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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative%20distribution%20function
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In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable , or just distribution function of , evaluated at , is the probability that will take a value less than or equal to .
Every probability distribution supported on the real numbers, discrete or "mixed" as well as continuous, is uniquely identified by a right-continuous monotone increasing function (a càdlàg function) satisfying and .
In the case of a scalar continuous distribution, it gives the area under the probability density function from minus infinity to . Cumulative distribution functions are also used to specify the distribution of multivariate random variables.
Definition
The cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable is the function given by
where the right-hand side represents the probability that the random variable takes on a value less than or equal to .
The probability that lies in the semi-closed interval , where , is therefore
In the definition above, the "less than or equal to" sign, "≤", is a convention, not a universally used one (e.g. Hungarian literature uses "<"), but the distinction is important for discrete distributions. The proper use of tables of the binomial and Poisson distributions depends upon this convention. Moreover, important formulas like Paul Lévy's inversion formula for the characteristic function also rely on the "less than or equal" formulation.
If treating several random variables etc. t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20tendency
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In statistics, a central tendency (or measure of central tendency) is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.
Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often called averages. The term central tendency dates from the late 1920s.
The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. A middle tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution, such as the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote "the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value."
The central tendency of a distribution is typically contrasted with its dispersion or variability; dispersion and central tendency are the often characterized properties of distributions. Analysis may judge whether data has a strong or a weak central tendency based on its dispersion.
Measures
The following may be applied to one-dimensional data. Depending on the circumstances, it may be appropriate to transform the data before calculating a central tendency. Examples are squaring the values or taking logarithms. Whether a transformation is appropriate and what it should be, depend heavily on the data being analyzed.
Arithmetic mean or simply, mean the sum of all measurements divided by the number of observations in the data set.
Median the middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set. The median and the mode are the only measures of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20sampling
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In statistics, cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research.
In this sampling plan, the total population is divided into these groups (known as clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is selected. The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all elements in each sampled cluster are sampled, then this is referred to as a "one-stage" cluster sampling plan. If a simple random subsample of elements is selected within each of these groups, this is referred to as a "two-stage" cluster sampling plan. A common motivation for cluster sampling is to reduce the total number of interviews and costs given the desired accuracy. For a fixed sample size, the expected random error is smaller when most of the variation in the population is present internally within the groups, and not between the groups.
Cluster elemental
The population within a cluster should ideally be as heterogeneous as possible, but there should be homogeneity between clusters. Each cluster should be a small-scale representation of the total population. The clusters should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. A random sampling technique is then used on any relevant clusters to choose which clusters to include in the study. In single-stage cluster sampling, all the elements from each of the selected clusters are sampled. In two-stage cluster sampling,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20number
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In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation ; every complex number can be expressed in the form , where and are real numbers. Because no real number satisfies the above equation, was called an imaginary number by René Descartes. For the complex number , is called the , and is called the . The set of complex numbers is denoted by either of the symbols or . Despite the historical nomenclature "imaginary", complex numbers are regarded in the mathematical sciences as just as "real" as the real numbers and are fundamental in many aspects of the scientific description of the natural world.
Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation
has no real solution, since the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions and .
Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers can be naturally defined by using the rule combined with the associative, commutative, and distributive laws. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex numbers a field that has the real numbers as a subfield. The comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis
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Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form intermediates that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst.
The rate increase occurs because the catalyst allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism which may be much faster than the non-catalyzed mechanism. However the non-catalyzed mechanism does remain possible, so that the total rate (catalyzed plus non-catalyzed) can only increase in the presence of the catalyst and never decrease.
Catalysis may be classified as either homogeneous, whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant, or heterogeneous, whose components are not in the same phase. Enzymes and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category.
Catalysis is ubiquitous in chemical industry of all kinds. Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture.
The term "catalyst" is derived from Greek , kataluein, meaning "loosen" or "untie". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist El
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation
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A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computations are mathematical equations and computer algorithms.
Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers. The study of computation is the field of computability, itself a sub-field of computer science.
Introduction
The notion that mathematical statements should be 'well-defined' had been argued by mathematicians since at least the 1600s, but agreement on a suitable definition proved elusive. A candidate definition was proposed independently by several mathematicians in the 1930s. The best-known variant was formalised by the mathematician Alan Turing, who defined a well-defined statement or calculation as any statement that could be expressed in terms of the initialisation parameters of a Turing Machine. Other (mathematically equivalent) definitions include Alonzo Church's lambda-definability, Herbrand-Gödel-Kleene's general recursiveness and Emil Post's 1-definability.
Today, any formal statement or calculation that exhibits this quality of well-definedness is termed computable, while the statement or calculation itself is referred to as a computation.
Turing's definition apportioned "well-definedness" to a very large class of mathematical statements, including all well-formed algebraic statements, and all statements written in modern computer programming languages.
Despite the widespread upt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study%20heterogeneity
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In statistics, (between-) study heterogeneity is a phenomenon that commonly occurs when attempting to undertake a meta-analysis. In a simplistic scenario, studies whose results are to be combined in the meta-analysis would all be undertaken in the same way and to the same experimental protocols. Differences between outcomes would only be due to measurement error (and studies would hence be homogeneous). Study heterogeneity denotes the variability in outcomes that goes beyond what would be expected (or could be explained) due to measurement error alone.
Introduction
Meta-analysis is a method used to combine the results of different trials in order to obtain a quantitative synthesis. The size of individual clinical trials is often too small to detect treatment effects reliably. Meta-analysis increases the power of statistical analyses by pooling the results of all available trials.
As one tries to use meta-analysis to estimate a combined effect from a group of similar studies, the effects found in the individual studies need to be similar enough that one can be confident that a combined estimate will be a meaningful description of the set of studies. However, the individual estimates of treatment effect will vary by chance; some variation is expected due to observational error. Any excess variation (whether it is apparent or detectable or not) is called (statistical) heterogeneity.
The presence of some heterogeneity is not unusual, e.g., analogous effects are also commonly e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit104.7%20Canberra
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hit104.7 (call sign: 2ROC) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, on a frequency of 104.7 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network.
hit104.7 and sister station MIX 106.3 broadcast from Crace in the Australian Capital Territory.
History
In 1987, Canberra radio station 2CA was awarded the licence to operate a supplementary FM service. The station was assigned the call-sign 2ROC and on-air branding FM104 (later changed to FM104.7). It commenced broadcasting on 27 February 1988 at 8 am on the frequency 104.7 MHz FM. FM104, along with rival KIX106, were the first new commercial FM radio stations to be licensed in Australia in eight years and were the first supplementary FM licences in Australia. Just a day before the station's launch, on Friday 26 February 1988, then-owner of 2CA, John Fairfax Ltd announced it had sold Macquarie Radio Network to a Queensland-based consortium, Sonance Ltd for an undisclosed sum believed to be in the region of $100 million.
By April 1988, 2CA and FM104.7 were sold to Austereo from Sonance Ltd for $15.25 million. In June the results of the first survey since the introduction of the new FM stations gave FM104.7 9.5% of the radio audience with its rock music format, behind its sister station 2CA, with 11.6% of the radio audience with its news-talk format. Station manager of Macquarie Canberra, Greg St John, said the recent sale to Austereo had left the stations in 'financ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method
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In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobi method. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric and positive definite. It was only mentioned in a private letter from Gauss to his student Gerling in 1823. A publication was not delivered before 1874 by Seidel.
Description
Let be a square system of linear equations, where:
When and are known, and is unknown, we can use the Gauss–Seidel method to approximate . The vector denotes our initial guess for (often for ). We denote as the -th approximation or iteration of , and is the next (or k+1) iteration of .
Matrix-based formula
The solution is obtained iteratively via
where the matrix is decomposed into a lower triangular component , and a strictly upper triangular component such that . More specifically, the decomposition of into and is given by:
Why the matrix-based formula works
The system of linear equations may be rewritten as:
The Gauss–Seidel method now solves the left hand side of this expression for , using previous value for on the right hand side. Analytically, this may be written as:
Eleme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolamines
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Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine). Indolamines are a classification of monoamine neurotransmitter, along with catecholamines and ethylamine derivatives. A common example of an indolamine is the tryptophan derivative serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep. Another example of an indolamine is melatonin.
In biochemistry, indolamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group. Examples of indolamines include the lysergamides.
Synthesis
Indolamines are biologically synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is synthesized into serotonin through the addition of a hydroxyl group by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and the subsequent removal of the carboxyl group by the enzyme 5-HTP decarboxylase.
See also
Indole
Tryptamine
References
Neurotransmitters
Indoles
Amines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20method
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In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi method (a.k.a. the Jacobi iteration method) is an iterative algorithm for determining the solutions of a strictly diagonally dominant system of linear equations. Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value is plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagonalization. The method is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.
Description
Let be a square system of n linear equations, where:
When and are known, and is unknown, we can use the Jacobi method to approximate . The vector denotes our initial guess for (often for ). We denote as the k-th approximation or iteration of , and is the next (or k+1) iteration of .
Matrix-based formula
Then A can be decomposed into a diagonal component D, a lower triangular part L and an upper triangular part U:The solution is then obtained iteratively via
Element-based formula
The element-based formula for each row is thus:The computation of requires each element in except itself. Unlike the Gauss–Seidel method, we can't overwrite with , as that value will be needed by the rest of the computation. The minimum amount of storage is two vectors of size n.
Algorithm
Input: , (diagonal dominant) matrix A, right-hand side vector b, convergence criterion
Output:
Comments: pseudocode based on the element-based formula above
while convergence not reached do
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannophrys
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Nannophrys is a genus of frogs endemic to Sri Lanka. It used to be placed in the large frog family Ranidae but a phylogenetic study was undertaken using DNA sequences and it is now included in the family Dicroglossidae. They are sometimes known under the common name streamlined frogs.
Ecology
Nannophrys species are flat-bodied frogs that are adapted to live among narrow, horizontal rock crevices near clear-water streams.
Species
Four species are placed in the genus:
Nannophrys ceylonensis Günther, 1869
†Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882 (extinct)
Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946
Nannophrys naeyakai Fernando, Wickramasinghe, and Rodrigo, 2007
References
Dicroglossidae
Amphibians of Asia
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Albert Günther
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirex
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Mirex is an organochloride that was commercialized as an insecticide and later banned because of its impact on the environment. This white crystalline odorless solid is a derivative of cyclopentadiene. It was popularized to control fire ants but by virtue of its chemical robustness and lipophilicity it was recognized as a bioaccumulative pollutant. The spread of the red imported fire ant was encouraged by the use of mirex, which also kills native ants that are highly competitive with the fire ants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibited its use in 1976. It is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Production and applications
Mirex was first synthesized in 1946, but was not used in pesticide formulations until 1955. Mirex was produced by the dimerization of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in the presence of aluminium chloride.
Mirex is a stomach insecticide, meaning that it must be ingested by the organism in order to poison it. The insecticidal use was focused on Southeastern United States to control the imported fire ants Solenopsis saevissima richteri and Solenopsis invicta. Approximately 250,000 kg of mirex was applied to fields between 1962-75 (US NRC, 1978). Most of the mirex was in the form of "4X mirex bait," which consists of 0.3% mirex in 14.7% soybean oil mixed with 85% corncob grits. Application of the 4X bait was designed to give a coverage of 4.2 g mirex/ha and was delivered by aircraft, helicopter or tractor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine%20oxidase%20A
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Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme (E.C. 1.4.3.4) that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene. This gene is one of two neighboring gene family members that encode mitochondrial enzymes which catalyze the oxidative deamination of amines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. A mutation of this gene results in Brunner syndrome. This gene has also been associated with a variety of other psychiatric disorders, including antisocial behavior. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed.
Structures
Gene
Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene.
The promoter of MAOA contains conserved binding sites for Sp1, GATA2, and TBP. This gene is adjacent to a related gene (MAOB) on the opposite strand of the X chromosome.
In humans, there is a 30-base repeat sequence repeated several different numbers of times in the promoter region of MAO-A. There are 2R (two repeats), 3R, 3.5R, 4R, and 5R variants of the repeat sequence, with the 3R and 4R variants most common in all populations. The variants of the promoter have been found to appear at different frequencies in different ethnic groups in an American sample cohort.
