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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCG4P11 | HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 11, also known as HCG4P11, is a human gene.
Pseudogenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome%20proliferator-activated%20receptor%20alpha | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), also known as NR1C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 1), is a nuclear receptor protein functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. Together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-alpha is part of the subfamily of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. It was the first member of the PPAR family to be cloned in 1990 by Stephen Green and has been identified as the nuclear receptor for a diverse class of rodent hepatocarcinogens that causes proliferation of peroxisomes.
Expression
PPAR-α is primarily activated through ligand binding. Endogenous ligands include fatty acids such as arachidonic acid as well as other polyunsaturated fatty acids and various fatty acid-derived compounds such as certain members of the 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid family of arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g. 15(S)-HETE, 15(R)-HETE, and 15(S)-HpETE and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite. Synthetic ligands include the fibrate drugs, which are used to treat hyperlipidemia, and a diverse set of insecticides, herbicides, plasticizers, and organic solvents collectively referred to as peroxisome proliferators.
Function
PPAR-α is a transcription factor regulated by free fatty acids, and is a major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. PPAR-alpha is activated under conditions of energy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-PKcs | DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene designated as PRKDC or XRCC7. DNA-PKcs belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. The DNA-Pkcs protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase consisting of a single polypeptide chain of 4,128 amino acids.
Function
DNA-PKcs is the catalytic subunit of a nuclear DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase called DNA-PK. The second component is the autoimmune antigen Ku. On its own, DNA-PKcs is inactive and relies on Ku to direct it to DNA ends and trigger its kinase activity. DNA-PKcs is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair, which rejoins double-strand breaks. It is also required for V(D)J recombination, a process that utilizes NHEJ to promote immune system diversity.
Many proteins have been identified as substrates for the kinase activity of DNA-PK. Autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs appears to play a key role in NHEJ and is thought to induce a conformational change that allows end processing enzymes to access the ends of the double-strand break. DNA-PK also cooperates with ATR and ATM to phosphorylate proteins involved in the DNA damage checkpoint.
Disease
DNA-PKcs knockout mice have severe combined immunodeficiency due to their V(D)J recombination defect. Natural analogs of this knockout happen in mice, horses and dogs, also causing SCID. Human SCID usually have other causes, bu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion%20temperature | The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule–Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. Inversion temperature depends on the nature of the gas.
For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the enthalpy using statistical mechanics as
where is the number of molecules, is volume, is temperature (in the Kelvin scale), is Boltzmann's constant, and and are constants depending on intermolecular forces and molecular volume, respectively.
From this equation, we note that if we keep enthalpy constant and increase volume, temperature must change depending on the sign of . Therefore, our inversion temperature is given where the sign flips at zero, or
,
where is the critical temperature of the substance. So for , an expansion at constant enthalpy increases temperature as the work done by the repulsive interactions of the gas is dominant, and so the change in kinetic energy is positive. But for , expansion causes temperature to decrease because the work of attractive intermolecular forces dominates, giving a negative change in average molecular speed, and therefore kinetic energy.
See also
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Phase transition
Joule-Thomson effect
References
External links
Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20lipids | Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a phospholipid capsule, and the type of protein embedded in this outer shell determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Examples of these lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Fatty acids
Intestine intake
Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with a membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins, forming a large transporter particle called chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary, then it is transported into the bloodstream at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver).
In any case, the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal.
Cell uptake
After a meal, when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises, there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body, mainly liver cells, adipocytes and muscle cells. This uptake is sti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin-releasing%20peptide%20receptor | The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRLHR gene.
PrRPR is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds the prolactin-releasing peptide (PRLH).
Function
PrRPR is a 7-transmembrane domain receptor for prolactin-releasing peptide that is highly expressed in the anterior pituitary.
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenForum%20Europe | OpenForum Europe (OFE) is a European open source software and open standard not-for-profit think tank. Its key objective is to contribute to achieve an open and competitive digital ecosystem in Europe. Based in Brussels, it launched its operations in 2002 and currently conducts research on topics such as Open Source, Open standards, Digital Government, public procurement, Intellectual Property, cloud computing and Internet policy. Founded by Graham Taylor, Basil Cousins and Robert Blatchford, the current executive director is Astor Nummelin Carlberg.
Activities
OFE is a registered interest group with the European Commission and the European Parliament. OFE advises European policymakers and legislators on the merits of openness in computing and provides technical analysis and explanation. OFE promotes open source software, as well as openness more generally, as part of a vision to facilitate open, competitive choice for technology users.
OFE works closely with the European Commission, European Parliament, national and local governments both directly and via its national partners. It follows five openness objectives to help direct its work : User centricity, Competition, Flexibility, Sustainability, and Community.
Economic Impact of Open Source Software
In 2021, OFE, in collaboration with Fraunhofer ISI, conducted a study on the impact of open source software and hardware on technological independence, competitiveness, and innovation in Europe for the European Commissio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20manifolds | In mathematics, specifically geometry and topology, the classification of manifolds is a basic question, about which much is known, and many open questions remain.
Main themes
Overview
Low-dimensional manifolds are classified by geometric structure; high-dimensional manifolds are classified algebraically, by surgery theory.
"Low dimensions" means dimensions up to 4; "high dimensions" means 5 or more dimensions. The case of dimension 4 is somehow a boundary case, as it manifests "low dimensional" behaviour smoothly (but not topologically); see discussion of "low" versus "high" dimension.
Different categories of manifolds yield different classifications; these are related by the notion of "structure", and more general categories have neater theories.
Positive curvature is constrained, negative curvature is generic.
The abstract classification of high-dimensional manifolds is ineffective: given two manifolds (presented as CW complexes, for instance), there is no algorithm to determine if they are isomorphic.
Different categories and additional structure
Formally, classifying manifolds is classifying objects up to isomorphism.
There are many different notions of "manifold", and corresponding notions of
"map between manifolds", each of which yields a different category and a different classification question.
