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Havsa () is a town in Edirne Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Havsa District. Its population is 8,702 (2022). The mayor is Aydın Balkan (AKP).
History
Havsa was founded by Ancient Romans. When the empire split into two, the city fell into the area of the Byzantine Empire. In 1331, the land was captured by Turks under the leadership of Murat I and the area was named Hosa. After Edirne became the center of the Ottoman Empire, the Rûm population in Hosa abandoned the city and moved to Istanbul and Thessaloniki. After the capture of Constantinople, Turks from Anatolia moved in, making the town Turkish.
Geography
The town is 21 kilometers away from Edirne, and 218 kilometers from Istanbul.
Name
The town was called Hosa by the Turks in 1331. After Hafsa Hatun moved to the town, it was called Hafsa. Later, the two names were combined to form the current name Havsa.
References
Populated places in Edirne Province
Havsa District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havsa |
Havza is a municipality and district of Samsun Province, Turkey. Its area is 865 km2, and its population is 38,492 (2022). The mayor is Sebahattin Özdemir (AKP).
Composition
There are 98 neighbourhoods in Havza District:
19 Mayıs
25 Mayıs
Ağcamahmut
Ağdırhasan
Arslançayırı
Aşağısusuz
Aşağıyavucak
Bahçelievler
Başpelit
Bekdiğin
Belalan
Beyköy
Beyören
Boyalı
Boyalıca
Çakıralan
Çamyatağı
Çay
Çayırözü
Çelikalan
Celil
Çeltek
Cevizlik
Çiftlikköy
Değirmenüstü
Demiryurt
Dereköy
Doğançayır
Dündarlı
Ekinpınarı
Elmacık
Ereli
Erikbelen
Ersandık
Esenbey
Eymir
Gelincik
Gidirli
Göçmenler
Güvercinlik
Hacıbattal
Hacıdede
Hecinli
Hilmiye
İcadiye
Ilıca
İmaret
İmircik
İnönü
Kaleköy
Kamlık
Karabük
Karageçmiş
Karahalil
Karameşe
Karga
Karşıyaka
Kayabaşı
Kayacık
Kemaliye
Kirenlik
Kıroğlu
Kocaoğlu
Kocapınar
Küflek
Kuşkonağı
Medrese
Memduhiye
Meryemdere
Mesudiye
Mısmılağaç
Mürsel
Orhaniye
Ortaklar
Paşapınarı
Pınarçay
Şerifali
Şeyhali
Şeyhkoyun
Şeyhler
Şeyhsafi
Sivrikese
Sofular
Sondaj
Taşkaracaören
Tekkeköy
Tuzla
Uluçal
Üniversite
Yağcımahmut
Yaylaçatı
Yazıkışla
Yenice
Yenimahalle
Yenimescit
Yeşilalan
Yukarısusuz
Yukarıyavucak
References
Populated places in Samsun Province
Districts of Samsun Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havza |
Vihren ( ) is the highest peak of Bulgaria's Pirin Mountains. Reaching , it is Bulgaria's second and the Balkans' third highest, after Musala and Mount Olympus. Although due to the karst topography Vihren is deprived of lakes and streams, a number of Pirin's lakes are located around the peak, as is Europe's southernmost glacial mass, the Snezhnika glacieret. Until 1942 Vihren was known as Eltepe (peak of storms); it was also called Buren (stormy) and Malnienosets (lightning-bringer). The UNESCO World Heritage Site Pirin National Park was originally known as the Vihren National Park. Vihren is included in the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria under No. 2.
Geography
Vihren is situated in the northern subdivision of Pirin on the mountain's main ridge between the summits of Kutelo (2,908 m) to the north-west and Hvoynati Vrah (2,635 m) to the south-east. It is connected with these two peaks via the saddles of Premkata (2,610 m) to the north and Kabata (2,535 m) to the south. The summit is located between the valleys of the rivers Vlahina reka of the Struma drainage to the west and Banderitsa of the Mesta drainage to the east.
Seen from the town of Bansko, situated at the foothills of Pirin to the north-east of Vihren, the peak looks like a truncated pyramid, and from the south — like а tetrahedral pyramid. The summit is built up marbles and has a karst topography which determines the lack of streams and lakes around Vihren. The closest lakes are the Vlahini Lakes to the south-west. To the north are situated the deep and waterless cirques Golemiya Kazan and Malkiya Kazan, known as the Kazanite (the cauldrons). Below the 450 m-high walls of Vihren facing Golemiya Kazan there is a small glacier called Snezhnika, which is Europe's southernmost glacial mass. Its size in summer is 80x90 m.
The average annual minimal temperature varies between –25° and –21°С, while the maximal temperatures are between 15° and 23°С. The mean annual precipitation is 1150 mm; the snow cover reaches depth of 3 m. There is a meteorological station at 1,950 m.
Wildlife
The wildlife is alpine. The flora of Vihren's slopes consists of herbaceous plants and lichens. Vihren is home to a number of habitats, including alpine and sub-alpine open calcareous grasslands that at inclination of 30–45° at altitude over 2,500 m on the marble bedrock forms phytocenosis dominated by Sesleria korabensis, and alpine and sub-alpine closed calcareous grasslands on very rocky bedrock. With less abundance is the relict plant Carex rupestris; some plant communities have an abundance of Carex kitaibeliana and Sesleria coerulans. There are also Alyssum cuneifolium, Bellardiochloa variegata, Bromus lacmonicus, Cerastium lanatum, Koeleria eriostachya, Onobrychis pindicola, Scutellaria alpina, Sesleria coerulans, etc. Rare or endemic herbaceous plants that grow on the slopes of Vihren are edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum), Pirin poppy (Papaver degenii), Oxytropis urumovii, Alyssum pirinicum, Timmia norvegica, Thymus perinicus, etc.
The fauna includes various bird species, small mammals and abundant populations of chamois.
Tourism
Vihren is among the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria under No. 2 and stamps to verify the visit can be found in the Museum of Nikola Vaptsarov in Bansko and in Vihren refuge. The summit is part of the initiative of the Bulgarian Tourist Union "Conqueror of the Top Ten Mountain Peaks" to promote mountaineering.
Vihren was first climbed in winter on 9 January 1925 by T.Atanasov, D.Stoykov, V.Baynov and N.Bozhinov. The classical route to climb the peak is from the Vihren refuge (1,950 m) to the south via the Kabata saddle; this route takes three to four hours in summer and is steep reaching denivelation of almost 1,000 m in а short time. Other routes include those from the Banderitsa refuge (1,810 m) or across the knife-edge crest Koncheto from the north. From the Kazanite cirques in the north there is a 400 m-high steep wall which has several tracks from alpine climbing. This wall was first climbed in 1934 by the German alpinists W.Mosel and F.Auer; in winter it was first ascended in 1949 by Al.Belkovski and Vl.Lobodin.
From the top there is a view to almost the whole of northern Pirin, as well as to the mountain ranges of Rila, Rhodope, Maleshevo, Ograzhden, Belasica and Slavyanka.
Honour
Vihren Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Vihren.
See also
Pirin
Kutelo
Pirin National Park
List of mountains in Bulgaria
Geography of Bulgaria
List of mountains of the Balkans
Southernmost glacial mass in Europe
List of European ultra-prominent peaks
List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks
Most isolated major summits of Europe
List of mountain ranges
References
References
External links
Mountains of Pirin
Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province
Two-thousanders of Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihren |
A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the Southern Railway (SR) and its constituent companies. This page explains the principal systems that were used.
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the Southern Railway
Numbering
Post-grouping numbering
When the SR was created in 1923, it immediately set about finding a solution to the problem that many of its inherited locomotives carried the same numbers. The first solution, was to prefix all locomotive numbers with a letter derived from the first letter of the main locomotive works on each section of the SR. New locomotives were then given a prefixed number in the appropriate series for the area in which they worked. Later, the letter prefix was dropped and numbers were increased by a certain number of thousands, as follows:
Ex-South Eastern and Chatham Railway: 'A' (for Ashford), later 1000 added
Ex-London, Brighton and South Coast Railway: 'B' (for Brighton), later 2000 added
Ex-London and South Western Railway: 'E' (for Eastleigh), later reverted to original numbers
The LSWR had renumbered its older locomotives into a 'duplicate list' series (for locomotives that were no longer in capital stock, but which were not yet life-expired) by adding '0' to the front of their original number (e.g. 0298). When the prefix letters were dropped by the SR, the surviving locomotives in this list had the '0' replaced with a '3' (e.g. 0298 became 3298).
An exception to this general arrangement was the numbering of locomotives on the Isle of Wight. Inherited locomotives and those transferred to the island by the SR were renumbered into a single list commencing at 1 and prefixed by the letter 'W' (for Wight).
From 1942, the SR adopted a numbering system for new-build locomotives (both steam and electric types) based on their wheel arrangement according to the UIC classification scheme, e.g., C1-40 (for the SR Class Q1 of forty 0-6-0 locomotives), etc. If the UIC classification was applied entirely correctly it would result in confusion on locomotives with trailing axles, since these are represented by a number. Therefore the SR put the unpowered axle counts first, then the driven axles, then the locomotive's unique number; for instance the SR-built Merchant Navy class was numbered 21C1-20 (two leading axles, one trailing axle, three driven axles, twenty locomotives). This system did not clearly distinguish between different classes of locomotives with the same wheel arrangement, although different blocks of numbers could be assigned - the subsequent Light Pacific classes had their numbers start at 21C101 and SR construction finished at 21C170. This approach was not retrospectively applied to older locomotives.
Classification
Constituent companies
London & South Western Railway
From 1 January 1879 the principal LSWR works at Nine Elms (and, subsequently, Eastleigh) used an order number series that ran from A1 to Y1, then A2 to Y2, A3 to Y3 and so on (the letter I, J, Q, U, W and Z were omitted). The system was brought to the LSWR by William Adams from the Stratford Works of the Great Eastern Railway, where an almost identical system was in use from 1856 until after Grouping. This series was used for a myriad of items, including locomotives, but it was these numbers that were used to refer to locomotive classes. The highest-numbered locomotive class was 'H16'. The first three orders ('A1', 'B1', and 'C1') were for components: cylinders, tender wheels, and copper fireboxes respectively. The system was inconsistently applied with regard to the LSWR A12 class, for which the first batch was allocated the work number 'A12' in 1887, the second in 1888 was 'E1' and the third the following year was 'M2'. Even if 'A12' was a typographical error for 'A2', it should still have come after 'E1'.
Where more than one order number had been used for a given class, the first order number allocated was used to refer to the whole class: For instance, the 105 examples of the M7 Class were built over 15 years. The first order was for 25 locomotives and was works order number M7. The next order for 10 locomotives was order number V7 and construction continued across a further 13 batches until A15, all designated as M7s after the original order. Where locomotives were purchased from outside manufacturers, they were referred to by the number applied to the first class member. Self-evidently this meant there was no continuity in the LSWR locomotive classification system; save that if the letters be ignored, higher figures generally meant a more modern design.
Southern Railway
Perhaps because the focus of the SR was on electrification, no standard classification of steam locomotives was developed. Instead, the classes allocated by its pre-Grouping constituents were perpetuated and new locomotive types allocated classes accordingly.
Where SR-design classes were named, then the class was often referred to by the initials of the naming theme, e.g. 'BB' for Battle of Britain class, 'LN' for Lord Nelson class, 'MN' for Merchant Navy class, and 'WC' for 'West Country' class. This did not apply to the 'Schools' class however, which was SR Class V.
Notes
References
Southern Railway (UK)
Locomotive classification systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification |
J.D. Adams may refer to:
J.D. Adams, contestant on American Idol season 2
J.D. Adams & Company, equipment manufacturer 1885–1960
J.D. Adams, Oregon author and electronics engineer.
Adams, J.D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20D.%20Adams |
Santa Maria dei Miracoli may refer to:
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Brescia, Brescia
Santa Maria dei Miracoli presso San Celso, Milan
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Naples
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Ragusa
Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto, Rome
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Maria%20dei%20Miracoli |
Hayrabolu, formerly Charioupolis (), is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,009 km2, and its population is 30,521 (2022). As of 2023 the mayor is Osman İnan of the AKP.
History
Byzantine period
Nothing is known about this city during antiquity. Chariopolis is first mentioned with the presence of Theophylact, Bishop of Chariopolis (ἐπίσκοπος Χαριουπόλεως), at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and of Bishop Kosmas at the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879. Nevertheless, it first appears in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople only in the early 10th century, as a suffragan the metropolitan see of Heraclea. Byzantine emperor and founder of the Macedonian dynasty, Basil I, was born to a peasant family in Chariopolis, possibly in 811.
In the 11th century, a bishop Michael is known through his seal; from the decoration it appears that he may have previously been a member of the clergy of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The town is mentioned in the later 11th century as the site of military operations against invading nomadic tribes: the general Nikephoros Bryennios campaigned against the Pechenegs in 1051; in 1087 the town itself was sacked by a host of Pechenegs, Cumans, and Magyars; and in 1090 the Pechenegs defeated a Byzantine force in its vicinity.
On 15/16 April 1205 Geoffrey of Villehardouin spent the night there, after the disastrous Battle of Adrianople. In the aftermath of the battle, Chariopolis and other nearby towns were conquered by the Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan; a large part of the population was forcibly deported and resettled along the Danube.
In 1305 or 1306, an unnamed bishop of Chariopolis attended a synod called by Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople to condemn John Drimys. A priest named Garianos settled in the town shortly after, fleeing from the Bogomils in northern Thrace. In 1316 he was himself accused of Bogomilism, but was acquitted by a synod under Patriarch John XIII of Constantinople. In 1322, Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos led his army to the town, where he dismissed up to a thousand of his men. In 1344, Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos briefly took up residence in the town. In 1347, the subordination of the bishopric of Chariopolis to Heraclea was formally renewed by imperial prostagma. In December 1349, Kantakouzenos awarded a metochion in the town to the Vatopedi Monastery on Mount Athos. In 1351, the local bishop, whose name is not recorded, participated in a synod against Barlaam of Calabria under Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople.
Ottoman period
In the later 1350s, the Ottoman expansion into Thrace began, under the prince Süleyman Pasha. After Kantakouzenos' abdication in 1354, Süleyman conquered many cities "up to Chariopolis", establishing the first Ottoman province on European soil. If Chariopolis was not conquered in this first wave, then it definitely fell to Süleyman between 1359 and 1362. As a result of the Ottoman conquest, by the end of the 14th century, the bishopric became a titular see, and vanishes completely in the 15th century. The Catholic Church still lists Chariopolis as a titular see, with eight incumbents between 1713 and 1970.
The traveller Evliya Çelebi visited the town in the mid-17th century, describing it as prosperous, a "little Edirne", with much water and beautiful gardens. According to Evliya it was a favoured residence of Ottoman aristocrats. He also reports that the town was a centre of extensive animal husbandry, with large flocks, including camels.
A Greek community, 3,476 strong in 1922, survived in the town until the Greco-Turkish population exchange.
Modern period
Today Hayrabolu is a small market town serving the countryside around it.
Monuments
No Byzantine-era structures survive, but in the early 20th century a local church, dedicated to St. Basil, may have been built on the site of a Byzantine predecessor, and a Byzantine capital was incorporated into the Local Pasha Mosque. At the entrance to the settlement is a 16th-century Ottoman bridge.
Composition
There are 52 neighbourhoods in Hayrabolu District:
Ataköy
Avluobası
Aydınevler
Aydınlar
Bayramşah
Büyükkarakarlı
Buzağcı
Cambazdere
Canhıdır
Çeneköy
Çerkezmüsellim
Çıkrıkçı
Dambaslar
Danişment
Delibedir
Emiryakup
Fahrioğlu
Hacılı
Hasköy
Hedeyli
Hisar
İlyas
İsmailli
Kabahöyük
Kadriye
Kahya
Kandamış
Karababa
Karabürçek
Karakavak
Karayahşi
Kemaller
Kılıçlar
Küçükkarakarlı
Kurtdere
Kutlugün
Lahana
Muzruplu
Öreyköy
Övenler
Parmaksız
Şalgamlı
Soylu
Subaşı
Susuzmüsellim
Tatarlı
Temrezli
Tuğcalı
Umurbey
Umurcu
Yörgüç
Yörükler
References
Sources
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Tekirdağ Province
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Districts of Tekirdağ Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Pomak communities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayrabolu |
Aubrayo Razyo Franklin (; born August 27, 1980) is a former American football nose tackle and in 2015, he was an assistant coach for the San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Tennessee Volunteers.
He has also played for the San Francisco 49ers, New Orleans Saints, San Diego Chargers, and Indianapolis Colts.
Early years
Franklin attended Science Hill High School in Johnson City, Tennessee and was a letterman in football. In football, as a senior, he was an All-Conference and an All-State honoree and finished his senior season with 12 sacks and 180 tackles.
College career
Franklin played college football at the University of Tennessee where he recorded 70 tackles and two sacks. He majored in arts and sciences.
Professional career
2003 NFL Draft
Franklin was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the fifth round (146th overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft, after being projected as a late sixth round pick.
Baltimore Ravens
In his rookie year, he only appeared in one game recording one tackle. In his second season with the Ravens, he contributed to the team by making six appearances and two tackles. In 2005, Franklin played in 15 games and notched up 20 tackles and his first career sack at the Denver Broncos on December 11. He also made his first career start a week later against the Green Bay Packers. In his final season with the Ravens, he played in 14 games recording 17 tackles.
San Francisco 49ers
On March 3, 2007, Aubrayo Franklin signed with the San Francisco 49ers, reuniting himself with Coach Mike Nolan, who was his defensive coordinator in Baltimore. In his first season with the team, he played in 14 games recording a career high 26 tackles.
New Orleans Saints
Franklin signed a one-year contract with the New Orleans Saints on August 2, 2011. After a disappointing 2011 campaign, the Saints elected to allow Franklin to test free agency.
San Diego Chargers
On July 20, 2012, Franklin signed a one-year contract with the San Diego Chargers.
Indianapolis Colts
On March 19, 2013, Franklin signed with the Indianapolis Colts.
Coaching career
San Francisco 49ers
On January 28, 2015, Franklin rejoined the 49ers to an entry-level coaching position under head coach Jim Tomsula, who was his defensive line coach from 2007-2010. After just 1 season, Jim Tomsula was fired thus resulting in a large coaching overhaul that relieved Franklin of his duties.
References
External links
49ers Player Bio
1980 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Baltimore Ravens players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
Indianapolis Colts players
Itawamba Indians football players
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Johnson City, Tennessee
Players of American football from Tennessee
San Diego Chargers players
San Francisco 49ers coaches
San Francisco 49ers players
Tennessee Volunteers football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrayo%20Franklin |
Hayrat is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 244 km2, and its population is 7,667 (2022). The mayor is Mehmet Nuhoğlu (AKP).
History
During World War I, occupied by the Russians, Hayrat was freed from the occupation on 28 February 1918.
Composition
There are 35 neighbourhoods in Hayrat District:
Ağaçlı Düz
Balaban
Balaban Merkez
Çağlayan
Çamlıtepe
Çaycılar
Cumhuriyet
Dağönü
Dereyurt
Fatih
Geçitli
Göksel
Görgülü
Gülderen Fatih
Gülderen Merkez
Hamzalı
Hürriyet
Kılavuz
Köyceğiz
Kurtuluş
Merkez
Meydanlı
Onurlu
Pazarönü
Pınarca
Sarmaşık
Şehitli
Şişli
Taflancık
Topaklı
Yarlı
Yeniköy
Yenimahalle
Yıldırımlar
Yırca
References
External links
District governor's official website
Populated places in Trabzon Province
Districts of Trabzon Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayrat |
Sheikh Adel Al Mouwda was the second deputy chairman of Bahrain's parliament of 2002, the Chamber of Deputies, and the former leader of salafist party, Asalah. Sheikh Al Mouwda is considered the leading spokesman for political Islam in Bahrain and is known for his forthright views, which has seen him often quoted in the international press.
In March 2011, Mouwda was expelled from the Asalah bloc for boycotting an extraordinary meeting of parliament voting on Al Wefaq's en-masse resignation.
Political positions
Sheikh Al Mouwda has been at the forefront of criticism of government plans to build a new national museum to showcase the ancient Dilmun Burial Mounds, telling MPs that the money should be used to construct housing over the extensive mounds, saying "We must have pride in our Islamic roots and not some ancient civilisation from another place and time, which has only given us a jar here and a bone there."
Along with Al-Menbar Islamic Society's Sheikh Mohammed Khalid, Sheikh Al Mouwda has clashed repeatedly with government ministers in parliament over alcohol sales and claimed credit for enforcing a ban on alcohol in five star hotels over Ramadan 2006. He has vowed to "Clean Bahrain's tourism sector from its alleged dependence on this poison."
Although he has sought to reach out to Shia leaders in Bahrain, Sheikh Al Mouwda has been critical of Iranian influence in the region, telling The New York Times: "If Iran acted like an Islamic power, just Islam without Shiism, then Arabs would accept it as a regional Islamic power. But if it came to us with the Shia agenda as a Shiite power, then it will not succeed and it will be powerful, but despised and hated."
Like other Bahraini Islamist leaders such as Ali Salman, Sheikh Al Mouwda formerly lived in London. The radicalization of his political views is said to have occurred whilst studying at the University of North London (now London Metropolitan University).
References
External links
Interview with Salafi Sheikh Adel al- Moawda (English), Asharq Alawsat, 17 September 2006
Members of the Chamber of Deputies with links
Members of the Council of Representatives (Bahrain)
Alumni of the University of North London
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bahraini Islamists
Sunni Islamists
Al Asalah politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Mouwda |
Guerville may refer to:
People
Amédée Baillot de Guerville (1869–1913), French-American journalist and travel writer
Harny de Guerville (), French playwright
Places
Guerville, Seine-Maritime, France
Guerville, Yvelines, France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerville |
Hazro (, ) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 426 km2, and its population is 16,093 (2022).
It is populated by Kurds.
In the local elections in March 2019 Ahmet Çevik from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected Mayor. He was dismissed in November 2019 and the District Governor Ali Öner was appointed as trustee.
Composition
There are 31 neighbourhoods in Hazro District:
Ağartı
Bağyurdu
Bahçe
Bayırdüzü
Cami
Çitlibahçe
Çökeksu
Dadaş
Elhuvan
Gedikalan
Gözlü
Hürriyet
İncekavak
İşkar
Kavaklıboğaz
Kırkkaşık
Kırmataş
Koçbaba
Kulaçtepe
Meşebağları
Mutluca
Ormankaya
Reşik
Sarıçanak
Sarıerik
Terdöken
Topalan
Ülgen
Uzunargıt
Varınca
Yazgı
References
Populated places in Diyarbakır Province
Kurdish settlements in Diyarbakır Province
Districts of Diyarbakır Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazro%2C%20Diyarbak%C4%B1r |
The Maghain Aboth Synagogue (, translit: Ma'gen Ahvot, "Guardian of Patriarchs" or "Shield of our Fathers") is a synagogue in Singapore. It is located at 24/26 Waterloo Street in Rochor, within the Central Area at Singapore's central business district. Constructed in 1878, it is the oldest and largest Jewish synagogue in Southeast Asia and the second largest in Asia itself, outside of Israel.
Managed by the Jewish Welfare Board, it remains to be the main place of worship for the Jewish community in Singapore. It was designated as a national monument of Singapore in 1998. Today, the synagogue and its surroundings has served as the unofficial centre of Jewish activity in Singapore, with several Jewish buildings standing within its vicinity, including a kosher supermarket and a museum.
History
Early years
As early as 1831, Singapore's earliest Jewish settlers were Mizrahi/Sephardic merchants from mainly modern-day Iraq and Iran who came to trade.
In 1870, one of the Synagogue's new trustees, Joseph Joshua, negotiated to buy a plot of land owned by Raffles Institution at Bras Basah for $4,000 in order to build a new synagogue. However, not enough funds were raised to build the new synagogue within the 3-years period agreement.
Construction
Construction of Maghain Aboth began after the land was acquired and was completed in 1878. In 1893, a U-shaped balcony was added to form the second-storey of the building with the purpose of accommodating the female members of the community.
Later in 1924 to 1925, extensions were made to the building and a more solid and permanent gallery was built. The synagogue started to hold a congregation of approximately 40 and served the local Jewish community for 30 years before it was sold. The building was later demolished after World War II. However, parts of the original building remains in use in the present.
Japanese occupation
During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, the synagogue was a significant gathering place for the local Jews to exchange news and collect funds to help those in need. In the past, oil lamps were used during services and they still remain in the present day, hanging from steel rods in loving memory of those who have passed on. The Maghain Aboth Synagogue was gazetted as a national monument later on 27 February 1998.
Contemporary era
In 2007, a seven-storey building called the Jacob Ballas Centre was added to the compound next to the Maghain Aboth Synagogue. It was named after the late Jacob Ballas who was seen as a pillar of the Jewish community in Singapore. The centre provides facilities to meet the needs of the Jewish community such as offices and homes for the Rabbis and the Yeshivah boys, a women's mikvah, a slaughter room for kosher chickens, a kosher restaurant, a kosher shop and a social hall for events and functions including Shabbat and festival meals. Descendants of most of the earliest Jewish settlers in the country are today Singaporean citizens.
In March 2021, the Internal Security Department reported that it had detained a 20-year old national serviceman, Amirull Ali, in February under the Internal Security Act for plotting to attack three Jewish worshippers at the Maghain Aboth Synagogue. Ali was motivated by sympathy towards the Palestinians and believed that these three men had served in the Israel Defense Forces and committed atrocities against the Palestinians. He also reportedly planned to travel to Gaza to join Hamas' military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.
The Jews of Singapore Museum
On 2 December 2021, The Jews of Singapore Museum opened its doors beside the synagogue at the Jacob Ballas Centre, which traces the history of the Jews in Singapore and the contributions notable Jews have made to Singaporean society.
Architecture
As Jewish men and women worship separately in an Orthodox synagogue, the synagogue's original single-storey building could only accommodate men.
The U-shaped second-storey balcony was originally made up wooden slats of makeshift nature which the women were able to see through very clearly. Therefore, the original simple design was deemed inadequate and thus, later constructed to be a solid gallery which was added to the main building which remains in use today.
The synagogue is a symmetrical building which has adopted a neo-classical style and colonial architecture. The design of the building was influenced by the Late Renaissance architectural style in Britain. The building has a repetitive sequence of Palladian arcades and pedestals and within the building, the hall has traditional Roman columns and rusticated walls which is bare of any decoration or image. Along the corners and sides of the building are pilasters topped with decorative capitals. The synagogue's doorways are also adorned with arches with classical keystone architecture. A covered porch fronts the building with steps leading up to the vestibule originally designed for horse carriages.
Most of the windows are of a similar rectangular design and are timber-louvred. The windows are an important feature of a synagogue because based on the Talmud, Jewish synagogues are required to have windows. Despite the deliberate simple design of the synagogue, the building still remains to be elegant due to the combination of its timber-louvred windows, marble floors and red carpets with teak and rattan pews.
The prayer hall is facing west towards Jerusalem and the bimah, an elevated platform in the centre, faces the alcove known as the 'hekhal', which is used to store the Torah scrolls, that is at the West wall of the hall. The parochet which is an embroidered fringed curtain that is rich in details is used to cover the Torah ark. In front of it hangs the sanctuary lamp which signifies the eternal flame that burned in the former Temple of Jerusalem.
See also
History of the Jews in Singapore
Chesed-El Synagogue
References
Further reading
Lee Geok Boi (2002), The Religious Monuments of Singapore, Landmark Books,
Maghain Aboth Synagogue – National Heritage Board
External links
The Virtual Jewish History Tour Singapore
The Jewish Community of Singapore
Hasidic Judaism in Asia
Synagogues in Singapore
Landmarks in Singapore
National monuments of Singapore
Synagogues completed in 1878
Rochor
Iranian-Jewish diaspora
Iraqi-Jewish diaspora in Asia
Neoclassical synagogues
19th-century architecture in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghain%20Aboth%20Synagogue |
Hekimhan () is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,514 km2, and its population is 15,706 (2022). It is located in the upper Euphrates in Eastern Anatolia. Hekimhan is 1,075 m above sea level. The highest point in Hekimhan is Zurbahan mountain (2,091 m). The mayor is Turan Karadağ (CHP).
Historical sites
Taşhan caravanserai (constructed by the Seljuk Turks), a Turkish bath and a mosque built by the Ottomans are some notable historical structures in the town.
Composition
There are 65 neighbourhoods in Hekimhan District:
Akmağara
Aksütlü
Aşağısazlıca
Bağyolu
Bahçedamı
Bahçelievler
Ballıkaya
Basak
Başkavak
Başkınık
Beykent
Boğazgören
Budaklı
Çanakpınar
Çimenlik
Çulhalı
Davulgu
Delihasanyurdu
Dereköy
Deveci
Dikenli
Dikili
Dumlu
Dursunlu
Fatih
Girmana
Güçlü
Güvenç
Güzelyayla
Güzelyurt
Hacılar
Hasançelebi
Haydaroğlu
İğdir
Işıklı
Karadere
Karaköçek
Karapınar
Karşıyaka
Karslılar
Kavacık
Kocaözü
Köprülü Mehmet Paşa
Köylüköyü
Kozdere
Kurşunlu
Mimarsinan
Mollaibrahim
Ş. Fethi Akyüz
Salıcık
Saraylı
Sarıkız
Söğüt
Taşbaşı
Taşoluk
Turgut Özal
Uğurlu
Yağca
Yayladamı
Yeni
Yeşilkale
Yeşilköy
Yeşilpınar
Yukarı Sazlıca
Yukarıselimli
Demographics
Ethnic composition of the villages in Hekimhan District:
Kurdish (Alevi): Aşağısazlıca, Saraylı, Sazlıca
Kurdish (Sunni): Aksütlü, Çimenlik, Delihasanyurdu, Dikenli, Dikili, Güçlü, Güzelyayla, Haydaroğlu, Karapınar, Karslılar, Kavacık, Kurşunlu, Söğüt, Taşoluk (Dereyurt), Yağca, Yeşilköy
Turkish (Alevi): Akmağara, Bahçedamı, Ballıkaya, Basak, Başkavak, Başkınık, Beykent, Boğazören, Budaklı, Çanakpınar, Çulhalı, Davulgu, Dereköy, Güvenç, Hacılar, Hasançelebi, İğdir, Karadere, Karaköçek, Kozdere, Salıcık, Uğurlu, Yeşilkale
Turkish (Sunni): Devecı, Dumlu, Dursunlu, Güzelyurt, Işıklı, Kocaözü, Mollaibrahim, Sarıkız, Yayladam, Yeşilpınar
Kurdish (Alevi) and Turkish (Alevi): Köylüköyü
Kurdish (Alevi) and Turkish (Sunni): Girmana (Yukarıkırmanlı)
Notable people
Mehmet Ali Ağca
References
Populated places in Malatya Province
Districts of Malatya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekimhan |
Hemşin (Armenian: Համշէն Hamshen or Համամաշէն Hamamashen, literally "Hamam's Hamlet"; Laz and Georgian: ზუგა Zuga), is a town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 57 km from the city of Rize. It is the seat of Hemşin District. Its population is 1,472 (2021).
