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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenoxadol | Dimenoxadol (INN) (brand name Estocin (in Russia)), or dimenoxadole (BAN), is an opioid analgesic which is a benzilic acid derivative, closely related to benactyzine (an anticholinergic). Further, the structure is similar to methadone and related compounds like dextropropoxyphene.
It was invented in Germany in the 1950s, and produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, dizziness and nausea.
In the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9617 and a 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of zero.
References
Analgesics
Synthetic opioids
Ethers
Carboxylate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Dimethylamino compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxaphetyl%20butyrate | Dioxaphetyl butyrate (INN; trade names Amidalgon, Spasmoxal) is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other open-chain opioid drugs such as dextropropoxyphene, levacetylmethadol (LAAM), lefetamine and dimenoxadol.
It produces similar effects to other opioids, including dependence, euphoria, analgesia, sedation, constipation, dizziness and nausea.
In the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9621 and a 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of zero.
References
Butyrate esters
Synthetic opioids
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Ethyl esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mile | The Crystal Mile is a Moonee Valley Racing Club Group 2 Thoroughbred horse race held under Weight for Age conditions for horses aged three years old and upwards, over a distance of 1600 metres held at Moonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in late October on W. S. Cox Plate Day. Prize money is A$300,000.
History
Distance
1982 - 1600 metres
Grade
1982–1985 - Listed race
1986–1996 - Group 3
1997 onwards - Group 2
In 2012 the race conditions changed from handicap to Weight for Age.
Name
1982–2006 - Waterford Crystal Mile
2007–2011 - Jayco Crystal Mile
2012 onwards - Schweppes Crystal Mile
Winners
2023 - Prowess
2022 - My Oberon
2021 - Just Folk
2020 - Homesman
2019 - Chief Ironside
2018 - Cliff's Edge
2017 - Lucky Hussler
2016 - The United States
2015 - Turn Me Loose
2014 - Hooked
2013 - Toydini
2012 - Silent Achiever
2011 - Testa My Patience
2010 - Sound Journey
2009 - Rangirangdoo
2008 - Sea Battle
2007 - Sonic Quest
2006 - Flash Trick
2005 - Niconero
2004 - Lad Of The Manor
2003 - Rosina Lad
2002 - Royal Code
2001 - Weasel Will
2000 - Weasel Will
1999 - Le Zagaletta
1998 - Rustic Dream
1997 - Holy Roller
1996 - Lochrae
1995 - Juggler
1994 - State Taj
1993 - Carson's Cash
1992 - Solvit
1991 - Fire Commander
1990 - Ark Regal
1989 - Fendalton
1988 - True Dreams
1987 - Tierra Rist
1986 - Splendid Speed
1985 - Dazzling Duke
1984 - Keepers
1983 - Dynamo
1982 - Getting Closer
See also
List of Australian Group races
Group races
References
Horse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s%20equation | Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.
The equation was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station (WES), following extensive investigations by Hudson (1953, 1959, 1961a, 1961b)
Initial equation
The equation itself is:
where:
W is the design weight of the riprap armor (Newton)
is the specific weight of the armor blocks (N/m3)
H is the design wave height at the toe of the structure (m)
KD is a dimensionless stability coefficient, deduced from laboratory experiments for different kinds of armour blocks and for very small damage (a few blocks removed from the armour layer) (-):
KD = around 3 for natural quarry rock
KD = around 10 for artificial interlocking concrete blocks
Δ is the dimensionless relative buoyant density of rock, i.e. (ρr / ρw - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water
ρr and ρw are the densities of rock and (sea)water (-)
θ is the angle of revetment with the horizontal
Updated equation
This equation was rewritten as follows in the nineties:
where:
Hs is the design significant wave height at the toe of the structure (m)
Δ is the dimensionless relative buoyant density of rock, i.e. (ρr / ρw - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water
ρr and ρw are the densities of rock |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28journal%29 | Entropy is a monthly open access scientific journal covering research on all aspects of entropy and information theory. It was established in 1999 and is published by MDPI. The journal occasionally publishes special issues compiled by guest editors. The editor-in-chief is Kevin H. Knuth (University at Albany, SUNY).
Sections
Entropy consists of eight sections:
Thermodynamics Section
Statistical Mechanics
Information Theory
Quantum Information
Complexity
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Entropy Reviews
Entropy and Biology
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.7.
2013 Paper on glyphosate
In 2013, Entropy published a review paper saying glyphosate may be the most important factor in the development of obesity, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and infertility. The paper does not contain any primary research results. It was criticized as pseudo-science by the science magazine Discover and Jeffrey Beall, founder of Beall's List of predatory open-access publishers, said "Will MDPI publish anything for money?". Beall removed MDPI from his list of predatory publishers in October 2015.
In response to the controversy, the editors of Entropy added an "Expression of Concern" to the article's frontmatter. In 2017 researchers Robin Mesnage and Michael N. Antoniou, both of whom are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diindenoperylene | Diindenoperylene (DIP) is an organic semiconductor which receives attention because of its potential application in optoelectronics (solar cells, OLEDs) and electronics (RFID tags). DIP is a planar perylene derivative with two indeno-groups attached to opposite sides of the perylene core. Its chemical formula is C32H16, the full chemical name is diindeno[1,2,3-cd:1',2',3'-lm]perylene. Its chemical synthesis has been described.
Properties and uses
The molecular weight is 400.48 g/mol, the dimensions of the molecule in its plane are ~18.4×7 Å. and its sublimation temperature is above 330 °C. It is non-polar and therefore only slightly soluble, for example in acetone.
DIP is a red dye and has been used as active material for optical recording. Because of its ‘perylene-type’ optical emission in the visible spectrum, it has also been used in organic light emitting diodes. Organic field effect transistors of DIP have been studied. The charge carrier mobility achieved was up to 0.1 cm2/(V·s) for thin film transistors with silicon dioxide as gate dielectric, making DIP a good candidate for further optimisation.
The structure of bulk DIP crystals has recently been studied by Pflaum et al., who found two distinct phases at room temperature and at temperatures above 160 °C. In thin films for growth ‘near equilibrium’ (at substrate temperature of about 130 °C) by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD), DIP has been shown to order very well. The structure of thin DIP films has been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Raymond%20Hobbs | John Raymond Hobbs MRCS, FRCP, FRCPath, FRCPaed (17 April 1929 – 13 July 2008) was a professor who was at the forefront of the techniques of clinical immunology, protein biochemistry and bone marrow transplantation, specifically in child health.
Early life
John Hobbs was born in Aldershot. He was the third son of four male children of a soldier's family. His family moved around considerably due to his father's career in the British Army. The family eventually settled in his father's home town of Plymouth in the county of Devon. During the Second World War, John, along with his three brothers Frederick, William and Dennis, were evacuated from blitz-torn Plymouth to Penzance. He left school at 16 and worked as a pathology laboratory assistant and did his National Service in Egypt with the British Army Medical Corps. After National Service, John used the money he had saved from his army sergeant's pay to put himself into Plymouth and Devonport Technical College where he achieved an External Inter.BSc within 9 months, gaining a state scholarship to study medicine, where he chose the Middlesex Hospital in London and won 7 prizes. From 1968–1996 Hobbs received 4 national prizes, 15 international awards and 4 honorary fellowships
Medicine
He specialised in Pathology and in 1963 was appointed consultant at Hammersmith Hospital, London. In 1970 he was appointed as Professor of Chemical Pathology at Westminster Medical School. In the early 1970s Professor Hobbs's Westminster team |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20algorithm%20scheduling | The genetic algorithm is an operational research method that may be used to solve scheduling problems in production planning.
Importance of production scheduling
To be competitive, corporations must minimize inefficiencies and maximize productivity. In manufacturing, productivity is inherently linked to how well the firm can optimize the available resources, reduce waste and increase efficiency. Finding the best way to maximize efficiency in a manufacturing process can be extremely complex. Even on simple projects, there are multiple inputs, multiple steps, many constraints and limited resources. In general a resource constrained scheduling problem consists of:
A set of jobs that must be executed
A finite set of resources that can be used to complete each job
A set of constraints that must be satisfied
Temporal constraints – the time window to complete the task
Procedural constraints – the order each task must be completed
Resource constraints – is the resource available
A set of objectives to evaluate the scheduling performance
A typical factory floor setting is a good example of this, where it is necessary to schedule which jobs need to be completed on which machines, by which employees, in what order and at what time.
Use of algorithms in scheduling
In very complex problems such as scheduling there is no known way to get to a final answer, so we resort to searching for it trying to find a "good" answer. Scheduling problems most often use heuristic algorithms to s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1%20oncogene | The MAS1 oncogene (MAS receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin (1-7). The MAS1 receptor, when activated by binding angiotensin-(1-7), opposes many of the effects of the angiotensin II receptor. Hence, MAS1 receptor agonists have similar therapeutic effects to angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including lowering of blood pressure.
References
External links
IUPHAR GPCR Database - MAS1
IUPHAR GPCR Database - MAS1L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1 | MAS proto-oncogene, or MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor ('MRGA, MAS, MGRA""), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAS1'' gene.
The structure of the MAS1 product indicates that it belongs to the class of receptors that are coupled to GTP-binding proteins and share a conserved structural motif, which is described as a '7-transmembrane segment' following the prediction that these hydrophobic segments form membrane-spanning alpha-helices. The MAS1 protein may be a receptor that, when activated, modulates a critical component in a growth-regulating pathway to bring about oncogenic effects.
Agonists of the receptor include angiotensin-(1-7). Antagonist include A-779 (angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline substituted for D-Ala), or D-Pro (angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline submitted for D-proline).
Mas1 proto-oncogene (MAS1, MGRA) is not to be confused with the MAS-related G-protein coupled receptor, a recently believed to be activated by the ligand alamandine (generated by catalysis of Ang A via ACE2 or directly from Ang-(1-7)).
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio | Vespertilio is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae. The common name for this family is vesper bats, which is a better-known classification than Vespertilio. They are also known as frosted bats.