These categories are related by forgetful functors: for instance, a differentiable manifold is also a topological manifold, and a differentiable map is also continu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Interior%20%28State%20of%20Palestine%29 | The Ministry of Interior and National Security is the branch of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) cabinet in charge of the security and the statistics of the population of the Palestinian National Authority. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) is a sub-branch of the Interior Ministry that has the responsibility for the population and economic statistics of the Palestinian territories. Since Hamas' takeover of Gaza, the position of the Interior Ministry within the Palestinian Security Services is unclear.
History
In 2006, the Israeli Defense Forces struck the office building of the Interior Ministry multiple times as a part of a bombing campaign in Gaza. The attacks were in response to the kidnapping of Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier.
In June 2007, the office in Gaza was taken by Said Seyam as part of the Hamas government of June 2007. Fathi Hamad took office in January 2009, following assassination of Said Seyam on 15 January 2009 during the Gaza War. In August 2012, following government reshuffle by Prime Minister Ismail Haniyye, Fathi Hamad remained in position.
Officeholders
Interior Ministers of the Palestinian Authority
Interior Ministers in the West Bank
Interior Ministers in the Gaza Strip
See also
Palestinian Security Services
Foreign Minister of the Palestinian Authority
Finance Minister of Palestinian Authority
References
External links
Official Interior Ministry Website (Gaza Strip)
Law enforcement in the State of Palestine
O |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEBPB | CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this intronless gene is a bZIP transcription factor that can bind as a homodimer to certain DNA regulatory regions. It can also form heterodimers with the related proteins CEBP-alpha, CEBP-delta, and CEBP-gamma. The encoded protein is important in the regulation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses and has been shown to bind to the IL-1 response element in the IL-6 gene, as well as to regulatory regions of several acute-phase and cytokine genes. In addition, the encoded protein can bind the promoter and upstream element and stimulate the expression of the collagen type I gene.
CEBP-beta is critical for normal macrophage functioning, an important immune cell sub-type; mice unable to express CEBP-beta have macrophages that cannot differentiate (specialize) and thus are unable to perform all their biological functions - including macrophage-mediated muscle repair. Observational work has shown that expression of CEBP-beta in blood leukocytes is positively associated with muscle strength in humans, emphasizing the importance of the immune system, and particularly macrophages, in the maintenance of muscle function.
Function of CEBPB gene can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.
Upon further investigation, it was noted that CEBPB has close to 8,600 similar correlations with biological manipulat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL6 | Bcl-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL6 gene. BCL6 is a master transcription factor for regulation of T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) proliferation. BCL6 has three evolutionary conserved structural domains. The interaction of these domains with corepressors allows for germinal center development and leads to B cell proliferation.
The deletion of BCL6 is known to lead to failure of germinal center formation in the follicles of the lymph nodes, preventing B cells from undergoing somatic hypermutation. Mutations in BCL6 can lead to B cell lymphomas because it promotes unchecked B cell growth. Clinically, BCL6 can be used to diagnose B cell lymphomas and is shown to be upregulated in a number of cancers.
Other BCL genes, including BCL2, BCL3, BCL5, BCL7A, BCL9, and BCL10, also have clinical significance in lymphoma.
Normal physiological function
Structure
The protein encoded by the BCL6 gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that has three evolutionarily conserved domains. BCL6 contains a (1) N-terminal BTB/POZ domain (Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Brick-a-brac/Pox virus and Zin finger family domain), (2) a central RN2 region, and (3) another zinc finger at the C-terminal end. This structure is vital to BCL6’s function – an exon 7 skipping splice variant encodes a shorter form of the protein which lacks the first two zinc fingers of the DNA binding domain, for example.
Function
Bcl-6 is a master transcription factor for the reg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG4 | PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) also known as SAP-90 (synapse-associated protein 90) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG4 (discs large homolog 4) gene.
PSD-95 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. With PSD-93 it is recruited into the same NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins.
PSD-95 is the best studied member of the MAGUK-family of PDZ domain-containing proteins. Like all MAGUK-family proteins, its basic structure includes three PDZ domains, an SH3 domain, and a guanylate kinase-like domain (GK) connected by disordered linker regions. It is almost exclusively located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins. Its direct and indirect binding partners include neuroligin, NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and potassium channels. It plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and the stabilization of synaptic changes during long-term potentiation.
MAGUK superfamily and constituent domains
PSD-95 (encoded by DLG4) is a member of the MAGUK superfamily, and part of a subfamily which also includes PSD-93, SAP97 and SAP102. The MAGUKs are defined by their inclusion of PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains, although many of them also contain regions homologous of CaMKII, WW and L27 domains. The GUK domain that the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-4%20receptor | The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. It is a heterodimer, that is, composed of two subunits. IL4R is the human gene coding for IL-4Rα, the subunit which combines with either common gamma chain (γc, forming the type I IL4 receptor) or with IL-13Rα1 (forming the type II IL4 receptor).
Function
This gene encodes the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor, a type I transmembrane protein that can bind interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 to regulate IgE antibody production in B cells. Among T cells, the encoded protein also can bind interleukin 4 to promote differentiation of Th2 cells. A soluble form of the encoded protein can be produced by an alternate splice variant or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound protein, and this soluble form can inhibit IL4-mediated cell proliferation and IL5 upregulation by T-cells. Allelic variations in this gene have been associated with atopy, a condition that can manifest itself as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, or eczema. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms, a membrane-bound and a soluble form, have been found for this gene. Interactions of IL-4 with TNFα promote structural changes to vascular endothelial cells, thus playing an important role in tissue inflammation.
The binding of IL-4 or IL-13 to the IL-4 receptor on the surface of macrophages results in the alternative activation of those macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMΦ) downregulate inflammatory mediators such as IFNγ du |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPNB1 | Importin subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPNB1 gene.