History
As part of the Rize province, Hemshin had been a refuge for some Cimmerians and was a site of early Greek settlements and once part of the Roman Empire and the succeeding Byzantine Empire.
In the 8th century, Armenian Prince Hamam, his father Prince Shapuh Amatuni, and their people migrated north to the Black Sea region in order to escape Arab invasions of Vaspurakan. They settled in the ruined city of Tambur and its surrounding villages. Prince Hamam rebuilt the city and named it Hamamshen ("Hamam's hamlet" in Armenian), this becoming the nucleus of the modern district.
This Principality of Hamamshen existed until the 14th century, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Demographics
The Hemshin peoples (, ; ) are a diverse group of peoples who in the past or present have been affiliated with the region.
Climate
Hemşin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
See also
Hemshin peoples
Amatuni
Çamlıhemşin
Principality of Hamamshen
References
External links
www.Hamshen.org a multi-language discussion forum
Armenian History and Presence in Hemşin
Populated places in Rize Province
Hemshin people
Hemşin District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem%C5%9Fin |
Hendek is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 646 km2, and its population is 90,153 (2022). The municipality was founded in 1907. The mayor of the city is Turgut Babaoğlu (MHP).
Composition
There are 92 neighbourhoods in Hendek District:
Akarca
Akçayır
Akova
Akpınar
Aksu
Aktefek
Aşağıçalıca
Bakacak
Balıklıihsaniye
Başpınar
Bayraktepe
Beyköy
Beylice
Bıçkıatik
Büyükdere
Çakallık
Çamlıca
Çayırbaşı
Çiftlik
Çobanyatak
Çukurhan
Dereboğazı
Dereköy
Dikmen
Esentepe
Eskibıçkı
Göksu
Güldibi
Gündoğan
Güney
Hacıkışla
Hacımbey
Hallaç
Hamitli
Harmantepe
Hicriye
Hüseyinşeyh
İkbaliye
İkramiye
Kadifekale
Kahraman
Kalayık
Karadere
Karatoprak
Kargalı Hanbaba
Kargalıyeniköy
Kazımiye
Kemaliye
Kırktepe
Kızanlık
Kocaahmetler
Kocatöngel
Köprübaşı
Kurtköy
Kurtuluş
Lütfiyeköşk
Mahmutbey
Martinler
Muradiye
Necatipaşa
Nuriye
Paşaköy
Pınarlı
Puna Ortaköy
Rasimpaşa
Sarıdede
Sarıyer
Servetiye
Şeyhler
Sivritepe
Sofular
Soğuksu
Sukenarı
Süleymaniye
Sümbüllü
Turanlar
Türbe
Tuzak
Uzuncaorman
Uzunçarşı
Yağbasan
Yarıca
Yayalar
Yeni
Yeniköy
Yeniyayla
Yeşilköy
Yeşiller
Yeşilvadi
Yeşilyurt
Yukarıçalıca
Yukarıhüseyinşeyh
Notable natives
Gaffar Okkan (1952–2001), assassinated police chief
Süleyman Seba (1926–2014), former football player and long-time president of Beşiktaş J.K.
Gonca Vuslateri (1986- ) actress, columnist, screenwriter and poet
See also
Elmayı Top Top Yapalım
1965 Hendek bus accident
References
External links
Hendek Infos
Hendek news
Hendek net
Hendek
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
1907 establishments in the Ottoman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendek |
Hınıs (; ) is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,367 km2, and its population is 24,680 (2022). Historical monuments in the town include the castle and the Ulu Cami Mosque, said to be built in 1734 by Alaeddin, the bey of Muş. The town is populated by Kurds.
The district, which is 150 km away from the city of Muş, is very close to Hamurpert Lake, which has an important place in history. Hınıs district is surrounded by the Ak Dağ mountains from the north, Bingöl Mountains from the west and south, and Akdoğan mountains from the south to the east. Hınıs district is neighbors with Tekman and Karayazı districts to the north, Karaçoban district to the east, and Varto, Bulanık and Malazgirt districts of Muş to the south. In addition, the Varto city is only 40 km from Hınıs. Hınıs is a plain district and Hınıs plain is one of the most fertile plains of the region. Therefore, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main sources of income in the district. It has the same characteristics as Erzurum in terms of climate and nature. Winters are cold and snowy, and summers are generally cool. In general, it can be said that it is 5-6 degrees warmer than Erzurum.
Geography
The Hınıs plain is an upland plain centered on a tributary of the Murat River. A range of hills on the south separates the Hınıs plain from the Murat River. Kocasu Creek is the biggest water source of Hınıs. It passes through the district center and pours into the Murat river in Bulanık district. On the southwest, the Hınıs plain is separated from the Varto plain by a series of hills and steep valleys. To the north is a range of pyramid-shaped hills called the Ak Dağ, or White Mountains, which are in turn connected to the Bingöl Mountains further west by a plateau called the Menge Dağ. The Menge Dağ forms the northwestern border of the Hınıs plain; from its foothills, Süphan mountain is visible over the hills to the southeast. The Hınıs plain consists of two distinct, gently undulating bands that are occasionally broken up by low-lying hills. The valley has fertile soil and has historically formed a breeding ground for sheep and horses.
The town of Hınıs itself lies near the upper end of the valley, on a volcanic table raised above the surrounding plain. At this end, more than 20 smaller streams join together into the plain's main river.
History
The Hınıs plain formed the main part of the early medieval Armenian canton of Varazhnunik. During this period (roughly the 4th through 7th centuries), Hınıs was probably a fortified market town. Later, after the Arab conquest of Armenia, the region became divided into several small principalities. Hınıs was "almost certainly" the capital of one of these principalities, which was called Sermatz in Greek sources. Sermatz seems to have covered the old district of Varazhnunik as well as the Varto plain to the southwest. Its rulers were probably vassals of the Kaysite emirs of Malazgirt.
During the Kara Koyunlu period, Hınıs was the capital of a small Kurdish emirate which was a vassal of the emirate of Bitlis, which was in turn a vassal of the Kara Koyunlu themselves. The emirate of Hınıs was mainly based on the Hınıs plain but also extended south of the Murat river to include Lake Nazik and the area around Bulanık. Later, under the Ottoman Empire, Hınıs formed a sanjak of Erzurum Eyalet.
Monuments
Castle
Hınıs's old castle crowns a small rocky promontory jutting out above a depression in the middle of the plateau. The castle rock is only accessible on one side, by an elevated "neck" connecting it to the rest of the plateau. This "neck" was the starting point for the walls that historically surrounded the town. Only a couple of towers of the castle remain intact today.
Mosque
The Ulu Cami is beneath the castle rock and outside the town. It dates to 1734 and is traditionally attributed to Ala ed-Din, the bey of Muş who also fortified Mercimekkale on the Muş plain. The mosque is roughly cube-shaped, with one relatively small pyramidal cap crowning the roof, surrounded by 8 smaller domes. The mosque has one, black-and-white striped minaret, on the northwest corner.
Composition
There are 98 neighbourhoods in Hınıs District:
Acarköy
Akbayır
Akçamelik
Akgelin
Akgöze
Akören
Alaca
Alagöz
Alikırı
Alınteri
Altınpınar
Arpadere
Aşağı Kayabaşı
Avcılar
Bahçe
Başköy
Bayırköy
Bellitaş
Beyyurdu
Burhanköy
Çakmak
Çamurlu
Çatak
Çilligöl
Dağçayırı
Demirci
Derince
Dervişali
Dibekli
Dikili
Divanhüseyin
Elbeyli
Elmadalı
Erduran
Erence
Esenli
Göller
Güllüçimen
Gülüstan
Gürçayır
Güzeldere
Halilçavuş
Hayran
Ilıcaköy
İsmail
Kalecik
Karaağaç
Karabudak
Karakula
Karamolla
Kazancı
Ketenci
Kısık
Kızılahmet
Kızmusa
Kolhisar
Kongur
Köprübaşı
Meydanköy
Mezraa
Mollacelil
Mollakulaç
Mutluca
Ortaköy
Ovaçevirme
Ovakozlu
Parmaksız
Pınarbaşı
Pınarköy
Şahabettinköy
Şahverdi
Şalgamköy
Saltepe
Sanayi
Sarılı
Sıldız
Söğütlü
Sultanlı
Suvaran
Tanır
Tapuköy
Taşbulak
Tellitepe
Tipideresi
Toprakkale
Toraman
Uluçayır
Ünlüce
Uyanık
Yamanlar
Yaylakonak
Yelpiz
Yenikent
Yeniköy
Yeşilbahçe
Yeşilyazı
Yolüstü
Yukarı Kayabaşı
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Districts of Erzurum Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s |
Hilvan (, ) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,111 km2, and its population is 42,218 (2022). It is 55 km north from the city of Şanlıurfa.
Composition
There are 71 neighbourhoods in Hilvan District:
Ağılmus
Ağveren
Akçakebir
Akçaören
Alpı
Arabuk
Arıca
Arınık
Arpalı
Arslanlı
Aşağıçatak
Aşağıekece
Aşağıkamış
Aşağıkülünçe
Aydınlı
Bağlar
Bahçecik
Bahçelievler
Balkı
Bargaç
Bölükbaşı
Buğur
Çağıllı
Çakmak
Çat
Çimdeli
Doğrular
Faik
Gelenek
Göktepe
Gölcük
Gölebakan
Gülaldı
Güluşağı
Gürgür
Hanmağara
Hayrat
Hoşin
İncirli
Kadıkent
Karaburç
Karacurun
Karakucak
Karapınar
Kavalık
Kepirhisar
Kepirkucak
Kırbaşı
Korgun
Kovancı
Küçük Gölcük
Kuskunlu
Malören
Mantarlı
Nasreddin
Ömerli
Orgız
Ovacık
Oymaağaç
Özbaş
Özveren
Saluca
Söğütlü
Sucuhan
Üçüzler
Ustahasan
Uzuncuk
Yakınyurt
Yeni
Yeşerdi
Yuvacalı
References
Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
Districts of Şanlıurfa Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilvan |
Robert David Aristodemo (born May 20, 1977) is a professional soccer midfielder who is the current head coach for Montverde Academy's varsity girls team, the Orlando Kicks FC of United Women's Soccer, and an assistant coach with the Major Arena Soccer League's Florida Tropics SC. Aristodemo played indoors for the Baltimore Blast from 2006 to 2011, before he announced his retirement before the 2011–2012 season. Aristodemo came out of retirement on December 15, 2016 to join the expansion Florida Tropics.
Club career
Aristodemo was drafted by the Toronto Lynx out of the University of Tulsa in 2001. In his first season with the Lynx he played 26 games and scored one goal and had three assists. At the end of the season he was awarded A-League Rookie of the year as well as Team MVP in his first season. In 2002, he led the A-League in minutes played. In 2004 the Etobicoke native requested a transfer and signed with the Seattle Sounders where he only played eight games before being released. In 2005 Aristodemo returned to Toronto, where he again missed out on the playoffs. Currently he is ranked second in the All-Time assists leaders for the Lynx with 14. In 2006, he helped the Lynx to a team-record 10-game undefeated streak at home. Aristodemo also helped the Lynx reach the final of the Open Canada Cup which they lost 2–0 against Ottawa St. Anthony Italia. On August 20 prior to the match against Rochester Rhinos he was honoured for reaching a career milestone of playing his 100th game for the Lynx.
Indoors
Aristedemo played indoors for the 2002-3 and 2003–4 seasons with the San Diego Sockers of the Major Indoor Soccer League. He joined the Cleveland Force of MISL in 2004 and played one season there before joining the Baltimore Blast in 2005. Aristodemo won three championships with Baltimore and also captained the team for a time.
International career
Aristodemo played at the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Japan, in a team alongside Paul Stalteri and Jason Bent. He then also played at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship in Malaysia, again with Stalteri and Bent.
He made his senior debut for Canada in an August 1997 friendly match against China. He earned a total of 7 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented Canada in 1 FIFA World Cup qualification match. In 2000, he was part of Canada's squad that won their first 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup, but he did not play.
His final international was a June 2000 World Cup qualification match against Cuba.
Aristodemo was included in Canada's 2012 CONCACAF Futsal Championship team, making him the only Canadian to have played on all Canadian nations teams, both indoor and outdoor.
Personal life
Aristodemo and his wife Carrie have a 14-year-old daughter named Zallie and a 12-year-old son named Ryker. He graduated from the University of Tulsa with a degree in exercise science. In addition he coached Towson High School's girls JV soccer team for 3 years.
Since 2010, Aristodemo has coached the girls varsity team at Montverde Academy near Orlando, Florida.
As of the 2021-22 Major Arena Soccer League season, Aristodemo is also providing broadcast commentary for the Florida Tropics.
Achievements
CONCACAF U20 Tournament – 1996
CONCACAF Gold Cup – 2000
A-League Rookie of the Year and Team MVP – 2001
References
External links
Profile of Robbie Aristodemo – PaulStalteri.com
Player profile – Baltimore Blast
1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Etobicoke
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Men's association football midfielders
Soccer players from Toronto
Canadian men's soccer players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Canada men's international soccer players
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Toronto Lynx players
San Diego Sockers (2001–2004) players
Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) players
Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's soccer players
Cleveland Force (2002–2005 MISL) players
Baltimore Blast (2001–2008 MISL) players
Baltimore Blast (2008–2014 MISL) players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
USL First Division players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Canada men's youth international soccer players
Canada men's under-23 international soccer players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–2014) players
Major Arena Soccer League players
Florida Tropics SC players
Canadian men's futsal players
Major Arena Soccer League coaches
Canadian soccer coaches
High school soccer coaches in the United States
Canadian soccer commentators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie%20Aristodemo |
Anita Protti (born 4 August 1964) is a Swiss former athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres hurdles. She won the silver medal in the 400m hurdles at the 1990 European Championships, and bronze medals in the 400 metres at the 1989 European Indoor Championships and 1991 World Indoor Championships. Her 400m hurdles best of 54.25 secs has stood as the Swiss record since 1991.
Career
Born in Lausanne, Protti specialised in the 400 metres hurdles. Her greatest career achievement was when she won the silver medal at the 1990 European Championships in Athletics.
Protti missed most of the 1992 and 1993 seasons because of an achilles injury.
International competitions
Personal bests
400 metres hurdles: 54.25 s (1991), Swiss record
400 metres: 51.32 s (1990), Swiss record (1990–2017)
800 metres: 1.59.98 min (1990)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Swiss female hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Switzerland
European Athletics Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Lausanne
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita%20Protti |
Hisarcık is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Hisarcık District. Its population is 4,767 (2022).
References
Populated places in Kütahya Province
Hisarcık District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisarc%C4%B1k |
Andreas "Andi" Goldberger (born 29 November 1972) is an Austrian former ski jumper. He became the first man in history to jump over 200 metres, in 1994, although he did not manage to stand.
Career
He won the World Cup overall titles three times (1993, 1995, 1996), the Four Hills Tournament twice (1992/93, 1994/95), with multiple medals in the Nordic World Championships and Winter Olympics.
Despite his success at ski jumping, Goldberger preferred ski flying—a more extreme version of normal ski jumping, in which distances are far greater.
On 17 March 1994, during training for the Ski Flying World Championships on Velikanka bratov Gorišek in Planica, Slovenia, he recorded a jump of 202 metres (663 ft); this made him the first man to ever to jump over two hundred metres, but he touched the snow upon landing, thus making the jump invalid as an official world record (Finland's Toni Nieminen would later land a 203 m jump at the same event).
On 18 March 2000, he set the ski jumping world record distance at 225 metres (738 ft) on Velikanka bratov Gorišek in Planica, Slovenia It stood for the next three years.
World Cup
Standings
Wins
Ski jumping world records
Not recognized. Ground touch at world record distance, but first ever jump over 200 metres.
Controversy
In 1997 Goldberger admitted to the use of cocaine, and was given a six-month ban from the Austrian Ski Association. As a result of that ban, in November 1997, he even declared he would, from that moment on, compete under the flag of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Yet, after reaching an agreement with the Austrian Ski Association, he continued competing for his native Austria.
End of career
Goldberger last World Cup appearance as a ski jumper was in Lahti on 6 March 2005 (49 place). Goldberger officially retired and ended his career with his final jump as a test jumper on 13 January 2006 at flying hill in Kulm, Austria. He jumps at World Cup competition as a test jumper with helmet cam for Austrian national TV station ORF, where he works as a co-commentator.
References
External links
– click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
1972 births
Austrian male ski jumpers
Austrian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in ski jumping
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Olympic ski jumpers for Austria
Ski jumpers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in ski jumping
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
World record setters in ski flying
People from Ried im Innkreis District
20th-century Austrian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Goldberger |
Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria di Montesanto are two churches in Rome.
They are located on the Piazza del Popolo, facing the northern gate of the Aurelian Walls, at the entrance of Via del Corso on the square. The churches are often cited as "twin", due to their similar external appearance: they have indeed some differences, in both plan and exterior details.
Looking from the square, the two churches define the so-called "trident" of streets departing from Piazza del Popolo: starting from the left, Via del Babuino, Via del Corso and Via di Ripetta. The first two are separated by Santa Maria in Montesanto, the latter by Santa Maria dei Miracoli.
The origin of the two churches traces back to the 17th-century restoration of what was the main entrance to the Middle Ages and Renaissance Rome, from the Via Flaminia (known as Via Lata and Via del Corso in its urban trait). Pope Alexander VII commissioned the monumental design of the entrance of Via del Corso to architect Carlo Rainaldi. This included two churches with central plans, but the different shapes of the two areas available forced deep modifications to the projects.
Both were financed by cardinal Girolamo Gastaldi, whose crest is present in the two churches.
Santa Maria dei Miracoli
Santa Maria dei Miracoli was begun in 1675 and finished in 1681. With a circular plan, it has an elegant 18th-century bell tower by Girolamo Theodoli and an octagonal cupola. The interior has a rich stucco decoration by Antonio Raggi, Bernini's pupil. The monuments for Cardinals Benedetto and Gastaldi were designed by Carlo Fontana, who also provided design for the cupola and the lamp. The busts in bronze were completed by Girolamo Lucenti.
At the high altar is the miraculous image of the Virgin which has given the church its name. The first chapel on the right-hand side has an altar dedicated to Our Lady of Bétharram, named after a shrine near Lourdes. The Society of Priests of the Sacred Heart was founded at Bétharram. There is a reproduction of Renoir's Madonna at Bétharram.
Santa Maria in Montesanto
Santa Maria in Montesanto, erected over a church with the same name that lay at the beginning of Via del Babuino, was occupied by Carmelite friars. The name Montesanto (Holy Mountain) referred to Mount Carmel in Israel. The construction of the present church was begun on July 15, 1662, under the patronage of Cardinal Girolamo Gastaldi, and finished in 1675, with other additions by 1679. Originally designed by Carlo Rainaldi, the plans were revised by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and ultimately completed by Carlo Fontana. A belfry was added in the 18th century. The statues of saints on the exterior have been attributed to Bernini's design. The interior has an elliptical plan, with a dodecagonal cupola. In 1825, the church was made a minor basilica.
On August 10, 1904, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, the future Pope John XXIII, was ordained to the priesthood by Patriarch Giuseppe Ceppetelli in this church.
In 1953, Monsignor Ennio Francia established the tradition of the Mass of the Artists. On the last Sunday of October till June 29, a mass is held every Sunday with a reading by an artist, and animated by music. At the end of the mass, a prayer for
the artists is read. For these reasons the Montesanto church is also called the Church of the Artists.
Interior decoration
The first chapel to the left is the cappella di Santa Lucia (Saint Lucy). The second chapel is dedicated to Santa Maria Magdalena de Pazzi, designed by Carlo Rainaldi to honor the Carmelite nun canonized by Pope Clemente XI in 1669. The ceiling and the altarpiece of the Miracle of the saint (c. 1685) was painted by Ludovico Gimignani.
The third chapel is the cappella Montioni. The Monitoni family commissioned the design by Tommaso Mattei, pupil of Carlo Fontana. The altarpiece of the Madonna with Child and Saints Francis and Jacob (c. 1687) was completed by Carlo Maratta. The Assumption fresco was painted by Giuseppe Chiari. Upon the altar is a modern statue of the Angel for the artists by Guelfo (1937–1997). At one time, the sacristy held frescoes by Baciccia.
The presbytery is stuccoed with angels by Filippo Carcani and houses the miraculous 15th-century altarpiece of Virgin of Montesanto, which tradition holds was painted by an 11-year-old girl. The sacristy has a frescoed vault with angels and the instruments of passion, the altarpiece of the Deposition (c. 1600) is attributed to Biagio Puccini.
See also
Roman Catholic Marian churches
References
External links
Federico Gizzi, Le chiese barocche di Roma, 1998, Newton Compton, Rome.
Basilica di Santa Maria in Montesanto. La Chiesa degli Artisti
Francesco d'Alfonso, La storia
Francesco d'Alfonso, Silvia Marsano, Marilena Borriello, Continuità Storica
Santa Maria in Montesanto. Visita guidata della Basilica
Basilica di Santa Maria in Montesanto a Roma: foto e storia
Maria Miracoli
Baroque architecture in Rome
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Maria Miracoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Maria%20dei%20Miracoli%20and%20Santa%20Maria%20in%20Montesanto |
Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB; East German Broadcasting Brandenburg), based in Potsdam, was the public broadcaster for the German federal state of Brandenburg from 12 October 1991 until 30 April 2003. It was a member organization of the consortium of public-law broadcasting organizations in Germany, ARD.
ORB merged with the Berlin public broadcaster Sender Freies Berlin (SFB) on 1 May 2003 to form Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB). Signals began as members of Deutscher Fernsehfunk.
History
Following German reunification, ARD expanded its membership to include public broadcasters in the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). Four public-broadcasting organizations replaced those of the former GDR: the already existing Hamburg-based Norddeutscher Rundfunk in the north; the already existing West Berlin-based SFB, now covering all of the city; the new Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk for the states of Thuringia, Saxony, and Saxony-Anhalt; and the new Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg.
Created on 12 October 1991, ORB joined ARD on 27 November and formally took over from the former Rundfunk der DDR on 1 January 1992.
ORB had originally planned to call itself Ostdeutscher Rundfunk (ODR - East German Broadcasting) on the pattern of the already existing Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR - North German Broadcasting), Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR - South German Broadcasting), and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR - West German Broadcasting). However, faced with the criticism that the designation ODR could be taken as implying that the new organization covered the whole of the former "East Germany", a more specific name was chosen in the autumn of 1991.
ORB television was broadcast from the former studios of the official GDR film company, Deutsche Film AG, whilst the radio services originated in the Funkhaus Nalepastraße, the former headquarters of the GDR's broadcasting service.
In 1995 the Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg in coalition with the Sender Freies Berlin started their Internet radio streaming service Info-Radio on Demand.
Services
Radio
On commencing broadcasting on 1 January 1992, ORB had three radio stations.
Antenne Brandenburg – begun by the former GDR in May 1990. This became the ORB's pop music and information station.
Radio Brandenburg – a culture and news station.
– a youth station, broadcasting on the former frequencies of the GDR's youth station DT64.
On 22 February 1992, ORB and SFB began a joint radio station, Radio B Zwei aimed at 25 to 50-year-old listeners. On 1 March 1993, a further ORB/SFB joint station, , replaced and was followed by the news-based station , which began on 28 August 1995. On 3 October 1997, SFB and ORB launched , a cultural station taking up much of the programming of , with an emphasis on classic, world, jazz and new music and politics.
Television
ORB started broadcasting its own "third" television station on the same day the ARD Das Erste launched in ORB's area (1 January 1992). The third network mostly carried ARD programming for cost reasons. ORB broadcast news programmes at 19:00 and 20:45. However, the main evening news in the GDR had long been at 19:30, and this was the preferred time for most viewers. On 1 May 1992, the schedules were radically altered to account for the habits of the viewers, with the main local news being moved to 19:30 - a position it keeps on RBB's successor service. Additionally, more locally derived programming was added to the schedule.
ORB's television networks were:
Joint operations
Das Erste – ARD joint channel
Phoenix – ARD and ZDF joint events channel
KI.KA – ARD and ZDF joint children's channel
Arte – French-German culture channel
3sat – ARD, ZDF, ORF, and SRG joint highbrow channel
Own network
ORB-Fernsehen – the "third network" for Brandenburg.
Studios
The main studios of ORB were in Potsdam-Babelsberg (near to the Babelsberg Studios). Other studios were located in Cottbus, Frankfurt (Oder) and Perleberg.
Productions
ORB contributed to the series Polizeiruf 110 - a crime drama strand originally produced from 1971 by GDR television and taken up by Das Erste after reunification. ORB also created the popular magazine programme Polylux, which has been continued by RBB and is now shown on Das Erste.
References
External links
Official site of Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (Redirect to RBB)
German radio networks
Defunct television channels in Germany
Defunct radio stations in Germany
Radio stations established in 1991
Mass media in Potsdam
1991 establishments in Germany
2003 disestablishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostdeutscher%20Rundfunk%20Brandenburg |
Barclay Hope (born February 25, 1958) is a Canadian actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Clifford and Claudius Blossom on Riverdale, Mike Hayden on Street Legal, Peter Axon on PSI Factor, Col. Lionel Pendergast on Stargate SG-1, and Gen. Mansfield on Eureka.
Life and career
Hope was born in 1958 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He is the younger brother of the actor William Hope. Hope appeared in the TV series Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal (1996–2000) as Peter Axon. His screen credits include The Wager (1998) directed by Aaron Woodley which also starred Peter Blais and Valerie Boyle and Paycheck (2003) directed by John Woo. He also had recurring roles as Colonel Lionel Pendergast on Stargate SG-1 and as General Mansfield on Eureka.
Hope is married to fellow actress Lindsay Collins and they have 3 children - Sally, Maggie and Charlie.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Male actors from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclay%20Hope |
Honaz (also known as Khonaz or Cadmus) is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 449 km2, and its population is 34,074 (2022).
Honaz is about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city of Denizli on the slopes of the mountain of the same name – Mount Honaz (Honaz Dağı). The mountain is the highest peak in Turkey's Aegean Region (2517 m). Just north of Honaz is Honaz Stream (Honaz Çayı), known in ancient times as the Lycus.
History
In antiquity it was known as Colossae. At 500 BC Colossae was founded by the Phrygians, and then passed into the hands of the Ancient Greeks. Herodotus and Xenophon both record the passage of Greek and Persian armies though here during the Persian Wars, at that time it was a large Phrygian city. A few ruins of the ancient city remain. Like many other ancient cities of the region, Colossae was destroyed by earthquakes, with little surviving.
In the Byzantine period its name was Chonai. The city and a bishopric of Chonai was established at the location of the present Honaz township by the Byzantines during the Arab invasions of the 7th century. Being further up the mountain the location was easier to defend. Following centuries of Byzantine rule the town was first captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1070, but was then reconquered during the Komnenian period. During the reign of Manuel I Komnenos it prospered as a frontier town, a trading and pilgrimage venue for both Christians and Muslims. The forces of Louis VII of France, en route to the Holy Land as part of the Second Crusade, were attacked here by the Turks in the battle of Mount Cadmus of 1148. The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates (c. 1155-1215/1216) was a native of the city. Chonai was plundered twice by local independent warlords backed by the Turks (by Theodoros Mankaphas in late 1180s and by Pseudo-Alexios in 1192). It finally fell to the Seljuks soon afterwards. Kaykhusraw I promised to return it to the Byzantines, but in view of the collapse of imperial power caused by the Fourth Crusade and the Latin conquest of Constantinople he decided rather to assign it to his father-in-law, the Byzantine renegade Manuel Maurozomes. The latter held it as an autonomous lordship together with Laodikeia, near present-day Denizli, from 1205 until his death ca. 1230. Theodore I Laskaris came to accept it in a 1206 agreement with Kaykhusraw I.
There is a Seljuk fortress in Honaz, and the Murat Mosque which dates back to the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat II (imperabat 1404–1451).
In the 20th century, Honaz was one of the places where the Vallahades or Valaades (ethnic Greek Muslims from southwest Greek Macedonia) were forced to resettle during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922–23.
Composition
There are 22 neighbourhoods in Honaz District:
Afşinbey
Akbaş
Aşağıdağdere
Aydınlar
Cumhuriyet
Dereçiftlik
Emirazizli
Gürleyik
Haydar
Hisar
Hürriyet
Kaklık
Karaçay
Karateke
Kızılyer
Kocabaş
Menteşe
Ovacık
Sapaca
Yeni
Yokuşbaşı
Yukarıdağdere
Honaz today
Today the economy of Honaz is centred on growing cherries, 80% of the crop being exported from Turkey, generating up to 35 million dollars of income per annum. There is an annual cherry festival in the town. Tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables are grown too including a local variety of oleaster.
Honaz is also the homeland of a number of well-known pehlivans (oil wrestlers) including the 3-time national champion Hüseyin Çokal.
In the nearby depending township of Kaklık, there is a large cave called "Kaklık Cave" or "Kaklık Mağarası" which attracts visitors from all over the country. A spring that spurts out on the surface only to flow back underground shortly afterwards through the cave in cascading layers of limestone and travertine caused Kaklık to appear very much like a subterranean Pamukkale.
References
Klaus Belke, Norbert Mersich, Phrygien und Pisidien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini VII, Wien 1990, s. 309–311.
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, ed. Harry J. Magoulias, Detroit, MI 1984.
Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century, Harlow 2001.
External links
Information about Colossae on the Denizli Council website (English)
Coinage of Colossae
Holy Land photos Colossae
Populated places in Denizli Province
Districts of Denizli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Phrygia
Colossae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaz |
Hopa (Laz and , Hamshen ) is a town in Artvin Province in northeast Turkey. It is located on the eastern Turkish Black Sea coast about from the city of Artvin and 18 kilometres from the border with Georgia. It is the seat of Hopa District. Its population is 23,846 (2021).
Geography
Hopa is on the Black Sea Coast from Artvin and from the Sarp border crossing (into Sarpi) on the Georgian border. The land climbs sharply from 10m above sea level in the coastal areas up into the Sultan Selim Mountains, the hillsides are well watered and green with alder, chestnuts, hornbeams and other deciduous trees. The highest point is Mt Yavuz Sultan Selim at 1513m. The climate is mild and wet, although only July and August are warm enough to be called summer. There is annual snowfall in winter.
The town consists of 7 quarters: Bucak, Merkez Kuledibi, Ortahopa, Sundura, Yukarı Kuledibi, Cumhuriyet and Sugören.