Species within the genus Vespertilio are:
Parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio murinus
Asian parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio sinensis
History
Vespertilio is the oldest accepted genus name for bats. When Vespertilio was described in 1758, it was equivalent to the modern taxonomic order, encompassing all of Chiroptera (all bats), which Carl Linnaeus grouped with the primates due to certain characteristics mentioned by Linnaeus that bats seemed to share with actual primates. The second chiropteran genus, Pteropus, was described four years later in 1762. Vespertilio, as the oldest genus name, is thus the type genus of the family Vespertilionidae, which was not described until 1821. Variably, until 1779, Vespertilio was considered either the only chiropteran genus, or one of two, including Pteropus. It was considered by some to be the only genus of bats until as late as 1817.
References
D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2005: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Bat genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus%20translation | Rotavirus translation, the process of translating mRNA into proteins, occurs in a different way in Rotaviruses. Unlike the vast majority of cellular proteins in other organisms, in Rotaviruses the proteins are translated from capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNAs. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 specifically binds the 3'-end consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G. The Rotavirus replication cycle occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. Upon virus entry, the viral transcriptase synthesizes capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNA The viral mRNAs bear 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of variable length and are flanked by two different sequences common to all genes.
In the group A rotaviruses, the 3'-end consensus sequence UGACC is highly conserved among the 11 genes. Rotavirus NSP3 presents several similarities to PABP; in rotavirus-infected cells, NSP3 can be cross-linked to the 3' end of rotavirus mRNAs and is coimmunoprecipitated with eIF4G. The binding of NSP3A to eIF4G and its specific interaction with the 3' end of viral mRNA brings the viral mRNA and the translation initiation machinery into contact, thus favoring efficient translation of the viral mRNA. NSP3 interacts with the same region of eIF4G as PABP does. As a consequence, during rotavirus infection PABP is evicted from eIF4G, probably impairing the translation of polyadenylated mRNA and leading to the shutoff of cellular mRNA translation observed durin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Index%20to%20Statistics | The Current Index to Statistics is an online database published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association that contains bibliographic data of articles in statistics, probability, and related fields. It was shut down at the end of 2019.
See also
Web of Science
IEEE Xplore
References
External links
Official website
American Statistical Association
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Online databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANET%20database | The Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database is a bioinformatics database that maps evolutionary relationships of protein architectures directly onto biological networks. It was originally developed by Hee Shin Kim, Jay E. Mittenthal and Gustavo Caetano-Anolles in the Department of Crop Sciences of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
MANET traces for example the ancestry of individual metabolic enzymes in metabolism with bioinformatic, phylogenetic, and statistical methods. MANET currently links information in the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database, the metabolic pathways database of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and phylogenetic reconstructions describing the evolution of protein fold architecture at a universal level. The database has been updated to reflect evolution of metabolism at the level of protein fold families. MANET literally "paints" the ancestries of enzymes derived from rooted phylogenetic trees directly onto over one hundred metabolic pathways representations, paying homage to one of the fathers of impressionism. It also provides numerous functionalities that enable searching specific protein folds with defined ancestry values, displaying the distribution of enzymes that are painted, and exploring quantitative details describing individual protein folds. This permits the study of global and local metabolic network architectures, and the extraction of evolutionary patterns at global and local levels.
A s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed%20product%20result%20analysis | In the field of compiler implementation in computer science, constructed product result analysis (or CPR analysis) is a static analysis that determines which functions in a given program can return multiple results in an efficient manner. Typically, this means returning multiple results in a register (as opposed to returning a pointer to a tuple allocated on the heap whose components are the function's multiple return values.)
CPR analysis was introduced in the context of compiling Haskell (a lazy functional language) and is implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. It may be applicable to other programming languages as well.
See also
Strictness analysis
References
Functional programming
Programming language implementation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-PET | 7-PET is an opioid analgesic drug that has 300 times the potency of morphine by weight. It was discovered by K.W. Bentley and is related to the more well known oripavine derivative etorphine, which is used as a veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication for the sedation of large animals such as elephants, giraffes, and rhinos. 7-PET itself has a 3-O-methyl ether which reduces potency, but the 3-OH derivative is around 2200 times more potent than morphine, almost the same potency as etorphine as a μ agonist, and unexpectedly the 3-hydrogen compound is also around the same potency of 2000 times morphine.
Unlike etorphine, 7-PET is not controlled under the UN drug conventions, but it might still be considered to be a controlled substance analogue of etorphine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
See also
14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone
14-Phenylpropoxymetopon
BU72
N-Phenethylnormorphine
N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
Phenomorphan
RAM-378
Ro4-1539
References
Semisynthetic opioids
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Phenol ethers
Tertiary alcohols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metofoline | Metofoline (INN), also known as methofoline (USAN), is an opioid analgesic drug discovered in the 1950s by a team of Swiss researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche.
Methopholine is an isoquinoline derivative which is not structurally related to most other opioids.
However, its structural similarity to the non-opioid alkaloid papaverine is notable.
Metofoline has around the same efficacy as an analgesic as codeine, and was evaluated for the treatment of postoperative pain. Metofoline tablets were marketed in the United States under the brand name of Versidyne, but the drug was withdrawn from the market in 1965 due to the occurrence of ophthalmic side-effects alongside the discovery that the drug could produce cataracts in dogs.
Metofoline has two enantiomers, with the levo (R) enantiomer being the active form, around 3x the potency of codeine, and the (S) enantiomer being inactive.
Analogs where the 4'-chloro group has been replaced by other electron withdrawing groups have also been tested, the fluoro derivative being slightly more potent than chloro, and the nitro derivative being most potent of all, with the racemic 4'-nitromethopholine being around 20x the potency of codeine.
See also
Almorexant
Papaverine
References
Synthetic opioids
Norsalsolinol ethers
Chloroarenes
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Abandoned drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%27s%20main%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, Zariski's main theorem, proved by , is a statement about the structure of birational morphisms stating roughly that there is only one branch at any normal point of a variety. It is the special case of Zariski's connectedness theorem when the two varieties are birational.
Zariski's main theorem can be stated in several ways which at first sight seem to be quite different, but are in fact deeply related. Some of the variations that have been called Zariski's main theorem are as follows:
The total transform of a normal fundamental point of a birational map has positive dimension. This is essentially Zariski's original form of his main theorem.
A birational morphism with finite fibers to a normal variety is an isomorphism to an open subset.
The total transform of a normal point under a proper birational morphism is connected.
A closely related theorem of Grothendieck describes the structure of quasi-finite morphisms of schemes, which implies Zariski's original main theorem.
Several results in commutative algebra that imply the geometric form of Zariski's main theorem.
A normal local ring is unibranch, which is a variation of the statement that the transform of a normal point is connected.
The local ring of a normal point of a variety is analytically normal. This is a strong form of the statement that it is unibranch.
The name "Zariski's main theorem" comes from the fact that Zariski labelled it as the "MAIN THEOREM" in .
Zariski's main theorem for bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound%20attenuation%20spectroscopy | Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy is a method for characterizing properties of fluids and dispersed particles. It is also known as acoustic spectroscopy.
There is an international standard for this method.
Measurement of attenuation coefficient versus ultrasound frequency yields raw data for further calculation of various system properties. Such raw data are often used in the calculation of the particle size distribution in heterogeneous systems such as emulsions and colloids. In the case of acoustic rheometers, the raw data are converted into extensional viscosity or volume viscosity.
Instruments that employ ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy are referred to as Acoustic spectrometers.
References
External links
Ultrasonic Spectrometer
Acoustics
Colloidal chemistry
Spectroscopy
Ultrasound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Wing | Crystal Wing(In Chinese"水晶之翼") was made by Bolliger & Mabillard. Crystal Wing a steel flying roller coaster at Happy Valley in Beijing, China. The layout of this coaster is identical to the: "Superman: Ultimate Flight" flying coaster located at several Six Flags parks.
Roller coasters in China
Roller coasters introduced in 2006
Flying roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectedness%20theorem | In mathematics, the connectedness theorem may be one of
Deligne's connectedness theorem
Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem
Grothendieck's connectedness theorem
Hartshorne's connectedness theorem
Zariski's connectedness theorem, a generalization of Zariski's main theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming%20protein%20RhoA | Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the RHOA gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. It acts upon several effectors. Among them, ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (Diaphanous Homologue 1, a.k.a. hDia1, homologue to mDia1 in mouse, diaphanous in Drosophila) are the best described. RhoA, and the other Rho GTPases, are part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily, a family of proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. RhoA is one of the oldest Rho GTPases, with homologues present in the genomes since 1.5 billion years. As a consequence, RhoA is somehow involved in many cellular processes which emerged throughout evolution. RhoA specifically is regarded as a prominent regulatory factor in other functions such as the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, cell cycle progression and cell transformation.
Structure
The specific gene that encodes RhoA, RHOA, is located on chromosome 3 and consists of four exons, which has also been linked as a possible risk factor for atherothrombolic stroke.
Similar to other GTPases, RhoA presents a Rho insert in its primary sequence in the GTPase domain. RhoA contains also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20synthase%20kinase-3%20beta | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene. In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene. Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased susceptibility towards bipolar disorder.
Function
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that was initially identified as a phosphorylating and an inactivating agent of glycogen synthase. Two isoforms, alpha (GSK3A) and beta, show a high degree of amino acid homology. GSK3B is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. It might be a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
Disease relevance
Homozygous disruption of the Gsk3b locus in mice results in embryonic lethality during mid-gestation. This lethality phenotype could be rescued by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor.
Two SNPs at this gene, rs334558 (-50T/C) and rs3755557 (-1727A/T), are associated with efficacy of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder.
Signaling pathways
Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 restores GSK-3 beta activity and protein synthesis levels in a model of tuberous sclerosis.
Interactions
GSK3B has been shown to interact with:
KIAA1211L
AKAP11,
AXIN1,
AXIN2,
AR,
CTNNB1,
DNM1L,
MACF1
MUC1,
SMAD3
NOTCH1,
NOTCH2,
P53,
PRKAR2A,
SGK3, and
TSC2.
See also
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
References
Further reading
External links
PDBe-KB provid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPKB | Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ITPKB gene.