Function
Nucleocytoplasmic transport, a signal- and energy-dependent process, takes place through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope. The import of proteins containing a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) requires the NLS import receptor, a heterodimer of importin alpha and beta subunits. Each of these subunits are part of the karyopherin family of proteins. Importin alpha binds the NLS-containing cargo in the cytoplasm and importin beta docks the complex at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex. In the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and the small GTP binding protein Ran, the complex moves into the nuclear pore complex and the importin subunits dissociate. Importin alpha enters the nucleoplasm with its passenger protein and importin beta remains at the pore. Interactions between importin beta and the FG repeats of nucleoporins are essential in translocation through the pore complex. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the importin beta family.
Interactions
KPNB1 has been shown to interact with:
KPNA3,
Karyopherin alpha 1,
Karyopherin alpha 2,
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3,
NUP153
NUP50,
NUP98,
Nucleoporin 62,
P53,
Parathyroid hormone-related protein,
RANBP1,
RANBP2,
Ran (biology), and
SMN1.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARCA4 | Transcription activator BRG1 also known as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler SMARCA4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCA4 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins and is similar to the brahma protein of Drosophila. Members of this family have helicase and ATPase activities and are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF, which is required for transcriptional activation of genes normally repressed by chromatin. In addition, this protein can bind BRCA1, as well as regulate the expression of the tumorigenic protein CD44.
BRG1 works to activate or repress transcription. Having functional BRG1 is important for development past the pre-implantation stage. Without having a functional BRG1, exhibited with knockout research, the embryo will not hatch out of the zona pellucida, which will inhibit implantation from occurring on the endometrium (uterine wall). BRG1 is also crucial to the development of sperm. During the first stages of meiosis in spermatogenesis there are high levels of BRG1. When BRG1 is genetically damaged, meiosis is stopped in prophase 1, hindering the development of sperm and would result in infertility. More knockout research has concluded BRG1’s aid in the development of smooth muscle. In a BRG1 knockout, smooth muscle in the gastroin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF3 | Zinc finger protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF3 gene.
See also
Zinc finger
References
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2028%20receptor%2C%20alpha%20subunit | Interleukin 28 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-28 receptor. IL28RA is its human gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II cytokine receptor family. This protein forms a receptor complex with interleukin 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB). The receptor complex has been shown to interact with three closely related cytokines, including interleukin 28A (IL28A), interleukin 28B (IL28B), and interleukin 29 (IL29). The expression of all three cytokines can be induced by viral infection. The cells overexpressing this protein have been found to have enhanced responses to IL28A and IL29, but decreased response to IL28B. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
References
Type II cytokine receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%207 | Caspase-7, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase, also known as CASP7, is a human protein encoded by the CASP7 gene.
CASP7 orthologs have been identified in nearly all mammals for which complete genome data are available. Unique orthologs are also present in birds, lizards, lissamphibians, and teleosts.
Function
Caspase-7 is a member of the caspase (cysteine aspartate protease) family of proteins, and has been shown to be an executioner protein of apoptosis. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes that undergo proteolytic processing by upstream caspases (caspase-8, -9) at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme in the form of a heterotetramer. The precursor of this caspase is cleaved by caspase 3, caspase 10, and caspase 9. It is activated upon cell death stimuli and induces apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in four transcript variants, encoding three distinct isoforms.
Interactions
Caspase 7 has been shown to interact with:
Caspase 8,
Survivin and
XIAP.
See also
The Proteolysis Map
Caspase
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: C14.004
EC 3.4.22
Caspases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDBREPORT | The PDBREPORT database is a database of anomalies and errors found in structures of biological molecules in the Protein Data Bank.
The PDBREPORTS database is a useful facility for judging the quality of protein structures in in silico protein structure bioinformatics projects, and has been used frequently by participants of the CASP homology modelling 'competition'. PDBREPORTs are made using the WHAT_CHECK software. WHAT_CHECK is the option of the WHAT IF software that validates macromolecules (especially proteins).
Many of the WHAT_CHECK options determine normality values; that is, the number of standard deviations that any given observation deviates from its mean. And in most cases such events are listed if the deviation is more than 4 sigma, which implies that one in ten thousand of the listed anomalies is genuine and not an error. The section 'validation' of the WHAT_CHECK pages explains this with more detail.
Issues
PDBREPORT entries may be seen as error reports for macromolecular structures deposited in the PDB. The term error report should be used with caution as the WHAT_CHECK software that produces the PDBREPORT flags every anomaly of four standard deviations or more as an error. Some of these reported anomalies may be genuine deviations from the mean rather than errors.
References
Structural bioinformatics
Protein structure
Biological databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCK1 | ROCK1 is a protein serine/threonine kinase also known as rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1. Other common names are ROKβ and P160ROCK. ROCK1 is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA and is a regulator of the actomyosin cytoskeleton which promotes contractile force generation. ROCK1 plays a role in cancer and in particular cell motility, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Gene and expression
ROCK1 is also the name of the gene that encodes the protein ROCK1, a serine/threonine kinase. ROCK1 is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of RhoA. The human ROCK1 gene is located on human chromosome 18 with specific location of 18q11.1. The location of the base pair starts at 18,529,703 and ends at 18,691,812 bp and translates into 1354 amino acids.
ROCK1 has a ubiquitous tissue distribution, but subcellularly it is thought to colocalize with the centrosomes. This is consistent with its function as a key modulator of cell motility, tumor cell invasion, and actin cytoskeleton organization. In rats, ROCK1 is expressed in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and testis.
Structure and regulation
The ROCK1 structure is a serine/threonine kinase with molecular weight of 158 kDa. It is a homodimer composed of a catalytic kinase domain (residues76-338) located at the amino or N-terminus of the protein, a coiled-coil region (residues 425-1100) containing the Rho-binding domain, and a pleckstrin-homology domain (residues 1118-1317) with a cysteine-rich domai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASSF1 | Ras association domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein similar to the RAS effector proteins.