History
The area was part of the kingdom of Colchis but was always vulnerable to invasions, first the Scythians from across the Caucasus, then the Muslim armies led by Habib, son of Caliph Uthman who controlled the area from 853 AD to 1023 when it was conquered by the Byzantines from the Sac Emirate allied to the Abbasids. The Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan conquered the area in 1064. With the collapse of the Seljuks, the Artvin area came under the control of the Ildeniz, one of the Anatolian Turkish beyliks
Ottoman Sultan Selim I brought it into the Ottoman Empire during his campaign against the Crimea that took place in 1490–1512. Lala Mustafa Pasha made it part of the Childir Eyalet formed in 1578. The area was captured by Russia following the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and many people of Hopa moved westwards away from the Russian-controlled zone. Hopa was returned as part of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk in 1918 and formally joined Turkey on 14 March 1921. The Sarp border gate was opened on 31 August 1988 with the "International Road Transport Agreement" between Soviet Union and Turkey and gave a big boost to Hopa in trade and tourism.
There is currently a high rate of cancer in Hopa, attributed to fall-out from the Chernobyl disaster, across the Black Sea from here. Between 2001 and 2004, cancer cases sharply increased in the Black Sea region, especially in Hopa, with 47.9% of all deaths during this time being due to cancer.
Economy
The economy is based on trade, fishing and agriculture, mostly tea, nuts (especially Hazelnuts) and kiwifruit. There are two tea factories, the Black Sea Copper Works, a Thermal Power Plant, the Hopa port and the Hopa Vocational School. It has direct bus connections to Trabzon, Rize, Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, Erzurum and Sarp which go on to Georgia. The Sarp border gate was opened on 31 August 1988 with the "International Road Transport Agreement" between Soviet Union and Turkey and gave a big boost to Hopa in trade and tourism. The Hopa Port is managed by a privately owned company Hopa Limani and is active in international trade.
Notable people
Cemil Aksu (born 1977), Hemshin political and social activist
Özcan Alper, Director
Adem Büyük (born 1987), footballer
Kazım Koyuncu (1971–2005), rock guitarist and singer
Tolga Zengin (born 1983), footballer
Climate
This area is characterized by equable climates with few extremes of temperature and ample precipitation in all months. Hopa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa).
See also
Selimiye Tunnel
References
External links
the Municipality
Photo and Art website
Photo and mountaineering
photos of Hopa in local news website
Hopa Port's web site
Hopa Otelleri
Populated places in Artvin Province
Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Hopa District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopa |
Joel Bailey may refer to:
Joel John Bailey (born 1980), soccer player
Joel Bailey (surveyor) (1732–1797), American surveyor
Joel Bailey (tennis) (born 1951), American tennis player
Joel Bailey (musician), former bassist of Sixpence None the Richer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Bailey |
Horasan (), is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,740 km2, and its population is 36,519 (2022). The mayor is Abdulkadir Aydın (AKP).
Horasan is located in the east of Erzurum Province, and borders the provinces of Ağrı and Kars.
Etymology
Horasan is also one of the spellings of the Khorasan (or Greater Khorasan), which is a region in north east Iran with historical importance, and it is also the source of the name of the town as the first settlers of the town migrated from this region.
Composition
There are 87 neighbourhoods in Horasan District:
Adnanmenderes
Ağıllı
Akçataş
Akçatoprak
Alagöz
Aliçeyrek
Aras
Ardı
Arpaçayır
Aşağıaktaş
Aşağıbademözü
Azap
Bahçe
Bulgurlu
Camiikebir
Çamlıkale
Çamurlu
Çayırdüzü
Çiftlik
Dalbaşı
Danişment
Değirmenler
Dikili
Döllek
Dönertaş
Eğertaşlar
Esentepe
Fatih Sultan Mehmet
Gerek
Gündeğer
Güzelyayla
Hacıahmet
Hacıhalil
Harçlı
Hasanbaba
Hasanbey
Haydarlı
Hızardere
Hızırilyas
İğdeli
Iğırbığır
İncesu
İnönü
Kadıcelal
Kalender
Karabıyık
Karacaören
Karaçuha
Karapınar
Kaynarca
Kazım Karabekir
Kemerli
Kepenek
Kırık
Kırkdikme
Kırkgözeler
Kırklar
Kızılca
Kızlarkale
Küçükkonak
Kükürtlü
Mollaahmet
Mollamelik
Mümtazturan
Muratbağı
Pinarli
Pirali
Pirhasan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Saçlık
Sekman
Şerefiye
Şeyhyusuf
Tahirhoca
Tavşancık
Teknecik
Yarboğaz
Yaylacık
Yazılıtaş
Yeşildere
Yeşilöz
Yıldıran
Yukarıbademözü
Yukarıhorum
Yukarıtahirhoca
Yürükatlı
Yüzören
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Districts of Erzurum Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horasan |
House of Stairs is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, and it also may refer to:
House of Stairs (Sleator novel), a 1974 science fiction novel by William Sleator
The House of Stairs (Vine novel), a 1988 novel by British writer Ruth Rendell, published under the name Barbara Vine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Stairs%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Climatic adaptation refers to adaptations of an organism that are triggered due to the patterns of variation of abiotic factors that determine a specific climate. Annual means, seasonal variation and daily patterns of abiotic factors are properties of a climate where organisms can be adapted to. Changes in behavior, physical structure, internal mechanisms and metabolism are forms of adaptation that is caused by climate properties. Organisms of the same species that occur in different climates can be compared to determine which adaptations are due to climate and which are influenced majorly by other factors. Climatic adaptations limits to adaptations that have been established, characterizing species that live within the specific climate. It is different from climate change adaptations which refers to the ability to adapt to gradual changes of a climate. Once a climate has changed, the climate change adaptation that led to the survival of the specific organisms as a species can be seen as a climatic adaptation. Climatic adaptation is constrained by the genetic variability of the species in question.
Climate patterns
The patterns of variation of abiotic factors determine a climate and thus climatic adaptation. There are many different climates around the world, each with its unique patterns. Because of this, the manner of climatic adaptation shows large differences between the climates. A subarctic climate, for instance, shows daylight time and temperature fluctuations as most important factors, while in rainforest climate, the most important factor is characterized by the stable high precipitation rate and high average temperature that doesn't fluctuate a lot. Humid continental climate is marked by seasonal temperature variances which commonly lead to seasonal climate adaptations. Because the variance of these abiotic factors differ depending on the type of climate, differences in the manner of climatic adaptation are expected.
Research
Research on climatic adaptations are mostly aimed on species living in different climates to understand which of these species would have a higher chance to survive climate change, based on their current climatic adaptations. Climates with larger abiotic fluctuations tend to have species with a higher fluctuation tolerance, hence being able to adapt better to climate change. Other research questions involve the clarification of distinct differences between relatable species such as average size and behavioral patterns.
Measuring Climatic Adaptation
Generally, the experimental measure of climate adaptation is conducted by exposing an experimental population to different environmental stimuli. Successful studies outside of a laboratory setting take place in locations with a variable annual climate. Areas where annual temperature and weather extremes vary greatly can give insight into the climate adaptability of organisms that live there. Tropical or arctic microclimates, for example, would be ideal settings for experimentation, as annual temperature and weather can vary greatly. Additionally, laboratory settings could work with certain creatures that have defense mechanisms for certain environmental changes, such as Drosophila'''s chill-coma adaptation.
The population's performance or behavior can then be plotted against the ecological-climatic factor being tested. High changes in individual behavior in response to a change in environment point to the conclusion that the population has high climate adaptability. Adaptation lag can occur when local populations perform significantly better than populations from other environments; however, this lag can be compensated for if the species in question has very high genetic diversity.
Examples
Many species have varying levels of climatic adaptation. Differing average annual temperatures can have varying effects on a population's average body temperature, metabolic rate, or body size. But the actual effect of climatic adaptation depends greatly on the species in question and often the amount of genetic variability within that species.
The bodies of some animals, such as woodrats, are inversely correlated with the mean annual temperature of their environment. This is an applied example of Bergmann's rule
Drosophila species occur in both tropical climates, where the temperature is warm, and temperate climates, where the temperature is colder. When both groups of species are brought to a cold induced comatose state, the species of the tropical climates either way don't survive or recover significantly slower from the cold induced comatose state when brought back to room temperature compared to the species of the temperate Drosophila. The ability to recover fast from a cold induced comatose state indicates a climatic adaptation that can be referred to as chill-coma tolerance.
Many arctic birds and mammals can change their heat dissipation and metabolic rate in response to changes in temperature, as different populations of the same species display different averages depending on their current climate.
In arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus),'' starvation experiments indicate that the body mass in the arctic fox is regulated according to a seasonally changing set point and not by the availability of food. The basic metabolic rate varies seasonally being lower in winter than summer. The fur thickness can increase 140% from summer to winter.
See also
Adaptation to global warming, ways social and biological systems can respond to climate change to reduce their vulnerability to its effects
Climate change (general concept)
Global warming (recent warming)
Evolution
Evolutionary biology
Melanism, in relation to “industrial melanism”
References
Evolution by phenotype | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatic%20adaptation |
Hozat (, ) is a municipality (belde) and seat of Hozat District in Tunceli Province, Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 3,634 in 2021.
Seyfi Geyik from the Republican People's Party (CHP) was elected mayor in the local elections in March 2019.
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Diyap Ağa, Fikripaşa, Köprübaşı and Yenimahalle.
History
In the 10th century, it was known as Chozanon (), and formed a thema after its conquest by the Byzantine Empire shortly after 938. Near the city are the ruins of the Ergen church which according to Rudaw was erected by Armenians 1300 years ago.
References
Populated places in Tunceli Province
Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozat |
Stabburet is a Norwegian food producer founded by Gunnar Nilsen in 1943. Stabburet is a part of Orkla Foods, and has ten factories in southern Norway. It sells well-known brands, such as Grandiosa, Big One, Nugatti, Fun Light, Idun and Chef.
References
Stabburet website (Norwegian).
Food and drink companies of Norway
Orkla ASA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabburet |
David Bascome MBE (born January 29, 1970) is a retired association football forward who is currently the head coach of the Baltimore Blast in the Major Arena Soccer League.
Club career
David Bascome started his First Division soccer career at the age of 16 with North Village Rams in Bermuda. At 20 years of age, he signed his first professional contract with the Harrisburg Heat of the National Professional Soccer League, USA. After 12 seasons of professional indoor soccer, Bascome won his first Championship during his 2003–2004 campaign with the Baltimore Blast, then won 7 more 3 as a player and 4 as an assistant coach.
After retiring, he was named to the assistant coaching position of the Blast on October 12, 2006, and helped lead the team to the 2008 MISL Championship in his second season on the coaching staff.
The modern Harrisburg Heat of the Professional Arena Soccer League retired Bascome's #40 jersey in a halftime ceremony during the December 29, 2012, game. Bascome played with the original Harrisburg Heat in 1991 and from 1993 through 2000.
Bascome served as Baltimore Blast assistant coach beginning in 2006. On 28 May 2020, he was promoted to head coach. Earlier in 2020, David's brother Andrew Bascome was named head coach of USL League Two's FC Bascome Bermuda.
International career
Bascome made his debut for Bermuda in a February 1992 friendly match against Norway and he has earned a total of 12 caps, scoring 2 goals. He has represented his country in 5 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.
His final international match was a March 2000 World Cup qualification match against the British Virgin Islands.
Personal life
Bascome was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2003 Birthday Honours for services to sport and young people in Bermuda.
In 2016, Bascome and his brother Andrew Bascome revealed they had been sexually abused early in their football careers, with Andrew stating the abuse "went on for years."
References
External links
Profile – Baltimore Blast
1970 births
Living people
People from Smith's Parish
Men's association football forwards
Bermudian men's footballers
Bermuda men's international footballers
North Village Rams players
Harrisburg Heat (NPSL) players
Denver Thunder players
Baltimore Blast (2001–2008 MISL) players
Penn FC players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
USL Second Division players
Bermudian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Bermudian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Major Arena Soccer League coaches
Bermudian Members of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bascome |
WKKO (99.9 FM) is a commercial radio station in Toledo, Ohio with a country music format. It is owned by Cumulus Media. The station's studios are located in Toledo, and its transmitter is located in Harbor View, Ohio.
History
During the summer of 1981, WKLR ("Kooler Radio"), a longtime R&B/soul and later Disco music station, changed to its current country format known as K100. Joe Hill (now retired OM/SM) of WHME/WHRI/WHRA/KWHR/KFLR was the first announcer when the station (then WKLR) went from 8,000 watts to 50,000 watts in the summer of 1982. After the power up, the station was heard in Detroit. In 1986, the call letters were changed from WKLR-FM to WKKO. The station was owned by Booth American of Detroit for some 30 years, then Fritz Broadcasting (also from Detroit) beginning in 1994. It was then sold to its current owner, Cumulus Broadcasting, in 1997.
WKKO has consistently been not only a market leader in the Toledo area, but its share of the market ranks among the highest nationwide. Longtime morning duo Mitch and Mary Beth left WKKO for WRVF (101.5) in 2000 and were replaced by WKKO Program Director Gary Shores and Assistant Program Director Harvey J. Steele, together known as Shores & Steele. The two had previously done afternoons for some six years, and were named Broadcast Personalities for medium markets by the Country Music Association.
As of 2021, the station’s lineup consists of the local Lyn & Cliff Morning Show, Toledo radio veteran Johny D on middays, and Mark “Mookie” Andrews on afternoon drive. Evening slot is filled in with the syndicated program Nights With Elania. WKKO's competitors include its own sister station WMIM "Nash Icon" 98.3, as well as rival WPFX 107.7 and classic country-formatted WCKY-FM 103.7.
Simulcasting
in 1992, WTOD 1560 AM began a full-time simulcast of K-100 after a short-lived simulcast of WRED's country format. This lasted until 2004, when WTOD dropped K-100 for a talk radio format.
References
External links
K100 Country - Official Site
KKO
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1981
Cumulus Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKKO |
Olav Nilsson Skanke (d. 2. September 1455) was a Norwegian nobleman, knight and privateer. He was a member of the Riksråd and served as commander of Bergenhus Fortress.
Background
Olav was one of the members of the Skanke family who went on to serve as knights of first the Norwegian and later the Dano-Norwegian kings. He is first mentioned in written sources in 1424, as a royal official in the city of Trondheim. Later on Olav became a wealthy landowner in both Norway and Denmark and was made a knight in 1430, together with his brother Peder. The king who declared the brothers to be knights was Eric of Pomerania. Olav was also a member of the Norwegian Riksråd.
Some time after 1430 Olav married Elisabeth Eskildsdatter from Scania, a lady of high nobility who had the right to use in her coat-of-arms the Royal Lion of Denmark. The marriage of Olav and Elisabeth was one of equal partners, this as Elisabeth personally owned large properties in Eastern Denmark (Scania) and was of strong will and determination. Elisabeth's position in the marriage would be clearly portrayed in the pivotal role she was to play in many of the dramatic events that took place in the latter stages of Olav's life.
King Christopher wanted to improve his relations with the common people of his realm, having come to power following rebellions against his predecessor, Eric, who had allowed foreign officials and bishops to exploit the peoples he ruled over. One of the main efforts of king Christopher to mend these relations was to appoint a commission to process the complaints of the citizens of Norway. The chairman of this commission was Olav Nilsson Skanke. Olav was also appointed chief official of Bergen, the main trading centre and harbour of Norway at the time.
Perhaps chief among the foreign influences that were detested by the Norwegian people at the time was the Hanseatic League. The League operated outside Norwegian law and conducted themselves with indecency and violence. At the time, Olav was in command of Bergenhus Fortress. The citizens of Bergen complained to Olav, but the knight was not able to get support from either the king or the king's government. Acting alone, and with harsh means, Olav punished those among the Hanseatic League who had committed crimes against the city's citizens, thus earning the hatred of the League.
Olav carried out attacks against both English and Hanseatic shipping. He had several captains under his command, who from the 1440s attacked ships off Western Norway. .
Kalmar Union conflicts
After the death of king Christopher in 1448 the Kalmar Union experienced a period of crisis, due to the late king having had no direct heir with Sweden choosing Charles VIII as king while Denmark supported Christian I. Charles VIII was the first, in November 1449 to proclaim himself king of Norway, as Charles I of Norway, but only a few months later, in early 1450, he was deposed by the Dane Christian I who took over the Norwegian throne. At this point war within the union seemed certain, and in response the Swedish national council asked king Charles to withdraw his claim to the Norwegian throne.
Charles would however have nothing of the sort and in 1452 sent his knight Ørian Karlson Skanke from Jemtland to conquer Trondheim, the ancient centre of Norway's kings. Control of this vital city would have greatly strengthened Charles' claim to the throne. The answer from the Danish side came quickly with knight Ørian's own relatives, Olav Nilsson Skanke and his brother Peder, marching up from the south and pushing Ørian out of Trondheim. The same thing happened all over again in 1453 with Ørian seizing Trondheim and Olav and Peder driving him out once more. This second battle finally concluded the conflict over succession and ended the battles between knights of the Skanke family.
Dismissal by the King
Knight Olav served King Christian as a privateer during the king's wars against the Hansa. After Christian made peace with the trading alliance, Olav continued to attack Hanseatic ships against the wishes of the king.
Olav Nilsson Skanke had previously earned the hatred of the Hanseatic League through his conduct as chief official in Bergen. As early as in 1446 the League issued official complaints against Olav at a Bergen town council meeting, and after numerous complaints King Christian I of Denmark yielded to the pressure and in 1453 dismissed Olav. Magnus Green (d. ca. 1473) was made the royal official of Bergen. This dismissal greatly shook Olav who felt unjustly treated after his long and loyal service to the king of the Kalmar Union and to the people of Norway. The knight refused to take this blow lying down and soon mobilized his personal resources and those of his family to regain his former position.
War on the Hanseatic League
After his dismissal Olav left Bergen and went to his manorial home at Talgø Island in Ryfylke. Here he began to set the wheels in motion towards his response to the Hansa's role in his dismissal. Olav soon equipped several ships and started again to wage a naval war on the League by attacking and seizing its ships in the North Sea. Operating from a base on the east coast of Scotland, Olav captured a large percentage of the Hanseatic vessels heading for Bergen. Both Olav's wife Elisabeth and his two sons were each commanding ships in the fleet harrying the Hansa vessels. Elisabeth was especially successful and rapidly became renowned all over Northern Europe for her wisdom and bravery.
Olav Nilsson takes Älvsborg
Soon the campaign against the League became so successful that Olav expanded it to the coast of Sweden, attacking the Swedes at every weak point he could find. In one of his attacks Olav managed to capture the Swedish fortress of Älvsborg in 1455 and garrison it with his own loyal men. This fortress was of vital importance to the Swedes due to its strategic location commanding the shipping routes between Denmark and Norway. In addition to occupying this favorable blocking position Ãlvsborg was also the major Swedish strongpoint in the small strip of land the Swedes had controlled since the mid-13th century, separating the Danish province of Halland from the Norwegian Bohuslen. The small coastal area of the province Västergötland was up until the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde Sweden's only access to the Skagerrak and the North Sea.
At the time the relationship between Denmark and Sweden was very tense, and it was in this atmosphere that Olav offered to hand over the fortress to the Danes. Olav made it clear that he would only surrender the fortress into Danish hands if he was reinstituted to his former position in Bergen. If these conditions were not met he would hand Älvsborg back to the Swedes. In effect, Olav committed an act of extortion against the Danish Crown. As Ãlvsborg was of to great importance in the rivalry between Sweden and Denmark, the Danish King Christian I had no choice but to agree to the vigilante knight's demands.
Return to Bergen and death
Following Olav's success in forcing the Danish Crown into restoring him to his former position in Bergen he and his family returned to the city in a triumphant manner. Olav was again given command of the Bergenhus Fortress.
Shortly after Olav's return to Bergen, Hanseatic merchants attacked him at Munkeliv Abbey. In the attack which destroyed the abbey, Olav was killed together with Leif Thor Olafsson, Bishop of Bergen and about 60 other Norwegians. Olav's son was one of those who died with him.
References
Bibliography
1455 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Norwegian military personnel killed in action
Norwegian pirates
Privateers
15th-century Norwegian nobility
Artists from Bergen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Nilsson |
David Phelps Abbott (September 22, 1863 – June 12, 1934) was an American magician, author and inventor known for creating effects such as the floating ball, as well as for his publications exposing mediums.
Biography
David Abbott was born in 1863 near Falls City and lived most of his life in Omaha. He was married to Fannie E. Abbott. He became a wealthy businessman in the American Mid-West. He was well versed in arts and science. After Albert Einstein published his theory of relativity, Abbott attempted to explain it in a newspaper article.
As a magician, he performed for invited guests in his private theater he built at his home from 1907 until he died. There he demonstrated his Talking Teakettle (around 1907, decades before miniature radio electronics came into use) and Talking Vase (in 1909). Abbott built his work of magic and deception on the devious principles he learned from spirit mediums. Many of the greats in magic– Kellar, Thurston, Horace Goldin, Theo Bamberg, Ching Ling Foo, Blackstone and Houdini among others–made pilgrimages to Omaha Field Club neighborhood "Mystery House" to be dumbfounded and to learn.
Abbott was a friend of the magician Harry Houdini. His most well known work was Behind the Scenes with the Mediums published in 1907, which went through several editions.
In 1934, Abbott died of diabetes in Omaha. His burial was at Westlawn-Hillcrest Memorial Park, Omaha, Nebraska.
Abbott wrote a second full-length book, describing not only the séances given in his home but many magical feats which had astounded top professional performers; he died before it could be published, and for a long time the manuscript could not be found. When the Abbott home was sold in 1936, the manuscript was thought to be lost. It was discovered by Walter Graham and published as David P. Abbott's Book Of Mysteries in 1977.
Publications
Behind the Scenes with the Mediums (1907)
Spirit Slate-Writing and Billet Tests (1907)
The Marvelous Creations of Joseffy (1908)
The History of a Strange Case (1908)
The Spirit Portrait Mystery: Its Final Solution (1913)
David P. Abbott's Book of Mysteries, published posthumously by Walter Graham (1977)
References
Further reading
Hereward Carrington. (1907). Book Review: Behind the Scenes with the Mediums. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 1: 492-493.
Brief Biography at The Magic Nook
Karr, Todd. . Excerpt from Teller and Todd Karr, eds., House of Mystery: The Magic Science of David P. Abbott (The Miracle Factory, Los Angeles, 2005).
External links
Abowitz, Richard. "A man, a ball, a hoop, a bench (and an alleged thread)… Teller!", Las Vegas Weekly, November 20, 2008
A collection of photographs of Mr. and Mrs. D. P. Abbott and their home at Omaha, Nebraska, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Omaha Magical Society Donates Library, University of Nebraska at Omaha Libraries.
1863 births
1934 deaths
19th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
American magicians
American non-fiction writers
American skeptics
Deaths from diabetes
Harry Houdini
People from Falls City, Nebraska
Male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Abbott%20%28magician%29 |
Ilgın is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,636 km2, and its population is 53,489 (2022). Its elevation is .
Etymology
The name ılgın comes from the former Byzantine name of the city, Lageina.
Composition
There are 56 neighbourhoods in Ilgın District:
Ağalar
Argıthanı
Avdan
Ayvatdede
Balkı
Barakmuslu
Behlülbey
Belekler
Beykonak
Boğazkent
Bulcuk
Büyükoba
Camiatik
Çatak
Çavuşçugöl
Çiğil
Çobankaya
Çömlekçi
Dereköy
Dığrak
Düğer
Eldeş
Esentepe
Fahrettin Altay
Fatih
Geçitköy
Gedikören
Gökbudak
Gökçeyurt
Gölyaka
Göstere
Güneypınar
Harmanyazı
İhsaniye
Ilıca
İstasyon
Kaleköy
Kapaklı
Karaköy
Mahmuthisar
Mecidiye
Milli Egemenlik
Misafirli
Olukpınar
Orhaniye
Ormanözü
Sadıkköy
Sahip Ata
Sebiller
Şıhbedrettin
Şıhcarullah
Tekeler
Ucarı
Yorazlar
Yukarıçiğil
Zaferiye
Notable natives
Famous Turkish folk musician and novelist Zülfü Livaneli was born in Ilgın.
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Lycaonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilg%C4%B1n |
Ilıca is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aziziye, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 8,386 (2022). A formerly independent municipality, it was merged with the former municipality Dadaşkent to form the new municipality Aziziye in 2008.
References
Neighbourhoods in Aziziye District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%B1ca%2C%20Erzurum |
İslahiye is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 865 km2, and its population is 67,650 (2022). It is a railway border crossing into Syria. Near İslahiye is the site of ancient Nicopolis.
The railway station of Islahiye is the last stop on the railway to Damascus in Syria. Since March 2001, a regular train line runs once a week between Syria and Iran via Islahiye. The state road D.825, which connects Gaziantep with Antakya, runs through İslahiye.
The town is inhabited by Yörüks of the Aydınlı tribe. English traveler Mark Sykes recorded İslahiye as a town inhabited by Turks in early 20th century.
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck İslahiye on 6 February 2023, causing widespread devastation in the town and many deaths.
Composition
There are 71 neighbourhoods in İslahiye District:
Ağabey
Ağalarobası
Akınyolu
Alaca
Altınüzüm
Arpalı
Atatürk
Aydınlık
Bahçelievler
Bayraktepe
Beyler
Boğaziçi
Burhaniye
Burunsuzlar
Çamlıca
Çerçili
Cevdetpaşa
Çınarlı
Çolaklar
Çubuk
Cumhuriyet
Değirmencik
Dervişpaşa
Elbistanhüyüğü
Erenler
Esenler
Fevziçakmak
Fevzipaşa
Göltepe
Güllühüyük
Güngören
Hacı Ali Öztürk
Hanağzı
Hasanlök
Hürriyet
İdilli
Kabaklar
Kalaycık
Kale
Karacaören
Karakaya
Karapınar
Karapolat
Kayabaşı
Kazıklı
Kırıkçalı
Koçcağız
Köklü
Kozdere
Kuşçumustafa
Ortaklı
Örtülü
Pınarbaşı
Şahmaran
Şerikanlı
Serinevler
Sulumağara
Tandır
Telli
Türkbahçe
Yağızlar
Yelliburun
Yeni
Yeniceli
Yeniköy
Yesemek
Yeşilova
Yeşilyurt
Yolbaşı
Yukarıbilenler
Zincirli
See also
İslahiye District Public Library
References
Populated places in Gaziantep Province
Districts of Gaziantep Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Turkoman settlements in Gaziantep Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slahiye |
İbradı is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. Its area is 778 km2, and its population is 2,875 (2022).
İbradı is a high plain in the Taurus Mountains. In summer the weather is dry and cooler than the nearby Mediterranean coast with a daytime temperature of 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C at night. The mountains are covered with forests of juniper, cedar and pine, watered by mountain streams that eventually form the Manavgat River. The people of İbradı mainly live from grazing goats on the hillsides and from forestry; there is no commercial farming although people have gardens, vineyards and fruit trees.
History
This area was once part of the antique kingdom of Pisidia, near the river Melas. It is unclear however when the district was first settled.
In the Turkish period the area was an important passage over the Taurus Mountains for traders from the Mediterranean, and was used as a summer retreat from the heat on the coast. There are the foundations of a Seljuk Turkish caravanserai in the district of Kesikbel.
People who live in Ibradi districts today are mainly Teke Turkmens. Same root with today's Teke Turkmens from Turkmenistan. They are member of Oghuz Salur Tribe.
Composition
There are 9 neighbourhoods in İbradı District:
Aşağı
Aydınyayla
Başlar
Çukurviran
Düzlen
Ormana
Ürünlü
Üzümdere
Yukarı
Places of interest
The cave of Düdensuyu - not yet open to the public
A number of Hellenistic and Ancient Roman sites, including the ruins of the city of Erymna (Ormana)
Some historic houses in the town of Ormana.
There are of course many places for climbing and mountain walking.
References
External links
Ibradi municipality
Yaylas in Turkey
Districts of Antalya Province
Populated places in Antalya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brad%C4%B1 |
İdil (, or Beth Zabday, , ) is a city and seat of the İdil District of the Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is located in the historical region of Tur Abdin.
In the city, there is a Syriac Orthodox Church of the Mother of God (, ).
The town had a population of 30,271 in 2021 and is composed of Kurds of the Domanan, Dorikan, Harunan, Meman and Omerkan tribes. There is moreover a small Assyrian minority.
Neighborhoods
The town is divided into the six neighborhoods of Aşağı, Atakent, Turgut Özal, Yeni and Yukarı.
History
Azakh (today called İdil) is identified as the town of Ashikhu, or Asiḫu, which is earliest attested in an administrative note from the governor's archive at Tell Halaf, during the reign of Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, in the late 9th and early 8th century BC. Azakh was later conflated with the neighbouring city of Bezabde, and led to its alternative Syriac name Beth Zabday.
Ottoman Empire
Mohammed Paşa, Emir of Rowanduz, took advantage of the disruption caused to the Ottoman Empire by the Egyptian invasion of Syria in 1831–1832 to expand his realm, and besieged Azakh in 1834. The emir surrendered, however, upon the arrival of a large Ottoman army under the leadership of Reşid Mehmed Pasha. The village was attacked again later by Bedir Khan Beg, Emir of Bohtan, in 1847, resulting in the death of Cyril George, Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Azakh, a priest, and eight congregants.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the village had a population of 1000, and was inhabited by Arabic-speaking Syriac Orthodox and Syriac Catholic Assyrians, some of whom emigrated to Brazil in 1914. Amidst the Assyrian genocide, in July 1915, refugees from the villages of Esfes, Kefshenne, Kufakh, Babqqa, and Khaddel fled to Azakh. The village was subsequently attacked by Kurdish tribesmen from mid-August until their withdrawal on 9 September. An expeditionary force of approximately 8000 Ottoman soldiers and Kurdish auxiliaries, led jointly by Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter and Ömer Naci, was diverted from its original task to conduct anti-Russian operations in Iran to besiege Azakh, and arrived in late October. Scheubner-Richter refused to involve Germans in the siege, and the first attack began on 7 November. After subsequent attacks, and an Assyrian counter-attack on 14 November, the Turkish army retreated on 21 November.
Republic of Turkey
The village became the seat of a bucak (subdistrict) of Cizre in 1924. In the following year, a number of villagers emigrated to Brazil, at which time 100 Assyrians were deported from Azakh. In the aftermath of the failure of the Kurdish Sheikh Said rebellion, the Turkish government enacted oppressive measures, thus in 1926 the inhabitants of Azakh were accused of complicity in the rebellion, and of possession of arms received from the British government. The Turkish authorities alleged that the village's men had served in the British Iraq Levies on the basis of the discovery of British rifles and permits to carry arms in English and Arabic in Azakh. The population was thus disarmed after the arrival of 1500 Turkish soldiers, and 257 or 357 men from Azakh and neighbouring villages, including notables and three priests, were accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned at Cizre. The Assyrians of Azakh were deemed unsuitable for Turkification by the Turkish government, and as a result aimed to exterminate those who had survived the genocide, whereby those who had been arrested were beaten and denied food whilst imprisoned. They were later transferred to Midyat, where most were released in August 1926, whilst notables remained imprisoned, who were transferred to Harpoot until eventually released after five more months.
