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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharmonic%20equation
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In mathematics, the biharmonic equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation which arises in areas of continuum mechanics, including linear elasticity theory and the solution of Stokes flows. Specifically, it is used in the modeling of thin structures that react elastically to external forces.
Notation
It is written as
or
or
where , which is the fourth power of the del operator and the square of the Laplacian operator (or ), is known as the biharmonic operator or the bilaplacian operator. In Cartesian coordinates, it can be written in dimensions as:
Because the formula here contains a summation of indices, many mathematicians prefer the notation over because the former makes clear which of the indices of the four nabla operators are contracted over.
For example, in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates the biharmonic equation has the form
As another example, in n-dimensional Real coordinate space without the origin ,
where
which shows, for n=3 and n=5 only, is a solution to the biharmonic equation.
A solution to the biharmonic equation is called a biharmonic function. Any harmonic function is biharmonic, but the converse is not always true.
In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the biharmonic equation is
which can be solved by separation of variables. The result is the Michell solution.
2-dimensional space
The general solution to the 2-dimensional case is
where , and are harmonic functions and is a harmonic conjugate of .
Just as h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins%20solution%20theory
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Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing. The result is an equation for the Gibbs free energy change for mixing a polymer with a solvent. Although it makes simplifying assumptions, it generates useful results for interpreting experiments.
Theory
The thermodynamic equation for the Gibbs energy change accompanying mixing at constant temperature and (external) pressure is
A change, denoted by , is the value of a variable for a solution or mixture minus the values for the pure components considered separately. The objective is to find explicit formulas for and , the enthalpy and entropy increments associated with the mixing process.
The result obtained by Flory and Huggins is
The right-hand side is a function of the number of moles and volume fraction of solvent (component ), the number of moles and volume fraction of polymer (component ), with the introduction of a parameter to take account of the energy of interdispersing polymer and solvent molecules. is the gas constant and is the absolute temperature. The volume fraction is analogous to the mole fraction, but is weighted to take account of the relative sizes of the molecules. For a small solute, the mole fractions would appear instead, and this modification is the innovation due to Flory and Huggins. In the most general case the mixing pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20selection%20model
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The general selection model (GSM) is a model of population genetics that describes how a population's allele frequencies will change when acted upon by natural selection.
Equation
The General Selection Model applied to a single gene with two alleles (let's call them A1 and A2) is encapsulated by the equation:
where:
is the frequency of allele A1
is the frequency of allele A2
is the rate of evolutionary change of the frequency of allele A2
are the relative fitnesses of homozygous A1, heterozygous (A1A2), and homozygous A2 genotypes respectively.
is the mean population relative fitness.
In words:
The product of the relative frequencies, , is a measure of the genetic variance. The quantity pq is maximized when there is an equal frequency of each gene, when . In the GSM, the rate of change is proportional to the genetic variation.
The mean population fitness is a measure of the overall fitness of the population. In the GSM, the rate of change is inversely proportional to the mean fitness —i.e. when the population is maximally fit, no further change can occur.
The remainder of the equation, , refers to the mean effect of an allele substitution. In essence, this term quantifies what effect genetic changes will have on fitness.
See also
Darwinian fitness
Hardy–Weinberg principle
Population genetics
References
Population genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20method
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In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta method. The Euler method is named after Leonhard Euler, who first proposed it in his book Institutionum calculi integralis (published 1768–1770).
The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error (error per step) is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error (error at a given time) is proportional to the step size.
The Euler method often serves as the basis to construct more complex methods, e.g., predictor–corrector method.
Geometrical description
Purpose and why it works
Consider the problem of calculating the shape of an unknown curve which starts at a given point and satisfies a given differential equation. Here, a differential equation can be thought of as a formula by which the slope of the tangent line to the curve can be computed at any point on the curve, once the position of that point has been calculated.
The idea is that while the curve is initially unknown, its starting point, which we denote by is known (see Figure 1). Then, from the differential equation, the slope to the curve at can be computed, and so, the tangent line.
Take a small step along that tangent line up
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Champion%20%281915%20film%29
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The Champion is a 1915 American silent comedy film released by Essanay Studios, starring Charles Chaplin alongside Edna Purviance and Leo White. Essanay co-owner and star, Broncho Billy Anderson can be seen as an enthusiastic audience member in the boxing match scene.
Plot
In this comedy, Charlie Chaplin has a companion—a pet bulldog. Walking along a street with his bulldog, Charlie finds a "good luck" horseshoe just as he passes the training camp of an enormous fighter named Spike Dugan. Outside the camp is a large, painted advertisement which states Dugan is seeking sparring partners "who can take a punch." After watching other better fighters be soundly beaten by Dugan, Charlie decides his best bet is to put the horseshoe inside his boxing glove. Using the loaded glove, Charlie connects with a solid punch and wins. The trainer prepares Charlie to fight the world champion. A gambler wants Charlie to throw the fight. He and the trainer's daughter fall in love.
Notes
In some versions of the film, an inter-title introducing the heavyweight boxers refers to Spike Dugan as "Spike Hennessey"—although the surname Dugan is clearly painted on the wall surrounding his training camp.
This was the second Chaplin film to focus on boxing. He had already made a comedy for Keystone Studios, titled The Knockout (1914), in which he was a secondary character—a boxing referee. In City Lights (1931) he would again play an outsized and outclassed pugilist.
Cast
Charles Chaplin as Chal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florigen
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Florigens (or flowering hormone) are proteins capable of inducing flowering time in Angiosperms. The prototypical florigen is encoded by the FT gene and its orthologs in Arabidopsis and other plants. Florigens are produced in the leaves, and act in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips.
Mechanism
For a plant to begin flowering, it must undergo changes in its shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, there are multiple environmental factors affecting the plant even before it begins this process — in particular, light. It is through "the evolution of both internal and external control systems that enables plants to precisely regulate flowering so that it occurs at the optimal time for reproductive success." The way the plant determines this optimal time is through day-night periods through the use of photoperiodism. Although it was originally thought that the accumulation of photosynthetic products controlled the flowering of plants, two men by the names of Wightman Garner and Henry Allard proved it was not. They instead found that it was a matter of day length rather than the accumulation of the products within the plants that affected their flowering abilities.
Flowering plants fall into two main photoperiodic response categories:
"Short-day plants (SDPs) flower only in short days (qualitative SDPs), or their flowering is accelerated by short days (quantitative SDPs)"
"Long-day plants (LDPs) flower only in long days (qualitative LDPs), or their flowering is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20vaporization
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In thermodynamics, the entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy upon vaporization of a liquid. This is always positive, since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from a liquid in a relatively small volume to a vapor or gas occupying a much larger space. At standard pressure , the value is denoted as and normally expressed in joules per mole-kelvin, J/(mol·K).
For a phase transition such as vaporization or fusion (melting), both phases may coexist in equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure, in which case the difference in Gibbs free energy is equal to zero:
where is the heat or enthalpy of vaporization. Since this is a thermodynamic equation, the symbol refers to the absolute thermodynamic temperature, measured in kelvins (K). The entropy of vaporization is then equal to the heat of vaporization divided by the boiling point:
According to Trouton's rule, the entropy of vaporization (at standard pressure) of most liquids has similar values. The typical value is variously given as 85 J/(mol·K), 88 J/(mol·K) and 90 J/(mol·K). Hydrogen-bonded liquids have somewhat higher values of
See also
Entropy of fusion
References
Thermodynamic entropy
Thermodynamic properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium%20deficiency
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Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959, and was widely accepted as being such by the 1990s. Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time.
The essentiality of chromium has been challenged. Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient, those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex. Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.
Signs and symptoms
The claimed symptoms of chromium deficiency caused by long-term total parenteral nutrition are severely impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion.
Diagnosis
According to the Dietary Reference Intake review, neither plasma nor urine concentrations can serve as useful clinical indicators of chromium status. Before chromium became a standard ingredient in total parenteral nutrition (TPN), people receiving TPN as their sole source of nutrition developed symptoms that were reversed within two weeks o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem%20for%20smooth%20manifolds
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In mathematics, a Riemann–Roch theorem for smooth manifolds is a version of results such as the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem or Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem (GRR) without a hypothesis making the smooth manifolds involved carry a complex structure. Results of this kind were obtained by Michael Atiyah and Friedrich Hirzebruch in 1959, reducing the requirements to something like a spin structure.
Formulation
Let X and Y be oriented smooth closed manifolds,
and f: X → Y a continuous map.
Let vf=f*(TY) − TX in the K-group
K(X).
If dim(X) ≡ dim(Y) mod 2, then
where ch is the Chern character, d(vf) an element of
the integral cohomology group H2(Y, Z) satisfying
d(vf) ≡ f* w2(TY)-w2(TX) mod 2,
fK* the Gysin homomorphism for K-theory,
and fH* the Gysin homomorphism for cohomology
.
This theorem was first proven by Atiyah and Hirzebruch.
The theorem is proven by considering several special cases.
If Y is the Thom space of a vector bundle V over X,
then the Gysin maps are just the Thom isomorphism.
Then, using the splitting principle, it suffices to check the theorem via explicit computation for line
bundles.
If f: X → Y is an embedding, then the
Thom space of the normal bundle of X in Y can be viewed as a tubular neighborhood of X
in Y, and excision gives a map
and
.
The Gysin map for K-theory/cohomology is defined to be the composition of the Thom isomorphism with these maps.
Since the theorem holds for the map from X to the Thom space of N,
and since the Chern chara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20and%20lower%20probabilities
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Upper and lower probabilities are representations of imprecise probability. Whereas probability theory uses a single number, the probability, to describe how likely an event is to occur, this method uses two numbers: the upper probability of the event and the lower probability of the event.
Because frequentist statistics disallows metaprobabilities, frequentists have had to propose new solutions. Cedric Smith and Arthur Dempster each developed a theory of upper and lower probabilities. Glenn Shafer developed Dempster's theory further, and it is now known as Dempster–Shafer theory or Choquet (1953).
More precisely, in the work of these authors one considers in a power set, , a mass function satisfying the conditions
In turn, a mass is associated with two non-additive continuous measures called belief and plausibility defined as follows:
In the case where is infinite there can be such that there is no associated mass function. See p. 36 of Halpern (2003). Probability measures are a special case of belief functions in which the mass function assigns positive mass to singletons of the event space only.
A different notion of upper and lower probabilities is obtained by the lower and upper envelopes obtained from a class C of probability distributions by setting
The upper and lower probabilities are also related with probabilistic logic: see Gerla (1994).
Observe also that a necessity measure can be seen as a lower probability and a possibility measure can be seen as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20balance
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The concept of nitrogen balance dictates that the difference between nitrogen intake and loss reflects gain or loss of total body protein respectively. If more nitrogen (protein) is given to the patient than is lost, the patient is considered to be anabolic or “in positive nitrogen balance."
Nitrogen Balance = Nitrogen intake - Nitrogen loss
Blood urea nitrogen can be used in estimating nitrogen balance, as the urea concentration in urine.
Nitrogen Balance and Protein Metabolism
Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, the molecular building blocks of protein. Therefore, measuring nitrogen inputs and losses can be used to study protein metabolism.
Positive nitrogen balance is associated with periods of growth, hypothyroidism, tissue repair, and pregnancy. Because of this, the intake of nitrogen into the body is greater than the loss of nitrogen from the body, so there is an increase in the total body pool of protein.
Negative nitrogen balance is associated with burns, serious tissue injuries, fever, hyperthyroidism, wasting diseases, and periods of fasting. This means that the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body is greater than the amount of nitrogen ingested. A negative nitrogen balance can be used as part of a clinical evaluation of malnutrition.
Nitrogen balance is the traditional method of measuring dietary protein requirements. Determining dietary protein requirements using nitrogen balance requires that all nitrogen inputs and losses are carefull
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20meter
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A Q meter is a piece of equipment used in the testing of radio frequency circuits. It has been largely replaced in professional laboratories by other types of impedance measuring devices, though it is still in use among radio amateurs. It was developed at Boonton Radio Corporation in Boonton, New Jersey in 1934 by William D. Loughlin.
Description
A Q meter measures the quality factor of a circuit, Q, which expresses how much energy is dissipated per cycle in a non-ideal reactive circuit:
This expression applies to an RF and microwave filter, bandpass LC filter, or any resonator. It also can be applied to an inductor or capacitor at a chosen frequency. For inductors
Where is the reactance of the inductor, is the inductance, is the angular frequency and is the resistance of the inductor. The resistance represents the loss in the inductor, mainly due to the resistance of the wire. A Q meter works on the principle of series resonance.
For LC band pass circuits and filters:
Where is the resonant frequency (center frequency) and is the filter bandwidth. In a band pass filter using an LC resonant circuit, when the loss (resistance) of the inductor increases, its Q factor is reduced, and so the bandwidth of the filter is increased. In a coaxial cavity filter, there are no inductors and capacitors, but the cavity has an equivalent LC model with losses (resistance) and the Q factor can be applied as well.