The RASSF1 gene has eight isoforms, of which RASSF1A and RASSF1C are the most abundantly expressed. These two isoforms are omnipresent in normal cells, where they localize microtubules and regulate cell growth. When expressed normally, RASSF1A causes repression of cyclin A2 and cyclin D1, leading to cell cycle arrest. RASSF1A also plays an important role in microtubule stability by inhibiting histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), leading to an increase in acetylated microtubules, which are more stable. RASSF1A binds to microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that regulate microtubule stability. RASSF1A also modulates apoptosis. Interaction of RASSF1A with K-Ras activates the apoptotic MST2-LATS1 pathway.
RASSF1A is activated by mitogenic stimuli and K-Ras appears to be the major RASSF1A activator upon mitogenic stimulation.
Loss or altered expression of this gene has been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, which suggests the tumor suppressor function of this gene. The inactivation of this gene was found to be correlated with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. Methylation of CpG-island A is detected in normal tissues and does not affect gene expression. On the other hand, hypermethylation was associated with a loss of RASSF1A expression. The encoded protein wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUK | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha (IKK-α) also known as IKK1 or conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the CHUK gene. IKK-α is part of the IκB kinase complex that plays an important role in regulating the NF-κB transcription factor. However, IKK-α has many additional cellular targets, and is thought to function independently of the NF-κB pathway to regulate epidermal differentiation.
Function
NF-κB response
IKK-α is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and forms a complex in the cell with IKK-β and NEMO. NF-κB transcription factors are normally held in an inactive state by the inhibitory proteins IκBs. IKK-α and IKK-β phosphorylate the IκB proteins, marking them for degradation via ubiquitination and allowing NF-κB transcription factors to go into the nucleus.
Once activated, NF-κB transcription factors regulate genes that are implicated in many important cellular processes, including immune response, inflammation, cell death, and cell proliferation.
Epidermal differentiation
IKK-α has been shown to function in epidermal differentiation independently of the NF-κB pathway. In the mouse, IKK-α is required for cell cycle exit and differentiation of the embryonic keratinocytes. IKK-α null mice have a truncated snout and limbs, shiny skin, and die shortly after birth due to dehydration. Their epidermis retains a proliferative precursor cell population and lacks the ou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku80 | Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XRCC5 gene. Together, Ku70 and Ku80 make up the Ku heterodimer, which binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. It is also required for V(D)J recombination, which utilizes the NHEJ pathway to promote antigen diversity in the mammalian immune system.
In addition to its role in NHEJ, Ku is required for telomere length maintenance and subtelomeric gene silencing.
Ku was originally identified when patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have high levels of autoantibodies to the protein.
Nomenclature
Ku80 has been referred to by several names including:
Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p80
ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 2
X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 5
X-ray repair cross-complementing 5 (XRCC5)
Epigenetic repression
The protein expression level of Ku80 can be repressed by epigenetic hypermethylation of the promoter region of gene XRCC5 which encodes Ku80. In a study of 87 matched pairs of primary tumors of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and nearby normal lung tissue, 25% of the tumors had loss of heterozygosity at the XRCC5 locus and a similar percentage of tumors had hypermethylation of the promoter region of XRCC5. Low protein expression of Ku80 was significantly associated with low mRNA expression and with XRCC5 promoter hypermethylation but not with LOH of the gene.
Senesc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20mixing | In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of mixing (also heat of mixing and excess enthalpy) is the enthalpy liberated or absorbed from a substance upon mixing. When a substance or compound is combined with any other substance or compound, the enthalpy of mixing is the consequence of the new interactions between the two substances or compounds. This enthalpy, if released exothermically, can in an extreme case cause an explosion.
Enthalpy of mixing can often be ignored in calculations for mixtures where other heat terms exist, or in cases where the mixture is ideal. The sign convention is the same as for enthalpy of reaction: when the enthalpy of mixing is positive, mixing is endothermic, while negative enthalpy of mixing signifies exothermic mixing. In ideal mixtures, the enthalpy of mixing is null. In non-ideal mixtures, the thermodynamic activity of each component is different from its concentration by multiplying with the activity coefficient.
One approximation for calculating the heat of mixing is Flory–Huggins solution theory for polymer solutions.
Formal definition
For a liquid, enthalpy of mixing can be defined as follows
Where:
H(mixture) is the total enthalpy of the system after mixing
ΔHmix is the enthalpy of mixing
xi is the mole fraction of component i in the system
Hi is the enthalpy of pure i
Enthalpy of mixing can also be defined using Gibbs free energy of mixing
However, Gibbs free energy of mixing and entropy of mixing tend to be more difficult to determine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC3 | Histone deacetylase 3 is an enzyme encoded by the HDAC3 gene in both humans and mice.
Function
Histones are highly alkaline proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes, which comprise the major protein component of chromatin. The posttranslational and enzymatically mediated lysine acetylation and deacetylation of histone tails change the local chromatin structure by altering the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged DNA backbone and histones. HDAC3 is a Class I member of the histone deacetylase superfamily (comprising four classes based on function and DNA sequence homology) that is recruited to enhancers to modulate both the epigenome and nearby gene expression. HDAC3 is found exclusively in the cell nucleus, where it is the sole endogenous histone deacetylase biochemically purified in the nuclear-receptor corepressor complex containing NCOR and SMRT (NCOR2). Thus, HDAC3, unlike other HDACs, has a unique role in modulating the transcriptional activities of nuclear receptors.
Alternative functions
Histone deacetylases can be regulated by endogenous factors, dietary components, synthetic inhibitors and bacteria-derived signals. Studies in mice with a specific
deletion of HDAC3 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) show a deregulated IEC's gene expression. In these deletion-mutant mice, loss of Paneth cells, impaired IEC function and alterations in intestinal composition of commensal bacteria were observed. These negative |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGFR1 | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLT1 gene.