Assyrians from Azakh emigrated to Ain Diwar and Al-Malikiyah in northeastern Syria in the early 1930s after the construction of French military bases. The village was elevated to district in 1937, upon which it was officially renamed İdil. The village was inhabited by 3500 Assyrians in 1964. As a result of the Cypriot crisis of 1963-1964, Assyrians of İdil were the victim of anti-Christian riots. The village was exclusively populated by Christian Assyrians until the mid-1970s; this was in part due to the prohibition of sale of property to Muslim Kurds by Mayor Şükrü Tutuş. Efforts to encroach on the Assyrian population resulted in the construction of social housing for Kurds in the village, who consequently amounted to 10% of the population, and the election of Abdurrahman Abay, chief of the Kurdish Kecan tribe, as mayor in 1979 with the aid of the Turkish authorities, including the military commander, judge, and district governor. Abay alleged that he received congratulations via telegram from Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, for the "Muslim conquest of Idil". This led the Assyrian population to decline in the 1970s and 1980s.
After their forced eviction by the Turkish army on 20 November 1993, a number of Assyrian refugees from Hassana fled to İdil. On 9 January 1994, Melke Tok, priest of Miden, was abducted whilst en route from İdil to Bsorino. The priest was later released after negotiations, and attested that, whilst in captivity, he was buried alive and pressured into converting to Islam. The murder of former mayor Şükrü Tutuş on 17 June 1994 led the remaining Christian population of several hundred people to seek asylum in Western Europe, and was followed by the Kurdish repopulation of the village. Assyrians later returned, but by 2015 only 50 Assyrians inhabited the city.
The eruption of violence in early 2016 led all but two Assyrians to flee İdil, as well as an estimated three thousand people, and a curfew was imposed on 16 February. The Turkish army began operations in the city on 18 February and claimed to have killed at least 47 PKK militants by 25 February. The curfew was partially lifted on 31 March and the refugees returned to İdil, including at least four Assyrian families. In late July 2019, Assyrian properties in the district were struck by suspected arson attacks. As of September 2020, only 23 Assyrians inhabit İdil.
Government
Mayors
Mayor Mehmet Muhdi Arslan and deputy mayor Nevin Girasun were suspended on 20 September 2016 following their arrest in August on suspicion of aiding and abetting the PKK, and Kaymakam (district governor) Ersin Tepeli was appointed as trustee on the following day.
Notable people
Jacques Behnan Hindo (b. 1941), Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Al-Hasakah-Nisibis.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Tur Abdin
Populated places in İdil District
Assyrian communities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Mardin Province
Places of the Assyrian genocide
Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0dil |
İhsangazi, formerly Mergüze, is a town in Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of İhsangazi District. Its population is 2,891 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of .
References
Populated places in Kastamonu Province
İhsangazi District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0hsangazi |
Edwin John Victor Pasmore, CH, CBE (3 December 190823 January 1998) was a British artist. He pioneered the development of abstract art in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s.
Early life
Pasmore was born in Chelsham, Surrey, on 3 December 1908. He studied at Summer Fields School in Oxford and Harrow in west London, but with the death of his father in 1927 he was forced to take an administrative job at the London County Council. He studied painting part-time at the Central School of Art and was associated with the formation of the Euston Road School. After experimenting with abstraction, Pasmore worked for a time in a lyrical figurative style, painting views of the River Thames from Hammersmith much in the style of Turner and Whistler.
In the Second World War, Pasmore was a conscientious objector. Having been refused recognition by his Local Tribunal, he was called up for military service in 1942. He refused orders and was court martialled and sentenced to 123 days imprisonment. The sentence qualified him to go to the Appellate Tribunal in Edinburgh, which allowed him unconditional exemption from military service.
Artistic career
The figurative years: 1927–1947
One of the first exhibitions in which his works feature was held at the Zwemmer gallery, London 1934. His works were influenced by Monet and Cézanne.
The break into abstraction (1948–1954)
His break into abstract art was inspired by the artists Piet Mondrian and Paul Klee. Their writings feature nature and the creation of a dynamic harmony in art which stood for the future harmony of society.
Beginning in 1947, he developed a purely abstract style under the influence of Ben Nicholson and other artists associated with Circle, becoming a pioneering figure of the revival of interest in Constructivism in Britain following the War. Pasmore's abstract work, often in collage and construction of reliefs, pioneered the use of new materials and was sometimes on a large architectural scale. Herbert Read described Pasmore's new style as "The most revolutionary event in post-war British art".
In 1950, he was commissioned to design an abstract mural for a bus depot in Kingston upon Thames and the following year Pasmore contributed a mural to the Festival of Britain that promoted a number of the British Constructivists.
Pasmore was a supporter of fellow artist Richard Hamilton, giving him a teaching job in Newcastle and contributing a constructivist structure to the exhibition "This Is Tomorrow" in collaboration with Ernő Goldfinger and Helen Phillips. Pasmore was commissioned to make a mural for the new Newcastle Civic Centre. His interest in the synthesis of art and architecture was given free hand when he was appointed Consulting Director of Architectural Design for Peterlee development corporation in 1955. Pasmore's choices in this area proved controversial; the centerpiece of the town design became an abstract public art structure of his design, the Apollo Pavilion. The structure became the focus for local criticism over the failures of the Development Corporation but Pasmore remained a defender of his work, returning to the town to face critics of the Pavilion at a public meeting in 1982. After many years of neglect the work was restored in 2009 with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Pasmore represented Britain at the 1961 Venice Biennale, was participating artist at the Documenta II 1959 in Kassel and was a trustee of the Tate Gallery, donating a number of works to the collection. He gave a lecture on J.M.W. Turner as 'first of the moderns' to the Turner Society, of which he was elected a vice president in 1975.
Teaching: 1937–1961
Pasmore was a leading figure in the promotion of abstract art and reform of the fine art education system. From 1943–1949, he taught at Camberwell School of Art where one of his students was Terry Frost whom he advised not to bother with the School's formal teaching and to instead study the works in the National Gallery.
Between 1950 and 1954 Pasmore taught at the Central School of Art.
From 1954 to 1961 he was Master of Painting in the Fine Art Department Durham University, Kings College Newcastle upon Tyne, (now Newcastle University). There he developed a radical art and design course inspired by the 'basic course' of the Bauhaus that became the model for higher arts education across the UK. He was succeeded by Richard Hamilton.
Personal life
In 1940, he married the artist Wendy Blood. They had two children, a son and a daughter. He moved to Malta in 1966. He died in Gudja, Malta, on 23 January 1998, aged 89.
Legacy
On 3 November 2014, the Central Bank of Malta, in collaboration with the Victor Pasmore Foundation, inaugurated the Victor Pasmore Gallery in the Central Bank's premises at the Polverista Gallery. This gallery houses a permanent exhibition of works discovered in Pasmore's home in Gudja, Malta and also in his residence in Blackheath, London. The exhibition consists primarily of paintings and constructions created while the artist lived in Malta.
See also
Abstract painting - 1998 painting by Pasmore
References
Sources
The Times, 1 September 1942.
Further reading
Grieve, Alastair, Constructed Abstract Art in England: A Neglected Avant-Garde, Yale University Press, 2005.
Grieve, Alastair (editor), Victor Pasmore: Towards a New Reality, Tate Publishing, 2010.
Bowness, Alan and Lambertini, Luigi, Victor Pasmore: With a Catalogue Raisonne of Paintings, Constructions and Graphics, 1926-79, Thames & Hudson, 1980.
External links
Central Bank of Malta
Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti
1908 births
1998 deaths
Abstract painters
People from Tandridge (district)
People educated at Harrow School
People educated at Summer Fields School
20th-century English painters
English male painters
Architects from Surrey
British conscientious objectors
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design
Academics of Camberwell College of Arts
20th-century English architects
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Academicians
20th-century English male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Pasmore |
The Oak Tree Racing Association is an American nonprofit corporation that exists to conduct live thoroughbred horse racing in Southern California.
Graded Stakes races at the Oak Tree meet
Since Oak Tree Racing moved to Hollywood Park in 2010, some of these races have been renamed by Santa Anita Park now that its lease with Oak Tree Racing Association has expired.)
Ancient Title Stakes (renamed the Santa Anita Sprint Championship)
Clement L. Hirsch Turf Championship Stakes (renamed the John Henry Turf Championship)
Goodwood Stakes (renamed the Awesome Again Stakes)
Harold C. Ramser Sr. Handicap (renamed the Autumn Miss Stakes)
Lady's Secret Stakes (renamed the Zenyatta Stakes)
Las Palmas Handicap (renamed the Goldikova Stakes)
Morvich Handicap (renamed the Eddie D Stakes)
Norfolk Stakes (renamed the FrontRunner Stakes)
Oak Leaf Stakes (renamed the Chandelier Stakes)
Oak Tree Derby (renamed the Twilight Derby)
Oak Tree Mile (renamed the City of Hope Mile)
Senator Ken Madddy Stakes
Yellow Ribbon Stakes (renamed the Rodeo Drive Stakes)
Track announcers
Terry Gilligan (1969-circa 1976)
Alan Buchdahl (circa 1976-1982)
Trevor Denman (1983-2009)
Vic Stauffer (2010)
References
External links
Oak Tree Racing media guide
Oak Tree Racing Association official website
"Hollywood Park, Oak Tree Agree to Second Meet in 2011"
"Stauffer to call races for Oak Tree", Thoroughbred Times, 6 September 2010
Horse racing in California
Eclipse Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Tree%20Racing%20Association |
The Masque of Blackness was an early Jacobean era masque, first performed at the Stuart Court in the Banqueting Hall of Whitehall Palace on Twelfth Night, 6 January 1605. It was written by Ben Jonson at the request of Anne of Denmark, the queen consort of King James I, who wished the masquers to be disguised as Africans. Anne was one of the performers in the masque along with her court ladies, all of whom appeared in blackface makeup. In a ceremony earlier on the day, Prince Charles, Anne's second son (who was still in Scotland at Dunfermline Palace) was given the title of Duke of York.
Plot and themes
The plot of the masque follows the ladies arriving at the royal court to be "cleansed" of their blackness by King James; a stage direction that was impossible to fulfill on stage. They had been instructed by a riddle to seek the land "Britannia". The theme of the masque was a commentary on the Jacobean debate on the Union and the disparate identities of the people of Britain. The Masque of Beauty was written as a sequel to The Masque of Blackness, and originally intended for the following holiday season. It was displaced by Hymenaei, the masque for the wedding of the Earl of Essex and Frances Howard. Beauty was finally performed in 1608.
Design
The sets, costumes, and stage effects were designed by Inigo Jones; Blackness was the first of many masques for the Stuart Court on which Jonson and Jones would collaborate. The music for Blackness was composed by Alfonso Ferrabosco.
Jones designed a raised and mobile stage for the masque, forty feet square and four feet off the floor; this was employed for many subsequent masques. The stage contained inner space for the machines that produced stage effects and the technicians who operated them. The King was often stilling on a stool, resembling the sun. Blackness introduced effects that Jones would repeat with variation throughout his career as a stage designer: it opened with a tempestuous seascape, simulated by flowing and billowing cloths.
The opening stormy sea was populated with six blue-haired merman-like tritons. The gods Oceanus ("blue") and Niger (black) entered, mounted upon giant seahorses. The twelve daughters of Niger, played by the Queen and her ladies in waiting, entered in the company of a dozen nymphs of Oceanus as torchbearers; the ladies of the Court were dressed in tones of silver and azure to contrast with the blackness of the makeup, with pearls and feathers in their hair, while the torchbearers, in green doublets with gold puffed sleeves, had their faces, hands, and hair dyed blue. The ladies rode in a great hollow seashell, which seemed to float upon and move with the waves, and was accompanied by six large sea monsters carrying more torchbearers. (With Blackness as with many subsequent masques designed by Jones, one of the aspects of the show most commented upon by witnesses was the dazzling intensity of light involved...which inevitably says something about the normal conditions of life in the Jacobean era.)
Plot summary
The text begins with Niger talking to his father Oceanus. Oceanus asks him why he has left his usual eastward course and flowed westward, into the Atlantic. Niger tells him that he has come to request help. Niger's daughters are upset because they thought themselves to be the most beautiful goddesses in the world, only to discover that paleness is thought more attractive - and so no longer feel beautiful. The moon goddess, Aethiopia, tells the daughters that, if they can find a country whose name ends in "tannia", they will be beautiful once more.
The daughters try desperately to find the country whose name ends in "tannia", travelling as far as Mauritania (North Africa), Lusitania (Portugal), and Aquitania (France) in their quest. Despondent at their lack of success they pray once more to Aethiopia, who tells them that the country is Britannia and that they should seek out its sun-like king, who has the power to bleach their black complexions white. Aethiopia further advises the daughters that once a month for the next year, they should bathe in sea-dew and, thus prepared, at the same time next year, they should appear before the king again, whereupon his light will make them beautiful and white.
Cast
The principal cast of the masque:
Queen Anne................Euphoris
Countess of Bedford........Aglaia
Lady Herbert...............Diaphane
Countess of Derby.....Eucampse
Lady Rich........................Ocyte
Countess of Suffolk.......Kathare
Lady Bevill.........................Notis
Lady Effingham...........Psychrote
Lady Elizabeth Howard....Glycyte
Lady Susan Vere.............Malacia
Lady Mary Wroth...............Baryte
Lady Walsingham.........Periphere
A newsletter from court described the cast of the "Queen's mask" in December 1604, noting that three women were excused because of illness, the Countess of Nottingham, the Countess of Richmond who had measles, and the Countess of Northumberland. Lady Hatton was not invited to perform and left court. "Lady Herbert" was Anne Herbert, a daughter of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke and Mary Sidney.
Responses
The masque was controversial in its day, in part for the production's use of body paint instead of masks to simulate dark skin. One observer, Sir Dudley Carleton expressed his displeasure with the play as such:
Instead of Vizzards, their Faces, and Arms up to the Elbows, were painted black, which was a Disguise sufficient, for they were hard to be known; ... and you cannot imagine a more ugly Sight, than a Troop of lean-cheek'd Moors.
Carleton also made a topical joke, comparing the huge sea-monsters that flanked the shell that housed the nymphs with an unusual sighting of a seal in the Thames at Isleworth, "it came in company with the Sea-fish that drew in our Lady-Moors, and carried a Waiting Gentlewoman and some baggage!".
Another writer described the masque dancers' appearance and the expense; "the Queen and some dozen ladies all paynted like Blackamores, face and neck bare, and for the rest strangely attired in Barbaresque mantells to the halfe legge, having buskins all to be sett with jewells, ... it took the King betweene 4 or £5,000 to execute to Queen's fancy".
A poem, perhaps by John Donne or Henry Goodere, was addressed to one of the masquers, possibly Lucy, Countess of Bedford. It begins, "Why chose shee black; was it that in whitenes, She did Leda equall".
The make-up used could not be quickly removed, so a metamorphosis from black to white was not staged. Anne of Denmark's apothecary John Wolfgang Rumler is known to have devised a more easily removeable blackface make-up for a masque in 1621, The Gypsies Metamorphosed.
The masque was expensive, costing £3000. It caused consternation among some English observers due to the perceived impropriety of the performance. Controversy also stemmed from the predominant role of female actresses playing what were considered traditionally male roles.
The texts of The Masque of Blackness and The Masque of Beauty were published together in quarto form in 1608, by the bookseller Thomas Thorpe; they were reprinted in the first folio collection of Jonson's works in 1616.
Modern criticism
The representation of African people in court masques had precedents both in England and Scotland. Anne of Denmark had African servants. There was a masque involving blackface at the coronation of Christian IV of Denmark in 1596, witnessed by Anne of Denmark's brother, the Duke of Holstein and perhaps, by Inigo Jones.
Kim F. Hall draws attention to The Masque of Blackness and the documented reactions of its audience, in the context of the "growth of actual contact with Africans, Native Americans, and other ethnically different foreigners" and a "collision of the dark lady tradition with the actual African difference encountered in the quest for empire". A "pride in the revival of ancient Britain is continually yoked to the glorification of whiteness". For Bernadette Andrea the masque reveals "complicity with an emerging institutional racism as England's increasing investment in the transatlantic slave trade underwrote its imperialist expansion in to the Americas".
Notes
References
Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642. Third edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jonson, Ben. The Masque of Blackness. 1608. In Ben Jonson: Complete Masques. Ed. Stephen Orgel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969. pp. 61–74.
Leapman, Michael. Inigo: The Troubled Life of Inigo Jones, Architect of the English Renaissance. London, Headline Book Publishing, 2003.
External links
The Masque of Blackness.
Masque of Blackness, Cambridge edition online
Anti-black racism in England
Black people in literature
Masques by Ben Jonson
English Renaissance plays
1605 plays
Anne of Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Masque%20of%20Blackness |
İmamoğlu is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey. Its area is 445 km2, and its population is 27,037 (2022). It is an agricultural community on a small plain in the hills between the cities of Adana and Kozan, 45 km from Adana, 27 km from Kozan.
Composition
There are 27 neighbourhoods in İmamoğlu District:
Adalet
Ağzıkaraca
Alaybeyi
Aliler
Ayvalı
Camili
Çörten
Cumhuriyet
Danacılı
Fatih
Hacıhasanlı
Hürriyet
Koyunevi
Malıhıdırlı
Menteş
Otluk
Pekmezci
Sayca
Saygeçit
Sevinçli
Sokutaş
Tuna
Üçtepe
Ufacıkören
Uluçınar
Yazıtepe
Yenievler
References
External links
District governorate's official website
District municipality's official website
Districts of Adana Province
Populated places in Adana Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu |
İmranlı (), is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of İmranlı District. Its population is 2,823 (2022). The mayor is Özkan Demir (AKP). The town is located at 108 km to Sivas.
Demographics
The town is populated by Sunni Turks and Kurdish Alevis.
References
Populated places in Sivas Province
İmranlı District
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mranl%C4%B1 |
Ariadne's thread, named for the legend of Ariadne, is solving a problem which has multiple apparent ways to proceed—such as a physical maze, a logic puzzle, or an ethical dilemma—through an exhaustive application of logic to all available routes. It is the particular method used that is able to follow completely through to trace steps or take point by point a series of found truths in a contingent, ordered search that reaches an end position. This process can take the form of a mental record, a physical marking, or even a philosophical debate; it is the process itself that assumes the name.
Implementation
The key element to applying Ariadne's thread to a problem is the creation and maintenance of a record—physical or otherwise—of the problem's available and exhausted options at all times. This record is referred to as the "thread", regardless of its actual medium. The purpose the record serves is to permit backtracking—that is, reversing earlier decisions and trying alternatives. Given the record, applying the algorithm is straightforward:
At any moment that there is a choice to be made, make one arbitrarily from those not already marked as failures, and follow it logically as far as possible.
If a contradiction results, back up to the last decision made, mark it as a failure, and try another decision at the same point. If no other options exist there, back up to the last place in the record that does have options, mark the failure at that level, and proceed onward.
This algorithm will terminate upon either finding a solution or marking all initial choices as failures; in the latter case, there is no solution. If a thorough examination is desired even though a solution has been found, one can revert to the previous decision, mark the success, and continue on as if a solution were never found; the algorithm will exhaust all decisions and find all solutions.
Distinction from trial and error
The terms "Ariadne's thread" and "trial and error" are often used interchangeably, which is not necessarily correct. They have two distinctive differences:
"Trial and error" implies that each "trial" yields some particular value to be studied and improved upon, removing "errors" from each iteration to enhance the quality of future trials. Ariadne's thread has no such mechanism, and hence all decisions made are arbitrary. For example, the scientific method is trial and error; puzzle-solving is Ariadne's thread.
Trial-and-error approaches are rarely concerned with how many solutions may exist to a problem, and indeed often assume only one correct solution exists. Ariadne's thread makes no such assumption, and is capable of locating all possible solutions to a purely logical problem.
In short, trial and error approaches a desired solution; Ariadne's thread blindly exhausts the search space completely, finding any and all solutions. Each has its appropriate distinct uses. They can be employed in tandem—for example, although the editing of a Wikipedia article is arguably a trial-and-error process (given how in theory it approaches an ideal state), article histories provide the record for which Ariadne's thread may be applied, reverting detrimental edits and restoring the article back to the most recent error-free version, from which other options may be attempted.
Applications
Obviously, Ariadne's thread may be applied to the solving of mazes in the same manner as the legend; an actual thread can be used as the record, or chalk or a similar marker can be applied to label passages. If the maze is on paper, the thread may well be a pencil.
Logic problems of all natures may be resolved via Ariadne's thread, the maze being but an example. At present, it is most prominently applied to Sudoku puzzles, used to attempt values for as-yet-unsolved cells. The medium of the thread for puzzle-solving can vary widely, from a pencil to numbered chits to a computer program, but all accomplish the same task. Note that as the compilation of Ariadne's thread is an inductive process, and due to its exhaustiveness leaves no room for actual study, it is largely frowned upon as a solving method, to be employed only as a last resort when deductive methods fail.
Artificial intelligence is heavily dependent upon Ariadne's thread when it comes to game-playing, most notably in programs which play chess; the possible moves are the decisions, game-winning states the solutions, and game-losing states failures. Due to the massive depth of many games, most algorithms cannot afford to apply Ariadne's thread entirely on every move due to time constraints, and therefore work in tandem with a heuristic that evaluates game states and limits a breadth-first search only to those that are most likely to be beneficial, a trial-and-error process.
Even circumstances where the concept of "solution" is not so well defined have had Ariadne's thread applied to them, such as navigating the World Wide Web, making sense of patent law, and in philosophy; "Ariadne's Thread" is a popular name for websites of many purposes, but primarily for those that feature philosophical or ethical debate.
See also
Brute-force search
Depth-first search
Labyrinth
Deductive reasoning
Computer chess
J. Hillis Miller
Gordian Knot
References
Solving Sudoku Step-by-step guide by Michael Mepham; includes history of Ariadne's thread and demonstration of application
Constructing Sudoku A flow chart shows how to construct and solve Sudoku by using Ariadne's thread (back-tracking technique)
Ariadne and the Minotaur: The Cultural Role of a Philosophy of Rhetoric Article by Andrea Battistini detailing Ariadne's thread as a philosophical metaphor
Philosophy in Labyrinths A study of the logic behind and meaning of labyrinths; includes rather literal interpretations of Ariadne's thread.
Logic
Philosophical analogies
Philosophical methodology
Problem solving methods
Ariadne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne%27s%20thread%20%28logic%29 |
General elections were held in South Africa on 24 April 1974. They were called one year earlier than scheduled by Prime Minister John Vorster on 4 February. The House of Assembly was increased from 166 to 171 members. The election was once again won by the National Party, with a slightly increased parliamentary majority.
The Progressive Party made a major advance, however. In addition to Helen Suzman, re-elected for Houghton, five other members won seats including the party leader Colin Eglin. A seventh member of the caucus was elected at a by-election soon after. The United Party won 41 seats. The election also saw Harry Schwarz, leader of the United Party in the Transvaal, enter Parliament. Schwartz would soon lead a break away from the United Party and would become one of the Apartheid's more prominent opponents in Parliament, first forming the Reform Party and then joining with the Progressive Party to form the Progressive Reform Party in 1975, under the leadership of Colin Eglin.
Nominations
Nominations closed on 18 March. A total of 334 candidates were nominated for 171 seats: National Party 137, United Party 110, Herstigte Nasionale Party 46, Progressive Party 23, Democratic Party 7 and others 11. 46 seats were won unopposed, 32 for the National Party and 14 for the United Party.
Results
House of Assembly
125 of the 171 seats were contested. Voting did not take place in two constituencies, Pinelands and Wonderboom, where by-elections were later held; Pinelands was won by the Progressive Party and Wonderboom by the National Party.
By province
Senate
The elections for the Senate were held on 30 May 1974 by an electoral college made up of members of the Assembly and various others. The National Party gained one seat at the expense of the United Party, winning 32 of the 44 seats (the United Party held 12 seats).
References
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
Events associated with apartheid
April 1974 events in Africa
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20South%20African%20general%20election |
İncesu is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 874 km2, and its population is 29,120 (2022). The mayor is Mustafa İlmek (AKP). It has been identified with the ancient town Sadogora or Sadacora.
History
At the beginning of the 20th century, Greeks still formed part of the population of İncesu. Most of them went with the Turkish-Greek Population Exchange. There is the Kara Mustafa Pasha Caravanserai built by Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1660 in İncesu.
In 2021, archaeologists discovered late Roman and early Byzantine houses, with inscriptions and mosaics.
Composition
There are 33 neighbourhoods in İncesu District:
Bahçelievler
Bahçesaray
Bulgurcu
Çardaklı
Dokuzpınar
Fırınönü
Garipçe
Gönenkent
Güney
Hamurcu
Karahüyük
Karakoyunlu
Karamustafapaşa
Kızılören Aşağı
Kızılören Ötebatan
Kızılören Tabaklı
Küllü
Örenşehir
Orta
Saraycık
Sarıkürklü
Semerkent
Şeyhşaban
Subaşı
Süksün Cumhuriyet
Süksün Hürriyet
Süksün Zafer
Sultansazı
Tahirinli
Üçkuyu
Vali Ihsan Aras
Yarım
Yenicami
References
Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncesu%2C%20Kayseri |
Gurgi is a fictional character in The Chronicles of Prydain, the series of fantasy novels by Lloyd Alexander. Gurgi is the hero Taran's faithful companion, appearing in all five books.
Profile
He is described as being a cross between man and beast, having long arms, covered with fur and leaves, and ever hungry but really "just a sort of a, kind of a thing". His demeanor is extremely loyal and caring, almost to a fault. His manner of speech is filled with rhymed pairs of words ("crunchings and munchings", "smackings and whackings", "sneakings and peekings", etc.), and redundant phrases ("see with lookings!"); he refers to himself in the third person. Gurgi is humble and loyal toward his human companions, at first submitting even to Taran as a "noble lord".
Appearances
Gurgi is one of the few characters to appear in all five books of the series, the others being Taran, Fflewddur, Dallben and Coll.
In The Book of Three, Taran first meets Gurgi in his quest to locate Hen-Wen, the oracular pig. At first, Taran is disdainful of Gurgi, believing him to be more of a nuisance than anything else. By the end of the book, he learns the value of true companionship.
In The Black Cauldron, Gurgi, along with Princess Eilonwy, sneakily follows the Companions to the Black Gate of Annuvin. Gurgi would accompany the Companions to the Marshes of Morva and eventually be the one to find the Black Cauldron.
In The Castle of Llyr, Gurgi accompanies Taran in escorting the Princess Eilonwy to the Isle of Mona and faces all sorts of dangers when she is kidnapped by a foe long thought dead.
In Taran Wanderer, Gurgi loyally follows Taran on what might be the most important quest of his life, the search for his true identity (who his parents were, etc.), and proves to be a true friend.
In The High King, Gurgi's bravery is proven from beginning to end and when all is said and done, he must make the hardest choice of all.
Origins
According to a 1999 publisher's note, quoting Alexander on The Chronicles, "'The people in it were born, like most children, at unlikely and inconvenient times.. Gurgi, for example, appeared in the predawn hours. ... Suddenly there he was, with his groanings and moanings, looking like a disordered owl's nest."
According to Alexander, nearly all of the proper names in Prydain are from Welsh myth or history, perhaps all except Eilonwy and Taran. There are several characters named Gurgi in Welsh legend, the most important of whom was Peredur's brother.
Disney
In Disney's animated version of The Black Cauldron, Gurgi is portrayed as a small anthropomorphic dog-like creature. The voice was provided by actor/impressionist John Byner.
There used to be a restaurant in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom named after Gurgi, Gurgi's Munchies and Crunchies, which closed in 1993. To this date it has been one of only two vendor/attraction with a Black Cauldron theme at any Disney theme park. The other was an attraction; "Cinderella Castle Mystery Tour" at Tokyo Disneyland, which has also since closed in 2006.
The Disney version of Gurgi also appears in the world-building video game Disney Magic Kingdoms as a playable character to unlock for a limited time.
Additional information
The cover on one edition of The Black Cauldron shows Gurgi looking like a raggedy humanoid with bushy hair and thin limbs, almost like a starving vagrant. Another has him illustrated similar to a Chimpanzee.
Gurgi possesses a magical wallet, a gift from Prince Gwydion, which provides an indefinite supply of nourishing, though somewhat tasteless and dry food.
While his mount has no name per se, he is often seen riding a shaggy pony.
References
Sources
Fictional humanoids
Literary characters introduced in 1964
The Chronicles of Prydain characters
Fictional illeists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgi |
Ivanka Marinova Hristova (; 19 November 1941 – 24 February 2022) was a Bulgarian shot putter. She won the gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics, and the bronze in 1972. In addition she won the 1976 European Indoor Championships. Khristova died on 24 February 2022, at the age of 80.
World records
21.87 metres on 3 July 1976 in Belmeken
21.89 metres on 5 July 1976 in Belmeken
Her latest record only stood until 26 September 1976 when Czechoslovak Helena Fibingerová improved it to 21.99 metres.
Major achievements
References
External links
1941 births
2022 deaths
Bulgarian female shot putters
Sportspeople from Sofia Province
Olympic athletes for Bulgaria
Olympic gold medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
21st-century Bulgarian women
21st-century Bulgarian people
20th-century Bulgarian women
20th-century Bulgarian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka%20Khristova |
İnhisar is a town in Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of İnhisar District. Its population is 960 (2021). The mayor is Mehmet Kepez (AKP).
History
From 1867 until 1922, İnhisar was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet.
References
Populated places in Bilecik Province
District municipalities in Turkey
İnhisar District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nhisar |
İnönü is a municipality and district of Eskişehir Province, Turkey. Its area is 345 km2, and its population is 6,173 (2022). Its elevation is .
İnönü has a strategic location on the Istanbul-Eskişehir railway and Bozüyük-Kütahya highway. It also hosts Ford Otosan's truck production facility.
History
During the western front (also known as the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) of the Turkish War of Independence in 1921, the First and Second Battles of İnönü took place near the town between the Turkish and the Greek forces. The battles were named after the town, and İsmet İnönü, the Turkish commanding officer during the battles and future President and Prime Minister of Turkey, was given his surname in honor of his services during the battles.
Before it became a district in 1987, İnönü belonged to Söğüt district of Bilecik Province in 1922. Afterwards, it became part of Bozüyük district in 1926 and central district of Eskişehir Province in 1963. İnönü was a township center until 1987.