Operation
Internally, a minimal Q meter consists of a tuneable RF g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Kida
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is a Japanese voice actress. Her voice-over credits include the Japanese dub voices of Dexter in Dexter's Laboratory, Swayzak from Toonami, and Dib Membrane in Invader Zim.
Notable roles
1994
Omakase Scrappers as Akira
Yamato Takeru as Kiriomi
1995
El Hazard: The Wanderers as Crayna-Crayna
Fushigi Yûgi as Young Hotohori
Magical Girl Pretty Sammy as Gunman Girl (ep. 10)
1998
Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! MAX as Zen Kusanagi
Cowboy Bebop as Cain
El Hazard: The Alternative World as Klenna Klenna (ep. 15)
1999
Detective Conan as Takada Tomohiro (ep. 149)
2002
Hanada Shōnen Shi as Machida-sensei
2003
Midnight Horror School as Juno; Mr. X
2006
Kiba as Guljef
Films
Porco Rosso (1992)
Ultra Nyan: Hoshizora Kara Maiorita Fushigi Neko as Mamoru (1997)
Video games
Power Stone 2 as Pete (2000)
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as Anastasia (2010)
Dubbing roles
Live-action
Apollo 13 as Mary (Tracy Reiner)
The Bone Collector (2002 TV Asahi edition) as Nurse Thelma (Queen Latifah)
The Butler as Gloria Gaines (Oprah Winfrey)
Deception as Detective Russo (LisaGay Hamilton)
Die Hard with a Vengeance as Officer Jane
Double Jeopardy as Evelyn Lake (Davenia McFadden)
Doubt as Mrs. Miller (Viola Davis)
The Fast and the Furious as Letty Ortiz (Michelle Rodriguez)
Forrest Gump as Louise (Margo Moorer)
The Help as Aibileen Clark (Viola Davis)
Power Rangers Lost Galaxy as Hexuba
Reality Bites as Vickie Miner (Janeane Garofalo)
Sphere as Alice "Teeny" Fletcher (Queen Latifah)
Animation
Cinderella as Ana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20theorem%20%28game%20theory%29
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In game theory, folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games . The original Folk Theorem concerned the payoffs of all the Nash equilibria of an infinitely repeated game. This result was called the Folk Theorem because it was widely known among game theorists in the 1950s, even though no one had published it. Friedman's (1971) Theorem concerns the payoffs of certain subgame-perfect Nash equilibria (SPE) of an infinitely repeated game, and so strengthens the original Folk Theorem by using a stronger equilibrium concept: subgame-perfect Nash equilibria rather than Nash equilibria.
The Folk Theorem suggests that if the players are patient enough and far-sighted (i.e. if the discount factor ), then repeated interaction can result in virtually any average payoff in an SPE equilibrium. "Virtually any" is here technically defined as "feasible" and "individually rational".
Setup and definitions
We start with a basic game, also known as the stage game, which is an n-player game. In this game, each player has finitely many actions to choose from, and they make their choices simultaneously and without knowledge of the other player's choices. The collective choices of the players leads to a payoff profile, i.e. to a payoff for each of the players. The mapping from collective choices to payoff profiles is known to the players, and each player aims to maximize their payoff. If the collective choice is denoted by x, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomeria%20cipher
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The Cryptomeria cipher, also called C2, is a proprietary block cipher defined and licensed by the 4C Entity. It is the successor to CSS algorithm (used for DVD-Video) and was designed for the CPRM/CPPM digital rights management scheme which are used by DRM-restricted Secure Digital cards and DVD-Audio discs.
Cipher details
The C2 symmetric key algorithm is a 10-round Feistel cipher. Like DES, it has a key size of 56 bits and a block size of 64 bits. The encryption and decryption algorithms are available for peer review, but implementations require the so-called "secret constant", the values of the substitution box (S-box), which are only available under a license from the 4C Entity.
The 4C Entity licenses a different set of S-boxes for each application (such as DVD-Audio, DVD-Video and CPRM).
Cryptanalysis
In 2008, an attack was published against a reduced 8-round version of Cryptomeria to discover the S-box in a chosen-key scenario. In a practical experiment, the attack succeeded in recovering parts of the S-box in 15 hours of CPU time, using 2 plaintext-ciphertext pairs.
A paper by Julia Borghoff, Lars Knudsen, Gregor Leander and Krystian Matusiewicz in 2009 breaks the full-round cipher in three different scenarios; it presents a 224 time complexity attack to recover the S-box in a chosen-key scenario, a 248 boomerang attack to recover the key with a known S-box using 244 adaptively chosen plaintexts/ciphertexts, and a 253.5 attack when both the key and S-box are unkn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20petrosal%20nerve
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The greater petrosal nerve (or greater superficial petrosal nerve) is a nerve of the head mainly containing pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres which ultimately synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. It branches from the facial nerve (CN VII) and is derived from the parasympathetic part of the nervus intermedius component of CN VII, with its cell bodies located in the superior salivary nucleus. In the connective tissue substance of the foramen lacerum, the greater petrosal nerve unites with the (sympathetic) deep petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal which proceeds to the pterygopalatine ganglion.
It forms part of a chain of nerves that provide secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland and mucosal glands of nasal cavity and palate.
Structure
Origin
Parasympathetic component
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres arise in the superior salivary nucleus of the pontine tegmentum. They join with general somatic sensory and special sensory fibres to form the nervus intermedius. The nervus intermedius exits the cranial cavity at the internal auditory meatus, and joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. While preganglionic parasympathetic fibres pass through the geniculate ganglion, they neither synapse, nor have their cell bodies located there.
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres exit the geniculate ganglion as the greater petrosal nerve.
Gustatory sensory component
The greater petrosal nerve also conveys some specia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism%20in%20Bundelkhand
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Bundelkhand, a region in central India, has been an ancient center of Jainism. It covers northern part of Madhya Pradesh and south western part of Uttar Pradesh.
Bundelkhand was known as Dasharna or Jaijakabhukti in ancient times. The Betwa (Vetravati) and Dhasan (Dasharna) rivers flow through it.
It is one of the few regions in India where Jainism has a strong presence and influence. There are many ancient tirthas in Bundelkhand region. Many of the modern scholars and monks of Jainism belong to this region.
Prominent tirthas
Many of the famous Jain tirthas, Vidisha, Deogarh, Lalitpur, Karguanji (Jhansi), Chanderi, Kundalpur, Khajuraho, Aharji, Paporaji, Drongir (Chhatarpur), Sonagir, Nainagiri, Badagaon, Pateriaji, Nisaiji etc. are in this region.
Jain communities
Bundelkhand is home to several Jain communities:
Parwar
Golapurva
Golalare
Teranpanthi (including Samaiya, Charanagare and Ayodhyavasi)
Kathanera (also known as Kathanere)
The Khandelwals were originally from Rajasthan, but they have been present in Bundelkhand since ancient times.
Navalsah Chanderia in 1768 in his Vardhamana Purana mentioned 11 communities that were partly Jain. These include:
Grihapati
Nema
Asati
A few among them are still Jain and follow the Teranpanthi sect.
The Bhadavar region (Bhind, Morena, Etawah) is adjacent to Bundelkhand and is home to some like:
Barhiya
Golalare
Kharaua
Padmavati Purwar
Lamenchu
Jaiswal
Golsinghare
Budhele
Gallery
See also
Mula Sangh
Balatkara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Euler%20equations
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In classical mechanics, the Newton–Euler equations describe the combined translational and rotational dynamics of a rigid body.
Traditionally the Newton–Euler equations is the grouping together of Euler's two laws of motion for a rigid body into a single equation with 6 components, using column vectors and matrices. These laws relate the motion of the center of gravity of a rigid body with the sum of forces and torques (or synonymously moments) acting on the rigid body.
Center of mass frame
With respect to a coordinate frame whose origin coincides with the body's center of mass for τ(torque) and an inertial frame of reference for F(force), they can be expressed in matrix form as:
where
F = total force acting on the center of mass
m = mass of the body
I3 = the 3×3 identity matrix
acm = acceleration of the center of mass
vcm = velocity of the center of mass
τ = total torque acting about the center of mass
Icm = moment of inertia about the center of mass
ω = angular velocity of the body
α = angular acceleration of the body
Any reference frame
With respect to a coordinate frame located at point P that is fixed in the body and not coincident with the center of mass, the equations assume the more complex form:
where c is the location of the center of mass expressed in the body-fixed frame,
and
denote skew-symmetric cross product matrices.
The left hand side of the equation—which includes the sum of external forces, and the sum of external moments about P—describes a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20thermodynamics
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In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. These techniques are relevant to any situation requiring prediction from incomplete or insufficient data (e.g., image reconstruction, signal processing, spectral analysis, and inverse problems). MaxEnt thermodynamics began with two papers by Edwin T. Jaynes published in the 1957 Physical Review.
Maximum Shannon entropy
Central to the MaxEnt thesis is the principle of maximum entropy. It demands as given some partly specified model and some specified data related to the model. It selects a preferred probability distribution to represent the model. The given data state "testable information" about the probability distribution, for example particular expectation values, but are not in themselves sufficient to uniquely determine it. The principle states that one should prefer the distribution which maximizes the Shannon information entropy,
This is known as the Gibbs algorithm, having been introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1878, to set up statistical ensembles to predict the properties of thermodynamic systems at equilibrium. It is the cornerstone of the statistical mechanical analysis of the thermodynamic properties of equilibrium systems (see partition function)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20recombinant%20proteins
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The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature. A much larger number of recombinant proteins is used in the research laboratory. These include both commercially available proteins (for example most of the enzymes used in the molecular biology laboratory), and those that are generated in the course specific research projects.
Human recombinants that largely replaced animal or harvested from human types
Medicinal applications
Human growth hormone (rHGH): Humatrope from Lilly and Serostim from Serono replaced cadaver harvested human growth hormone
human insulin (BHI): Humulin from Lilly and Novolin from Novo Nordisk among others largely replaced bovine and porcine insulin for human therapy. Some prefer to continue using the animal-sourced preparations, as there is some evidence that synthetic insulin varieties are more likely to induce hypoglycemia unawareness. Remaining manufacturers of highly purified animal-sourced insulin include the U.K.'s Wockhardt Ltd. (headquartered in India), Argentina's Laboratorios Beta S.A., and China's Wanbang Biopharma Co.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as a recombinant gonadotropin preparation replaced Serono's Pergonal which was previously isolated from post-menopausal female urine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20E.%20Bliss
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Henry Evelyn Bliss (January 29, 1870 – August 9, 1955) was the author of a classification system he called Bibliographic Classification which is often abbreviated to BC and is sometimes called Bliss Classification. He was named one of the 100 most important leaders in the field of library and Information science in the 20th century by American Libraries in December 1999, which praised his “subject approach to information” as “one of the most flexible ever conceived.” Despite these praises, Bliss was “met with apathy and even derision in his efforts” during his lifetime. His classification system was generally disregarded in favor of other more established classification systems such as the Dewey Decimal System created by Melvil Dewey and the Library of Congress Classification system, causing “more than one author” to label him as a, “prophet without honor.” Although Bliss was an American, his system was more popular in British libraries than in American libraries. A second edition of the system has been developed in the United Kingdom in 1977. Several volumes have been published.
Life
Henry Bliss was born in New York City. The son of Henry H. Bliss and Evalina Matilda Davis. He became the deputy librarian of City College of the City University of New York, now known as the City College of New York, in 1891, where he worked until he retired in 1940. Bliss never obtained a degree of higher education yet he was extremely erudite and well learned. He was also a poet and pub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leray%27s%20theorem
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In algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, Leray's theorem (so named after Jean Leray) relates abstract sheaf cohomology with Čech cohomology.
Let be a sheaf on a topological space and an open cover of If is acyclic on every finite intersection of elements of , then
where is the -th Čech cohomology group of with respect to the open cover
References
Bonavero, Laurent. Cohomology of Line Bundles on Toric Varieties, Vanishing Theorems. Lectures 16-17 from "Summer School 2000: Geometry of Toric Varieties."
Sheaf theory
Theorems in algebraic geometry
Theorems in algebraic topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Rham%E2%80%93Weil%20theorem
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In algebraic topology, the De Rham–Weil theorem allows computation of sheaf cohomology using an acyclic resolution of the sheaf in question.
Let be a sheaf on a topological space and a resolution of by acyclic sheaves. Then
where denotes the -th sheaf cohomology group of with coefficients in
The De Rham–Weil theorem follows from the more general fact that derived functors may be computed using acyclic resolutions instead of simply injective resolutions.
References
Homological algebra
Sheaf theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20interest%20rate
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The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor, saver or lender receives (or expects to receive) after allowing for inflation. It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation, which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.
If, for example, an investor were able to lock in a 5% interest rate for the coming year and anticipated a 2% rise in prices, they would expect to earn a real interest rate of 3%. The expected real interest rate is not a single number, as different investors have different expectations of future inflation. Since the inflation rate over the course of a loan is not known initially, volatility in inflation represents a risk to both the lender and the borrower.