Function
FLT1 is a member of VEGF receptor gene family. It encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase which is activated by VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor. The sequence structure of the FLT1 gene resembles that of the FMS (now CSF1R) gene; hence, Yoshida et al. (1987) proposed the name FLT as an acronym for FMS-like tyrosine kinase.
The ablation of VEGFR1 by chemical and genetic means has also recently been found to augment the conversion of white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue as well as increase brown adipose angiogenesis in mice.
Functional genetic variation in FLT1 (rs9582036) has been found to affect non-small cell lung cancer survival.
Interactions
FLT1 has been shown to interact with PLCG1 and vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B).
See also
VEGF receptors
References
Further reading
Tyrosine kinase receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte%20nuclear%20factor%204%20alpha | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) also known as NR2A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group A, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the HNF4A gene.
Function
HNF-4α is a nuclear transcription factor that binds DNA as a homodimer. The encoded protein controls the expression of several genes, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, a transcription factor which regulates the expression of several hepatic genes. This gene plays a role in development of the liver, kidney, and intestines. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
HNF4A is required for the PXR and CAR-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4. Genetic mutations in the HNF4A gene can influence the activity of HNF4α's downstream proteins such as CYP2D6, in vitro and in vivo.
The alkaloid berberine upregulates the expression of HNF4A.
This gene also plays a pivotal role in the expression and synthesis of SHBG, an important glycoprotein made primarily in the liver, which in addition to lowering insulin-resistance also serves in reducing levels of free Estrogen as-well as prolonging the half-life of Testosterone.
Function of HNF4A gene can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the HNF4A gene are associated with a form of diabetes called maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), specifically MODY 1. At least 56 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been disc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB1 | CAMP responsive element binding protein 1, also known as CREB-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CREB1 gene. This protein binds the cAMP response element, a DNA nucleotide sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. The binding of CREB1 stimulates transcription.
This protein is a CREB transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds as a homodimer to the cAMP-responsive element, an octameric palindrome. The protein is phosphorylated by several protein kinases, and induces transcription of genes in response to hormonal stimulation of the cAMP pathway. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
See also
CREB
Interactions
CREB1 has been shown to interact with:
CEBPB,
CREB binding protein,
FHL2,
FHL3,
FHL5.
HTATIP,
P53, and
RPS6KA5.
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S%20ribosomal%20RNA | 16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.
The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.
Functions
Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins.
The 3-end contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis
Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S)
Stabilizes correct codon-anticodon pairing in the A-site by forming a hydrogen bond between the N1 atom of adenine residues 1492 and 1493 and the 2OH group of the mRNA backbone.
Structure
Universal primers
The 16S rRNA gene is used for phylogenetic studies as it is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea. Carl Woese pioneered this use of 16S rRNA in 1977. It is suggested that 16S rRNA gene can be used as a reliable molecular clock because 16S rRNA sequences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNF1A | HNF1 homeobox A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A), also known as HNF1A, is a human gene on chromosome 12. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the liver and is involved in the regulation of the expression of several liver-specific genes. Mutations in the HNF1A gene have been known to cause diabetes. The HNF1A gene also contains a SNP associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Structure
Gene
The HNF1A gene resides on chromosome 12 at the band 12q24.2 and contains 10 exons. This gene produces 8 isoforms through alternative splicing.
Protein
This protein belongs to the HNF1 homeobox family. It contains 3 functional domains: an N-terminal dimerization domain (residues 1–32), a bipartite DNA-binding motif containing an atypical POU-homeodomain (residues 98–280), and a C-terminal transactivation domain (residues 281–631). There is also a flexible linker (residues 33–97) which connects the dimerization and DNA binding domains. Crystal structures have been solved for the dimerization domain, which forms a four-helix bundle where two α helices are separated by a turn; the DNA-binding motif, which forms a helix-turn-helix structure; and the POU-homeodomain, which is composed of three α helices, contained in the motif. This homeodomain is considered atypical due to an extended loop inserted between the second and third helices relative to the canonic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCE | Protein kinase C epsilon type (PKCε) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCE gene. PKCε is an isoform of the large PKC family of protein kinases that play many roles in different tissues. In cardiac muscle cells, PKCε regulates muscle contraction through its actions at sarcomeric proteins, and PKCε modulates cardiac cell metabolism through its actions at mitochondria. PKCε is clinically significant in that it is a central player in cardioprotection against ischemic injury and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
Structure
Human PRKCE gene (Ensembl ID: ENSG00000171132) encodes the protein PKCε (Uniprot ID: Q02156), which is 737 amino acids in length with a molecular weight of 83.7 kDa. The PKC family of serine-threonine kinases contains thirteen PKC isoforms, and each isoform can be distinguished by differences in primary structure, gene expression, subcellular localization, and modes of activation. The epsilon isoform of PKC is abundantly expressed in adult cardiomyocytes, being the most highly expressed of all novel isoforms, PKC-δ, -ζ, and –η. PKCε and other PKC isoforms require phosphorylation at sites Threonine-566, Threonine-710, and Serine-729 for kinase maturation. The epsilon isoform of PKC differs from other isoforms by the position of the C2, pseudosubstrate, and C1 domains; various second messengers in different combinations can act on the C1 domain to direct subcellular translocation of PKCε.
Receptors for activated C-kinase (RACK) have been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDGFRB | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDGFRB gene. Mutations in PDGFRB are mainly associated with the clonal eosinophilia class of malignancies.
Gene
The PDGFRB gene is located on human chromosome 5 at position q32 (designated as 5q32) and contains 25 exons. The gene is flanked by the genes for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (also termed macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor), all three of which may be lost together by a single deletional mutation thereby causing development of the 5q-syndrome. Other genetic abnormalities in PDGFRB lead to various forms of potentially malignant bone marrow disorders: small deletions in and chromosome translocations causing fusions between PDGFRB and any one of at least 30 genes can cause Myeloproliferative neoplasms that commonly involve eosinophilia, eosinophil-induced organ injury, and possible progression to aggressive leukemia (see blow).
