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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28%2B%29-sabinol%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a (+)-sabinol dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(+)-cis-sabinol + NAD (+)-sabinone + NADH + H
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-cis-sabinol and NAD, whereas its 3 products are (+)-sabinone, NADH, and H.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-cis-sabinol:NAD oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called (+)-cis-sabinol dehydrogenase.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-oxoacyl-%28acyl-carrier-protein%29%20reductase | In enzymology, a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein](ACP) + NADPH + H+ (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein](ACP) + NADP+
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group as hydride donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as hydride acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein](ACP) reductase, beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, beta-ketoacyl reductase, beta-ketoacyl thioester reductase, beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, 3-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase, 3-ketoacyl ACP reductase, NADPH-specific 3-oxoacyl-[acylcarrier protein]reductase, and 3-oxoacyl-[ACP]reductase. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 21 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
References
EC 1.1.1
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28S%29-carnitine%203-dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a (S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(S)-carnitine + NAD 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-carnitine and NAD, whereas its 3 products are 3-dehydrocarnitine, NADH, and H.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-carnitine:NAD oxidoreductase.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28S%2CS%29-butanediol%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a (S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(S,S)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD acetoin + NADH + H
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol and NAD, whereas its 3 products are acetoin, NADH, and H.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol:NAD oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-butanediol dehydrogenase, L-BDH, and L()-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (L-acetoin forming). This enzyme participates in butanoic acid metabolism.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28S%29-usnate%20reductase | In enzymology, a (S)-usnate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(6R)-2-acetyl-6-(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6- methyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one + NAD (S)-usnic acid + NADH + H
In the reverse direction, (S)-usnate is reduced by NADH with cleavage of the ether bond to form a 7-hydroxy group.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is reduced-(S)-usnate:NAD oxidoreductase (ether-bond-forming). This enzyme is also called L-usnic acid dehydrogenase.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-oxoacyl-%28acyl-carrier-protein%29%20reductase%20%28NADH%29 | In enzymology, a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + NAD+ 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + NADH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are [[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]]] and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are [[3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]]], NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 3-oxoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine, dinucleotide) reductase, and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH).
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28%2B%29-trans-carveol%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(+)-trans-carveol + NAD (+)-(S)-carvone + NADH + H
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-trans-carveol and NAD, whereas its 3 products are (+)-(S)-carvone, NADH, and H.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-trans-carveol:NAD oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called carveol dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and the degradation of the terpenes limonene and pinene.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%BE%C5%A1avka%2C%20Stropkov%20District | Oľšavka (; ) is a village and municipality in Stropkov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Stropkov District
Šariš |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoxyketobemidone | Acetoxyketobemidone (O-Acetylketobemidone) is an opioid analgesic that is an acetylated derivative of ketobemidone. It was developed in the 1950s during research into analogues of pethidine and was assessed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime but was not included on the list of drugs under international control, probably because it was not used in medicine or widely available. Nevertheless, acetoxyketobemidone is controlled as an ester of ketobemidone, which is included in Schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961.
Presumably acetoxyketobemidone produces similar effects to ketobemidone and other opioids, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal.
References
UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1954
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Ketones
Phenol esters
Acetate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20R-7%20launches | This is a list of launches made by the R-7 Semyorka ICBM, and its derivatives. All launches are orbital satellite launches, unless stated otherwise.
Due to the size of the list, it has been split into several smaller articles:
List of R-7 launches (1957–1959)
List of R-7 launches (1960–1964)
List of R-7 launches (1965–1969)
List of R-7 launches (1970–1974)
List of R-7 launches (1975–1979)
List of R-7 launches (1980–1984)
List of R-7 launches (1985–1989)
List of R-7 launches (1990–1994)
List of R-7 launches (1995–1999)
List of R-7 launches (2000–2004)
List of R-7 launches (2005–2009)
List of R-7 launches (2010–2014)
List of R-7 launches (2015–2019)
List of R-7 launches (2020–2024)
Statistics are up-to-date .
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20de%20Melsonby | Thomas de Melsonby (died after 1244) was a medieval Bishop of Durham-elect and Prior of Durham.
Melsonby was the son of the rector of Melsonby. He was prior of a cell at Coldingham before being elected prior of Durham Cathedral in about 1233. He was elected to the see of Durham on 1 June 1237 but King Henry III of England objected. After lawsuits, Melsonby resigned the bishopric. He remained prior until 1244 when he resigned that office. He died sometime after 1244.
Citations
References
Bishops of Durham
Priors of Durham
13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katz%27s%20back-off%20model | Katz back-off is a generative n-gram language model that estimates the conditional probability of a word given its history in the n-gram. It accomplishes this estimation by backing off through progressively shorter history models under certain conditions. By doing so, the model with the most reliable information about a given history is used to provide the better results.
The model was introduced in 1987 by Slava M. Katz. Prior to that, n-gram language models were constructed by training individual models for different n-gram orders using maximum likelihood estimation and then interpolating them together.
Method
The equation for Katz's back-off model is:
where
C(x) = number of times x appears in training
wi = ith word in the given context
Essentially, this means that if the n-gram has been seen more than k times in training, the conditional probability of a word given its history is proportional to the maximum likelihood estimate of that n-gram. Otherwise, the conditional probability is equal to the back-off conditional probability of the (n − 1)-gram.
The more difficult part is determining the values for k, d and α.
is the least important of the parameters. It is usually chosen to be 0. However, empirical testing may find better values for k.
is typically the amount of discounting found by Good–Turing estimation. In other words, if Good–Turing estimates as , then
To compute , it is useful to first define a quantity β, which is the left-over probability mass fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK8 | MK8 may refer to:
Mario Kart 8, a 2014 Wii U kart racing video game in the Mario Kart series
Kallikrein 8, an enzyme
Mitsubishi Kinsei (also MK8), a 14-cylinder, air-cooled, twin-row radial aircraft engine
Volkswagen Golf Mk8, the eighth generation of the Volkswagen Golf vehicle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskovce%2C%20Sobrance%20District | Ruskovce () is a village and municipality in the Sobrance District in the Košice Region of east Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Sobrance District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Provan%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201941%29 | David Provan (11 March 1941 – 26 November 2016) was a Scottish professional footballer, who played for Rangers, Crystal Palace, Plymouth Argyle and St Mirren. Provan also played for Scotland and the Scottish League XI.
Career
Provan was a product of the Rangers youth team and played as a full back. He made his debut on 27 December 1958, in a league match away to Third Lanark which Rangers won 3–2. He helped the club win a domestic treble in 1963–64 and played in the 1967 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, which Rangers lost 1–0 to Bayern Munich. Provan is one of the players elected to Rangers' Hall of Fame.
He left the club in June 1970 and joined English club Crystal Palace, although he was not there for long, making only two senior appearances in total, before moving on in March 1971, to Plymouth Argyle. He stayed at Plymouth for five seasons and made over 100 appearances.
Provan subsequently played for St Mirren where he finished his senior career in 1975, and began his coaching career under then-manager Alex Ferguson. He later went on to manage Albion Rovers from 1987 to 1991, leading the club to the Scottish Football League Second Division title in 1988–9.
Rangers FC announced on 26 November 2016 that Provan had died, following a long illness.
References
External links
1941 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Falkirk
Men's association football fullbacks
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Rangers F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. play |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20summation | The Wolf summation is a method for computing the electrostatic interactions of systems (e.g. crystals). This method is generally more computationally efficient than the Ewald summation. It was proposed by Dieter Wolf.
References
See also
Wolf method on SklogWiki
Potential theory
Computational physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397%20Mexican%20Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n%20season | The following are statistics of Mexico's Primera División for the 1996–97 season.
Overview
Teams
Torneo Invierno 1996
Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Invierno 1996 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Friday, August 9, 1996, and ran until November 24, when the regular season ended. In the final Santos defeated Necaxa and became champions for the 1st time.
Final standings (groups)
League table
Results
Top goalscorers
Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name. Only regular season goals listed.
Source: MedioTiempo
Playoffs
Repechage
Toros Neza won 4–2 on aggregate.
Atlas won 6–3 on aggregate.
Bracket
Quarterfinals
Toros Neza won 9–2 on aggregate.
Santos Laguna won 4–2 on aggregate.
Necaxa won 3–2 on aggregate.
Puebla won 2–1 on aggregate.
Semifinals
Santos Laguna won 5–2 on aggregate.
Necaxa won 7–3 on aggregate.
Finals
First leg
Second leg
Santos Laguna won 4–3 on aggregate.
Torneo Verano 1997
Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Verano 1997 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Saturday, January 11, 1997, and ran until May 4, when the regular season ended. In the final Guadalajara defeated Toros Neza and became champions for the 10th time.
Final standings (groups)
League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser%20%28programming%20language%29 | Parser is a scripting language developed by Art. Lebedev Studio used for web development and server-side scripting.
The reference compiler for the language was developed in C++ by studio employees Konstantin Morshnev and Alexander Petrosyan to automate often repeated tasks, especially maintenance of already existing websites. It was used in many web projects of the studio. In March 2006, revision three was released as free software under a GPL license and it is now used in other websites, mostly in Russia (according to a partial list at the language website).
Originally, Parser was merely a simple macro processing language but revision three introduced object-oriented programming features.
The language supports technologies needed for common web design tasks: XML, Document Object Model (DOM), Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) and others.