The epigenetic modification of MAOA gene expression through methylation likely plays an important role in women. A study from 2010 found epigenetic methylation of MAOA in men to be very low and with little variability compared to women, while havi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plopeni
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Plopeni () is a town in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania, with a population of 6,709 as of 2021.
Climate
Plopeni has a humid continental climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
References
Towns in Romania
Populated places in Prahova County
Localities in Muntenia
Monotowns in Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%E2%80%93Dieudonn%C3%A9%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, named after Élie Cartan and Jean Dieudonné, establishes that every orthogonal transformation in an n-dimensional symmetric bilinear space can be described as the composition of at most n reflections.
The notion of a symmetric bilinear space is a generalization of Euclidean space whose structure is defined by a symmetric bilinear form (which need not be positive definite, so is not necessarily an inner product – for instance, a pseudo-Euclidean space is also a symmetric bilinear space). The orthogonal transformations in the space are those automorphisms which preserve the value of the bilinear form between every pair of vectors; in Euclidean space, this corresponds to preserving distances and angles. These orthogonal transformations form a group under composition, called the orthogonal group.
For example, in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane, every orthogonal transformation is either a reflection across a line through the origin or a rotation about the origin (which can be written as the composition of two reflections). Any arbitrary composition of such rotations and reflections can be rewritten as a composition of no more than 2 reflections. Similarly, in three-dimensional Euclidean space, every orthogonal transformation can be described as a single reflection, a rotation (2 reflections), or an improper rotation (3 reflections). In four dimensions, double rotations are added that represent 4 reflections.
Formal statement
Let
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule
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A granule is a large particle or grain. It can refer to:
Granule (cell biology), any of several submicroscopic structures, some with explicable origins, others noted only as cell type-specific features of unknown function
Azurophilic granule, a structure characteristic of the azurophil eukaryotic cell type
Chromaffin granule, a structure characteristic of the chromophil eukaryotic cell type.
Astrophysics and geology:
Granule (solar physics), a visible structure in the photosphere of the Sun arising from activity in the Sun's convective zone
Martian spherules, spherical granules of material found on the surface of the planet Mars
Granule (geology), a specified particle size of 2–4 millimetres (-1 to -2 on the φ scale)
Granule, in pharmaceutical terms, small particles gathered into a larger, permanent aggregate in which the original particles can still be identified
Granule (Oracle DBMS), a unit of contiguously allocated virtual memory
Granular synthesis of sound
See also
Granularity, extent to which a material or system is composed of distinguishable particles
Granular material, any conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles (grains)
Granule cell, a neuron with a small cell body
Grain (disambiguation)
Granulation (disambiguation)
Granulometry (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Och
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Och may refer to:
Och (spirit)
The ISO 639-3 language code for Old Chinese
6-oxocamphor hydrolase, an enzyme
Och, alternative spelling of Uch, a city in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan
John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York, United States
Outram Community Hospital, a community hospital in Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogical%20Society%20of%20America
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The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) is a scientific membership organization. MSA was founded in 1919 for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology, and promotion of their uses in other sciences, industry, and the arts. It encourages fundamental research about natural materials; supports the teaching of mineralogical concepts and procedures to students of mineralogy and related arts and sciences; and attempts to raise the scientific literacy of society with respect to issues involving mineralogy. The Society encourages the general preservation of mineral collections, displays, mineral localities, type minerals and scientific data. MSA represents the United States with regard to the science of mineralogy in any international context. The Society was incorporated in 1937 and approved as a nonprofit organization in 1959.
Publications
American Mineralogist: An International Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, is the print journal of the Society, and it has been published continuously since 1916. It publishes the results of original scientific research in the fields of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology with the goal of providing readers with the best in earth science research.
Reviews in Mineralogy is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound books containing cogent and concise reviews of the literature and advances about a subject area. Since 1974, 86 volumes have been published.
The Lattice is a quarterly new
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravala%20method
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The chakravala method () is a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations, including Pell's equation. It is commonly attributed to Bhāskara II, (c. 1114 – 1185 CE) although some attribute it to Jayadeva (c. 950 ~ 1000 CE). Jayadeva pointed out that Brahmagupta's approach to solving equations of this type could be generalized, and he then described this general method, which was later refined by Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita treatise. He called it the Chakravala method: chakra meaning "wheel" in Sanskrit, a reference to the cyclic nature of the algorithm. C.-O. Selenius held that no European performances at the time of Bhāskara, nor much later, exceeded its marvellous height of mathematical complexity.
This method is also known as the cyclic method and contains traces of mathematical induction.
History
Chakra in Sanskrit means cycle. As per popular legend, Chakravala indicates a mythical range of mountains which orbits around the Earth like a wall and not limited by light and darkness.
Brahmagupta in 628 CE studied indeterminate quadratic equations, including Pell's equation
for minimum integers x and y. Brahmagupta could solve it for several N, but not all.
Jayadeva (9th century) and Bhaskara (12th century) offered the first complete solution to the equation, using the chakravala method to find for the solution
This case was notorious for its difficulty, and was first solved in Europe by Brouncker in 1657–58 in response to a challenge by Fermat, using
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-variable%20analysis
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In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the variable is written to.
Example
Consider the following program:
b = 3
c = 5
a = f(b * c)
The set of live variables between lines 2 and 3 is {b, c} because both are used in the multiplication on line 3. But the set of live variables after line 1 is only {b}, since variable c is updated later, on line 2. The value of variable a is not used in this code.
Note that the assignment to a may be eliminated as a is not used later, but there is insufficient information to justify removing all of line 3 as f may have side effects (printing b * c, perhaps).
Expression in terms of dataflow equations
Liveness analysis is a "backwards may" analysis. The analysis is done in a backwards order, and the dataflow confluence operator is set union. In other words, if applying liveness analysis to a function with a particular number of logical branches within it, the analysis is performed starting from the end of the function working towards the beginning (hence "backwards"), and a variable is considered live if any of the branches moving forward within the function might potentially (hence "may") need the variable's current value. This is in contrast to a "backwards mus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular%20resonance
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A secular resonance is a type of orbital resonance between two bodies with synchronized precessional frequencies. In celestial mechanics, secular refers to the long-term motion of a system, and resonance is periods or frequencies being a simple numerical ratio of small integers. Typically, the synchronized precessions in secular resonances are between the rates of change of the argument of the periapses or the rates of change of the longitude of the ascending nodes of two system bodies. Secular resonances can be used to study the long-term orbital evolution of asteroids and their families within the asteroid belt.
Description
Secular resonances occur when the precession of two orbits is synchronised (a precession of the perihelion, with frequency g, or the ascending node, with frequency s, or both). A small body (such as a small Solar System body) in secular resonance with a much larger one (such as a planet) will precess at the same rate as the large body. Over relatively short time periods (a million years or so), a secular resonance will change the eccentricity and the inclination of the small body.
One can distinguish between:
linear secular resonances between a body (no subscript) and a single other large perturbing body (e.g. a planet, subscript as numbered from the Sun), such as the ν6 = g − g6 secular resonance between asteroids and Saturn; and
nonlinear secular resonances, which are higher-order resonances, usually combination of linear resonances such as the z1 =
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20%28broadcasting%29
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In broadcasting, a channel or frequency channel is a designated radio frequency (or, equivalently, wavelength), assigned by a competent frequency assignment authority for the operation of a particular radio station, television station or television channel.
See also
Frequency allocation, ITU RR, article 1.17
Frequency assignment, ITU RR, article 1.18
Broadcast law
Television channel frequencies
References
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Broadcasting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmune%20system
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The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens. It serves to protect neurons against disease by maintaining selectively permeable barriers (e.g., the blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier), mediating neuroinflammation and wound healing in damaged neurons, and mobilizing host defenses against pathogens.
The neuroimmune system and peripheral immune system are structurally distinct. Unlike the peripheral system, the neuroimmune system is composed primarily of glial cells; among all the hematopoietic cells of the immune system, only mast cells are normally present in the neuroimmune system. However, during a neuroimmune response, certain peripheral immune cells are able to cross various blood or fluid–brain barriers in order to respond to pathogens that have entered the brain. For example, there is evidence that following injury macrophages and T cells of the immune system migrate into the spinal cord. Production of immune cells of the complement system have also been documented as being created directly in the central nervous system.
Structure
The key cellular components of the neuroimmune system are glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Unlike other hematopoietic cells of the peripheral immune system, mast cells naturally occur in the brain where they mediate intera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine
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Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the cell for destruction via apoptosis.
Structure
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid—more specifically a glycerophospholipid—which consists of two fatty acids attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbon of glycerol and serine attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon of the glycerol.
Phosphatidylserine sourced from plants differs in fatty acid composition from that sourced from animals. It is commonly found in the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet of biological membranes. It is almost entirely found in the inner monolayer of the membrane with only less than 10% of it in the outer monolayer.
Introduction
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major acidic phospholipid class that accounts for 13–15% of the phospholipids in the human cerebral cortex. In the plasma membrane, PS is localized exclusively in the cytoplasmic leaflet where it forms part of protein docking sites necessary for the activation of several key signaling pathways. These include the Akt, protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf-1 signaling that is known to stimulate neuronal survival, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis. Modulation of the PS level in the plasma membrane of neurons ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E47
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E47 may refer to:
European route E47, a road through Denmark between Sweden and Germany
, a British submarine
Transcription factor 3 (TCF3), a protein
A version of the Mercedes-Benz M273 engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine%20agonist
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A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like and D1-like, and they are all G protein-coupled receptors. D1- and D5-receptors belong to the D1-like family and the D2-like family includes D2, D3 and D4 receptors. Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to a lesser extent, in hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome. They are also used off-label in the treatment of clinical depression. The use of dopamine agonists is associated with impulse control disorders and dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS).
Medical uses
Parkinson's disease
Dopamine agonists are mainly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The cause of Parkinson's is not fully known but genetic factors, for example specific genetic mutations, and environmental triggers have been linked to the disease. In Parkinson's disease dopaminergic neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain slowly break down and can eventually die. With decreasing levels of dopamine the brain can't function properly and causes abnormal brain activity, which ultimately leads to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
There are two fundamental ways of treating Parkinson's disease, either by replacing dopamine or mimicking its effect.
Dopamine agonists act directly on the dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's effect. Dopamine agonists have two subclasses: ergoline and non-ergoline agon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%20%28robotics%29
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Richard Vaughan (born 28 July 1971) is a robotics and artificial intelligence researcher at Simon Fraser University in Canada. Since 2018, Vaughan is on leave from SFU and is working at Apple. He is the founder and director of the SFU Autonomy Laboratory. In 1998, Vaughan demonstrated the first robot to interact with animals and in 2000 co-founded the Player Project, a robot control and simulation system.
References
1971 births
Living people
Canadian roboticists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlocal%20Lagrangian
|
In field theory, a nonlocal Lagrangian is a Lagrangian, a type of functional containing terms that are nonlocal in the fields , i.e. not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters (e.g. space-time). Examples of such nonlocal Lagrangians might be:
The Wess–Zumino–Witten action.
Actions obtained from nonlocal Lagrangians are called nonlocal actions. The actions appearing in the fundamental theories of physics, such as the Standard Model, are local actions; nonlocal actions play a part in theories that attempt to go beyond the Standard Model and also in some effective field theories. Nonlocalization of a local action is also an essential aspect of some regularization procedures. Noncommutative quantum field theory also gives rise to nonlocal actions.
Quantum measurement
Quantum field theory
Theoretical physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy%20X-rays
|
High-energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used for X-ray crystallography (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron radiation sources such as the beamlines ID15 and BM18 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The main benefit is the deep penetration into matter which makes them a probe for thick samples in physics and materials science and permits an in-air sample environment and operation. Scattering angles are small and diffraction directed forward allows for simple detector setups.
High energy (megavolt) X-rays are also used in cancer therapy, using beams generated by linear accelerators to suppress tumors.
