source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20limit | In mathematics, the Laplace limit is the maximum value of the eccentricity for which a solution to Kepler's equation, in terms of a power series in the eccentricity, converges. It is approximately
0.66274 34193 49181 58097 47420 97109 25290.
Kepler's equation M = E − ε sin E relates the mean anomaly M with the eccentric anomaly E for a body moving in an ellipse with eccentricity ε. This equation cannot be solved for E in terms of elementary functions, but the Lagrange reversion theorem gives the solution as a power series in ε:
or in general
Laplace realized that this series converges for small values of the eccentricity, but diverges for any value of M other than a multiple of π if the eccentricity exceeds a certain value that does not depend on M. The Laplace limit is this value. It is the radius of convergence of the power series.
It is given by the solution to the transcendental equation
No closed-form expression or infinite series is known for the Laplace limit.
History
Laplace calculated the value 0.66195 in 1827. The Italian astronomer Francesco Carlini found the limit 0.66 five years before Laplace. Cauchy in the 1829 gave the precise value 0.66274.
See also
Orbital eccentricity
References
.
.
External links
Orbits
Mathematical constants
Mathematical series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNSO | VNSO may stand for:
Vanuatu National Statistics Office
Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra
Vserossiyskaya Natsionalnaya Skautskaya Organizatsiya, a Russian scouting organization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Spring%20springsnail | The Crystal Spring springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis crystalis, is a species of small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
This species' natural habitat is springs. It is endemic to Crystal Pool, Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States.
Description
Pyrgulopsis crystalis is a small snail that has a height of and a globose to neritiform, small to medium-sized shell. Its differentiated from other Pyrgulopsis in that its penial filament has an absent lobe and elongate filament with the penial ornament consisting of a large, superficial ventral gland.
References
Molluscs of the United States
Pyrgulopsis
Gastropods described in 1987
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20N1a%20%28mtDNA%29 | Haplogroup N1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
N1a originated in the Near East 12,000 to 32,000 years ago. Specifically, the Arabian Peninsula is postulated as the geographic origin of N1a. This supposition is based on the relatively high frequency and genetic diversity of N1a in modern populations of the peninsula. Exact origins and migration patterns of this haplogroup are still subject of some debate.
Debate on Origin of Neolithic Europeans
Two main competing scenarios exist for the spread of the Neolithic package from the Near East to Europe: demic diffusion (in which agriculture was brought by farmers) or cultural diffusion (in which agriculture was spread through the passage of ideas).
N1a became particularly prominent in this debate when a team led by Wolfgang Haak analyzed skeletons from Linear Pottery Culture sites. The Linear Pottery Culture is credited with the first farming communities in Central Europe, marking the beginning of Neolithic Europe in the region some 7500 years ago. As of 2010, mitochondrial DNA analysis has been conducted on 42 specimens from five locations. Seven of these ancient individuals were found to belong to haplogroup N1a
A separate study analyzed 22 skeletons from European hunter-gatherer sites dated 13400-2300 BC. Most of these fossils carried the mtDNA haplogroup U, which was not found in any of the Linear Pottery Culture sites. Conversely, N1a was not identified in any of the hunter-gatherer fossils, indicat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcript%20of%20unknown%20function | Transcripts of unknown function (TUFs) is the name that has been suggested for known RNA transcripts of DNA whose function is unclear. Most are probably ncRNAs, such as RNAi or snoRNAs, but could also represent a whole new class of ncRNA. Their DNA sequences reside in the intergenic or intronic regions of the genome, which is often called junk DNA.
Categories
Broadly speaking, TUFs can be classified into three categories:
TUFs that are complementary to sense transcripts of protein-coding genes
TUFs that are novel isoform transcripts of protein-coding genes; this can include expressed pseudogenes
TUFs that reside on the same strand as protein-coding genes in the intronic region or entirely in the intergenic region
References
Molecular genetics
RNA
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%27s%20Turn%20to%20Cry | "Judy's Turn to Cry" is a song written by Beverly Ross and Edna Lewis that was originally released by Lesley Gore in 1963. The song is the sequel to Gore's prior hit "It's My Party", and both songs were produced by Quincy Jones. It was released on Gore's first album I'll Cry If I Want To and also as a single which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 10 on the Billboard R&B singles chart. The single earned a gold record.
Background
When "It's My Party" entered the Billboard Hot 100 on May 11, 1963, Gore's label, Mercury Records rushed to record a sequel. The sequel, "Judy's Turn to Cry," was recorded on May 14, 1963. In "It's My Party," the singer was in tears because her boyfriend Johnny left with her best friend Judy. In "Judy's Turn to Cry," the singer kisses another boy at another party in order to make Johnny jealous and Johnny hits the other boy and returns to her. In the chorus, which also opens the song, the triumphant singer gloats that "Well now it's Judy's turn to cry, Judy's turn to cry, Judy's turn to cry; 'cause Johnny's come back to me." Until then the singer's "tears just fell like rain drops" because "Judy's smile was so mean." With its emphasis on crying—in this case Judy rather than the singer—the song fit in with the theme of the album I'll Cry If I Want To, in which most of the songs involved someone crying.
The song's instrumentation includes drums and horns. Allmusic critic Joe Viglione describes "Judy's Turn to Cry" as havin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partogram | A partogram or partograph is a composite graphical record of key data (maternal and fetal) during labour entered against time on a single sheet of paper. Relevant measurements might include statistics such as cervical dilation, fetal heart rate, duration of labour and vital signs.
In, 1954 Friedman prepared the cervicography. In 1972 Philpott and Castle developed the first partograph, by utilizing friedmar’s cervicograph, and adding the relationship of the presenting part to the maternal pelvis.
It is intended to provide an accurate record of the progress in labour, so that any delay or deviation from normal may be detected quickly and treated accordingly. However, a Cochrane review came to the conclusion that there is insufficient evidence to recommend partographs in standard labour management and care.
Components
Patient identification
Time: It is recorded at an interval of one hour. Zero time for spontaneous labour is time of admission in the labour ward and for induced labour is time of induction.
Fetal heart rate: It is recorded at an interval of thirty minutes.
State of membranes and colour of liquor: "I" designates intact membranes, "C" designates clear and "M" designates meconium stained liquor.
Cervical dilatation and descent of head
Uterine contractions: Squares in vertical columns are shaded according to duration and intensity.
Drugs and fluids
Blood pressure: It is recorded in vertical lines at an interval of 2 hours.
Pulse rate: It is also recorded in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westraltrachia%20alterna | Westraltrachia alterna is a species of air-breathing land snails, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae.
This species is endemic to Australia.
References
2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
Gastropods of Australia
alterna
Vulnerable fauna of Australia
Gastropods described in 1939
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20field%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance | Low field NMR spans a range of different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) modalities, going from NMR conducted in permanent magnets, supporting magnetic fields of a few tesla (T), all the way down to zero field NMR, where the Earth's field is carefully shielded such that magnetic fields of nanotesla (nT) are achieved where nuclear spin precession is close to zero. In a broad sense, Low-field NMR is the branch of NMR that is not conducted in superconducting high-field magnets. Low field NMR also includes Earth's field NMR where simply the Earth's magnetic field is exploited to cause nuclear spin-precession which is detected. With magnetic fields on the order of μT and below magnetometers such as SQUIDs or atomic magnetometers (among others) are used as detectors. "Normal" high field NMR relies on the detection of spin-precession with inductive detection with a simple coil.
However, this detection modality becomes less sensitive as the magnetic field and the associated frequencies decrease. Hence the push toward alternative detection methods at very low fields.
Readings
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shone%27s%20syndrome | Shone's syndrome is a rare congenital heart disease described by Shone in 1963. In the complete form, four left-sided defects are present:
Supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM)
Parachute mitral valve
Subaortic stenosis (membranous or muscular)
Coarctation of the aorta
Of these four defects, supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM) is the first to occur, and triggers the development of the other three defects. Partial complexes, or forme fruste, have also been described. The definition is often expanded to include lesions of the left side of the heart not originally ascribed to Shone's syndrome, including mitral and aortic valvular lesions and supravalvular aortic stenosis.
The term parachute mitral valve stems from the morphological appearance of the valve; that is to say, the mitral valve leaflets appear as the canopy of the parachute, the chordae as the strings and the papillary muscle as the harness.
Presentation
As discussed earlier, Shone’s syndrome is a rare disorder that is often detected in very young children. The children tend to show symptoms like fatigue, nocturnal cough, and reduced cardiac output by the age of two years. They also develop wheezing due to the exudation of fluid into the lungs.
Mechanism
As in the normal human heart, there exists two mitral valve leaflets, each with its own set of chordae. Unique to the parachute mitral valve is that the chordae insert on one papillary muscle, rather than two distinct papillary muscles. Often, the chordae are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerade | Accelerade is a non-carbonated sports drink made by Pacific Health Laboratories. It is claimed to contain carbohydrates and proteins in a 4:1 ratio.
References
External links
Official website
Non-alcoholic drinks
Sports drinks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifurtoinol | Nifurtoinol (rINN, trade name Urfadyn) is a nitrofuran-derivative antibiotic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
It is also known as "hydroxymethylnitrofurantoin".
References
Hydantoins
Nitrofurans
Hydrazones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20bodies | Nuclear bodies (also known as nuclear domains, or nuclear dots) are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (also called PML oncogenic dots). Nuclear bodies also include ND10s. ND stands for nuclear domain, and 10 refers to the number of dots seen.
Nuclear bodies were first seen as prominent interchromatin structures in the nuclei of malignant or hyperstimulated animal cells identified using anti-sp100 autoantibodies from primary biliary cirrhosis and subsequently the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factor, but appear also to be elevated in many autoimmune and cancerous diseases. Nuclear dots are metabolically stable and resistant to nuclease digestion and salt extraction.
A nuclear body subtype is a clastosome suggested to be a site of protein degradation.
Structure
Simple nuclear bodies (types I and II) and the shells of complex nuclear bodies (types III, IVa and V) consist of a non-chromatinic fibrillar material which is most likely proteinaceous. That nuclear bodies co-isolated with the nuclear matrix, and were linked to the fibrogranular nuclear matrix component by projections from the surface of the nuclear bodies. The primary components of the nuclear dots are the proteins sp100 nuclear antigen, LYSP100(a homolog of sp100), ISG20, PML antigen, NDP55 and 53kDa protein associated with the nuclear matrix. Other proteins, such as PIC1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2 | AP2 or variant, may refer to:
Biochemistry
Activating protein 2 (AP-2), a mammalian transcription factor
Adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), a carrier protein for fatty acids
AP2 adaptors (AP-2 complex), which aid clathrin mediated endocytosis
Apetala 2 (AP2), a plant transcription factor
Vehicles and transportation
Automotive products AP2, Automatic transmission used in the minimatic, mini, metro, allegro and 1100/1300 road vehicles.