Parser supports web server integration via:
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI)
Apache module (mod_parser3)
See also
Parsing
References
External links
Free compilers and interpreters
Procedural programming languages
Macro programming languages
Scripting languages
Programming languages created in 1997 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylprodine | Allylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of prodine. It was discovered by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine. Derivatives were tested to prove the theory that phenolic and non-phenolic opioids bind at different sites of the opiate receptor.
Allylprodine is more potent as an analgesic than similar drugs such as α-prodine, and the 3R,4S-isomer is 23 times more potent than morphine, due to the allyl group binding to an additional amino acid target in the binding site on the μ-opioid receptor. It is also stereoselective, with one isomer being much more active.
When modeled in three dimensions, the alkene overlays the alkenes found in 14-cinnamoyloxycodeinone and in 14-allyloxycodeinone, re-enforcing the presence of an interaction of the alkene.
Allylprodine produces similar effects to other opioids, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal.
Legal status
Allylprodine is regulated in most countries as is morphine, including being in Schedule I of the US Controlled Substances Act 1970 as a Narcotic with ACSCN 9602 and a 2014 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 2 grammes.
Australia
Allylprodine is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2017). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which sho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteromer | A heteromer is something that consists of different parts; the antonym of homomeric. Examples are:
Biology
Spinal neurons that pass over to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
A protein complex that contains two or more different polypeptides.
Pharmacology
Ligand-gated ion channels such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABAA receptor are composed of five subunits arranged around a central pore that opens to allow ions to pass through. There are many different subunits available that can come together in a wide variety of combinations to form different subtypes of the ion channel. Sometimes the channel can be made from only one type of subunit, such as the α7 nicotinic receptor, which is made up from five α7 subunits, and so is a homomer rather than a heteromer, but more commonly several different types of subunit will come together to form a heteromeric complex (e.g., the α4β2 nicotinic receptor, which is made up from two α4 subunits and three β2 subunits). Because the different ion channel subtypes are expressed to different extents in different tissues, this allows selective modulation of ion transport and means that a single neurotransmitter can produce varying effects depending on where in the body it is released.
G protein-coupled receptors are composed of seven membrane-spanning alpha-helical segments that are usually linked together into a single folded chain to form the receptor complex. However, research has demonstrated that a number of GPCRs are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20neuron | A spinal neuron is a neuron in the spinal cord.
Some spinal neurons are heteromeric, i.e. they have processes pass over to the opposite side of the spinal cord
References
Spinal cord
Neurons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20aluminium%20nitride | Indium gallium aluminium nitride (InGaAlN, AlInGaN) is a GaN-based compound semiconductor. It is usually prepared by epitaxial growth, such as metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), etc. This material is used for specialist opto-electronics applications, often in blue laser diodes and LEDs.
See also
Indium aluminium nitride
References
III-V semiconductors
Indium compounds
Gallium compounds
Aluminium compounds
Nitrides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20transport | Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol). Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Even the modes of transportation on land such as pipeline or rail have their own strengths and weaknesses. One of the key differences are the costs associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The biggest problems with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings.
Methods
Marine Vessels
Marine Vessels and barges can transport this petroleum all around the world. Because these vessels can carry a lot of fuel, the amount it costs per barrel to move this oil is very cheap. These tankers are also the only practical way to move crude oil across the oceans. Usually the larger tankers are used to transport this fuel on a global scale, taking fuel from one continent to the other. Barges are more like tankers, but smaller and do not have any method of propulsion to move them. They are often pushed or towed by tugs. This makes barges very ineffective for transporting this oil for long distances. Barges are also not applicable for traveling across rough seas, so they are used in calmer waters. However, these barges are usually used for t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berna%20Carrasco | Berna Carrasco Araya (Carrasco de Budinich) (19 December 1914 – 7 July 2013) was a Chilean chess master, born in San Bernardo, Chile. At the 1939 Women's World Championship in Buenos Aires, she finished in third place behind Vera Menchik and Sonja Graf.
Carrasco was awarded the Woman International Master (WIM) title in 1954.
References
External links
1914 births
2013 deaths
Chilean female chess players
Chilean chess players
Chess Woman International Masters
People from Maipo Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaE | DnaE, the gene product of dnaE, is the catalytic α subunit of DNA polymerase III, acting as a DNA polymerase. This enzyme is only found in prokaryotes.
References
Bacterial proteins
DNA replication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaH | dnaH is a gene involved in DNA replication.
References
DNA replication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaI | DnaI is a protein that is part of the primosome involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. In Bacillus subtilis, genetic analysis has revealed three primosomal proteins, DnaB, DnaD, and DnaI, that have no obvious homologues in E. coli. They are involved in primosome function both at arrested replication forks and at the chromosomal origin.
Bacterial proteins
DNA replication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaS | dnaS or dut is a gene involved in DNA replication in Escherichia coli. It encodes dUTP nucleotidohydrolase, an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of dUTP to dUMP, thereby ensuring that the organism's DNA contains the nucleobase thymine instead of uracil.
See also
DUT, the human version of this gene
dnaA
dnaB
dnaC
dnaE
dnaG
dnaH
dnaI
dnaN
dnaP
dnaQ
dnaX
dnaZ
References
DNA replication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20Processors%2C%20Inc. | Stream Processors, Inc. (SPI), was a Silicon Valley-based fabless semiconductor company specializing in the design and manufacture of high-performance digital signal processors for applications including video surveillance, multi-function printers and video conferencing. The company ceased operations in 2009.
Company history
Foundational work in stream processing was initiated in
1995 by a research team led by MIT professor Bill Dally. In 1996, he moved to Stanford University where he continued this work, receiving a multimillion-dollar
grant from DARPA with additional resources from Intel and
Texas Instruments to fund the development of a project called "Imagine"
- the first stream processor chip and accompanying compiler tools.
The Imagine Project
The goal of the Imagine project was to develop a
C programmable signal and image processor intended to provide both the performance density and efficiency of a
special-purpose processor (such as a hard-wired ASIC). The project successfully demonstrated the advantages of stream processing. Details on the Imagine project and its results are posted
on the Stanford Imagine project page. The work also showed that a number of applications
ranging from wireless baseband processing, 3D graphics, encryption, IP
forwarding to video processing could take advantage of the efficiency of stream processing. This research inspired other
designs such as GPUs from ATI Technologies as well as the Cell microprocessor from Sony, Toshiba, and IB |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20cell%20wall | The secondary cell wall is a structure found in many plant cells, located between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane. The cell starts producing the secondary cell wall after the primary cell wall is complete and the cell has stopped expanding.
Secondary cell walls provide additional protection to cells and rigidity and strength to the larger plant. These walls are constructed of layered sheaths of cellulose microfibrils, wherein the fibers are in parallel within each layer. The inclusion of lignin makes the secondary cell wall less flexible and less permeable to water than the primary cell wall. In addition to making the walls more resistant to degradation, the hydrophobic nature of lignin within these tissues is essential for containing water within the vascular tissues that carry it throughout the plant.
The secondary cell wall consists primarily of cellulose, along with other polysaccharides, lignin, and glycoprotein. It sometimes consists of three distinct layers - S1, S2 and S3 - where the direction of the cellulose microfibrils differs between the layers. The direction of the microfibrils is called microfibril angle (MFA). In the secondary cell wall of fibres of trees a low microfibril angle is found in the S2-layer, while S1 and S3-layers show a higher MFA . However, the MFA can also change depending on the loads on the tissue. It has been shown that in reaction wood the MFA in S2-layer can vary. Tension wood has a low MFA, meaning that the microfibril |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJIB-LP | KJIB-LP, VHF analog channel 6, was a low-powered television station licensed to Houston, Texas, United States. The station was owned by Roy Henderson. The station has minimal video modulation, with an offset of its audio modulation to 87.89 MHz. This allows individuals to listen to the TV channel at the lower end of the FM radio dial.
History
In 2013, New Beginnings Fellowship Church applied for a license to operate an LPFM radio station on 106.1 in Houston, Texas. This application thwarted the plans of broadcaster Don Werlinger, who at the time was leasing a translator on 106.7 in Simonton, Texas. He wanted to move his translator into Houston on 106.1. As a solution, Werlinger promised that if the LPFM application was withdrawn, he would get the church permission to build and operate two analog LPTV stations. In 2008, facilities for KJIB-LP and KVDO-LP (channel 25) were destroyed by Hurricane Ike, but the licenses remained valid. Werlinger represented to church officials that the license for channel 5 could easily be modified to Channel 6, and operate as a Franken FM station.
Ben Perez, an attorney claiming to represent licensee Roy Henderson, granted church officials permission to build and operate the LPTV stations at their own cost. In 2014, channel 5
(along with KVDO-LP) resumed operations programming classic music videos.
Subsequently, Abundant Life Christian Center in LaMarque, Texas, sought to purchase the license. Roy Henderson claimed that Ben Perez was no l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-amilofruse | Co-amilofruse (BAN) is a nonproprietary name used to denote a combination of amiloride and furosemide, which are both diuretics. Co-amilofruse is a treatment for fluid retention (oedema), either in the legs (peripheral edema) or on the lungs (pulmonary oedema). Furosemide is a loop diuretic and is more effective than amiloride, but has a tendency to cause low potassium levels (hypokalaemia); the potassium-sparing effects of amiloride may balance this.