Composition
There are 16 neighbourhoods in İnönü District:
Aşağıkuzfındık
Çarşı
Dereyalak
Dutluca
Erenköy
Esnemez
İsmetpaşa
Kümbet
Kümbetakpınar
Kümbetyeniköy
Oklubalı
Orta
Seyitaliköyü
Yenice
Yukarıkuzfındık
Yürükyayla
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Map of İnönü district
Populated places in Eskişehir Province
Districts of Eskişehir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C%20Eski%C5%9Fehir |
The Alesis Andromeda A6 (A6 is an acronym: A - A, 6 - SIX, and their consonance corresponds to "ASICs" which is an abbreviation for "Application Specific integrated Circuits") is a 16-voice, 16-channel multitimbral analog synthesizer by Alesis which was released in 2000 and discontinued in 2010. The Andromeda has analog oscillators and filters combined with modern digital control. It can be considered a hybrid of older and newer technologies, but its entire signal path is purely analog. The VCOs have a very practical pitch correction function, a feature missing on other old polysynths. The VCOs have FM and ring modulation and sub-oscillators. These features makes it possible to create a much wider sonic palette than usual on analog polysynths.
Specifications
Polyphony: 16 voices
Oscillators: 2 oscillators (with subs) per voice, 5 waveforms available (sine, triangle, pulse, up saw, down saw)
Filter: 2-pole multimode resonating filter per voice, 4-pole lowpass resonating filter per voice (32 total)
Effects: Digital reverberation, chorus, echo, analog distortion, quad pitch-shifting, flange, and more
Arpeggiator: Up, Down, Up/Down
Sequencer: 16-step, analog style; both have MIDI sync
Keyboard: 61 keys (velocity and aftertouch sensitive) and a ribbon controller
Program Memory: 256 preset and 128 user-defined
Mix Memory: 128 user-defined
Memory Card Slot: PCMCIA-format
Control: MIDI (16-parts)
Date Produced: March 2001 – 2010
Dimensions (WxHxD): 40.1" x 4.8" x 16.1" (1019 mm x 122 mm x 409 mm)
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
A6 Andromeda Community Website.
Andromeda A6
Analog synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesis%20Andromeda%20A6 |
İpsala (; ) is a town in Edirne Province in northwestern Turkey. It is the seat of İpsala District. Its population is 8,546 (2022). It is the location of one of the main border checkpoints between Greece and Turkey. The Greek town opposite İpsala is Kipoi.
The state road D.110 (European route E90) connects the border checkpoint İpsala with Tekirdağ at the coast of Marmara Sea. The town consists of 6 quarters: Kapucu, Saraçilyas, Bayrambey, Köprü, Bozkurt and Fatih.
History
In Roman and Byzantine times, this was the town of Cypsela, which belonged to the Roman province of Rhodope, whose capital and metropolitan see was Traianopolis. During the reign of Orhan, it came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
From the 7th century onward, the bishopric of Cypsela, initially a suffragan of Traianopolis, appears in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as an autocephalous archdiocese. Its bishops Georgius and Theophylactus were present respectively at the Second Council of Constantinople (553) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Stephanus was at both the Council of Constantinople (869) and the Council of Constantinople (879). No longer a residential bishopric, Cypsela is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
References
Greece–Turkey border crossings
Populated places in İpsala District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0psala |
Émile Peynaud (June 29, 1912 – July 18, 2004) was a French oenologist and researcher who has been credited with revolutionizing winemaking in the latter half of the 20th century, and has been called "the forefather of modern oenology".
Biography
Peynaud entered the wine trade at the age of fifteen with the négociant Maison Calvet. At Calvet he worked under the chemical engineer Jean Ribéreau-Gayon, and they developed methods of analysing the wines that were to be purchased. In 1946, Peynaud completed his Doctorate at the University of Bordeaux and joined its faculty as a lecturer. Ribéreau-Gayon at this time was also teaching at the University, and the two shifted their previous focus of problems faced by Calvet to the problems faced by the winemakers themselves.
While at the University of Bordeaux, where he became a professor of oenology, Peynaud worked at providing scientific explanations for many problems encountered in the process of winemaking. He convinced the wineries to begin picking of grapes at vineyards up to two weeks later than usual, and to complete the picking as quickly as possible. The practice of also picking underripe or rotten grapes was abandoned, so that the selected fruit arriving at the winery was of the best possible quality.
Peynaud introduced crushing and fermenting fruit in separate batches based on vine age, vineyard location, or any other factor that resulted in fruit of differing qualities in order to control tannin extraction. He then applied the cool fermentations used in Champagne to still white Bordeaux in order to control fermentation temperatures.
Because he proposed methods that ran counter to many traditions, in the 1950s and 1960s, skeptics would use the term "Peynaudization" of Bordeaux, but as his advice usually produced superior wines, criticism came to an end.
Peynaud considered the control of malolactic fermentation to be one of his most important contributions to winemaking. It was commonly believed that malolactic fermentation was a sickness. He helped the wineries realize that they needed to encourage and control malolactic fermentation. He also stated, "Using only the very best grapes is a new phenomenon," considering this "the crowning achievement of [his] work."
Peynaud was the Decanter Man of the Year in 1990. He taught Michel Rolland and Patrick Léon.
Selected bibliography
See also
List of wine personalities
References
1912 births
2004 deaths
French food scientists
French winemakers
University of Bordeaux alumni
Bordeaux wine
Oenologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile%20Peynaud |
Fredericton Transit (or the City of Fredericton Transit Division) is a small transit operator in Canada owned by the city of Fredericton, New Brunswick. It also includes Dial-A-Bus service for people with disabilities.
Services
Fredericton Transit provides public transport to most residential districts Monday to Saturday between 6:15 am and 11:00 pm. Kings Place in the central business district is the common interchange point for all services. A typical route has an hourly frequency throughout the day, with more frequent services in peak hour.
Fredericton Transit routes are often suffixed with N or S, denoting the direction in which the bus travels. As of April 22, 2022 Fredericton Transit operates the following routes:
Fleet
Current
Fredericton Transit currently has 28 buses on 12 routes operating Monday to Saturday.
NovaBus LFS
denotes wheelchair access
Retired
General Motors Diesel Division Buses T6H-4523N
General Motors Diesel Division Buses T6H-5307N
General Motors Diesel Division Buses TC40-102N (Classic)
Motor Coach Industries TC40-102N (Classic)
Novabus TC40-102N (Classic)
See also
Public transport in Canada
References
External links
Overall Transit Map
Fredericton Transit
Transport in Fredericton
Bus transport in New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericton%20Transit |
Hemileia vastatrix is a multicellular basidiomycete fungus of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales) that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), a disease affecting the coffee plant. Coffee serves as the obligate host of coffee rust, that is, the rust must have access to and come into physical contact with coffee (Coffea sp.) in order to survive.
CLR is one of the most economically important diseases of coffee, worldwide. Previous epidemics have destroyed coffee production of entire countries. In more recent history, an epidemic in Central America in 2012 reduced the region's coffee output by 16%.
The primary pathological mechanism of the fungus is a reduction in the plant's ability to derive energy through photosynthesis by covering the leaves with fungus spores and/or causing leaves to drop from the plant. The reduction in photosynthetic ability (plant's metabolism) results in a reduction in quantity and quality of flower and fruit production, which ultimately reduces the beverage quality.
Appearance
The mycelium with uredinia looks yellow-orange and powdery, and appears on the underside of leaves as points ~0.1 mm in diameter. Young lesions appear as chlorotic or pale yellow spots some millimetres in diameter, the older being a few centimetres in diameter. Hyphae are club-shaped with tips bearing numerous pedicels on which clusters of urediniospores are produced.
Telia are pale yellowish teliospores often produced in uredinia; teliospores more or less spherical to limoniform, 26–40 × 20–30 µm in diameter, wall hyaline to yellowish, smooth, 1 µm thick, thicker at the apex, pedicel hyaline.
Urediniospores are more or less reniform, 26–40 × 18-28 µm, with hyaline to pale yellowish wall, 1–2 µm thick, strongly warted on the convex side, smooth on the straight or concave side, warts frequently longer (3–7 µm) on spore edges.
There have been no known reports of a host capable of supporting an aecial stage of the fungus.
Life cycle
Hemileias life cycle begins with the germination of uredospores through germ pores in the spore. It mainly attacks the leaves and is only rarely found on young stems and fruit. Appressoria are produced, which in turn produce vesicles, from which entry into the substomatal cavity is gained. Within 24–48 hours, infection is completed. After successful infection, the leaf blade is colonized and sporulation will occur through the stomata. One lesion produces 4–6 spore crops over a 3–5 month period releasing 300–400,000 spores.
There is currently no known alternate host nor reported cases of infection by basidiospores of H. vastatrix, yet the fungus is able to overcome resistance by plants and scientists do not know exactly how. The predominant hypothesis is that H. vastatrix is heteroecious, completing its life cycle on an alternate host plant which has not yet been found. An alternative hypothesis is that H. vastatrix actually represents an early-diverging autoecious rust, in which the teliospores are non-functional and vestigial, and the sexual life cycle is completed by the urediniospores. Hidden meiosis and sexual reproduction (cryptosexuality) have been found within the generally asexual urediniospores. This finding may explain why new physiological races have arisen so often and so quickly in H. vastatrix.
Control
Recent studies and research papers have shown that CLR is under-researched compared to pathogens of other cash crops and that there are many factors that can influence the incidence and severity of the disease. Therefore, an integrated approach that includes genetic, chemical, and cultural controls is the best course of action.
Resistant cultivars
The most effective and durable strategy against CLR is the use of resistant cultivars. This has a number of benefits beyond disease control and can include the reduction in use of agrochemicals as control. A reduction in chemical application also has positive economic effects for farmers by reducing the cost of production. However, in lieu of deploying new, resistant plant stock, or in the interim between initiation of a renewal program and complete renewal, other methods of control are available.
Professional research and breeding programs such as CIRAD are developing F1 hybrid coffee trees such as Starmaya that have broad genetic resistance to CLR as well as good yield and cup quality, with research showing that F1 hybrids have higher yields and cup quality than conventional Coffea arabica cultivars. Research is also being done on how to democratize the use of F1 hybrids by smallholder coffee farmers who too often can not afford to utilize F1 hybrids. For example, Starmaya is the first F1 hybrid coffee tree that can be propagated in a seed garden rather than the more complicated and expensive process of somatic embryogenesis.
Chemicals
There are social, environmental, and economic concerns associated with any chemical control of plant diseases and some of these have a more direct and immediate impact than others on a farmer's decision to use chemicals. The use of chemicals must first and foremost make economic sense, and the cost of their use can be as much as 50% of the total cost of production. For smallholder farmers, this can be cost-prohibitive. Copper-based fungicides, such as Bordeaux mixture, have proven to be effective and economical, and work best when applied at inoculum levels below 10%.
Typically copper-based mixtures are used as preventative measures and systemic fungicides are used as curative measures.
By reducing disease incidence, chemical control can help mitigate the reduction in fruit quality and quantity that is caused by the disease.
Cultural
The extended presence of water on the leaves allows H vastatrix to infect the plant more easily and therefore cultural methods can be directed at reducing the time and the amount of water that remains on leaves. Cultural methods such as pruning branches to allow more air circulation and light penetration can help dry the moisture on the leaves. Increasing spacing between rows and preventing weed growth also allows for more air circulation and light penetration.
Plant nutrition
The correct amount of plant nutrients can also play a role in host resistance. Adequate nutrition allows the plant's natural, biochemical defenses to perform at optimal levels. For example, nitrogen and potassium are two critical, macronutrients that assist a coffee tree to resist infection. Nitrogen is a critical component of chlorophyll, which is central to photosynthesis. Potassium helps to increase the thickness of a leaf's epidermis, which acts as a barrier to pathogen attack. It also aids in recovery of tissues after an attack by H. vastatrix.
Pruning
Experiments have shown that removal of infected leaves can possibly reduce the final amount of the disease by a significant amount.
Fruit thinning
Fruit thinning combined with chemical application (cyproconazole and epoxiconazole for example) can increase effective control.
Shade
There is a complex interaction between shade, meteorological effects such as rainfall or dry periods, and aerial dispersal of rust. Researchers have found that shade may suppress spore dispersal under dry conditions but assist spore dispersal during wet conditions. The researchers acknowledge the need for further research on the topic.
Ecology
Hemileia vastatrix is an obligate parasite that lives mainly on the plants of genus Coffea but is also capable of invading Arabidopsis thaliana but does not develop haustoria.
The rust needs suitable temperatures to develop (between 16 °C and 28 °C). High altitude plantations are generally colder, so inoculum will not develop as easily as in plantations located in warmer regions. The presence of free water is required for infection to be completed. Loss of moisture after germination starts inhibits the whole infection process.
Sporulation is most influenced by temperature, humidity, and host resistance. The colonization process is not dependent on leaf wetness but is influenced greatly by temperature and by plant resistance. The main effect of temperature is to determine the length of time for the colonization process (incubation period).
Hemileia vastatrix has two fungal parasites, Verticillium haemiliae and Verticillium psalliotae.
The fungus is of East African origin, but is currently endemic to all producing regions. Coffee originates in high altitude regions of Ethiopia, Sudan, and Kenya, and the rust pathogen is believed to have originated in the same mountains. The earliest reports of the disease hail from the 1860s. It was reported first by a British explorer from regions of Kenya around Lake Victoria in 1861, from where it is believed to have spread to Asia and the Americas.
Rust was first reported in the major coffee growing regions of Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1867. The causal fungus was first fully described by the English mycologist Michael Joseph Berkeley and his collaborator Christopher Edmund Broome after an analysis of specimens of a "coffee leaf disease" collected by George H.K. Thwaites in Ceylon. Berkeley and Broome named the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, "Hemileia" referring to the half smooth characteristic of the spores and "vastatrix" for the devastating nature of the disease.
It is unknown exactly how the rust reached Ceylon from Ethiopia. Over the years that followed, the disease was recorded in India in 1870, Sumatra in 1876, Java in 1878, and the Philippines in 1889. During 1913 it crossed the African continent from Kenya to the Congo, where it was found in 1918, before spreading to West Africa, the Ivory Coast (1954), Liberia (1955), Nigeria (1962–63) and Angola (1966).
Uredospores are disseminated across long distances mainly by wind and can end up thousands of miles from where they were produced. Over short distances, uredospores are disseminated by both wind and rain splash. Other agents, such as animals, mainly insects and contaminated equipment, occasionally have been shown to be involved with dissemination.
Pathogenesis
Hemileia vastatrix affects the plant by covering part of the leaf surface area or inducing defoliation, both resulting in a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis. Because berry yield is generally linked to the amount of foliage, a reduction in photosynthesis and more importantly, defoliation can affect yield. Continuous colonization of the pathogen depletes the plants resources for surviving until the plant no longer has enough energy to grow or survive.
Coffee plants bred for resistance succeed because of cytological and biochemical resistance mechanisms. Such mechanisms involve transmitting signals to the infection site to stop cell function. The plants’ cell degradation response frequently occurs after the formation of the first haustorium and results in rapid hypersensitive cell death. Because Hemileia vastatrix is an obligate parasite, it can no longer survive when surrounded by dead cells. This can be recognized by the presence of browning cells in local regions on a leaf.
Environment
Temperature and moisture specifically play the largest role in infection rate of the coffee plant. Humidity is not enough to allow infection to occur. There must be a presence of water on the leaf for the urediospores to infect, although dry urediospores can survive up to six weeks without water. Dispersal happens primarily by wind, rain, or a combination of both. Transmission over large distances is likely the result of human intervention by spores clinging to clothes, tools, or equipment. Dispersal by insects is unlikely and therefore insignificant. Spore germination only happens when the temperature is , and peaks at ; furthermore. Appressorium formation is highest at and has a linear decline in production until , when there is little to no production. Although temperature and moisture are key factors for infection, dispersal, and colonization, plant resistance is also important in determining whether Hemileia vastatrix will survive.
History
The disease coffee leaf rust (CLR) was first described and named by Berkley and Broom in the November 1869 edition of the Gardeners Chronicle. They used specimens sent from Sri Lanka, where the disease was already causing enormous damage to productivity. Many coffee estates in Sri Lanka were forced to collapse or convert their crops to alternatives not affected by CLR, such as tea. The planters nicknamed the disease "Devastating Emily" and it affected Asian coffee production for over twenty years. By 1890, the coffee industry in Sri Lanka was nearly destroyed, although coffee estates still exist in some areas. Historians suggest that the devastated coffee production in Sri Lanka is one of the reasons why Britons have come to prefer tea, as Sri Lanka switched to tea production as a consequence of the disease.
By the 1920s CLR was widely found across much of Africa and Asia, as well as Indonesia and Fiji. It reached Brazil in 1970 and from there it rapidly spread at a rate enabling it to infect all coffee areas in the country by 1975. From Brazil, the disease spread to most coffee-growing areas in Central and South America by 1981, hitting Costa Rica and Colombia in 1983.
As of 1990, coffee rust has become endemic in all major coffee-producing countries.
2012 coffee leaf rust epidemic
In 2012, there was a major increase in coffee rust across ten Latin American and Caribbean countries. The disease became an epidemic and the resulting crop losses led to a fall in supply, outstripping demand. Coffee prices rose as a result, although other factors such as growing demand for gourmet beans in China, Brazil, and India also contributed.
USAID estimates that between 2012 and 2014, CLR caused $1 billion in damage and affected over 2 million people in Latin America.
The reasons for the epidemic remain unclear but an emergency rust summit meeting in Guatemala in April 2013 compiled a long list of shortcomings. These included a lack of resources to control the rust, the dismissal of early warning signs, ineffective fungicide application techniques, lack of training, poor infrastructure and conflicting advice. In a keynote talk at the "Let's Talk Roya" meeting (El Salvador, November 4, 2013), Dr Peter Baker, a senior scientist at CAB International, raised several key points regarding the epidemic including the proportional lack of investment in research and development in such a high value industry and the lack of investment in new varieties in key coffee producing countries such as Colombia.
Typical coffee cultivars maintained by farmers before the epidemic included Caturra, Bourbon, Mundo Novo, and Typica, all of which are susceptible to H. vastatrix. Also before the epidemic of 2012, 82% of farms were certified organic, which limits the agrochemicals farmers can use. However, there are a number of fungicides that can be used in certified organic systems, such as copper-based Bordeaux mix as well as commercial mixtures.
Honduras
During this period, Honduras experienced a significant epidemic of CLR. 80,000 hectares of coffee farms were infected and The Honduran National Institute of Coffee (IHCAFE) estimates that 30,000 farmers lost over half of their coffee production capacity and a third of those—10,000 farmers—suffered a complete loss of coffee production capacity. Roughly 84% of coffee producers in Honduras are smallholders and are therefore more vulnerable to loss of production than estate farmers.
Further
Coffee crops in Guatemala have been ruined by coffee rust, and a state of emergency has been declared in February 2013.
CLR has been a problem in Mexico.
CLR disease is a big problem in coffee plantations in Peru, declared in sanitary emergency by government (Decreto Supremo N° 082-2013-PCM).
In late October 2020, USDA ARS detected rust on Maui. Immediately the Hawaii Department of Agriculture began inspections around the state, not just on Maui itself. They initially found plants they suspect to also be infected in Hilo on the big island, however these plants tested negative to CLR, though it was detected on plants in the Kailua-Kona region of the island. In January, 2021, additional infections have been found on the islands of Oahu and Lanai, and plant quarantines have gone into effect as of March 2021 for interisland transport of coffee plants or parts between the four islands that CLR has been found on.
Economic impact
Coffee leaf rust (CLR) has direct and indirect economic impacts on coffee production. Direct impacts include decreased quantity and quality of yield produced by the diseased plant and the cost of inputs meant specifically to control the disease. Indirect impacts include increased costs to combat and control the disease. Methods of combating and controlling the disease include fungicide application and stumping diseased plants and replacing them with resistant breeds. Both methods include significant labor and material costs and in the case of stumping, include a years-long decline in production (coffee seedlings are not fully productive for three to five years after planting).
Due to the complexity of accurately accounting for losses attributed to CLR, there are few records quantifying yield losses. Estimates of yield loss vary by country and can range anywhere between 15 and 80%. Worldwide loss is estimated at 15%.
Some early data from Ceylon documenting the losses in the late 19th century indicate coffee production was reduced by 75%. As farmers shifted from coffee to other crops not affected by CLR, land used for growing coffee was reduced by 80%, from 68,787 to 14,170 ha.
In addition to the costs mentioned above, additional costs include research and development costs in producing resistant cultivars. These costs are normally borne by the industry, local and national governments and international aid agencies.
Colombia's National Federation of Coffee Growers (Fedecafe) set up a research lab specifically designed to find ways to stop the disease, as the country is a leading exporter of the Coffea arabica bean that is particularly prone to the disease.
References
External links
Hemileia vastatrix description at Plantvillage.com
Coffee Research Institute: Coffee rust
University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Coffee rust
The University of Hawaii page on Hemileia vastatrix
U.S.Dept.Agriculture page on Coffee Leaf Rust
Teliomycotina
Coffee diseases
Fungi of Africa
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of South America
Fungi of Colombia
Fungi described in 1869
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
Taxa named by Christopher Edmund Broome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileia%20vastatrix |
İskilip is a district of Çorum Province, Turkey, on the left bank of the River Kızılırmak, located at 56 km from the city of Çorum, 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Ankara and 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Kastamonu. It is the seat of İskilip District. Its population is 17,612 (2022). The mayor is Ali Sülük.
Etymology
Former names included Iskila (the name given to the area in Hittite times), Asklepios / Aesculapius (in ancient Greek), Blocium / Bloacium, İmad, Iskelib / İskelib (the ancient name returning into use in the Seljuk Turkish era), and Direklibel.
Geography
İskilip lies on a well-watered plain, several miles off the road between Çankırı and Amasya among wooded hills, at the foot of a limestone rock crowned by the ruins of an ancient fortress now filled with houses. Near the town are saline springs, from which salt has been extracted. The climate is dry. The highest point is Mount Teke (1700m). The local economy depends on agriculture, especially grains and pulses, and forestry. Iskilip lies on the North Anatolian Fault.
By one calculation, the geographic center of all land area on Earth surface, is a mile or so to the northeast of Iskilip district, not far from Başmakçı, making it the centre of the world.
History
People have been attracted to the saline springs of İskilip since the earliest times, and the town stands on a route through the mountains to the Black Sea coast. Therefore, this is one of the longest-settled areas of Anatolia; copper was smelted here in ancient times, when the plain was settled by the Hittite and Hatti civilizations (from 3000 BC). Rock carvings on the hill of Yivlik are said to date to the Hittite period. The area which consists of İskilip and Tosya district of Kastamonu Province was known as Tarittara or Turmitta during the Hittite era.
The Hattic city was then possessed by Paphlagonian kings (from 900-700 BC), was mentioned in the Iliad, and was visited by Herodotus. Then came the Galatians and the kings of Pontus, but these were soon displaced by a much stronger civilization. For the ancient Romans, who paid their soldiers in salt, the area had great importance. The Romans and, subsequently, the Byzantines settled here for a thousand years, making İskilip one of their key strongholds on the Kızılırmak. Byzantine rule of Anatolia ended in 1071 following the Byzantines' defeat by the Seljuk Turks at the battle of Malazgirt, and İskilip was soon settled (1074) by the Danishmend Turks, who brought Islam to the region. Centuries of fighting ensued between further Turkish clans and, from the 13th century, waves of Mongol and Tatar invaders.
In 1390, with the aid of Mongolian armies, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I moved against the Turkish lords who, by now, were in control of this corner of Anatolia. After severe fighting in which an Ottoman prince was killed and the castles of Ankara, Kalecik, and others were besieged, Bayezid (the Thunderbolt) prevailed and the area was brought under Ottoman control. But the castle of İskilip had been seriously damaged, and most of the population dispersed during the fighting, never to return, perhaps wisely, as the area, in 1402, was the scene of even more terrible warfare between Bayezid's Ottomans and the Tatars of Timur.
Following the Ottoman Interregnum, rule was restored by Bayezid's son Mehmed I, but İskilip's misfortune persisted, with destruction returning in 1509 in a large earthquake known as the little Armageddon.
At some stage, the area must have recovered, as, by the 17th century, Evliya Çelebi recorded a fortified town of 150 households, and, in 1849, French traveler Vital Cuinet recorded a city of 2,000 homes with a predominantly Muslim population of 10,563. There were 108 mosques, six dervish lodges, six koran schools, a civic building, five libraries, a market of 510 shops, two caravanserais, four Turkish baths, 18 fountains, a water garden, 18 tanneries, 63 flour mills, six bakeries, 10 coffee houses, a courthouse, a tax office, a post office, a telegraph office, and a census bureau. Gardens were used to grow buckthorn for making natural dye.
Thus, it is evident that the town has had a predominantly Turkish population since the 13th century, and the people of İskilip are said to speak Turkish with an accent that is the closest in modern Turkey to the language spoken by those first immigrants from the Central Asian heartland. In the early days of the Turkish Republic, linguists from the Turkish Language Institute conducted research in İskilip as part of the institute's program to bring authentic Turkish vocabulary into the language.
From 1867 until 1922, İskilip was part of Angora vilayet. Unable to sustain the manufacturing or large-scaled trade that fuels a modern city, from the late 19th century, İskilip has declined and is now eclipsed by nearby Çorum, much to the resentment of the people of İskilip, who will buy cars with Ankara license plates rather than Çorum and will go to great lengths to avoid visiting the provincial capital. In 1930, the first bridge over the Kızılırmak was built, with wood, to connect İskilip with Çorum.
The first school in İskilip was opened in 1935, and the first high school in 1968.
İskilip today
Modern İskilip is a small town that provides the area with schools and other amenities. The cuisine is typical of much of Anatolia, including a particularly renowned rice-based dolma, wheat soup keshkek, fruit syrup (pekmez), a dry egg-noodle erişte, spice-cured beef pastırma, roasted chick peas leblebi, a round loaf called Okkalık, and, of course, a local kebab, which is a meat-and-vegetable casserole.
Notable people
Ahmet Peker (born 1989), Freestyle wrestler
Ebussuud Efendi, Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām
İskilipli Âtıf Hodja - (d. 1926) Islamic scholar executed in the early days of the Turkish Republic for his longstanding opposition.
İsmail Beşikçi (b. 1939) Sociologist, historian and writer, from a conservative family in İskilip has written on issues including Kurdish nationalism, the founding of the republic and the period of a one-party state.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
A local newspaper
A local interest website
Populated places in Çorum Province
İskilip District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skilip |
İspir (, Sper; , Speri) is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,129 km2, and its population is 14,607 (2022). It is on the Çoruh River. The mayor is Ahmet Coşkun (MHP).
History
İspir is known from the 3rd millennium BC. The ancient kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi (2nd millennium BC), which was the forerunner of Armenian statehood, was located in the upper reaches of the rivers Euphrates and Chorokh, and included Sper. The name Sper is thought by some to be derived from Saspers, or Sasperi, the name Sper with a Georgian prefix of place Sa-, which evolved into the term Iberian. The Saspers were mentioned by Xenophon;
In the 4th-3rd centuries BC Sper was organized into a province of the Iberian Kingdom as noted by Strabo. Alexander the Great sent one of his generals Menon to conquer Sper, but Menon and his forces were defeated and killed. The region was then a part of Upper Armenia (, Bardzr Hayk'), a province of Greater Armenia, since the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After this, Sper was an Armenian Bagratid domain in the 4th - 6th centuries, the territory of which also comprised the Bayburt plain until that was lost to the Byzantines (perhaps in 387).
In the 7th century it passed to the Arab Caliphate; in 885 Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia. Under the medieval Kingdom of Armenia, it was part of the province of Upper Armenia and was famous for its gold mines. In the 11th century it was conquered by the Seljuqs. Ispir was under the control of the Saltukids till 1124 when the Georgians took over power, governed by Zakare and Ivane Zakarids as a fief. It was recaptured by Mughith ad Din Tughrul, son of the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II, sometime between 1201 and 1225. He built a mosque in the citadel which still survives. It was conquered in 1242 by the Mongols; was regained by Georgian Kingdom during the reign of George V the Brilliant (1314–1346), it remained part of the Kingdom before its disintegration, which then passed into the hands of Georgian Atabegs belonging to the House of Jaqeli; it was conquered in 1502 by Persia and was probably in 1515 taken by the Ottoman Empire from the Georgian ruler of Samtskhe.
The town was occupied in 1916 by the Russians during World War I and the Armenian genocide, then was recaptured by the Turks in 1918.
Historic sights in the town are the citadel, a mosque and a church in the citadel (probably 13th century), the originally 13th century Çarsi mosque's building being a recent structure. The Sultan Melik mosque and Madrasa built in the 13th century, the Madrasa of Kadizade Mehmet built in 1725/26, Kadizade was the Mufti of Erzurum from 1744 to 1759 and his father was the Qadi of Ispir. There is also a tomb with a graveyard containing some Ottoman tombstones.
Climate
The climate is described as Humid Continental by the Köppen Climate System, abbreviated as Dfb.
Economy
As of 1920, coal was being produced in the area.
Composition
There are 101 neighbourhoods in İspir District:
Ahlatlı
Akgüney
Akpınar
Akseki
Aksu
Aktaş
Alacabük
Araköy
Ardıçlı
Armutlu
Aşağıfındıklı
Aşağıözbağ
Atürküten
Avcıköy
Bademli
Bahçeli
Başçeşme
Başköy
Başpınar
Bostancı
Bozan
Çakmaklı
Çamlıca
Çamlıkaya
Cankurtaran
Çatakkaya
Çayırbaşı
Çayırözü
Cibali
Çiçekli
Değirmendere
Değirmenli
Demirbilek
Demirkaya
Devedağı
Duruköy
Düzköy
Elmalı
Gaziler
Geçitağzı
Göçköy
Gölyurt
Gülhas
Güllübağ
Gündoğdu
Güney
Halilpaşa
İkisu
İncesu
Irmakköy
İyidere
Karahan
Karakale
Karakamış
Karakaya
Karaseydi
Karşıyaka
Kavaklı
Kaynakbaşı
Kirazlı
Kırık
Kızılhasan
Koçköy
Köprüköy
Kümetaş
Leylekköy
Madenköprübaşı
Mescitli
Meydanlı
Moryayla
Mülkköy
Numanpaşa
Ortaköy
Ortaören
Özlüce
Öztoprak
Petekli
Pınarlı
Sandıklı
Şenköy
Sırakonak
Soğuksu
Taşbaşı
Taşlıca
Tekpınar
Tepecik
Ulubel
Ulutaş
Üzümbağı
Yağlı
Yaylacık
Yedigöl
Yedigöze
Yeşiltepe
Yeşilyurt
Yıldıztepe
Yukarı
Yukarıfındıklı
Yukarıözbağ
Yunusköy
Zeyrek
References
External links
The website of the governor of İspir
The website of the tourism info
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Former provinces of Georgia (country)
Historical regions of Georgia (country)
Tao-Klarjeti
Districts of Erzurum Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir |
Han, formerly Hanköy and Hüsrevpaşa, is a municipality and district of Eskişehir Province, Turkey. Its area is 378 km2, and its population is 2,052 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of .
The district is surrounded by Çifteler and Seyitgazi districts and Afyonkarahisar Province. Han, whose municipal organization was established in 1967, became a district in 1990. Their livelihood is based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The town has a rich historical heritage and was built by Murad IV during the Ottoman period. Caravanserai, mosques, baths and fountains were built with the orders of Murad. Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname contains statements stating that Han was an important stopping point.