Autopista AP-2, a roadway in Spain
Seversky AP-2, a U.S. interwar patrol fighter plane
, a U.S. Navy WWII transport ship
Honda S2000 AP2, a variant of the Honda S2000 automobile
Other uses
Amiga Power, the follow-up website to Amiga gaming magazine
Argyle Park, industrial/experimental band
See also
Automotive Products, a manufacturer of automatic transmissions in UK
AP (disambiguation)
APP (disambiguation)
APAP (disambiguation)
2AP (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski%20complex | The Ski complex is a multi-protein complex involved in the 3' end degradation of messenger RNAs in yeast.
Structure
The complex consists of three main proteins, the RNA helicase Ski2 and the proteins Ski3 and Ski8. This tetramer contains a 370 kDa core complex, containing N-terminal arms and C-terminal arms from Ski3. The helicase core of Ski2 is positioned by both the C-terminal of Ski3 and two subunits of Ski8.
Mechanism
Helicase activities are initiated by the N-terminal arm and the Ski2 insertion domain. In yeast, the complex guides RNA molecules to the exosome complex for degradation via a fourth protein, called Ski7, which contains a GTPase-like protein. Ski7 involves the 3’ to 5’ degradation of RNA through two different pathways, 3’ poly(A) tail shortening and the binding of the Ski2, Ski3, and Ski8 tetramer and the exosome.
Degradation of the 3' mRNA overhang occurs by association with the 80s ribosome. The 3' end of the mRNA is threaded through the ribosome to Ski2, preparing it for the degradation process.
Biochemical studies also show that the Ski complex can thread RNA through the exosome complex, thereby coupling the Ski2 protein helicase function with the exoribonuclease activity, leading to degradation of the RNA strand.
See also
TRAMP complex
Non-stop decay
Nonsense mediated decay
References
Protein complexes
Gene expression
Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAMP%20complex | TRAMP complex (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4p Polyadenylation complex) is a multiprotein, heterotrimeric complex having distributive polyadenylation activity and identifies wide varieties of RNAs produced by polymerases. It was originally discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by LaCava et al., Vanacova et al. and Wyers et al. in 2005.
It interacts with the exosome complex in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is involved in the 3' end processing and degradation of ribosomal RNA and snoRNAs. The TRAMP complex trims the poly(A) tails of RNAs destined for Rrp6 and the core exosome down to 4-5 adenosines assisting in transcript recognition and exosome complex activation. The substrate specificity of exosomes is improved in the presence of TRAMP complex as it acts as a crucial cofactor and helps in maintaining various activities.
In this way, TRAMP plays a critical role in ridding the cell of noncoding transcripts generated through pervasive RNA polymerase II transcription, as well as functioning in the biogenesis and turnover of functional coding and noncoding RNAs.
TRAMP complex also affects various other RNA processes either directly or indirectly. It is involved in RNA export, Splicing, hetero-chromatic gene silencing and helps in maintaining stability of genome.
Components
Non-Canonical Poly(A) Polymerases
Pol(A) Polymerases showed various genetic interactions with DNA Topoisomerases Top1p and hence they were called topoisomerase-related function Trf4p and Trf5p due to this interact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Telecommunications%20Society | The Brazilian Telecommunications Society () is a scientific academy of Brazil. Created in 1983 with no competing financial interest, it is devoted to promoting the diffusion, the development and the interchange of ideas and results in the field of Telecommunications. The SBrT is co-sister society of the IEEE Communications Society. The meetings and conferences sponsored by SBrT are now a forum for scientific, technological debate.
The SBrT holds an annual scientific congress, the Brazilian Telecommunication Symposium (Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações), and each four years, the International Telecommunication Symposium – ITS (joint with IEEE).
It publishes the scientific journal – The Journal of Communication and Information Systems (JCIS), co-sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society. The SBrT also publishes the «Série Brasport», a series of textbooks on Telecommunications and correlated fields.
External links
http://www.sbrt.org.br/ Society homepage (Portuguese)
https://web.archive.org/web/20150623063854/http://www6.fee.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/JCIS Journal of Communication and Information Systems
https://web.archive.org/web/20070809081358/http://iecom.dee.ufcg.edu.br/~jcis/ Journal of Communication and Information Systems (old issues)
See also
Brazilian science and technology
Scientific societies based in Brazil
Telecommunications in Brazil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%206070 | The Nokia 6070 is a mobile phone made by Nokia. It operates on GSM tri band frequency 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz (850 and 1900 MHz in the US model), with automatic switching between frequencies. It is small in size with dimensions of 105.4 x 44.3 x 18.6 mm and weights 88 grams. It was released in the second quarter of 2006. The phone runs using Nokia S40 second edition. The features include a VGA camera, FM radio and voice recording.
Key features
128x160 CSTN display
MMS (max. 150 kb)
SMS
GPRS and WAP 2.0 services
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) compatibility
Address book, calendar, and reminders
Java ME
Push-to-talk
xHTML web browser
E-mail support for POP3 and IMAP4 networks
Integrated VGA camera for taking videos and still images
FM radio (with headset)
Infrared
Nokia Series 40 Theme compatibility
Loud speaker (can be used for calls)
Pop-port connector
Synchronisation support
Instant messaging
Next G Networking
Supported media formats
Images: .bmp, .jpg, .gif, .png, .tiff
Tones: .nrt (Nokia Ringing Tune), .mid, .mp3, .amr
Video: .3gp
Themes: .nth (Nokia Themes)
Applications: .jar
Web pages: XHTML, HTML
Known issues
When installing applications whose size is 130-150kb using the Nokia PC suite, an error message appears saying that the file is too large to be installed on the phone although the maximum size that can be installed on the Nokia 6070 is 150kb. Applications which have a size of 130-150kb can be installed via OTA (over-the-a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20equation | For Liouville's equation in dynamical systems, see Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian).
For Liouville's equation in quantum mechanics, see Von Neumann equation.
For Liouville's equation in Euclidean space, see Liouville–Bratu–Gelfand equation.
In differential geometry, Liouville's equation, named after Joseph Liouville, is the nonlinear partial differential equation satisfied by the conformal factor of a metric on a surface of constant Gaussian curvature :
where is the flat Laplace operator
Liouville's equation appears in the study of isothermal coordinates in differential geometry: the independent variables are the coordinates, while can be described as the conformal factor with respect to the flat metric. Occasionally it is the square that is referred to as the conformal factor, instead of itself.
Liouville's equation was also taken as an example by David Hilbert in the formulation of his nineteenth problem.
Other common forms of Liouville's equation
By using the change of variables , another commonly found form of Liouville's equation is obtained:
Other two forms of the equation, commonly found in the literature, are obtained by using the slight variant of the previous change of variables and Wirtinger calculus:
Note that it is exactly in the first one of the preceding two forms that Liouville's equation was cited by David Hilbert in the formulation of his nineteenth problem.
A formulation using the Laplace–Beltrami operator
In a more invariant fashion, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BglII | BglII is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of Bacillus globigii.
The principal function of restriction enzymes is the protection of the host genome against foreign DNA, but they may also have some involvement in recombination and transposition.
Like most type II restriction enzymes, BglII consists of two identical subunits that form a homodimer around the DNA double helix. Each monomer is 223 amino acids and symmetrically bind both sides of the unique palindromic nucleotide sequence AGATCT, cleaving the scissile phosphodiester bond between the first Adenine and Guanine nucleotides on both strands of the DNA molecule, creating sticky ends with 5' end overhangs.
Being a type II restriction enzyme, BglII does not require ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for its enzymatic function, but only requires association with a divalent metal cation, most likely Mg2+. Unlike other restriction enzymes of its class, BglII has been shown to possess some unique structural characteristics, such as a β-sandwich subdomain, and appears to undergo a unique conformational change upon dimerization, but its overall structure and mechanism of catalysis remain consistent with other type II restriction enzymes.
Restriction endonucleases play a very important role in modern molecular cloning techniques. Because of their unique recognition/cut sites, restriction enzymes can be used to precisely cut DNA at specific locations in a predictable manner. Once cut, the DNA (usually) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activating%20protein%202 | Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors which plays a critical role in regulating gene expression during early development.
References
External links
Gene expression
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow%E2%80%93Liu%20tree | In probability theory and statistics Chow–Liu tree is an efficient method for constructing a second-order product approximation of a joint probability distribution, first described in a paper by . The goals of such a decomposition, as with such Bayesian networks in general, may be either data compression or inference.
The Chow–Liu representation
The Chow–Liu method describes a joint probability distribution as a product of second-order conditional and marginal distributions. For example, the six-dimensional distribution might be approximated as
where each new term in the product introduces just one new variable, and the product can be represented as a first-order dependency tree, as shown in the figure. The Chow–Liu algorithm (below) determines which conditional probabilities are to be used in the product approximation. In general, unless there are no third-order or higher-order interactions, the Chow–Liu approximation is indeed an approximation, and cannot capture the complete structure of the original distribution. provides a modern analysis of the Chow–Liu tree as a Bayesian network.
The Chow–Liu algorithm
Chow and Liu show how to select second-order terms for the product approximation so that, among all such second-order approximations (first-order dependency trees), the constructed approximation has the minimum Kullback–Leibler divergence to the actual distribution , and is thus the closest approximation in the classical information-theoretic sense. The Kullback–L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P27 | P27 may refer to:
CDKN1B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
ČZ vz. 27, a pistol
IFI27, interferon alpha-inducible protein 27
Papyrus 27, a biblical manuscript
Phosphorus-27, an isotope of phosphorus
Pixley Airport, in Tulare County, California, United States
Projekt-27, an intelligence-gathering unit of the Swiss Armed Forces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20Advanced%20Research%20Center | The Houston Advanced Research Center, commonly referred to as HARC, is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization based in The Woodlands, Texas with the aim of improving human and ecosystem well-being through the application of sustainability science and principles of sustainable development. HARC employs a staff of about 30 researchers and administrators. By 2008, $20 million in revenue is anticipated, mainly from initiatives funded by governmental bodies, foundations, and businesses.
History
After founding The Woodlands in 1974, billionaire philanthropist George P. Mitchell began discussions with local universities including Texas A&M University, Rice University, and the University of Houston in order to establish a center in basic, applied, and policy research. A feasibility study was conducted by Arthur D. Little, Inc., and it was concluded that The Woodlands would be a suitable site for such a facility. Mr. Mitchell then founded the research center in 1982, then named the Houston Area Research Center.