Formulation
Two strengths of co-amilofruse are available:
2.5 mg amiloride with 20 mg furosemide, BAN of Co-amilofruse 2.5/20 (brand name Frumil LS)
5 mg amiloride with 40 mg furosemide, BAN of Co-amilofruse 5/4-0 (brand name Frumil)
References
British National Formulary 2004
Loop diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Combination drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%20line%20%28electronics%29 | In graphical analysis of nonlinear electronic circuits, a load line is a line drawn on the current–voltage characteristic graph for a nonlinear device like a diode or transistor. It represents the constraint put on the voltage and current in the nonlinear device by the external circuit. The load line, usually a straight line, represents the response of the linear part of the circuit, connected to the nonlinear device in question. The points where the characteristic curve and the load line intersect are the possible operating point(s) (Q points) of the circuit; at these points the current and voltage parameters of both parts of the circuit match.
The example at right shows how a load line is used to determine the current and voltage in a simple diode circuit. The diode, a nonlinear device, is in series with a linear circuit consisting of a resistor, R and a voltage source, VDD. The characteristic curve (curved line), representing the current I through the diode for any given voltage across the diode VD, is an exponential curve. The load line (diagonal line), representing the relationship between current and voltage due to Kirchhoff's voltage law applied to the resistor and voltage source, is
Since the same current flows through each of the three elements in series, and the voltage produced by the voltage source and resistor is the voltage across the terminals of the diode, the operating point of the circuit will be at the intersection of the curve with the load line.
In a c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacetone | Aminoacetone is the simplest monopeptide with the formula CH3C(O)CH2NH2. Although stable in the gaseous form, once condensed it reacts with itself. The protonated derivative forms stable salts, e.g. aminoacetone hydrochloride ([CH3C(O)CH2NH3]Cl)). The semicarbazone of the hydrochloride is another bench-stable precursor. Aminoacetone is a metabolite that is implicated in the biosynthesis of methylglyoxal.
See also
Propanolamines
Aminoaldehydes and aminoketones
References
Amines
Ketones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosanoid | In biochemistry, docosanoids are signaling molecules made by the metabolism of twenty-two-carbon fatty acids (EFAs), especially the omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (i.e. 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid) by lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Other docosanoids are metabolites of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid), n-6 DHA (i.e. 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosahexaenoic acid, and docosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, DTA, or adrenic acid). Prominent docosanoid metabolites of DHA and n-3 DHA are members of the specialized proresolving mediator class of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites that possess potent anti-inflammation, tissue healing, and other activities (see specialized proresolving mediators).
Prominent docosanoids
Specialized proresolving mediator docosanoids
Potently bioactive agents of the specialized proresolving mediator class include:
DHA-derived Resolvins (Rv's) of the D series: RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, RvD4, RvD5, RvD6, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-RvD3, AT-RvD4, AT-RvD5, and AT-RvD6 (see specialized proresolving mediators#DHA-derived Resolvins).
n-3 DPA-derived Rvs of the D series (RvD1n-3, RvD2n-3, and RvDD1n-3) and the T series (RvT1, TvT2, RvT3, and RvT4) (see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived resolvins).
DHA-derived Neuroprotectins, also termed protectins: PD1, PDX, 17-epi PD1, and 10-epi-DHA1 (see specialized proresolving mediators#DHA-derived |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERB1 | Erb1 also known as the eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis protein 1 is a yeast protein required for maturation of the 25S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs. It is a component of 66S pre-ribosomal particles and is homologous to the human protein BOP1.
References
External links
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20zinc%20battery | A silver zinc battery is a secondary cell that utilizes silver(I,III) oxide and zinc.
Overview
Silver zinc cells share most of the characteristics of the silver-oxide battery, and in addition, is able to deliver one of the highest specific energies of all presently known electrochemical power sources. Long used in specialized applications, it is now being developed for more mainstream markets, for example, batteries in laptops and hearing aids.
Silver–zinc batteries, in particular, are being developed to power flexible electronic applications, where the reactants are integrated directly into flexible substrates, such as polymers or paper, using printing or chemical deposition methods.
Experimental new silver–zinc technology (different to silver-oxide) may provide up to 40% more run time than lithium-ion batteries and also features a water-based chemistry that is free from the thermal runaway and flammability problems that have plagued the lithium-ion alternatives.
Chemistry
The silver–zinc battery is manufactured in a fully discharged condition and has the opposite electrode composition, the cathode being of metallic silver, while the anode is a mixture of zinc oxide and pure zinc powders. The electrolyte used is a potassium hydroxide solution in water.
During the charging process, silver is first oxidized to silver(I) oxide
2 Ag(s) + 2 OH− → Ag2O + H2O + 2 e−
and then to silver(II) oxide
Ag2O + 2 OH− → 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e−,
while the zinc oxide is reduced to metallic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20Rows | Marriage Rows is an American Pre-Code 1931 comedy film directed by Fatty Arbuckle.
Cast
Lloyd Hamilton
Al St. John
Addie McPhail
Doris Deane
Edna Marion
See also
Fatty Arbuckle filmography
External links
1931 films
Films directed by Roscoe Arbuckle
1931 comedy films
1931 short films
Educational Pictures short films
American black-and-white films
Films with screenplays by Roscoe Arbuckle
American comedy short films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilohydry | Poikilohydry is the lack of ability (structural or functional mechanism) to maintain and/or regulate water content to achieve homeostasis of cells and tissue connected with quick equilibration of cell/tissue water content to that of the environment. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ποικίλος (poikílos, “spotted or variegate”).
Tolerance to desiccation has been utilized in the Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryote kingdoms to take advantage of ecological niches. The tolerance to desiccation is often combined with other abiotic stress factors such as temperature extremes, malnutrition, vitamin imbalances, salinity content, and ultraviolet radiation. Many plants control desiccation tolerance through non-specialized structures such as vegetative tissues or specialized structures such as spores, seeds, and tubers. Desiccation tolerance is distributed among Bryophytes that have no cuticle or stomata, nine Pteridophyte families and ten Angiosperm families, vascular plants that do have a cuticle and stomata.
Selaginella lepidophylla is a vascular lycophyte native to the Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. It occurs in north-facing rock crevices and in open habitats. The notable leaf curling attributed to S. lepidophylla, tested by Lebkeucher and Eickmeier in 1991, occurs to prevent photoinhibition in the microphylls in response to UV radiation and gradual leaf uncurling when rehydrated, protects the plant from the same photoinhibition until photon fluxes are fully |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelin%20receptor | The Apelin Receptor (APLNR, also known as APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor. APLNR possesses two endogenous ligands which are APELIN and ELABELA. The structure of APLNR was resolved in 2017
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicamycin | Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that inhibits the UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P family of enzymes. In eukaryotes, this includes the enzyme GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT), which catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to dolichol phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. Tunicamycin blocks N-linked glycosylation (N-glycans) and treatment of cultured human cells with tunicamycin causes cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. It is used as an experimental tool in biology, e.g. to induce unfolded protein response. Tunicamycin is produced by several bacteria, including Streptomyces clavuligerus and Streptomyces lysosuperificus.
Tunicamycin homologues have varying molecular weights owing to the variability in fatty acid side chain conjugates.
Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of tunicamycins was studied in Streptomyces chartreusis and a proposed biosynthetic pathway was characterized. The bacteria utilize the enzymes in the tun gene cluster (TunA-N) to make tunicamycins.
TunA uses the starter unit uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and catalyzes the dehydration of the 6’ hydroxyl group. First, a Tyr residue in TunA abstracts a proton from the 4’ hydroxyl group, forming a ketone at that position. A hydride is subsequently abstracted from the 4’ carbon by NAD+, forming NADH. The ketone is stabilized by hydrogen bonding from the Tyr residue, and a nearby Thr residue. A glut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine%20diphosphate%20N-acetylglucosamine | Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. It is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues to substrates. D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. To be specific, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. The end-product of this pathway is UDP-GlcNAc, which is then used for making glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycolipids.
UDP-GlcNAc is extensively involved in intracellular signaling as a substrate for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferases (OGTs) to install the O-GlcNAc post-translational modification in a wide range of species. It is also involved in nuclear pore formation and nuclear signalling. OGTs and OG-ases play an important role in the structure of the cytoskeleton. In mammals, there is enrichment of OGT transcripts in the pancreas beta-cells, and UDP-GlcNAc is thought to be part of the glucose sensing mechanism. There is also evidence that it plays a part in insulin sensitivity in other cells. In plants, it is involved in the control of gibberellin production.
Clostridium novyi type A alpha-toxin is an O-linked N-actetylglucosamine transferase acting on Rho proteins and causing the collapse of the cytoskeleton.
References
Metabolism
Coenzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20theorem%20for%20cyclic%20quadrilaterals | In geometry, the Japanese theorem states that the centers of the incircles of certain triangles inside a cyclic quadrilateral are vertices of a rectangle.
Triangulating an arbitrary cyclic quadrilateral by its diagonals yields four overlapping triangles (each diagonal creates two triangles). The centers of the incircles of those triangles form a rectangle.
Specifically, let be an arbitrary cyclic quadrilateral and let , , , be the incenters of the triangles , , , . Then the quadrilateral formed by , , , is a rectangle.
Note that this theorem is easily extended to prove the Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons. To prove the quadrilateral case, simply construct the parallelogram tangent to the corners of the constructed rectangle, with sides parallel to the diagonals of the quadrilateral. The construction shows that the parallelogram is a rhombus, which is equivalent to showing that the sums of the radii of the incircles tangent to each diagonal are equal.
The quadrilateral case immediately proves the general case by induction on the set of triangulating partitions of a general polygon.