Advantages
High-energy X-rays (HEX-rays) between 100 and 300 keV bear unique advantage over conventional hard X-rays, which lie in the range of 5–20 keV They can be listed as follows:
High penetration into materials due to a strongly reduced photo absorption cross section. The photo-absorption strongly depends on the atomic number of the material and the X-ray energy. Several centimeter thick volumes can be accessed in steel and millimeters in lead containing samples.
No radiation damage of the sample, which can pin incommensurations or destroy the chemical compound to be analyzed.
The Ewald sphere has a curvature ten times smaller than in the low energy case and allows whole regions to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20transporter
|
Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons, while VGLUTs move glutamate from the cell cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate.
The EAATs are membrane-bound secondary transporters that superficially resemble ion channels. These transporters play the important role of regulating concentrations of glutamate in the extracellular space by transporting it along with other ions across cellular membranes. After glutamate is released as the result of an action potential, glutamate transporters quickly remove it from the extracellular space to keep its levels low, thereby terminating the synaptic transmission.
Without the activity of glutamate transporters, glutamate would build up and kill cells in a process called excitotoxicity, in which excessive amounts of glutamate acts as a toxin to neurons by triggering a number of b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Georgia%20%28U.S.%20state%29
|
This is a list of newspapers in Georgia, US.
List of newspapers
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Locale
! Year est.
! Frequency
! Publisher/parent company
! Notes
|-
| Advance
| Vidalia
|
|
|
|
|-
| Albany Herald
| Albany
|
| Sunday - Friday
| Southern Community Newspapers, Inc. (SCNI)
| Newspaper in Albany, Georgia, United States, and serves as the county's official legal organ.
|-
| 'Alma Times|Alma
|
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Athens Banner-Herald|Athens
|
| Daily
|Morris Communications Company
|
|-
| Americus Times-Recorder| Americus
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Atkinson County Citizen|Atkinson
|
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Atlanta Daily World| Atlanta
|
| Weekly
|
|
|-
| Atlanta Inquirer|Atlanta
|
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Atlanta Journal-Constitution| Atlanta
| 1868
| Daily
|
| Began as Constitution in 1868; merged with Journal in 2001 to form Journal-Constitution|-
| Atlanta Voice|Atlanta
|1966
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Augusta Chronicle| Augusta
| 1785
| Daily
| Morris Communications Company
| Began as Augusta Gazette in 1785
|-
|The Augusta Press|Augusta
|2021
|Daily
|
|
|-
| Barnesville Herald-Gazette|Barnesville
|1867
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Berrien Press|Nashville
|
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Blackshear Times| Blackshear
|
| Weekly
|
|
|-
| Brunswick News| Brunswick
|
| Daily
|
|
|-
| Bryan County News|Fitzgerald
|
|Weekly
|
|
|-
| Cairo Messenger| Cairo
|
|
|
|
|-
| Calhoun Times|Calhoun
|1870
|Weekly
|Times-Journal Inc
|
|-
| Camilla Enterprise| Camilla
|
|
|
|
|-
| Catoosa County News|Ri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrobenzophenanthridine%20oxidase
|
Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase (DHBP oxidase) is an enzyme. In the IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase is .
Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces oxidized forms of benzophenanthridine alkaloids:
In Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces sanguinarine from dihydrosanguinarine, and chelirubine from dihydrochelirubine.
In Eschscholzia californica (California poppy), dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces macarpine from dihydromacarpine.
External links
Chelirubine, Macarpine and Sanguinarine Biosynthesis
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Alkaloid biosynthesis I - Reference pathway
EC 1.5.3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture%20%28probability%29
|
In probability theory and statistics, a mixture is a probabilistic combination of two or more probability distributions. The concept arises mostly in two contexts:
A mixture defining a new probability distribution from some existing ones, as in a mixture distribution or a compound distribution. Here a major problem often is to derive the properties of the resulting distribution.
A mixture used as a statistical model such as is often used for statistical classification. The model may represent the population from which observations arise as a mixture of several components, and the problem is that of a mixture model, in which the task is to infer from which of a discrete set of sub-populations each observation originated.
See also
Mixture distribution
Compound distribution
Mixture model
classification
Cluster analysis
References
Probability theory
Compound probability distributions
Statistical classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%20Are%20Doors
|
There Are Doors is a speculative fiction novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, published in 1988. The narrative follows a department store salesman as he tries to track down his short-lived girlfriend. The title alludes to gateways between two worlds whose nature are explored throughout the book. There Are Doors was nominated for a Locus Fantasy Award in 1988.
Plot summary
Mr. Green awakes to find that his girlfriend, Lara Morgan, has left their apartment. He battles a hangover to find a cryptic note left by her, dispensing little but a warning against entering certain "significant" doors and nonsensical instructions for leaving them if passed through. Green immediately leaves to search for the woman, whom he has known for only a few days but has already grown to love. His quest takes him through one such door to an alternate world, made apparent to Green by conspicuous elements such as its unusual currency. An accident lands Green in a psychiatric hospital, where he meets a radical from his world using the name William North (a patient), a boxer named Joe Joseph and his manager Eddie Walsh (also a patient).
North organizes an escape from the Hospital, accompanied by Green and exploited by Walsh, who makes his own escape. The two take refuge at the Grand Hotel in the outskirts of the city, while Green begins to realize what a dangerous man he has been indebted to. North brings him to a play accompanied by members of his revolutionary group which is raided by police. Green
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%20Ais%20Gill%20rail%20accident
|
The Ais Gill rail accident occurred on the Settle–Carlisle line in Northwest England on 2 September 1913. Two long trains were both ascending a steep gradient with some difficulty, because their engines generated barely enough power to carry the load. When the first train stopped to build-up steam pressure, the driver and fireman of the second train were distracted by maintenance routines, and failed to observe the warning signals. The collision wrecked several carriages, which were then engulfed by flammable gas, killing 16 people and injuring 38.
Incident
The two trains involved were both passenger trains, which had left Carlisle railway station in the early hours of 2 September, destined for St Pancras station. The Midland Railway, which owned and operated the Settle-Carlisle line, had a policy of using small engines, and the two locomotives had barely sufficient power to surmount the steep gradients on the line with the heavy trains they were assigned. In theory, the load pulled by the first engine, No. 993 4-4-0, was over its maximum limit of , so the driver asked for assistance from a pilot engine, but was not given one. To make matters worse, the coal with which both engines were supplied had not been properly screened and was full of slack and small coal, which did not fire well and tended to clog the grates.
The first train left Carlisle at 1:38 am. As it struggled up the gradient to Ais Gill summit, the highest point of the Settle-Carlisle line, the steam pressur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystidium
|
A cystidium (: cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are often unique to a particular species or genus, they are a useful micromorphological characteristic in the identification of basidiomycetes. In general, the adaptive significance of cystidia is not well understood.
Classification
By position
Cystidia may occur on the edge of a lamella (or analogous hymenophoral structure) (cheilocystidia), on the face of a lamella (pleurocystidia), on the surface of the cap (dermatocystidia or pileocystidia), on the margin of the cap (circumcystidia) or on the stipe (caulocystidia). Especially the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are important for identification within many genera. Sometimes the cheilocystidia give the gill edge a distinct colour which is visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens.
By morphology
Chrysocystidia are cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow body, that becomes more deeply yellow when exposed to ammonia or other alkaline compounds. Chrysocystidia are characteristic of many (though not all) members of the agaric family Strophariaceae.
Gloeocystidia have an oily or granular appearance under the microscope. Like gloeohyphae, they may be yellowish or clear (hyaline) and can sometimes selectively be coloured by sulphovanillin or other reagents. Metuloid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCTS
|
PCCTS may refer to:
Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set, the predecessor of the ANTLR parser generator
Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici, the Knights Templar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20F.%20Durrant-Whyte
|
Hugh Francis Durrant-Whyte (born 6 February 1961) is a British-Australian engineer and academic. He is known for his pioneering work on probabilistic methods for robotics. The algorithms developed in his group since the early 1990s permit autonomous vehicles to deal with uncertainty and to localize themselves despite noisy sensor readings using simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).
Early life and education
Durrant-Whyte was born on 6 February 1961 in London, England. He was educated at Richard Hale School, then a state grammar school in Hertford, Hertfordshire. He studied engineering at the University of London, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in 1983. He then moved to the United States where he studied systems engineering at the University of Pennsylvania: he graduated with a Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) degree in 1985 and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1986. He was a Thouron Scholar in 1983.
Career and research
From 1986 to 1987, Durrant-Whyte was a BP research fellow in the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, and a Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford. Then, from 1987 to 1995, he was a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and a university lecturer in engineering science.
In 1995, he accepted a chair at the University of Sydney as Professor of Mechatronic Engineering. He was also director of the Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR) from 1999 to 2002. From 2002 until 2010 he held the position
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracrine
|
Intracrine refers to a hormone that acts inside a cell, regulating intracellular events. In simple terms it means that the cell stimulates itself by cellular production of a factor that acts within the cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular (mostly nuclear) receptors and, thus, may be considered to be intracrines. In contrast, peptide or protein hormones, in general, act as endocrines, autocrines, or paracrines by binding to their receptors present on the cell surface. Several peptide/protein hormones or their isoforms also act inside the cell through different mechanisms. These peptide/protein hormones, which have intracellular functions, are also called intracrines. The term 'intracrine' is thought to have been coined to represent peptide/protein hormones that also have intracellular actions. To better understand intracrine, we can compare it to paracrine, autocrine and endocrine. The autocrine system deals with the autocrine receptors of a cell allowing for the hormones to bind, which have been secreted from that same cell. The paracrine system is one where nearby cells get hormones from a cell, and change the functioning of those nearby cells. The endocrine system refers to when the hormones from a cell affect another cell that is very distant from the one that released the hormone.
Paracrine physiology has been understood for decades now and the effects of paracrine hormones have been observed when for example, an obesity associate tumor will face the effects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20bundle
|
In mathematics, the tensor bundle of a manifold is the direct sum of all tensor products of the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of that manifold. To do calculus on the tensor bundle a connection is needed, except for the special case of the exterior derivative of antisymmetric tensors.
Definition
A tensor bundle is a fiber bundle where the fiber is a tensor product of any number of copies of the tangent space and/or cotangent space of the base space, which is a manifold. As such, the fiber is a vector space and the tensor bundle is a special kind of vector bundle.
References
See also
Vector bundles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higman%27s%20embedding%20theorem
|
In group theory, Higman's embedding theorem states that every finitely generated recursively presented group R can be embedded as a subgroup of some finitely presented group G. This is a result of Graham Higman from the 1960s.
On the other hand, it is an easy theorem that every finitely generated subgroup of a finitely presented group is recursively presented, so the recursively presented finitely generated groups are (up to isomorphism) exactly the finitely generated subgroups of finitely presented groups.
Since every countable group is a subgroup of a finitely generated group, the theorem can be restated for those groups.
As a corollary, there is a universal finitely presented group that contains all finitely presented groups as subgroups (up to isomorphism); in fact, its finitely generated subgroups are exactly the finitely generated recursively presented groups (again, up to isomorphism).
Higman's embedding theorem also implies the Novikov-Boone theorem (originally proved in the 1950s by other methods) about the existence of a finitely presented group with algorithmically undecidable word problem. Indeed, it is fairly easy to construct a finitely generated recursively presented group with undecidable word problem. Then any finitely presented group that contains this group as a subgroup will have undecidable word problem as well.
The usual proof of the theorem uses a sequence of HNN extensions starting with R and ending with a group G which can be shown to have a f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20sharing
|
Charge sharing is an effect of signal degradation through transfer of charges from one electronic domain to another.
Charge sharing in semiconductor radiation detectors
In pixelated semiconductor radiation detectors - such as photon-counting or hybrid-pixel-detectors, charge sharing refers to the diffusion of electrical charges with a negative impact on image quality.
Formation of charge sharing
In the active detector layer of photon detectors, incident photons are converted to electron-hole pairs via the photoelectric effect. The resulting charge cloud is being accelerated towards the readout electronics via an applied voltage bias. Because of thermic energy and repulsion due to the electric fields inside such a device, the charge cloud diffuses, effectively getting larger in lateral size. In pixelated detectors, this effect can lead to a detection of parts of the initial charge cloud in neighbouring pixels. As the probability for this cross talk increases towards pixel edges, it is more prominent in detectors with smaller pixel size. Furthermore, fluorescence of the detector material above its K-edge can lead to additional charge carriers that add to the effect of charge-sharing. Especially in photon counting detectors, charge sharing can lead to errors in the signal count.