HARC's first research program, a laser study of materials, was sponsored by the Strategic Defense Initiative program in 1983. The following year in 1984, the University of Texas joined the HARC Consortium which already included the original universities that Mr. Mitchell had sought out. In 1985, an act of the Texas Legislature created HARC's Geotechnology Research Institute (GTRI), to improve the technology used in oil and gas exploration. That same year the Center for Glob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saporin | Saporin is a protein that is useful in biological research applications, especially studies of behavior. Saporins are so-called ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), due to its N-glycosidase activity, from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis (common name: soapwort). It was first described by Fiorenzo Stirpe and his colleagues in 1983 in an article that illustrated the unusual stability of the protein.
Among the RIPs are some of the most toxic molecules known, such as ricin and abrin. Each of these toxins contain a second protein subunit, which inserts the RIP into a cell, enabling it to enzymatically inactivate the ribosomes, shutting down protein synthesis, stopping basic cell functions, resulting in cell death, and eventually causing death of the victim. Saporin has no chain capable of inserting it into the cell. Thus it and the soapwort plant are safe to handle. This has aided its use in research.
If given a method of entry into the cell, saporin becomes a very potent toxin, since its enzymatic activity is among the highest of all RIPs. The enzymatic activity of RIPs is unusually specific: a single adenine base is removed from the ribosomal RNA of the large subunit of the ribosome. This is the Achilles’ heel of the ribosome; the removal of this base completely inhibits the ability of that ribosome to participate in protein synthesis. The fungal toxin alpha-sarcin cuts the ribosomal RNA at the adjacent base, also causing protein synthesis inhibition.
The conversion of s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%20Wikipedia | The Georgian Wikipedia () is a Georgian language edition of free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Founded in November 2003, it has articles as of .
Statistics
Currently it has 6 administrators and more than 150,000 registered users.
History
In 2014, the Georgian Wikipedia changed its logo to reflect the blue and gold coloring of Ukraine's flag in response to the Russian occupation of Crimea.
In early 2022, the Georgian Wikipedia again changed its logo to reflect the blue and gold coloring of Ukraine's flag in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
See also
Georgian language
List of Wikipedias
References
External links
Georgian Language Wikipedia
Georgian Wikipedia mobile version
The embassy of the Georgian-language Wikipedia
Wikipedias by language
Internet properties established in 2003
Georgian-language encyclopedias
Georgian-language websites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates%20shuffle | The Fisher–Yates shuffle is an algorithm for shuffling a finite sequence. The algorithm takes a list of all the elements of the sequence, and continually determines the next element in the shuffled sequence by randomly drawing an element from the list until no elements remain. The algorithm produces an unbiased permutation: every permutation is equally likely. The modern version of the algorithm takes time proportional to the number of items being shuffled and shuffles them in place.
The Fisher–Yates shuffle is named after Ronald Fisher and Frank Yates, who first described it, and is also known as the Knuth shuffle after Donald Knuth. A variant of the Fisher–Yates shuffle, known as Sattolo's algorithm, may be used to generate random cyclic permutations of length n instead of random permutations.
Fisher and Yates' original method
The Fisher–Yates shuffle, in its original form, was described in 1938 by Ronald Fisher and Frank Yates in their book Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. Their description of the algorithm used pencil and paper; a table of random numbers provided the randomness. The basic method given for generating a random permutation of the numbers 1 through N goes as follows:
Write down the numbers from 1 through N.
Pick a random number k between one and the number of unstruck numbers remaining (inclusive).
Counting from the low end, strike out the kth number not yet struck out, and write it down at the end of a separate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20fitting | Line fitting is the process of constructing a straight line that has the best fit to a series of data points.
Several methods exist, considering:
Vertical distance: Simple linear regression
Resistance to outliers: Robust simple linear regression
Perpendicular distance: Orthogonal regression
Weighted geometric distance: Deming regression
Scale invariance: Major axis regression
See also
Linear least squares
Linear segmented regression
Linear trend estimation
Polynomial regression
Regression dilution
Further reading
"Fitting lines", chap.1 in LN. Chernov (2010), Circular and linear regression: Fitting circles and lines by least squares, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, Volume 117 (256 pp.).
Regression analysis
Geometric algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie%20Choset | Howie Choset is a professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. His research includes snakebots, or robots designed in a segmented fashion to mimic snake-like actuation and motion, demining, and coverage. His snake robots have also been used in surgical applications for diagnosis and tumor removal; nuclear power plant inspection, archaeological excavations, manufacturing applications and understanding biological behaviors of a variety of animals.
Education
Choset got his undergraduate degrees in computer science and business from the University of Pennsylvania in 1990. He then attended California Institute of Technology, where he got his Masters and Ph.D. degrees in 1991 and 1996 respectively.
Awards and recognitions
In 2002, Choset was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
Choset was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015.
Bibliography
Principles of Robot Motion - Theory, Algorithms, and Implementations - co-authored with Wolfram Burgard. MIT Press. .
Distributed Manipulation by Karl F. Böhringer and Howie Choset (Editors). Springer, 2000. .
References
External links
Howie Choset's page at CMU website
Howie Choset's website
Howie Choset's lab webpage
20th-century births
Living people
American roboticists
University of Pennsylvania alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Fellow Members of the IEE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemon%20of%20Laodicea | Marcus Antonius Polemon (; c. 90 – 144 AD) or Antonius Polemon, also known as Polemon of Smyrna or Polemon of Laodicea (), was a sophist who lived in the 2nd century.
Early life
Polemon was Anatolian Greek from a family of Roman consular rank. He was the grandson of Polemon II of Pontus.
He was born in Laodicea on the Lycus in Phrygia (modern Turkey), however, he spent a great part of his life in Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey). From early manhood, he received civic honors from the citizens of Smyrna for his services to the city.
In Smyrna he was educated by Scopelianos of Klazomenai. He then attended the school of Timocrates of Heracleia for four years. After that he travelled to Bithynia to learn from the Sophist Dio Chrysostom.
Career
Polemon was a master of rhetoric, a prominent member of the Second Sophistic. He was favored by several Roman Emperors. Trajan is said to have granted him the privilege of free travel wherever he wished; Hadrian extended that privilege to Polemon's posterity. Hadrian not only admitted he ruled with Polemon's advice, but Polemon accompanied the emperor during his travels in Greece and Asia Minor. When his enemies accused Polemon of spending funds Hadrian had given him to benefit the city of Smyrna, the emperor defended the sophist with a letter declaring that Polemon had rendered Hadrian an account of the moneys entrusted to him. Polemon gave the dedicatory oration to Hadrian's Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, which G.W. Bowersock speculat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid-binding%20protein | The fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of transport proteins for fatty acids and other lipophilic substances such as eicosanoids and retinoids. These proteins are thought to facilitate the transfer of fatty acids between extra- and intracellular membranes. Some family members are also believed to transport lipophilic molecules from outer cell membrane to certain intracellular receptors such as PPAR. The FABPs are intracellular carriers that “solubilize” the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), transporting AEA to the breakdown by FAAH, and compounds that bind to FABPs block AEA breakdown, raising its level. The cannabinoids (THC and CBD) are also discovered to bind human FABPs (1, 3, 5, and 7) that function as intracellular carriers, as THC and CBD inhibit the cellular uptake and catabolism of AEA by targeting FABPs. Competition for FABPs may in part or wholly explain the increased circulating levels of endocannabinoids reported after consumption of cannabinoids. Levels of fatty-acid-binding protein have been shown to decline with ageing in the mouse brain, possibly contributing to age-associated decline in synaptic activity.
Family members
Members of this family include:
Pseudogenes
References
External links
Water-soluble transporters
Protein families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Henle | Robert A. Henle (1923 – January 27, 1989) was an electrical engineer, who contributed to semiconductor technology.
In 1949, he received the BSEE degree from the University of Minnesota.
Henle joined the IBM where he became involved in semiconductor circuits for computers.
He was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1964. He was elected Fellow of the IEEE, was elected into the National Academy of Engineering, and received the IEEE Edison Medal "For sustained leadership in, and individual contributions to, the science and technology of semiconductor circuits for computing systems."
References
External links
IEEE Legacies
1923 births
1989 deaths
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
American electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
IBM employees
IBM Fellows
20th-century American engineers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Railway%20HXN3 | The China Railway HXN3 (EMD classification JT56ACe) is a 6000 horsepower (4.5 MW) diesel-electric locomotive designed by Electro-Motive Diesel in the United States for export to China. All JT56ACe locomotives use AC traction motor technology and use the EMD H-Engine as their prime mover. The locomotives are capable of meeting the EPA's Tier 2 emissions regulations.
In September 2005, the People's Republic of China announced an order for 300 JT56ACe locomotives. The locomotives were jointly manufactured by EMD and China's own Dalian Locomotive Works. They are dual cab locomotives.
Number 0301 - 0330 are single cab locomotives. They are coupled back to back and used on Tibet line.
Number 7001 - 7004 are delivered to Shenhua Mining Group.
The locomotive has been deployed to Qinghai–Tibet railway in 2018.
See also
Electro-Motive Diesel
EMD SD90MAC
EMD 265
References
CNR Corp. Spec Page
External links
Co-Co locomotives
CRRC Dalian locomotives
HXN3
JT56ACe
Railway locomotives introduced in 2008
Standard gauge locomotives of China |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordia%20Inc. | Nordia Inc. was created in 1999 as a joint partnership between two North American companies in communications and customer relationship management: Excell Global Services and Bell Canada. This happened after Bell Canada decided to stop processing calls for directory assistance. Bell has since bought out Excell's share in the company, making it a fully owned Bell subsidiary. Montreal-based Nordia contracts employees in Moncton, Saint John, Quebec City, Laval, Sherbrooke, Saguenay, Waterloo, Orillia, Peterborough, and Nanaimo's call centres for a total of over 5000 people.
In May 2015, Bell sold Nordia to Birch Hill Equity. However Bell continues to employ Nordia as its primary call center in Canada.
References
Telecommunications companies of Canada |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20D.%20H.%20Tellegen | Bernard D.H. Tellegen (24 June 1900 – 30 August 1990) was a Dutch electrical engineer and inventor of the pentode and the gyrator. He is also known for a theorem in circuit theory, Tellegen's theorem.
He obtained a master's degree in electrical engineering from Delft University in 1923, and joined the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (Philips Physics Laboratory) in Eindhoven. In 1926, he (and Gilles Holst) invented the pentode vacuum tube. The gyrator was invented by him around 1948. The gyrator is useful to simulate the effect of an inductor without using a coil. For example, it is used in hi-fi graphic equalizers. He held 41 US patents.