In the case of contracts stated in terms of the nominal interest rate, the real interest rate is known only at the end of the period of the loan, based on the realized inflation rate; this is called the ex-post real interest rate. Since the introduction of inflation-indexed bonds, ex-ante real interest rates have become observable.
Compensation for lending
An individual who lends money for repayment at a later point in time expects to be compensated for the time value of money, or not having the use of that money while it is lent. In addition, they will want to be compensated for the expected value of the loss of purchasing power when the loan is repaid. These expected losses include the possibility that the borrower
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20protein
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Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar rotation, however, is powered by a proton pump.
Cellular functions
Motor proteins are the driving force behind most active transport of proteins and vesicles in the cytoplasm. Kinesins and cytoplasmic dyneins play essential roles in intracellular transport such as axonal transport and in the formation of the spindle apparatus and the separation of the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Axonemal dynein, found in cilia and flagella, is crucial to cell motility, for example in spermatozoa, and fluid transport, for example in trachea. The muscle protein myosin "motors" the contraction of muscle fibers in animals.
Diseases associated with motor protein defects
The importance of motor proteins in cells becomes evident when they fail to fulfill their function. For example, kinesin deficiencies have been identified as the cause for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and some kidney diseases. Dynein deficiencies can lead to chronic infections of the respiratory tract as cilia fail to function without dynein. Numerous myosin deficiencies are related to disease states and genetic syndromes. Because myosin II is essential for muscle contraction, defects in muscular myosin predictably cause myopathies. Myosin is necessary in the process of hearing because of its role in the growth of stereocilia so defects in m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolein
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Monolein (protein) is a kind of protein
Monolein (typeface) is a typeface distributed by T26 Digital Type Foundry, used in the Silicon Graphics graphic norm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Wills
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Christopher J. Wills (born 1938) is Professor Emeritus of Biology at UCSD.
He received his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley. As a Guggenheim Fellow, he worked at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, on protein chemistry and evolution.
He is the author of The Runaway Brain: The Evolution of Human Uniqueness (1994), Children Of Prometheus, The Accelerating Pace Of Human Evolution (1999), The Spark Of Life: Darwin And The Primeval Soup (2001) and The Darwinian Tourist: Viewing the World Through Evolutionary Eyes (late 2010). Children of Prometheus was a finalist for the Aventis Prize in 2000. He received the 1998 Award for the Public Understanding of Science and Technology from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
References
External links
UCSD page
1938 births
Living people
Human evolution theorists
American biochemists
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose%206-phosphatase
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The enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9, G6Pase; systematic name D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose:
D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate
Glucose is then exported from the cell via glucose transporter membrane proteins. This catalysis completes the final step in gluconeogenesis and therefore plays a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels.
Glucose 6-phosphatase is a complex of multiple component proteins, including transporters for G6P, glucose, and phosphate. The main phosphatase function is performed by the glucose 6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. In humans, there are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit: glucose 6-phosphatase-α, encoded by G6PC; IGRP, encoded by G6PC2; and glucose 6-phosphatase-β, encoded by G6PC3.
Glucose 6-phosphatase-α and glucose 6-phosphatase-β are both functional phosphohydrolases, and have similar active site structure, topology, mechanism of action, and kinetic properties with respect to G6P hydrolysis. In contrast, IGRP has almost no hydrolase activity, and may play a different role in stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion.
Structure and function
Although a clear consensus has not been reached, a large number of scientists adhere to a substrate-transport model to account for the catalytic properties of glucose 6-phosphatase. In this model, glucose 6-phosphatase has a low degr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20angiography
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Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography is used to generate images of arteries (and less commonly veins) in order to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing), occlusions, aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture) or other abnormalities. MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (the latter exam is often referred to as a "run-off").
Acquisition
A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures of blood vessels, both arteries and veins, based on flow effects or on contrast (inherent or pharmacologically generated). The most frequently applied MRA methods involve the use intravenous contrast agents, particularly those containing gadolinium to shorten the T1 of blood to about 250 ms, shorter than the T1 of all other tissues (except fat). Short-TR sequences produce bright images of the blood. However, many other techniques for performing MRA exist, and can be classified into two general groups: 'flow-dependent' methods and 'flow-independent' methods.
Flow-dependent angiography
One group of methods for MRA is based on blood flow. Those methods are referred to as flow dependent MRA. They take advantage of the fact that the blood within vessels is flowing to distinguish the vessels from other static tissue. That way, images of the vasculatu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalluria
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Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test. Crystalluria is considered often as a benign condition and as one of the side effects of sulfonamides and penicillins.
The main reason for the identification of urinary crystals is to detect the presence of the relatively few abnormal types that may represent a disease.
Clinical significance
It can be an indication of urolithiasis.
It may be relevant when there is presence of specific abnormal types of crystals (cystine, cholesterol, leucine, tyrosine, etc.) and that may be a sign of metabolic or liver disorders such as cystinuria.
Microcrystallization is irritating to the uroepithelium and can lead to symptoms including dysuria, frequency, urgency, and urinary incontinence, as well as hematuria, just like in urinary tract infection.
References
External links
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal%20programming
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Goal programming is a branch of multiobjective optimization, which in turn is a branch of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It can be thought of as an extension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally conflicting objective measures. Each of these measures is given a goal or target value to be achieved. Deviations are measured from these goals both above and below the target. Unwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimised in an achievement function. This can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the goal programming variant used. As satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision maker(s), an underlying satisficing philosophy is assumed. Goal programming is used to perform three types of analysis:
Determine the required resources to achieve a desired set of objectives.
Determine the degree of attainment of the goals with the available resources.
Providing the best satisfying solution under a varying amount of resources and priorities of the goals.
History
Goal programming was first used by Charnes, Cooper and Ferguson in 1955, although the actual name first appeared in a 1961 text by Charnes and Cooper. Seminal works by Lee, Ignizio, Ignizio and Cavalier, and Romero followed. Schniederjans gives in a bibliography of a large number of pre-1995 articles relating to goal programming, and Jones and Tamiz give an annotated bibliography of the period 1990-2000. A recent textbook by Jones and Tamiz . g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20cleaning
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Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound (usually from 20 to 40 kHz) to agitate a fluid, with a cleaning effect. Ultrasonic cleaners come in a variety of sizes, from small desktop units with an internal volume of less than , to large industrial units with volumes approaching 1,000 litres (260 US gal).
The principle of the ultrasonic cleaning machine is to convert the sound energy of the ultrasonic frequency source into mechanical vibration through the transducer. The vibration generated by the ultrasonic wave is transmitted to the cleaning liquid through the cleaning tank wall so that the micro-bubbles in the liquid in the tank can keep vibrating under the action of the sound wave, destroying and separating the dirty adsorption on the surface of the object.
Depending on the object being cleaned, the process can be very rapid, completely cleaning a soiled item in minutes. In other instances, cleaning can be slower, and exceed 30 minutes.
Ultrasonic cleaners are used to clean many different types of objects, including industrial parts, jewelry, scientific samples, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental and surgical instruments, tools, coins, fountain pens, golf clubs, fishing reels, window blinds, firearm components, car fuel injectors, musical instruments, gramophone records, industrial machined parts, and electronic equipment, optical lenses, etc. They are used in many jewelry workshops, watchmakers' establishments, electronic repair workshops, and sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain%20%28disambiguation%29
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Boatswain is the seniormost rate of the deck department.
Boatswain or bosun may also refer to:
Occupations
Boatswain's mate (United States Navy), a job classification in the United States Navy
Boatswain's mate (United States Coast Guard), a job classification in the United States Coast Guard
Boatswain, a position on yacht racing crews
Boatswain, the highest petty officer in Sea Scouting
Animals
Boatswain (bird), any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius
Boatswain Bird Island, a small uninhabited island and nature reserve home to many endemic species of bird off the coast of Ascension Island
Equipment
Bosun, the NATO reporting name for the Soviet Tupolev Tu-14 bomber
Bosun (dinghy), a type of sailing dinghy
Bosun's chair, a type of harness that allows a crewmember to climb into the rigging and work safely on the sails, halyards, or other rigging
Boatswain's call, a pipe or whistle used to issue commands on board ship
The arts
The Boatswain, a minor character in Shakespeare's The Tempest
Boatswain, a Newfoundland dog kept by Lord Byron, who honored him by the poem "Epitaph to a Dog"
Surname
Jacqueline Boatswain (born 1962), English actress
Quinton Boatswain (born 1990), Montserratian cricketer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomic%20search
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In computer science, a dichotomic search is a search algorithm that operates by selecting between two distinct alternatives (dichotomies) at each step. It is a specific type of divide and conquer algorithm. A well-known example is binary search.
Abstractly, a dichotomic search can be viewed as following edges of an implicit binary tree structure until it reaches a leaf (a goal or final state). This creates a theoretical tradeoff between the number of possible states and the running time: given k comparisons, the algorithm can only reach O(2k) possible states and/or possible goals.
Some dichotomic searches only have results at the leaves of the tree, such as the Huffman tree used in Huffman coding, or the implicit classification tree used in Twenty Questions. Other dichotomic searches also have results in at least some internal nodes of the tree, such as a dichotomic search table for Morse code. There is thus some looseness in the definition. Though there may indeed be only two paths from any node, there are thus three possibilities at each step: choose one onwards path or the other, ''or' stop at this node.
Dichotomic searches are often used in repair manuals, sometimes graphically illustrated with a flowchart similar to a fault tree.
See also
Binary search algorithm
References
xlinux.nist.gov, Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures: Dichotomic search
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures: Dichotomic search
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Aubel%27s%20theorem
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In plane geometry, Van Aubel's theorem describes a relationship between squares constructed on the sides of a quadrilateral. Starting with a given convex quadrilateral, construct a square, external to the quadrilateral, on each side. Van Aubel's theorem states that the two line segments between the centers of opposite squares are of equal lengths and are at right angles to one another. Another way of saying the same thing is that the center points of the four squares form the vertices of an equidiagonal orthodiagonal quadrilateral. The theorem is named after Belgian mathematician Henricus Hubertus (Henri) Van Aubel (1830–1906), who published it in 1878.
The theorem holds true also for re-entrant quadrilaterals, and when the squares are constructed internally to the given quadrilateral. For complex (self-intersecting) quadrilaterals, the external and internal constructions for the squares are not definable. In this case, the theorem holds true when the constructions are carried out in the more general way:
follow the quadrilateral vertices in a sequential direction and construct each square on the right hand side of each side of the given quadrilateral.
Follow the quadrilateral vertices in the same sequential direction and construct each square on the left hand side of each side of the given quadrilateral.
The segments joining the centers of the squares constructed externally (or internally) to the quadrilateral over two opposite sides have been referred to as Van Aubel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna%20chyli
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The cisterna chyli or receptaculum chyli (chy·li pronounced: ˈkī-ˌlī) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct in most mammals into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. It receives fatty chyle from the intestines and thus acts as a conduit for the lipid products of digestion. It is the most common drainage trunk of most of the body's lymphatics. The cisterna chyli is a retroperitoneal structure.
Structure
In humans, the cisterna chyli is located posterior to the abdominal aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L2). There it forms the beginning of the primary lymph vessel, the thoracic duct, which transports lymph and chyle from the abdomen via the aortic opening of the diaphragm up to the junction of left subclavian vein and internal jugular veins.
Other animals
In dogs, the cisterna chyli is located to the left and often ventral to the aorta; in cats it is left and dorsal; in guinea pigs it runs to the left and drains into the left innominate vein.
Gallery
See also
Lymphatic system
References
External links
- "Posterior Abdominal Wall: The Cisterna Chyli"
Diagram at ccri.edu at ccri.edu
Lymphatics of the torso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20mixing
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In thermodynamics, the entropy of mixing is the increase in the total entropy when several initially separate systems of different composition, each in a thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium, are mixed without chemical reaction by the thermodynamic operation of removal of impermeable partition(s) between them, followed by a time for establishment of a new thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium in the new unpartitioned closed system.
In general, the mixing may be constrained to occur under various prescribed conditions. In the customarily prescribed conditions, the materials are each initially at a common temperature and pressure, and the new system may change its volume, while being maintained at that same constant temperature, pressure, and chemical component masses. The volume available for each material to explore is increased, from that of its initially separate compartment, to the total common final volume. The final volume need not be the sum of the initially separate volumes, so that work can be done on or by the new closed system during the process of mixing, as well as heat being transferred to or from the surroundings, because of the maintenance of constant pressure and temperature.
The internal energy of the new closed system is equal to the sum of the internal energies of the initially separate systems. The reference values for the internal energies should be specified in a way that is constrained to make this so, maintaining also that the internal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperino
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Peperino is an Italian word describing a brown or grey volcanic tuff, containing fragments of basalt and limestone, with disseminated crystals of augite, mica, magnetite, leucite, and other similar minerals. The name originally referred to the dark-colored inclusions, suggestive of peppercorns.