Problems of charge sharing
Especially in photon counting detectors, the energy of an incident photon is correlated with the net sum of the charge in the primary charge cloud. This kind of detectors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz%20units
|
Heaviside–Lorentz units (or Lorentz–Heaviside units) constitute a system of units and quantities that extends the CGS with a particular set of equations that defines electromagnetic quantities, named for Oliver Heaviside and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. They share with the CGS-Gaussian system that the electric constant and magnetic constant do not appear in the defining equations for electromagnetism, having been incorporated implicitly into the electromagnetic quantities. Heaviside–Lorentz units may be thought of as normalizing and , while at the same time revising Maxwell's equations to use the speed of light instead.
The Heaviside–Lorentz unit system, like the International System of Quantities upon which the SI system is based, but unlike the CGS-Gaussian system, is rationalized, with the result that there are no factors of appearing explicitly in Maxwell's equations. That this system is rationalized partly explains its appeal in quantum field theory: the Lagrangian underlying the theory does not have any factors of when this system is used. Consequently, electromagnetic quantities in the Heaviside–Lorentz system differ by factors of in the definitions of the electric and magnetic fields and of electric charge. It is often used in relativistic calculations, and are used in particle physics. They are particularly convenient when performing calculations in spatial dimensions greater than three such as in string theory.
Motivation
In the mid-late 19th Century, electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense-independent%20ERA
|
In baseball statistics, defense-independent ERA (dERA) is a statistic that projects what a pitcher's earned run average (ERA) would have been, if not for the effects of defense and luck on the actual games in which he pitched. The statistic was first devised by Voros McCracken in 1999.
Method
Version 2.0 of dERA uses the following statistics:
batters faced
Home runs allowed
Base on balls
Intentional base on balls
Strikeouts
Hit by pitch
0) Multiply BFP by .0074 to get the number of intentional walks allowed (dIBB).
1) Divide HB by BFP-IBB. Call this $HB. Then multiply $HB by BFP-dIBB. This number gives the DIPS number of Hit Batsmen (dHB).
2) Divide (BB-IBB) by (BFP-IBB-HB), and call this number $BB. Multiply BFP by 0.0074, and call this dIBB.
2a) Then multiply $BB by (BFP-dIBB-dHB). Take this number and add IBB. This number is now the DIPS number of total walks allowed (dBB).
3) Divide K by (BFP-HB-BB) and call this number $K. Remember this number for later.
3a) Multiply $K by (BFP-dBB-dHB). This gives the DIPS number of strikeouts (dK).
4) Divide HR by (BFP-HB-BB-K) and call this number $HR. Remember this number for later.
4a) Multiply $HR by (BFP-dBB-dHB-dK). This gives the DIPS number of Home Runs (dHR).
5) Calculate the number of 'Balls Hit in the Field of Play'. This is BFP-dHR-dBB-dK-dHB.
6) Estimate hits per balls in the field of play ($H):
6a) Take the number 0.304396 and subtract 0.010830 if the pitcher is strictly a knuckleball pitcher. If not keep the 0.30
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20physics
|
Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory of gases. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects. Other authors, however, define thermal physics loosely as a summation of only thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
Thermal physics can be seen as the study of system with larger number of atom, it unites thermodynamics to statistical mechanics.
Overview
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective. Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate. In addition, the concept of entropy is studied via quantum theory.
A central topic in thermal physics is the canonical probability distribution. The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common. Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory.
Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum nature of an ideal gas, i.e. in terms of fermions and bosons, Bose–Einstein condensation, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CountrySTAT
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CountrySTAT is a Web-based information technology system for food and agriculture statistics at the national and subnational levels. It provides decision-makers access to statistics across thematic areas such as production, prices, trade and consumption. This supports analysis, informed policy-making and monitoring with the goal of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.
Since 2005, the Statistics Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has introduced CountrySTAT in over 20 countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
Overview
The CountrySTAT web system is a browser oriented statistical framework to organise, harmonise and synchronise data collections.
CountrySTAT aims are to facilitate data use by policy makers and researchers. It provides statistical standards, data exchange tools and related methods without using external data sources such as databases. The data source is a text file in a specific format, called px-file. The application supports many languages. The layout can be easily changed to match the needs of users.
Features
The CountrySTAT web system is easy to install and to operate on a standard Windows XP professional machine. It is programmed in ASP with visual basic using internet information service and suitable windows software for graphical and statistical output for the intranet and internet environment.
Criticisms
The programming with VB scripts, customised DLLs and additional windows software (PC-Axis family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20entropy
|
A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager reciprocal relations in particular, are developed in terms of entropic potentials. In mathematics, free entropy means something quite different: it is a generalization of entropy defined in the subject of free probability.
A free entropy is generated by a Legendre transformation of the entropy. The different potentials correspond to different constraints to which the system may be subjected.
Examples
The most common examples are:
where
is entropy
is the Massieu potential
is the Planck potential
is internal energy
is temperature
is pressure
is volume
is Helmholtz free energy
is Gibbs free energy
is number of particles (or number of moles) composing the i-th chemical component
is the chemical potential of the i-th chemical component
is the total number of components
is the th components.
Note that the use of the terms "Massieu" and "Planck" for explicit Massieu-Planck potentials are somewhat obscure and ambiguous. In particular "Planck potential" has alternative meanings. The most standard notation for an entropic potential is , used by both Planck and Schrödinger. (Note that Gibbs used to denote the free energy.) Free entropies where invented
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Carlson's theorem is a uniqueness theorem which was discovered by Fritz David Carlson. Informally, it states that two different analytic functions which do not grow very fast at infinity can not coincide at the integers. The theorem may be obtained from the Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem, which is itself an extension of the maximum-modulus theorem.
Carlson's theorem is typically invoked to defend the uniqueness of a Newton series expansion. Carlson's theorem has generalized analogues for other expansions.
Statement
Assume that satisfies the following three conditions. The first two conditions bound the growth of at infinity, whereas the third one states that vanishes on the non-negative integers.
is an entire function of exponential type, meaning that for some real values , .
There exists such that
for every non-negative integer .
Then is identically zero.
Sharpness
First condition
The first condition may be relaxed: it is enough to assume that is analytic in , continuous in , and satisfies
for some real values , .
Second condition
To see that the second condition is sharp, consider the function . It vanishes on the integers; however, it grows exponentially on the imaginary axis with a growth rate of , and indeed it is not identically zero.
Third condition
A result, due to , relaxes the condition that vanish on the integers. Namely, Rubel showed that the conclusion of the theorem remains valid if vanishes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20curve
|
A fish curve is an ellipse negative pedal curve that is shaped like a fish. In a fish curve, the pedal point is at the focus for the special case of the squared eccentricity . The parametric equations for a fish curve correspond to those of the associated ellipse.
Equations
For an ellipse with the parametric equations
the corresponding fish curve has parametric equations
When the origin is translated to the node (the crossing point), the Cartesian equation can be written as:
Area
The area of a fish curve is given by:
,
so the area of the tail and head are given by:
giving the overall area for the fish as:
.
Curvature, arc length, and tangential angle
The arc length of the curve is given by .
The curvature of a fish curve is given by:
,
and the tangential angle is given by:
where is the complex argument.
References
Plane curves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother%20cell
|
The grandmother cell, sometimes called the "Jennifer Aniston neuron", is a hypothetical neuron that represents a complex but specific concept or object. It activates when a person "sees, hears, or otherwise sensibly discriminates" a specific entity, such as their grandmother. It contrasts with the concept of ensemble coding (or "coarse" coding), where the unique set of features characterizing the grandmother is detected as a particular activation pattern across an ensemble of neurons, rather than being detected by a specific "grandmother cell".
The term was coined around 1969 by cognitive scientist Jerry Lettvin. Rather than serving as a serious hypothesis, the "grandmother cell" concept was initially largely used in jokes and came to be used as a "straw man or foil" for a discussion of ensemble theories in introductory textbooks.
However, a similar concept, that of the gnostic neuron, was introduced several years earlier by Jerzy Konorski as a serious proposal.
History
In 1953, Horace Barlow described cells in a frog retina as "bug detectors", but the term did not gain wide usage. Several years later, Jerome (Jerry) Lettvin and others also studied these and other cells, eventually resulting in their widely known 1959 paper "What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain."
Around 1969, Lettvin introduced the term "grandmother cell" in a course he was teaching at MIT, telling a fictitious anecdote about a neurosurgeon who had discovered a group of "mother cells" in the brain t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel%20defect
|
In crystallography, a Frenkel defect is a type of point defect in crystalline solids, named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel. The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the lattice, creating a vacancy and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location. In elemental systems, they are primarily generated during particle irradiation, as their formation enthalpy is typically much higher than for other point defects, such as vacancies, and thus their equilibrium concentration according to the Boltzmann distribution is below the detection limit. In ionic crystals, which usually possess low coordination number or a considerable disparity in the sizes of the ions, this defect can be generated also spontaneously, where the smaller ion (usually the cation) is dislocated. Similar to a Schottky defect the Frenkel defect is a stoichiometric defect (does not change the over all stoichiometry of the compound). In ionic compounds, the vacancy and interstitial defect involved are oppositely charged and one might expect them to be located close to each other due to electrostatic attraction. However, this is not likely the case in real material due to smaller entropy of such a coupled defect, or because the two defects might collapse into each other. Also, because such coupled complex defects are stoichiometric, their concentration will be independent of chemical conditions.
Effect on density
Even though Frenkel defects involve only the migrat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20circle%20replication
|
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids, the genomes of bacteriophages, and the circular RNA genome of viroids. Some eukaryotic viruses also replicate their DNA or RNA via the rolling circle mechanism.
As a simplified version of natural rolling circle replication, an isothermal DNA amplification technique, rolling circle amplification was developed. The RCA mechanism is widely used in molecular biology and biomedical nanotechnology, especially in the field of biosensing (as a method of signal amplification).
Circular DNA replication
Rolling circle DNA replication is initiated by an initiator protein encoded by the plasmid or bacteriophage DNA, which nicks one strand of the double-stranded, circular DNA molecule at a site called the double-strand origin, or DSO. The initiator protein remains bound to the 5' phosphate end of the nicked strand, and the free 3' hydroxyl end is released to serve as a primer for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III. Using the unnicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single-stranded DNA. Displacement of the nicked strand is carried out by a host-encoded helicase called PcrA (the abbreviation standing for plasmid copy reduced) in the presence of the plasmid replication initiation protein.
Continued DNA synthesis can produce mu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20sequence%20alignment
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Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) may refer to the process or the result of sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a linkage and are descended from a common ancestor. From the resulting MSA, sequence homology can be inferred and phylogenetic analysis can be conducted to assess the sequences' shared evolutionary origins. Visual depictions of the alignment as in the image at right illustrate mutation events such as point mutations (single amino acid or nucleotide changes) that appear as differing characters in a single alignment column, and insertion or deletion mutations (indels or gaps) that appear as hyphens in one or more of the sequences in the alignment. Multiple sequence alignment is often used to assess sequence conservation of protein domains, tertiary and secondary structures, and even individual amino acids or nucleotides.
Computational algorithms are used to produce and analyse the MSAs due to the difficulty and intractability of manually processing the sequences given their biologically-relevant length. MSAs require more sophisticated methodologies than pairwise alignment because they are more computationally complex. Most multiple sequence alignment programs use heuristic methods rather than global optimization because identifying the optimal alignment between more than a few sequences of moderate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline-controlled%20transcriptional%20activation
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Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation is a method of inducible gene expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives (e.g. doxycycline).
Tetracycline-controlled gene expression is based upon the mechanism of resistance to tetracycline antibiotic treatment found in gram-negative bacteria. In nature, the Ptet promoter expresses TetR (the repressor) and TetA, the protein that pumps tetracycline antibiotic out of the cell.