Function
The protein encoded by the ITPKB gene is one of 3 isoforms of Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase expressed in humans. ITPKB protein regulates inositol phosphate metabolism by phosphorylation of second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which releases calcium from intracellular store in the endoplasmic reticulum by gating the inositol trisphosphate receptor. ITPKB produces Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, which does not gate the inositol trisphosphate receptor. The enzyme specifically phosphorylates the 1,4,5 isomer of IP3. The activity of this encoded protein is responsible for regulating the levels of a large number of inositol polyphosphates that are important in cellular signaling. Both calcium/calmodulin and protein phosphorylation mechanisms control its activity. Itpkb regulates immune cell function and is required for T and B cell development.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair-rule%20gene | A pair-rule gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of insects. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of gap gene proteins, which encode transcription factors controlling pair-rule gene expression. Pair-rule genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, which causes the loss of the normal developmental pattern in alternating segments.
Pair-rule genes were first described by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1980. They used a genetic screen to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In normal unmutated Drosophila, each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the anterior). They found five genes – even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, paired and runt – where mutations caused the deletion of a particular region of every alternate segment. For example, in even-skipped, the denticle bands of alternate segments are missing, which results in an embryo having half the number of denticle bands. Later work identified more pair-rule genes in the Drosophila early embryo – fushi tarazu, odd-paired and sloppy paired.
Once the pair-rule genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gene is expressed in alternate parasegments – regions in the embryo that are closely related to segments, but are slightly out of register. Each parasegment includes the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYN | Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYN gene.
Lyn is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, which is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, in neural tissues liver, and adipose tissue. In various hematopoietic cells, Lyn has emerged as a key enzyme involved in the regulation of cell activation. In these cells, a small amount of LYN is associated with cell surface receptor proteins, including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), CD40, or CD19. The abbreviation Lyn is derived from Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase, Lck and Yes also being members of the Src kinase family.
Function
Lyn has been described to have an inhibitory role in myeloid lineage proliferation. Following engagement of the B cell receptors, Lyn undergoes rapid phosphorylation and activation. LYN activation triggers a cascade of signaling events mediated by Lyn phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the receptor proteins, and subsequent recruitment and activation of other kinases including Syk, phosholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase. These kinases provide activation signals, which play critical roles in proliferation, Ca2+ mobilization and cell differentiation. Lyn plays an essential role in the transmission of inhibitory signals through phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in regulatory proteins such as C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3R1 | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R1 gene.
Function
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. The Pik3r1 gene locus encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit, as well as 55 and 50 kD regulatory subunits. It used to be thought that alternative splicing of this gene resulted in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. In fact, it has since been shown that the 55 and 50kD subunits have their own promotors within the gene locus Pik3r1.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Suppression specifically of the 85kD subunit in early murine embryoid body development results in a transient cell-cell adhesion deficiency, mediated by transient downregulation of the adhesion molecule integrin-beta1 (ITGB1).
Clinical significance
Mutations in PIK3R1 are implicated in cases of breast cancer.
Mutations in PIK3R1 are associated to SHORT syndrome.
Interactions
PIK3R1 has been shown to interact with:
ADAM12,
BCAR1,
CBLB,
CD117,
CD28,
CD7,
CENTG1,
CBL,
EPHA2,
EPOR,
ERBB3,
EZR,
FCGR2A,
GAB1,
GAB2,
Grb2,
HRAS,
IRS1
IRS2,
IL1R1,
JAK2,
KHDRBS1,
LTK,
LAT,
LCP2,
PIK3CD,
P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Up%20Everybody%20%28Harold%20Melvin%20%26%20the%20Blue%20Notes%20song%29 | "Wake Up Everybody" is an R&B song written by John Whitehead, Gene McFadden and Victor Carstarphen.
Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version
Originally recorded by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, with Teddy Pendergrass singing lead vocals, the song had a somewhat unconventional structure, starting subdued and building slowly to a climax. The title track from their 1975 album, the song spent two weeks at number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart in early 1976. It also enjoyed success on the pop charts, peaking at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 34 Easy Listening, number 33 in Canada, and number 23 in the UK Singles Chart. They performed the song on Soul Train on November 22, 1975.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sonia version
"Wake Up Everybody" was covered in 1995 by British singer Sonia. It was produced by Steve Levine for her fourth studio album Love Train - The Philly Album (1998). The song was released as the album's first and final single. This single has two B-sides - "Show You the Way to Go" and "Nowhere Left to Hide". The first B-side appears on Sonia's fourth studio album. This was Sonia's last single until "Fool for Love" in 2009.
Track listings
CD and cassette
"Wake Up Everybody" - 3:38
"Show You the Way to Go" - 3:53
"Nowhere Left to Hide" - 3:29
2004 version
In 2004, a cover version was released to coincide with the 2004 presidential election. It features a collection of music stars who urge young people to go out and vote. The song |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%206 | Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene. TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Its ligands include multiple diacyl lipopeptides derived from gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma and several fungal cell wall saccharides. After dimerizing with TLR2, the NF-κB intracellular signalling pathway is activated, leading to a pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immune response. TLR6 has also been designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286).
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to mediate cellular response to gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi, some viruses and even protozoa.
Interactions
TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with TLR2. Synergistic interactions of T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP4K1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the MAP4K1 gene. It is also known as HPK1 (Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1). The protein has been shown to play a role in JNK activation.
Interactions
MAP4K1 has been shown to interact with:
B-cell linker,
CRK,
CRKL,
Drebrin-like,
GRAP2,
Grb2,
Linker of activated T cells, and
NCK1.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%208 | Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene. TLR8 has also been designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family.
Function
TLR8 seems to function differently in humans and mice. Until recently, TLR8 was believed to be nonfunctional in mice, but it seems to counteract TLR7 activity
The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR7, on chromosome X. Recent research has also shown the expression of TLR8 in hippocampal interneurons, with yet unknown function.
TLR8 can recognize GU-rich single-stranded RNA. However, the presence of GU-rich sequences in the single-stranded RNA is not sufficient to stimulate TLR8. TLR8 recognizes G-rich oligonucleotides. TLR8 is activated by ssRNA and forms a dimer complex when uridine released from the degraded ssRNA binds at one active site in between the dimers and a short oligonucleotide binds to another active site |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%209 | Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 is expressed on endosomes internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated CpGs of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.
Function
The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs are transmembrane proteins, expressed on the cell surface and the endocytic compartment and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents and initiate signaling to induce production of cytokines necessary for the innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%2010 | Toll-like receptor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR10 gene. TLR10 has also been designated as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290).
TLR10 has not been extensively studied because it is a pseudogene in mice, though all other mammalian species contain an intact copy of the TLR10 gene. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 does not activate the immune system and has instead been shown to suppress inflammatory signaling on primary human cells. This makes TLR10 unique among the TLR family. TLR10 was thought to be an "orphan" receptor, however, recent studies have identified ligands for TLR10 and these include HIV-gp41. Ligands for TLR2 are potential ligands for TLR10.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity.
TLR10 is unique among the TLR family in having an anti-inflammatory function, rather than a pro-inflammatory function. This was discovered by over-expressing TLR10 in human cell lines and using antibody-mediated engagement of the receptor on primary human cells. When TLR10 is activated in this manner, it suppresses the amount of cyto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose%20mutarotase | Galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. This enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Leloir Pathway, which is involved in galactose metabolism. It belongs to family of aldose epimerases.
The two main amino acids in the enzyme active site are Glu 304, which acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base and abstracts a proton, and His 170, which acts as Bronsted-Lowry Acid to donate a proton to the galactose.
References
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aldose 1-epimerase (Galactose mutarotase) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin%20II%20receptor%20type%201 | Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) is the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It is encoded in humans by the AGTR1 gene. AT1 has vasopressor effects and regulates aldosterone secretion. It is an important effector controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are drugs indicated for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure.
Function
The AT1 receptor mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation. The main function of angiotensin II in the brain is to stimulate drinking behavior, an effect that is mediated by the AT1 receptor.
Mechanism
The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase in hepatocytes and activates various tyrosine kinases.
Clini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F1 | Transcription factor E2F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family plays a crucial role in the control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins and is also a target of the transforming proteins of small DNA tumor viruses. The E2F proteins contain several evolutionarily conserved domains found in most members of the family. These domains include a DNA binding domain, a dimerization domain which determines interaction with the differentiation regulated transcription factor proteins (DP), a transactivation domain enriched in acidic amino acids, and a tumor suppressor protein association domain which is embedded within the transactivation domain. This protein and another 2 members, E2F2 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds preferentially to retinoblastoma protein pRB in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It can mediate both cell proliferation and p53-dependent/independent apoptosis.
Transcription
E2F1 promoter[PAX8] => E2F1
Interactions
E2F1 has been shown to interact with:
ARID3A,
CUL1,
Cyclin A1,
Cyclin A2,
GTF2H1,
MDM4,
NCOA6,
NDN,
NPDC1,
PURA,
PHB,
RB1,
RBL1,
SKP2,
SP1,
SP2,
SP3,
SP4,
TFDP1
TOPBP1,
TP53BP1, and
UBC.
See also
E2F
Retinoblastoma protein
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-G | HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene.
HLA-G belongs to the HLA nonclassical class I heavy chain paralogues. Classical HLA I proteins are found on all nucleated cells and express peptides in their peptide binding groove. They can express "self" peptides when the cell is healthy as well as foreign peptides when the cell is infected by a parasite or cancer. HLA-G is a nonclassical protein and serves a different function from classical HLA class I molecules, but it still expresses a nine amino acid peptide in its peptide binding groove. The third and ninth amino acid in the peptide sequence serve as anchor residues, and are thus conserved in all the peptides HLA-G bind to.
Structure
This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is coded for by 88 alleles. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Exon 7 and 8 are not translated due to a stop codon present in exon 6.
HLA-G can be expressed under at least seven isoforms through alternative splicing, called HLA-G1, HLA-G2,..., HLA-G7. The protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20law%20%28disambiguation%29 | "First Law" is a science fiction story by Isaac Asimov.