The typical peperino occurs in the Alban Hills and in Soriano nel Cimino, near Rome, and was used by the ancient Romans under the name of lapis albanus as a building stone and for the basins of fountains.
Other tuffs and conglomerates in Auvergne and elsewhere are also called peperino. In English the word has sometimes been written "peperine".
Lazian peperino is a cousin to piperno tuff from Campania.
References
Igneous petrology
Igneous rocks
Pyroclastic rocks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa%20Istanbul
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The Borsa İstanbul (abbreviated as BIST) is the sole exchange entity of Turkey combining the former Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) (), the Istanbul Gold Exchange () and the Derivatives Exchange of Turkey () under one umbrella. It was established as an incorporated company with a founding capital of 423,234,000 (approx. US$240 million) on April 3, 2013, and began to operate on April 5, 2013. Its slogan is worth investing.
Shareholders of Borsa İstanbul are: 49% Government of Turkey, 41% IMKB, 5% VOB, 4% IMKB members, 1% IMKB brokers and 0.3% IAB members. It is planned that all the Government-owned shares will be offered for sale. Among the executives of the nine-member board of directors, which is presided by chairman Himmet Karadağ, are former deputy chairman of ISE Osman Akyüz, former head of VOB Işınsu Kestelli, Merrill Lynch Investment Bank General Manager Hüseyin Kelezoğlu and Chairman of Turkish Association of Capital Market Intermediary Institutions Attila Köksal.
History
Early days of the securities market in Turkey
The origin of an organized securities market in Turkey has its roots in the second half of the 19th century. The first securities market in the Ottoman Empire was established in Istanbul in 1866 for refinancing the Ottoman foreign debt taken during the Crimean War (1853–1856) through government bonds. With a law in 1873 it was formally renamed as the Dersaadet Securities Exchange (Turkish: Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası). It created a medium for European in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Axon
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John Axon GC (4 December 1900 – 9 February 1957) was an English train driver from Stockport (Edgeley Depot) who died while trying to stop a runaway freight train on a 1 in 58 gradient at Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire after a brake failure. The train consisted of an ex-LMS Stanier Class 8F 2-8-0 No. 48188 hauling 33 wagons and a brake van.
Life
John Axon was born on 4 December 1900 in Stockport, Cheshire. On leaving school he became an apprentice painter and decorator. In 1919 he joined the London and North Western Railway as a cleaner, later becoming a fireman. From 1921 he was an engine driver, serving with the London, Midland and Scottish Railway from 1923, and British Railways after 1948.
Accident
On the outward trip from Stockport to Buxton on 9 February 1957, Driver Axon had noticed a leak from the supply to the locomotive steam brake and had requested and received fitter's attention at the Buxton depot. On the return trip from Buxton to Stockport, the repair did not hold and the brake pipe fractured, disabling the locomotive steam brake and filling the cab with scalding steam, making it very difficult and painful for Axon and the fireman, Ron Scanlon, to reach the controls. Despite this, Axon and Scanlon managed to partly close the regulator and screw down the engine's tender brakes to negligible effect. The inability to use the locomotive's whistle meant that the crew of the banking engine at the rear of Axon's train remained unaware of the problems at the front a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Luzio
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J Paul Luzio FMedSci (born 15 August 1947) is a British biologist who is Professor of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge, and was Master of St Edmund's College, Cambridge until 2014, as well as Director of the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research.
He was a student at Clare College, Cambridge reading Natural Sciences (Part II Biochemistry) as an undergraduate and studying for a Ph.D. in the Department of Biochemistry. After a period in Cardiff as a lecturer of medical biochemistry at the Welsh National School of Medicine, he returned to Cambridge where he became a lecturer in clinical biochemistry. He was subsequently promoted to Reader and then Professor.
Luzio's research is largely concerned with intracellular membrane traffic pathways in mammalian cells and his research group is funded by a programme grant from the Medical Research Council and project grant support from the Wellcome Trust.
He is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.
References
http://www.cimr.cam.ac.uk/
https://web.archive.org/web/20111108143021/http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/fellows/individuals/index.php?recid=75
Living people
1947 births
Masters of St Edmund's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
20th-century British biologists
21st-century British biologists
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington%20Gardens%2C%20South%20Australia
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Kensington Gardens is an eastern suburb of Adelaide, in the City of Burnside. It includes a large recreational park, Kensington Wama, or Kensington Gardens Reserve.
History
Inhabited by the Kaurna people before settlement by Europeans, the area became known as Pile's Paddock, after James Pile, who was born in the county of Yorkshire, England, in 1800 and arrived in South Australia in 1849.
Pile's Paddock was popular as a picnic ground for a long time, before part of the land was reserved as a public recreation ground in perpetuity, as originally suggested by a Mr H.J. Holden, a member of the Tramways Trust, on condition that a tramline be run to the ground. This is now the large recreational park, Kensington Wama, or Kensington Gardens Reserve, also referred to as Kensington Gardens, created around 1908–1909 and occupying . Stonyfell Creek runs through the park. The south-eastern corner and part of South Terrace were once part of a Kaurna burial ground.
In 1906 the Bank of New South Wales obtained section 271 from William Pile and subdivided it in 1910, with the suburb renamed to Kensington Gardens around 1910, after Kensington Gardens in London.
A tramline for electric trams, part of the network of Adelaide trams and on the first line of the network to be electrified in 1909, was built as an extension to the Kensington Line, which had terminated The Parade/Gurrs Road intersection. The extension was built to serve the recently created reserve.
An annual sweet-pea exhibi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20relationship
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In statistics, there is a negative relationship or inverse relationship between two variables if higher values of one variable tend to be associated with lower values of the other. A negative relationship between two variables usually implies that the correlation between them is negative, or — what is in some contexts equivalent — that the slope in a corresponding graph is negative. A negative correlation between variables is also called anticorrelation or inverse correlation.
Negative correlation can be seen geometrically when two normalized random vectors are viewed as points on a sphere, and the correlation between them is the cosine of the arc of separation of the points on the sphere. When this arc is more than a quarter-circle (θ > π/2), then the cosine is negative. Diametrically opposed points represent a correlation of –1 = cos(π). Any two points not in the same hemisphere have negative correlation.
An example would be a negative cross-sectional relationship between illness and vaccination, if it is observed that where the incidence of one is higher than average, the incidence of the other tends to be lower than average. Similarly, there would be a negative temporal relationship between illness and vaccination if it is observed in one location that times with a higher-than-average incidence of one tend to coincide with a lower-than-average incidence of the other.
A particular inverse relationship is called inverse proportionality, and is given by where k > 0 is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20search%20results
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In Web search engines, organic search results are the query results which are calculated strictly algorithmically, and not affected by advertiser payments. They are distinguished from various kinds of sponsored results, whether they are explicit pay per click advertisements, shopping results, or other results where the search engine is paid either for showing the result, or for clicks on the result.
Background
The Google, Yahoo!, Bing and Sogou search engines insert advertising on their search results pages. In U.S. law, advertising must be distinguished from organic results. This is done with various differences in background, text, link colors, and/or placement on the page. However, a 2004 survey found that a majority of search engine users could not distinguish the two.
Because so few ordinary users (38% according to Pew Research Center) realized that many of the highest placed "results" on search engine results pages (SERPs) were ads, the search engine optimization industry began to distinguish between ads and natural results. The perspective among general users was that all results were, in fact, "results." So the qualifier "organic" was invented to distinguish non-ad search results from ads. It has been used since at least 2004.
Because the distinction is important (and because the word "organic" has many metaphorical uses) the term is now in widespread use within the search engine optimization and web marketing industry. As of July 2009, the term "organic search" i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword%20density
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Keyword density is the percentage of times a keyword or phrase appears on a web page compared to the total number of words on the page. In the context of search engine optimization, keyword density can be used to determine whether a web page is relevant to a specified keyword or keyword phrase.
In the late 1990s, the early days of search engines, keyword density was an important factor in page ranking. However, as webmasters discovered how to implement optimum keyword density, search engines began giving priority to other factors beyond the direct control of webmasters. Today, the overuse of keywords, a practice called keyword stuffing, will cause a web page to be penalized.
The formula to calculate your keyword density on a web page for SEO purposes is , where Nkr is how many times you repeated a specific keyword, and Tkn the total words in the analyzed text. The result is a keyword density value. When calculating keyword density, ignore html tags and other embedded tags which will not appear in the text of the page once published.
When calculating the density of a keyword phrase, the formula would be , where Nwp is the number of words in the phrase. So, for example, for a four-hundred word page about search engine optimization where "search engine optimization" is used four times, the keyword phrase density is (4*3/400)*100 or 3 percent.
From a mathematical viewpoint, the original concept of keyword density refers to the frequency (Nkr) of appearance of a keyword in a d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Obreshkov
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Nikola Dimitrov Obreshkov (; March 6, 1896 in VarnaAugust 11, 1963 in Sofia) was a prominent Bulgarian mathematician, working in complex analysis.
See also
Obreschkoff–Ostrowski theorem
References
European Mathematics Society Newsletter No. 51 (PDF), page 28.
Nikola Obrechkoff
20th-century Bulgarian mathematicians
1896 births
1963 deaths
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
People from Varna, Bulgaria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAIL
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In the field of cell biology, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis.
TRAIL is a cytokine that is produced and secreted by most normal tissue cells. It causes apoptosis primarily in tumor cells, by binding to certain death receptors. TRAIL and its receptors have been used as the targets of several anti-cancer therapeutics since the mid-1990s, such as Mapatumumab. However, as of 2013, these have not shown significant survival benefit. TRAIL has also been implicated as a pathogenic or protective factor in various pulmonary diseases, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension.
TRAIL has also been designated CD253 (cluster of differentiation 253) and TNFSF10 (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10).
Gene
In humans, the gene that encodes TRAIL is located at chromosome 3q26, which is not close to other TNF family members. The genomic structure of the TRAIL gene spans approximately 20 kb and is composed of five exonic segments 222, 138, 42, 106, and 1245 nucleotides and four introns of approximately 8.2, 3.2, 2.3 and 2.3 kb.
The TRAIL gene lacks TATA and CAAT boxes and the promoter region contains putative response elements for transcription factors GATA, AP-1, C/EBP, SP-1, OCT-1, AP3, PEA3, CF-1, and ISRE.
The TRAIL gene as a drug target
TIC10 (which causes expression of TRAIL) was investigated in mice with various tumour types.
Small molecule ONC201 causes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Dahl
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Crystal Dahl is a Canadian actress, perhaps best known for her role as Crystal Smith in the drama-comedy television series Dead Like Me, and the subsequent film Dead Like Me: Life After Death. She was born in New Westminster, British Columbia at the Royal Columbian Hospital.
Dahl appeared in an uncredited role in the new Outer Limits series in the seventh season episode Rule of Law. She has an uncredited precision driving situation in 3000 Miles to Graceland and also appears in Scary Movie 3 demonstrating a Mother Teresa bobblehead.
She has appeared in Jack N Box, Bar None and Cat Swallows Parakeet and Speaks.
Her stage credits include: The Grand Old Duke of York and Can You See Me Yet?
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from New Westminster
Actresses from British Columbia
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Boy%20Lost%20%281978%20film%29
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Little Boy Lost is a 1978 Australian drama film starring Nathan Dawes as Stephen Walls, John Hargreaves as Jacko Walls, Lorna Lesley as Dorrie Walls, Tony Barry as Constable O'Dea and Steve Dodd as William Stanley, the Aboriginal tracker. The spelling of Steven Walls’s name was changed to “Stephen” in the movie.
Johnny Ashcroft and Gay Kayler performed the vocals on the movie sound track, also a specially recorded version of the Little Boy Lost hit song, which is played at the end of the film.
Scenes were shot on location in Guyra, Tubbamurra and Narrabeen, New South Wales, Australia.
The World Premiere was held in Armidale, New South Wales.
Johnny Ashcroft and Gay Kayler sang the Little Boy Lost song from the movie live on stage to Nathan Dawes and his stand-in, Toshi Bourke, son of Terry Bourke (movie director).
Synopsis
The film is based on the true story of a missing Australian child, Steven Walls (played by Dawes). After his disappearance, a massive search is organized across the Guyra area as its citizens spring into action.
The problem in finding Steven is that he was taught not to speak to strangers, and is afraid of those who attempt to speak to him. He does not know that the crowds of people attempting to make contact are not enemies, but have volunteered to find him.
Four days elapse and hope of his rescue diminishes. A group of searchers finally spot the boy and are able to convince him that they are there to help him get back home to his family.
Producti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle%20poison
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A spindle poison, also known as a spindle toxin, is a poison that disrupts cell division by affecting the protein threads that connect the centromere regions of chromosomes, known as spindles. Spindle poisons effectively cease the production of new cells by interrupting the mitosis phase of cell division at the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). However, as numerous and varied as they are, spindle poisons are not yet 100% effective at ending the formation of tumors (neoplasms). Although not 100% effective, substantive therapeutic efficacy has been found in these types of chemotherapeutic treatments. The mitotic spindle is composed of microtubules (polymerized tubulin) that aid, along with regulatory proteins, each other in the activity of appropriately segregating replicated chromosomes. Certain compounds affecting the mitotic spindle have proven highly effective against solid tumors and hematological malignancies.