The difference between Tet-On and Tet-Off is not whether the transactivator turns a gene on or off, as the name might suggest; rather, both proteins activate expression. The difference relates to their respective response to tetracycline or doxycycline (Dox, a more stable tetracycline analogue); Tet-Off activates expression in the absence of Dox, whereas Tet-On activates in the presence of Dox.
Tet-Off and Tet-On
The two most commonly used inducible expression systems for research of eukaryote cell biology are named Tet-Off and Tet-On.
The Tet-Off system for controlling expression of genes of interest in mammalian cells was developed by Professors and Manfred Gossen at the University of Heidelberg and first published in 1992.
The Tet-Off system makes use of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) protein, which is created by fusing one protein, TetR (tetracycline repressor), found in Escherichia coli bacteria, with the activation domain of another protein, VP1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Ling
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Victor Ling, (; born 1943) is a Canadian researcher in the field of medicine. Ling's research focuses on drug resistance in cancer. He is best known for his discovery of P-glycoprotein, one of the proteins responsible for multidrug resistance.
Early life
Ling was born in Shanghai, China in 1943, and is of Teochew ancestry. He moved to Hong Kong with his family in 1949 and lived there until 1952, when they emigrated to Canada. He graduated from North Toronto Collegiate in 1962. He received his bachelor's degree in 1966 from the University of Toronto and his PhD in 1969 from the University of British Columbia.
Career
Ling undertook post-doctoral training with Nobel laureate Fred Sanger at Cambridge University before returning to Toronto. He is currently Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and former Vice-President, Discovery at the BC Cancer Agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as the President and Scientific Director of the Terry Fox Research Institute.
Honours
1990, awarded the Gairdner Award from the Gairdner Foundation for outstanding contributions to medical science
1991, awarded the Charles F. Kettering Prize
1991, awarded the Steiner Award, the highest honour in cancer research
1994, awarded the Robert L. Noble Prize by the National Cancer Institute of Canada
2000, appointed to the Order of British Columbia
2006, awarded an honorary doctorate from Trinity Western University
2008, made an Officer of the Order of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukkonen%27s%20algorithm
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In computer science, Ukkonen's algorithm is a linear-time, online algorithm for constructing suffix trees, proposed by Esko Ukkonen in 1995. The algorithm begins with an implicit suffix tree containing the first character of the string. Then it steps through the string, adding successive characters until the tree is complete. This order addition of characters gives Ukkonen's algorithm its "on-line" property. The original algorithm presented by Peter Weiner proceeded backward from the last character to the first one from the shortest to the longest suffix. A simpler algorithm was found by Edward M. McCreight, going from the longest to the shortest suffix.
Implicit suffix tree
While generating suffix tree using Ukkonen's algorithm, we will see implicit suffix tree in intermediate steps depending on characters in string S. In implicit suffix trees, there will be no edge with $ (or any other termination character) label and no internal node with only one edge going out of it.
High level description of Ukkonen's algorithm
Ukkonen's algorithm constructs an implicit suffix tree T for each prefix S[1...i] of S (S being the string of length n). It first builds T using 1 character, then T using 2 character, then T using 3 character, ..., T using the n character. You can find the following characteristics in a suffix tree that uses Ukkonen's algorithm:
Implicit suffix tree T is built on top of implicit suffix tree T .
At any given time, Ukkonen's algorithm builds the suffix tree fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-addressable%20potentiometric%20sensor
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A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a sensor that uses light (e.g. LEDs) to select what will be measured. Light can activate carriers in semiconductors.
History
An example is the pH-sensitive LAPS (range pH4 to pH10) that uses LEDs in combination with (semi-conducting) silicon and pH-sensitive Ta2O5 (SiO2; Si3N4) insulator. The LAPS has several advantages over other types of chemical sensors. The sensor surface is completely flat, no structures, wiring or passivation are required. At the same time, the "light-addressability" of the LAPS makes it possible to obtain a spatially resolved map of the distribution of the ion concentration in the specimen. The spatial resolution of the LAPS is an important factor and is determined by the beam size and the lateral diffusion of photocarries in the semiconductor substrate. By illuminating parts of the semiconductor surface, electron-hole pairs are generated and a photocurrent flows. The LAPS is a semiconductor based chemical sensor with an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure. Under a fixed bias voltage, the AC (kHz range) photocurrent signal varies depending on the solution. A two-dimensional mapping of the surface from the LAPS is possible by using a scanning laser beam.
Optoelectronics
Sensors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG%20system
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The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved APG II in 2003, APG III system in 2009 and APG IV system in 2016.
History
The original APG system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistic analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes. Although based on molecular evidence only, its constituent groups prove to be supported by other evidence as well, for example pollen morphology supports the split between the eudicots and the rest of the former dicotyledons.
The system is rather controversial in its decisions at the family level, splitting a number of long-established families and submerging some other families. It also is unusual in not using botanical names above the level of order, that is, an order is the highest rank that will have a formal botanical name in this system. Higher groups are defined only as clades, with names such as monocots, eudicots, rosids, asterids.
The APG system was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, in 2009 by a next revision, the APG III system, and then in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.
Groups
The main groups in the system (all unranked clades) are:
angiosperms :
monocots
commelinoids
eudicots
core eudicots
rosids
eurosids I
eurosi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG%20II%20system
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The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system.
History
APG II was published as:
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4): 399-436. (Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF) doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x)
Each of the APG systems represents the broad consensus of a number of systematic botanists, united in the APG, working at several institutions worldwide.
The APG II system recognized 45 orders, five more than the APG system. The new orders were Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Gunnerales, Celastrales, and Crossosomatales, all of which were families unplaced as to order, although contained in supra-ordinal clades, in the APG system. APG II recognized 457 families, five fewer than the APG system. Thirty-nine of the APG II families were not placed in any order, but 36 of the 39 were placed in a supra-ordinal clade within the angiosperms. Fifty-five of the families came to be known as "bracketed families". They were optional segregates of families that could
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort%20%28C%2B%2B%29
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sort is a generic function in the C++ Standard Library for doing comparison sorting. The function originated in the Standard Template Library (STL).
The specific sorting algorithm is not mandated by the language standard and may vary across implementations, but the worst-case asymptotic complexity of the function is specified: a call to must perform no more than comparisons when applied to a range of elements.
Usage
The function is included from the header of the C++ Standard Library, and carries three arguments: . Here, is a templated type that must be a random access iterator, and and must define a sequence of values, i.e., must be reachable from by repeated application of the increment operator to . The third argument, also of a templated type, denotes a comparison predicate. This comparison predicate must define a strict weak ordering on the elements of the sequence to be sorted. The third argument is optional; if not given, the "less-than" () operator is used, which may be overloaded in C++.
This code sample sorts a given array of integers (in ascending order) and prints it out.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int array[] = { 23, 5, -10, 0, 0, 321, 1, 2, 99, 30 };
std::sort(std::begin(array), std::end(array));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(array); ++i) {
std::cout << array[i] << ' ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
}
The same functionality using a container, using its and methods to obtain iterators:
#include <algorithm>
#
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhtajan%20system
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A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. It admits paraphyletic groups.
Systems
The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as Origin of Angiospermous Plants. Further versions appeared in 1959 (Die Evolution der Angiospermen) and 1966 (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.
1966 system
Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae) p. 51
Class: Magnoliatae (Dicotyledones) p. 51
Class: Liliatae (Monocotyledones) p. 461
Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461
Subclass B: Liliidae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
Order Liliales p. 473
Family Liliaceae p. 474
Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476
Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476
Family Alliaceae p. 477
Family Agavaceae p. 478
Family Amaryllidaceae p. 480
Family Alstroemeriaceae p. 481
Family Haemodoraceae p. 482
Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483
Family Velloziaceae p. 483
Family Philesiaceae p. 484
Family Tecophilaeaceae p. 484
Family Cyanastraceae p. 485
Family Asparagaceae p. 486
Family Smilacaceae p. 487
Family Stemonaceae p. 487
Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488
Family Taccaceae p. 4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20and%20horizontal%20bundles
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In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle. More precisely, given a smooth fiber bundle , the vertical bundle and horizontal bundle are subbundles of the tangent bundle of whose Whitney sum satisfies . This means that, over each point , the fibers and form complementary subspaces of the tangent space . The vertical bundle consists of all vectors that are tangent to the fibers, while the horizontal bundle requires some choice of complementary subbundle.
To make this precise, define the vertical space at to be . That is, the differential (where ) is a linear surjection whose kernel has the same dimension as the fibers of . If we write , then consists of exactly the vectors in which are also tangent to . The name is motivated by low-dimensional examples like the trivial line bundle over a circle, which is sometimes depicted as a vertical cylinder projecting to a horizontal circle. A subspace of is called a horizontal space if is the direct sum of and .
The disjoint union of the vertical spaces VeE for each e in E is the subbundle VE of TE; this is the vertical bundle of E. Likewise, provided the horizontal spaces vary smoothly with e, their disjoint union is a horizontal bundle. The use of the words "the" and "a" here is intentional: each vertical subspace is unique, defined explicitly by . Excluding trivial cases, there are an infinite number of horizontal subspaces at each point. Also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridiagonal%20matrix%20algorithm
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In numerical linear algebra, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, also known as the Thomas algorithm (named after Llewellyn Thomas), is a simplified form of Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations. A tridiagonal system for n unknowns may be written as
where and .
For such systems, the solution can be obtained in operations instead of required by Gaussian elimination. A first sweep eliminates the 's, and then an (abbreviated) backward substitution produces the solution. Examples of such matrices commonly arise from the discretization of 1D Poisson equation and natural cubic spline interpolation.
Thomas' algorithm is not stable in general, but is so in several special cases, such as when the matrix is diagonally dominant (either by rows or columns) or symmetric positive definite; for a more precise characterization of stability of Thomas' algorithm, see Higham Theorem 9.12. If stability is required in the general case, Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting (GEPP) is recommended instead.
Method
The forward sweep consists of the computation of new coefficients as follows, denoting the new coefficients with primes:
and
The solution is then obtained by back substitution:
The method above does not modify the original coefficient vectors, but must also keep track of the new coefficients. If the coefficient vectors may be modified, then an algorithm with less bookkeeping is:
For do
followed by the back substitution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successive%20over-relaxation
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In numerical linear algebra, the method of successive over-relaxation (SOR) is a variant of the Gauss–Seidel method for solving a linear system of equations, resulting in faster convergence. A similar method can be used for any slowly converging iterative process.
It was devised simultaneously by David M. Young Jr. and by Stanley P. Frankel in 1950 for the purpose of automatically solving linear systems on digital computers. Over-relaxation methods had been used before the work of Young and Frankel. An example is the method of Lewis Fry Richardson, and the methods developed by R. V. Southwell. However, these methods were designed for computation by human calculators, requiring some expertise to ensure convergence to the solution which made them inapplicable for programming on digital computers. These aspects are discussed in the thesis of David M. Young Jr.
Formulation
Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x:
where:
Then A can be decomposed into a diagonal component D, and strictly lower and upper triangular components L and U:
where
The system of linear equations may be rewritten as:
for a constant ω > 1, called the relaxation factor.
The method of successive over-relaxation is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of this expression for x, using the previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically, this may be written as:
where is the kth approximation or iteration of and is the next or k + 1 iteration of .
However, by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microecosystem
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Microecosystems can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces.
Such factors may include temperature, pH, chemical milieu, nutrient supply, presence of symbionts or solid substrates, gaseous atmosphere (aerobic or anaerobic) etc.
Some examples
Pond microecosystems
These microecosystems with limited water volume are often only of temporary duration and hence colonized by organisms which possess a drought-resistant spore stage in the lifecycle, or by organisms which do not need to live in water continuously. The ecosystem conditions applying at a typical pond edge can be quite different from those further from shore. Extremely space-limited water ecosystems can be found in, for example, the water collected in bromeliad leaf bases and the "pitchers" of Nepenthes.