Structure
The PDGFRB gene encodes a typical receptor tyrosine kinase, which belongs to the type III tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) family and is structurally characterized by five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a single membrane-spanning helix domain, an intracellular juxtamembrane domain, a split tyrosine kinase domain and a carboxylic tail. In the absence of ligand, PDGFRβ adopts an inactive conformation in which the activation loop folds over the catalytic site, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR1 | Mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA (often abbreviated as 12S or 12S rRNA) is the SSU rRNA of the mitochondrial ribosome. In humans, 12S is encoded by the MT-RNR1 gene and is 959 nucleotides long. MT-RNR1 is one of the 37 genes contained in animal mitochondria genomes. Their 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 mRNA genes are very useful in phylogenetic studies, in particular the 12S and 16S rRNAs. The 12S rRNA is the mitochondrial homologue of the prokaryotic 16S and eukaryotic nuclear 18S ribosomal RNAs. Mutations in the MT-RNR1 gene may be associated with hearing loss. The rRNA gene also encodes a peptide MOTS-c, also known as Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c or Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c.
Structure
The MT-RNR1 gene is located on the p arm of the mitochondrial DNA at position 12 and it spans 953 base pairs.
Function
The MT-RNR1 gene encodes for an rRNA responsible for regulating insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. The protein acts as an inhibitor of the folate cycle, thereby reducing de novo purine biosynthesis which leads to the accumulation of the de novo purine synthesis intermediate 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) and the activation of the metabolic regulator 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The protein also protects against age-dependent and diet-induced insulin resistance as well as diet-induced obesity.
Clinical significance
Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, Mitochondrial
Pathogenic mutations in the MT-RNR1 g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillin-1 | Fibrillin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBN1 gene, located on chromosome 15. It is a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that serves as a structural component of 10-12 nm calcium-binding microfibrils. These microfibrils provide force bearing structural support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue throughout the body. Mutations altering the protein can result in a variety of phenotypic effects differing widely in their severity, including fetal death, developmental problems, Marfan syndrome or in some cases Weill-Marchesani syndrome.
FBN1 gene
FBN1 is a 230-kb gene with 65 coding exons that encode a 2,871-amino-acid long proprotein called profibrillin which is proteolytically cleaved near its C-terminus by the enzyme furin convertase to give fibrillin-1, a member of the fibrillin family, and the 140-amino-acid long protein hormone asprosin.
FBN-1 protein structure
The sequence of fibrillin-1 includes 47 six-cysteine EGF-like domains, 7 eight-cysteine domains homologous with latent TGF-beta binding protein, and a proline-rich region.
Fetal cardiovascular development
The FBN-1 gene is involved in a variety of embryonic developmental programs. The microfibrils that are made from fibrillin-1 contribute to both elastic and non-elastic structures. The formation of the elastic fibers in the heart valves and the aorta require the involvement of both FBN-1 and FBN-2. It has been shown that both FBN-1 and FBN-2, along with the other components of elas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay%20refinement | In mesh generation, Delaunay refinements are algorithms for mesh generation based on the principle of adding Steiner points to the geometry of an input to be meshed, in a way that causes the Delaunay triangulation or constrained Delaunay triangulation of the augmented input to meet the quality requirements of the meshing application. Delaunay refinement methods include methods by Chew and by Ruppert.
Chew's second algorithm
Chew's second algorithm takes a piecewise linear system (PLS) and returns a constrained Delaunay triangulation of only quality triangles where quality is defined by the minimum angle in a triangle. Developed by L. Paul Chew for meshing surfaces embedded in three-dimensional space, Chew's second algorithm has been adopted as a two-dimensional mesh generator due to practical advantages over Ruppert's algorithm in certain cases and is the default quality mesh generator implemented in the freely available Triangle package. Chew's second algorithm is guaranteed to terminate and produce a local feature size-graded meshes with minimum angle up to about 28.6 degrees.
The algorithm begins with a constrained Delaunay triangulation of the input vertices. At each step, the circumcenter of a poor-quality triangle is inserted into the triangulation with one exception: If the circumcenter lies on the opposite side of an input segment as the poor quality triangle, the midpoint of the segment is inserted. Moreover, any previously inserted circumcenters inside the dia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton%27s%20quadrant | An Elton's quadrant is a derivative of the Davis quadrant. It adds an index arm and artificial horizon to the instrument, and was invented by English sea captain John Elton, who patented his design in 1728 and published details of the instrument in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1732.
Construction
This instrument clearly reflects the shape and features of the Davis quadrant. The significant differences are the change in the upper arc to a simple triangular frame and the addition of an index arm. The triangular frame at the top spans 60° as did the arc on the backstaff. The main graduated arc subtends 30° as in the backstaff. The 30° arc is graduated in degrees and sixths of a degree, that is, at ten-minute intervals.
The sighting vane of the backstaff is replaced with a sight (called an eye vane) mounted on the end of the index arm.
The index arm includes a nonius to allow reading the large scale with ten divisions between the graduations on the scale. This provides the navigator with the ability to read the scale to the nearest minute of arc. The index arm has a spirit level to allow the navigator to ensure that the index is horizontal even when he cannot see the horizon.
The instrument has a horizon vane like a Davis quadrant, but Elton refers to it as the shield or ray vane. The shield is attached to the label. The label is an arm that extends from the centre of the arc to the outside of the upper triangle and can be set to one of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20Eleven%3A%20Love | "Day Eleven: Love" (often referred to as just "Love") is the fourth single by Ayreon, released on 2004, from their album The Human Equation.
Music
The song follows the main story of the album. On the eleventh day, upon Reason'''s suggestion, Me gives in and returns to the day when he met his Wife. It was a Friday night at a dance party of some sort. Me and Wife dance, while Passion and Love allude to the fact that it was love at first sight. However, there are morbid indications from Agony ("Remember your father, you're just like him") and Fear ("Nobody loved you, nobody will"; however, Fear is more hopeful in this aspect). Passion and Pride, throughout, in their own way, encourage Me.