Two specific families of antimitotic agents — vinca alkaloids and taxanes — interrupt the cell’s division by the agitation of microtubule dynamics. The vinca alkaloids work by causing the inhibition of the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, resulting in the G2/M arrest within the cell cycle and eventually cell death. In contrast, the taxanes arrest the mitotic cell cycle by stabilizing microtubules against depolymerization. Even though numerous other spindle proteins exist that could be the target of novel chemotherapeutics, tubulin-binding agents are th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal
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Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO. It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid. It is a reactive compound that is implicated in the biology of diabetes. Methylglyoxal is produced industrially by degradation of carbohydrates using overexpressed methylglyoxal synthase.
Chemical structure
Gaseous methylglyoxal has two carbonyl groups, an aldehyde and a ketone. In the presence of water, it exists as hydrates and oligomers. The formation of these hydrates is indicative of the high reactivity of MGO, which is relevant to its biological behavior.
Biochemistry
Biosynthesis and biodegradation
In organisms, methylglyoxal is formed as a side-product of several metabolic pathways. Methylglyoxal mainly arises as side products of glycolysis involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. It is also thought to arise via the degradation of acetone and threonine. Illustrative of the myriad pathways to MGO, aristolochic acid caused 12-fold increase of methylglyoxal from 18 to 231 μg/mg of kidney protein in poisoned mice. It may form from 3-aminoacetone, which is an intermediate of threonine catabolism, as well as through lipid peroxidation. However, the most important source is glycolysis. Here, methylglyoxal arises from nonenzymatic phosphate elimination from glyceraldehyde phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), two intermediates of glycolysis. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotropic%20crystal
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A liquid crystal phase is thermotropic if its order parameter is determined by temperature. At high temperatures, liquid crystals become an isotropic liquid and at low temperatures, they tend to glassify. In a thermotropic crystal, those phase transitions occur only at temperature extremes; the phase is insensitive to concentration.
Most thermotropic liquid crystals are composed of rod-like molecules, and admit nematic, smectic, or cholesterolic phases.
References
See also
Thermochromism
Thermotropic liquid crystals
External links
What are Liquid Crystals?
Liquid crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Classification%20of%20Health%20Interventions
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The International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) is a system of classifying procedure codes being developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is currently available as a beta 3 release. The components for clinical documentation are stable. The component on public health interventions is in the process of being finalized.
Updates on development and status of the classification are listed on WHO home page.
History
The WHO began development of ICHI in 2012 as a replacement for International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM), which was a system of classifying procedure codes published from 1978. ICPM, however, never received the same international acceptance as ICD-9. Due to difficulties in the consultation processes, development of the ICPM effectively stopped in 1989. As a result, nations would go on to develop their own individual classifications for procedures and interventions incompatible with the ICPM approach. Germany's OPS-301 is based on the Dutch extension of ICPM; the ICPM-DE.
The ICHI's framework is designed to allow international comparison of data from the known national interventions classifications, and as a system for clinical documentation of individual interventions.
Identifiers
ICHI is using letters to identify a procedure. For example, code EAA.AD.AA is for Biopsy of Pituitary gland. A decimal number following a 3rd decimal point will serve to identify individual interventions and methods within one category.
Relatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyman%20Faratin
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Peyman Faratin (born September 16, 1965) is an Iranian/American computer scientist, and the founder of Robust Links, an Internet company building algorithms for creating and processing a knowledge graph.
Background
Peyman completed his PhD in computer science under the supervision of Prof. Nicholas R. Jennings and Prof. Carles Sierra. He made significant contributions in the area of artificial intelligence, particularly to automated negotiation in multi-agent systems. He was then a research scientist at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (CSAIL) laboratory, working with David D. Clark in the Advanced Network Architecture group.
Peyman has over eighteen years of experience in design and implementation of online marketplaces. He graduated from University of London (EECS department) in 2000 completing his doctoral thesis on algorithms for online bargaining and auction mechanisms, with application to business process management and supply chain management in telecommunication domains. Between 2000 and 2008 he was a researcher at MIT (Computer Science and AI Lab and Sloan School of Management) working with David Clark (the chief Internet protocol architect between 81 and 89) on design, analysis and implementation of various online market mechanisms for multi-scaled provisioning, control and access problems to IP networks. Work included design of various markets at both layer 3 and 7 applications. Dr. Faratin joined Strands Inc. as VP of innovation in 2008, where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20leukemia
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T-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemia which affect T cells.
Types include:
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
In practice, it can be hard to distinguish T-cell leukemia from T-cell lymphoma, and they are often grouped together.
References
External links
Lymphocytic leukemia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriques%E2%80%93Kodaira%20classification
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In mathematics, the Enriques–Kodaira classification is a classification of compact complex surfaces into ten classes. For each of these classes, the surfaces in the class can be parametrized by a moduli space. For most of the classes the moduli spaces are well understood, but for the class of surfaces of general type the moduli spaces seem too complicated to describe explicitly, though some components are known.
Max Noether began the systematic study of algebraic surfaces, and Guido Castelnuovo proved important parts of the classification. described the classification of complex projective surfaces. later extended the classification to include non-algebraic compact surfaces. The analogous classification of surfaces in positive characteristic was begun by and completed by ; it is similar to the characteristic 0 projective case, except that one also gets singular and supersingular Enriques surfaces in characteristic 2, and quasi-hyperelliptic surfaces in characteristics 2 and 3.
Statement of the classification
The Enriques–Kodaira classification of compact complex surfaces states that every nonsingular minimal compact complex surface is of exactly one of the 10 types listed on this page; in other words, it is one of the rational, ruled (genus > 0), type VII, K3, Enriques, Kodaira, toric, hyperelliptic, properly quasi-elliptic, or general type surfaces.
For the 9 classes of surfaces other than general type, there is a fairly complete description of what all the surfaces l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Kansas%20Natural%20History%20Museum
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The University of Kansas Natural History Museum is part of the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, a KU designated research center dedicated to the study of the life of the planet.
The museum's galleries are in Dyche Hall on the university's main campus in Lawrence, Kansas. The galleries are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday and noon to 4 p.m. on Sundays. Dyche Hall has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 14, 1974; it was listed for its connection with Lewis Lindsay Dyche and for its distinctive Romanesque style of architecture. The exterior is constructed of local Oread Limestone, while the window facings, columns, arches, and grotesques are carved from Cottonwood Limestone. Dyche Hall is also the site of one of only three Victory Eagle statues in Kansas, once used as markers on the Victory Highway.
Among its more than 350 separate exhibits, the museum is famous for its Panorama of North American Wildlife, part of which represented Kansas in the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago, and was the impetus for the funding and construction of Dyche Hall and its Natural History Museum between 1901 and 1903. Modeled after a church in France, Dyche Hall was designed to house the Panorama in the "apse" of the entrance gallery. The museum is also renowned for Comanche, the only survivor on the U.S. Cavalry side of the Battle of the Little Bighorn; for its extensive exhibits of plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, pterosaurs, and o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantanone
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Adamantanone is the ketone of adamantane. A white solid, it is prepared by oxidation of adamantane. It is a precursor to several adamantane derivatives.
Adamantanone and some related polycyclic ketones, are reluctant to form enolates. This barrier arises because the resulting carbanion cannot exist in conjugation with the carbonyl pi-bond.
References
Adamantanes
Ketones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLITRK1
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SLITRK1 ("SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 1") is a human gene that codes for a transmembrane and signalling protein that is part of the SLITRK gene family, which is responsible for synapse regulation and presynaptic differentiation in the brain. Expression of the gene has been linked to early formation of excitatory synapses through binding with receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP (LAR-RPTP). Various studies over the years have linked mutations in the gene to conditions on the OCD spectrum, Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania, however the mutations in the genome itself vary greatly between individuals, with most mutations observed being hard to find in repeat studies.
Members of the SLITRK family, such as SLITRK1, are integral membrane proteins with 2 N-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains similar to those of SLIT proteins (see SLIT1; MIM 603742). Most SLITRKs, but not SLITRK1, also have C-terminal regions that share homology with neurotrophin receptors (see NTRK1; MIM 191315). SLITRKs are expressed predominantly in neural tissues and have neurite-modulating activity (Aruga et al., 2003).
Gene
The gene for SLITRK1 is located on chromosome 13q31.1. The gene is expressed only in the brain of humans. The mRNA can differ from alternative splicing, and contains domains for the extracellular matrix as well as for the LRRs. Mice contain an ortholog of the gene called Slitrk1.
Protein structure
SLITRK1 contains 2 horseshoe shaped leucine rich repeat domains (LRRs) in i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomaltase
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Isomaltase () is an enzyme that breaks the bonds linking saccharides, which cannot be broken by amylase or maltase. It digests polysaccharides at the alpha 1-6 linkages. Its substrate, alpha-limit dextrin, is a product of amylopectin digestion that retains its 1-6 linkage (its alpha 1-4 linkages having already been broken down by amylase). The product of the enzymatic digestion of alpha-limit dextrin by isomaltase is maltose.
Isomaltase helps amylase to digest alpha-limit dextrin to produce maltose. The human sucrase-isomaltase is a dual-function enzyme with two GH31 domains, one serving as the isomaltase, the other as a sucrose alpha-glucosidase.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of sucrase-isomaltase is oligosaccharide 6-alpha-glucohydrolase. This enzyme is also known as:
Sucrase-alpha-dextrinase
oligo-1,6-glucosidase,
limit dextrin,
so maltase,
exo-oligo-1,6-glucosidase,
dextrin 6alpha-glucanohydrolase,
alpha-limit dextrin,
dextrin 6-glucanohydrolase, and
oligosaccharide alpha-1,6-glucohydrolase.
Mechanism
This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by enzyme EC 3.2.1.1.
Hydrolysis uses water to cleave chemical bonds. Sucrase-isomaltase’s mechanism results in a net retention of configuration at the anomeric center.
External links
References
Hydrolases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohlraum
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In radiation thermodynamics, a hohlraum (a non-specific German word for a "hollow space" or "cavity") is a cavity whose walls are in radiative equilibrium with the radiant energy within the cavity. This idealized cavity can be approximated in practice by making a small perforation in the wall of a hollow container of any opaque material. The radiation escaping through such a perforation will be a good approximation to black-body radiation at the temperature of the interior of the container.
Inertial confinement fusion
The indirect drive approach to inertial confinement fusion is as follows: the fusion fuel capsule is held inside a cylindrical hohlraum. The hohlraum body is manufactured using a high-Z (high atomic number) element, usually gold or uranium.
Inside the hohlraum is a fuel capsule containing deuterium and tritium (D-T) fuel. A frozen layer of D-T ice adheres inside the fuel capsule.
The fuel capsule wall is synthesized using light elements such as plastic, beryllium, or high density carbon, i.e. diamond. The outer portion of the fuel capsule explodes outward when ablated by the x-rays produced by the hohlraum wall upon irradiation by lasers. Due to Newton's third law, the inner portion of the fuel capsule implodes, causing the D-T fuel to be supercompressed, activating a fusion reaction.
The radiation source (e.g., laser) is pointed at the interior of the hohlraum rather than at the fuel capsule itself. The hohlraum absorbs and re-radiates the energy as X-rays
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif%20Shtokalo
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Josif Zakharovich Shtokalo (; November 16, 1897 – January 5, 1987) was a famous Ukrainian mathematician. Shtokalo worked mainly in the areas of differential equations, operational calculus and the history of mathematics.
Investigation of the Stability of Lindstedt's Equation Using Shtokalo’s Method by Samuel Kohn contains a description of Shotkalo's method in English.
References
1897 births
1987 deaths
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Ukrainian mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/495%20Eulalia
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Eulalia (minor planet designation: 495 Eulalia) is a minor planet, specifically an asteroid orbiting in the asteroid belt. Eulalia is very near the 3:1 Jupiter orbital resonance.
It is possible that the disruption of Eulalia's parent body resulted in a mass bombardment of the Earth and Moon 800 million years ago, forming the Copernicus crater on the Moon and involving about 50 times the amount of material of the Chicxulub impact on Earth at the beginning of the Cryogenian geological period.
References
External links
Lightcurve plot of 495 Eulalia, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2012)
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
Background asteroids
Eulalia
Eulalia
19021025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cave%20%28Ohio%29
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The Crystal Cave is a limestone cave located in Put-in-Bay, Ohio, located on South Bass Island in Lake Erie.
In 1887, Gustav Heineman emigrated from Baden-Baden, Germany, to Put-in-Bay, Ohio, where he established a winery. In 1897 he dug a well beneath his winery and discovered a large vug at a depth of 30 feet (10 m). On exploring the cave he found the cave walls covered with extremely large and well-developed tabular crystals identified as celestine, a form of strontium sulfate.