Animal gut microecosystems
These include the buccal region (especially cavities in the gingiva), rumen, caecum etc. of mammalian herbivores or even invertebrate digestive tracts. In the case of mammalian gastrointestinal microecology, microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria, as well as curious incompletely defined organisms (such as certain large structurally complex Selenomonads, Quinella ovalis "Quin's Oval", Magnoovum eadii "Eadie's Oval", Oscillospira etc.) can exist in the rumen as incredibly complex, highly enriched mixed populations, (see Moir and Masson images ). This type of microecosystem can adjust rapidly to changes in the nutrition or h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluency
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In cell culture biology, confluence refers to the percentage of the surface of a culture dish that is covered by adherent cells. For example, 50 percent confluence means roughly half of the surface is covered, while 100 percent confluence means the surface is completely covered by the cells, and no more room is left for the cells to grow as a monolayer. The cell number refers to, trivially, the number of cells in a given region.
Impact on research
Many cell lines exhibit differences in growth rate or gene expression depending on the degree of confluence. Cells are typically passaged before becoming fully confluent in order to maintain their proliferation phenotype. Some cell types are not limited by contact inhibition, such as immortalized cells, and may continue to divide and form layers on top of the parent cells. To achieve optimal and consistent results, experiments are usually performed using cells at a particular confluence, depending on the cell type. Extracellular export of cell free material is also dependent on the cell confluence .
Estimation
Rule of thumb
Comparing the amount of space covered by cells with unoccupied space using the naked eye can provide a rough estimate of confluency.
Hemocytometer
A hemocytometer can be used to count cells, giving the cell number.
References
Cell culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Statistics%20and%20Geography
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The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI from its former name in ) is an autonomous agency of the Mexican Government dedicated to coordinate the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information of the country. It was created on January 25, 1983, by presidential decree of Miguel de la Madrid.
It is the institution responsible for conducting the Censo General de Población y Vivienda every ten years; as well as the economic census every five years and the agricultural, livestock and forestry census of the country. The job of gathering statistical information of the Institute includes the monthly gross domestic product, consumer trust surveys and proportion of commercial samples; employment and occupation statistics, domestic and couple violence; as well as many other jobs that are the basis of studies and projections to other governmental institutions.
The Institute headquarters are in the city of Aguascalientes in central Mexico.
Functions
With the enactment of the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information Law, (LSNIEG by its name in Spanish, Ley del Sistema Nacional de Información Estadística y Geográfica) on April 16, 2008, INEGI changed its legal personality, acquiring technical and management autonomy. Its new denomination is National Institute of Statistic and Geography (INEGI by its name in Spanish, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía), but it preserves the acronym of its former name (INEGI).
INEGI's main obj
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Tango
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Tom Tango and "TangoTiger" are aliases used online by a baseball sabermetrics and ice hockey statistics analyst. He runs the Tango on Baseball sabermetrics website and is also a contributor to ESPN's baseball blog TMI (The Max Info). Tango is currently the Senior Database Architect of Stats for MLB Advanced Media.
Born in Canada in 1968, he resides in New Jersey with his family and has insisted on keeping his true name secret.
In 2006, Tango's book The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball, which was co-written with Mitchel Lichtman and Andrew Dolphin, was published featuring a foreword by Pete Palmer. In The Book he and his coauthors analyzed many advanced baseball questions, such as how to optimize a lineup or when to issue an intentional base on balls. They also introduced the wOBA metric to measure overall offensive contributions.
Tango maintains the "Marcel the Monkey Forecasting System," a player projection system which uses three years of weighted player statistics with statistical regression and player age adjustment.
He is best known for developing the FIP (Fielding Independent Pitching) statistic, which attempts to more accurately assess the quality of a pitcher's performance than other statistics, such as ERA. 2009 American League Cy Young Award winner Zack Greinke specifically mentioned FIP as his favorite statistic. "That's pretty much how I pitch, to try to keep my FIP as low as possible".
Tango works as a consultant for several National Hockey League t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioacetamide
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Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and serves as a source of sulfide ions in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds. It is a prototypical thioamide.
Research
Thioacetamide is known to induce acute or chronic liver disease (fibrosis and cirrhosis) in the experimental animal model. Its administration in rat induces hepatic encephalopathy, metabolic acidosis, increased levels of transaminases, abnormal coagulopathy, and centrilobular necrosis, which are the main features of the clinical chronic liver disease so thioacetamide can precisely replicate the initiation and progression of human liver disease in an experimental animal model.
Coordination chemistry
Thioacetamide is widely used in classical qualitative inorganic analysis as an in situ source for sulfide ions. Thus, treatment of aqueous solutions of many metal cations to a solution of thioacetamide affords the corresponding metal sulfide:
M2+ + CH3C(S)NH2 + H2O → MS + CH3C(O)NH2 + 2 H+ (M = Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg)
Related precipitations occur for sources of soft trivalent cations (As3+, Sb3+, Bi3+) and monovalent cations (Ag+, Cu+).
Preparation
Thioacetamide is prepared by treating acetamide with phosphorus pentasulfide as shown in the following idealized reaction:
CH3C(O)NH2 + 1/4 P4S10 → CH3C(S)NH2 + 1/4 P4S6O4
Structure
The C2NH2S portion of the molecule is planar; the C-S, C-N, and C-C distances are 1.68, 1.3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gavanti
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John Gavanti is a 1980 no wave opera album by members of the bands Mars and DNA. It was written and played by Mark Cunningham (of Mars), Sumner Crane (of Mars), China Burg (of Mars), Ikue Mori (of DNA) and Arto Lindsay (of DNA). All were prominent members of New York City's short-lived No Wave music scene.
The opera is a loose retelling of Mozart's 1787 opera Don Giovanni, which in turn is based on the legend of Don Juan. The title character is a libidinous figure endowed with magical powers, and the songs of the opera follow him on a series of adventures, many of them involving the pursuit of various females, including a female lion, a young girl, and a grandmother "in the beautiful autumn of life."
Description
Cunningham wrote about the project on his personal website:
"John Gavanti was, in a sense, a band, as we spent over a year developing and rehearsing the work. It consisted of Sumner Crane, the author of the libretto and songs, Don Burg, alter ego of China Burg, and myself as well as Ikue Mori from DNA. In the recording sessions we also used Arto Lindsay and his brother Duncan on garbage lid percussion for a samba takeoff. Sumner played guitar and piano, Don bass clarinet and I managed to get in trumpet, trombone, baritone horn and tuba. Ikue played the viola and cello. Neither she nor Lucy had ever touched those instruments before. Sumner called the shots generally but the arrangements were collective improvs. We recorded it in NY at Sear Sound, an all vacuum tube s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus%20%28satellite%29
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The Pegasus Project was a NASA initiative to study the frequency of micrometeoroid impacts on spacecraft by means of a constellation of three satellites launched in 1965.
All three Pegasus satellites were launched by Saturn I rockets, and remained connected with their upper stages.
The Pegasus satellites were named for the winged horse of Greek mythology and was first lofted into space by a NASA Saturn I rocket on February 16, 1965. Like its namesake, the Pegasus satellite was notable for its "wings", a pair of -long, -wide arrays of 104 panels fitted with sensors to detect punctures by micrometeoroids at high altitudes, in support of the Apollo Program to send crewed lunar landing missions starting by 1970. Micrometeoroids were believed to be potentially hazardous to the Apollo crew if they could puncture the spacecraft skin. The sensors successfully measured the frequency, size, direction and penetration of scores of micrometeoroid impacts. The satellite also carried sample protective shields mounted on the arrays.
The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was responsible for the design, production and operation of the three Pegasus satellites which were launched by Saturn I rocket test flights in 1965. At launch, a boilerplate Apollo Command/Service Module and launch escape system tower were atop the Saturn I, with the Pegasus experiment folded inside the Service Module. After first stage separation and second-stage ignition, the launch escape system was jettisoned. When the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaraju%27s%20algorithm
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In computer science, Kosaraju-Sharir's algorithm (also known as Kosaraju's algorithm) is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978 but did not publish it, while Sharir independently discovered it and published it in 1981. It makes use of the fact that the transpose graph (the same graph with the direction of every edge reversed) has exactly the same strongly connected components as the original graph.
The algorithm
The primitive graph operations that the algorithm uses are to enumerate the vertices of the graph, to store data per vertex (if not in the graph data structure itself, then in some table that can use vertices as indices), to enumerate the out-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the forward direction), and to enumerate the in-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the backward direction); however the last can be done without, at the price of constructing a representation of the transpose graph during the forward traversal phase. The only additional data structure needed by the algorithm is an ordered list of graph vertices, that will grow to contain each vertex once.
If strong components are to be represented by appointing a separate root vertex for each component, and assigning to each vertex the root vertex of its component, then Kosaraju's algorithm can be stated as follows.
For each vertex of the graph,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCDMH
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1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH or bromochlorodimethylhydantoin) is a chemical structurally related to hydantoin. It is a white crystalline compound with a slight bromine and acetone odor and is insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone.
BCDMH is an excellent source of both chlorine and bromine as it reacts slowly with water releasing hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid. It used as a chemical disinfectant for recreational water sanitation and drinking water purification. BCDMH works in the following manner:
The initial BCDMH reacts with water (R = Dimethylhydantoin):
BrClR + 2 H2O → HOBr + HOCl + RH2
Hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr → H+ + OBr−
Hypobromous acid oxidizes the substrate, itself being reduced to bromide:
HOBr + Live pathogens → Br− + Dead pathogens
The bromide ions are oxidized with the hypochlorous acid that was formed from the initial BCDMH:
Br− + HOCl → HOBr + Cl−
This produces more hypobromous acid; the hypochlorous acid itself act directly as a disinfectant in the process.
Preparation
This compound is prepared by first brominating, then chlorinating 5,5-dimethylhydantoin:
References
External links
PubChem Public Chemical Database (nih.gov)
External MSDS
Disinfectants
Organobromides
Organochlorides
Hydantoins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-reduction
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In computer science, particularly the study of approximation algorithms, an
L-reduction ("linear reduction") is a transformation of optimization problems which linearly preserves approximability features; it is one type of approximation-preserving reduction. L-reductions in studies of approximability of optimization problems play a similar role to that of polynomial reductions in the studies of computational complexity of decision problems.
The term L reduction is sometimes used to refer to log-space reductions, by analogy with the complexity class L, but this is a different concept.
Definition
Let A and B be optimization problems and cA and cB their respective cost functions. A pair of functions f and g is an L-reduction if all of the following conditions are met:
functions f and g are computable in polynomial time,
if x is an instance of problem A, then f(x) is an instance of problem B,
if y' is a solution to f(x), then g(y' ) is a solution to x,
there exists a positive constant α such that
,
there exists a positive constant β such that for every solution y' to f(x)
.
Properties
Implication of PTAS reduction
An L-reduction from problem A to problem B implies an AP-reduction when A and B are minimization problems and a PTAS reduction when A and B are maximization problems. In both cases, when B has a PTAS and there is an L-reduction from A to B, then A also has a PTAS. This enables the use of L-reduction as a replacement for showing the existence of a PTAS-red
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellipodium
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The lamellipodium (: lamellipodia) (from Latin lamella, related to , "thin sheet", and the Greek radical pod-, "foot") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional actin mesh; the whole structure propels the cell across a substrate. Within the lamellipodia are ribs of actin called microspikes, which, when they spread beyond the lamellipodium frontier, are called filopodia. The lamellipodium is born of actin nucleation in the plasma membrane of the cell and is the primary area of actin incorporation or microfilament formation of the cell.
Description
Lamellipodia are found primarily in all mobile cells, such as the keratinocytes of fish and frogs, which are involved in the quick repair of wounds. The lamellipodia of these keratinocytes allow them to move at speeds of 10–20 μm / min over epithelial surfaces. When separated from the main part of a cell, a lamellipodium can still crawl about freely on its own.
Lamellipodia are a characteristic feature at the front, leading edge, of motile cells. They are believed to be the actual motor which pulls the cell forward during the process of cell migration. The tip of the lamellipodium is the site where exocytosis occurs in migrating mammalian cells as part of their clathrin-mediated endocytic cycle. This, together with actin-polymerisation there, helps extend the lamella forward and thus advance the cell's front. It thus acts as a steering device for cells in the pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20desaturase
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Fatty acid desaturases (also called unsaturases) are a family of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. For the common fatty acids of the C18 variety, desaturases convert stearic acid into oleic acid. Other desaturases convert oleic acid into linolenic acid, which is the precursor to alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and eicosatrienoic acid.