Composition
There are 15 neighbourhoods in Han District:
Ağlarca
Akdere
Akhisar
Başara
Erten
Gökçekuyu
Gökçeyayla
Hacılar
Hankaraağaç
Hüsrevpaşa
İskankuyu
Kayı
Peçene
Tepeköy
Yazılı
References
External links
District governor's official website
Map of Han district
Populated places in Eskişehir Province
Districts of Eskişehir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%2C%20Eski%C5%9Fehir |
Howsham Hall is a grade I listed Jacobean stately home in Howsham, North Yorkshire, England.
It is built in two storeys of limestone ashlar to a U-shaped plan with a 7-bay frontage.
History
In the early 16th century the Howsham estate belonged to nearby Kirkham Priory and following the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII was granted to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland around 1540. His great-grandson sold it to Thomas Bamburgh. The present Hall was built in about 1610 on the site of a previous manor house, using stone from the priory, by Sir William Bamburgh, whose coat of arms, with those of his wife Mary Forthe, is above the main entrance. The cellar is Norman and the main part of the house is Jacobean. However the structure of the building has since been altered over the years. Sir William was High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1607–08.
In 1709, the house having passed by marriage to the Wentworth family, Sir John Wentworth added the east front.
Having passed again by marriage to the Cholmeley family of Whitby Abbey, the house was remodelled in about 1775 for Nathaniel Cholmeley, possibly by John Carr. There is a Georgian brick extension at the back of the house and some of the windows have been altered so they have larger panes in the Georgian style. The parkland was laid out by Capability Brown in the 1770s for the Cholmeley family. In the grounds are three Giant Sequoia trees arranged in a triangle. These were given to a limited number of country estates in the seventeenth century. Sequoias were unknown to European horticulture till the middle of the 19th century, post the California goldrush.
The estate passed to the Strickland family who sold the estate and its contents in 1948. In the 1950s, it was bought and converted into a boy's preparatory school.
Curse of Kirkham
When Kirkham Priory was demolished following the Protestant Reformation and the stones, timbers and other material were taken away by the Bamburghs and used in the construction of Howsham Hall, it was considered sacrilege at the time. It was said that true happiness would never come to the family or its successors and that a curse was placed on Howsham Hall and the people that owned it whereby "All male heirs of the estate would perish". The Bamburgh family died out because of the lack of male heirs, the Wentworth intermarried with the Bamburghs and they too became extinct. The next owners, the Cholmeleys, also became extinct and the Stricklands have only one female member of the family left. The last family to buy the house were the Knocks, and the curse continues, as Anthony Knock died after losing a battle with cancer in 2004.
Howsham Hall School
Howsham Hall was bought in 1956 by John Knock. It had been due to be demolished by the council, but in 1958 it opened as an independent boys' school. In 1993 the school introduced both girls and day pupils increasing school numbers to around 60. The school was closed on 6 July 2007 at the end of the Summer Term due to dwindling pupil numbers.
The School
The subjects that the school taught were French, Maths, English, Latin, Poetry, History, Debating, Singing, R.E., Ancient History, Hand Writing, Art, Geography, I.T. and Science. Drama was also offered to pupils up until year 7. The school also offered music lessons. The total number of pupils was approximately 60 which meant that each year had around 10 pupils in each year group. This meant that class sizes were small as well. Howsham Hall was a Roman Catholic school and had a morning and evening service every weekday and mass on Sunday. In the Autumn and Spring terms boys played rugby, with the school fielding a 1st XV and an U11s team; while the girls had ballet, aerobics or needlework classes. Pupils also did cross country on Mondays and Thursdays culminating a 7 mile run at the end of the spring term called the "championship" an inter house competition. In the summer term boys did cricket with the school fielding 2 teams senior and junior and the girls did rounders. Horse riding was also offered on Tuesday afternoons and Swimming was done up until year 7 (Form 2) on Friday morning at Pickering. The school also offered occasional canoeing, shooting and sailing.
Allegations of abuse
In 1998 allegations of abuse were brought against the school by a former pupil. The allegations included the beating of pupils with straps, pupils being made to stand in cold baths for hours, public humiliation of bed-wetters and censorship of letters home, however none of these allegations were proven and were subsequently dropped despite numerous testimonials from other former pupils.
References
External links
Country houses in North Yorkshire
Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howsham%20Hall |
The Middlesex Cricket Board was formed in 1996. It is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Middlesex.
The Board of the MCB consists of five representatives nominated by the Middlesex County Cricket Club Board of Directors
MCB operates through six standing sub-committees, responsible for Cricket, Facilities, Publicity and Sponsorship, Women's Cricket, Finance, and Youth and Coaching, through it is responsible for co-ordinating all development work in Middlesex.
Board of directors
Andrew Cornish
Johan de Silva
David Kendix
Illa Sharma
Richard Sykes
Staff
• Head of Recreational Cricket
• Cricket Development Manager
• Cricket Development Officer
• Cricket Development Officer Mash Mehter
• Cricket Development Officer Ian Moore
• Cricket Development Officer
• Cricket Volunteer Co-ordinator Martyn Fryer
• Administrator James Keightley
External links
MCB Board
Middlesex CCC Board of Directors
County Cricket Boards
Cricket in London
Sports organizations established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex%20Cricket%20Board |
Johan Hampus Furuhjelm, (; 11 March 1821 – 21 September 1909) was a Finnish-Russian vice-admiral and explorer, commander of the Russian Baltic Fleet, Governor of the Russian Far East, Taganrog and Russian America.
Early years
Johan Hampus Furuhjelm was born into a Swedish-speaking noble family of Furuhjelm in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland on March 11, 1821. Johan Hampus was the son of Otto Wilhelm Furuhjelm (1794–1871) and Ulrica Johanna Fredrika Fock (1795–1856). Johan Hampus was schooled at home until 1836 when he joined the Navy (1st Finnish Sea Battalion 1:a finska sjöekipaget). Graduate of the Navy Corps, Furuhjelm served at Russian Baltic Fleet in 1838–1846. Promoted to midshipman 1839, lieutenant 1845. In 1843–1844, he participated in hydrographic works in the Gulf of Finland on board the schooner Meteor. In 1846–1847, he served at the Black Sea.
In Russian America
In 1850, Furuhjelm was detached to the new post in the Russian-American Company and sailed from Kronstadt to Novoarkhangel'sk (New Archangel, as the Russian community in Sitka was called) on board of the ship Nikolai I. He arrived to Novoarkhangel'sk on 23 April 1851, where he was appointed commander of Novoarkhangel'sk's seaport and sailed to Hawaii, California and China on behalf of the Russian-American Company. In 1853–1854, Furuhjelm was captain of the supply ship Count Menshikoff in the squadron of Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In 1854, he was appointed commander of the Ayan seaport and on 11 December 1858, Governor of Russian America. During a Christmas ball in Helsinki in 1858, Furuhjelm met the 22-year-old Anna von Schoultz. On 10 January they were engaged and on 2 February 1859 the wedding took place. In Novo Archangelsk, Furuhjelm was forced to acknowledge that one of the most acute needs was rebuilding the Indians' trust in the white man. During his period as governor of Alaska, he managed to put an end to hostilities with natives. Once, he used the trick of an eclipse of the moon. He threatened the Indians to take away the moon if they did not obey him. Furuhjelm's magic made a deep impression on the natives. They were also impressed because the governor dared to go out on inspection tours without an escort. He made the trips with just paddlers and an interpreter. Furuhjelm was successful in winning the Indians' respect and the camp was normalized.
One of the most important successes which Furuhjelm noted during his period as governor was that he was successful in abolishing the ice treaty with San Francisco. According to a contract which had been signed, Russian America had to deliver a certain amount of ice to San Francisco at a fixed price. The problem was that the product melted down on the way to the warmer climates. The ice contract became very awkward for the Russian colony. Furuhjelm arranged for a new contract to sell ice to San Francisco: 3,000 tons at $25.00 a ton.
The Furuhjelms had three children during their five years in Russian America. The oldest daughter Annie Furuhjelm later became one of the foremost figures within the international women's movement and a member of Finland's Parliament. On 17 March 1864 Johan Hampus Furuhjelm turned over his duties to prince Dmitri Petrovich Maksutov, who happened to be the last governor of Russian America. In the summer of 1864 it was time for the Furuhjelm family to make a move and leave Russian America.
Later years
In 1865–1870, Furuhjelm served as military governor of Primorsky Krai. On 25 February 1871 he was appointed chief of Russian seaports in the Pacific, where he contributed a lot to development of Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai, opened the Amur Telegraph Company, several lighthouses and ship dockyards. In 1872 Furuhjelm was made Flag Officer of the Russian Baltic Fleet. In 1874, Ivan Furugelm was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed governor of the city of Taganrog (1874–1876), where he opened the first naval school (founded by Ivan Shestakov) and the first public library (Chekhov Library) on 23 May 1876 (old style). Among library's most frequent visitors was Anton Chekhov. Anna Furuhjelm joined her husband in Taganrog for the winter 1874–1875 with the two youngest children. In 1878–1880 Hampus Furuhjelm served as commander of Revel's naval port. From 1880 until 1886, he was at the disposal of the commander of the port of Saint Petersburg. In 1889, on the occasion of his jubilee as an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy, he received a golden snuffbox, decorated with diamonds and the initials of Alexander III of Russia.
Furuhjelm died on 21 September 1909 near Urjala, present-day Finland.
Places named after Furuhjelm
Mount Furuhelm - A mountain 3,610 ft., 4.5 miles SW of Baranof, on East coast of Baranof Island, Alexander Archipelago. Named in 1935 by U.S. Forest Service for Ivan Vasilievitch Furuhelm, mining engineer and Governor of Russian America, 1859-1864;
Furugelm Island - Island in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Two islands discovered by Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1853. Named for him by the Russian Admiral Putyatin;
Furuhelm Street - in Sitka, Alaska, located between Edgecumbe Drive and Georgeson Street, starting at Kimsham Street.
Furugelm - A point and an island at Sakhalin, Sea of Japan. Named for Carl Harald Felix Furuhjelm, b. May 13, 1830 in Helsinki, Finland, d. April 30, 1871 in Nakhodka, East Siberia, Russia (brother of Johan Hampus Furuhjelm).
References
Sources
Энциклопедия Таганрога. Таганрог: Антон, 1998. — 624 с. — .
Finnish explorers
19th-century Finnish nobility
Governors of the Russian-American Company
Governors of Taganrog
Explorers from the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Navy admirals
1821 births
1909 deaths
Military personnel from Helsinki
People from the Grand Duchy of Finland
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Russian people of Finnish descent
Swedish-speaking Finns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Hampus%20Furuhjelm |
Joe Bennett may refer to:
Joe Bennett (dancer) (1889–1967), American eccentric dancer
Joe Bennett (baseball) (1900–1987), American Major League player
Joe Bennett (American football) (1901–1975), American football and basketball player
Joe Bennett (1940–2015), American rock and roll singer, songwriter, and guitarist, leader of Joe Bennett & the Sparkletones
Joe Bennett (artist) (born 1968), Brazilian comic book penciller
Joe Bennett (musician) (born 1969), British musician
Joe Bennett (writer) (born 1957), New Zealand writer
Joe Bennett (footballer) (born 1990), English footballer for Cardiff City
See also
Joe Bennet Aldert (1889–1967), vaudeville dancer
Joseph Bennett (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Bennett |
The River Elwy (Afon Elwy in Welsh) is a river in Wales forming a tributary to the River Clwyd. Though the source of the river may be on the northern flank of Moel Seisiog, south-east of Llanrwst, the river only receives the name Elwy at the village of Llangernyw, where three rivers meet.
Route
The source of the river is sometimes said to be on the northern flank of Moel Seisiog, south-east of Llanrwst, at Ordnance Survey grid reference SH 853593. However the river only receives the name Elwy at the village of Llangernyw, where three rivers, Afon Cledwen, Afon Collen and Afon Gallen, meet to form the Elwy.
It flows eastwards through Llanfair Talhaiarn and a few miles downstream from this village it is joined by a tributary, the River Aled (Afon Aled) which has its source in Llyn Aled.
After passing through Bont-newydd, the river turns northwards again and flows through St. Asaph (Llanelwy or "the church enclosure on the Elwy" in Welsh). It joins the River Clwyd about half way between St. Asaph and Rhuddlan, and the waters of the two rivers can often be seen flowing side by side for several miles.
Caves and archaeological remains
A number of caves along the lower valley of the Elwy are of great archaeological interest and are considered one of the most important groups of Palaeolithic and later caves and rock shelters in Britain. In particular Pontnewydd Cave contained remains of Neanderthal man and is the most north-westerly site at which Neanderthal remains have been found.
Fishing
The Elwy is also well known for its sea trout (sewin) fishing, and also has a run of Atlantic Salmon. Rhyl and St Asaph Angling Association control 20 miles of river fishing on the rivers Elwy, Clwyd and Aled. In recent years including the recent 2017 season there have been good reported catches of wild brown trout most of which are returned unharmed on a voluntary catch and release system. In 2017 a wild trout weighing 5½ lbs was caught and released on a river Elwy beat owned by the angling association.
References
External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of the River Elwy and surrounding areas
Artifacts from Pontnewydd Cave held on Gathering the Jewels
Rhyl & St Asaph Angling Association
Elwy
Elwy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Elwy |
Katy Keene is a character created by Bill Woggon that has appeared in several comic book series published by Archie Comics since 1945. She is a model/actress/singer marketed by the publisher as "America's Queen of Pin-Ups and Fashions". In the book From Girls to Grrrlz: A History of Women's Comics from Teens to Zines by Trina Robbins, Katy Keene is called a Bettie Page look-alike. "... but the resemblance ended there.
Readers were encouraged to submit original drawings of outfits and accessories for her and her friends to wear, as well as designs for automobiles, homes, interiors, rocket ships, trailers and boats. These designs were used in the comics with credit given to published submissions. Many issues featured paper dolls of Katy in various costumes.
Publication history
Katy Keene was introduced in Wilbur Comics #5 in the summer of 1945, and appeared in subsequent issues of Wilbur and various anthology comic series in the 1940s including Archie, Jughead, Betty and Veronica and Ginger, eventually receiving her own title in 1949. Katy Keene Comics ran for sixty-two issues, briefly cover titled Adventures of Katy Keene (#50–53) and simply Katy Keene (#54–62), until July 1961. It was accompanied by fifteen issues of Katy Keene Pin Up Parade (1955–1961) and thirteen issues (#1–2, 13–23) of Katy Keene Fashion Book Magazine (1955–1959), along with annuals and specials such as Katy Keene Spectacular (1956), Katy Keene Glamour (1957), Katy Keene Charm (1958), and Archie Giant Series Magazine—cover titled Archie Giant Series Presents Katy Keene Holiday Fun—#7 (1960) and #12 (1961).
1980s revival
In Winter 1979–1980 Katy fan Craig Leavitt began publishing—with Archie Comics' permission—a fanzine which was initially titled Katy, then became Katy – The Newsletter for issues #2–7, before finally becoming Katy Keene Magazine, and which ran for 19 issues until 1985. Having been a lifelong fan of the character, John S. Lucas's art was instrumental in the revival, as his work was featured in the magazine along with other artists' and fans' work. Several "Katy-Kons" (conventions) were held in Santa Barbara, California, and then later in conjunction with the San Diego Comic-Con celebrating Woggon and Katy.
Archie Comics decided to revive the character themselves in 1983, giving the character her own title by using reprint art of Woggon's as well as new art by Don Sherwood, Vince Colletta, Hy Eisman and Dan DeCarlo. It ran as Katy Keen Special from September 1983 to October 1984 (#1–6), and then simply as Katy Keene from December 1984 to January 1990 (#7–33). The first issue was released under the Red Circle Comics imprint, after which the covers carried an "Archie Romance Series" imprint.
After seeing Lucas's art in the Katy Keene Fan Magazine and receiving letters from fans encouraging them to do so, Archie contacted Lucas, asking him to do the art for the revived Katy Keene Fan Club, which included pens, lapel buttons, membership cards, notepads, T-shirts, and sweatshirts. Not long afterward, Archie brought Lucas on as regular Katy artist. During the '80s, '90s and 2000s, Lucas carried on the Katy tradition with his comics, his annual Katy Keene Christmas Cards and Paper Dolls and paper doll books from Hobby House Press.
In the early 1990s, Katy once again went into retirement, except for a 1994 appearance in Archie Meets the Punisher.
2005 reintroduction
Archie re-reintroduced Katy, now a high school student and aspiring model, in its 2005 Free Comic Book Day issue. She then appeared in Archie & Friends Comics #101–110, the stories from which were compiled in the trade paperback, Katy Keene: Model Behavior (2008).
New Riverdale
Katy Keene was reintroduced again in 2020 as part of the New Riverdale line of comics. She first appeared in Archie & Katy Keene, a four issue mini-series covering #710–713 within the Archie title. Keene, again a high school student, is an Instagram celebrity who moves to the city of Riverdale along with her teenaged younger sister, Sissy Keene.
Also in 2020, Keene was featured in Archie Comics 80th Anniversary Presents #8, which reprints stories from the original series.
Supporting cast
Katy has a redheaded, bespectacled younger sister. In the original Woggon 1950s series, Katy's sister was a mischievous child around seven years old and known only as "Sis, the Candy Kid". In the 1980s, she was drawn as a tween or a young teen and received the name Melissa, but was still almost always called "Sis". In the short-lived 2000s series, her given name was Mackenzie. No explanation for the name change was given, although it may be due to the obscurity of the 1980s name. Regardless, her real name is almost never mentioned and to both readers and characters, she is always called "Sis". When Katy and her sister were re-introduced in 2020, her sister's name was revealed to actually be "Sis Keene", short for "Sissy Keene", instead of "Sis" just being a nickname like it previously was.
Originally, the 1950s Katy was 21 years old and Sis was about seven years old. In subsequent series, Katy is roughly the same age, but Sis was reimagined as being around 15 and has been so ever since. By this point, Katy had already been discovered in college. After going to work as an aspiring Broadway star, she became very successful in her modeling and acting career, so she became her sister's legal guardian.
Katy has had many recurring boyfriends over the years, the most famous of which are the redheaded and muscular boxer K.O. Kelly and his rich blond rival Randy Van Ronson. They were not often seen regularly in the 1980s when Katy dated the Latino airline pilot and talented dancer Ramon Ramirez and the Arnold Schwarzenegger parody Arnold Horsenlegger. However, K.O. and Randy became her main love interests again in the 2000s.
Katy's rival in her career and love life is the wealthy and snobby blonde Gloria Grandbilt and her best friend is the superstitious redhead Lucki Lorelei. Both Gloria and Lucki are also successful models, with the levelheaded brunette Katy rounding out the trio.
Reception
The character was ranked 57th in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list. In 2014, comparisons were made between pop star Katy Perry and Katy Keene, but Perry denied basing any of her image or costumes on the character and expressed surprise at the apparent similarities.
Television adaptation
In August 2018, Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, Chief Creative Officer of Archie Comics and creator of The CW television series Riverdale revealed that a spin-off of the series was in the works at the network. He said that the potential spin-off would be "very different from Riverdale" and that it would be produced "in [the 2018–19] development cycle." On January 23, 2019, The CW issued an official pilot order for the potential series, titled Katy Keene, that will reportedly follow "the lives and loves of four iconic Archie Comics characters — including fashion legend-to-be Katy Keene — as they chase their twenty-something dreams in New York City. This musical dramedy chronicles the origins and struggles of four aspiring artists trying to make it on Broadway, on the runway and in the recording studio."
Further reading
The Spectacular Sisterhood of Superwomen: Awesome Female Characters from Comic Book History by Hope Nicholson, Quirk Books (2017)
References
External links
Archie Universe
Katy Keene, Archie Series Number 2
Katy Keene at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015.
"Katy Keene, an American Diva," Scoop (November 29, 2003)
"We're Keene on Katy," Scoop
Foley, Maureen. "Humble Man vs. the Diva: The Story of Cartoonist Bill Woggon," Cherry Meltdown
Foley, Maureen. "Katy Keene and Bill Woggon, Straight Up," Cherry Meltdown
Robbins, Trina. (1999) From Girls to Grrrlz: A History of Women's Comics from Teens to Zines. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Spurgeon, Tom. "Obituary: Bill Woggon 1911-2003," The Comics Journal #252 (May 2003)
Rolling Stone. "Katy Perry: I Didn't Base My Life on an Archie Comics Character"
Archie Comics titles
Keene
Keene
Keene
1945 comics debuts
Keene
Keene
Humor comics
Keene
Keene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy%20Keene |
Kadınhanı is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,568 km2, and its population is 31,206 (2022). Its elevation is . The current name of the town ("han of the woman") refers to a certain female commissioner of a caravanserai in the town, whereas the town was known historically by its Greek name of Pithoi.
Composition
There are 52 neighbourhoods in Kadınhanı District:
Afşarlı
Alabağ
Atlantı
Bakırpınar
Başkuyu
Bayramlı
Beykavağı
Bulgurpınarı
Çavdar
Çeşmecik
Çubuk
Demiroluk
Doğanlar
Güngören
Hacımehmetli
Hacıoflazlar
Hacıpirli
İstiklal
Kabacalı
Kamışlıözü
Karahisarlı
Karakaya
Karakurtlu
Karasevinç
Karayürüklü
Kayabaşı
Kızılkuyu
Kökez
Kolukısa
Konurören
Köylütolu
Küçükkuyu
Kurthasanlı
Mahmudiye
Meydanlı
Örnekköy
Osmancık
Pınarbaşı
Pirali
Pusat
Saçıkara
Şahören
Sarıkaya
Söğütözü
Tepebaşı
Tosunoğlu
Turgutlu
Ünveren
Yağlıca
Yaylayaka
Yeni
Zafer
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Lycaonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1nhan%C4%B1 |
Kadışehri is a town in Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Kadışehri District. Its population is 4,527 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
External links
District municipality's official website
General information on Kadışehri
Image gallery of Kadışehri
Populated places in Yozgat Province
Kadışehri District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1%C5%9Fehri |
Mark Scott may refer to:
Entertainment
Mark Scott (actor) (1915–1960), American actor and host of the television series Home Run Derby
Mark Scott (radio host) (1936–2005), American talk show host
Mark Scott (singer), lead singer of The Miracles
Mark Scott, also known as SHY, part of the Scottish rapper and songwriter duo SHY & DRS
Sports
Mark Scott (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer
Mark Scott (footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
Mark Scott (rower) (1923–2013), British rower
Others
Mark Scott (businessman) (born 1962), vice-chancellor of the University of Sydney and former managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Mark Scott (police officer), Australian Federal police officer killed in the Garuda plane crash
Mark Scott, victim of serial killers Dean Corll and Elmer Wayne Henley
See also
Marc Scott (born 1993), British long-distance runner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Scott |
Kağızman (), formerly Kaghzvan (), is a town in Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Kağızman District. Its population is 21,130 (2022).
The current mayor is Nevzat Yıldız (MHP). The town was the administrative center of the Kagizman Okrug of the Kars Oblast until 1918.
Notable people
Rohat Alakom, writer
References
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Kars Province
Kağızman District
Kars Oblast
Kurdish settlements in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1zman |
Kâhta (, ) is a city in Adıyaman Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Kâhta District. Its population is 86,232 (2021). The city is populated by Kurds from the Reşwan tribe.
Neighborhoods
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Atatürk, Bağlar, Bayraktar, Cami, Cumhuriyet, Çobanlı, Fatih, Fırat, Ggazi, Girne, Hürriyet, Karşıyaka, Menderes, Şeyhbaba, Turanlı, Turgut Özal, Yavuz Selim and Yeni.
Notable people
Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat (1943-2019), Kurdish politician who was one of the founders of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001
Ahmet Aydın (*1971), Kurdish Politician
Mehmet Yavuz (1973-2019), Kurdish politician and teacher in Turkey who led the Kurdish Islamist Free Cause Party from May 2018 until 7 October 2018
References
Kâhta District
Populated places in Adıyaman Province
Kurdish settlements in Adıyaman Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2hta |
The Basilica of San Sisto Vecchio (in Via Appia) is one of the over sixty minor basilicas among the churches of Rome, and a titular church since 600 AD. As such, it is connected to the title of a Cardinal priest, currently Antoine Kambanda.
Basilica
The basilica was constructed in the fourth century and is recorded as the Titulus Crescentianae, thus relating the church to a certain Crescentia (possibly a Roman woman who founded the church.) According to tradition, the church was established by Pope Anastasius I (399–401).
The church is dedicated to Pope Sixtus II and houses his relics (transferred there from the Catacomb of Callixtus in the sixth century.)
San Sisto was rebuilt in the early 13th century by Pope Innocent III. The current church is the result of the restorations of Pope Benedict XIII in the 18th century, which left only the bell tower and the apse from the medieval church.
A 13th-century fresco cycle depicting scenes from the New Testament and the Apocrypha has been preserved.
Pope Honorius III entrusted the reform of the monastery at San Sisto Vecchio to Dominic in the 1220s, intending it as part of the reformation of women's religious life in Rome. In 1219 Honorius then invited Dominic and his companions to take up permanent residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did in the early 1220. After that they founded a convent and studium on June 5, 1222, thus forming the original studium of the Dominican Order in Rome, out of which the 16th-century College of Saint Thomas at Santa Maria sopra Minerva and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) would grow.
Dominican nuns still occupy the monastery at San Sisto Vecchio.
Cardinal protectors
The following persons are known to have been Cardinal priests of S. Sisto (italics are used to denote special cases):
Joannes (attested only at the beginning of 1069).
Petrus (attested from 1100 to 1112).
Sigizo (attested from 1118 to 1130), Roman. He followed Pope Anacletus II in the Schism of 1130–1139.
Giovanni, OSB Cas. (1168 – 1177), Italian
Arnaud de Villemur, CRSA (1350.12.17 – 1355.10.28), French
Nicolás Rossell, OP (1356.12.23 – 1362.03.28), Italian
Simon Langham, OSB (1368.09.22 – 1373.08), Langham, Rutland, England (UK)
Luca Rodolfucci de Gentili (1378.09.18 – 1389.01.18), Italian
Pseudocardinal-priest Leonardo Rossi da Giffoni, O.Min. (* 1378.12.18 – 1398.10), Italian
Giovanni Dominici, O.P. (1408.05.09 – 1419.06.10), Italian
Juan Casanova, O.P. (1431.07.04 – 1436.03.01), Spanish
Juan de Torquemada, O.P. (1440.01.08 – 1446), Valladolid, Castile (Spain)
Pseudocardinal-priest Giovanni di Ragusa, O.P. (* 1440.10.02 – 1443.10), Croatian (Obedience of Antipope Felix V)
Pietro Riario, O.Min. (1471.12.22 – 1474.01.03), Savona
Pedro Ferris (1476.12.30 – 1478.09.25), Cocentaina, Alicante, Spain
Cosma Orsini, O.S.B. Cas. (1480.05.15 – 1480.06.03), Roman, father from Fermo (He held the title for three weeks)
Pierre de Foix, le jeune, O.Min. (1485.08 – 1490.08.10), Pau, County of Foix
Paolo Fregoso (1490 – 1498.03.22), Italian
Georges d’Amboise (1498.09.17 – 1510.05.25), French
Achille Grassi (1511.03.17 – 1517.07.06), Bolognese
Tommaso Cajetan de Vio, O.P. (1517.07.06 – 1534.03.14), Gaeta, Kingdom of Naples
Nikolaus von Schönberg, O.P. (1537.05.31 – 1537.09.07), Rothschönberg, near Meissen
Gian Pietro Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) (1537.09.24 – 1541.07.06), Capriglia Irpina, Kingdom of Naples
Juan Álvarez de Toledo, O.P. (1541.07.06 – 1547.01.24), Spanish
Cardinal-deacon Charles de Bourbon-Vendome (1549.02.25 – 1561.01.15 pro illa vice Deaconry), French. Translated to S. Crisogono
Philibert Babou de la Bourdaisière (1561.03.10 – 1564.11.17), French
Cardinal-priest Ugo Boncompagni (later Pope Gregory XIII) (1565.05.15 – 1572.05.13), Italian
Filippo Boncompagni (1572.06.16 – 1586.06.09), Italian
Jerzy Radziwiłł (1586.07.14 – 1600.01.21), Lithuanian-Polish
Alfonso Visconti (1600.01.24 – 1608.09.19), Italian
Giambattista Leni (1608.12.10 – 1618.03.05), Italian
Francisco Gómez Rojas de Sandoval (1621.03 – 1625.05.17), Spanish
Laudivio Zacchia (1626.02.09 – 1629.09.17), Vezzano Ligure, Republic of Genoa
Agostino Oreggi (1634.01.09 – 1635.07.12), Italian
Carlo de’ Medici (1644.12.12 – 1645.03.06), Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Domenico Cecchini (1645.04.24 – 1656.05.01), Italian
Giulio Rospigliosi (later Pope Clement IX) (1657.04.23 – 1667.06.20), Italian
Giacomo Rospigliosi (1668.01.30 – 1672.05.16), Italian
Vincenzo Maria Orsini de Gravina, O.P. (later Pope Benedict XIII) (1672.05.16 – 1701.01.03), Italian
Nicolò Spinola (1716.06.08 – 1725.01.29), Spanish
Agostino Pipia, O.P. (1725.01.29 – 1729.03.03), Italian
Louis-Antoine de Noailles (1729.03.03 – 1729.05.04), French
Francesco Antonio Finy (1729.07.06 – 1738.09.03), Italian
Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti, O.P. (1738.09.26 – 1742.09.18), Bologna, Italy
Luigi Maria Lucini, O.P. (1743.09.23 – 1745.01.17), Italian
Carlo Vittorio Amedeo Delle Lanze (1747.10.02 – 1758.11.22), Italian
Giuseppe Agostino Orsi, O.P. (1759.11.19 – 1761.06.13), Italian
Giovanni Molino (1769.06.26 – 1773.03.14), Italian
Juan Tomás de Boxadors y Sureda de San Martín, O.P. (1775.12.18 – 1780.12.16), Spanish
Jean-Baptist-Marie-Anne-Antoine de Latil (1829.05.21 – 1839.12.01), French
Gaspare Bernardo Pianetti (1840.12.17 – 1862.01.30), Italian
Cardinal-priest Filippo Maria Guidi, O.P. (1863.03.19 – 1872.07.29, 1872.07.29 – 1877.06.20 in commendam), Italian
Lucido Maria Parocchi (1877.06.25 – 1884.03.24), Italian
Camillo Siciliano di Rende (1887.05.26 – 1897.05.16), Italian
Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco (1898.03.24 – 1923.02.04), Italian
Achille Liénart (1930.07.03 – 1973.02.15), French
Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas (1976.05.24 – 1990.12.01), Dominican Republic
Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (龔品梅) (1991.06.30 – 2000.03.12), PR China
Marian Jaworski (2001.02.21 – 2020.09.05), Ukrainian
Antoine Kambanda (2020.11.28 - present), Rwandan
References
External links
The cardinalatial title (GCatholic)
The basilica (GCatholic)
The basilica (Diocese of Rome; in Italian)
Basilica churches in Rome
Titular churches
4th-century churches
Burial places of popes
Dominican monasteries of nuns
Dominican monasteries in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Sisto%20Vecchio |
Kalecik is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,110 km2, and its population is 12,794 (2022). Its elevation is .