In the period 1946–1966, Tellegen was an adjunct professor of circuit theory at the University of Delft. From 1942 to 1952, he was president and honorary member of the Netherlands Electronics and Radio Society.
The Australian Institute of Radio Engineers appointed Tellegen an honorary life member in 1953. He was Fellow of the IEEE, and he won the IEEE Edison Medal in 1973 "For a creative career of significant achievement in electrical circuit theory, including the gyrator". Tellegen was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. In 1970, the University of Delft conferred him a doctor honoris causa degree.
References
1900 births
1990 deaths
Delft University of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Dutch electrical engineers
20th-century Dutch inventors
Fellow Members |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnow%20%28algorithm%29 | The winnow algorithm is a technique from machine learning for learning a linear classifier from labeled examples. It is very similar to the perceptron algorithm. However, the perceptron algorithm uses an additive weight-update scheme, while Winnow uses a multiplicative scheme that allows it to perform much better when many dimensions are irrelevant (hence its name winnow). It is a simple algorithm that scales well to high-dimensional data. During training, Winnow is shown a sequence of positive and negative examples. From these it learns a decision hyperplane that can then be used to label novel examples as positive or negative. The algorithm can also be used in the online learning setting, where the learning and the classification phase are not clearly separated.
Algorithm
The basic algorithm, Winnow1, is as follows. The instance space is , that is, each instance is described as a set of Boolean-valued features. The algorithm maintains non-negative weights for , which are initially set to 1, one weight for each feature. When the learner is given an example , it applies the typical prediction rule for linear classifiers:
If , then predict 1
Otherwise predict 0
Here is a real number that is called the threshold. Together with the weights, the threshold defines a dividing hyperplane in the instance space. Good bounds are obtained if (see below).
For each example with which it is presented, the learner applies the following update rule:
If an example is correc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristur%20%28river%29 | The Cristur (also: Valea Cristurului or Cârjiți) is a left tributary of the river Cerna in Romania. It flows into the Cerna in the village Cristur. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Hunedoara County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Heerwagen | Philipp Heerwagen (born 13 April 1983) is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
Career statistics
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
People from Kelheim
Footballers from Lower Bavaria
German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
VfL Bochum players
FC St. Pauli players
FC Ingolstadt 04 players
SV Sandhausen players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper%20Janebrink | Dennis Casper Janebrink (born 2 January 1970) is a Swedish singer, songwriter and musician. He is the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of dansband Arvingarna.
Casper Janebrink is the son of Dennis Janebrink and Ing-Marie. He grew up in Partille.
In 1993, the Arvingarna song "Eloise" won Melodifestivalen. With Arvingarna, he has participated at Melodifestivalen five times.
In 2011, he participated in Körslaget with a choir from his home municipality of Partille. In 2018 he won Stjärnornas stjärna, which aired over TV4. He presented Bingolotto on 7 February 2016.
Citations
External links
1970 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish male singers
21st-century Swedish male singers
Swedish male singer-songwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from Gothenburg
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1993
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2021
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2019
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2002
Melodifestivalen contestants of 1999
Melodifestivalen contestants of 1995
Melodifestivalen contestants of 1993 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan%20Apis | Clan Apis is a graphic novel created by then Assistant Professor (now Full Professor) of Biology at Juniata College, Jay Hosler. It was originally published by Active Synapse in 1998 as five comic books, and as a single graphic novel in 2000. The novel follows the life story of a honey bee named Nyuki learning about her purpose in the vast world of insects.
Plot
Nyuki, a Japanese honey bee, begins life as a bee larva. Taken care of by another older bee named Dvorah within the bee hive, she tells her a fictional myth about the ”World Flower”, how the universe came into existence from the pollen grains of a cosmic flower. She continues to explain the evolution of life on Earth and how insects fulfilled many niches, including the honey bee's role as a pollinator. The bees' ever-changing roles as they get older (such as Dvorah's role from cleaning empty brood cells to capping them) makes Nyuki curious, but is scared by having to undergo metamorphosis alone. She is reassured that every bee has to go through with it and after completing it they will never feel alone again.
Finally finishing her metamorphosis into a grown honey bee, she believes that she is special but is called a "goofball" by other bees whom mentions that every bee in the hive underwent the same process. Dvorah reunites with her once again and plans to join the bee swarm to a new site. Interrupted by the swarm stampede, they meet the queen bee Hachi. Nyuki curiously asks why she has a large abdomen and Hachi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population-based%20incremental%20learning | In computer science and machine learning, population-based incremental learning (PBIL) is an optimization algorithm, and an estimation of distribution algorithm. This is a type of genetic algorithm where the genotype of an entire population (probability vector) is evolved rather than individual members. The algorithm is proposed by Shumeet Baluja in 1994. The algorithm is simpler than a standard genetic algorithm, and in many cases leads to better results than a standard genetic algorithm.
Algorithm
In PBIL, genes are represented as real values in the range [0,1], indicating the probability that any particular allele appears in that gene.
The PBIL algorithm is as follows:
A population is generated from the probability vector.
The fitness of each member is evaluated and ranked.
Update population genotype (probability vector) based on fittest individual.
Mutate.
Repeat steps 1–4
Source code
This is a part of source code implemented in Java. In the paper, learnRate = 0.1, negLearnRate = 0.075, mutProb = 0.02, and mutShift = 0.05 is used. N = 100 and ITER_COUNT = 1000 is enough for a small problem.
public void optimize() {
final int totalBits = getTotalBits();
final double[] probVec = new double[totalBits];
Arrays.fill(probVec, 0.5);
bestCost = POSITIVE_INFINITY;
for (int i = 0; i < ITER_COUNT; i++) {
// Creates N genes
final boolean[][] genes = new [N][totalBits];
for (boolean[] gene : genes) {
for (int k = 0; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncoupling%20protein | An uncoupling protein (UCP) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is a regulated proton channel or transporter. An uncoupling protein is thus capable of dissipating the proton gradient generated by NADH-powered pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The energy lost in dissipating the proton gradient via UCPs is not used to do biochemical work. Instead, heat is generated. This is what links UCP to thermogenesis. However, not every type of UCPs are related to thermogenesis. Although UCP2 and UCP3 are closely related to UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 do not affect thermoregulatory abilities of vertebrates. UCPs are positioned in the same membrane as the ATP synthase, which is also a proton channel. The two proteins thus work in parallel with one generating heat and the other generating ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, the last step in oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria respiration is coupled to ATP synthesis (ADP phosphorylation), but is regulated by UCPs. UCPs belong to the mitochondrial carrier (SLC25) family.
Uncoupling proteins play a role in normal physiology, as in cold exposure or hibernation, because the energy is used to generate heat (see thermogenesis) instead of producing ATP. Some plants species use the heat generated by uncoupling proteins for special purposes. Eastern skunk cabbage, for example, keeps the temperature of its spikes as much as 20 °C higher than the environment, spreading odor and attractin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20computer | A flow computer is an electronic computer which implements algorithms using the analog and digital signals received from flow meters, temperature, pressure and density transmitters to which it is connected into volumes at base conditions. They are used for custody or fiscal transfer.
It also audits changes that have been made to any of the parameters required to turn the raw flow meter data into volumes. It records events and alarms related to the flow meter (for example, loss of flow, loss of required electrical signals from measurement transducers, or transition of these electrical signals near their upper or lower range). It keeps a running tally of the volume for each flow meter it monitors and creates a record of this volume on an hourly, daily, batch or monthly basis. The flow data is made available externally through an electronic interface so that other computers can download the information for supervision, accounting and auditing.
See also
American Petroleum Institute (API) MPMS (Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards) Chapter 21—Chapters 21.1 - Electronic Gas Systems, and Chapter 21.2 - Liquid Electronic Systems address the ability to audit and verify the information produced by a flow computer, and defines the data which a flow computer should retain, the items which should be audited if modified, the reports which the system will be capable of producing and the methodologies to follow.
Algorithms one can expect to see implemented in a typical gas flow c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolfiella%20longipes | Ingolfiella longipes is a species of amphipod crustacean in the family Ingolfiellidae. It is known from a single specimen held at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center. It was collected from Walsingham Sink Cave, an anchialine cave in Hamilton Parish, Bermuda, and is thus considered to be critically endangered.
References
Ingolfiellidea
Endemic fauna of Bermuda
Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Cave crustaceans
Hamilton Parish
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Crustaceans described in 1987
Species known from a single specimen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20displacement%20meter | A positive displacement meter is a type of flow meter that requires fluid to mechanically displace components in the meter in order for flow measurement. Positive displacement (PD) flow meters measure the volumetric flow rate of a moving fluid or gas by dividing the media into fixed, metered volumes (finite increments or volumes of the fluid). A basic analogy would be holding a bucket below a tap, filling it to a set level, then quickly replacing it with another bucket and timing the rate at which the buckets are filled (or the total number of buckets for the “totalized” flow). With appropriate pressure and temperature compensation, the mass flow rate can be accurately determined.
These devices consist of a chamber(s) that obstructs the media flow and a rotating or reciprocating mechanism that allows the passage of fixed-volume amounts. The number of parcels that pass through the chamber determines the media volume. The rate of revolution or reciprocation determines the flow rate. There are two basic types of positive displacement flow meters. Sensor-only systems or transducers are switch-like devices that provide electronic outputs for processors, controllers, or data acquisition systems.
Complete sensor systems provide additional capabilities such as an integral display and/or user interface. For both types of positive displacement flow meters, performance specifications include the minimum and maximum measurable flow rate, operating pressure, temperature range, maximum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20conditions | In fluid measurement, the fluid's flow conditions (or flowing conditions) refer to quantities like temperature and static pressure of the metered substance. The flowing conditions are required data in order to calculate the density of the fluid at flowing conditions. The flowing density is in turn required in order to compensate the measured volume to quantity at base conditions.
Gas density
The density of a gas is calculated using the ideal gas law and an equation of state calculation such as the one described in AGA Report No. 8.
Liquid density
There are broad general methodologies used to calculate the density of a liquid at specific conditions. In order to discuss a specific methodology, one must choose a liquid that holds sufficient interest to warrant a calculation specific to it. EOS 87.3 is a density calculation for seawater; API chapter 11 specifies calculations pertaining to oil, fuels and natural gas liquids.