Two subgroups of desaturases are recognized:
Delta - indicating that the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid chain. For example, Δ9-desaturase creates a double bond between the ninth and tenth carbon atom from the carboxyl end.
Omega - indicating the double bond is created at a fixed position from the methyl end of a fatty acid chain. For instance, ω3 desaturase creates a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atom from the methyl end. In other words, it creates an omega-3 fatty acid.
For example, Δ6 desaturation introduces a double bond between carbons 6 and 7 of linoleic acid (LA C18H32O2; 18:2-n6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA: C18H30O2; 18:3-n3), creating γ-linolenic acid (GLA: C18H30O2,18:3-n6) and stearidonic acid (SDA: C18H28O2; 18:4-n3) respectively.
In the biosynthesis of essential fatty acids, an elongase alternates with various desaturases (for example, Δ6-desaturase) repeatedly inserts an ethyl group, then forms a double bond.
Mechanism and function
Desaturases have diiron active sites reminisce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaunchBar
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LaunchBar is an application launcher for macOS. It provides access to user's applications and files, by entering short abbreviations of the searched item's name. It uses an adaptive algorithm that 'learns' a user's preferred abbreviations for a particular application. For example, after training, Adobe Photoshop may be launched by simply typing 'pho' and Time Machine can be opened by typing 'tm' even though that sequence of characters does not appear anywhere in the name of the application.
LaunchBar also provides capabilities beyond application launching, such as file management and piping the current selection to a command line utility, along with clipboard management and a built-in calculator.
LaunchBar is distributed as crippleware shareware - full usage of the application requires paying the registration fee, but up to 7 abbreviations may be used per session without paying anything.
According to user interface researcher Bruce Tognazzini, "LaunchBar should be able to outperform a visual interface for complex, repetitive switching sequences by an expert user".
History
LaunchBar began as a series of shell scripts for the NeXTSTEP platform, then migrated to OPENSTEP where it was developed into a full-fledged application. It was ported to Mac OS X in 2001 as LaunchBar 3.
In 2005, Apple introduced Spotlight, which took over LaunchBar's default position at the top-right corner of the screen. In response, LaunchBar was changed to display its window at the center of the scr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizol
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Glycyrrhizol A is a prenylated pterocarpan and an isoflavonoid derivative. It is a compound isolated from the root of the Chinese licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza uralensis).
It may has in vitro antibacterial properties. In one study, the strongest antibacterial activity was observed against Streptococcus mutans, an organism known to cause tooth decay in humans.
References
Pterocarpans
Antibiotics
Phenols
Methoxy compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20ATX%20transmission
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The FLC-"Fluid Link Converter"- ATX was a 3-speed hydraulic automatic transaxle produced by Ford Motor Company from 1981 through 1994, first appearing in the North American Ford Escort, then later the European Escort in 1983. It was Ford's first automatic transmission developed for front wheel drive and transverse engine location. Used in the company's four-cylinder-powered cars ranging from the Escort to the Taurus. The 3.0-powered Tempo/Topaz used a beefed up version of the FLC as well. The transaxle did not have a lockup torque converter, or overdrive. It was controlled by a throttle or "kickdown" Linkage, the speedometer drive used a mechanical cable, and had no computer controls.
With the four-cylinder Taurus excised from the lineup after 1991, and with the addition of the new computer-controlled, 4-speed F-4EAT from Mazda, for the Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer, the original FLC continued in production solely for the Tempo and Topaz until those cars were discontinued in 1994.
Applications:
1981-1987 Mercury Lynx
1981-1990 Ford Escort (North America)
1983-1990 Ford Escort (Europe) / Ford Orion
1982-1988 Ford EXP
1982-1983 Mercury LN7
1984-1994 Ford Tempo
1984-1994 Mercury Topaz
1986-1991 Ford Taurus
1990-1994 Ford Laser
?-1993 Ford Falcon
See also
List of Ford transmissions
ATX/FLC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwood%20Lake
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Millwood Lake is a reservoir in southwestern Arkansas, United States. It is located from Ashdown and is formed from the damming of the point where Little River and Saline River meet.
Statistics
Lake statistics:
Drainage area above the dam:
Elevation above sea level of the top of flood control pool:
Elevation above sea level of the top of conservation pool:
Elevation above sea level of the top of inactive pool:
Surface area of lake at top of flood control pool:
Surface area of lake at top of conservation pool:
Shoreline length at top of conservation pool:
Dam statistics:
Length of dam:
Maximum height of dam above streambed:
Length of spillway:
Length of non-overflow section:
Spillway crest gates (13), size:
Outlet conduits (2), size:
Water supply pipe (1), diameter:
Overview
Lake Millwood is mainly recognized for its fishing and birding access. It is also known for housing the 1,380-pound alligator, which was caught in the lake in 2012. Its of submerged timber provide homes for the many varieties of fish in the lake, including the indigenous Millwood lunker largemouth bass. Other species of fauna around the lake include white-tailed deer, bobwhite quail, squirrel, dove, rabbit, raccoon, armadillo, opossum, fox, mink, American gator, and beaver. Boating is also popular on Millwood Lake, but only a small part of the whole surface area of the lake can be used as boating due to the submerged timber that takes up of the pond. Lake Millwood also has a diverse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeman%27s%20algorithm
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Beeman's algorithm is a method for numerically integrating ordinary differential equations of order 2, more specifically Newton's equations of motion . It was designed to allow high numbers of particles in simulations of molecular dynamics. There is a direct or explicit and an implicit variant of the method. The direct variant was published by Schofield in 1973 as a personal communication from Beeman. This is what is commonly known as Beeman's method. It is a variant of the Verlet integration method. It produces identical positions, but uses a different formula for the velocities. Beeman in 1976 published a class of implicit (predictor–corrector) multi-step methods, where Beeman's method is the direct variant of the third-order method in this class.
Equation
The formula used to compute the positions at time in the full predictor-corrector scheme is:
Predict from data at times
.
Correct position and velocities at time from data at times by repeated evaluation of the differential equation to get the acceleration and of the equations of the implicit system
In tests it was found that this corrector step needs to be repeated at most twice. The values on the right are the old values of the last iterations, resulting in the new values on the left.
Using only the predictor formula and the corrector for the velocities one obtains a direct or explicit method which is a variant of the Verlet integration method:
This is the variant that is usually understood as Beeman's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%27s%20method
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In numerical analysis, Stone's method, also known as the strongly implicit procedure or SIP, is an algorithm for solving a sparse linear system of equations. The method uses an incomplete LU decomposition, which approximates the exact LU decomposition, to get an iterative solution of the problem. The method is named after Harold S. Stone, who proposed it in 1968.
The LU decomposition is an excellent general-purpose linear equation solver. The biggest disadvantage is that it fails to take advantage of coefficient matrix to be a sparse matrix. The LU decomposition of a sparse matrix is usually not sparse, thus, for a large system of equations, LU decomposition may require a prohibitive amount of memory and number of arithmetical operations.
In the preconditioned iterative methods, if the preconditioner matrix M is a good approximation of coefficient matrix A then the convergence is faster. This brings one to idea of using approximate factorization LU of A as the iteration matrix M.
A version of incomplete lower-upper decomposition method was proposed by Stone in 1968. This method is designed for equation system arising from discretisation of partial differential equations and was firstly used for a pentadiagonal system of equations obtained while solving an elliptic partial differential equation in a two-dimensional space by a finite difference method. The LU approximate decomposition was looked in the same pentadiagonal form as the original matrix (three diagonals for L and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%20Loves%20You%20%28album%29
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Somebody Loves You is the second studio album by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released on October 20, 1975. It peaked at #11 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, with two tracks that broke into the Top Ten Country Singles: the title song, "Somebody Loves You", peaked at #8, and Gayle scored her first ever #1 country hit with "I'll Get Over You".
Critical reception
Reviewing a reissue of the album, Record Collector wrote that "the elegant two-step of 'I’ll Get Over You' and the bouncy title track [give] Gayle more substantial and challenging melodies to tackle."
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - vocals
Jimmy Colvard - electric and acoustic guitar
Allen Reynolds - acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Lloyd Green - steel guitar
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Joe Allen - bass
Shane Keister - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string arrangements
Kenny Malone - drums, percussion
Garth Fundis, Janie Fricke - backing vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums
1975 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinization
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Trypsinization is the process of cell dissociation using trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme which breaks down proteins, to dissociate adherent cells from the vessel in which they are being cultured. When added to cell culture, trypsin breaks down the proteins that enable the cells to adhere to the vessel. Trypsinization is often used to pass cells to a new vessel. When the trypsinization process is complete the cells will be in suspension and appear rounded.
For experimental purposes, cells are often cultivated in containers that take the form of plastic flasks or plates. In such flasks, cells are provided with a growth medium comprising the essential nutrients required for proliferation, and the cells adhere to the container and each other as they grow.
This process of cell culture or tissue culture requires a method to dissociate the cells from the container and each other. Trypsin, an enzyme commonly found in the digestive tract, can be used to "digest" the proteins that facilitate adhesion to the container and between cells.
Once cells have detached from their container it is necessary to deactivate the trypsin, unless the trypsin is synthetic, as cell surface proteins will also be cleaved over time and this will affect cell functioning. Serum can be used to inactivate trypsin, as it contains protease inhibitors. Because of the presence of these inhibitors, the serum must be removed before treatment of a growth vessel with trypsin and must not be added again to the growth v
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi%20racial%20theories
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The Nazi Party adopted and developed several pseudoscientific racial classifications as part of its ideology (Nazism) in order to justify the genocide of groups of people which it deemed racially inferior. The Nazis considered the putative "Aryan race" a superior "master race", and they considered black people, mixed-race people, Slavs, Roma, Jews and other ethnicities racially inferior "sub-humans", whose members were only suitable for slave labor and extermination. These beliefs stemmed from a mixture of 19th-century anthropology, scientific racism, and anti-Semitism. The term "Aryan" belongs in general to the discourses of Volk (the people as a lineage group sharing a territory, language, and culture).
Racial hierarchy
The Nazis claimed to observe a strict and scientific hierarchy of the human race. Adolf Hitler's views on race and people are found throughout his autobiographical manifesto book Mein Kampf but more specifically, they are found in chapter 11, the title of which is "Nation and Race". The standard-issue propaganda text which was issued to members of the Hitler Youth contained a chapter on "The German Races" that heavily cited the works of Hans F. K. Günther. The text seems to address the European races in descending orders in the Nazi racial hierarchy: the Nordic (including the Phalic sub-race), Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, and East Baltic races. In 1937, Hitler spoke in the Reichstag and declared, "I speak prophetically. Just as the discovery that the ear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K252a
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K252a is an alkaloid isolated from Nocardiopsis bacteria. This staurosporine analog is a highly potent cell permeable inhibitor of CaM kinase and phosphorylase kinase (IC50 = 1.8 and 1.7 nmol/L, respectively). At higher concentrations it is also an efficient inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases (IC50 of 10 to 30 nmol/L).
K252a is reported to promote myogenic differentiation in C2 mouse myoblasts and has been shown to block the neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells by inhibition of trk tyrosine kinase activity.
K252a has been reported in preclinical research as a potential treatment for psoriasis<ref>Promising New Treatments for Psoriasis,</p> Sarah Dubois Declercq and Roxane Pouliot >.The Scientific World Journal; Volume 2013, Article ID 980419; https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/980419</ref>
K252a inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of Trk A induced by NGF. PC12 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of 10 ng/ml NGF with or without various concentrations of K252a.
See also
Lestaurtinib
ANA-12
Cyclotraxin B
References
Further reading
Indole alkaloids
Indolocarbazoles
Lactams
Protein kinase inhibitors
TrkB antagonists
Tertiary alcohols
Methyl esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20habitat
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A Sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into the future tie without external infusions of resources. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve naturally or be produced under the influence of man. A sustainable habitat that is created and designed by human intelligence will mimic nature, if it is to be successful. Everything within it is connected to a complex array of organisms, physical resources, and functions. Organisms from many different biomes can be brought together to fulfill various ecological niches.
Definition
A sustainable habitat is achieving stability between the economic and social development of human habitats together with the defense of the environment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure, and transportation.
