" of the city, adopting the moniker Girl 13 and becoming a sort of superhero. She crossed paths with Superboy, who developed an attraction to her, though the feeling was not reciprocated. Utilizing her magical abilities, Traci defended an injured Superman from a spectral female ninja, alongside fellow "Supergirls" Natasha Irons and Cir-El, forming a friendship with them.
Day of Vengeance
In the one-shot Day of Vengeance: Infinite Crisis Special Traci joined a large group of mystical heroes, including Doctor Occult, the Phantom Stranger, and Rex the Wonder Dog in cleaning up one of the Spectre's many rampages. The Rock of Eternity had exploded over Gotham City, unleashing multiple mystical horrors. The group soon recreated the rock, trapping the demons again.
One Year Later
Currently she resides with her father in Doomsbury Mansion, the ancestral home of her family, annoyed by his skepticism and boring outlook. Blue Beetle #16 established that Traci was raised and trained by Ralph Dibny and his wife Sue some time after her mother's death. A member of the Croatoans, the paranormal detective organization shown in 52, she travels around the world, sometimes with her father, and sometimes solo, fighting paranormal menaces with her growing magical abilities. She has recently started a relationship with Jaime Reyes, the current Blue Beetle. As a result of Jaime becoming a full-time member of the Teen Titans, she has also begun interacting with his teammates, such as during a recent Christmas adventure. For a period of time, Red Devil appeared to feel annoyed by Traci's presence as she distracted his new friend Blue Beetle. However, after she bought him a series of much desired video games, she became quickly accepted by Eddie. She is also featured on the cover of Teen Titans vol. 3 #66 as a potential new member. She opted not to join however, feeling it would be too weird to be on a team with her boyfriend, despite how much fun it would be to mess with his head. She does remain an ally of the Titans, helping them when they need it, especially during the prison riot caused by Shimmer and Jinx, using her magic to disable Jinx's connection to the Earth, thus undoing her barrier spell.
Beginning in May 2010, Traci began co-starring in a back-up feature in Teen Titans alongside Black Alice and Zachary Zatara. The feature ended in September 2010, when Teen Titans reverted to a standard 22-page format.
DC Rebirth
During the 2016 DC Rebirth event, a newer version of Traci 13 was introduced. The character seemingly retains some of her earlier history in her previous version, being the daughter of the witch and homo magi Meihui Lan and Doctor Terry Thirteen, a well-known ghost hunter and skeptic. Unlike prior versions, the Thirteen family is depicted as being a family line of detectives and investigators who generally are irrationally skeptical of the supernatural. It is also expressed that in this continuity, while the exact circumstances are unknown in how her mother died, her father blames Traci and forbids her from using her magical abilities. When he suddenly disappeared, she became a freelance problem-solver specializing in the supernatural in Metropolis. She was later reunited with her father, who was revealed to have been possessed by demons shortly after her mother's death.
Superwoman (2016- 2017)
Traci first appears in the Who Killed Superwoman storyline, warning Steel, Natasha, and Lana of Lena Luthor's plans, who has since taken the identity of "Ultrawoman", converted her body into a mechanized chassis, and worked to discredit her brother, Lex Luthor (now known as the "Superman of Metropolis"), whom have used her parapalegic condition (in which he inadvertently contributed to due to his arrogance in the past concerning her treatments) to his advantage as her contributions to LexCorp was kept secret with Lex gaining all the credit. Creating Bizarro Superwoman as her servants, she began causing havoc in Metropolis, prompting Taci 13's attention due to the nature of her powers making her have an affinity for its well-being, including becoming with concerns with acts that damage the city itself.
Traci later appears in the Midnight Hour storyline, with Natasha and Traci having been dating and Traci's powers having weakened. She helps the Superman Family and Maxima fight the entity known as M1dn1ght, a computer program made by Lena Luthor previously was given sentience by Superwoman unintentionally through her powers, using her powers to investigate the connection between the program and Lena. She informs the team of the connection as M1dn1ght uses black holes to kidnap Metropolis civilians. M1dn1iht manages to capture Superwoman, revealing her origin as a program made to save Lena should she be captured as a failsafe, before Superwoman escapes. Later, Traci uses her powers in order to send Superwoman into the "Void" a digital dimension of computer code in order to battle M1dn1ght once more, who has since worked to instead gain independence from Lena's programming. Not long after Steel and other citizens were saved by Superwoman and M1dn1ght temporary merging of the minds, Traci is mentioned to be working with the Superman Family in monitoring Metropolis's police scanners for criminal activities.