References
See also
Base conditions
Equations of state
AGA Report No. 8
Flow conditioning
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%20%28cooking%20technique%29 | Kho (, meaning "to braise", "to stew", or "to simmer") or kha () is a cooking technique in Vietnamese and Cambodian cuisine, where a protein source such as fish, shrimp, poultry, pork, beef, or fried tofu is simmered on low or medium heat in a mixture of sugar, and water or a water substitute such as young coconut juice and seasoned with fish sauce or soy sauce and aromatics such as pepper, garlic, shallots and ginger. The resulting dish is salty and savory, and meant to be eaten with rice noodles, baguette, or steamed rice.
Particular dishes
In Vietnamese, beef stew is called bò kho or thịt bò kho and fish stew is called cá kho or cá kho tộ (tộ referring to the clay pot in which the dish is cooked). For fish stew, catfish is preferred, particularly in southern Vietnam. Chicken stew, called gà kho or gà kho gừng (gừng meaning "ginger"), is less popular. Vegetarian stew may also be prepared.
See also
Brining
Jorim
List of stews
References
Vietnamese cuisine
Cambodian cuisine
Stews
Salted foods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tits%20alternative | In mathematics, the Tits alternative, named after Jacques Tits, is an important theorem about the structure of finitely generated linear groups.
Statement
The theorem, proven by Tits, is stated as follows.
Consequences
A linear group is not amenable if and only if it contains a non-abelian free group (thus the von Neumann conjecture, while not true in general, holds for linear groups).
The Tits alternative is an important ingredient in the proof of Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth. In fact the alternative essentially establishes the result for linear groups (it reduces it to the case of solvable groups, which can be dealt with by elementary means).
Generalizations
In geometric group theory, a group G is said to satisfy the Tits alternative if for every subgroup H of G either H is virtually solvable or H contains a nonabelian free subgroup (in some versions of the definition this condition is only required to be satisfied for all finitely generated subgroups of G).
Examples of groups satisfying the Tits alternative which are either not linear, or at least not known to be linear, are:
Hyperbolic groups
Mapping class groups;
Out(Fn);
Certain groups of birational transformations of algebraic surfaces.
Examples of groups not satisfying the Tits alternative are:
the Grigorchuk group;
Thompson's group F.
Proof
The proof of the original Tits alternative is by looking at the Zariski closure of in . If it is solvable then the group is solvable. Otherwise on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-activated%20cell%20sorting | Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens (CD molecules) invented by Miltenyi Biotec. The name MACS is a registered trademark of the company.
The method was developed with Miltenyi Biotec's MACS system, which uses superparamagnetic nanoparticles and columns. The superparamagnetic nanoparticles are of the order of 100 nm. They are used to tag the targeted cells in order to capture them inside the column. The column is placed between permanent magnets so that when the magnetic particle-cell complex passes through it, the tagged cells can be captured. The column consists of steel wool which increases the magnetic field gradient to maximize separation efficiency when the column is placed between the permanent magnets.
Magnetic-activated cell sorting is a commonly used method in areas like immunology, cancer research, neuroscience, and stem cell research. Miltenyi sells microbeads which are magnetic nanoparticles conjugated to antibodies which can be used to target specific cells.
Procedure
The MACS method allows cells to be separated by using magnetic nanoparticles coated with antibodies against a particular surface antigen. This causes the cells expressing this antigen to attach to the magnetic nanoparticles. After incubating the beads and cells, the solution is transferred to a column in a strong magnetic field. In this step, the cells attached to the nanoparticles (expressing the antigen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soner%20%C3%96zbilen | Soner Özbilen (born 1947) is a Turkish folk singer, conductor, and compiler.
The origins are Albania (Kosovo)
Early life
Soner Özbilen was born in Boğazlıyan in 1947 from Albanian parents, they were immigrants from Kosovo.
He finished primary and middle school in Boğazlıyan, high school in Istanbul and studied at the Academy of Economy and Finance. Showing great interest in music in the school choir, he attended the Public Music Education Centre in Kadıköy and Aksaray Music Society for a while as a pupil of Orhan Dağlı, Nida Tüfekçi, Neriman Tüfekçi, and Yücel Paşmakçı. In 1966 he won the folk music singer competition organised by Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) and became a trainee singer. During the three-year training period he studied under Turkish Music masters such as Nida Tüfekçi, Neriman Tüfekçi, Halil Bedii Yönetken and Ahmet Kutsi Tecer. As his training ended in 1969, he was admitted to Turkish Folk Music Group in TRT Istanbul.
Career
Influenced by Nida Tüfekçi (also from Yozgat), Çekiç Ali (from Kırşehir), Ahmet Gazi Ayhan (from Kayseri), Hacı Taşan (from Keskin), Refik Başaran (from Ürgüp) and Muharrem Ertaş (from Kırşehir); Soner Özbilen developed his own style focusing on Rumeli songs for the last ten years.
Along with appearing regularly in concerts and TRT radio-TV programmes, he performed in festivals in many regions of Turkey. He took part in International Music and Folk Dance Festivals organized in Macedonia, France, Spain, Yugoslavia, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal%20%C3%93g%20Mac%20Maghnusa | Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa (February 1439 – March 1498) was an Irish historian. He was the principal compiler of the Annals of Ulster, along with the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín. He was also chief of the McManus clan from 1488 to 1498.
References
Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster, by Aubrey Gwynn, in Clougher Record, 2/2 (1958) pp. 230–43 and 2/3 (1959), pp. 370–84. Ed. Nollaig Ó Muraíle, Enniskillen, 1998.
Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa: His Time, Life and Legacy, by Nollaig Ó Muraíle, in Clougher Record, pp. 45–64, 1998
People from County Fermanagh
1439 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Irish historians
Irish-language writers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit%20Support%20Annex | A Credit Support Annex, or CSA, is a legal document which regulates credit support (collateral) for derivative transactions. It is one of the four parts that make up an ISDA Master Agreement but is not mandatory. It is possible to have an ISDA agreement without a CSA but normally not a CSA without an ISDA.
Essentially, a CSA defines the terms or rules under which collateral is posted or transferred between swap counterparties to mitigate the credit risk arising from "in the money" derivative positions.
If on any Valuation Date, the Delivery Amount equals or exceeds the Pledgor's Minimum Transfer Amount, the Pledgor must transfer Eligible Collateral with a Value at least equal to the Delivery Amount. The Delivery Amount is the amount the Credit Support Amount exceeds the Value of all posted Collateral held by the Secured Party. The Credit Support Amount is the Secured Party's Exposure plus Pledgor's Independent Amounts minus Secured Party's Independent Amounts minus the Pledgor's Threshold. The Collateral must meet the Eligibility criteria in the agreement, e.g., which currencies it may be in, what types of bonds are allowed, and which haircuts are applied. There are also rules for the settlement of disputes arising over valuation of derivative positions.
To distinguish between the Schedule to the Master Agreement and the Credit Support Annex, the schedules are numbered as Parts and CSA are numbered as Paragraphs. To customise the requirements of an OTC Transaction, the cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20pitcher | Power pitcher is a term in baseball for a pitcher who relies on pitch velocity at the expense of accuracy. Power pitchers usually record a high number of strikeouts, and statistics such as strikeouts per 9 innings pitched are common measures of power. An average pitcher strikes out about 5 batters per nine innings while a power pitcher will often strike out one or more every inning.
The prototypical power pitcher is National Baseball Hall of Fame member, Nolan Ryan, who struck out a Major League Baseball record 5,714 batters in 5,386 innings. Ryan recorded seven no-hitters, appeared in eight Major League Baseball All-Star Games but also holds the record for most walks issued (2,795). Other prominent power pitchers include Hall of Famers Walter Johnson, Sandy Koufax, Pedro Martínez, Randy Johnson, and Bob Feller. Feller himself famously led his league in strikeouts and walks several times.
The traditional school of thought on power pitching was known as "throw till you blow". However, multimillion-dollar contracts have changed mentalities. The number of pitches thrown is now counted by a team's staff, with particular attention paid to young power arms. The care which some of the older power pitchers took with their arms has allowed for long careers and further opportunity after they have stopped playing.
See also
Finesse pitcher
Power hitter
References
Further reading
Baseball pitching
Baseball strategy
Baseball terminology
ja:投手#技巧派投手 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20turn | A gravity turn or zero-lift turn is a maneuver used in launching a spacecraft into, or descending from, an orbit around a celestial body such as a planet or a moon. It is a trajectory optimization that uses gravity to steer the vehicle onto its desired trajectory. It offers two main advantages over a trajectory controlled solely through the vehicle's own thrust. First, the thrust is not used to change the spacecraft's direction, so more of it is used to accelerate the vehicle into orbit. Second, and more importantly, during the initial ascent phase the vehicle can maintain low or even zero angle of attack. This minimizes transverse aerodynamic stress on the launch vehicle, allowing for a lighter launch vehicle.
The term gravity turn can also refer to the use of a planet's gravity to change a spacecraft's direction in situations other than entering or leaving the orbit. When used in this context, it is similar to a gravitational slingshot; the difference is that a gravitational slingshot often increases or decreases spacecraft velocity and changes direction, while the gravity turn only changes direction.
Launch procedure
Vertical climb
A gravity turn is commonly used with rocket powered vehicles that launch vertically, like the Space Shuttle. The rocket begins by flying straight up, gaining both vertical speed and altitude. During this portion of the launch, gravity acts directly against the thrust of the rocket, lowering its vertical acceleration. Losses associated wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedocarnil | Gedocarnil (INN) is an anxiolytic of the β-carboline class related to abecarnil. It is registered as an anxiolytic under the WHO's ATC classification system; however, there are no trade names associated with it and it does not appear to have ever been marketed.
See also
Nonbenzodiazepine
References
Anxiolytics
Beta-Carbolines
Chloroarenes
Carboxylate esters
Ethers
Phenol ethers
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephenoxalone | Mephenoxalone (trade names Dorsiflex, Moderamin, Control-OM) is a muscle relaxant and mild anxiolytic. It inhibits neuron transmission, relaxing skeletal muscles by inhibiting the reflex arc. As the effect of muscle relaxation, mephenoxalone affects mental condition, and is also a treatment for nervousness and anxiety.
See also
Chlorphenesin
Guaifenesin
Mephenesin
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
References
Carbamates
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Oxazolidines
Phenol ethers
Methoxy compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20long-range%20reconnaissance%20group | The Erna long-range reconnaissance group () was a Finnish Army unit of Estonian volunteers, that fulfilled reconnaissance duties in Estonia behind Red Army lines during World War II. The unit was formed by Finnish military intelligence with the assistance of German military intelligence for reconnaissance operations.
Formation of the Erna platoon
After the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 hundreds of Estonian men fled to Finland rather than accept Soviet rule. The Estonian military attaché in Finland, Major Aksel Kristian, in the spring of 1941 had compiled a list of Estonians in Finland who wanted to liberate their homeland. Finnish intelligence subsequently recruited 15 volunteers and began training them on the island of Staffan in Soukka, Espoo.