A sustainable habitat is required to make sure that one species' waste ends up being the energy or food source for another species. It involves the preservation of the ecological balance in terms of a symbiotic perspective on urban development while developing urban extensions of existing towns.
The term often refers to sustainable human habitats, which typically involves some form of green building or environmental planning.
History
In creating the sustainable habitats, environmental scientists, designers, engineers and architects must not consider any elements as a wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachbin%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article provides a brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform, given below.
Exponential type
A function defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist constants and such that
in the limit of . Here, the complex variable was written as to emphasize that the limit must hold in all directions . Letting stand for the infimum of all such , one then says that the function is of exponential type .
For example, let . Then one says that is of exponential type , since is the smallest number that bounds the growth of along the imaginary axis. So, for this example, Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than .
Ψ type
Bounding may be defined for other functions besides the exponential function. In general, a function is a comparison function if it has a series
with for all , and
Comparison functions are necessarily entire, which follows fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting%27s%20theorem
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Fitting's theorem is a mathematical theorem proved by Hans Fitting. It can be stated as follows:
If M and N are nilpotent normal subgroups of a group G, then their product MN is also a nilpotent normal subgroup of G; if, moreover, M is nilpotent of class m and N is nilpotent of class n, then MN is nilpotent of class at most m + n.
By induction it follows also that the subgroup generated by a finite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups is nilpotent. This can be used to show that the Fitting subgroup of certain types of groups (including all finite groups) is nilpotent. However, a subgroup generated by an infinite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups need not be nilpotent.
Order-theoretic statement
In terms of order theory, (part of) Fitting's theorem can be stated as:
The set of nilpotent normal subgroups form a lattice of subgroups.
Thus the nilpotent normal subgroups of a finite group also form a bounded lattice, and have a top element, the Fitting subgroup.
However, nilpotent normal subgroups do not in general form a complete lattice, as a subgroup generated by an infinite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups need not be nilpotent, though it will be normal. The join of all nilpotent normal subgroups is still defined as the Fitting subgroup, but it need not be nilpotent.
External links
Theorems in group theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucarnea
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Beaucarnea is a genus of flowering plants native to Mexico and Central America. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). Beaucarnea is sometimes treated as a synonym of the genus Nolina, with the species being then transferred to that genus. However, recent research shows that Beaucarnea should be treated as an independent genus.
The species are small tropical xerophytic trees growing to 6–10 m tall, with a trunk 20–40 cm diameter with a flared base; young plants are single-stemmed, branching only after flowering. The leaves are evergreen, linear, strap-shaped, 0.5-1.8 m long and 1.5–2 cm broad, leathery in texture, with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are produced only on old trees, forming on large panicles 75–110 cm long, the individual flowers numerous but very small (1.5 mm diameter), greenish-white, with six tepals.
Species
Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:
References
The Beaucarnea-Calibanus Page of the National University of Mexico: photographs of the species in the wild
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Beaucarnea
New York Botanic Garden: Beaucarnea pliabilis
Asparagaceae genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Korkin
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Aleksandr Nikolayevich Korkin (; – ) was a Russian mathematician. He made contribution to the development of partial differential equations, and was second only to Chebyshev among the founders of the Saint Petersburg Mathematical School. Among others, his students included Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev.
Some publications
References
External links
Korkin's Biography , the St. Petersburg University Pages (in Russian, but with an image)
1837 births
1908 deaths
People from Vologda Oblast
People from Vologda Governorate
19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Mathematical analysts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAB%20%28AM%29
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CHAB is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting on an assigned frequency of 800 kHz. It is licensed to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, and serves the southcentral portion of the province. The station first began broadcasting in 1922 at 1200 AM as 10AB before becoming CHAB on December 17, 1933, before moving to 1220 AM in 1941 and to its current dial position at 800 AM in 1946. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting which also owns sister stations CJAW-FM and CILG-FM. CHAB's studios are located at 1704 Main Street North in Moose Jaw.
According to CRTC, https://crtc.gc.ca/ownership/eng/cht131.pdf this radio station is not owned by Golden West Broadcasting, but is owned by 101142236 Saskatchewan Ltd, a subsidiary of Elmer Hildebrand Ltd. Elmer Hildebrand Ltd is majority shareholder of Golden West Broadcasting Ltd., but the radio stations under 101142236 Saskatchewan Ltd. are operated separately from Golden West Broadcasting Ltd, just like the radio stations under 629112 Saskatchewan Ltd, which operate under the name Saskatoon Media Group.
CHAB broadcasts with a power of 10,000 watts day and night, with a directional three-tower antenna during nighttime hours and a non-directional antenna during the daytime.
The station was an affiliate of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission from 1933 to 1936 when it affiliated with the newly formed Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In 1944, it became an affiliate for the CBC's Dominion Network until 1962 when the Dominion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiocyte
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A meiocyte is a type of cell that differentiates into a gamete through the process of meiosis. Through meiosis, the diploid meiocyte divides into four genetically different haploid gametes. The control of the meiocyte through the meiotic cell cycle varies between different groups of organisms.
Yeast
The process of meiosis has been extensively studied in model organisms, such as yeast. Because of this, the way in which the meiocyte is controlled through the meiotic cell cycle is best understood in this group of organisms. A yeast meiocyte that is undergoing meiosis must pass through a number of checkpoints in order to complete the cell cycle. If a meiocyte divides and this division results in a mutant cell, the mutant cell will undergo apoptosis and, therefore, will not complete the cycle.
In natural populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diploid meiocytes produce haploid cells that then mainly undergo either clonal reproduction, or selfing (intratetrad mating) to form progeny diploid meiocytes. When the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains was analyzed, it was determined that formation of diploid meiocytes by outcrossing (as opposed to inbreeding or selfing) occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. These findings suggest that the principal adaptive function of meiocytes may not be related to the production of genetic diversity that occurs infrequently by outcrossing, but rather may be mainly related to recombinational repair of DNA damage (that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHPO-FM
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CHPO-FM is a radio station which broadcasts a country format on the frequency of 93.1 MHz in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada. This radio station also provides local news, sports and weather to its listeners. The station is owned by Golden West Broadcasting, and is located at 2390 Sissons Drive, along with CFRY and CJPG-FM.
History
The owners received approval by the CRTC on October 2, 2013, which will replace CFRY AM's current repeater, CFRY-FM-1. The new station will broadcast using the same facility and parameters as CFRY-FM-1, with a maximum effective radiated power of 27,000 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 73.5 metres).
Originally, it was planned to broadcast as CFRY-FM, while its original parent station, CFRY AM, continued its country format. It was later revealed that the station would switch to a classic rock format under the new call letters of CHPO-FM, ending its 19-year FM simulcast as CFRY-1-FM. However, the station instead launched as Country 93.1 FM, the current format.
References
External links
Country 93
Fry-Fm
Fry-Fm
Portage la Prairie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanin
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Katanin is a microtubule-severing AAA protein. It is named after the Japanese sword called a katana. Katanin is a heterodimeric protein first discovered in sea urchins. It contains a 60 kDa ATPase subunit, encoded by KATNA1, which functions to sever microtubules. This subunit requires ATP and the presence of microtubules for activation. The second 80 kDA subunit, encoded by KATNB1, regulates the activity of the ATPase and localizes the protein to centrosomes. Electron microscopy shows that katanin forms 14–16 nm rings in its active oligomerized state on the walls of microtubules (although not around the microtubule).
Mechanism and regulation of microtubule length
Structural analysis using electron microscopy has revealed that microtubule protofilaments change from a straight to a curved conformation upon GTP hydrolysis of β-tubulin. However, when these protofilaments are part of a polymerized microtubule, the stabilizing interactions created by the surrounding lattice lock subunits into a straight conformation, even after GTP hydrolysis. In order to disrupt these stable interactions, katanin, once bound to ATP, oligomerizes into a ring structure on the microtubule wall - in some cases oligomerization increases the affinity of katanin for microtubules and stimulates its ATPase activity. Once this structure is formed, katanin hydrolyzes ATP, and likely undergoes a conformational change that puts mechanical strain on the tubulin subunits, which destabilizes their interact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERC
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SERC, Serc, etc. may refer to:
Places
Sérc, a municipality in Austria
Chemistry
Phosphoserine transaminase, an enzyme
Medicine
Serc, a brand name of the antivertigo drug betahistine
Organizations
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions, in India
South Eastern Regional College, in Northern Ireland
State Emergency Response Commission, in the US; See Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Stock Exchange Rifle Club, in England
Science and technology organizations
Science Education Resource Center, an office of Carleton College in Minnesota, US, that provides resources for geoscience faculty
Science and Engineering Research Council, a UK agency that oversaw publicly funded scientific research until 1994
SERC Reliability Corporation, one of nine regional electric reliability councils of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, an environmental research center in Maryland, US
Solar Energy Research Center, one of various independent solar energy research centers
Space Environment Research Center, at Kyushu University located in Fukuoka, Japan
Supercomputer Education Research Centre, a central computing facility at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India
See also
Circ (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fight%20%28The%20Office%29
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"The Fight" is the sixth episode of the second season of the television series The Office and the show's twelfth episode overall. It was written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg and directed by Ken Kwapis. It originally aired on November 1, 2005, on NBC. "The Fight" guest starred Lance Krall, who played the part of Dwight's sensei, Ira.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell), after being embarrassed by Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) superior fighting skills, engages in a karate match with Dwight during lunch. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) flirting with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) goes too far.
"The Fight" was known as "Karate" and "The Dojo" by members of the cast and crew due to many of the scenes featuring the titular fight. Several of the cast members of the show—recurring and starring—had martial arts experience. The episode contained several cultural references, with many referring to popular fighting-related movies and television shows. "The Fight" received largely positive reviews from critics. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18–49 demographic and was viewed by 7.9 million viewers.
Synopsis
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) has one task: sign routine documents. Unfortunately, it's a month where three separate sets of paperwork are due at the same time, so Michael mulishly ignores his workl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin%20electrophoresis
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Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin. The test can detect hemoglobin S, the form associated with sickle cell disease, as well as other abnormal types of hemoglobin, such as hemoglobin C. It can also be used to investigate thalassemias, which are disorders caused by defective hemoglobin production.
Procedure
The test uses the principles of gel electrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of native gel electrophoresis. After the sample has been treated to release the hemoglobin from the red cells, it is introduced into a porous gel (usually made of agarose or cellulose acetate) and subjected to an electrical field, most commonly in an alkaline medium. Different hemoglobins have different charges, and according to those charges, they move at different speeds in the gel and eventually form discrete bands (see electrophoretic migration patterns). A quality control sample containing hemoglobins A, F, S, and C is run along with the patient sample to aid in identifying the different bands. The relative amounts of each type of hemoglobin can be estimated by measuring the optical density of the bands, though this method is not reliable for hemoglobins that are present in low quantities.
Because hemoglobins exhibit different migration patterns depending on the pH level, testing the same sample at both an acid and an alkaline pH can help to identify some abnormal hemoglobins that would otherwise be imp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way%20finite%20automaton
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In computer science, in particular in automata theory, a two-way finite automaton is a finite automaton that is allowed to re-read its input.
Two-way deterministic finite automaton
A two-way deterministic finite automaton (2DFA) is an abstract machine, a generalized version of the deterministic finite automaton (DFA) which can revisit characters already processed. As in a DFA, there are a finite number of states with transitions between them based on the current character, but each transition is also labelled with a value indicating whether the machine will move its position in the input to the left, right, or stay at the same position. Equivalently, 2DFAs can be seen as read-only Turing machines with no work tape, only a read-only input tape.
2DFAs were introduced in a seminal 1959 paper by Rabin and Scott, who proved them to have equivalent power to one-way DFAs. That is, any formal language which can be recognized by a 2DFA can be recognized by a DFA which only examines and consumes each character in order. Since DFAs are obviously a special case of 2DFAs, this implies that both kinds of machines recognize precisely the class of regular languages. However, the equivalent DFA for a 2DFA may require exponentially many states, making 2DFAs a much more practical representation for algorithms for some common problems.
2DFAs are also equivalent to read-only Turing machines that use only a constant amount of space on their work tape, since any constant amount of information c
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