First law may also refer to:
Newton's first law of motion
First law of thermodynamics
Mendel's first law of segregation
See also
Second law (disambiguation)
Third law (disambiguation)
The First Law, a fantasy series by Joe Abercrombie
The First Law (film), a 1918 silent film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO1 | Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein and functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin, which is primarily associated with targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation, SUMO1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Several pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized.
Most cleft genes have a sumoylation component. Analysis of chromosomal anomalies in patients has led to the identification and confirmation of SUMO1 as a cleft lip and palate locus.
Interactions
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 has been shown to interact with:
C22orf25,
DAXX,
DNMT3B,
P53,
PIAS1,
PML,
SAE2,
SP1,
TDG,
TNFRSF1A,
TNFRSF6,
TOP2A,
TOP2B, and
UBE2I,
Role in the heart
Heart failure is a process by which the heart’s pumping ability is significantly weakened, so that the body is unable to get adequate circulation. A weakened heart results in symptoms of fatigue, decreased exe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX19 | T-box transcription factor TBX19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX19 gene.
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes.
This gene is the human ortholog of mouse Tbx19/Tpit gene. Studies in mouse show that Tpit protein is present only in the two pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs.
The Tpit gene is responsible for a neonatal form of acth deficiency and hypocortisolism.
Mutations in the human ortholog were found in patients with isolated deficiency of pituitary POMC-derived ACTH, suggesting an essential role for this gene in differentiation of the pituitary POMC lineage.
See also
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Burgundy%20Grands%20Crus | Grand Cru (great growth) is the highest level in the vineyard classification of Burgundy. There are a total of of Grand Cru vineyards—approximately 2% of Burgundy's of vineyards (excluding Beaujolais)—of which produce red wine and produce white wine. In 2010, 18,670 hectoliters of Burgundy Grand Cru wine was produced, corresponding to 2.5 million bottles, or just over 1.3% of the total wine production of Burgundy.
The origin of Burgundy's Grand crus can be traced to the work of the Cistercians who, from amongst their vast land holdings in the region, were able to delineate and isolate plots of land that produced wine of distinct character. Following the French Revolution many of these vineyards were broken up and sold as smaller parcels to various owners. The partible inheritance scheme outlined in the Napoleonic code, which specified that all inheritance must be equally divided among heirs, further contributed to the parceling of Burgundy's vineyards. This created situations such as the case of Clos Vougeot, a single vineyard run by the monks, that today is parceled into plots owned by nearly 80 different owners, some of whom only own enough vines to make a case of wine per vintage. In accordance with Appellation d'origine contrôlée laws, each of these owners is entitled to use the Grand Cru Clos de Vougeot designation on their labels, although the quality, style, price and reputation of each owner's wine can vary widely.
List of Grands Crus
See also
Burgundy wine
Li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20optimization | Traffic optimization are the methods by which time stopped in road traffic (particularly, at traffic signals) is reduced.
Need for traffic optimization
Texas Transportation Institute estimates travel delays of between 17–55 hours of delay per person per year relating to congestion on the streets. Traffic device optimization hence becomes a significant aspect of operations.
Techniques
Several techniques exist to reduce delay of traffic. Generally the algorithms attempt to reduce delays (user time), stops, exhaust gas emissions, or some other measure of effectiveness. Many optimization software are geared towards pre-timed coordinated systems.
Normally optimization of signals along a road is a challenging and expensive task, because the sources for traffic monitoring have been limited to inductive loops, cameras or manually counting. However, due to recent advances in information technology, portable devices with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication are becoming more common, enabling real-time continuous traffic monitoring and adjustments to traffic signal timing.
By placing sensors along roads, tracking Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices in passing vehicles, the solution is able to accurately detect and record how long it takes a car to drive along a corridor, segment by segment and in total. This provides historic data for traditional timing methods but also enables real-time feedback to changes in signal programs along with the ability to continuously detect traffic levels and t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%27s%20connectedness%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, Zariski's connectedness theorem (due to Oscar Zariski) says that under certain conditions the fibers of a morphism of varieties are connected. It is an extension of Zariski's main theorem to the case when the morphism of varieties need not be birational.
Zariski's connectedness theorem gives a rigorous version of the "principle of degeneration" introduced by Federigo Enriques, which says roughly that a limit of absolutely irreducible cycles is absolutely connected.
Statement
Suppose that f is a proper surjective morphism of varieties from X to Y such that the function field of Y is separably closed in that of X. Then Zariski's connectedness theorem says that the inverse image of any normal point of Y is connected. An alternative version says that if f is proper and f* OX = OY, then f is surjective and the inverse image of any point of Y is connected.
References
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20acetylcholine%20receptor%20M5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5}}
The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5, encoded by the gene, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins. It is coupled to Gq protein. Binding of the endogenous ligand acetylcholine to the M5 receptor triggers a number of cellular responses such as adenylate cyclase inhibition, phosphoinositide degradation, and potassium channel modulation. Muscarinic receptors mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. The clinical implications of this receptor have not been fully explored; however, stimulation of this receptor is known to effectively decrease cyclic AMP levels and downregulate the activity of protein kinase A (PKA).
Ligands
No highly selective agonists or antagonists for the M5 receptor have been discovered as of 2018, but several non-selective muscarinic agonists and antagonists have significant affinity for M5.
The lack of selective M5 receptor ligands is one of the main reasons that the medical community has such a limited understanding of the M5 receptors effects as the possibility that any and/or all effects of non-selective ligands may be due to interactions with other receptors can not be ruled out. Some data may be obtained by observing which effects are common among semi-selective ligands (ex. a ligand of M1 and M5, a ligand of M2 and M5, and a ligand of M3 and M5), but until both a selective agonist and a sel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTK2 | PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene. PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion (how cells stick to each other and their surroundings) and spreading processes (how cells move around). It has been shown that when FAK was blocked, breast cancer cells became less metastatic due to decreased mobility.
Function
The PTK2 gene encodes a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form among cells attaching to extracellular matrix constituents. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases that included PYK2, but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. It also includes a large FERM domain.
With the exception of certain types of blood cells, most cells express FAK. FAK tyrosine kinase activity can be activated, which plays a key important early step in cell migration. FAK activity elicits intracellular signal transduction pathways that promote the turn-over of cell contacts with the extracellular matrix, promoting cell migration. FAK is required during development, with loss of FAK resulting in lethality. It seems to be a paradox that FAK is not absolutely required for cell migration, and may play other roles in the cell, including the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53. At least four transcript variants encoding four diffe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (also known as JNK1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase and JNK family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various cell stimuli, and targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to cell stimuli. The activation of this kinase by tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is found to be required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. This kinase is also involved in UV radiation-induced apoptosis, which is thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested that this kinase play a key role in T cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Four alternately spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. MAPK8 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated.
Interactions
MAPK8 has been shown to interact with:
Activating transcription factor 2,
C-jun,
CRK,
DUSP10,
DUSP1,
DUSP22,
GSTP1,
IRS1,
ITCH,
MAP2K4,
MAP2K7,
MAP3K1
MAP3K2,
MAPK8IP1,
MAPK8IP3,
Myc,
REL,
SH3BP5, and
SPIB.
References
Further reading
External l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bostock | John Joseph Bostock (born 15 January 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Notts County.
Bostock made his professional debut for Crystal Palace at the age of 15. In 2008, he signed for Tottenham Hotspur for an initial £700,000. He played only four games for Tottenham, none of which were in the Premier League, spending most of his time on loan at various clubs in the English Football League, and later with Toronto FC. In 2013, Bostock was released and moved to Belgium, representing Royal Antwerp and OH Leuven. In summer 2016, he joined French side Lens where he stayed for one and a half seasons.
Born in England, Bostock represented the country up to under-19 level. In 2016, he chose to represent his ancestral Trinidad & Tobago at full international level, although he has yet to appear for them.
Club career
Crystal Palace
Bostock began his career with Crystal Palace at the age of five. At the age of 14 he was offered a contract by Spanish club Barcelona.
Bostock made his league debut on 29 October 2007 at the age of 15 years and 287 days, playing 20 minutes as a substitute for Ben Watson in a 2–0 defeat to Watford at Selhurst Park, making him Palace's youngest ever player. He also became the youngest ever Palace player to start a game, aged 15 years and 295 days, on 6 November 2007 against Cardiff City at Ninian Park.
Tottenham Hotspur
On 30 May 2008, Tottenham Hotspur announced the signing of Bostock on their club website. Cryst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20lipase | Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene.
Function
Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.
Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis. These enzymes are found in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of gastric cells. Gastric lipase is not the primary lipase needed for the majority of triglyceride hydrolysis. Outside of the stomach, gastric lipase can hydrolyze triacylglycerol in the duodenum with the help of other lipases and bile secretion. It is an essential enzyme for hydrolyzing milk fat globule membranes. For a newborn with an underdeveloped pancreas, LI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B41 | HLA-B41 (B41) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies HLA-B*4101, *4102, *4103 gene products. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
Allele frequencies
References
4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitrakinra | Pitrakinra (trade name Aerovant) is a 15-kDa human recombinant protein of wild-type human interleukin-4 (IL-4). It is an IL-4 and IL-13 antagonist that has been studied in a phase IIb clinical trial for the treatment of asthma. Two point mutations on pitrakinra (position 121 mutated from arginine to aspartic acid and position 124 mutated from tyrosine to aspartic acid) confer its ability to block signaling of IL-4 and interleukin-13 (IL-13) by preventing assembly of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) with either IL-2Rγ or IL-13Rα. Upregulation of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, is thought to be critical for the allergic inflammation associated with atopic diseases such as asthma and eczema. The targets of pitrakinra action are inflammatory cells (dendritic cells, Th2 cells, B cells) and structural cells (smooth muscle, endothelium, epithelium) that express IL-4Rα.
The drug has been applied both as a subcutaneous injection and as an inhalation, but the latter formulation proved to be more effective.