See also
Carnot's theorem
Sangaku
Japanese mathematics
References
Mangho Ahuja, Wataru Uegaki, Kayo Matsushita: In Search of the Japanese Theorem (postscript file)
Theorem at Cut-the-Knot
Wataru Uegaki: "" (On the Origin and History of the Japanese Theorem). Departmental Bulletin Paper, Mie University Scholarly E-Collections, 2001-03-01
Wilfred Reyes: An Application of Thebault’s Theor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20theorem | The term Japanese theorem refers to either of the following two geometrical theorems:
Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons
Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen%20%28disambiguation%29 | Albumen is the white of an egg. It contains albumin proteins. It is the scientific name for the white of a cooked egg.
Albumin is a class of several hundred proteins.
Albumen or albumin may also refer to:
Serum albumin, a protein, encoded by the ALB gene in humans
Operation Albumen, a series of sabotages against airfields on occupied Crete in 1942
Albumen (album), by the Egg
See also
Human serum albumin, the human variant
Bovine serum albumin, the cow variant
Endosperm, tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants
Albumen print, method of producing a print on a paper base from a negative using egg white |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLP%20Regulation | The CLP Regulation (for "Classification, Labelling and Packaging") is a European Union regulation from 2008, which aligns the European Union system of classification, labelling and packaging of chemical substances and mixtures to the Globally Harmonised System (GHS). It is expected to facilitate global trade and the harmonised communication of hazard information of chemicals and to promote regulatory efficiency. It complements the 2006 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (EC No 1907/2006) and replaces an older system contained in the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) and the Dangerous Preparations Directive (1999/45/EC).
Content
The European Union's 2008 Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation incorporates the classification criteria and labelling rules agreed at the UN level, the so-called Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). It introduced new classification criteria, european hazard symbols (pictograms) and Risk and Safety Statements for labelling, while taking into account elements which were part of the prior EU legislation.
The regulation requires companies to appropriately classify, label and package their substances and mixtures before placing them on the market. It aims to protect workers, consumers and the environment by labelling that reflects a particular chemical's possible hazards. It also addresses the notification of classifications, the establis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravany%2C%20Trebi%C5%A1ov%20District | Kravany () is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100202015957/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Trebišov District
Zemplín (region) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS80C390 | The DS80C390 is a microcontroller, introduced by Dallas Semiconductor (now part of Maxim Integrated Products), whose architecture is derived from that of the Intel 8051 processor series. It contains a code memory address space of twenty-two bits. It also contains two Controller Area Network (CAN) controllers and a 32-bit integer coprocessor. The open-source Small Device C Compiler (SDCC) supports the processor. It was used in the initial version of the Tiny Internet Interface (TINI) processor module where it was superseded by the DS80C400, a processor that also incorporates an Ethernet port.
References
Home page of the SDCC compiler on SourceForge
Summary page on the Maxim website
Microcontrollers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentized%20range | In statistics, the studentized range, denoted q, is the difference between the largest and smallest data in a sample normalized by the sample standard deviation.
It is named after William Sealy Gosset (who wrote under the pseudonym "Student"), and was introduced by him in 1927.
The concept was later discussed by Newman (1939), Keuls (1952), and John Tukey in some unpublished notes.
Its statistical distribution is the studentized range distribution, which is used for multiple comparison procedures, such as the single step procedure Tukey's range test, the Newman–Keuls method, and the Duncan's step down procedure, and establishing confidence intervals that are still valid after data snooping has occurred.
Description
The value of the studentized range, most often represented by the variable q, can be defined based on a random sample x1, ..., xn from the N(0, 1) distribution of numbers, and another random variable s that is independent of all the xi, and νs2 has a χ2 distribution with ν degrees of freedom. Then
has the Studentized range distribution for n groups and ν degrees of freedom. In applications, the xi are typically the means of samples each of size m, s2 is the pooled variance, and the degrees of freedom are ν = n(m − 1).
The critical value of q is based on three factors:
α (the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis)
n (the number of observations or groups)
ν (the degrees of freedom used to estimate the sample variance)
Distribution
If X1, ..., Xn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca%20Sand%20Dunes%20Provincial%20Park | The Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park was created to protect the Athabasca sand dunes, a unique boreal shield ecosystem located in the far-north Northern Saskatchewan Administration District. The Athabasca sand dunes are the most northerly active sand dune formations on Earth.
It first came to attention that it should be a protected area in 1969, finally becoming the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Wilderness Park on August 24, 1992.
The park extends for along the southern edge of Lake Athabasca and lies within the Athabasca Basin of the Canadian Shield. The sand dunes are 400 to 1,500 metres long, and their maximum height is approximately 30 metres. The park is accessible by float plane or boat only.
The William River flows through the western section of the park ending in a large river delta. The McFarlane River flows through the far eastern section of the park. The park goes around the Fond du Lac 231 Indian reserve located on the McFarlane River. The First Nations village of Fond du Lac is about by air from the park's eastern boundary.
Geology
The Athabasca Sand Dunes are estimated to be approximately 8,000 years old, formed near the end of the last glacial period. As glaciers receded, meltwater washed enormous quantities of sand, silt and sediment from local sandstone into Lake Athabasca, whose water level was at the time much higher than currently. As the lake level declined to its modern depth, the large sand deposits were revealed. The sand dunes are quite u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenoxadol | Dimenoxadol (INN) (brand name Estocin (in Russia)), or dimenoxadole (BAN), is an opioid analgesic which is a benzilic acid derivative, closely related to benactyzine (an anticholinergic). Further, the structure is similar to methadone and related compounds like dextropropoxyphene.
It was invented in Germany in the 1950s, and produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, dizziness and nausea.
In the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9617 and a 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of zero.
References
Analgesics
Synthetic opioids
Ethers
Carboxylate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Dimethylamino compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxaphetyl%20butyrate | Dioxaphetyl butyrate (INN; trade names Amidalgon, Spasmoxal) is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other open-chain opioid drugs such as dextropropoxyphene, levacetylmethadol (LAAM), lefetamine and dimenoxadol.
It produces similar effects to other opioids, including dependence, euphoria, analgesia, sedation, constipation, dizziness and nausea.
In the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9621 and a 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of zero.
References
Butyrate esters
Synthetic opioids
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Ethyl esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mile | The Crystal Mile is a Moonee Valley Racing Club Group 2 Thoroughbred horse race held under Weight for Age conditions for horses aged three years old and upwards, over a distance of 1600 metres held at Moonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in late October on W. S. Cox Plate Day. Prize money is A$300,000.
History
Distance
1982 - 1600 metres
Grade
1982–1985 - Listed race
1986–1996 - Group 3
1997 onwards - Group 2
In 2012 the race conditions changed from handicap to Weight for Age.
Name
1982–2006 - Waterford Crystal Mile
2007–2011 - Jayco Crystal Mile
2012 onwards - Schweppes Crystal Mile
Winners
2023 - Prowess
2022 - My Oberon
2021 - Just Folk
2020 - Homesman
2019 - Chief Ironside
2018 - Cliff's Edge
2017 - Lucky Hussler
2016 - The United States
2015 - Turn Me Loose
2014 - Hooked
2013 - Toydini
2012 - Silent Achiever
2011 - Testa My Patience
2010 - Sound Journey
2009 - Rangirangdoo
2008 - Sea Battle
2007 - Sonic Quest
2006 - Flash Trick
2005 - Niconero
2004 - Lad Of The Manor
2003 - Rosina Lad
2002 - Royal Code
2001 - Weasel Will
2000 - Weasel Will
1999 - Le Zagaletta
1998 - Rustic Dream
1997 - Holy Roller
1996 - Lochrae
1995 - Juggler
1994 - State Taj
1993 - Carson's Cash
1992 - Solvit
1991 - Fire Commander
1990 - Ark Regal
1989 - Fendalton
1988 - True Dreams
1987 - Tierra Rist
1986 - Splendid Speed
1985 - Dazzling Duke
1984 - Keepers
1983 - Dynamo
1982 - Getting Closer
See also
List of Australian Group races
Group races
References
Horse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s%20equation | Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.
The equation was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station (WES), following extensive investigations by Hudson (1953, 1959, 1961a, 1961b)
Initial equation
The equation itself is:
where:
W is the design weight of the riprap armor (Newton)
is the specific weight of the armor blocks (N/m3)
H is the design wave height at the toe of the structure (m)
KD is a dimensionless stability coefficient, deduced from laboratory experiments for different kinds of armour blocks and for very small damage (a few blocks removed from the armour layer) (-):
KD = around 3 for natural quarry rock
KD = around 10 for artificial interlocking concrete blocks
Δ is the dimensionless relative buoyant density of rock, i.e. (ρr / ρw - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water
ρr and ρw are the densities of rock and (sea)water (-)
θ is the angle of revetment with the horizontal
Updated equation
This equation was rewritten as follows in the nineties:
where:
Hs is the design significant wave height at the toe of the structure (m)
Δ is the dimensionless relative buoyant density of rock, i.e. (ρr / ρw - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water
ρr and ρw are the densities of rock |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28journal%29 | Entropy is a monthly open access scientific journal covering research on all aspects of entropy and information theory. It was established in 1999 and is published by MDPI. The journal occasionally publishes special issues compiled by guest editors. The editor-in-chief is Kevin H. Knuth (University at Albany, SUNY).
Sections
Entropy consists of eight sections:
Thermodynamics Section
Statistical Mechanics
Information Theory
Quantum Information
Complexity
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Entropy Reviews
Entropy and Biology
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.7.