On 22 June 1941 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . Finland re-entered the war in alliance with Germany in the Continuation War. Estonians, living in Finland were assembled in Helsinki to establish a voluntary unit to go to Estonia. The platoon commander was Colonel Henn-Ants Kurg of the Estonian Army, who had been the last Estonian military attaché to France.
The Germans gave the group the name "Erna", and two German liaison officers - Oberleutnant Reinhardt and Sonderführer Schwarze - had also joined the group. Erna was armed by and wearing the uniform of the Finnish army. The two Germans in charge wanted Erna to pledge allegiance to the Führer. However, Colonel Kurg strongly opposed this; he i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralles | Muralles is a surname from Spain, and is also sparingly dispersed over the geographical region of Latin America.
Surnames
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, the frequency of the surname Muralles was highest in the following countries:
1. Costa Rica (1: 90)
2. Spain (1: 547)
3. Guatemala (1: 113)
4. Belize (1: 133)
5. Argentina (1: 136)
6. Venezuela (1: 170)
7. Peru (1: 181)
8. Chile (1: 201)
9. Colombia (1: 282)
10. Cuba (1: 340)
11. Palau (1: 387)
12. Andorra (1: 461)
13. Bolivia (1: 538)
14. Paraguay (1: 777)
15. Uruguay (1: 1,102)
In the United States, the frequency of Muralles was 1: 1,949. The frequency was higher than the national average in the following states:
1. California (1: 563)
2. New Mexico (1: 619)
3. Connecticut (1: 874)
4. Arizona (1: 1,156)
5. Hawaii (1: 1,222)
6. Florida (1: 1,639)
7. New Jersey (1: 1,019)
References
Spanish-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion%20optimization | Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) is a method of improving video quality in video compression. The name refers to the optimization of the amount of distortion (loss of video quality) against the amount of data required to encode the video, the rate. While it is primarily used by video encoders, rate-distortion optimization can be used to improve quality in any encoding situation (image, video, audio, or otherwise) where decisions have to be made that affect both file size and quality simultaneously.
Background
The classical method of making encoding decisions is for the video encoder to choose the result which yields the highest quality output image. However, this has the disadvantage that the choice it makes might require more bits while giving comparatively little quality benefit. One common example of this problem is in motion estimation,
and in particular regarding the use of quarter pixel-precision motion estimation. Adding the extra precision to the motion of a block during motion estimation might increase quality, but in some cases that extra quality isn't worth the extra bits necessary to encode the motion vector to a higher precision.
How it works
Rate-distortion optimization solves the aforementioned problem by acting as a video quality metric, measuring both the deviation from the source material and the bit cost for each possible decision outcome. The bits are mathematically measured by multiplying the bit cost by the Lagrangian, a value representing t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattokinase | Nattokinase (pronounced ) is an enzyme extracted and purified from a Japanese food called nattō. Nattō is produced by fermentation by adding the bacterium Bacillus subtilis var natto, which also produces the enzyme, to boiled soybeans. While other soy foods contain enzymes, it is only the nattō preparation that contains the specific nattokinase enzyme.
In spite of its name, nattokinase is not a kinase enzyme (and should not be pronounced as such), but a serine protease of the subtilisin family (99.5% identical with aprE). Rather, it is named for the fact that it is an enzyme produced by nattōkin (納豆菌), the Japanese name for Bacillus subtilis var natto. When in contact with human blood or blood clots, it exhibits a strong fibrinolytic activity and works by inactivating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Although it should be expected to be digested and inactivated in the human gut like other proteins, a few researchers report that nattokinase is active when taken orally.
Nattokinase is sold as a dietary supplement. It can now be produced by recombinant means and in batch culture, rather than relying on extraction from nattō.
See also
Proteases (medical and related uses)
References
Enzymes
Japanese cuisine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunila%20%28river%29 | The Bunila is a left tributary of the river Cerna in Romania. It discharges into the Cerna near Hășdău. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Hunedoara County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Gray | Virginia Pound (July 26, 1917 – April 30, 2017), known professionally as Lorna Gray and (after 1945) Adrian Booth, was an American film actress known for her comic roles, and later as a villainess. She is best known for her roles in Columbia Pictures comedy shorts and Republic Pictures serials.
Early years
Gray was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. After her father's millinery business was a victim of the Great Depression, the family split up. Before appearing in films, Gray sang with a group in Cleveland called Ben Yost's Varsity Coeds, who performed primarily in movie theaters before the movie began.
Career
Although she had a film test at Universal Studios and a brief contract with Paramount Pictures, she made her first big film for Columbia Pictures.
As a Columbia contract player she appeared in the studio's shorts and serials, including Flying G-Men (starring Robert Paige), Pest from the West (starring Buster Keaton), and You Nazty Spy! (starring The Three Stooges). When her Columbia contract lapsed, she found work at Monogram Pictures, where she worked with action star Frankie Darro.
Gray also starred opposite John Wayne in Red River Range (1938) and appeared in the title role in O, My Darling Clementine (1943), a country music film starring Roy Acuff as a singing sheriff.
In her Paramount films, such as Hold 'Em Navy, she was credited as Virginia Pound, but she was given the name Lorna Gray by Columbia and she used it from 1938 until 1945, when she left Columbia and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT%20III | CAT III may refer to:
Science and technology
Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase, an enzyme
CAT III, a measurement category of live electrical circuits
CAT III, an instrument landing system category in aviation
Other uses
Category III, in the Hong Kong motion picture rating system
See also
List of Hong Kong Category III films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT%20II | CAT II may refer to:
Instrument landing system#ILS categories
Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase II, an enzyme
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase II, another enzyme
Measurement category CAT II, a class of live electrical circuits used in measurement and testing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397%20British%20Home%20Championship | The 1896–97 British Home Championship was an international football tournament between the British Home Nations. It was won by Scotland after a late goal at The Crystal Palace which beat England to the trophy despite England's dominance of the competition up to that point. Ireland came third despite conceding 14 goals and Wales finished last having picked up only one point.
England began the tournament the strongest, scoring six without reply against the Irish in Belfast with Fred Wheldon claiming a hat-trick. Ireland recovered in the second match however, a high-scoring affair against Wales in which the Irish just claimed a 4–3 victory. Wales too improved in their second match, forcing a draw from Scotland in Wrexham, before Scotland too improved, beating Ireland 5–1 at home to temporarily take the top of the table. England surpassed them in the penultimate match, winning 4–0 over Wales and needing only a draw in the final game at home against Scotland to win the tournament. Scotland however were more than a match for the English and scored late to claim their 2–1 victory and win the trophy.
Table
Results
References
Winning squad
References
British
Brit
Home
Home
British Home Championships
Brit
Brit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting%20on%20Glass | Painting on Glass is the second studio album by The 3rd and the Mortal.
Track listing
"Magma" - 4:25
"Commemoration" - 5:41
"Crystal Orchids" - 2:59
"Persistent and Fleeting" - 5:58
"White Waters" - 2:50
"Aurora Borealis" - 1:32
"Dreamscapes" - 4:31
"Aurora Australis" - 2:39
"Azure" - 4:00
"Veiled Exposure" - 5:22
"Stairs" - 2:27
"Eat the Distance" - 7:11
"Vavonia, part II" - 7:23
"Horizons" - 7:04
Credits
Band
Rune Hoemsnes – Drums and percussion
Bernt Rundberget – Bass-guitars
Ann-Mari Edvardsen – Vocals, keyboards
Trond Engum – Electric and acoustic guitars
Geir Nilssen – Electric and acoustic guitars, keyboards
Finn Olav Holthe – Guitar treatments, acoustic guitar, keyboards, tapes
Additional Musicians
Ola Evensen – Trombone
Lars Lien – Mellotron and ARP synth
Oddrun Solberg – Church organ
Aksel Hagen Tjora – Didjeridoo
Sigurd Engum – Waterbucket
Øyvind Klungseth Zalsen – Keyboards
Monika Edvardsen – Additional vocals
References
Painting on Glass @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
1996 albums
The 3rd and the Mortal albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20SS%20Lazio%20records%20and%20statistics | This is a list of records and statistics in relation to the Italian football club Società Sportiva Lazio.
All time
Divisional movements
Total appearances
Statistics accurate as of 28 May 2023.
Total goals
Statistics accurate as of 29 June 2023.
Serie A record
Scudetti: 2
1973–74, 1999–2000
Total Serie A appearances
Statistics accurate as of 28 May 2023.
Total Serie A goals
Statistics accurate as of 28 May 2023.
European record
Statistics in European competitions
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1998–99
UEFA Super Cup: 1
1999
Coppa delle Alpi: 1
1971
Total European appearances
Statistics accurate as of 19 February 2023.
Total European goals
Statistics accurate as of 19 February 2023.
National Cup record
Coppa Italia: 7
1958, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2018–19
Supercoppa Italiana: 5
1998, 2000, 2009, 2017, 2019
Total national cup appearances
Statistics accurate as of 22 May 2022 and include both Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana matches.
Total national cup goals
Statistics accurate as of 22 May 2022 and include both Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana goals.
Capocannonieri
List of Capocannonieri (Serie A top scorers).
Statistics accurate as of 22 May 2022.
Club records
Statistics accurate as of 1 August 2020.
Largest victory:
13–1 v Pro Roma, Prima Categoria, 10 November 1912.
Largest defeat:
1–8 v Internazionale, Serie A, 18 March 1934. 0–7 v Internazionale, Serie A, 5 March 1961.
Most points in a season:
78 (2019–20)
Fewest po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Seventh%20Crystal | The Seventh Crystal is the twelfth novel in World of Adventure series by Gary Paulsen. It was published on July 1, 1996, by Random House.
Plot
The story is about Chris Masters who is having problems with bullies at his school, stealing his lunch money and threatening him. His next biggest problem is a video game called The Seventh Crystal which came in the mail with almost no instructions.
1996 American novels
Novels by Gary Paulsen
American young adult novels
Random House books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melioration%20theory | Melioration theory in behavioral psychology is a theoretical algorithm that predicts the matching law. Melioration theory is used as an explanation for why an organism makes choices based on the rewards or reinforcers it receives. The principle of melioration states that animals will invest increasing amounts of time and/or effort into whichever alternative is better. To meliorate essentially means to "make better".