Music Video
A music video was shot for the song, but it is actually a promotional video for the album. It presents the vocalists who sing on the album, and also features footages of the recording of the album, as well as videos of Arjen meeting some of the vocalists.
Track listing
"Day Eleven: Love" [Radio Edit] - (3:37)
"Day Two: Isolation" - (8:42)
"No Quarter" (Led Zeppelin Cover) - (3:38)
"Space Oddity" (David Bowie Cover) - (4:56)
This is not the same cover of "Space Oddity" that first appeared on the special edition of the Star One album, Space Metal'', another project of Arjen's. This version is sung by Eric Clayton.
Personnel
Arjen Lucassen - guitar, bass, keyboard, synthesizer.
Eric Clayton (Saviour Machine) - vocals
James LaBrie (Dream Theater) - vocals
Marcela Bovio (Strea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENTOR%20routing%20algorithm | The MENTOR routing algorithm is an algorithm for use in routing of mesh networks, specifically pertaining to their initial topology. It was developed in 1991 by Aaron Kershenbaum, Parviz Kermani, and George A. Grove and was published by the IEEE.
Complexity
Empirical observation has shown the complexity class of this algorithm to be O(N²), or quadratic. This represents "a significant improvement over currently used algorithms, [while still yielding] solutions of a quality competitive with other, much slower procedures."
Methodology
The algorithm assumes three things are conducive to low-"cost" (that is, minimal in distance travelled and time between destinations) topology: that paths will tend to be direct, not circuitous; that links will have a "high utilization"—that is, they will be used to nearly their maximum operating capacity; and that "long, high-capacity links [will be used] whenever possible."
The overall plan is to send traffic over a direct route between the source and destination whenever the magnitude of the requirement is sufficiently large and to send it via a path within a tree in all other cases. In the former case, we are satisfying all three of our goals--we are using a direct path of high utilization and high capacity. In the latter case we are satisfying at least the last two objectives as we are aggregating traffic as much as possible.
The minimum spanning tree on which traffic flows in the latter case is heuristically defined by Dijkstra's alg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF%20%28gene%29 | BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf. The gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf.
The B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells which are involved in directing cell growth. In 2002, it was shown to be mutated in some human cancers.
Certain other inherited BRAF mutations cause birth defects.
Drugs that treat cancers driven by BRAF mutations have been developed. Two of these drugs, vemurafenib and dabrafenib are approved by FDA for treatment of late-stage melanoma. Vemurafenib was the first approved drug to come out of fragment-based drug discovery.
Function
B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion.
Structure
B-Raf is a 766-amino acid, regulated signal transduction serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. Broadly speaking, it is composed of three conserved domains characteristic of the Raf kinase family: conserved region 1 (CR1), a Ras-GTP-binding self-regulatory domain, conserved region 2 (CR2), a serine-rich hinge region, and conserved region 3 (CR3), a catalytic protein kinase domain that phosphorylates a consensus sequence on protein substrates. In its active conformation, B-Raf forms dimers via hydro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGFBP3 | Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6) that have highly conserved structures and bind the insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 with high affinity. IGFBP-7, sometimes included in this family, shares neither the conserved structural features nor the high IGF affinity. Instead, IGFBP-7 binds IGF1R, which blocks IGF-1 and IGF-2 binding, resulting in apoptosis.
Function
IGFBP-3 was first isolated, characterized, and quantitated in human plasma, in 1986. It has well-documented functions in the circulation, in the extracellular environment, and inside cells. It is the main IGF transport protein in the bloodstream, where it carries the growth factors predominantly in stable complexes that contain the binding protein, either IGF-1 or IGF-2, and a third protein called the acid-labile subunit or ALS.
For IGFs to reach the tissues from the bloodstream, the circulating complexes are believed to partly dissociate, possibly enhanced by limited proteolysis of IGFBP-3. The IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio has sometimes been used as an index of IGF bioavailability in the human circulation, but this ignores IGF-1 binding to other IGFBPs (so the ratio is affected by the concentrations of all six IGFBPs), and the fact that IGF-2, which is three times more abundant than IGF-1 in the bloodstream of adults, occupies the majority of binding sites on ci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93stay%2C%20lose%E2%80%93switch | In psychology, game theory, statistics, and machine learning, win–stay, lose–switch (also win–stay, lose–shift) is a heuristic learning strategy used to model learning in decision situations. It was first invented as an improvement over randomization in bandit problems. It was later applied to the prisoner's dilemma in order to model the evolution of altruism.
The learning rule bases its decision only on the outcome of the previous play. Outcomes are divided into successes (wins) and failures (losses). If the play on the previous round resulted in a success, then the agent plays the same strategy on the next round. Alternatively, if the play resulted in a failure the agent switches to another action.
A large-scale empirical study of players of the game rock, paper, scissors shows that a variation of this strategy is adopted by real-world players of the game, instead of the Nash equilibrium strategy of choosing entirely at random between the three options.
References
See also
Bounded rationality
Game theory
Computational learning theory
Heuristics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Football%20League%20career%20scoring%20leaders | The top 25 scorers in National Football League history are all placekickers. Statistics include regular season scoring only.
List
Key
Updated through the 2022 season.
Non-kickers
The top five scoring non-kickers in NFL history are listed here with their overall scoring rank. Only one non-kicker, Jerry Rice, is in the top 50 scorers of all-time.
See also
List of National Football League annual scoring leaders
List of National Football League records (individual)
References
Scoring Leaders
National Football League lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB1 | Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus that contains this gene. The protein encoded by this gene is one of two proteins that are required to form the DQ heterodimer, a cell surface receptor essential to the function of the immune system.
Function
HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).
Gene structure and polymorphisms
The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and it contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular protein domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain, and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule, both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation.