2013 Paper on glyphosate
In 2013, Entropy published a review paper saying glyphosate may be the most important factor in the development of obesity, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and infertility. The paper does not contain any primary research results. It was criticized as pseudo-science by the science magazine Discover and Jeffrey Beall, founder of Beall's List of predatory open-access publishers, said "Will MDPI publish anything for money?". Beall removed MDPI from his list of predatory publishers in October 2015.
In response to the controversy, the editors of Entropy added an "Expression of Concern" to the article's frontmatter. In 2017 researchers Robin Mesnage and Michael N. Antoniou, both of whom are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diindenoperylene | Diindenoperylene (DIP) is an organic semiconductor which receives attention because of its potential application in optoelectronics (solar cells, OLEDs) and electronics (RFID tags). DIP is a planar perylene derivative with two indeno-groups attached to opposite sides of the perylene core. Its chemical formula is C32H16, the full chemical name is diindeno[1,2,3-cd:1',2',3'-lm]perylene. Its chemical synthesis has been described.
Properties and uses
The molecular weight is 400.48 g/mol, the dimensions of the molecule in its plane are ~18.4×7 Å. and its sublimation temperature is above 330 °C. It is non-polar and therefore only slightly soluble, for example in acetone.
DIP is a red dye and has been used as active material for optical recording. Because of its ‘perylene-type’ optical emission in the visible spectrum, it has also been used in organic light emitting diodes. Organic field effect transistors of DIP have been studied. The charge carrier mobility achieved was up to 0.1 cm2/(V·s) for thin film transistors with silicon dioxide as gate dielectric, making DIP a good candidate for further optimisation.
The structure of bulk DIP crystals has recently been studied by Pflaum et al., who found two distinct phases at room temperature and at temperatures above 160 °C. In thin films for growth ‘near equilibrium’ (at substrate temperature of about 130 °C) by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD), DIP has been shown to order very well. The structure of thin DIP films has been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Raymond%20Hobbs | John Raymond Hobbs MRCS, FRCP, FRCPath, FRCPaed (17 April 1929 – 13 July 2008) was a professor who was at the forefront of the techniques of clinical immunology, protein biochemistry and bone marrow transplantation, specifically in child health.
Early life
John Hobbs was born in Aldershot. He was the third son of four male children of a soldier's family. His family moved around considerably due to his father's career in the British Army. The family eventually settled in his father's home town of Plymouth in the county of Devon. During the Second World War, John, along with his three brothers Frederick, William and Dennis, were evacuated from blitz-torn Plymouth to Penzance. He left school at 16 and worked as a pathology laboratory assistant and did his National Service in Egypt with the British Army Medical Corps. After National Service, John used the money he had saved from his army sergeant's pay to put himself into Plymouth and Devonport Technical College where he achieved an External Inter.BSc within 9 months, gaining a state scholarship to study medicine, where he chose the Middlesex Hospital in London and won 7 prizes. From 1968–1996 Hobbs received 4 national prizes, 15 international awards and 4 honorary fellowships
Medicine
He specialised in Pathology and in 1963 was appointed consultant at Hammersmith Hospital, London. In 1970 he was appointed as Professor of Chemical Pathology at Westminster Medical School. In the early 1970s Professor Hobbs's Westminster team |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20algorithm%20scheduling | The genetic algorithm is an operational research method that may be used to solve scheduling problems in production planning.
Importance of production scheduling
To be competitive, corporations must minimize inefficiencies and maximize productivity. In manufacturing, productivity is inherently linked to how well the firm can optimize the available resources, reduce waste and increase efficiency. Finding the best way to maximize efficiency in a manufacturing process can be extremely complex. Even on simple projects, there are multiple inputs, multiple steps, many constraints and limited resources. In general a resource constrained scheduling problem consists of:
A set of jobs that must be executed
A finite set of resources that can be used to complete each job
A set of constraints that must be satisfied
Temporal constraints – the time window to complete the task
Procedural constraints – the order each task must be completed
Resource constraints – is the resource available
A set of objectives to evaluate the scheduling performance
A typical factory floor setting is a good example of this, where it is necessary to schedule which jobs need to be completed on which machines, by which employees, in what order and at what time.
Use of algorithms in scheduling
In very complex problems such as scheduling there is no known way to get to a final answer, so we resort to searching for it trying to find a "good" answer. Scheduling problems most often use heuristic algorithms to s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1%20oncogene | The MAS1 oncogene (MAS receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin (1-7). The MAS1 receptor, when activated by binding angiotensin-(1-7), opposes many of the effects of the angiotensin II receptor. Hence, MAS1 receptor agonists have similar therapeutic effects to angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including lowering of blood pressure.
References
External links
IUPHAR GPCR Database - MAS1
IUPHAR GPCR Database - MAS1L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1 | MAS proto-oncogene, or MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor ('MRGA, MAS, MGRA""), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAS1'' gene.
The structure of the MAS1 product indicates that it belongs to the class of receptors that are coupled to GTP-binding proteins and share a conserved structural motif, which is described as a '7-transmembrane segment' following the prediction that these hydrophobic segments form membrane-spanning alpha-helices. The MAS1 protein may be a receptor that, when activated, modulates a critical component in a growth-regulating pathway to bring about oncogenic effects.
Agonists of the receptor include angiotensin-(1-7). Antagonist include A-779 (angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline substituted for D-Ala), or D-Pro (angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline submitted for D-proline).
Mas1 proto-oncogene (MAS1, MGRA) is not to be confused with the MAS-related G-protein coupled receptor, a recently believed to be activated by the ligand alamandine (generated by catalysis of Ang A via ACE2 or directly from Ang-(1-7)).
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio | Vespertilio is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae. The common name for this family is vesper bats, which is a better-known classification than Vespertilio. They are also known as frosted bats.
Species within the genus Vespertilio are:
Parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio murinus
Asian parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio sinensis
History
Vespertilio is the oldest accepted genus name for bats. When Vespertilio was described in 1758, it was equivalent to the modern taxonomic order, encompassing all of Chiroptera (all bats), which Carl Linnaeus grouped with the primates due to certain characteristics mentioned by Linnaeus that bats seemed to share with actual primates. The second chiropteran genus, Pteropus, was described four years later in 1762. Vespertilio, as the oldest genus name, is thus the type genus of the family Vespertilionidae, which was not described until 1821. Variably, until 1779, Vespertilio was considered either the only chiropteran genus, or one of two, including Pteropus. It was considered by some to be the only genus of bats until as late as 1817.
References
D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2005: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Bat genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus%20translation | Rotavirus translation, the process of translating mRNA into proteins, occurs in a different way in Rotaviruses. Unlike the vast majority of cellular proteins in other organisms, in Rotaviruses the proteins are translated from capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNAs. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 specifically binds the 3'-end consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G. The Rotavirus replication cycle occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. Upon virus entry, the viral transcriptase synthesizes capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNA The viral mRNAs bear 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of variable length and are flanked by two different sequences common to all genes.
In the group A rotaviruses, the 3'-end consensus sequence UGACC is highly conserved among the 11 genes. Rotavirus NSP3 presents several similarities to PABP; in rotavirus-infected cells, NSP3 can be cross-linked to the 3' end of rotavirus mRNAs and is coimmunoprecipitated with eIF4G. The binding of NSP3A to eIF4G and its specific interaction with the 3' end of viral mRNA brings the viral mRNA and the translation initiation machinery into contact, thus favoring efficient translation of the viral mRNA. NSP3 interacts with the same region of eIF4G as PABP does. As a consequence, during rotavirus infection PABP is evicted from eIF4G, probably impairing the translation of polyadenylated mRNA and leading to the shutoff of cellular mRNA translation observed durin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Index%20to%20Statistics | The Current Index to Statistics is an online database published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association that contains bibliographic data of articles in statistics, probability, and related fields. It was shut down at the end of 2019.
See also
Web of Science
IEEE Xplore
References
External links
Official website
American Statistical Association
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Online databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANET%20database | The Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database is a bioinformatics database that maps evolutionary relationships of protein architectures directly onto biological networks. It was originally developed by Hee Shin Kim, Jay E. Mittenthal and Gustavo Caetano-Anolles in the Department of Crop Sciences of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
MANET traces for example the ancestry of individual metabolic enzymes in metabolism with bioinformatic, phylogenetic, and statistical methods. MANET currently links information in the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database, the metabolic pathways database of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and phylogenetic reconstructions describing the evolution of protein fold architecture at a universal level. The database has been updated to reflect evolution of metabolism at the level of protein fold families. MANET literally "paints" the ancestries of enzymes derived from rooted phylogenetic trees directly onto over one hundred metabolic pathways representations, paying homage to one of the fathers of impressionism. It also provides numerous functionalities that enable searching specific protein folds with defined ancestry values, displaying the distribution of enzymes that are painted, and exploring quantitative details describing individual protein folds. This permits the study of global and local metabolic network architectures, and the extraction of evolutionary patterns at global and local levels.
A s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed%20product%20result%20analysis | In the field of compiler implementation in computer science, constructed product result analysis (or CPR analysis) is a static analysis that determines which functions in a given program can return multiple results in an efficient manner. Typically, this means returning multiple results in a register (as opposed to returning a pointer to a tuple allocated on the heap whose components are the function's multiple return values.)
CPR analysis was introduced in the context of compiling Haskell (a lazy functional language) and is implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. It may be applicable to other programming languages as well.