Mechanism of action
Asthma results from a dysregulated, hyperresponsive immune response in the airways. Some immune cells in allergic asthmatics respond aggressively to foreign allergens with the release of IL-4 and 13, two key mediators that initiate a cycle of inflammation in the lung. Pitrakinra is an antagonist of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain, a protein that is also part of IL-13. It thereby blocks the inflammatory effects of IL-4 and IL-13, interrupting the Th2 l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%20salt-dependent%20lipase | Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (or CEL) is an enzyme produced by the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase (or BSSL) is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk. BSDL has been found in the pancreatic secretions of all species in which it has been looked for. BSSL, originally discovered in the milk of humans and various other primates, has since been found in the milk of many animals including dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits.
Enzymatic activity
More than 95% of the fat present in human milk and in infant formulas is in the form of triacylglycerols (TG).
In adults, TGs are thought to be broken down or hydrolyzed mainly by the colipase-dependent lipase (CDL) enzyme. In the newborn, CDL activity in the duodenum is lower than in adults.
Both BSDL and BSSL have a broad substrate specificity and, like CDL, are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerides (in addition to phospholipids, esters of cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins). In particular, they can hydrolyze esters of the essential fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) and DHA. BSDL production in the newborn pancreas is quite low when compared with production in the mammary gland or adult pancreas.
However, newborn infants absorb lipids relatively well, considering the low level of CDL and BSDL they produce. This observation has led to the suggestion that BSDL produced by lactating mammary gland and present within milk, may compensate for the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20receptor%20substrate%201 | Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. It is a 131 kDa protein with amino acid sequence of 1242 residues. It contains a single pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus and a PTB domain ca. 40 residues downstream of this, followed by a poorly conserved C-terminus tail. Together with IRS2, IRS3 (pseudogene) and IRS4, it is homologous to the Drosophila protein chico, whose disruption extends the median lifespan of flies up to 48%. Similarly, Irs1 mutant mice experience moderate life extension and delayed age-related pathologies.
Function
Insulin receptor substrate 1 plays a key role in transmitting signals from the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1) to intracellular pathways PI3K / Akt and Erk MAP kinase pathways. Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by insulin receptor (IR) introduces multiple binding sites for proteins bearing SH2 homology domain, such as PI3K, Grb-2/Sos complex and SHP2. PI3K, involved in interaction with IRS-1, produces PIP3, which, in turn, recruits Akt kinase. Further, Akt kinase is activated via phosphorylation of its T308 residue and analogous sites in PKC by PDK1. This phosphorylation is absent in tissues lacking IRS-1. The cascade is followed by glucose uptake. Formation of the Grb-2/Sos complex, also known as the RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex, results in ERK1/2 activation. IRS-1 signal transduction may be inhibited by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYK | SYK may refer to:
Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu, middle and high school in Helsinki, Finland
South Yorkshire, county in England, Chapman code
Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, an enzyme
Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surif | Surif () is a Palestinian City in the Hebron Governorate located 25 km northwest of the city of Hebron. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics census, Surif had a population of 17,287 in 2011. The population is entirely Muslim.
Most of the town's 15,000 dunams is used for agriculture, in particular, olives, wheat and barley. There are seven mosques and four schools located in its vicinity.
Ahmad Lafi is the mayor.
History
In 1838 Surif was noted as a Muslim village, located between Hebron and Gaza, but subjected to the government of Hebron.
In 1863 Victor Guérin found Surif to be a village with 700 inhabitants. He further noted that beside a birket in the rock, a few cisterns and an ancient column shaft which was placed near a small mosque, all of Surif's constructions seemed more or less modern.
An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed 87 houses and a population of 265, counting men only.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Surif as "A small village on a low hill, with olives to the south."
In 1896 the population of Surif was estimated to be about 1164 persons.
British Mandate Era
According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Surif had a population of 1,265 inhabitants, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,640, in 344 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Surif was 2,190, all Muslims, with a total of 38,876 dunams of land acc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%27s%20connectedness%20theorem | In mathematics, Grothendieck's connectedness theorem , states that if A is a complete Noetherian local ring whose spectrum is k-connected and f is in the maximal ideal, then Spec(A/fA) is (k − 1)-connected. Here a Noetherian scheme is called k-connected if its dimension is greater than k and the complement of every closed subset of dimension less than k is connected.
It is a local analogue of Bertini's theorem.
See also
Zariski connectedness theorem
Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem
References
Bibliography
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpethidine | Norpethidine (normeperidine, pethidine intermediate B) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a precursor to, and the toxic metabolite of, pethidine (meperidine). It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9233. The 2014 annual manufacturing quota was .
Norpethidine is a controlled drug because of its potential uses in manufacturing both pethidine itself and a range of N-substituted derivatives, but it has little opioid activity in its own right. Instead, norpethidine acts as a stimulant and causes convulsions.
Bioaccumulation of norpethidine is a major complication when pethidine is used in medicine as an analgesic, as when pethidine is used in high doses or administered by intravenous infusion, norpethidine can accumulate in the body at a faster rate than it is being excreted, particularly in elderly patients or those with compromised liver or kidney function, resulting in a range of toxic effects, mainly convulsions, but also myoclonus and hyponatremia. These complications can be serious and have sometimes resulted in death.
Metabolism of pethidine to norpethidine is carried out mainly by the CYP enzymes, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, in the liver, and since the activity of these enzymes can vary between individuals and can be influenced by concurrent use of other drugs, the rate and extent of norpethidine production can be difficult to predict.
Norpet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXF1 | Nuclear RNA export factor 1, also known as NXF1 or TAP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NXF1 gene.
Function
This gene is one member of a family of nuclear RNA export factor genes. Common domain features of this family are a noncanonical RNP-type RNA-binding domain (RBD), 4 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain that allows heterodimerization with NTF2-related export protein-1 (NXT1), and a ubiquitin-associated domain that mediates interactions with nucleoporins. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants. The LRRs and NTF2-like domains are required for export activity. The encoded protein of this gene shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and binds in vivo to poly(A)+ RNA. It is the vertebrate homologue of the yeast protein Mex67p. The encoded protein overcomes the mRNA export block caused by the presence of saturating amounts of CTE (constitutive transport element) RNA of type D retroviruses. A variant allele of the homologous Nxf1 gene in mice suppresses a class of mutations caused by integration of an endogenous retrovirus (intracisternal A particle) into an intron.
Interactions
NXF1 has been shown to interact with TNPO2, MAGOH, U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1, DHX9, HuD and NUP214.
Tap protein
In molecular biology, another name for the protein NXF1 is TAP. In particular this entry focuses on the C-terminal domain, which also contains the UBA (protein domain).
This entry contains the NXF |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFN2 | Mitofusin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFN2 gene. Mitofusins are GTPases embedded in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. In mammals MFN1 and MFN2 are essential for mitochondrial fusion. In addition to the mitofusins, OPA1 regulates inner mitochondrial membrane fusion, and DRP1 is responsible for mitochondrial fission.
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a mitochondrial membrane protein that plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial fusion and cell metabolism. More specifically, MFN2 is a dynamin-like GTPase embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) which in turn affects mitochondrial dynamics, distribution, quality control, and function.
In addition to the MFN2, OPA1 regulates inner mitochondrial membrane fusion, MFN1 is a mediator of mitochondrial fusion and DRP1 is responsible for mitochondrial fission.
Structure
The human mitofusin-2 protein contains 757 amino acid residues. The MFN2 comprises a large cytosolic GTPase domain at the N-terminal, followed by a coiled-coil heptad-repeat (HR1) domain, a proline-rich (PR) region, two sequential transmembrane (TM) domains crossing the OMM and a second cytosolic heptad-repeat (HR2) domain at the C-terminal. MFN2 has been shown by electron microscopy (EM) to accumulate in contact regions between adjacent mitochondria, supporting their role in mitochondrial fusion. Seminal studies revealed that both, MFN1 and MFN2 spanning from the OMM of two opposing mitochondria, physically interact in trans, by the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STIM1 | Stromal interaction molecule 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STIM1 gene. STIM1 has a single transmembrane domain, and is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and to a lesser extent to the plasma membrane.
Even though the protein has been identified earlier, its function was unknown until recently. In 2005, it was discovered that STIM1 functions as a calcium sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum. Upon activation of the IP3 receptor, the calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum decreases, which is sensed by STIM1, via its EF hand domain. STIM1 activates the "store-operated" ORAI1 calcium ion channels in the plasma membrane, via intracellular STIM1 movement, clustering under plasma membrane and protein interaction with ORAI isoforms. STIM1-mediated calcium entry is required for thrombin-induced disassembly of VE-cadherin adherens junctions. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and 4-chloro-3-ethylphenol (4-CEP) cause STIM1 clustering in a cell and prevent STIM1 moving toward plasma membrane.
Interactions
STIM1 has been shown to interact with ORAI1, TMEM110 (STIMATE), SERCA, TMEM66 (SARAF), and STIM2.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Said%20You%20Loved%20Me | "You Said You Loved Me" is a song written by Glenn Keener in 1961 and published by Gant Music, BMI. It was first recorded by Gene Summers in 1961. The recording session took place in Fort Worth, Texas at Clifford Herring Studios. Musicians included Summers-vocals, Glenn Keener-guitar, Freddie Powers-bass, Art McNulty-organ and an unknown drummer. It was released on Alta Records (#104) on February 2, 1962 and was flipped with the ASCAP pop, standard tune "Tomorrow" written by (Spiltany-Wilhite-Hirsh).
"You Said You Loved Me" was re-issued in 1963 as the flip side of Summers' hit single "Big Blue Diamonds" and was also included on the 1997 CD "Gene Summers-The Ultimate School Of Rock & Roll".
Cover versions
Sid & Billy King - Unissued studio track recorded 1988, United States
Discography references
Gene Summers discography from Rockin' Country Style, United States
Gene Summers discography from Rocky Productions, France
Gene Summers discography from Wangdangdula Finland
Gene Summers session data from Tapio's Fin-A-Billy, Finland
Sources
Liner notes "The Ultimate School Of Rock & Roll" 1997 United States
"Cover Versions Of The Songs Made Famous By Gene Summers" 2007 United States
Article and sessionography in issue 15 (1977) of New Kommotion Magazine UK
Article and sessionography in issue 23 (1980) of New Kommotion Magazine UK
Feature article and sessionography in issue 74 (1999) of Rockin' Fifties Magazine Germany
Feature article with photo spread in issue 53 (2000) of B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Milton%20Miller | John Milton Miller (June 22, 1882 – May 17, 1962) was a noted American electrical engineer, best known for discovering the Miller effect and inventing fundamental circuits for quartz crystal oscillators (Miller oscillators).