Melioration theory accounts for many of the choices that organisms make when presented with two variable interval schedules. Melioration is a form of matching where the subject is constantly shifting its behavior from the poorer reinforcement schedule to the richer reinforcement schedule, until it is spending most of its time at the richest variable interval schedule. By matching, the subject is equalizing the price of the reinforcer they are working for. This is also called hyperbolic discounting. In making a choice between options, living organisms need not maximize expected payoff as classical economic theory posits. Rather than being aggregated, the options compete against one another based on differences in their local reinforcement rate. The organism continuously shifts from one alternative to the other, if one is better than the other, until the other is better than the first one, regardless of the effect on overall rate of reinforcement. Melioration is capable of accounting for behavior on both concurrent ratio and concurrent interval schedules.
Meliorat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Cell%20in%20the%20Sea | One Cell in the Sea is the debut studio album by A Fine Frenzy, the stage name of American singer-songwriter Alison Sudol, released under Virgin Records on July 17, 2007. The album debuted at #158 on the Billboard 200 and later peaked at #91.
Development
Sudol made a demo tape consisting of songs on One Cell in the Sea, which eventually fell into the hands of the CEO of Virgin Records. After listening to the tape, the CEO flew to Sudol's mother's home in Los Angeles to listen to her play. According to Sudol, he responded most positively to "Rangers," a track she considers "obscure and weird," so she found the label to be understanding.
The album title comes from a lyric in "The Minnow and the Trout" because Sudol felt the phrase "summed up everything." During a March 2008 interview with The Ledger, she stated the following of the title:
Promotion
Singles
"Lifesize" was released as the lead single from One Cell in the Sea on April 3, 2007 via iTunes. The second single was "Almost Lover", released on May 22. In the United States, the song reached peak positions of #23 on Billboards Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, #62 on the Hot Digital Songs chart, #76 on the Pop 100 chart, and #9 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. The single peaked at #5 in Austria, #8 in Germany, and #10 in Switzerland. Two music videos were created for the song. The first video, directed by Laurent Briet, shows Sudol playing a piano in the forest, sitting in the middle of a stream. Later, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipomannan | Lipomannan is a mycobacterium immune agonist. In addition, it is a major constituent of the mycobacterium cell wall. This glycoconjugate is a virulence factor that plays a key role in the human immune system via interaction with various immune cells. It is also considered to be a precursor of lipoarabinomannans.
It is a trigger for TLR 2.
It consists of an α-linked mannan, which consists of 50–70 residues, with some branches points linked glycosidically to a diglyceride of which the fatty acids are similar to those of the whole cell lipid. In addition, succinic acid residues are present as O-acyl substituents on about one in four of the mannose residues, the terminal carboxyl group of the succinic acid providing the whole polymer with a considerable number of acidic functions.
Lipomannan has functional components that resemble lipoteichoic acids; a lipophilic region and a hydrophilic portion with frequent acid groups.
Lipomannan is a phosphorylated polysaccharide associated with the cell envelope and is considered to be the multimannosylated form of PIM which is primarily located in the plasma membrane. Structurally, LM is composed of two segments: a PI anchor to which is attached an α-D-mannan domain; both play key roles in inducing cytokine production by phagocytic cells. Mannose core consists of a linear α(1-6)-linked mannan backbone extending from the c-6 of the myo-inositol; the mannan chains is further substituted by α-(1-2) man-p side branches.
Reference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nolhac | Génolhac is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Génolhac has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Génolhac is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Génolhac was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 12 January 1987.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
External links
The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail, which passes through Génolhac.
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robert%20Woodyard | John Robert Woodyard (1904–1981) was an American physicist who made important contributions to the technology of microwave electronics and invented "doping" to improve the performance of semiconductors.
Life
Born in West Virginia and educated in Washington, Woodyard showed an early enthusiasm for radio telegraphy and trained and worked as a radio operator and technician, at sea and on land. In 1928 he enrolled at the University of Washington to study electrical engineering and graduated in 1932. He then pursued an academic career, eventually arriving at Stanford University to work with Russel and Sigurd F. Varian, W. W. Hansen and Edward Ginzton.
With Hansen, he developed the Hansen-Woodyard principle for optimal design of directional antennas. He was awarded his PhD in 1940 and moved, with the rest of Hansen's team, to Sperry Gyroscope Company to work on radar during World War II. Woodyard filed many patents for Sperry, the most significant of which was for the process of "doping" to improve the performance of semiconductors. The demands of war work denied Woodyard the opportunity to pursue this line of research but, post-war, the technique became crucially important in the semiconductor industry and proved the grounds of extensive litigation by Sperry Rand.
In 1945 Woodyard briefly joined Purdue University before appointment at the University of California at Berkeley to work with Luis Walter Alvarez and Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky on the Berkeley proton accelerator.
An ent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD3 | DD3 may refer to:
DD3, a postcode district in the DD postcode area
Destruction Derby Raw
Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone
Development Driller III
Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member A1, enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble%20low-density%20lipoprotein%20receptor-related%20protein | Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP, LRP-515) is a biological substance naturally produced by the human body. This protein has been found to bind to and neutralize anywhere from 70 to 90 percent of the amyloid-beta peptide that also naturally circulates in healthy human or mouse plasma. Impairment of this function is strongly associated with, and may soon be shown definitively to be the principal cause of, Alzheimer's disease.
References
Alzheimer's disease
Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dickie%20%28British%20politician%29 | John Purcell Dickie (born 14 July 1874 – 1963) was a Liberal Party (later National Liberal) politician in the United Kingdom.
At the 1922 general election, he contested the Gateshead constituency, coming third. However, in 1923 he won the seat, but was Member of Parliament (MP) for Gateshead for less than a year, losing the seat at the general election in October 1924. He did not contest Gateshead again, but stood unsuccessfully in the Darlington by-election in 1926 and at Consett in 1929.
When the Liberal Party split over participation in the Conservative-dominated National Government, Dickie joined the breakaway National Liberals, and was elected at the 1931 general election as National Liberal MP for Consett. He was defeated at the 1935 general election, and did not stand again.
References
at Leigh Rayment's Peerage pages
External links
1874 births
1963 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1931–1935 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPMT | SPMT can mean:
Serial Port Memory Technology, a coalition of companies involved in designing and manufacturing mobile devices, integrated circuits, and semiconductor IP.
Self-propelled modular transporter, a platform vehicle with a large array of wheels on the bottom.
Speculative multithreading, a dynamic parallelization technique that depends on out-of-order execution to achieve speedup on multiprocessor CPUs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMAC%20%28disambiguation%29 | CMAC is the Cipher-based Message Authentication Code, a cryptographic algorithm.
CMAC may also refer to:
Science and technology
Cerebellar model articulation controller, type of neural network
Continuous monitoring and adaptive control (stormwater management), a type of stormwater BMP
Organizations
Cambodian Mine Action Centre, see Land mines in Cambodia
Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation (CMAC), at Texas A&M University, US
Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada
Other uses
Constellation Brands – Marvin Sands Performing Arts Center, an outdoor concert venue in Canadaigua, New York, US
See also
C-MAC, a European television standard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-locked%20loop | A frequency-lock, or frequency-locked loop (FLL), is an electronic control system that generates a signal that is locked to the frequency of an input or "reference" signal. This circuit compares the frequency of a controlled oscillator to the reference, automatically raising or lowering the frequency of the oscillator until its frequency (but not necessarily its phase) is matched to that of the reference.
A frequency-locked loop is an example of a control system using negative feedback. Frequency-lock loops are used in radio, telecommunications, computers and other electronic applications to generate stable frequencies, or to recover a signal from a noisy communication channel.
See also
Phase-locked loop
References
Electronic design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallings%E2%80%93Zeeman%20theorem | In mathematics, the Stallings–Zeeman theorem is a result in algebraic topology, used in the proof of the Poincaré conjecture for dimension greater than or equal to five. It is named after the mathematicians John R. Stallings and Christopher Zeeman.
Statement of the theorem
Let M be a finite simplicial complex of dimension dim(M) = m ≥ 5. Suppose that M has the homotopy type of the m-dimensional sphere Sm and that M is locally piecewise linearly homeomorphic to m-dimensional Euclidean space Rm. Then M is homeomorphic to Sm under a map that is piecewise linear except possibly at a single point x. That is, M \ {x} is piecewise linearly homeomorphic to Rm.
References
Theorems in algebraic topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffensen%27s%20inequality | Steffensen's inequality is an equation in mathematics named after Johan Frederik Steffensen.
It is an integral inequality in real analysis, stating:
If ƒ : [a, b] → R is a non-negative, monotonically decreasing, integrable function
and g : [a, b] → [0, 1] is another integrable function, then
where
References
External links
inequalities
real analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strassmann%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Strassmann's theorem is a result in field theory. It states that, for suitable fields, suitable formal power series with coefficients in the valuation ring of the field have only finitely many zeroes.
History
It was introduced by .
Statement of the theorem
Let K be a field with a non-Archimedean absolute value | · | and let R be the valuation ring of K. Let f(x) be a formal power series with coefficients in R other than the zero series, with coefficients an converging to zero with respect to | · |. Then f(x) has only finitely many zeroes in R. More precisely, the number of zeros is at most N, where N is the largest index with |aN| = max |an|.
As a corollary, there is no analogue of Euler's identity, e2πi = 1, in Cp, the field of p-adic complex numbers.
See also
p-adic exponential function
References
External links
Field (mathematics)
Theorems in abstract algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colesevelam | Colesevelam is a bile acid sequestrant administered orally. It was developed by GelTex Pharmaceuticals and later acquired by Genzyme. It is marketed in the U.S. by Daiichi Sankyo under the brand name Welchol and elsewhere by Genzyme as Cholestagel. In Canada, it is marketed by Valeant as Lodalis.
Clinical use
Colesevelam is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia as monotherapy and to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including in combination with a statin. The expanded use of colesevelam in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus is an example of drug repositioning.
Colesevelam is one of the bile-acid sequestrants, which along with niacin and the statins, are the three main types of cholesterol-lowering agents. The statins are considered the first-line agents. This is because of the larger body of evidence supporting statins' ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, as well as the prominent side effects from the other two types, including bloating and constipation (bile-acid sequestrants) and skin flushing (niacin). These side effects often lead to low patient compliance.
Colesevelam can be used instead of cholestyramine in symptomatic chronic diarrhea due to bile salt malabsorption (bile acid diarrhea), which can be a primary condition, or secondary to Crohn's disease or the postcholecystectomy syndrome.
Constituents
Colesevelam is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colestipol | Colestipol (trade names Colestid, Cholestabyl) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It is also used to reduce stool volume and frequency, and in the treatment of chronic diarrhea.
Like cholestyramine, colestipol works in the gut by trapping bile acids and preventing them from being reabsorbed. This leads to decreased enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids, increased synthesis of new bile acids by the liver from cholesterol, decreased liver cholesterol, increased LDL receptor expression, and decreasing LDL in blood.