The original cave was much smaller than it is today, as much of the celestine was mined for the manufacturing of red fireworks, which get their color from the presence of strontium cations as pyrotechnic colorant. However, Mr. Heineman decided to stop the mining and turn the property into a tourist attraction. Due to the Crystal Cave, the Heineman winery survived prohibition because of tourist revenues.
As of 2016, the Crystal Cave is open for tourism, where celestine crystals of up to 3 feet (1 m) in width can be viewed. The crystals form extensive linings on the limestone walls of the 30 foot (10 m) deep cave.
References
External links
Heineman's winery and crystal cave
The Giant Crystal Project
Caves of Ohio
Show caves in the United States
Limestone caves
Landforms of Ottawa County, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Ottawa County, Ohio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20Oriola
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701 Oriola is a main belt asteroid. This C-type asteroid shows possible broad absorption which may be explained by either magnesium-rich amorphous pyroxene or crystalline silicate. This likely accounts for the relatively high albedo as an outer-belt asteroid.
References
External links
Background asteroids
Oriola
Oriola
C-type asteroids (Tholen)
19100712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield%20Knox
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Westfield Knox (formerly known as Knox City Shopping Centre) is a shopping centre, outdoor entertainment and professional services complex in the outer eastern Melbourne suburb of Wantirna South, in the Australian state of Victoria. The centre opened on 9 November 1977 with 88 stores and 2300 parking spaces.
There are over 350 stores and over 6300 free car parking spaces, making the centre the third-largest in Australia, and Scentre Group's second-largest centre in Victoria in terms of gross leasable area, behind Westfield Fountain Gate. There is also a seven-floor office tower at the southern side of the centre, as well as low-rise offices dotting the O-Zone precinct, an indoor food court, and an outdoor restaurant strip mall. In October 2012, the Westfield Group acquired AMP's share of the centre and was subsequently rebranded as Westfield Knox.
History
Planning for the development of the shopping centre commenced in 1972 when McIntyre, McIntyre and Partners Pty. Ltd. won a $30 million tender from the AMP Society to design the new complex in Wantirna South. Their successful design led to the construction of a Brutalist style building. Architect Peter McIntyre was given the Buildings Award Medal by the Victorian Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1978 for the design of Knox City Shopping Centre.
Construction commenced in 1975 when the shopping centre was originally going to be named "Studwood Shopping Centre", however this name was later abandone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Oleinik
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Olga Arsenievna Oleinik (also as Oleĭnik) HFRSE () (2 July 1925 – 13 October 2001) was a Soviet mathematician who conducted pioneering work on the theory of partial differential equations, the theory of strongly inhomogeneous elastic media, and the mathematical theory of boundary layers. She was a student of Ivan Petrovsky. She studied and worked at the Moscow State University.
She received many prizes for her remarkable contributions: the Chebotarev Prize in 1952; the State Prize 1988; the Petrowsky Prize in 1995; and the Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995. Also she was member of several foreign academies of sciences, and earned several honorary degrees.
Life
On 2 May 1985 Olga Oleinik was awarded the laurea honoris causa by the Sapienza University of Rome, jointly with Fritz John.
Work
Research activity
She authored more than 370 mathematical publications and 8 monographs, as the sole author or in collaboration with others: her work covers algebraic geometry, the theory of partial differential equations where her work enlightened various aspects, elasticity theory and boundary layers theory.
Teaching activity
She was an enthusiast and very active teacher, advising the thesis of 57 "candidates".
Selected publications of Olga Oleinik
. An important paper where the author describes generalized solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations as BV functions.
. An important paper where the author constructs a weak solution in BV for a nonlinear pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Chebotaryov
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Nikolai Grigorievich Chebotaryov (often spelled Chebotarov or Chebotarev, , ) ( – 2 July 1947) was a Soviet mathematician. He is best known for the Chebotaryov density theorem.
He was a student of Dmitry Grave, a Russian mathematician. Chebotaryov worked on the algebra of polynomials, in particular examining the distribution of the zeros. He also studied Galois theory and wrote a textbook on the subject titled Basic Galois Theory.
His ideas were used by Emil Artin to prove the Artin reciprocity law.
He worked with his student Anatoly Dorodnov on a generalization of the quadrature of the lune, and proved the conjecture now known as the Chebotaryov theorem on roots of unity.
Early life
Nikolai Chebotaryov was born on 15 June 1894 in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). He entered the department of physics and mathematics at Kyiv University in 1912. In 1928 he became a professor at Kazan University, remaining there for the rest of his life. He died on 2 July 1947. He was an atheist. On 14 May 2010 a memorial plaque for Nikolai Chebotaryov was unveiled on the main administration building of I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University.
References
1894 births
1947 deaths
People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Russian atheists
Ukrainian mathematicians
Number theorists
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Stal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Awschalom
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David D. Awschalom (born 1956 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States) is an American condensed matter experimental physicist. He is best known for his work in spintronics in semiconductors.
Awschalom graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign with a B.Sc. in physics. He received a Ph.D. in experimental physics from Cornell University. He is the director of the Chicago Quantum Exchange and a Liew Family Professor in Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering (PME). He previously served as the director of the California Nanosystems Institute and was a professor in the physics department at the University of California, Santa Barbara as well as an associated faculty member in the department of electrical and computer engineering. He has a Hirsch number of 96.
Awards and honors
elected Fellow of the American Physical Society (1992)
Oliver E. Buckley Prize by the American Physical Society (2005)
Agilent Europhysics Prize by the European Physical Society (2005)
elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006)
elected member of National Academy of Sciences (2007)
Turnbull Lectureship Award from the Materials Research Society (2010)
elected member of National Academy of Engineering (2011)
References
External links
Official Biographical Info
Buckley Prize press release
Europhysics Prize
1956 births
Living people
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Cornell University alumni
21st-c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboteer
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The word roboteer refers to those with interests or careers in robotics. It dates back to the 1930s and is also used in 'Future Shock' (1970).
The term roboteer was used by Barbara Krasnov for a story on Deb Huglin, owner of the Robotorium, Inc., in New York City in the early 1980s. Huglin was a lightweight-robotics applications consultant, sculptor, and repatriation archeologist. Huglin worked with Jim Henson on the design and uses of the robotic mit controller for his experimental television series "Fraggle Rock". Huglin died in a fall in the wilderness near Hemet, California in 2008.
See also
Roboticist
References
External links
Debbie the Roboteer on IMDB.
Robotics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabnam
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Jharna Basak (born 17 August 1946), known by her stage name Shabnam, is a Bangladeshi–Pakistani stage and film actress. Actor Waheed Murad introduced her to the Pakistani film industry by offering her a lead role in his film Samundar in 1968. Shabnam remained active in Lollywood in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. She has been nominated for Nigar awards several times, winning it 13 times (the most for an actress). She has appeared in over 150 films films. She was a leading actress in the Pakistani film industry for 28 years.
Shabnam migrated from East to West Pakistan in 1968, and lived in the country until the late 1990s, later she returned to her native Bangladesh.
Early life
Shabnam was born on 17 August 1946 in Dhaka, in the erstwhile British India in a Bengali Hindu family. Her father was Nani Basak, a football referee from Dhaka. As a young girl, she was more adventurous and tomboyish in nature in comparison to her sister, who was into singing. She would still practice dance moves. She was offered a role in a movie as a supporting dancer, thus beginning her career in arts.
Career
Shabnam began her career when her father got her admitted into the Bulbul Lalitakala Academy. A close friend of her father got her a role in a dance sequence in the movie "Ei Desh Tomar Amar". Her next role was as a dancer in the movie "Rajdhanir Bukey". When the song became a hit, the audience requested that she be cast as a lead actress. That was when she starred in her Bengali debut film as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal%20deoxynucleotidyl%20transferase
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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), also known as DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (DNTT) or terminal transferase, is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cells. TdT adds N-nucleotides to the V, D, and J exons of the TCR and BCR genes during antibody gene recombination, enabling the phenomenon of junctional diversity. In humans, terminal transferase is encoded by the DNTT gene. As a member of the X family of DNA polymerase enzymes, it works in conjunction with polymerase λ and polymerase μ, both of which belong to the same X family of polymerase enzymes. The diversity introduced by TdT has played an important role in the evolution of the vertebrate immune system, significantly increasing the variety of antigen receptors that a cell is equipped with to fight pathogens. Studies using TdT knockout mice have found drastic reductions (10-fold) in T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity compared with that of normal, or wild-type, systems. The greater diversity of TCRs that an organism is equipped with leads to greater resistance to infection. Although TdT was one of the first DNA polymerases identified in mammals in 1960, it remains one of the least understood of all DNA polymerases. In 2016–18, TdT was discovered to demonstrate in trans template dependant behaviour in addition to its more broadly known template independent behaviour
TdT is absent in fetal liver HSCs, significantly impairing junct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Cooke
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Charles Cooke (born 14 October 1942) is a Scottish former footballer. He played as a winger for Aberdeen, Dundee, Chelsea and Crystal Palace, before ending his career in the United States.
Club career
Cooke began his professional career with Aberdeen in 1960 and moved to Dundee in December 1964, where he was voted player of the year. He signed for Chelsea in April 1966 for a then club record of £72,000 as part of manager Tommy Docherty's restructuring of the Chelsea side. He made his debut in May 1966 during a 2–0 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup win over FC Barcelona. On his league debut the following season against West Ham United, Cooke waltzed past England's World Cup-winning captain Bobby Moore en route to scoring the winner for Chelsea. Cooke took the place of Bert Murray on the right wing as several players were replaced owing to a growing rift between Docherty and his players. He proved a versatile player when the post World Cup tactics limited the use of wingers and he was often played in a deeper right midfield position behind Tommy Baldwin who had replaced George Graham in a direct swap between Chelsea and Arsenal. His debut season saw Chelsea reach the FA Cup final against Tottenham Hotspur (Cooke's cross had created Tony Hateley's winner for Chelsea in the semi-final against Leeds United). Cooke had a shot tipped over the bar by Pat Jennings early on, but Chelsea generally underperformed and lost 2–1.
In the early 1970s, Cooke was one of the star players in a flamboyant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GENERIC%20formalism
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In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, GENERIC is an acronym for General Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling. It is the general form of dynamic equation for a system with both reversible and irreversible dynamics (generated by energy and entropy, respectively). GENERIC formalism is the theory built around the GENERIC equation, which has been proposed in its final form in 1997 by Miroslav Grmela and Hans Christian Öttinger.
GENERIC equation
The GENERIC equation is usually written as
Here:
denotes a set of variables used to describe the state space. The vector can also contain variables depending on a continuous index like a temperature field. In general, is a function , where the set can contain both discrete and continuous indexes. Example: for a gas with nonuniform temperature, contained in a volume ()
, are the system's total energy and entropy. For purely discrete state variables, these are simply functions from to , for continuously indexed , they are functionals
, are the derivatives of and . In the discrete case, it is simply the gradient, for continuous variables, it is the functional derivative (a function )
the Poisson matrix is an antisymmetric matrix (possibly depending on the continuous indexes) describing the reversible dynamics of the system according to Hamiltonian mechanics. The related Poisson bracket fulfills the Jacobi identity.
the friction matrix is a positive semidefinite (and hence symmetric) matrix describing t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Krylov%20%28mathematician%2C%20born%201879%29
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Nikolay Mitrofanovich Krylov (, ; – May 11, 1955) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician known for works on interpolation, non-linear mechanics, and numerical methods for solving equations of mathematical physics.
Biography
Nikolay Krylov graduated from St. Petersburg State Mining Institute in 1902. In the period from 1912 until 1917, he held the Professor position in this institute. In 1917, he went to the Crimea to become Professor at the Crimea University. He worked there until 1922 and then moved to Kyiv to become chairman of the mathematical physics department at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
Nikolay Krylov was a member of the Société mathématique de France and the American Mathematical Society.
Research
Nikolay Krylov developed new methods for analysis of equations of mathematical physics, which can be used not only for proving the existence of solutions but also for their construction. Since 1932, he worked together with his student Nikolay Bogolyubov on mathematical problems of non-linear mechanics. In this period, they invented certain asymptotic methods for integration of non-linear differential equations, studied dynamical systems, and made significant contributions to the foundations of non-linear mechanics. They proved the first theorems on existence of invariant measures known as Krylov–Bogolyubov theorems, introduced the Krylov–Bogoliubov averaging method and, together with Yurii Mitropolskiy, developed the Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolskiy asymptotic met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafa%E2%80%93Witten%20theorem
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In theoretical physics, the Vafa–Witten theorem, named after Cumrun Vafa and Edward Witten, is a theorem that shows that vector-like global symmetries (those that transform as expected under reflections) such as isospin and baryon number in vector-like gauge theories like quantum chromodynamics cannot be spontaneously broken as long as the theta angle is zero. This theorem can be proved by showing the exponential fall off of the propagator of fermions.
See also
F-theory
References
Gauge theories
Theorems in quantum mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20tester
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Transistor testers are instruments for testing the electrical behavior of transistors and solid-state diodes.