Formative years and family
Miller was born in Hanover, Pennsylvania on June 22, 1882. In 1904, he graduated from Yale University. He then obtained his M.A. there in 1907, followed by his Ph.D. in Physics in 1915.
He married Frances Riley; the couple had seven children — two girls and five boys.
Career
From 1907 to 1919, Miller was employed as a physicist with the National Bureau of Standards; he then worked as a radio engineer at the United States Navy's Radio Laboratory in Anacostia, District of Columbia from 1919 to 1923, and subsequently at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). From 1925 to 1936, he led radio receiver research at the Atwater Kent Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. From 1936 to 1940, he was the assistant head of the research laboratory for the RCA Radiotron Company. In 1940, he returned to NRL where he became superintendent of Radio I Division (1945), associate director of research (1951), and scientific research administrator (1952).
Honors
Miller was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 1945 for "initiation of the development of a new flexible radio-frequency cable urgently needed in radio and radar equipment which solved a desperate material shortage in the United States during World War II," and the IRE Medal of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidinic%20acid | Pethidinic acid (meperidinic acid, pethidine intermediate C) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine). It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9234. The 2014 annual manufacturing quota was 6 grams.
Pethidinic acid is a controlled drug because of its potential uses in manufacturing both pethidine itself and some of its substituted derivatives, but it has little opioid activity in its own right. Metabolism of pethidine to pethidinic acid is carried out mainly by the carboxylesterase enzyme hCE-1 in the liver, and since the activity of this enzyme can vary between individuals, the rate and extent of pethidinic acid production can vary.
Frank Wätjen used pethidinic acid as a precursor chemical to a heterocyclic moiety.
See also
Moramide intermediate
Methadone intermediate
Pethidine intermediate A
Pethidine intermediate B (norpethidine)
References
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Gamma-Amino acids
Human drug metabolites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzethidine | Benzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine, or Demerol).
Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions. It has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression. In the United States, the drug is a Schedule I Narcotic Controlled Substance with a DEA ACSCN of 9606 and 2014 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of nil. The most common salt in use is the hydrochloride, free base conversion ratio of 0.910.
Legal Status
Australia
Benzethidine is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2017). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.
References
External links
UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1961
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Ethers
Carboxylate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Ethyl esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20shrink | The term die shrink (sometimes optical shrink or process shrink) refers to the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices. The act of shrinking a die creates a somewhat identical circuit using a more advanced fabrication process, usually involving an advance of lithographic nodes. This reduces overall costs for a chip company, as the absence of major architectural changes to the processor lowers research and development costs while at the same time allowing more processor dies to be manufactured on the same piece of silicon wafer, resulting in less cost per product sold.
Die shrinks are the key to lower prices and higher performance at semiconductor companies such as Samsung, Intel, TSMC, and SK Hynix, and fabless manufacturers such as AMD (including the former ATI), NVIDIA and MediaTek.
Details
Examples in the 2000s include the downscaling of the PlayStation 2's Emotion Engine processor from Sony and Toshiba (from 180 nm CMOS in 2000 to 90 nm CMOS in 2003), the codenamed Cedar Mill Pentium 4 processors (from 90 nm CMOS to 65 nm CMOS) and Penryn Core 2 processors (from 65 nm CMOS to 45 nm CMOS), the codenamed Brisbane Athlon 64 X2 processors (from 90 nm SOI to 65 nm SOI), various generations of GPUs from both ATI and NVIDIA, and various generations of RAM and flash memory chips from Samsung, Toshiba and SK Hynix. In January 2010, Intel released Clarkdale Core i5 and Core i7 processors fabricated with a 32 nm process, down from a previous 45 nm process used in olde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoxeridine | Etoxeridine (Carbetidine, Atenos) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine).
Etoxeridine was developed in the 1950s and investigated for use in surgical anesthesia, however it was never commercialized and is not currently used in medicine. As with other opioids which were not in clinical use during the drafting of the Controlled Substances Act, it is categorized as a Schedule I narcotic.
References
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Primary alcohols
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Ethyl esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Fuels | Range Fuels was a company that tried to develop technology for the conversion of biomass into ethanol without the use of enzymes. The technology employed was biomass gasification followed by syngas conversion over heterogeneous molybdenum-based catalysts to a mixture of aliphatic alcohols. The company began in 2006 as Kergy and changed its name to Range Fuels in 2007. The company broke ground on its first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol facility in November 2007.
According to the Washington Examiner, Range Fuels' Soperton, GA plant closed down in January 2011 after receiving a $76 million grant from the US Department of Energy, $6 million from the State of Georgia, and an $80 million loan guaranteed by the U.S. Biorefinery Assistance Program.
Range Fuel officially closed down in late 2011 with a foreclosure sale of its plant held on 3 January 2012.
The facility was sold to New Zealand-based start-up LanzaTech in 2012 for $5.4 million and renamed the Freedom Pines Biorefinery. Unlike Range Fuels, LanzaTech will use microbes to transform the gas into ethanol; a byproduct to their process is butanediol. Both products can be formulated into jet fuel with assistance from LanzaTech partner firms. Lanzatech is also a Vinod Khosla-funded venture.
References
External links
U.S. Dept. of Energy: Biomass topics
Alcohol fuel producers
Defunct energy companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Colorado
Companies based in Broomfield, Colorado
Renewable resource |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano%20Vitale | Giordano Vitale or Vitale Giordano (October 15, 1633 – November 3, 1711) was an Italian mathematician. He is best known for his theorem on Saccheri quadrilaterals. He may also be referred to as Vitale Giordani, Vitale Giordano da Bitonto, and simply Giordano.
Life
Giordano was born in Bitonto, in southeastern Italy, probably on October 15, 1633. As an adolescent he left (or was forced to leave) his city and, after an adventurous youth (that included killing his brother-in-law for calling him lazy) he became a soldier in the Pontifical army. During these adventures he read his first book of mathematics, the Aritmetica prattica by Clavius. At twenty-eight, living in Rome, he decided to devote himself to mathematics. The most important book he studied was Euclid's Elements in the Italian translation by Commandino.
In Rome he made acquaintance with the renowned mathematicians Giovanni Borelli and Michelangelo Ricci, who became his friends. He was employed for a year as a mathematician by ex-Queen Christina of Sweden during her final stay in Rome. In 1667, a year after its foundation by Louis XIV, he became a lecturer in mathematics at the French Academy in Rome, and in 1685 he gained the chair of mathematics at the prestigious Sapienza University of Rome. Friend of Vincenzo Viviani, Giordano met Leibniz in Rome when Leibniz stayed there during his journey through Italy in the years 1689–90. He gave Leibniz a copy of the second edition of his book Euclide restituto. Giordano die |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusiophoresis%20and%20diffusioosmosis | Diffusiophoresis is the spontaneous motion of colloidal particles or molecules in a fluid, induced by a concentration gradient of a different substance. In other words, it is motion of one species, A, in response to a concentration gradient in another species, B. Typically, A is colloidal particles which are in aqueous solution in which B is a dissolved salt such as sodium chloride, and so the particles of A are much larger than the ions of B. But both A and B could be polymer molecules, and B could be a small molecule. For example, concentration gradients in ethanol solutions in water move 1 μm diameter colloidal particles with diffusiophoretic velocities of order 0.1 to 1 μm/s, the movement is towards regions of the solution with lower ethanol concentration (and so higher water concentration). Both species A and B will typically be diffusing but diffusiophoresis is distinct from simple diffusion: in simple diffusion a species A moves down a gradient in its own concentration.
Diffusioosmosis, also referred to as capillary osmosis, is flow of a solution relative to a fixed wall or pore surface, where the flow is driven by a concentration gradient in the solution. This is distinct from flow relative to a surface driven by a gradient in the hydrostatic pressure in the fluid. In diffusioosmosis the hydrostatic pressure is uniform and the flow is due to a concentration gradient.
Diffusioosmosis and diffusiophoresis are essentially the same phenomenon. They are both relative m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20skull%20%28disambiguation%29 | Crystal skull refers to a number of human-like skull carvings made of quartz crystal and their associated myth and research.
Crystal skull may also refer to:
The Crystal Skull (video game), a 1996 adventure game
Crystal Skull (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the TV show Stargate SG-1
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the fourth movie in the Indiana Jones franchise.
"Crystal Skull", a single by Mastodon from the album Blood Mountain
See also
Skull (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose%20dumping | Dose dumping is a phenomenon of drug metabolism in which environmental factors can cause the premature and exaggerated release of a drug. This can greatly increase the concentration of a drug in the body and thereby produce adverse effects or even drug-induced toxicity.
Dose dumping is most commonly seen in drugs taken by mouth and digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Around the same time patients take their medication, they can also ingest other substances like fatty meals or alcohol that increase drug delivery. The substances may act on the drug's capsule to speed up drug release, or they may stimulate the body's absorptive surfaces to increase the rate of drug uptake.
Dose dumping is a disadvantage found in extended release dosage form.
In general, drug companies try to avoid drugs with significant dose dumping effects. Such drugs are prone to problems and are often pulled from the market. Such was the case with the pain medication Palladone Once Daily formulation due to its dose-dumping effects when taken with alcohol.
Types of dose dumping
Alcohol-induced dose dumping (AIDD)
It is by definition an unintended rapid release in large amounts of a modified-release dosage due to a co-ingestion with ethanol.
Some interactions between alcohol, biological factors and the presentation of the drug can influence the apparition of AIDD by:
Disrupting the drug release mechanism.
Prolonging gastric emptying.
Changing the amount of gastric acid.