See also
Strictness analysis
References
Functional programming
Programming language implementation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-PET | 7-PET is an opioid analgesic drug that has 300 times the potency of morphine by weight. It was discovered by K.W. Bentley and is related to the more well known oripavine derivative etorphine, which is used as a veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication for the sedation of large animals such as elephants, giraffes, and rhinos. 7-PET itself has a 3-O-methyl ether which reduces potency, but the 3-OH derivative is around 2200 times more potent than morphine, almost the same potency as etorphine as a μ agonist, and unexpectedly the 3-hydrogen compound is also around the same potency of 2000 times morphine.
Unlike etorphine, 7-PET is not controlled under the UN drug conventions, but it might still be considered to be a controlled substance analogue of etorphine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
See also
14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone
14-Phenylpropoxymetopon
BU72
N-Phenethylnormorphine
N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
Phenomorphan
RAM-378
Ro4-1539
References
Semisynthetic opioids
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Phenol ethers
Tertiary alcohols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metofoline | Metofoline (INN), also known as methofoline (USAN), is an opioid analgesic drug discovered in the 1950s by a team of Swiss researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche.
Methopholine is an isoquinoline derivative which is not structurally related to most other opioids.
However, its structural similarity to the non-opioid alkaloid papaverine is notable.
Metofoline has around the same efficacy as an analgesic as codeine, and was evaluated for the treatment of postoperative pain. Metofoline tablets were marketed in the United States under the brand name of Versidyne, but the drug was withdrawn from the market in 1965 due to the occurrence of ophthalmic side-effects alongside the discovery that the drug could produce cataracts in dogs.
Metofoline has two enantiomers, with the levo (R) enantiomer being the active form, around 3x the potency of codeine, and the (S) enantiomer being inactive.
Analogs where the 4'-chloro group has been replaced by other electron withdrawing groups have also been tested, the fluoro derivative being slightly more potent than chloro, and the nitro derivative being most potent of all, with the racemic 4'-nitromethopholine being around 20x the potency of codeine.
See also
Almorexant
Papaverine
References
Synthetic opioids
Norsalsolinol ethers
Chloroarenes
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Abandoned drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%27s%20main%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, Zariski's main theorem, proved by , is a statement about the structure of birational morphisms stating roughly that there is only one branch at any normal point of a variety. It is the special case of Zariski's connectedness theorem when the two varieties are birational.
Zariski's main theorem can be stated in several ways which at first sight seem to be quite different, but are in fact deeply related. Some of the variations that have been called Zariski's main theorem are as follows:
The total transform of a normal fundamental point of a birational map has positive dimension. This is essentially Zariski's original form of his main theorem.
A birational morphism with finite fibers to a normal variety is an isomorphism to an open subset.
The total transform of a normal point under a proper birational morphism is connected.
A closely related theorem of Grothendieck describes the structure of quasi-finite morphisms of schemes, which implies Zariski's original main theorem.
Several results in commutative algebra that imply the geometric form of Zariski's main theorem.
A normal local ring is unibranch, which is a variation of the statement that the transform of a normal point is connected.
The local ring of a normal point of a variety is analytically normal. This is a strong form of the statement that it is unibranch.
The name "Zariski's main theorem" comes from the fact that Zariski labelled it as the "MAIN THEOREM" in .
Zariski's main theorem for bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound%20attenuation%20spectroscopy | Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy is a method for characterizing properties of fluids and dispersed particles. It is also known as acoustic spectroscopy.
There is an international standard for this method.
Measurement of attenuation coefficient versus ultrasound frequency yields raw data for further calculation of various system properties. Such raw data are often used in the calculation of the particle size distribution in heterogeneous systems such as emulsions and colloids. In the case of acoustic rheometers, the raw data are converted into extensional viscosity or volume viscosity.
Instruments that employ ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy are referred to as Acoustic spectrometers.
References
External links
Ultrasonic Spectrometer
Acoustics
Colloidal chemistry
Spectroscopy
Ultrasound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Wing | Crystal Wing(In Chinese"水晶之翼") was made by Bolliger & Mabillard. Crystal Wing a steel flying roller coaster at Happy Valley in Beijing, China. The layout of this coaster is identical to the: "Superman: Ultimate Flight" flying coaster located at several Six Flags parks.
Roller coasters in China
Roller coasters introduced in 2006
Flying roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectedness%20theorem | In mathematics, the connectedness theorem may be one of
Deligne's connectedness theorem
Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem
Grothendieck's connectedness theorem
Hartshorne's connectedness theorem
Zariski's connectedness theorem, a generalization of Zariski's main theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming%20protein%20RhoA | Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the RHOA gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. It acts upon several effectors. Among them, ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (Diaphanous Homologue 1, a.k.a. hDia1, homologue to mDia1 in mouse, diaphanous in Drosophila) are the best described. RhoA, and the other Rho GTPases, are part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily, a family of proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. RhoA is one of the oldest Rho GTPases, with homologues present in the genomes since 1.5 billion years. As a consequence, RhoA is somehow involved in many cellular processes which emerged throughout evolution. RhoA specifically is regarded as a prominent regulatory factor in other functions such as the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, cell cycle progression and cell transformation.
Structure
The specific gene that encodes RhoA, RHOA, is located on chromosome 3 and consists of four exons, which has also been linked as a possible risk factor for atherothrombolic stroke.
Similar to other GTPases, RhoA presents a Rho insert in its primary sequence in the GTPase domain. RhoA contains also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20synthase%20kinase-3%20beta | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene. In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene. Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased susceptibility towards bipolar disorder.
Function
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that was initially identified as a phosphorylating and an inactivating agent of glycogen synthase. Two isoforms, alpha (GSK3A) and beta, show a high degree of amino acid homology. GSK3B is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. It might be a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
Disease relevance
Homozygous disruption of the Gsk3b locus in mice results in embryonic lethality during mid-gestation. This lethality phenotype could be rescued by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor.
Two SNPs at this gene, rs334558 (-50T/C) and rs3755557 (-1727A/T), are associated with efficacy of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder.
Signaling pathways
Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 restores GSK-3 beta activity and protein synthesis levels in a model of tuberous sclerosis.
Interactions
GSK3B has been shown to interact with:
KIAA1211L
AKAP11,
AXIN1,
AXIN2,
AR,
CTNNB1,
DNM1L,
MACF1
MUC1,
SMAD3
NOTCH1,
NOTCH2,
P53,
PRKAR2A,
SGK3, and
TSC2.
See also
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
References
Further reading
External links
PDBe-KB provid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPKB | Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ITPKB gene.
Function
The protein encoded by the ITPKB gene is one of 3 isoforms of Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase expressed in humans. ITPKB protein regulates inositol phosphate metabolism by phosphorylation of second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which releases calcium from intracellular store in the endoplasmic reticulum by gating the inositol trisphosphate receptor. ITPKB produces Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, which does not gate the inositol trisphosphate receptor. The enzyme specifically phosphorylates the 1,4,5 isomer of IP3. The activity of this encoded protein is responsible for regulating the levels of a large number of inositol polyphosphates that are important in cellular signaling. Both calcium/calmodulin and protein phosphorylation mechanisms control its activity. Itpkb regulates immune cell function and is required for T and B cell development.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair-rule%20gene | A pair-rule gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of insects. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of gap gene proteins, which encode transcription factors controlling pair-rule gene expression. Pair-rule genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, which causes the loss of the normal developmental pattern in alternating segments.
Pair-rule genes were first described by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1980. They used a genetic screen to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In normal unmutated Drosophila, each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the anterior). They found five genes – even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, paired and runt – where mutations caused the deletion of a particular region of every alternate segment. For example, in even-skipped, the denticle bands of alternate segments are missing, which results in an embryo having half the number of denticle bands. Later work identified more pair-rule genes in the Drosophila early embryo – fushi tarazu, odd-paired and sloppy paired.
Once the pair-rule genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gene is expressed in alternate parasegments – regions in the embryo that are closely related to segments, but are slightly out of register. Each parasegment includes the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYN | Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYN gene.
Lyn is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, which is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, in neural tissues liver, and adipose tissue. In various hematopoietic cells, Lyn has emerged as a key enzyme involved in the regulation of cell activation. In these cells, a small amount of LYN is associated with cell surface receptor proteins, including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), CD40, or CD19. The abbreviation Lyn is derived from Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase, Lck and Yes also being members of the Src kinase family.
Function
Lyn has been described to have an inhibitory role in myeloid lineage proliferation. Following engagement of the B cell receptors, Lyn undergoes rapid phosphorylation and activation. LYN activation triggers a cascade of signaling events mediated by Lyn phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the receptor proteins, and subsequent recruitment and activation of other kinases including Syk, phosholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase. These kinases provide activation signals, which play critical roles in proliferation, Ca2+ mobilization and cell differentiation. Lyn plays an essential role in the transmission of inhibitory signals through phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in regulatory proteins such as C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3R1 | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R1 gene.
Function
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. The Pik3r1 gene locus encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit, as well as 55 and 50 kD regulatory subunits. It used to be thought that alternative splicing of this gene resulted in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. In fact, it has since been shown that the 55 and 50kD subunits have their own promotors within the gene locus Pik3r1.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Suppression specifically of the 85kD subunit in early murine embryoid body development results in a transient cell-cell adhesion deficiency, mediated by transient downregulation of the adhesion molecule integrin-beta1 (ITGB1).
Clinical significance
Mutations in PIK3R1 are implicated in cases of breast cancer.
Mutations in PIK3R1 are associated to SHORT syndrome.