Kalecik stands on a plain with the eastern boundary formed by the River Kızılırmak while there are mountains to the south and the west. This agricultural district is known for its wine; other major crops include sugar beet and grains.
The popular grape variety Kalecik Karası grows successfully near the Kızılırmak and is used to make some of Turkey's best red wine.
History
The area has a history going back to the Hittites and even never earlier (4000 BC). In the Ottoman Empire period this was a thriving town recorded by the 17th-century traveler Evliya Çelebi as being a trading city with tanneries, coppersmiths, and weavers.
Education
The vocational school of higher education in Kalecik (), part of Ankara University, educates in viticulture and winemaking.
Places of interest
Kalecik Castle, an Ancient Roman ruin on the rock above the town
Kalecik Bridge
Ottoman architecture, including a number of mosques and the seven-arch Develioğlu Köprüsü bridge over the Kızılırmak at .
Composition
There are 57 neighbourhoods in Kalecik District:
Afşar
Ahikemalşenyurt
Ahiler Yenice
Akcataş
Akkaynak
Akkuzulu
Aktepe
Alibeyli
Altıntaş
Arkbürk
Beykavağı
Buğra
Çandır
Çanşa Kale
Çaykaya
Çiftlikköy
Cuma Saray
Dağdemir
Değirmenkaya
Demirtaş
Elmapınar
Eskiköy
Eşmedere
Gökçeören
Gökdere
Gölköy
Gümüşpınar
Hacıköy
Halilağa Tabakhane
Halitcevriaslangil
Hançılı
Hasayaz
Karahöyük
Karalar
Karatepe
Kargın
Keklicek
Kılçak
Kınık
Kızılkaya
Koyunbaba
Kuyucak
Mahmutlar
Samanlık
Satılar
Şemsettin
Şeyhmahmut
Tavşancık
Tilki
Uyurca
Yalımköy
Yeniçöte
Yenidoğan Yeşilyurt
Yeşilöz
Yılanlı
Yurtyenice
Yüzbey
References
External links
Kalecik Tanıtım Gönüllüleri & www.kalecik.com.tr
Populated places in Ankara Province
Districts of Ankara Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalecik%2C%20Ankara |
Ali Mohamed Mattar () is a salafist Bahraini MP who represents Asalah in the Chamber of Deputies.
Mattar is one of Asalah's most active MPs, and is seen as carving out a niche for himself in parliamentary life with legislative proposals that have been described by supporters as "bold". In January 2006, he proposed legislation to ban sorcery, telling parliament, "It's becoming more popular for people in Bahrain to turn to fortune tellers and sorcerers to find out what their future holds or to act as mediums to harm others or make people fall in love with them. There are many homes around the country that are known to be practicing black magic and if you drive past them a large number of cars from around the GCC would be found parked outside." This created consternation among the Kingdom's magicians and fortune tellers, with soothsayer Dina, responding, "I can understand the MPs' feelings because there are fraudsters out there, but it's not fair for those who truly have the gift of seeing the future and dealing with the supernatural."
In February 2006, Mattar proposed the introduction of Sharia Law, saying that the removal of thieves' hands would address rising crime, particularly burglaries. Explaining the move, he said, "Thieves should feel the agony of their victims and this would be a permanent lesson to them." Continuing his campaign to introduce amputations, in April 2006 he compared Bahrain's jails to "five star hotels" and said that a recent prison inspection by the Bahrain Human Rights Society is "something I really feel awkward about, considering that the criminals did not treat others fairly when they stole from them".
Mattar's proposals for Sharia Law led to a clash with Bahrain's government when he tried to amend Article 342 of the Penal Code so that those who kill someone in an accident would have to pay blood money to the victim's family or lose their own lives. Determining the blood money would be at the discretion of the victim's family. The move was opposed by a majority of Bahrain's MPs.
References
Bahraini Islamists
Sunni Islamists
Members of the Council of Representatives (Bahrain)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Al Asalah politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Mattar |
Manta and Moray are a pair of amphibious superheroes who first appeared in a segment of the omnibus animated TV series Tarzan and the Super 7 from 1978 to 1980. Filmation produced seven eleven-minute episodes, which were mixed with several other components of the show, including The New Adventures of Batman, Jason of Star Command and The Freedom Force.
Plot
Manta (Monarch of the Deep) is the last survivor of the ancient civilization of Mu, which used to exist in the Pacific Ocean. Mu was destroyed by a terrible explosion, but Manta was engulfed by a wave of mysterious radiation, and placed into suspended animation deep beneath the waves. He was discovered and awoken by Moray, a human female, who became his companion. He is amphibious, but (unlike Moray) cannot be away from water for long periods of time - lest he weaken and die. He can communicate with various animals, on land as well as in the sea.
Moray (birth name unknown) was orphaned when her parents' plane crashed into the sea; the young girl was saved, and subsequently raised, by dolphins. Over the next few years, Moray learned to live in the ocean. Then she discovered and revived Manta, who became her companion. Both pledged themselves to protecting the sea-world from any who would threaten it. An excellent swimmer, Moray can hold her breath for incredibly long periods but (unlike Manta) is vulnerable to deep-water pressure. She wears a leg-baring red wetsuit with white trim, and a matching headband.
Manta and Moray's other companions include Whiskers (a sea lion) and Guppy (a gray whale).
Episodes
The Waters of Doom -
The Whale Killers -
The Warmakers -
The Souvenir Hunters -
The Freedom Fighters -
The Sunken World -
Sea of Madness -
Voices
Joe Stern - Manta
Joan van Ark - Moray
References
External links
International Hero
Superhero duos
Animated duos
Fictional undersea characters
Television series segments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta%20and%20Moray |
Dorothy Woolfolk née Dorothy Roubicek (October 1, 1913 – November 27, 2000) was one of the first women in the American comic-book industry. As an editor at DC Comics, one of the two largest companies in the field, during the 1940s period historians and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books, she is credited with helping to create the fictional metal Kryptonite in the Superman mythos.
Biography
Early life and education
Born Dorothy Roubicek, Woolfolk was a New York City high school graduate who never attended college but nonetheless won prizes on a 1950s television game show.
Editor
She served from 1942 to 1944 as an editor at All-American Publications, one of the three companies that would merge to form the present-day DC, then spent the next two years at Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor to Marvel Comics, and in 1948 was an editor at EC Comics.
Woolfolk said in 1993 that she had found Superman's invulnerability dull, and that DC's flagship hero might be more interesting with an Achilles' heel such as adverse reactions to a fragment of his home planet. This gave rise to the famous fictional metal kryptonite, which made its first appearance in the comics in the story "Superman Returns To Krypton!", credited to writer Bill Finger, in Superman #61 (Dec. 1949).
After raising children Donald and Donna, the latter of whom would become an author, Woolfolk briefly returned to comics in the 1970s, editing Wonder Woman, Supergirl, Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane, Young Romance, and other DC superhero and romance titles from 1971 to 1974. Comics artist Alan Kupperberg, who worked with her at DC Comics in the 1970s, said in 2001,
Her assistant editor at DC, Ethan Mordden, would go on to become a notable LBGT author.
Writer
She also occasionally scripted comics, including an unknown number of Wonder Woman stories in the 1940s — making Woolfolk the first female writer of that series, and, with Ruth Atkinson and Ruth Roche, among comic books' first female writers. Woolfolk also wrote for the science fiction magazine Orbit during the 1950s, and in the 1970s and early 1980s was the author of the 10-book Scholastic Press young-adult novel series about teen detective Donna Rockford.
Personal life
Her second husband was 1930s comic-strip cartoonist and 1940s comic-book writer Walter Galli. She met her third husband, novelist William Woolfolk, during her stint at DC, when she rejected a script he had submitted for a Superman comic book.
Woolfolk's daughter, Donna Woolfolk Cross, is also an author; her work includes the historical novel Pope Joan (Ballantine, 1996).
Woolfolk, who lived on the Upper West Side of Manhattan while working in comics and as an author, moved to Norfolk, Virginia, in 1996. Two years later, she began to reside at the St. Francis Nursing Center in Newport News, Virginia, and died at Mary Immaculate Hospital in that city on November 27, 2000.
Awards
Woolfolk was nominated every year from 2001 to 2004 for induction into the Women Cartoonists Hall of Fame.
In 2018, Woolfolk won the 2018 Bill Finger Award from San Diego Comic-Con International.
See also
Women in comics
Books
Donna Rockford Mystery series
The Girl Cried Murder (original title: "Murder, My Dear!"; Scholastic, 1974) 1983 reissue:
Murder in Washington and the Body on the Beach — Donna Rockford Double Mystery Series (Scholastic, 1982)
Mother Where Are You? (Scholastic, 1982)
Who Killed Daddy? (Scholastic, 1982)
Death of a Dancer (Scholastic, 1982)
Murder by Moonlight (Scholastic, 1983)
How to Look Like a Winner (Scholastic, 1983)
Abbey Is Missing (Scholastic, 1983)
Mystery in Studio 13 (Scholastic, 1984)
References
External links
Dorothy Woolfolk at The Comic Book Database
1913 births
2000 deaths
Comic book editors
American comics writers
Golden Age comics creators
DC Comics people
Female comics writers
20th-century American women writers
Bill Finger Award winners
American people of Czech descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Woolfolk |
Kandıra is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 840 km2, and its population is 52,874 (2022). Its neighbours are Kaynarca to the east, Adapazarı to the southeast, İzmit to the south and Şile to the west.
Geography
Of the area of Kandıra, almost 50% is used for agricultural purposes, while almost 40% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4% is settled (buildings or roads and the remainder)
History
Kandıra is first mentioned as Kéndri or Kándora. The state hospital of Kandıra was founded in 1949.
Tourist attractions
Tourists discovered Kerpe when it was a small fishing port. It boasts a calm sea and sandy beaches, and is close to urban centers such as Istanbul, İzmit, and Adapazarı.
Kefken is 20 km away from Kandıra, and 8 km away from Kerpe. Kefken is the most advanced town among the coastal settlements of the district. Sea, beach and pine forests are the most important features. Kefken harbor is a typical fishing town. In the summertime the town gets 3 times crowded. 2 hours more or less, or 150 km away from Istanbul on the Black Sea coast, is this fairly secluded, quiet, and relatively unspoilt part of the region. The sea is suitable for swimming and there are unspoilt bays for picnics.
Kefken Island is one of the few islands on the Turkish Black Sea coast. The island is at a close distance to the shores of Cebeci village. Genoese era fortress walls and water wells are worth to mention as the historical heritage of the island.
Composition
There are 96 neighbourhoods in Kandıra District:
Ağaçağıl
Ahmethacılar
Akbal
Akçabeyli
Akçakese
Akçaova
Akdurak
Akıncı
Alaybey
Alefli
Antaplı
Avdan
Aydınlık
Babaköy
Babalı
Bağırganlı
Balaban
Balcı
Ballar
Beyce
Beylerbeyi
Bolu
Bozburun
Çakırcaali
Çakmaklar
Çalca
Çalköy
Çalyer
Çamkonak
Çarşı
Cebeci
Çerçili
Dalca
Deliveli
Doğancılı
Döngelli
Duraklı
Eğercili
Elmacık
Esentepe
Ferizli
Gebeşler
Goncaaydın
Hacılar
Hacımazlı
Hacışeyh
Hediyeli
Hıdırlar
Hüdaverdiler
İncecik
Kabaağaç
Kanatlar
Karaağaç
Karadivan
Karlı
Kaymas
Kaymaz Erikli
Kefken
Kerpe
Kırkarmut
Kızılcapınar
Kocakaymas
Kubuzcu
Kurtyeri
Lokmanlı
Mancarlar
Merkez Erikli
Mülküşehsuvar
Nasuhlar
Ömerli
Orhan
Özbey
Pelitpınarı
Pınardüzü
Pınarlı
Pirceler
Safalı
Sarıahmetler
Sarıcaali
Sarıgazi
Sarnıçlar
Selametli
Selimköy
Sepetçi
Şerefsungur
Seyitaliler
Sinanlıbilalli
Sucuali
Süllü
Tatarahmet
Teksen
Terziler
Topluca
Üğümce
Yağcılar
Yusufca
References
External links
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Kandira Hotel Guide
Populated places in Kocaeli Province
Districts of Kocaeli Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kand%C4%B1ra |
Karaburun (, Achirlí) is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 421 km2, and its population is 12,200 (2022). The district area roughly corresponds to the peninsula of the same name (Karaburun Peninsula) which spears north of the tourism resorts of neighboring Çeşme and its dependencies and west of the city of İzmir. In fact, the district area is one of the westernmost points of Anatolia. Karaburun town is situated close to the northern tip of the peninsula and checks the entry of the Gulf of İzmir with the town of Foça, another important tourism resort, across the waters. The district's administrative zone is bordered by the districts of Çeşme and Urla in its south and faces the Greek island of Chios to its west.
Karaburun region is comparatively much less visited than Çeşme located in its south, its rate of urbanization at 20 per cent is the lowest across İzmir Province, although it provides an anticlimax to its southern neighbor and the associated attractions especially for those who want to escape the trails of mass tourism. The coasts of the peninsula have beautiful bays and pebble or sand beaches as yet often undiscovered by outsiders, although there is one German vacation village slightly to the north of the district center. Taken as a whole, in contrast with Çeşme, agriculture, fishing and livestock breeding, instead of tourism, remain the principal activities on which the district's economy is based. Karaburun's flora and fauna present particularities distinguishing it from the Anatolian mainland. Karaburun's name echoes in Turkey a very high variety of flower breeds present across its area, and especially narcissus and hyacinth.
Main features
The distance between Karaburun and İzmir center by way of land is 100 km (approximately 60 miles) and there are regular bus services and a three-lane modern highway until the toll near Çeşme. The rest of the road is narrow and curvy in some places and it may take up to two hours to reach Karaburun from İzmir. The country road is traced northwards along the eastern coast of the peninsula to reach Mordoğan first, which is, aside from Karaburun, the district's only other depending township with own municipality. After Karaburun, the same road continues towards the tip of the peninsula from where it heads west to reach the village of Küçükbahçe.
History
The oldest name known for the region was Mimas, in reference to the son of Gaia who was one of the Giants slain by Hephaistos during the war between Gods and Giants in Greek mythology. Homer mentions the "windy Mimas" mountain (present-day Bozdağ) in his Odyssey. The Mimas mountain is also associated with Iris, Leto and Narcissus. In Ionian through to Byzantine times, the region also carried the names Stelar or Stylarius, Caleberno by the Genoese and Ahırlı during the Ottoman era. There are different possibilities for the name Karaburun. One that is mentioned in the municipality web site is that it would be a modified form of Caleberno. Another possibility may have to do with the very translation of the Turkish name, which means "black cape", a fitting description especially for sailors who approach Karaburun Peninsula from open sea.
The region is rich in history although its only sizeable urban center from ancient Greek, Byzantine through to Ottoman times was in Erythrai. Today the village of Ildırı stands in the ancient town's location and the village depends Çeşme. Traces of smaller settlements can also be traced back to the Bronze Age.
Karaburun is the most recently constituted district of İzmir, although the town of Karaburun was made into a municipality already in 1902. From 1867 until 1922, Karaburun was part of Aidin Vilayet.
According to the 1914 Ottoman population statistics, the district of Karaburun had a total population of 18,772, consisting of 9,934 Greeks and 8,838 Muslims.
Economy
Agriculture, fishing and livestock breeding remain the principal activities on which Karaburun's economy is based. The average yearly income level per inhabitant for the district was calculated at 3,673 US Dollars in 2007. Karaburun's trade relations with the outside world abroad remain modest, with total exports recorded as 26,319 US Dollars realized in 2007, mostly flowers, with also some exports of olive and olive oil and artichokes. Underground reserves include marble quarries, deposits of basalt, slate for constructions and clay for ceramics. Mercury was also mined in the past. The district's total number of companies stood at 525 the same year. There was only one bank operating through one branch in Karaburun in 2007.
The total number of residences in Karaburun district was counted as 8,912, an important part constituted by secondary residences owned by seasonal inhabitants. The total accommodation capacity of the district is 982 beds, in which the depending municipality of Mordoğan has a sizable share. The level of literacy in Karaburun nears hundred per cent, and the district is advantaged by the rather comfortable number of students, 12 in 2007, per teacher. There was one doctor for 1,447 patients in Karaburun in 2007.
Other information
Nearer to Karaburun is the abandoned village of Sazak whose inhabitants were subject to the 1923 Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the frame of the Treaty of Lausanne. Sazak today is a ghost town rarely visited by tourists from Karaburun.
The whole district is very quiet during winter when the population of Karaburun center falls back to the usual 2,500, with the owners of summer houses gone. Nevertheless, its spectacular gorges and heights makes the peninsula a favorite destination among trekkers in all seasons.
There is talk since years on starting ferry services from İzmir to these two centers of the peninsula, which would be quite practical by allowing visitors to avoid the difficult end-portion of the land route, but the project meets the opposition of the dolmuş lobby.
Composition
There are 16 neighbourhoods in Karaburun District:
Ambarseki
Bozköy
Eğlenhoca
Hasseki
İnecik
İskele
Kösedere
Küçükbahçe
Merkez
Mordoğan
Parlak
Saip
Salman
Sarpıncık
Tepeboz
Yaylaköy
See also
Karaburun Peninsula
September 2006 Karaburun, Turkey migrant boat disaster
References
External links
Sources
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Populated places in İzmir Province
Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaburun |
Karacabey is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,158 km2, and its population is 84,907 (2022). It is located just west of the Simav River near its confluence with the Adirnaz River. The district of Karacabey borders the districts of Mudanya and Nilüfer from east, Mustafakemalpaşa and Susurluk from south, Manyas from southwest and Bandırma from west. It is sited on the ancient town of Miletopolis.
Karacabey is an industrial area as well as an agricultural one. It is known as the plantation area of a special variety of onions. There are many famous food factories around Karacabey such as Nestle and many varieties of vegetables and fruits are planted in Karacabey. There is a nearby lake called Uluabat. The Marmara Sea is 32 km to the north.
History
The town is named after a local Turkish chieftain during the Ottoman era named Karaca Bey. The former name of the town was Mihalich (), after which a cheese was named, while its ancient name was Miletopolis (Greek: Μιλητόπολις). Miletopolis was apparently the chief settlement of a group of people called the Milatæ, whose name was hellenized to suggest a Milesian colony. Its people colonized Gargara.
Miletopolis was a suffragan of Cyzicus until the 12th or 13th century. Around the end of the twelfth century, it was united with Lopadium as an archbishopric. There are two historical mosques in Karacabey, one being from the 14th century.
From 1867 until 1922, Mihaliç was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet.
Composition
There are 85 neighbourhoods in Karacabey District:
Abdullahpaşa
Akçakoyun
Akçasusurluk
Akhisar
Arız
Bakırköy
Ballıkaya
Bayramdere
Beylik
Boğazköy
Cambaz
Çamlıca
Canbalı
Çarıkköy
Çavuşköy
Çeşnigir
Dağesemen
Dağkadı
Danişment
Doğla
Drama
Ekinli
Ekmekçi
Emirsultan
Esentepe
Eskikaraağaç
Eskisarıbey
Fevzipaşa
Garipçe
Gazi
Gölecik
Gölkıyı
Gönü
Güngörmez
Hamidiye
Harmanlı
Hayırlar
Hotanlı
Hüdavendigar
Hürriyet
İkizce
İnkaya
İsmetpaşa
Karacaahmet
Karakoca
Karasu
Kedikaya
Keşlik
Kıranlar
Küçükkaraağaç
Kulakpınar
Kurşunlu
Mamuriyet
Mecidiye
Muratlı
Nasrettin
Okçular
Örencik
Orhaniye
Ortasarıbey
Ova Hamidiye
Ovaesemen
Runguşpaşa
Saadet
Şahinköy
Şahmelek
Sazlıca
Selimiye
Seyran
Sırabademler
Subaşı
Sultaniye
Tabaklar
Taşlık
Taşpınar
Tavşanlı
Tophisar
Uluabat
Yarış
Yenice
Yenikaraağaç
Yenimahalle
Yenisarıbey
Yeşildere
Yolağzı
See also
Ulubatlı Hasan
References
External links
Karacabey Governorship
Karacabey Municipality
Populated places in Bursa Province
Milesian colonies
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Districts of Bursa Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacabey |
Killer Aspect is a Finnish rock band from Helsinki. Its members are Max Paananen (vocals), Jaakko Teittinen (guitar), Jukka Savela (guitar), Jarkko Toivanen (bass), and Teijo Jämsä (drums). Their first single, "TV", made it to number one in the YleX radio charts.
Career
Killer Aspect was founded in 2004 as Cabincrew by two former members of the band Killer - Timo Huhtala and Teijo Jämsä - and Samuli Relander, who used to play guitar for the bands The Winyls and Personal Aspect.
Since the name Cabincrew was already used by a dance act, the three changed their name to Killer Aspect, inspired by their former bands.
They began meeting at Timo's place and after listening to some demo tapes, they decided to get serious about their musical effort. The band was soon rounded out by Max Paanen, a friend of Timo's, and Jukka Backlund, Killer's on-tour keyboard player.
The band started practising at Kaapelitehdas (the Cable Factory) and wrote their first song, "First Dance". This was followed by a few more, after which the band booked Finnvox Studios and recorded their first six tracks. After that, they started rehearsing for their first shows and went on to play Provinssirock, Tavastia Club (opening for Poets of the Fall), and the On the Rocks club in Helsinki.
In 2006, Jukka Backlund left the band to become a full-time member of Sunrise Avenue, the band whose debut album he had produced and whom he had initially joined as a live keyboard player.
In 2007, Valeri Drobych - the youngest member of the band - completed Killer Aspect. He had known Teijo and Timo through a video shoot for Natalia Podolskaya's "Nobody Hurt No One", a song written by Valeri's father as a Russian contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005. Valeri and Teijo also played with Natalia's live setup in Kyiv.
Killer Aspect's first single, "TV", began getting radio airplay in December 2007 and immediately made it to number one in the YleX radio charts. Their follow-up single "Bloodshot" was also successful and made it to number 5 in the year's hitlist. The band's debut album, How Does It Work, was released in April 2008.
In late 2008, Timo Huhtala left the band and Jaakko Pulkki took over on bass.
After a record label change and a new record deal, plus a new lineup, the band released their second album, Brand New Start, on 5 April 2013.
In 2015, Killer Aspect began to write new songs with a fresh lineup (Jaakko Teittinen on guitar and Jarkko Toivanen on bass), and they have since released several singles from their upcoming album.
In May 2021, they released a new single, called "Troubles" and another one in August 2021, "Back to Basics".
Band members
Current
Max Paananen – vocals
Jaakko Teittinen – guitar
Jukka Savela – guitar
Jarkko Toivanen – bass
Teijo Jämsä – drums
Former
Samuli Relander – guitar
Valeri Drobych – guitar
Lauri Yrjölä – guitar
Tapio Backlund – bass
Jaakko Pulkki – bass
Esa Mäkynen – bass
Timo Huhtala – bass
Jukka Backlund – keyboards
Discography
Studio albums
How Does It Work (2008)
Brand New Start (2013)
Singles
"TV" (2007)
"Bloodshot" (2008)
"Writings on the Wall" (2012)
"Box Car Champion" (2013)
"The High Road" (2019)
"Black Summer" (2019)
"Ten Steps" (2019)
"The Good, the Bad and the Worst" (2019)
"Troubles" (2021)
"Back to Basics (2021)
References
External links
MySpace papge
Killer Aspect on LiveJournal
Finnish musical groups
Finnish rock music groups
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer%20Aspect |
The following are the association football events of the year 2008 throughout the world.
News
January
3 – Argentine midfielder Éver Banega leaves Boca Juniors and joins the Spanish club Valencia for an estimated fee of €18 million.
5 – Everton are knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by Oldham Athletic, a team from Football League One (third division) as Huddersfield Town from the same division beat Birmingham City.
6 – Toulouse are eliminated from the Coupe de France by Paris FC, a team from the Championnat National (third division).
9 – Sam Allardyce leaves the manager's position at Newcastle United by mutual agreement.
11 – Jürgen Klinsmann is unveiled as the new coach of Bayern Munich, effective July.
20 – The Africa Cup of Nations begins in Ghana with the hosts beating Guinea 2–1.
23 – Tottenham Hotspur defeat Arsenal 5–1 in the semi-final second-leg of the League Cup. This was the first time they had beaten their local rivals since 1999.
24 – George Burley is announced as the new coach of the Scotland national football team.
28 – Mohamed Sissoko leaves Liverpool to sign for Juventus, costing the Italian team €13 million.
February
2 – Frédéric Kanouté is named 2007 African Footballer of the Year
4 – Víctor Muñoz is sacked from the managers job of Spanish team Recreativo Huelva; Manolo Zambrano is immediately installed as the new coach of the La Liga team.
10 – Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations after beating Cameroon in the final 1–0.
13 – Giovanni Trapattoni is announced as the new coach of the Republic of Ireland. He will officially take up this role in May.
23 – South Korean men's team won East Asian Cup 2008.
23 – Japanese J. League Cup winner Gamba Osaka defeated MLS champion Houston Dynamo at the final game of Pan-Pacific Championship 2008 by 6–1, won the champion title of inaugural tournament. The Los Angeles Galaxy won the third place match against Sydney FC from A-league by 2–1.
24 – Japan won the Women's East Asian Cup 2008 with three straight wins over South Korea, North Korea, and China.
24 – Tottenham Hotspur win the Football League Cup after beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time at Wembley Stadium.
24 – Newcastle Jets win the Hyundai A-League Grand Final by defeating the Central Coast Mariners by 1–0 at the Sydney Football Stadium.
March
11 – Newport County win the FAW Premier Cup beating Llanelli 1–0 in the final.
12 – The United States women's national soccer team wins the 2008 Algarve Cup for the sixth time, beating Denmark 2–1 in the final.
16 – Rangers win the Scottish League Cup by beating Dundee United 3–2 in a penalty shootout after a 2–2 draw at Hampden Park.
May
5 – Real Madrid wins the 31st La Liga title after beating Osasuna 2–1.
8 – Announced that Frank Rijkaard would leave his managerial post at Barcelona at the end of the season, to be replaced by Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola.
11 – Manchester United wins its tenth Premier League title after beating Wigan Athletic 2–0 away.
17 – Portsmouth wins the 127th FA Cup after beating Cardiff City 1–0 at Wembley Stadium
21 – Manchester United won the UEFA Champions League after beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw after 90 minutes in Moscow
22 – Celtic win the SPL title for the third successive season by three points from Rangers on the final day.
24 – Avram Grant is sacked as Chelsea manager after just eight months in charge of the Premier League club.
June
2 – José Mourinho replaces Roberto Mancini as manager of Inter Milan
25 – LDU Quito won the first leg of the Copa Libertadores final beating Fluminense 4–2.
29 – Spain wins UEFA Euro 2008 after beating Germany 1–0 in the final.
July
1 – Luiz Felipe Scolari becomes the new manager of Chelsea.
2 – LDU Quito wins the Copa Libertadores beating Fluminense in penalties 3–1 after a 5–5 aggregate draw.
August
8 – Scottish Premier League team Gretna are formally liquidated.
21 – United States women's team win gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics
23 – Argentina's men's team win gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics
September
1 – Manchester City sign Robinho from Real Madrid for a British record fee of £32.5 million
1 – Manchester United sign Dimitar Berbatov from Tottenham Hotspur for £30.75 million.
4 – Kevin Keegan resigns as manager of Newcastle United.
International tournaments
Men
20 January – 10 February: 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in
:
:
:
4th:
17 – 23 February: Men's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing,
:
:
:
4th:
11 – 23 March: 2008 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament in Nashville,
:
:
:
4th:
4 – 16 May: 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in
:
:
: and
7 – 29 June: UEFA Euro 2008 in and
:
:
: and
30 May – 1 June: Baltic Cup in Riga,
:
:
:
3 – 14 June: 2008 SAFF Championship in and
:
:
30 July – 13 August: AFC Challenge Cup,
:
:
:
4th:
7 – 23 August: 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament in Beijing,
:
:
:
5 – 28 December: 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup in and
:
:
: ,
Women
18 – 24 February: Women's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing,
:
:
:
4th:
5 – 12 March: 2008 Algarve Cup in Algarve,
:
:
:
4th:
6 – 21 August: 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament in Beijing,
:
:
:
30 October – 16 November: 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in
:
:
:
4th:
20 November – 7 December: 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in
:
:
:
4th:
National champions
AFC nations
A-League: Newcastle Jets
Bahraini Premier League: Muharraq Club
Chinese Super League: Shandong Luneng
Hong Kong First Division League: South China
I-League: Dempo SC
Liga Indonesia Premier Division: Sriwijaya
Persian Gulf Cup: Persepolis F.C.
J. League: Kashima Antlers
K-League: Suwon Samsung Bluewings
Lebanese Premier League: Al Ahed
Saudi Premier League: Al-Hilal
Filipino Premier League: Philippine Army F.C.