Types of tester
There are three types of transistor testers each performing a unique operation.
Quick-check in-circuit checker
Service type tester
Laboratory-standard tester
In addition, curve tracers are reliable indicators of transistor performance.
Circuit Tester
A circuit tester is used to check whether a transistor which has previously been performing properly in a circuit is still operational. The transistor's ability to "amplify" is taken as a rough index of its performance. This type of tester indicates to a technician whether the transistor is dead or still operative. The advantage of this tester is that the transistor does not have to be removed from the circuit.
Service type transistor testers
These devices usually perform three types of checks:
Forward-current gain, or beta of transistor.
Base-to-collector leakage current with emitter open(ico)
Short circuits from collector to emitter and base.
Some service testers include a go/no-go feature, indicating a pass when a certain hfe is exceeded. These are useful, but fail some functional but low hfe transistors.
Some also provide a means of identifying transistor elements, if these are unknown. The tester has all these features and can check solid-state devices in and out of circuit.
Transistor hfe varies fairly widely with Ic, so measurements with the service type tester give readings that can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution
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Solution may refer to:
Solution (chemistry), a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another
Solution (equation), in mathematics
Numerical solution, in numerical analysis, approximate solutions within specified error bounds
Solution, in problem solving
Solution, in solution selling
Other uses
V-STOL Solution, an ultralight aircraft
Solution (band), a Dutch rock band
Solution (Solution album), 1971
Solution A.D., an American rock band
Solution (Cui Jian album), 1991
Solutions (album), a 2019 album by K.Flay
See also
The Solution (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20cell
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Large cell is a term used in oncology. It does not refer to a particular type of cell; rather it refers to cells that are larger than would be normally expected for that type. It is frequently used when describing lymphoma and lung cancer.
It was more frequently used in the past than it is used today, when doctors often could tell little about a cell other than its size, and it was used for classification systems such as the "Working Formulation" for lymphoma. As such, the term lives on in the names of many conditions, even when the size of the cell is no longer one of the most important diagnostic criteria.
The phrase giant cell is also frequently used, especially with carcinoma.
Giant cell tumors include giant-cell tumor of bone, giant-cell tumor of the tendon sheath, and giant cell fibroblastoma.
See also
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Buttock cell
Massive giant-cell tumor of pelviacetabulum
Nosology
References
External links
Overview at Mayo Clinic
Large Cell and Giant Cell
Oncology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20eponyms%20of%20special%20functions
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This is a list of special function eponyms in mathematics, to cover the theory of special functions, the differential equations they satisfy, named differential operators of the theory (but not intended to include every mathematical eponym). Named symmetric functions, and other special polynomials, are included.
A
Niels Abel: Abel polynomials - Abelian function - Abel–Gontscharoff interpolating polynomial
Sir George Biddell Airy: Airy function
Waleed Al-Salam (1926–1996): Al-Salam polynomial - Al Salam–Carlitz polynomial - Al Salam–Chihara polynomial
C. T. Anger: Anger–Weber function
Kazuhiko Aomoto: Aomoto–Gel'fand hypergeometric function - Aomoto integral
Paul Émile Appell (1855–1930): Appell hypergeometric series, Appell polynomial, Generalized Appell polynomials
Richard Askey: Askey–Wilson polynomial, Askey–Wilson function (with James A. Wilson)
B
Ernest William Barnes: Barnes G-function
E. T. Bell: Bell polynomials
Bender–Dunne polynomial
Jacob Bernoulli: Bernoulli polynomial
Friedrich Bessel: Bessel function, Bessel–Clifford function
H. Blasius: Blasius functions
R. P. Boas, R. C. Buck: Boas–Buck polynomial
Böhmer integral
Erland Samuel Bring: Bring radical
de Bruijn function
Buchstab function
Burchnall, Chaundy: Burchnall–Chaundy polynomial
C
Leonard Carlitz: Carlitz polynomial
Arthur Cayley, Capelli: Cayley–Capelli operator
Celine's polynomial
Charlier polynomial
Pafnuty Chebyshev: Chebyshev polynomials
Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Darboux: Christoffel–Darboux re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Dehydroquinic%20acid
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3-Dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) is the first carbocyclic intermediate of the shikimate pathway. It is created from 3-deoxyarabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate, a 7-carbon ulonic acid, by the enzyme DHQ synthase. The mechanism of ring closure is complex, but involves an aldol condensation at C-2 and C-7.
It has the same structure as quinic acid, which is found in coffee, but the C-3 hydroxyl is oxidized to a ketone group. 3-Dehydroquinic acid undergoes five further enzymatic steps in the remainder of the shikimate pathway to chorismic acid, a precursor to tyrosine, 3-phenylalanine, tryptophan, and some vitamins, including:
Vitamin K
Pteroylmonoglutamic acid, called folate.
3-Dehydroquinate can also be a precursor to pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an alternate redox coenzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
Biosynthesis
3-Dehydroquinate goes through beta oxidation, similar to fatty acids. Then, this compound (6-oxo-3-dehydro-quinate) is transaminated to 6-amino-3-dehydroquinate. Then 6-amino-3-dehydro-quinate is dehydrated and reduced to 6-amino-4-desoxy-3-keto-quinate, which reacts with dehydroalanine and alpha-ketoglutarate, to form hexahydro-pyrroloquinoline quinone. This compound is oxidized by FAD to PQQ.
References
Alpha hydroxy acids
Ketones
Cyclohexanols
Triols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker%20function
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In mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the confluent hypergeometric equation introduced by to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric. More generally, introduced Whittaker functions of reductive groups over local fields, where the functions studied by Whittaker are essentially the case where the local field is the real numbers and the group is SL2(R).
Whittaker's equation is
It has a regular singular point at 0 and an irregular singular point at ∞.
Two solutions are given by the Whittaker functions Mκ,μ(z), Wκ,μ(z), defined in terms of Kummer's confluent hypergeometric functions M and U by
The Whittaker function is the same as those with opposite values of , in other words considered as a function of at fixed and it is even functions. When and are real, the functions give real values for real and imaginary values of . These functions of play a role in so-called Kummer spaces.
Whittaker functions appear as coefficients of certain representations of the group SL2(R), called Whittaker models.
References
.
.
.
.
Further reading
Special hypergeometric functions
E. T. Whittaker
Special functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9zary%20disease
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Sézary disease, or Sézary syndrome, is a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that was first described by Albert Sézary. The affected T cells, known as Sézary's cells or Lutzner cells, have pathological quantities of mucopolysaccharides. Sézary disease is sometimes considered a late stage of mycosis fungoides with lymphadenopathy.
Signs and symptoms
Sézary disease and mycosis fungoides are cutaneous T-cell lymphomas having a primary manifestation in the skin. The disease's origin is a peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocyte, although rarer CD8+/CD4- cases have been observed. Epidermotropism (lymphocytes residing in the epidermis) by neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes with the formation of Pautrier's microabscesses is the hallmark sign of the disease. Although the condition can affect people of all ages, it is commonly diagnosed in adults over age 60. The dominant signs and symptoms of the disease are:
Generalized erythroderma– redness of the skin
Lymphadenopathy – swollen, enlarged lymph nodes
Atypical T cells – malignant lymphocytes known as "Sézary cells" seen in the peripheral blood with typical cerebriform nuclei (brain-shaped, convoluted nuclei)
Hepatosplenomegaly– enlarged liver and spleen
Palmoplantar keratoderma – thickening of the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet
Diagnosis
Those who have Sézary disease often present skin lesions that do not heal with normal medication. A blood test generally reveals any change in the levels of lymphocytes in the blood, which is often
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoma
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Plasmacytoma is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which a plasma cell tumour grows within soft tissue or within the axial skeleton.
The International Myeloma Working Group lists three types: solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB); extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP), and multiple plasmacytomas that are either primary or recurrent. The most common of these is SPB, accounting for 3–5% of all plasma cell malignancies. SPBs occur as lytic lesions within the axial skeleton and extramedullary plasmacytomas most often occur in the upper respiratory tract (85%), but can occur in any soft tissue. Approximately half of all cases produce paraproteinemia. SPBs and extramedullary plasmacytomas are mostly treated with radiotherapy, but surgery is used in some cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma. The skeletal forms frequently progress to multiple myeloma over the course of 2–4 years.
Due to their cellular similarity, plasmacytomas have to be differentiated from multiple myeloma. For SPB and extramedullary plasmacytoma the distinction is the presence of only one lesion (either in bone or soft tissue), normal bone marrow (<5% plasma cells), normal skeletal survey, absent or low paraprotein and no end organ damage.
Signs and symptoms
For SPB the most common presenting symptom is that of pain in the affected bone. Back pain and other consequences of the bone lesion may occur such as spinal cord compression or pathological fracture. Around 85% of extramedullary plasmacytoma presents within the upper resp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20association%20football%20clubs%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Ireland
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Traditionally, association football clubs in the Republic of Ireland have been classified as either senior, intermediate or junior. These classifications effectively categorise clubs who compete in national, provincial and county leagues respectively.
Senior/National leagues
League of Ireland
Premier Division
First Division
Former League of Ireland clubs
Intermediate/Provincial leagues
Leinster Senior League
Senior Divisions (2022/23)
Selected others
Munster Senior League
Ulster Senior League
2022/23 clubs
Junior/County leagues
Athletic Union League (Dublin)
Cork Athletic Union League
Galway & District League
Championship Division (2022/23)
Source:
Kerry District League
Premier A
Limerick & District League
Limerick Desmond League
Mayo Association Football League
West Cork League
Premier HiSpecCars.com Premier Division
Wicklow & District Football League
Andy McEvoy Premier 1
Women's association football teams
Women's National League
Dublin Women's Soccer League
Premier League
Major League
Mayo Women's Football League
Futsal
Emerald Futsal League
2014–15
See also
List of association football clubs in Northern Ireland
References
clubs
Association football
Ireland
Football clubs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Baron%20%28horse%29
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The Baron (1842–1860) was a Thoroughbred racehorse from Ireland, who also raced in England. Sired by Birdcatcher out of Echidna (by the English stallion Economist), he was also an influential sire in England, France and Australia.
Racing career
A dark chestnut colt with a star, snip, and white sock on his near (left) hind leg, The Baron won three of his four starts at the Curragh in Ireland as a three-year-old before being shipped to England in 1845 by his breeder, veterinary surgeon George Watts. He was then sold to John Scott with whom he won the 1¾-mile St. Leger Stakes and the 2¼-mile Cesarewitch Handicap, the latter under () for 3,200 guineas. This was the largest purse ever awarded a three-year-old up to that time. The Baron was then purchased by Edward Rawson Clark.
The Baron raced as a four-year-old in 1846, but did not perform well and suffered from bad feet. Clark sold him to John Mytton, a gambler; after he left Scott, The Baron never won another race. His best result was a second-place finish in the 1846 Craven Stakes at Epsom Downs.
Stud record
He was given in partial payment to the breeder John Theobald, who stood him at Stockwell Stud. After Theobald's death, The Baron was sold to Perrot de Thaunberg of France's National Stud. There he sired many Thoroughbreds, including:
Baronella (1861) won Poule d'Essai des Poulains (French 2,000 Guineas)
Dame D'Honneur, won Prix de Diane
Etoile De Nord, Prix de Diane
Isabella, FR Two Thousand Guineas and Grand C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20frequency
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In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance.
The SI unit of spatial frequency is the reciprocal metre (m-1), although cycles per meter (c/m) is also common. In image-processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter (c/mm) or also line pairs per millimeter (LP/mm).
In wave propagation, the spatial frequency is also known as wavenumber. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the reciprocal of wavelength and is commonly denoted by or sometimes :
Angular wavenumber , expressed in radian per metre (rad/m), is related to ordinary wavenumber and wavelength by
Visual perception
In the study of visual perception, sinusoidal gratings are frequently used to probe the capabilities of the visual system, such as contrast sensitivity. In these stimuli, spatial frequency is expressed as the number of cycles per degree of visual angle. Sine-wave gratings also differ from one another in amplitude (the magnitude of difference in intensity between light and dark stripes), orientation, and phase.
Spatial-frequency theory
The spatial-frequency theory refers to the theory that the visual cortex operates on a code of spatial frequency, not on the code of straight edges and lines hypothesised by Hubel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20fluid%20mechanics
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Hamiltonian fluid mechanics is the application of Hamiltonian methods to fluid mechanics. Note that this formalism only applies to nondissipative fluids.
Irrotational barotropic flow
Take the simple example of a barotropic, inviscid vorticity-free fluid.
Then, the conjugate fields are the mass density field ρ and the velocity potential φ. The Poisson bracket is given by
and the Hamiltonian by:
where e is the internal energy density, as a function of ρ.
For this barotropic flow, the internal energy is related to the pressure p by:
where an apostrophe ('), denotes differentiation with respect to ρ.