Interactions
PIK3R1 has been shown to interact with:
ADAM12,
BCAR1,
CBLB,
CD117,
CD28,
CD7,
CENTG1,
CBL,
EPHA2,
EPOR,
ERBB3,
EZR,
FCGR2A,
GAB1,
GAB2,
Grb2,
HRAS,
IRS1
IRS2,
IL1R1,
JAK2,
KHDRBS1,
LTK,
LAT,
LCP2,
PIK3CD,
P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%206 | Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene. TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Its ligands include multiple diacyl lipopeptides derived from gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma and several fungal cell wall saccharides. After dimerizing with TLR2, the NF-κB intracellular signalling pathway is activated, leading to a pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immune response. TLR6 has also been designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286).
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to mediate cellular response to gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi, some viruses and even protozoa.
Interactions
TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with TLR2. Synergistic interactions of T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP4K1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the MAP4K1 gene. It is also known as HPK1 (Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1). The protein has been shown to play a role in JNK activation.
Interactions
MAP4K1 has been shown to interact with:
B-cell linker,
CRK,
CRKL,
Drebrin-like,
GRAP2,
Grb2,
Linker of activated T cells, and
NCK1.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%208 | Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene. TLR8 has also been designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family.
Function
TLR8 seems to function differently in humans and mice. Until recently, TLR8 was believed to be nonfunctional in mice, but it seems to counteract TLR7 activity
The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR7, on chromosome X. Recent research has also shown the expression of TLR8 in hippocampal interneurons, with yet unknown function.
TLR8 can recognize GU-rich single-stranded RNA. However, the presence of GU-rich sequences in the single-stranded RNA is not sufficient to stimulate TLR8. TLR8 recognizes G-rich oligonucleotides. TLR8 is activated by ssRNA and forms a dimer complex when uridine released from the degraded ssRNA binds at one active site in between the dimers and a short oligonucleotide binds to another active site |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%209 | Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 is expressed on endosomes internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated CpGs of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.
Function
The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs are transmembrane proteins, expressed on the cell surface and the endocytic compartment and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents and initiate signaling to induce production of cytokines necessary for the innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%2010 | Toll-like receptor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR10 gene. TLR10 has also been designated as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290).
TLR10 has not been extensively studied because it is a pseudogene in mice, though all other mammalian species contain an intact copy of the TLR10 gene. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 does not activate the immune system and has instead been shown to suppress inflammatory signaling on primary human cells. This makes TLR10 unique among the TLR family. TLR10 was thought to be an "orphan" receptor, however, recent studies have identified ligands for TLR10 and these include HIV-gp41. Ligands for TLR2 are potential ligands for TLR10.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity.
TLR10 is unique among the TLR family in having an anti-inflammatory function, rather than a pro-inflammatory function. This was discovered by over-expressing TLR10 in human cell lines and using antibody-mediated engagement of the receptor on primary human cells. When TLR10 is activated in this manner, it suppresses the amount of cyto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose%20mutarotase | Galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. This enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Leloir Pathway, which is involved in galactose metabolism. It belongs to family of aldose epimerases.
The two main amino acids in the enzyme active site are Glu 304, which acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base and abstracts a proton, and His 170, which acts as Bronsted-Lowry Acid to donate a proton to the galactose.
References
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aldose 1-epimerase (Galactose mutarotase) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F1 | Transcription factor E2F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family plays a crucial role in the control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins and is also a target of the transforming proteins of small DNA tumor viruses. The E2F proteins contain several evolutionarily conserved domains found in most members of the family. These domains include a DNA binding domain, a dimerization domain which determines interaction with the differentiation regulated transcription factor proteins (DP), a transactivation domain enriched in acidic amino acids, and a tumor suppressor protein association domain which is embedded within the transactivation domain. This protein and another 2 members, E2F2 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds preferentially to retinoblastoma protein pRB in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It can mediate both cell proliferation and p53-dependent/independent apoptosis.
Transcription
E2F1 promoter[PAX8] => E2F1
Interactions
E2F1 has been shown to interact with:
ARID3A,
CUL1,
Cyclin A1,
Cyclin A2,
GTF2H1,
MDM4,
NCOA6,
NDN,
NPDC1,
PURA,
PHB,
RB1,
RBL1,
SKP2,
SP1,
SP2,
SP3,
SP4,
TFDP1
TOPBP1,
TP53BP1, and
UBC.
See also
E2F
Retinoblastoma protein
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-G | HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene.
HLA-G belongs to the HLA nonclassical class I heavy chain paralogues. Classical HLA I proteins are found on all nucleated cells and express peptides in their peptide binding groove. They can express "self" peptides when the cell is healthy as well as foreign peptides when the cell is infected by a parasite or cancer. HLA-G is a nonclassical protein and serves a different function from classical HLA class I molecules, but it still expresses a nine amino acid peptide in its peptide binding groove. The third and ninth amino acid in the peptide sequence serve as anchor residues, and are thus conserved in all the peptides HLA-G bind to.
Structure
This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is coded for by 88 alleles. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Exon 7 and 8 are not translated due to a stop codon present in exon 6.
HLA-G can be expressed under at least seven isoforms through alternative splicing, called HLA-G1, HLA-G2,..., HLA-G7. The protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20law%20%28disambiguation%29 | "First Law" is a science fiction story by Isaac Asimov.
First law may also refer to:
Newton's first law of motion
First law of thermodynamics
Mendel's first law of segregation
See also
Second law (disambiguation)
Third law (disambiguation)
The First Law, a fantasy series by Joe Abercrombie
The First Law (film), a 1918 silent film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO1 | Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein and functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin, which is primarily associated with targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation, SUMO1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Several pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized.
Most cleft genes have a sumoylation component. Analysis of chromosomal anomalies in patients has led to the identification and confirmation of SUMO1 as a cleft lip and palate locus.
Interactions
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 has been shown to interact with:
C22orf25,
DAXX,
DNMT3B,
P53,
PIAS1,
PML,
SAE2,
SP1,
TDG,
TNFRSF1A,
TNFRSF6,
TOP2A,
TOP2B, and
UBE2I,
Role in the heart
Heart failure is a process by which the heart’s pumping ability is significantly weakened, so that the body is unable to get adequate circulation. A weakened heart results in symptoms of fatigue, decreased exe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX19 | T-box transcription factor TBX19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX19 gene.
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes.
This gene is the human ortholog of mouse Tbx19/Tpit gene. Studies in mouse show that Tpit protein is present only in the two pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs.
The Tpit gene is responsible for a neonatal form of acth deficiency and hypocortisolism.
Mutations in the human ortholog were found in patients with isolated deficiency of pituitary POMC-derived ACTH, suggesting an essential role for this gene in differentiation of the pituitary POMC lineage.
See also
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Burgundy%20Grands%20Crus | Grand Cru (great growth) is the highest level in the vineyard classification of Burgundy. There are a total of of Grand Cru vineyards—approximately 2% of Burgundy's of vineyards (excluding Beaujolais)—of which produce red wine and produce white wine. In 2010, 18,670 hectoliters of Burgundy Grand Cru wine was produced, corresponding to 2.5 million bottles, or just over 1.3% of the total wine production of Burgundy.
The origin of Burgundy's Grand crus can be traced to the work of the Cistercians who, from amongst their vast land holdings in the region, were able to delineate and isolate plots of land that produced wine of distinct character. Following the French Revolution many of these vineyards were broken up and sold as smaller parcels to various owners. The partible inheritance scheme outlined in the Napoleonic code, which specified that all inheritance must be equally divided among heirs, further contributed to the parceling of Burgundy's vineyards. This created situations such as the case of Clos Vougeot, a single vineyard run by the monks, that today is parceled into plots owned by nearly 80 different owners, some of whom only own enough vines to make a case of wine per vintage. In accordance with Appellation d'origine contrôlée laws, each of these owners is entitled to use the Grand Cru Clos de Vougeot designation on their labels, although the quality, style, price and reputation of each owner's wine can vary widely.
List of Grands Crus
See also
Burgundy wine
Li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20optimization | Traffic optimization are the methods by which time stopped in road traffic (particularly, at traffic signals) is reduced.
Need for traffic optimization
Texas Transportation Institute estimates travel delays of between 17–55 hours of delay per person per year relating to congestion on the streets. Traffic device optimization hence becomes a significant aspect of operations.
Techniques
Several techniques exist to reduce delay of traffic. Generally the algorithms attempt to reduce delays (user time), stops, exhaust gas emissions, or some other measure of effectiveness. Many optimization software are geared towards pre-timed coordinated systems.
Normally optimization of signals along a road is a challenging and expensive task, because the sources for traffic monitoring have been limited to inductive loops, cameras or manually counting. However, due to recent advances in information technology, portable devices with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication are becoming more common, enabling real-time continuous traffic monitoring and adjustments to traffic signal timing.
By placing sensors along roads, tracking Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices in passing vehicles, the solution is able to accurately detect and record how long it takes a car to drive along a corridor, segment by segment and in total. This provides historic data for traditional timing methods but also enables real-time feedback to changes in signal programs along with the ability to continuously detect traffic levels and t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%27s%20connectedness%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, Zariski's connectedness theorem (due to Oscar Zariski) says that under certain conditions the fibers of a morphism of varieties are connected. It is an extension of Zariski's main theorem to the case when the morphism of varieties need not be birational.