Malaysian Super League: Kedah FA
Qatar Stars League: Al-Gharafa Sports Club
S-League: Singapore Armed Forces Football Club
Thailand Premier League: Provincial Electricity Authority FC
Turkmenistan Higher League: FC Aşgabat
Enterprise Football League: Taipower
UAE Football League: Al-Shabab
Uzbek League: Bunyodkor
V-League: Becamex Bình Dương
UEFA nations
Albanian Superliga: Dinamo Tirana
Campionat de Lliga: Santa Coloma
Armenian Premier League: Pyunik
Austrian Bundesliga: Rapid Wien
Azerbaijan Premier League: Inter Baku
Belarusian Premier League: BATE Borisov
Belgian Pro League: Standard Liège
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Modriča
Bulgarian A PFG: CSKA Sofia
Prva HNL: Dinamo Zagreb
Cypriot First Division: Anorthosis Famagusta
Gambrinus Liga: Slavia Prague
Danish Superliga: Aalborg BK
Premier League: Manchester United
Meistriliiga: Levadia Tallinn
Formuladeildin: EB/Streymur
Veikkausliiga: Inter Turku
Ligue 1: Lyon
Umaglesi Liga: Dinamo Tbilisi
Bundesliga: Bayern Munich
Superleague Greece: Olympiacos
Hungarian National Championship I: MTK Budapest
Úrvalsdeild: FH Hafnarfjörður
League of Ireland Premier Division: Bohemian
Ligat ha'Al: Beitar Jerusalem
Serie A: Inter Milan
Kazakhstan Premier League: Aktobe
Latvian Higher League: Ventspils
A Lyga: Ekranas
Luxembourg National Division: F91 Dudelange
Macedonian Prva Liga: Rabotnički
Maltese Premier League: Valletta
Moldovan National Division: Sheriff Tiraspol
Montenegrin First League: Budućnost Podgorica
Eredivisie: PSV
Irish Premier League: Linfield
Norwegian Premier League: Stabæk
Ekstraklasa: Wisła Kraków
Primeira Liga: Porto
Liga I: CFR Cluj
Russian Premier League: Rubin Kazan
Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio: Murata
Scottish Premier League: Celtic
Serbian Superliga: Partizan
Slovak Superliga: Artmedia Bratislava
Slovenian PrvaLiga: NK Domžale
La Liga: Real Madrid
Allsvenskan: Kalmar
Swiss Super League: Basel
Süper Lig: Galatasaray
Ukrainian Premier League: Shakhtar Donetsk
Welsh Premier League: Llanelli
CAF nations
Algerian Championnat National: JS Kabylie
Girabola: Petro Atlético Luanda
Mascom Premier League: Centre Chiefs
Burkinabé Premier League: Etoile Filante Ouagadougou
Burundi Premier League: Inter Star
MTN Elite one: Cotonsport Garoua
Cape Verdean football Championships: Sporting Clube da Praia
Chad Premier League: Elect Sport N'Djamena
Comoros Premier League: Etoile d'Or
Congo Premier League: CARA Brazzaville
Linafoot: DC Motema Pembe
Côte d'Ivoire Premier Division: Africa Sports National
Djibouti Premier League: Société Immobilière de Djibouti
Egyptian Premier League: Al-Ahly
Eritrean Premier League: Asmara Brewery
Ethiopian Premier League: Saint-George SA
Gabon Championnat National D1: AS Mangasport
Gambian Championnat National D1: Wallidan
OneTouch Premier League: Asante Kotoko
Guinée Championnat National: Fello Star
Campeonato Nacional da Guiné-Bissau: Sporting Clube de Batafá
Kenyan Premier League: Mathare United
Lesotho Premier League: Lesotho Correctional Services
Liberian Premier League: Black Star
Libyan Premier League: Al Ittihad
THB Champions League: Académie Ny Antsika
Malawi Premier Division: Silver Strikers
Malien Première Division: Djoliba
Mauritanean Premier League: ASAC Concorde
Mauritian League: Curepipe Starlight
Botola: FAR Rabat
Moçambola: Ferroviario de Maputo
Namibia Premier League: Orlando Pirates Windhoek
Niger Premier League: AS Police
Nigerian Premier League: Kano Pillars
Réunion Premier League: JS Saint-Pierroise
Rwandan Premier League: ATRACO
Senegal Premier League: AS Douanes
Seychelles League: Saint-Michel United
Sierra Leone National Premier League: Ports Authority F.C.
Somalia League: Elman FC
Premier Soccer League: SuperSport United
Sudan Premier League: Al-Merrikh
Swazi Premier League: Royal Leopards
Tanzanian Premier League: Young Africans
Tunisian CLP-1: Club Africain
Ugandan Super League: Kampala City Council
Zambian Premier League: ZESCO United
Zanzibar Premier League: Miembeni
Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League: Monomotapa United
CONMEBOL nations
Primera División Argentina: River Plate (C) / Boca Juniors (A)
Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano: Universitario (A) / Aurura (C)
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: São Paulo
Primera División de Chile: Everton (A) / Colo-Colo (C)
Colombian Professional Football: Boyacá Chicó (A) / América de Cali (C)
Serie A de Ecuador: Deportivo Quito
Primera División de Paraguay: Libertad (A) (C)
Primera División Peruana: U. San Martín
Primera División Uruguaya: Defensor Sporting
Primera División Venezolana: Deportivo Táchira
(A = Apertura, C= Clausura)
CONCACAF nations
BFA Senior League: IM Bears
Digicel Premiere League: Notre Date Sports Club
Belize Premier Football League: Hankook Verdes
Bermudian Premier Division: PHC Zebras
British Virgin Islands Championship: Islanders
Canadian Soccer League: Trois-Rivières Attak
Cayman Islands League: Scholars International
Primera División de Costa Rica: Saprissa (A) (C)
Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Cuba: Cienfuegos
Dominica Championship: Centre Bath Estate
Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador: Firpo (C) / Isidro Metapán (A)
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala: Comunicaciones (C) (A)
Grenada League: Carib Hurricane
Ligue Haïtienne: Racing Gonaïves (C) / Tempête (A)
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras: Marathón (C) / Olimpia (A)
National Premier League: Portmore United
Primera División de México: Santos Laguna (C) / Toluca (A)
Nevis Premier Division: SL Horsford Highlights
Primera División de Nicaragua: Real Estelí
Liga Panameña de Fútbol: Árabe Unido (C) / San Francisco (A)
Puerto Rico Soccer League: Sevilla
Saint Kitts Premier Division: Newtown United
Saint Lucia Premier Division: Aux Lyons United
NLA Premier League: Avenues United
Sint Maarten League: D&P Connection
Surinamese Hoofdklasse: Inter Moengotapoe
TT Pro League: San Juan Jabloteh
MFL League: Beaches
Major League Soccer: Columbus Crew
US Virgin Islands Championship: Positive Vibes
(A = Apertura, C= Clausura)
OFC nations
Football Federation American Samoa Soccer League: Pago Youth
Cook Islands Round Cup: Nikao Sokattack
Fijian National Football League: Ba
FSMFA Top League: Yap
Kiribati National Championship: competition canceled
New Caledonia Division Honneur: AS Magenta
ASB Premiership: Waitakere United
Niue Soccer Tournament: Talava
Norfolk Island Soccer League: unknown
Palau Soccer League: Surangel & Sons Company
Papua New Guinea National Soccer League: PRK Hekari United
Samoa National League: Sinamoga
Solomon Islands National Club Championship: Koloale
Tahiti Division Fédérale: AS Manu-Ura
Tonga Major League: Lotoha'apai
Tuvalu A-Division: Nauti
Vanuatu Premia Divisen: Tafea
Deaths
January
1 January – Božidar Sandić (85), Serbian footballer, Yugoslavia international
4 January – Vyacheslav Ambartsumyan (67), Russian footballer, Soviet Union international
4 January – Bjørn Odmar Andersen (64), Norwegian international footballer and manager
5 January – Louis Hon (83), French international footballer
9 January – Paul Aimson (64), English footballer
11 January – Frank Loughran (77), Australian international footballer
12 January – Leszek Jezierski (78), Polish footballer and manager
13 January – Seyran Osipov (46), Russian footballer
14 January – Kaj Christiansen (86), Danish international footballer and manager
14 January – Johnny Steele (91), English footballer and manager
18 January – Wally Fielding (88), English footballer
21 January – Billy Elliott (82), English international footballer
24 January – Jorge Recio (66), Argentine international footballer
26 January – Celestino Celio (82), Italian international footballer and manager
27 January – Bengt Lindskog (74), Swedish international footballer
28 January – Eleuterio Santos (67), Spanish international footballer
February
1 February – Władysław Kawula (70), Polish footballer
2 February – Yiu Cheuk Yin (80), Hong Kong footballer
9 February – Guy Tchingoma (22), Gabonese footballer
10 February – Ove Jørstad (37), Norwegian footballer
12 February – Jean Prouff (88), French footballer and manager
12 February – Thomas Grosser (42), German footballer
14 February – Len Boyd (84), English footballer
15 February – Inge Thun (62), Norwegian footballer
17 February – Brian Harris (72), English footballer and manager
21 February – Emmanuel Sanon (56), Haitian footballer
March
2 March – Carl Hoddle (40), English footballer
5 March – Derek Dooley (78), English footballer and manager
25 March – Thierry Gilardi (49), French commentator
April
3 April – Hrvoje Ćustić (24), Croatian footballer
5 April – Wang Donglei (23), Chinese footballer
18 April – Erminio Favalli (64), Italian footballer
19 April – Constant Vanden Stock (93), Belgian footballer, manager, and executive
May
8 May – François Sterchele (26), Belgian footballer
10 May – Eusebio Ríos (73), Spanish footballer and manager
15 May – Tommy Burns (51), Scottish former footballer and manager
23 May – Heinrich Kwiatkowski (81), German footballer
June
6 June – Victor Wégria (71), Belgian footballer
11 June – Adam Ledwoń (34), Polish footballer
22 June – Ron Stitfall (82), Welsh footballer
July
13 July – Rudolf Nafziger (62), German footballer
15 July – Gionata Mingozzi (23), Italian footballer
18 July – George Niven (79), Scottish footballer
August
3 August – Anton Allemann (72), Swiss footballer
September
3 September – Joan Segarra (80), Spanish defender
4 September – Tommy Johnston (81), Scottish footballer
25 September – Jimmy Sirrel (86), Scottish football player and manager
October
October 8 - Chicão, Brazilian midfielder, semi-finalist at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. (59)
October 21 - George Edwards (87), Welsh footballer
October 25 - Ian McColl (81), Scottish football player and manager
November
1 November – Dermot Curtis (76), Irish football player and manager
17 November – Peter Aldis (81), English footballer
27 November – Gil Heron (87), Jamaican footballer
December
8 December – John Cumming (78), Scottish footballer
9 December – Dražan Jerković (72), Croatian football player and manager
9 December – Ibrahim Dossey (36), Ghanaian footballer
12 December – Maksym Pashayev (20), Ukrainian footballer
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20in%20association%20football |
Baron Bedlam (Baron Frederick DeLamb) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in Batman and the Outsiders #1 (August 1983).
Fictional character biography
Baron Bedlam is really Baron Frederick DeLamb ("Bedlam" is an anagram of his last name). DeLamb's father, formerly a minor government official in the kingdom of Markovia, was installed as a puppet ruler by the Nazis during World War II. It was during this time that Bedlam made advances to a young woman. She became distressed over this and smashed a bottle into his face. Bedlam gained a prominent scar from that incident, and the woman was executed. At the end of the war, American forces helped the Markov family reclaim the throne. Even though Frederick managed to flee the country, his father was hanged by the mob.
Years later, Frederick DeLamb, taking the name Baron Bedlam, gains the support of the Soviet army and the mysterious political manipulator Bad Samaritan. Bedlam murders King Viktor and seizes the throne. Soviet and Markovian forces battle, leading to deaths on both sides.
The crown prince, Brion Markov, with the aid of the scientist Dr. Jace, gains superpowers for the express purpose of stopping this invasion. With the aid of other superheroes, a grouping under Batman's leadership that would soon call themselves the Outsiders, they infiltrate the country. But having heard of Dr. Jace's work in metahuman research, Bedlam underwent a similar process to Prince Markov and gained similar earth-manipulating abilities. In order to aid in the invasion of Markovia and depose King Gregor to take back the country. In the final confrontation between Bedlam's forces and Markovia's outmatched army, the Outsiders intervene, turning the tide of the battle. Geo-Force apparently kills Bedlam by dropping him into a raging mob. Bedlam survives this, however, and has returned many times to face the team.
Soon after, the Outsiders confront another aspect of Bedlam's forces, the super-powered Masters of Disaster. The two groups engage in a prolonged battle. In the meantime, the Bad Samaritan also discovers Bedlam's plan to clone Adolf Hitler, when it's revealed that he was indeed killed but cloned back to life in a similar process. Bedlam was not pleased at this and attacks his ally. The clone project ultimately ends in failure. The new Hitler ends up being greatly distressed at what his 'father' has done and has no wish to continue the madness. The Hitler clone later commits suicide, his body being found by the Outsiders.
At one point, in the Outsiders 1987 special, DeLamb's Baron Bedlam identity is usurped by the Psycho Pirate.
Powers and abilities
Baron Bedlam is a superior fighter, a ruthless tactician and he possesses unlimited financial resources. He once underwent the same Geo-Force enhancement process which bestowed Brion Markov his unique metahuman abilities. Though Bedlam's were further along than the Prince's, given his ability to manipulate the earth long before Brion could. But because Fredrick was not of the royal line in Markovian principality, Bedlam's faulty powers shorted out in heated battle with the revived hero, leaving him powerless once more.
Other versions
The name Baron Bedlam has recently been taken by another DC supervillain, formerly known as Doctor Bedlam.
In other media
Baron Frederick DeLamb / Baron Bedlam appears in Young Justice: Outsiders, voiced by Nolan North. This version is the brother of Markovia's queen and biological uncle of Princes Gregor and Brion Markov who runs a secret metahuman trafficking syndicate in Markovia called Bedlam. Additionally, he has undergone metahuman experimentation, which gave him a stone-like body capable of withstanding lava and Superboy's punches with no visible damage. DeLamb orchestrates a coup by hiring a Quraci speedster to murder the king and queen, and then attempts to frame Brion for his crimes. However, Gregor easily sees through his uncle's lies and has him arrested after Superboy defeats DeLamb. DeLamb later escapes captivity and attempts to regain the throne, but is killed by Brion, who was secretly manipulated by Zviad Baazovi into doing so.
References
External links
Cosmic Teams: Baron Bedlam
Characters created by Mike W. Barr
Characters created by Jim Aparo
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics supervillains
Bedlam. Baron
Comics characters introduced in 1983
DC Comics metahumans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Bedlam |
Karaçoban () is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 571 km2, and its population is 22,250 (2022).
Geography
There is Karayazı district in the north and northeast of the district, Hınıs district in the southwest, Bulanık district of Muş in the south and southeast, and Malazgirt district of Muş in the east. The district center is built on the narrow and long alluvial filling of the Hınıs Stream, which forms an important tributary of the Murat River, extending east-west. It is surrounded by Akdağ (2953 m) in the north, Akdoğan Mountains (2879m) in the south and Güzelbaba Mountains (2100 m) in the east. There is a Lake Ahır in the northwest of the district center.
Tourism
The main touristic places in Karadoğan district are Zernak Castle in Kuşluca village.
Composition
There are 27 neighbourhoods in Karaçoban District:
Akkavak
Bağlar
Bahçeli
Binpınar
Bozyer
Budaklı
Burnaz
Çatalgül
Dedeören
Doğanbey
Duman
Erenler
Erhanlar
Gündüzköy
Hacılar
Karagöz
Karaköprü
Karmış
Kavaklı
Kırımkaya
Kopal
Kuşluca
Marufköy
Molladavut
Ovayoncalı
Sarıveli
Seyhan
References
Populated places in Erzurum Province
Districts of Erzurum Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7oban |
How to Solve it by Computer is a computer science book by R. G. Dromey, first published by Prentice-Hall in 1982.
It is occasionally used as a textbook, especially in India.
It is an introduction to the whys of algorithms and data structures.
Features of the book:
The design factors associated with problems
The creative process behind coming up with innovative solutions for algorithms and data structures
The line of reasoning behind the constraints, factors and the design choices made.
The very fundamental algorithms portrayed by this book are mostly presented in pseudocode and/or Pascal notation.
See also
How to Solve It, by George Pólya, the author's mentor and inspiration for writing the book.
References
1982 non-fiction books
Algorithms
Computer science books
Heuristics
Problem solving
Prentice Hall books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Solve%20it%20by%20Computer |
Capryl alcohol may refer to:
commonly yet incorrectly to one of several isomers of octanol, typically 1-octanol, being confused for the proper caprylyl alcohol
correctly yet uncommonly to one of several isomers of decanol, typically 1-decanol
Fatty alcohols
Alkanols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capryl%20alcohol |
In the Name of Suffering is the debut album by American sludge metal band Eyehategod. It was initially released in 1990 through French independent label Intellectual Convulsion and reissued in 1992 by Century Media.
Background and recording
Eyehategod was formed in 1988 and recorded two demos, Garden Dwarf Woman Driver and Lack of Almost Everything, released in the years 1989 and 1990, respectively. Originally, the band did not take themselves seriously, and only formed to rebel against what they call "the norm of underground music at the time". The album was recorded and produced by the band themselves at Festival Studios in Kenner, Louisiana for about $1,000.
Release
The album was originally released by French label Intellectual Convulsion, but only around 1,500–2,000 CD and vinyl copies were pressed before the label had to shut down due to financial difficulties. The group would later be signed onto Century Media, who re-released the album with new artwork on December 1, 1992. In 2004, Emetic Records repressed the album on vinyl, 1,000 copies total: 300 green marbled, 700 black. In 2006, as a part of Century Media's 20th anniversary, the album was reissued with the original cover art and the entirety of the band's 1990 demo Lack of Almost Everything as bonus tracks. These same exact demo recordings also appeared on the band's 2001 live album 10 Years of Abuse (and Still Broke). The year 2008 saw Emetic Records again reissuing the album on vinyl, this time as a double disc LP set with the first disc being composed of the album itself and the second disc being made up of the same four bonus Lack of Almost Everything demos from the 2006 CD reissue. This 2008 pressing was limited to 500 black copies. This edition would later be repressed in 2011, again in quantities of 500 black copies
In 2015, the album, along with Take as Needed for Pain, was repressed on vinyl through Century Media. This 2015 pressing was made available on black, white (limited to 100 copies) and gold (limited to 500 copies) colored vinyl. Also released on the same day was a four-disc CD boxset containing the group's first four albums (including In the Name of Suffering).
Reception
Since its initial release, In the Name of Suffering has received praise for its rough style, and is seen as one of the first, as well as one of the most important, sludge metal albums of the 1990s. Heavy metal website Hellbound.ca mentioned how In the Name of Suffering, along with its follow-up Take as Needed for Pain, created the framework for "one of the most interesting, yet disturbing, bands around". In William York's review of the album for AllMusic, he states "Later Eyehategod albums have more memorable songs, but In the Name of Suffering arguably captures the band's compelling ugliness in its most raw state."
Track listing
Release history
Credits
Mike IX Williams — vocals
Mark Schultz — lead guitar
Jimmy Bower — rhythm guitar
Steve Dale — bass
Joe LaCaze — drums
References
External links
Eyehategod albums
1990 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Name%20of%20Suffering |
This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom held between 1918 and 1931, with the names of the incumbent and victor and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: red for a Labour gain, blue for a Conservative gain, orange for a Liberal gain, and grey for any other gain. A total of 233 by-elections were held during this period.
Resignations
See Resignation from the British House of Commons for more details.
Where the cause of by-election is given as "resignation" or "seeks re-election", this indicates that the incumbent was appointed on his or her own request to an "office of profit under the Crown", either the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds or the Steward of the Manor of Northstead. These appointments are made as a constitutional device for leaving the House of Commons, whose Members are not permitted to resign.
By-elections
References
F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Statistics 1832-1987
F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-49
F. W. S. Craig, Chronology of British Parliamentary By-elections 1833-1987
1918
20th century in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20Kingdom%20by-elections%20%281918%E2%80%931931%29 |
Karaisalı is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,165 km2, and its population is 22,042 (2022).
The area contains the reservoirs of Çatalan and Nergizlik. There is a wrestling tournament in late-April to early-May at Salbaş and a countryside festival in the last week of August at Kızıldağ.
History
In Greek and Roman times there was a town here named Midelle. Throughout history, the town was controlled by several kingdoms, such as the Seljuk Turks and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Following the arrival of the Turks in the area the name was changed to Çeceli and inhabited by the Yüreğir and Menemencioğulları and Ramazanoğulları tribes.
Between 1481 and 1496 the town was controlled by the Mamluk Sultanate and once it was defeated by the Ottoman sultan Selim I, he left the control of the town to the Ramazanoğulları dynasty as a vassal state. The current name Karaisalı was later given in memory of a Ramazanoğulları lord. Right before his death in 1520 however, Selim I decided to formally annex the town and the surrounding region into the Ottoman Empire.
The town was not occupied by the Allies during the Turkish War of Independence in the early 1920s and became a centre of Turkish resistance against the Allies for the Çukurova area.
Composition
There are 62 neighbourhoods in Karaisalı District:
Akçalı
Aktaş
Altınova
Aşağıbelemedik
Aşağıyörükler
Ayakkıf
Barakdağı
Başkıf
Bekirli
Beydemir
Bolacalı
Boztahta
Bucak
Çakallı
Çatalan
Çeceli
Çevlik
Çocuklar
Çorlu
Çukur
Demirçit
Döşekevi
Durak
Eğlence
Emelcik
Etekli
Fettahlı
Filikli
Gildirli
Gökhasanlı
Gülüşlü
Güvenç
Hacılı
Hacımusalı
Kaledağı
Kapıkaya
Karahasanlı
Karakılıç
Karakuyu
Karapınar
Kıralan
Kırıklı
Kocaveliler
Körüklü
Kuşcusofulu
Kuyucu
Kuzgun
Maraşlı
Murtçukuru
Nergizlik
Nuhlu
Ömerli
Sadıkali
Sarımehmetli
Saypınar
Selampınar
Tatık
Topaktaş
Topkaralı
Torunsolaklı
Tümenli
Yazıbaşı
Places of interest
The Roman built Milvan Castle in the village of Karakılıç.
The silk road caravanserai Kesiri Han in the village of Altınova.
Another Roman castle Keçi Kalesi 40 km north-east of Karaisalı in the village of Etekli. has commanding views from its hill-top position.
The wooded hillside picnic areas of Yerköprü and Kızıldağ in particular Kapıkaya Canyon.
The attractive remote village of Kalayçılar. 7 km from the village of Hacılı on a dirt road.
Turkey's highest bridge, the long and high German built railway viaduct Varda Bridge in the village of Hacıkırı (Kıralan).
The Fish restaurant in Demirçit or otherwise known as Bolagat.
Notable people
Long-term mayor of Adana, Aytaç Durak is from Karaisalı and during his term the district was included in the Metropolitan Municipality of Adana.
References
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Districts of Adana Province
Populated places in Adana Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1 |
Karakeçili is a town in Kırıkkale Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Karakeçili District. Its population is 2,692 (2022). Its elevation is .
References
Populated places in Kırıkkale Province
Karakeçili District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karake%C3%A7ili |
Karakoçan ( Tepe, , ) is a town of Elazığ Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Karakoçan District. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 14,811 in 2022.
The mayor is Ayhan Akbaba (AKP). Karakoçan is located on a stony plain that is watered by a stream that flows to the Peri Su. It is the successor of the ancient and medieval town of Bağın, located on the Peri Su to the northwest.
References
External links
Karakoçan Haberleri
Karakoçan Köyleri
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Elazığ Province
Karakoçan District
Kurdish settlements in Elazığ Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karako%C3%A7an |
Karakoyunlu is a town in Iğdır Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Karakoyunlu District. Its population is 2,728 (2022). The town is populated by Azerbaijanis.
Statues with ram heads
Gravestones with ram heads existing in almost all old cemeteries in Iğdır Plain are remnants from the Kara Koyunlu period. These commemorate brave, heroic persons and young persons who died at a young age.
Population
References
External links
Official website of the Karakoyunlu Municipality
Iğdır's News website
Populated places in Iğdır Province
States in medieval Anatolia
Karakoyunlu District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoyunlu |
The Kapi Agha (, "Agha of the Gate"), formally called the Agha of the Gate of Felicity (Bâbüssaâde ağası), was the head of the eunuch servants of the Ottoman Seraglio until the late 16th century, when this post was taken over by the Kizlar Agha. In juxtaposition with the latter office, also known as the Chief Black Eunuch as its holders were drawn from Black African slaves, the Kapi Agha is also known as the Chief White Eunuch.
History and functions
As his title implies, the Kapi Agha controlled the Gate of Felicity that separated the Outer Court (Birûn, where state affairs were conducted), from the Inner Court (Enderûn) and the Sultan's private apartments in the Topkapı Palace. The Agha occupied an office to the right of the gate and had the duty of controlling entrance to the Inner Court and of transmitting the Sultan's orders to his officials, rendering him, in the words of the Ottomanist Halil İnalcık, "the sole mediator between the Sultan and the world outside the Palace". The duties of the Kapi Agha and his white eunuchs also included running the Palace School for the pages of the palace, whose graduates then went on to become the administrative élite of the Ottoman Empire. The "Mosque of the Aghas" (Ağalar Camii) in the Topkapi Palace was built for use by the Kapi Agha and his eunuchs.
The office of the Kapi Agha was an influential post, the holder became a close adviser to the Sultan and could play a decisive role in the imperial succession. Holders bore the rank of vizier and came in precedence only after the grand vizier and the shaykh al-Islām. In his heyday in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Kapi Agha rivaled the Grand Vizier in importance. Nevertheless, and in contrast to his analogues in other Islamic states, usually denoted by variants of the title hajib, the holders of the office never expanded their power to the extent that they could rival that of the Sultan. Unlike their counterparts, the Kapi Aghas controlled neither the administrative apparatus, which remained firmly in the hands of the Grand Vizier, nor the palace troops, which came under the command of another official, the Agha of the Janissaries, who notably also received about five times the Kapi Agha's daily salary of 100 akçes. Nevertheless, many Kapi Aghas went on to assume major provincial governorships (often distinguished by the epithet hadım, "eunuch", in their subsequent careers), and several are considered by modern historians among the greatest Ottoman statesmen of the period.
The post reached its height in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), when its holders became the stewards of the charitable foundations and endowments (waqfs) designated for the upkeep of the two holy cities (Haramayn) of Islam, Mecca and Medina, and of over seventy large mosques. During this time, the holders of the office engaged in open rivalry with the Grand Viziers for control over state affairs. Soon after, however, through the influence of the women of the Ottoman Imperial Harem, the Kapi Agha was eclipsed by the Kizlar Agha, who supervised the harem. The Kizlar Agha became independent of the Kapi Agha in 1587, assumed the control of the Haramayn and quickly rose to become the senior palace official. The final blow to the authority of the office came in 1704, when its remaining powers were transferred to the Silahdar Agha. The position of the Kapi Agha survived, but thereafter was devoid of any significance.
References
Sources
Ottoman court
Ottoman culture
Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
Eunuchs from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman titles
Turkish words and phrases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi%20Agha |
Karapınar, formerly known as Barta is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,623 km2, and its population is 50,323 (2022). Volcanic Karapınar Field is located nearby.
Composition
There are 42 neighbourhoods in Karapınar District:
Adalet
Akçayazı
Akören
Alaaddin
Apak
Çetmi
Çiğil
Cumhuriyet
Fatih
Fevzipaşa
Gaziosmanpaşa
Hacı İsa
Hacı Ömerli
Hankapı
Hasanoba
Hotamış
İpekçi
İslik
İsmetpaşa
Kale
Karakışla
Kayacık
Kayalı
Kazanhüyüğü
Kesmez
Küçükaşlama
Küllü
Ortaoba
Oymalı
Pınarbaşı
Reşadiye
Sandıklı
Sazlıpınar
Selimiye
Türüdiye
Ulus
Yağmapınar
Yeni
Yenikuyu
Yeşilyurt
Yunus Emre
Zafer
See also
Karapınar coal mine
Karapınar Field
Karapınar Renewable Energy Resource Area
References
External links
Karapınar Selimiye Külliyesi, Archnet
District governor's official website
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Konya Province
Districts of Konya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karap%C4%B1nar |
Gadiara is a village in the Howrah District of West Bengal, India. It is the point of confluence of the Rupnarayan and the Hoogli river.
Details
Gadiara is near 100 km from Kolkata. Gadiara is a popular picnic and daytrip spot for locals and tourists alike. Gadiara has an old fort, Fort Mornington, which was built by Lord Clive; it was heavily damaged during flooding in 1942. There is a lighthouse in Gadiara. Top 10 picnic spot of Howrah District. Here having a Govt Tourist Lodge named Rupnarayan Tourist Lodge. Its scenic beauty is really to be praised. It is a quiet, peaceful place. It is full of greenerya and there are swings in resorts.
External links
Birding at Gadiara, Howrah
References
Villages in Howrah district
Tourist attractions in Howrah district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadiara |
Karapürçek is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 142 km2, and its population is 13,339 (2022). The mayor is Orhan Yıldırım (AKP).
Composition
There are 14 neighbourhoods in Karapürçek District:
Ahmediye
Ahmetler
Çeşmebaşı
Cumhuriyet
Hocaköy
İnönü
Kanlıçay
Kızılbayır
Küçükkarapürçek
Mecidiye
Meşepınarı
Mesudiye
Yazılıgürgen
Yüksel
References
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karap%C3%BCr%C3%A7ek |
Feckenham Football Club is a football club based in Feckenham, near Redditch, Worcestershire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Mill Lane.
History
The club was established in 1881. They were founder members of the Redditch & District League and were league champions in 1920–21. The club then moved up to the Worcester & District League, which they won in 1955–56 and 1962–63. They also won the Worcester Minor Cup in 1978–79.
After winning the league again in 1994–95, Feckenham moved up to Division Three of the Midland Combination. They won Division Three at the first attempt and were promoted to Division Two. The club went on to win Division Two in 1996–97 to earn a second successive promotion, this time to Division One. A third successive promotion was secured when they finished third in Division One the 1997–98, resulting in promotion to the Premier Division.
At the end of the 2007–08 season Feckenham dropped two divisions, replacing their reserve team in Division Two. They were Division Two runners-up in 2010–11 and were promoted back to Division One. When the Midland Combination merged with the Midland Alliance to form the Midland League in 2014, Feckenham became members of Division Two of the new league. The club left the league at the end of the curtailed 2020–21 season. They subsequently joined Division Two West of the Hellenic League for the 2022–23 season, before transferring to Division Three of the Midland League at the end of the season.
Ground
The club played at Mill Lane until the first team were required to relocate in 1998 as the ground could not be brought up to the standard required to play in the Midland Combination Premier Division. They initially groundshared at Evesham United's Common Road ground, before moving to the Valley Stadium owned by Redditch United. After the club dropped out of the Premier Division in 2008 they returned to Mill Lane before moving to the Studley Sports & Social Club.
Honours
Midland Combination
Division Two champions 1996–97
Division Three champions 1995–96
Worcester & District League
Champions 1955–56, 1962–63, 1994–95
Baylis Cup winners 1994–95
Redditch & District League
Champions 1920–21
Worcestershire Minor Cup
Winners 1978–79
Smedley Crooke Memorial Challenge Cup
Winner 1995–96, 1996–97
See also
Feckenham F.C. players
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Worcestershire
Association football clubs established in 1881
1881 establishments in England
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League
Hellenic Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham%20F.C. |
Karen Cellini (born May 13, 1958, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), is an American multidisciplinary live performance artist, producer, writer, and activist. As an actress, she is known for portraying Amanda Carrington in season seven of the 1980s prime time drama Dynasty in 1986.
Career
Cellini played Amanda Carrington in the 1980s prime time drama Dynasty in 1986, succeeding Catherine Oxenberg in the role. She originally auditioned for the role of Channing Carter in season two of The Colbys before being offered the role of Amanda. Amanda was written out of the series after 13 episodes featuring Cellini.
In 2005, Cellini starred as Liz Mason in the horror film Seriously Twisted.
Personal life
Cellini has a twin sister named Kate.
References
External links
Profile at The Female Playwright Project
1958 births
Living people
American twins
American television actresses
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Cellini |
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