Side effects
The following notable side effects may occur:
gastrointestinal tract disturbances, especially (mild, occasionally severe) constipation
sometimes increase in VLDL and triglyceride synthesis
Interactions
Colestipol can bind to a number of drugs and nutrients in the gut and inhibit or delay their absorption. Such substances include:
thiazide diuretics, furosemide
gemfibrozil
benzylpenicillin, tetracycline
digoxin
lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Contraindications
Colestipol is contraindicated in hypertriglyceridemia (high level of triglycerides in the blood).
Chemistry
Colestipol is a copolymer of diethylenetriamine (DETA) —or tetraethylenepentamine according to some sources— and epichlorohydrin. The structure drawing (top right) shows the DETA moieties in blue and the epichlorohydrin moieties in red.
Notes and references
Bile acid sequestrants
Pfizer brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofibride | Clofibride is a fibrate. Clofibride is a derivative of clofibrate. In the body it is converted into 4-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibric acid), which is the true hypolipidemic agent. So clofibride, just like clofibrate is a prodrug of clofibric acid.
References
2-Methyl-2-phenoxypropanoic acid derivatives
Prodrugs
Chloroarenes
Carboxamides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofibrate | Ciprofibrate is a fibrate that was developed as a lipid-lowering agent.
It was patented in 1972 and approved for medical use in 1985.
References
2-Methyl-2-phenoxypropanoic acid derivatives
Organochlorides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20clofibrate | Aluminium clofibrate (or alfibrate) is a fibrate.
See also
Clofibrate
References
2-Methyl-2-phenoxypropanoic acid derivatives
Chloroarenes
Aluminium compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipimox | Acipimox (trade name Olbetam in Europe) is a niacin derivative used as a lipid-lowering agent. It reduces triglyceride levels and increases HDL cholesterol.
It may have less marked adverse effects than niacin, although it is unclear whether the recommended dose is as effective as standard doses of niacin.
Contraindications
Contraindications are peptic ulcers, acute bleeding, recent heart attack, acute decompensated heart failure, and severe chronic kidney disease.
Adverse effects
As with niacin and related drugs, the most common adverse effects are flushing (associated with prostaglandin D2) and gastrointestinal disturbances such as indigestion, which occur in at least 10% of patients. Flushing can be reduced by taking aspirin 20 to 30 minutes before taking acipimox. Palpitations have also been described. High doses can cause headache, and precipitate gout. In contrast to niacin, no impairment of glucose tolerance and no disorders of liver function have been found in studies, even under high doses of acipimox.
Interactions
No interactions with other drugs are known. Theoretically, combination with statins and fibrates could increase the incidence of myalgia. Alcohol can increase the risk of flushing.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Like niacin, acipimox acts on the niacin receptor 1, inhibiting the enzyme triglyceride lipase. This reduces the concentration of fatty acids in the blood plasma and their inflow into the liver. Consequently, VLDL cholesterol production in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinyl%20alcohol | Nicotinyl alcohol (pyridylcarbinol) is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent and as a vasodilator. It causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure.
It appears as a crystal that dissolves in water and alcohol with ease, also soluble in ether; melting range 147–148 °C.
Nicotinic acid is a brief peripheral vasodilator; this compound was made to make its action longer and effective. It provokes cutaneous flushing in head and upper thorax with heat, but with no major effects in blood pressure. It is used in peripheral vascular diseases, like arteriosclerosis obliterans, Raynaud's disease, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), arterial embolism, chilblains or migraine associated with vascular spasm.
Fischer and Tebrock worked with this drug in more than two hundred patients for more than three years, achieving effective improvements, mainly in symptoms related to intermittent claudication, ulcer healing and others.
Derivatives
At least a couple of uses for this agent were discovered over the years:
Eniclobrate
Mepiroxol
Nicofibrate
Pantenicate (Topanicate, MG 28362)
References
3-Pyridyl compounds
Hydroxymethyl compounds
Hypolipidemic agents
Vasodilators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20nicotinate | Aluminium nicotinate is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent.
References
Nicotinates
Aluminium compounds
3-Pyridyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicofuranose | Nicofuranose is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent.
References
Monosaccharide derivatives
Nicotinate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceritrol | Niceritrol is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent. It is an ester of pentaerythritol and nicotinic acid, has general properties similar to those of nicotinic acid (Nicotinamide), to which it is slowly hydrolysed. Niceritrol has been used as a lipid regulating drug in hyperlipidaemias and as a vasodilator in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease.
References
Nicotinate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse%20%28film%29 | Penthouse is a 1933 American Pre-Code crime film starring Warner Baxter as a lawyer and Myrna Loy as a call girl who helps him with a murder case. The film features Charles Butterworth as the butler, Mae Clarke as the murder victim, Phillips Holmes as the suspected murderer, and C. Henry Gordon as the gangster who arranged the murder. It was directed by W. S. Van Dyke and written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, based on a novel by Arthur Somers Roche. The film was later remade as the more sanitized Society Lawyer (1939), without the risqué pre-Code dialogue.
Plot
Attorney Jack Durant (Warner Baxter) successfully defends racketeer Tony Gaziotti (Nat Pendleton) against a high-profile murder charge and waives his fee. His staid law firm feels his taking the racketeer on as a client reflects badly on them; when he refuses to give up his exciting new line of work, they go their separate ways. His upper class girlfriend Sue Leonard (Martha Sleeper) turns down his proposal and breaks up with him for the same reason. Shortly afterward, Sue agrees to marry Tom Siddall (Phillips Holmes), but only if he gives up his mistress, Mimi Montagne (Mae Clarke). Although Tom offers Mimi a generous settlement, she becomes furious.
Mimi quickly returns to her former lover, gangster Jim Crelliman (C. Henry Gordon). He has her get Tom to meet her at a raucous party. After they go out on the balcony to talk, a shot is heard; the revelers find Mimi dead, and Tom with a revolver in his hand. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKT1 | RAC(Rho family)-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT1 gene. This enzyme belongs to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2 (Src homology 2-like) protein domains. It is commonly referred to as PKB, or by both names as "Akt/PKB".
Function
The serine-threonine protein kinase AKT1 is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. Mice lacking Akt1 display a 25% reduction in body mass, indicating that Akt1 is critical for transmitting growth-promoting signals, most likely via the IGF1 receptor. Mice lacking Akt1 are also resistant to cancer: They experience considerable delay in tumor growth initiated by the large T antigen or the Neu oncogene. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in this gene causes Proteus syndrome.
History
AKT (now also called AKT1) was originally identified as the oncogene in the transfor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMP9 | Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), also known as 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase or gelatinase B (GELB), is a matrixin, a class of enzymes that belong to the zinc-metalloproteinases family involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In humans the MMP9 gene encodes for a signal peptide, a propeptide, a catalytic domain with inserted three repeats of fibronectin type II domain followed by a C-terminal hemopexin-like domain.
Function
Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, angiogenesis, bone development, wound healing, cell migration, learning and memory, as well as in pathological processes, such as arthritis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and metastasis. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The enzyme encoded by this gene degrades type IV and V collagens and other extracellular matrix proteins. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the enzyme is involved in IL-8-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow, and murine studies suggest a role in tumor-associated tissue remodeling.
Thrombospondins, intervertebral disc proteins, regulate interaction with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9, which are key effectors of ECM remodeling.
Neutrophil action
MMP9, along with elastase, appears to be a regulato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFKB1 | Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKB1 gene.
This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappaB (NF-κB) protein complex. NF-κB is a transcription factor that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions; over 200 known genes are targets of NF-κB in various cell types, under specific conditions. Inappropriate activation of NF-κB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NF-κB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NFKB1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Nfkb1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK 1), also known as ERK2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. The activation of this kinase requires its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Upon activation, this kinase translocates to the nucleus of the stimulated cells, where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the UTRs, have been reported for this gene. MAPK1 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of MAPK1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Mapk1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty seven tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide%20synthase%202 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) (The HUGO official symbol is PTGS2; HGNC ID, HGNC:9605), also known as cyclooxygenase-2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. In humans it is one of two cyclooxygenases. It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin, which is expressed in inflammation.
Function
PTGS2 (COX-2), converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. PTGSs are targets for NSAIDs and PTGS2 (COX-2) specific inhibitors called coxibs. PTGS-2 is a sequence homodimer. Each monomer of the enzyme has a peroxidase and a PTGS (COX) active site. The PTGS (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in two steps. First, hydrogen is abstracted from carbon 13 of arachidonic acid, and then two molecules of oxygen are added by the PTGS2 (COX-2), giving PGG2. Second, PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 in the peroxidase active site. The synthesized PGH2 is converted to prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), or thromboxane A2 by tissue-specific isomerases.(Figure 2)
While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-2 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic mixture of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (i.e., 15-HETEs) composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE stereoisomers as well as a small amount of 11(R)-HETE. The two 15-HETE stereoisomers have in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcatonin | Elcatonin is a calcitonin derivative used as an anti-parathyroid agent.
It is transformed from eel's calcitonin by changing the S-S bond into a stable C-N bond. It inhibits the absorption and autolysis of bones and thus leads to lowering of blood calcium. It inhibits bone salts from dissolving and transferring and promotes the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in the urine. It inhibits renal tubules reabsorbing calcium, phosphorus and sodium and keeps blood calcium at a normal level. It is mainly used for remitting or eliminating pain caused by osteoporosis.
References
Systemic hormonal preparations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot%20quality | Shot Quality is a term used in the statistical analysis of ice hockey to indicate the probability that a given shot will result in a goal, based on factors such as the distance of the shot taken, the type of shot (wrist shot, slapshot, backhand, etc.) and other factors such as the number of players on the ice for each team. It is used to isolate the impact of goaltending performance. By comparing the number of goals allowed to the total of the Shot Quality figures for each shot against, a goaltender can be rated relative to average performance across the league.
As a theoretical example, if a wrist shot from 15 feet at even strength resulted in a goal 15% of the time, it would be assigned a Shot Quality of 0.15. If a goaltender faced ten such shots in a game, then they would be expected to yield 1.5 goals (10 * 0.15). Comparing actual results against the Expected Goals figure of 1.5 yields a measure of goaltending performance that is somewhat isolated from the effects of the other players on the ice.
The concept was first publicly presented in a paper by Alan Ryder of Hockey Analytics, and has since been utilized in slightly varying fashion by a number of blog-based hockey analysts such as the Forechecker at On The Forecheck, and JavaGeek at Hockey Numbers.
Ice hockey statistics |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.