Zariski's connectedness theorem gives a rigorous version of the "principle of degeneration" introduced by Federigo Enriques, which says roughly that a limit of absolutely irreducible cycles is absolutely connected.
Statement
Suppose that f is a proper surjective morphism of varieties from X to Y such that the function field of Y is separably closed in that of X. Then Zariski's connectedness theorem says that the inverse image of any normal point of Y is connected. An alternative version says that if f is proper and f* OX = OY, then f is surjective and the inverse image of any point of Y is connected.
References
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20acetylcholine%20receptor%20M5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5}}
The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5, encoded by the gene, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins. It is coupled to Gq protein. Binding of the endogenous ligand acetylcholine to the M5 receptor triggers a number of cellular responses such as adenylate cyclase inhibition, phosphoinositide degradation, and potassium channel modulation. Muscarinic receptors mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. The clinical implications of this receptor have not been fully explored; however, stimulation of this receptor is known to effectively decrease cyclic AMP levels and downregulate the activity of protein kinase A (PKA).
Ligands
No highly selective agonists or antagonists for the M5 receptor have been discovered as of 2018, but several non-selective muscarinic agonists and antagonists have significant affinity for M5.
The lack of selective M5 receptor ligands is one of the main reasons that the medical community has such a limited understanding of the M5 receptors effects as the possibility that any and/or all effects of non-selective ligands may be due to interactions with other receptors can not be ruled out. Some data may be obtained by observing which effects are common among semi-selective ligands (ex. a ligand of M1 and M5, a ligand of M2 and M5, and a ligand of M3 and M5), but until both a selective agonist and a sel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTK2 | PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene. PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion (how cells stick to each other and their surroundings) and spreading processes (how cells move around). It has been shown that when FAK was blocked, breast cancer cells became less metastatic due to decreased mobility.
Function
The PTK2 gene encodes a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form among cells attaching to extracellular matrix constituents. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases that included PYK2, but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. It also includes a large FERM domain.
With the exception of certain types of blood cells, most cells express FAK. FAK tyrosine kinase activity can be activated, which plays a key important early step in cell migration. FAK activity elicits intracellular signal transduction pathways that promote the turn-over of cell contacts with the extracellular matrix, promoting cell migration. FAK is required during development, with loss of FAK resulting in lethality. It seems to be a paradox that FAK is not absolutely required for cell migration, and may play other roles in the cell, including the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53. At least four transcript variants encoding four diffe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (also known as JNK1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase and JNK family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various cell stimuli, and targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to cell stimuli. The activation of this kinase by tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is found to be required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. This kinase is also involved in UV radiation-induced apoptosis, which is thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested that this kinase play a key role in T cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Four alternately spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. MAPK8 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated.
Interactions
MAPK8 has been shown to interact with:
Activating transcription factor 2,
C-jun,
CRK,
DUSP10,
DUSP1,
DUSP22,
GSTP1,
IRS1,
ITCH,
MAP2K4,
MAP2K7,
MAP3K1
MAP3K2,
MAPK8IP1,
MAPK8IP3,
Myc,
REL,
SH3BP5, and
SPIB.
References
Further reading
External l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna%20da%20Siena | Barna da Siena, also known as Berna di Siena, was presumed to be a Sienese painter active from about 1330 to 1350.
The painter was first referred to by Lorenzo Ghiberti in his I Commentarii (mid 15th century) as a Sienese painter who painted several works in Tuscany, including many stories from the Old Testament in San Gimignano. Giorgio Vasari referred in the first edition of his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) to the Sienese painter ‘Berna’ who was responsible for frescos of Old Testament scenes in the Collegiata di San Gimignano. In the second edition of the Vite (1568) Vasari only connected the artist with the New Testament scenes in that church, dating them to the very end of Barna’s life, apparently to 1381.
Because of the wide variations in style and quality in the New Testament paintings in San Gimignano it is believed that they were the work of three or four distinct painters. It is further believed that Vasari's dating of the New Testament scenes was incorrect as on stylistic grounds they should be dated to the period 1330-1340s. Because of these problems with the identification of the artist a majority of scholars now believe that ‘Barna’ is a historical fiction. This conclusion has generated various theories on the authorship of the San Gimignano frescoes. The view is that the Collegiata frescoes and other panel paintings attributed to the artist are all closely linked to the work of followers of Simone Martini and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bostock | John Joseph Bostock (born 15 January 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Notts County.
Bostock made his professional debut for Crystal Palace at the age of 15. In 2008, he signed for Tottenham Hotspur for an initial £700,000. He played only four games for Tottenham, none of which were in the Premier League, spending most of his time on loan at various clubs in the English Football League, and later with Toronto FC. In 2013, Bostock was released and moved to Belgium, representing Royal Antwerp and OH Leuven. In summer 2016, he joined French side Lens where he stayed for one and a half seasons.
Born in England, Bostock represented the country up to under-19 level. In 2016, he chose to represent his ancestral Trinidad & Tobago at full international level, although he has yet to appear for them.
Club career
Crystal Palace
Bostock began his career with Crystal Palace at the age of five. At the age of 14 he was offered a contract by Spanish club Barcelona.
Bostock made his league debut on 29 October 2007 at the age of 15 years and 287 days, playing 20 minutes as a substitute for Ben Watson in a 2–0 defeat to Watford at Selhurst Park, making him Palace's youngest ever player. He also became the youngest ever Palace player to start a game, aged 15 years and 295 days, on 6 November 2007 against Cardiff City at Ninian Park.
Tottenham Hotspur
On 30 May 2008, Tottenham Hotspur announced the signing of Bostock on their club website. Cryst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20lipase | Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene.
Function
Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.
Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis. These enzymes are found in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of gastric cells. Gastric lipase is not the primary lipase needed for the majority of triglyceride hydrolysis. Outside of the stomach, gastric lipase can hydrolyze triacylglycerol in the duodenum with the help of other lipases and bile secretion. It is an essential enzyme for hydrolyzing milk fat globule membranes. For a newborn with an underdeveloped pancreas, LI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20phone%20novel | Cell phone novels, or , were literary works originally written on a cellular phone via text messaging. This type of literature originated in Japan, where it became a popular literary genre. However, its popularity also spread to other countries internationally, especially to China, United States, Germany, Italy and South Africa. Chapters usually consist of about 70–100 words each due to character limitations on cell phones.
Phone novels started out primarily read and authored by young women on the subject of romantic fiction such as relationships, lovers, rape, love triangles, and pregnancy. However, mobile phone novels gained worldwide popularity on broader subjects. Rather than appearing in printed form, the literature was typically sent directly to the reader via email, SMS text message, or subscription through an online writing and sharing website, chapter by chapter. Japanese Internet ethos regarding mobile phone novels is dominated by pen names and forged identities. Therefore, identities of the Japanese authors of mobile phone novels are rarely disclosed.
Japanese cell phone novels were also downloaded in short installments and run on handsets as Java-based mobile applications in three different formats: WMLD, JAVA and TXT. In 2007, 98 cell phone novels were published into books. Koizora was a popular phone novel with approximately 12 million views on-line, written by "Mika", that was not only published but turned into a movie.
Five out of the ten best selling novel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitrakinra | Pitrakinra (trade name Aerovant) is a 15-kDa human recombinant protein of wild-type human interleukin-4 (IL-4). It is an IL-4 and IL-13 antagonist that has been studied in a phase IIb clinical trial for the treatment of asthma. Two point mutations on pitrakinra (position 121 mutated from arginine to aspartic acid and position 124 mutated from tyrosine to aspartic acid) confer its ability to block signaling of IL-4 and interleukin-13 (IL-13) by preventing assembly of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) with either IL-2Rγ or IL-13Rα. Upregulation of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, is thought to be critical for the allergic inflammation associated with atopic diseases such as asthma and eczema. The targets of pitrakinra action are inflammatory cells (dendritic cells, Th2 cells, B cells) and structural cells (smooth muscle, endothelium, epithelium) that express IL-4Rα.
The drug has been applied both as a subcutaneous injection and as an inhalation, but the latter formulation proved to be more effective.
Mechanism of action
Asthma results from a dysregulated, hyperresponsive immune response in the airways. Some immune cells in allergic asthmatics respond aggressively to foreign allergens with the release of IL-4 and 13, two key mediators that initiate a cycle of inflammation in the lung. Pitrakinra is an antagonist of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain, a protein that is also part of IL-13. It thereby blocks the inflammatory effects of IL-4 and IL-13, interrupting the Th2 l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%20salt-dependent%20lipase | Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (or CEL) is an enzyme produced by the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase (or BSSL) is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk. BSDL has been found in the pancreatic secretions of all species in which it has been looked for. BSSL, originally discovered in the milk of humans and various other primates, has since been found in the milk of many animals including dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits.
Enzymatic activity
More than 95% of the fat present in human milk and in infant formulas is in the form of triacylglycerols (TG).
In adults, TGs are thought to be broken down or hydrolyzed mainly by the colipase-dependent lipase (CDL) enzyme. In the newborn, CDL activity in the duodenum is lower than in adults.
Both BSDL and BSSL have a broad substrate specificity and, like CDL, are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerides (in addition to phospholipids, esters of cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins). In particular, they can hydrolyze esters of the essential fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) and DHA. BSDL production in the newborn pancreas is quite low when compared with production in the mammary gland or adult pancreas.
However, newborn infants absorb lipids relatively well, considering the low level of CDL and BSDL they produce. This observation has led to the suggestion that BSDL produced by lactating mammary gland and present within milk, may compensate for the |
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