Enhancing the drug absor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMK%20box%20riboswitch | The SMKbox riboswitch (also known as SAM-III) is an RNA element that regulates gene expression in bacteria. The SMK box riboswitch is found in the 5' UTR of the MetK gene in lactic acid bacteria. The structure of this element changes upon binding to S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to a conformation that blocks the shine-dalgarno sequence and blocks translation of the gene.
There are other known SAM-binding riboswitches such as SAM-I and SAM-II, but these appear to share no similarity in sequence or structure to SAM-III.
Structure
The crystal structure of the riboswitch from E. faecalis was solved by X-ray crystallography. The structure showed that the most conserved nucleotides involved in SAM binding were organised around a junction between three helices. In some species there are large insertions of up to 210 nucleotides within this structure.
See also
SAH riboswitch
SAM-I riboswitch
SAM-II riboswitch
SAM-IV riboswitch
SAM-V riboswitch
SAM-VI riboswitch
SAM-Chlorobi RNA motif
SAM–SAH riboswitch
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furethidine | Furethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine), but with around 25x higher potency. According to another source, Furethidine is 500/30 = 16.7 x the potency of pethidine (table VII).
Furethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions. It has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression. In the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with the ACSCN of 9626.
References
External links
UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1961
Synthetic opioids
Tetrahydrofurans
4-Phenylpiperidines
Carboxylate esters
Ethyl esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheridine | Morpheridine (Morpholinoethylnorpethidine) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). It is a strong analgesic with around 4 times the potency of pethidine, and unlike pethidine, does not cause convulsions, although it produces the standard opioid side effects such as sedation and respiratory depression.
Morpheridine is not currently used in medicine and is a Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions.
Synthesis
The key intermediate, normeperidine, is obtained by a scheme closely akin to the parent molecule. Thus, alkylation of benzyl cyanide (1) with the tosyl analog of the bischloroethylamine (2) leads to the substituted piperidine (3). Basic hydrolysis serves to convert the nitrile to the acid (4). Treatment of this last with sulfuric acid in ethanol serves both to esterify the acid and to remove the tosyl group to yield the secondary amine (5).
Alkylation of that amine by means of N-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine gives morpheridine.
See also
Anileridine
Furethidine
Carbetidine
References
4-Phenylpiperidines
Analgesics
Ethyl esters
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Synthetic opioids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Egyptian%20pyramids | This list presents the vital statistics of the pyramids listed in chronological order, when available.
See also
Egyptian pyramids
Great Sphinx of Giza
Lepsius list of pyramids
List of Egyptian pyramidia
List of finds in Egyptian pyramids
List of the oldest buildings in the world
Umm El Qa'ab
References and notes
Bibliography
Pyramids, Egyptian
Pyramids
Pyramids in Egypt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheneridine | Pheneridine is a 4-Phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine).
Pheneridine is not currently used in medicine. Presumably it has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression, however unlike most opioid derivatives it is not specifically listed as an illegal drug, although it would probably be regarded as a controlled substance analogue of pethidine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada and Australia, and would be classified as a "Pethidine Analogue" under the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act Class C7.
See also
Anileridine
PEPAP
Diphenoxylate
Pethidine
References
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Carboxylate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Phenethylamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotoxicity | Ecotoxicity, the subject of study in the field of ecotoxicology (a portmanteau of ecology and toxicology), refers to the biological, chemical or physical stressors that affect ecosystems. Such stressors could occur in the natural environment at densities, concentrations, or levels high enough to disrupt natural biochemical and physiological behavior and interactions. This ultimately affects all living organisms that comprise an ecosystem.
Ecotoxicology has been defined as a branch of toxicology that focuses on the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants. These pollutants affect animals (including humans), vegetation, and microbes, in an intrinsic way.
Acute vs. chronic ecotoxicity
According to Barrie Peake in their paper “Impact of Pharmaceuticals on the Environment.”, The ecotoxicity of chemicals can be described based on the amount of exposure to any hazardous materials. There are two categories of ecotoxicity founded off of this description: acute toxins and chronic toxins (Peake, 2016). Acute ecotoxicity refers to the detrimental effects resulting from a hazardous exposure for no more than 15 days. Acute ecotoxicity is the direct result from the interaction of a chemical hazard with cell membranes of an organism (Peake, 2016). This interaction often leads to cell or tissue damage or death. Chronic ecotoxicity on the other hand are the detrimental effects resulting from a hazardous exposure of 15 days, to possibly years (Peake, 2016). Chronic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxpheneridine | Oxpheneridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine).
Oxpheneridine is not currently used in medicine. Presumably it has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression.
Unlike most opioid derivatives, oxpheneridine is not specifically listed as an illegal drug. In the UNODC narcotics report of 1958, they state that it was not possible to administer oxpheneridine in high doses as it is poorly soluble and highly irritating, and at the low doses administered it did not produce addiction in animals. This appears to be the only time oxpheneridine has been investigated, and so its pharmacological properties have not been well established.
Oxpheneridine would probably be regarded as a controlled substance analogue of pethidine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
In Canada, Oxpheneridine is specifically excluded from the illegal drugs list on the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act schedules, presumably on the basis of the lack of addictive potential found by the UNODC.
See also
Opioid
Meperidine
Pheneridine
Fentanyl
Carbamethidine
References
UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1958
Canadian Controlled Drug Schedules
Synthetic opioids
4-Phenylpiperidines
Secondary alcohols
Phenylethanolamines
Mu-opioid receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Norwich%20City%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | This is a list of the most notable Norwich City F.C. club records.
Players
Appearances
Kevin Keelan holds the record for Norwich City appearances, having played 673 first-team matches between 1963 and 1980.
Goals
Ralph Hunt holds the record for the most League goals scored in a season, 31 in the 1955–56 season in Division Three (South).
Johnny Gavin the top scorer over a career - 122 between 1948 and 1955.
Transfers
The highest transfer fee received for a Norwich City player is approximately £33 million for Emiliano Buendia (to Aston Villa) in June 2021,
Most spent by the club on a player was £9.1 million for Steven Naismith from Everton in 2016.
Matches
The club's widest victory margin in the league was their 10–2 win against Coventry City in the Division Three (South) in 1930. Their heaviest defeat in the league was 10–2 against Swindon Town in 1908 in the Southern Football League.
Norwich's record home attendance is 43,984 for a sixth round FA Cup match against Leicester City on 30 March 1963. With the introduction of regulations enforcing all-seater stadiums, it is unlikely that this record will be beaten in the foreseeable future, as Carrow Road's capacity is currently 27,224.
Seasons
The club's highest league finish was third in the FA Premiership in 1992–93. The club has won the League Cup twice (most recently in 1985) and also reached the FA Cup semi-final three times, most recently in 1992. Norwich have taken part in European competition just once, reaching |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secarecytosis | Secarecytosis is a process involved in the development of a bird's lung cells, before the bird hatches from its egg. It is the processes of cell cutting during attenuation of the tubular epithelium of the developing avian lung. The word secarecytosis is derived from the Latin word secare which means "to cut".
Secarecytosis differs from holocrine and apocrine secretory mechanisms in that it occurs only during development and that portions of cells, complete with their organelles, are lost. It has three documented phenotypes. These are:
formation of a double cell membrane and separation between the two membranes;
formation of large vacuoles in the supranuclear cytoplasm, their subsequent fusion with each other and with the lateral cell membranes thus separating the apical portion;
formation of many tiny vesicles that fuse with each other and the cell membrane thus severing portions of the cell.
The process was initially described in the domestic chicken but it has also been shown to occur in the ostrich.
References
Bird anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonomicrometry | Sonomicrometry is a technique of measuring the distance between piezoelectric crystals based on the speed of acoustic signals through the medium they are embedded in. Typically, the crystals will be coated with an epoxy 'lens' and placed into the material facing each other. An electrical signal sent to either crystal will be transformed into sound, which passes through the medium, eventually reaching the other crystal, which converts the sound into electricity, detected by a receiver. From the time taken for sound to move between the crystals and the speed of sound in the medium, the distance between the crystals can be calculated.
History
Sonomicrometry was originally applied in the study of cardiac function in research animals by Dean Franklin in 1956, and was quickly adopted by biologists working in biomechanics as well as other physiological organ systems and structures (gastro-intestinal, uro-genital and musculo-skeletal). Medical device companies also use sonomicrometry to assess the physical performance, durability and longevity of devices during R&D phase of development. Sonomicrometry is currently the most prevalent method for determining muscle length changes during animal locomotion, feeding, and other biomechanical functions.
When originally developed decades ago, care was taken to orient the crystals correctly to ensure satisfactory signal detection between the crystals, but more modern versions of sonomicrometer hardware (typically dating from 1995 to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20superionic%20conductor | An advanced superionic conductor (AdSIC) in materials science, is fast ion conductor that has a crystal structure close to optimal for fast ion transport (FIT).
History
The term was introduced in a paper by A.L. Despotuli, A.V. Andreeva and B. Rambaby.
Characteristics
The rigid ion sublattice of Advanced SuperIonic Conductors (AdSICs) has structure channels where mobile ions of opposite sign migrate. Their ion-transport characteristics display ionic conductivity of ~0.3/Ω cm (RbAg4I5, 300 K) and activation energy of Ei~0.1 eV. This determines the temperature-dependent concentration of mobile ions ni~Ni x eEi/kBT capable to migrate in conduction channels at each moment (Ni~1022/cm3, ni~2x1020/cm3, 300 K).
The Rubidium silver iodide–family is a group of AdSIC compounds and solid solutions that are isostructural with the RbAg4I5 alpha modification. Examples of such compounds with mobile Ag+- and Cu+-cations include KAg4I5, NH4Ag4I5, K1−xCsxAg4I5, Rb1−xCsxAg4I5, CsAg4Br1−xI2+x, CsAg4ClBr2I2, CsAg4Cl3I2, RbCu4Cl3I2 and KCu4I5.
RbAg4I5 AdSIC displays peculiar features of crystal structure and dynamics of mobile ions.