This Hamiltonian structure gives rise to the following two equations of motion:
where is the velocity and is vorticity-free. The second equation leads to the Euler equations:
after exploiting the fact that the vorticity is zero:
As fluid dynamics is described by non-canonical dynamics, which possess an infinite amount of Casimir invariants, an alternative formulation of Hamiltonian formulation of fluid dynamics can be introduced through the use of Nambu mechanics
See also
Luke's variational principle
Hamiltonian field theory
Notes
References
Fluid dynamics
Hamiltonian mechanics
Dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Register%20of%20Shipping
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The International Register of Shipping or IS was established in 1993, and is an independent classification society which provides classification, certification, verification and advisory services. The International Register of Shipping also offers consulting services well suited for the shipping and offshore industry.
Available Services
Classification
Appraisal of the design during and after construction
Surveys at the time of construction, entry into class and modifications to ensure that the vessel meets the criteria stipulated by the rules
Issuance of a 'Certificate of Classification' and entering of the vessel's particulars into the society's Register of Ships
Periodical surveys as stipulated by the rules to ensure continued maintenance of conditions of classifications
Additional surveys as deemed necessary in view of damages or reported poor condition of the vessel by port state control authorities
Verification
Appraisal of plans and documents
Stage Inspections during manufacture
Inspection and testing of components or finished products
Laboratory testing at approved facilities
Auditing of the management systems
Statutory Certification
International Convention on Load line (Load Line)
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG)
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
International Convention on Tonnage Measureme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-tensor
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In physics, specifically for special relativity and general relativity, a four-tensor is an abbreviation for a tensor in a four-dimensional spacetime.
Generalities
General four-tensors are usually written in tensor index notation as
with the indices taking integer values from 0 to 3, with 0 for the timelike components and 1, 2, 3 for spacelike components. There are n contravariant indices and m covariant indices.
In special and general relativity, many four-tensors of interest are first order (four-vectors) or second order, but higher-order tensors occur. Examples are listed next.
In special relativity, the vector basis can be restricted to being orthonormal, in which case all four-tensors transform under Lorentz transformations. In general relativity, more general coordinate transformations are necessary since such a restriction is not in general possible.
Examples
First-order tensors
In special relativity, one of the simplest non-trivial examples of a four-tensor is the four-displacement
a four-tensor with contravariant rank 1 and covariant rank 0. Four-tensors of this kind are usually known as four-vectors. Here the component x0 = ct gives the displacement of a body in time (coordinate time t is multiplied by the speed of light c so that x0 has dimensions of length). The remaining components of the four-displacement form the spatial displacement vector x = (x1, x2, x3).
The four-momentum for massive or massless particles is
combining its energy (divided by c) p0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Jackson
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Lorna Jackson (October 25, 1935 – April 5, 2002) was a local politician in Vaughan for 28 years. During her career, she served as both a local and a regional councillor, as well as serving as the Mayor of Vaughan for 20 years. She died while in office in 2002.
Political career
Jackson was first elected as a councillor in 1974. She served six years until she was elected as a regional councillor in 1980. In 1982, Jackson was elected as the Town of Vaughan's second mayor. Jackson led the city council and staff through much rapid growth, as well as the transition from a town into a city in 1991. She continued to be re-elected as mayor for a total of seven terms until her death in 2002.
In addition to her responsibilities as a member on the city council for Vaughan, Jackson also served on York Regional Council for 22 years. She was a member of its health, finance, planning and economic development committees. Additionally, Jackson was a member of the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, a former chair of the York Regional Police Services Board, served on the Greater Toronto Services Board, and a member of the board of directors of Hydro Vaughan Distribution Inc.
Causes
Jackson successfully led the lobby to have the Ontario Minor Hockey Association make face protection for children mandatory in recreational hockey. She supported the construction of a pedestrian bridge over the Humber River. She also was instrumental in promoting the design of the Woodbridge Pool to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk44%20Bushmaster%20II
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The Mk44 Bushmaster II is a 30 mm chain gun manufactured by Northrop Grumman. It is a derivative of the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster, and uses 70% of the same parts as the M242 while increasing the firepower by as much as 50% with the 20% increase in caliber size. The barrel is chromium-plated for extended life. The gun uses standard GAU-8 Avenger ammunition that is available in API (Armor-Piercing Incendiary), HEI (High-Explosive Incendiary) and APFSDS-T (Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer) variants.
The gun can be converted to a caliber of 40x180 mm, which involves changing the barrel and a few key parts, to use the SuperShot 40 cartridge. It can also be converted to use the 30x170 mm RARDEN cartridge.
History
The Bushmaster II is the standard primary armament of the Bionix-II AFV currently in service with the Singapore Army, the KTO Rosomak in Polish service, and the CV90 AFVs in Finnish, Norwegian and Swiss service. Although the United States Air Force selected this cannon to replace the 25 mm GAU-12 Equalizer and Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 guns on its fleet of AC-130U gunships in 2007, this plan was later canceled. The United States Marine Corps' cancelled Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, was expected to be armed with this cannon as well. Some United States Navy vessels, such as the new amphibious transport dock are armed with the Bushmaster II for surface threat defense.
The Bushmaster II cannon is used in the DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20digitorum%20muscle
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The extensor digitorum muscle (also known as extensor digitorum communis) is a muscle of the posterior forearm present in humans and other animals. It extends the medial four digits of the hand. Extensor digitorum is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve, which is a branch of the radial nerve.
Structure
The extensor digitorum muscle arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, by the common tendon; from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antebrachial fascia. It divides below into four tendons, which pass, together with that of the extensor indicis proprius, through a separate compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament, within a mucous sheath. The tendons then diverge on the back of the hand, and are inserted into the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers in the following manner.
Opposite the metacarpophalangeal articulation each tendon is bound by fasciculi to the collateral ligaments and serves as the dorsal ligament of this joint; after having crossed the joint, it spreads out into a broad aponeurosis, which covers the dorsal surface of the first phalanx and is reinforced, in this situation, by the tendons of the interossei and lumbricalis.
Opposite the first interphalangeal joint this aponeurosis divides into three slips; an intermediate and two collateral: the former is inserted into the base of the second phalanx; and the two collateral, which are continued onward along the sides of the second phalanx, unite by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20pollicis%20longus%20muscle
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In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis longus muscle (EPL) is a skeletal muscle located dorsally on the forearm. It is much larger than the extensor pollicis brevis, the origin of which it partly covers and acts to stretch the thumb together with this muscle.
Structure
The extensor pollicis longus arises from the dorsal surface of the ulna and from the interosseous membrane, next to the origins of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
Passing through the third tendon compartment, lying in a narrow, oblique groove on the back of the lower end of the radius, it crosses the wrist close to the dorsal midline before turning towards the thumb using Lister's tubercle on the distal end of the radius as a pulley.
It obliquely crosses the tendons of the extensores carpi radialis longus and brevis, and is separated from the extensor pollicis brevis by a triangular interval, the anatomical snuff box in which the radial artery is found.
At the proximal phalanx, the tendon is joined by expansions from abductor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis.
The tendon is finally inserted on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
in length, the tendon passes through a long and superficial synovial sheath which, passing obliquely from the radial border of the forearm into the thumb, extends from the proximal border of the extensor retinaculum to the first carpometacarpal joint. In the synovial sheath a proximal and a distal mesotendon connect the tendon to the floor o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20pollicis%20brevis%20muscle
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In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis brevis is a skeletal muscle on the dorsal side of the forearm. It lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the abductor pollicis longus. The extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) belongs to the deep group of the posterior fascial compartment of the forearm.[1] It is a part of the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox.
Structure
The extensor pollicis brevis arises from the ulna distal to the abductor pollicis longus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the dorsal surface of the radius.
Its direction is similar to that of the abductor pollicis longus, its tendon passing the same groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, to be inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the thumb.
Variation
Absence; fusion of tendon with that of the extensor pollicis longus or abductor pollicis longus muscle.
Function
In a close relationship to the abductor pollicis longus, the extensor pollicis brevis both extends and abducts the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Additional images
References
Sources
External links
PTCentral
Muscles of the upper limb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20digitorum%20longus%20muscle
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The extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg.
Structure
It arises from the lateral condyle of the tibia; from the upper three-quarters of the anterior surface of the body of the fibula; from the upper part of the interosseous membrane; from the deep surface of the fascia; and from the intermuscular septa between it and the tibialis anterior on the medial, and the peroneal muscles on the lateral side. Between it and the tibialis anterior are the upper portions of the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve.
The muscle passes under the superior and inferior extensor retinaculum of foot in company with the fibularis tertius, and divides into four slips, which run forward on the dorsum of the foot, and are inserted into the second and third phalanges of the four lesser toes.
The tendons to the second, third, and fourth toes are each joined, opposite the metatarsophalangeal articulations, on the lateral side by a tendon of the extensor digitorum brevis. The tendons are inserted in the following manner: each receives a fibrous expansion from the interossei and lumbricals, and then spreads out into a broad aponeurosis, which covers the dorsal surface of the first phalanx: this aponeurosis, at the articulation of the first with the second phalanx, divides into three slips—an intermediate, which is inserted into the base of the second phalanx; and two collateral slips, which, after uniting on the dorsal surface of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20digitorum%20brevis%20muscle
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The extensor digitorum brevis muscle (sometimes EDB) is a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4.
Structure
The muscle originates from the forepart of the upper and lateral surface of the calcaneus (in front of the groove for the peroneus brevis tendon), from the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament and the stem of the inferior extensor retinaculum. The fibres pass obliquely forwards and medially across the dorsum of the foot and end in four tendons. The medial part of the muscle, also known as extensor hallucis brevis, ends in a tendon which crosses the dorsalis pedis artery and inserts into the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. The other three tendons insert into the lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus for the second, third and fourth toes.
Nerve supply
Nerve supply: lateral terminal branch of Deep Peroneal Nerve (deep fibular nerve) (proximal sciatic branches L4-L5, but most clinically relevant L5 with L4/L5 spinal disc herniation causing L5 lesion). Same innervation of Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Function
Extensor digitorum brevis extends the first four digits at the metatarsophalangeal joint and assists in extending the second, third and fourth digits at the interphalangeal joint. The fifth digit, lacking any insertion from extensor digitorum brevis, can only be raised by the long extensor.
Additional images
See also
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Extensor hallucis brevis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20protein%20concentrate
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Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) refers to the proteinaceous mass extracted from leaves. It can be a lucrative source of low-cost and sustainable protein for food as well as feed applications. Although the proteinaceous extracts from leaves have been described as early as 1773 by Rouelle, large scale extraction and production of LPC was pioneered post the World War II. In fact, many innovations and advances made with regards to LPC production occurred in parallel to the Green Revolution. In some respects, these two technologies were complimentary in that the Green Revolution sought to increase agrarian productivity through increased crop yields via fertiliser use, mechanisation and genetically modified crops, while LPC offered the means to better utilise available agrarian resources through efficient protein extraction.
Sources
Over the years, numerous sources have been experimented. Pirie and Telek described LPC production using a combination of pulping and heat coagulation. Leaves are typically sourced from shrubs or agricultural wastes given their ease of access and relative abundance. Trees are generally considered a poor source of leaf mass for the production of LPC given restrictions on the ease of access. Fallen leaves / leaf litter have negligible protein-content and are of no extractive value.
Plants belonging to the Fabaceae family such as clover, peas and legumes have also been prime candidates for LPC production. While most plants have a mean leaf protein conten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete
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Incomplete may refer to:
Unfinished creative work
An incomplete formal system, see Completeness (logic)
Gödel's incompleteness theorems, a specification of logic
"Incomplete" (Bad Religion song), 1994
"Incomplete" (Sisqó song), 1999
"Incomplete" (Backstreet Boys song), 2005
"Incomplete" (Hoobastank song), 2013
Incomplete (Nembrionic album), or the title track
Incomplete (Diaura album), 2015
Incomplete pass, a gridiron football term
Incomplete abortion (or incomplete miscarriage), a medical term
"Incomplete", a song by Alanis Morissette on the 2008 album Flavors of Entanglement
“Incomplete”, an episode of The Good Doctor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20kinetics
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Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or a modifier (inhibitor or activator) might affect the rate.
An enzyme (E) is typically a protein molecule that promotes a reaction of another molecule, its substrate (S). This binds to the active site of the enzyme to produce an enzyme-substrate complex ES, and is transformed into an enzyme-product complex EP and from there to product P, via a transition state ES*. The series of steps is known as the mechanism:
E + S ⇄ ES ⇄ ES* ⇄ EP ⇄ E + P
This example assumes the simplest case of a reaction with one substrate and one product. Such cases exist: for example, a mutase such as phosphoglucomutase catalyses the transfer of a phospho group from one position to another, and isomerase is a more general term for an enzyme that catalyses any one-substrate one-product reaction, such as triosephosphate isomerase. However, such enzymes are not very common, and are heavily outnumbered by enzymes that catalyse two-substrate two-product reactions: these include, for example, the NAD-dependent dehydrogenases such as alcohol dehydrogenase, which catalyses the oxidation of ethanol by NAD+. Reactions with three or four subs
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