DC Universe (2018- Current)
In between her appearances in Superwoman and Raven: Daughter of Darkness, it is mentioned in the 2018 Titans Special series by Natasha that both Traci and Nastasha had broken up. In the Raven: Daughter of Darkness series, Traci is later approached by Baron Winters in order to enlist her help against the Shadowriders, a group of entities who are hunting people who can use magic. While skeptical due to his reputation (from her father's account), she eventually briefly joins Winter's Night Force (consisting of familiar young magic users: Raven, Klarion the Witch Boy, Zach Zatara, Black Alice and newcomers Skye, and Robert Diaz) in order to combat the magic murdering villains and reveals herself as a fan of the Teen Titans hero, Raven.
Characterization
Sexuality & romances
The character was originally presented as a heterosexual character, as her only relationship was with Jaime Reyes prior to the rebooted continuity post Flashpoint. This depiction is consistent with other media versions of Traci, as she appears in both Young Justice and Teen Titans: The Judas Contract as a love interest to Jaime Reyes. When reintroduced in DC Rebirth, the character's history was retroactively rebooted with a new background, presenting the character in a relationship with fellow Superman Family hero, Natasha Irons.
Powers and abilities
Traci 13, as a member of the homo magi race, possesses inherent magical abilities and is classified as a "Magician", making her proficient in casting spells. Compared to peers like Black Alice and Zachary Zatara, Traci 13 demonstrates a higher level of skill in mystical aptitude and understanding.
Her expertise lies in "urban magic," a form of magic that enables her to tap into the mystical energies present within a city to perform magical feats. In recent iterations of her character, her urban magic abilities grant her a deep understanding of scientific concepts and technical skills. She exhibits proficiency in areas such as comprehending binary code and integrating her powers with technology. Traci 13's magical abilities can be further enhanced through the use of magical artifacts. Primarily, she wields the Staff of Arion, a powerful artifact created by the sorcerer Arion. By focusing her concentration, she can manipulate the arcane energies of the staff to cast spells with considerable power, allowing her to confront formidable magical entities such as Eclipso. In addition to her magical prowess, Traci 13 possesses acute detective skills.
Other versions
Terri Thirteen
A character named Terri Thirteen briefly appeared in the series 52 as a member of the Croatoan Society. It is believed this character was actually Traci, but misnamed Terri due to editorial oversight.
Flashpoint
Traci appears in the 2011 Flashpoint crossover event, as revealed on DC's blog. In this reality, Traci rescues her father from Paris before it is destroyed by the Atlanteans, though she feels guilty she was unable to save her mother and siblings. She discovers that her father and superheroes from around the world are preparing to take drastic action to stop the Amazons and Atlanteans. She still remembers details of how reality should be, and meets Madame Xanadu for advice. When she tries to stop the heroes from launching nuclear weapons, her father drugs her and proceeds to start the countdown. Traci teleports to find help, but is unsuccessful, and returns to face her father. Doctor Thirteen magically attacks her, apparently having learnt the art of black magic. Failing to defeat her father, Traci decides to teleport to Western Europe to sacrifice herself. Doctor Thirteen arrives and finally accepts his daughter back. But when Traci is impaled by Amazons, Doctor Thirteen becomes enraged and begins a killing spree. Traci is restored to life from her spiritual connection to Earth and manages to stop her father by showing him the planetary consciousness. As the nuclear weapons are about to be activated, Doctor Thirteen uses his magic to destroy them. Traci rescues her father and teleported them back to Earth. It is revealed that they have both used up all of their magic.
In other media
Television
Traci Thirteen appears in Young Justice, voiced by Lauren Tom. Introduced in the third season, this version is Traci Thurston, a member of the Team who is in a relationship with Jaime Reyes. In the fourth season, Thurston becomes a student under Zatanna and joins her Sentinels of Magic, during which the group becomes Doctor Fate as part of a rotation agreement between Zatanna and Nabu.
In October 2017, The CW announced a one-hour drama series based on Traci Thirteen and her father Dr. Terrance Thirteen, titled Project 13, was in development, with Elizabeth Banks attached as an executive producer. The project never came to fruition.
Film
Traci Thirteen appears in Teen Titans: The Judas Contract, voiced by Masasa Moyo. This version works at a soup kitchen.
References
External links
DCU Guide: Traci Thirteen
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
DC Comics witches
Superhero detectives
Comics characters introduced in 2003
Characters created by Joe Kelly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci%20Thirteen |
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