Recently, all solid state micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on AdSICs (nanoionic supercapacitors) had been recognized as critical electron component of future sub-voltage and deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics and related technologies (22 nm technological node of CMOS and beyond). Researchers also developed an all-solid-state battery employing RbAg4I5 superio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%201 | Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch 1) is a protein encoded in humans by the NOTCH1 gene. Notch 1 is a single-pass transmembrane receptor.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics including an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain consisting of multiple, different domain types. Notch family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling network is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells. In Drosophila, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signaling pathway that plays a key role in development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in humans, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remain to be determined. This protein is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network, and presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. This protein functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands, and may play multiple roles during development.
A deficiency can be associated with bicuspid aortic valve.
There is evidence that activated Notch 1 and Notch 3 promote differentiation of progenitor cells into astroglia. Notch 1, when activated before birth, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK1 gene.
PAK1 is one of six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases which are broadly divided into group I (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) and group II (PAK4, PAK6 and PAK5/7). The PAKs are evolutionarily conserved. PAK1 localizes in distinct sub-cellular domains in the cytoplasm and nucleus. PAK1 regulates cytoskeleton remodeling, phenotypic signaling and gene expression, and affects a wide variety of cellular processes such as directional motility, invasion, metastasis, growth, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis. PAK1-signaling dependent cellular functions regulate both physiologic and disease processes, including cancer, as PAK1 is widely overexpressed and hyperstimulated in human cancer, at-large.
Discovery
PAK1 was first discovered as an effector of the Rho GTPases in rat brain by Manser and colleagues in 1994. The human PAK1 was identified as a GTP-dependent interacting partner of Rac1 or Cdc42 in the cytosolic fraction from neutrophils, and its complementary DNA was cloned from a human placenta library by Martin and Colleagues in 1995.
Function
PAK proteins are critical effectors that link the Rho family of GTPases (Rho GTPases) to cytoskeleton reorganization and nuclear signaling. PAK proteins, a family of serine/threonine p21-activated kinases, include PAK1, PAK2, PAK3 and PAK4. These proteins serve as targets for the small GTP binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac and have bee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLR2A | DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1, also known as RPB1, is an enzyme that is encoded by the POLR2A gene in humans.
Function
This gene encodes the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene contains a carboxy terminal domain composed of heptapeptide repeats that are essential for polymerase activity. These repeats contain serine and threonine residues that are phosphorylated in actively transcribing RNA polymerase. In addition, this subunit, in combination with several other polymerase subunits, forms the DNA-binding domain of the polymerase, a groove in which the DNA template is transcribed into RNA.
Interactions
POLR2A has been shown to interact with:
BRCA1,
CREBBP,
CTDP1,
CDK8,
GTF2B,
GTF2F1,
GTF2H4,
MED21,
MED26,
PCAF,
POLR2C,
POLR2E,
POLR2H,
POLR2L,
PQBP1,
SMARCA2,
SMARCA4
SMARCB1,
SMYD3,
SND1,
SUPT5H,
TAF11,
TBP,
TCEA1,
TCERG1, and
ZNF74.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxan%20%28protein%29 | RoXaN (Rotavirus 'X'-associated non-structural protein) also known as ZC3H7B (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 7B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3H7B gene. RoXaN is a protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeat and leucine-aspartate repeat as well as zinc finger domains. This protein also interacts with the rotavirus non-structural protein NSP3.
Function
Rotavirus mRNAs are capped but not polyadenylated, and viral proteins are translated by the cellular translation machinery. This is accomplished through the action of the viral Nonstructural Protein NSP3 which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G I.
RoXaN (rotavirus X protein associated with NSP3) is 110-kDa cellular protein that contains a minimum of three regions predicted to be involved in protein–protein or nucleic acid–protein interactions. A tetratricopeptide repeat region, a protein–protein interaction domain most often found in multiprotein complexes, is present in the amino-terminal region. In the carboxy terminus, at least five zinc finger motifs are observed, further suggesting the capacity of RoXaN to bind other proteins or nucleic acids. Between these two regions exists a paxillin leucine-aspartate repeat (LD) motif which is involved in protein–protein interactions.
Clinical significance
RoXaN is capable of interacting with NSP3 in vivo and during rotavirus infection. Domains of interaction c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSS%2A | SSS* is a search algorithm, introduced by George Stockman in 1979, that conducts a state space search traversing a game tree in a best-first fashion similar to that of the A* search algorithm.
SSS* is based on the notion of solution trees. Informally, a solution tree can be formed from any arbitrary game tree by pruning the number of branches at each MAX node to one. Such a tree represents a complete strategy for MAX, since it specifies exactly one MAX action for every possible sequence of moves made by the opponent. Given a game tree, SSS* searches through the space of partial solution trees, gradually analyzing larger and larger subtrees, eventually producing a single solution tree with the same root and Minimax value as the original game tree. SSS* never examines a node that alpha–beta pruning would prune, and may prune some branches that alpha–beta would not. Stockman speculated that SSS* may therefore be a better general algorithm than alpha–beta. However, Igor Roizen and Judea Pearl have shown that the savings in the number of positions that SSS* evaluates relative to alpha/beta is limited and generally not enough to compensate for the increase in other resources (e.g., the storing and sorting of a list of nodes made necessary by the best-first nature of the algorithm). However, Aske Plaat, Jonathan Schaeffer, Wim Pijls and Arie de Bruin have shown that a sequence of null-window alpha–beta calls is equivalent to SSS* (i.e., it expands the same nodes in the same order) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantasselite | Vantasselite is a rare aluminium phosphate mineral with formula: Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 •9H2O. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and has a white color, a hardness of 2 to 2.5, a white streak and a pearly luster.
It occurs in a quartzite quarry north of Bihain, Belgium It was first described in 1987 and named after Belgian mineralogist René Van Tassel.
References
Phosphate minerals
Aluminium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine%20receptor%20D2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Dopamine receptor D2}}
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene. After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested that dopamine receptors were the site of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify what is now known as the dopamine D2 receptor. The dopamine D2 receptor is the main receptor for most antipsychotic drugs. The structure of DRD2 in complex with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone has been determined.
Function
D2 receptors are coupled to Gi subtype of G protein. This G protein-coupled receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity.
In mice, regulation of D2R surface expression by the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) in the dentate gyrus is involved in exploration, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Studies have shown potential roles for D2R in retrieval of fear memories in the prelimbic cortex and in discrimination learning in the nucleus accumbens.
In flies, activation of the D2 autoreceptor protected dopamine neurons from cell death induced by MPP+, a toxin mimicking Parkinson's disease pathology.
While optimal dopamine levels favor D1R cognitive stabilization, it is the D2R that mediates the cognitive flexibility in humans.
Isoforms
Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
The long form (D2Lh) has the "cano |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOD2 | Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SOD2 gene on chromosome 6. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.
Structure
The SOD2 gene contains five exons interrupted by four introns, an uncharacteristic 5′-proximal promoter that possesses a GC-rich region in place of the TATA or CAAT, and an enhancer in the second intron. The proximal promoter region contains multiple binding sites for transcription factors, including specific-1 (Sp1), activator protein 2 (AP-2), and early growth response 1 (Egr-1). This gene is a mitochondrial member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. The manganese site forms a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with four ligands from the protein and a fifth solvent ligand. This solvent li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRMW | KRMW (94.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Cedarville, Arkansas, United States. It serves the Fayetteville/Fort Smith area. The station is owned by Cumulus Media.
Formats
The 94.9 frequency went through many formats in the 2010s. It started as an adult alternative music format. In 2012 it changed to an adult contemporary radio station as "Warm 94.9." Next, the station flipped to country music under the "Nash FM" umbrella in August 2014. As of 2016, KRMW is an eclectic format branded as "Radio Jon/Deek," named after the only on-air personalities at the station, Jon Williams and Derek "Deek" Kastner.
References
External links
RMW
Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1992
Cumulus Media radio stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine%2010-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrochelirubine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and dihydrochelirubine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine%2012-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydromacarpine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and dihydromacarpine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-methylenesterol%20C-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 24-methylenelophenol S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (Z)-24-ethylidenelophenol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 24-Methylenelophenol, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and (Z)-24-ethylidenelophenol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:24-methylenelophenol C-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include SMT2, and 24-methylenelophenol C-241-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of steroids.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%2C7-dimethylquercetin%204%27-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3,7-dimethylquercetin 4'-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (rhamnazin), whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (ayanin).
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include flavonol 4'-O-methyltransferase, flavonol 4'-methyltransferase, 4'-OMT, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone, 4'-O-methyltransferase, and 3,7-dimethylquercitin 4'-O-methyltransferase [mis-spelt].
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27-demethylstaurosporine%20O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-demethylstaurosporine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + staurosporine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 3'-demethylstaurosporine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and staurosporine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include 3'-demethoxy-3'-hydroxystaurosporine O-methyltransferase, and staurosporine synthase.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-demethylubiquinone-9%203-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3-demethylubiquinone-9 3-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 3-demethylubiquinone-9, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and ubiquinone-9.
This enzyme participates in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-nonaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone 3-O-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include 5-demethylubiquinone-9 methyltransferase, OMHMB-methyltransferase, 2-Octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-, and 1,4-benzoquinone-O-methyltransferase.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2%2C3-dihydrotabersonine%20N-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + deacetoxyvindoline
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and deacetoxyvindoline.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include 16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine methyltransferase, NMT, 16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine N-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine, and N-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in terpene indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyanthranilate%204-C-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-C-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-hydroxyanthranilate S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 3-hydroxyanthranilate, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-C-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called 3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-methyltransferase.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27-hydroxy-N-methyl-%28S%29-coclaurine%204%27-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (S)-reticuline
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and (S)-reticuline.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylquercetin%207-O-methyltransferase | In enzymology, a 3-methylquercetin 7-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (isorhamnetin), whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (rhamnazin).
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 7-O-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include flavonol 7-O-methyltransferase, flavonol 7-methyltransferase, 7-OMT, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone, 7-O-methyltransferase, and 3-methylquercitin 7-O-methyltransferase [mis-spelt].
The enzyme can be found in Chrysosplenium americanum (American Golden Saxifrage).
References
EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
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