Disease association
Autism
A four-loci genotype study showed that A*01-B*07-DRB1*0701-
DQB1*0602 (P = 0.001, OR 41.9) and
the A*31-B*51-DRB1*0103-
DQB1*0302 (P = 0.012, OR 4.8) are
positively associated with autism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%20V | Integrin alpha-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAV gene.
Function
ITGAV encodes integrin alpha chain V. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Alpha V undergoes post-translational cleavage to yield disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, that combine with multiple integrin beta chains to form different integrins. Among the known associating beta chains (beta chains 1,3,5,6, and 8; 'ITGB1', 'ITGB3', 'ITGB5', 'ITGB6', and 'ITGB8'), each can interact with extracellular matrix ligands; the alpha V beta 3 integrin, perhaps the most studied of these, is referred to as the Vitronectin receptor (VNR). In addition to adhesion, many integrins are known to facilitate signal transduction.
Alpha V class integrins
In mammals the integrins that include alpha-V are :
Clinical significance
Overexpression of the ITGAV gene is associated with progression and spread of colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer.
As a drug target
The mAbs intetumumab, and abituzumab target this protein which is found on some tumour cells.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
Further reading
External links
ITGAV Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Clusters of differentiation
Integrins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosensory%20protein | Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are small soluble proteins which mediate olfactory recognition at the periphery of sensory receptors in insects, similarly to odorant-binding proteins. The typical structure of CSPs is made of six or seven α-helical chains of about 110-120 amino acids (10-12 kDa), including four cysteines that build two small loops, two adjacent disulfide bridges, and a globular "prism-like" functional structure [5]. Three CSP structures have been solved in moths (Mamestra brassicae and Bombyx mori) and locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) [5-8].
Gene structure and evolution
The CSP structure is highly flexible. CSPs are characterized by RNA editing and/or post-translational modifications as discovered in the silkworm moth, B. mori [9-14]. The addition of glycine near cysteine at specific location, amino acid inversion and motif insertion in protein sequence strongly argue for the existence of recoding at the level of protein synthesis in the CSP family [9-14]. In addition, they are capable of breathing or specific conformational changes upon ligand binding, which may represent another key feature of the ancestral primitive multifunctional soluble binding protein [15].
The number of CSP genes is usually very low in insects as found in Drosophila flies, Anopheles mosquitoes, Pediculus lice, honeybees and jewel wasps (4-8) [4, 24, 40-41]. A significantly higher number of CSP genes exist in butterfly, moth and beetle genomes (nb CSPs=19-20) [32, 42-43]. Culex mosquito s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase%20insert%20domain%20receptor | Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, a type IV receptor tyrosine kinase) also known as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) is a VEGF receptor. KDR is the human gene encoding it. KDR has also been designated as CD309 (cluster of differentiation 309). KDR is also known as Flk1 (Fetal Liver Kinase 1).
The Q472H germline KDR genetic variant affects VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and has been found to associate with microvessel density in NSCLC.
Interactions
Kinase insert domain receptor has been shown to interact with SHC2, Annexin A5 and SHC1.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
VEGF receptors
References
Further reading
External links
Clusters of differentiation
Tyrosine kinase receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoguanine | Isoguanine or 2-hydroxyadenine is a purine base that is an isomer of guanine. It is a product of oxidative damage to DNA and has been shown to cause mutation. It is also used in combination with isocytosine in studies of unnatural nucleic acid analogues of the normal base pairs in DNA.
It is used as a nucleobase of hachimoji nucleic acids. In hachimoji DNA, it pairs with 1-methylcytosine, while in hachimoji RNA, it pairs with isocytosine.
References
Purines
Nucleobases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPSE | FPSE may refer to:
Free piston Stirling engine, a topic in thermodynamics
Microsoft FrontPage#Server Extensions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-like%20protein%201 | Bcl-2-like protein 1 is a protein encoded in humans by the BCL2L1 gene. Through alternative splicing, the gene encodes both of the human proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The proteins encoded by this gene are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and have been shown to regulate outer mitochondrial membrane channel (voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) opening. VDACs regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, and thus controls the production of reactive oxygen species and release of cytochrome C by mitochondria, both of which are the potent inducers of cell apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported. The longer isoform (Bcl-xL) acts as an apoptotic inhibitor and the shorter form (Bcl-xS) acts as an apoptotic activator.
Interactions
BCL2-like 1 (gene) has been shown to interact with:
APAF1,
BAK1,
BCAP31,
BCL2L11,
BNIP3,
BNIPL,
BAD,
BAX,
BIK,
Bcl-2,
HRK,
IKZF3,
Noxa,
PPP1CA,
PSEN2
RAD9A,
RTN1,
RTN4, and
VDAC1.
References
Further reading
External links
Proteins
Apoptosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-statistic | F-statistic may refer to:
a statistic used for the F-test
a concept in biogenetics, see F-statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-actin | Actin beta (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee abbreviation ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.
Interactions
Actin beta has been shown to interact with SPTBN2. In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding actin beta, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components.
Actin beta has been shown to activate eNOS, thereby increasing NO production. An eight-amino acid motif (326-333) in eNOS has been shown to mediate the interaction between actin and eNOS.
Clinical relevance
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Applications
Actin beta is often used in Western blotting as a loading control, to normalize total protein amounts and check for eventual protein degradation in the samples. Its transcript is also commonly used as a housekeeping gene standard in qPCR. Its molecular weight is approximately 42 kDa.
References
External links
Further reading
See also
Actin
ACTA1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCA1 | ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 (member 1 of human transporter sub-family ABCA), also known as the cholesterol efflux regulatory protein (CERP) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCA1 gene. This transporter is a major regulator of cellular cholesterol and phospholipid homeostasis.
Tangier disease
It was discovered that a mutation in the ABCA1 protein is responsible for causing Tangier disease by several groups in 1998. Gerd Schmitz's group in Germany and Michael Hayden's group in British Columbia were using standard genetics techniques and DNA from family pedigrees to locate the mutation. Richard Lawn's group at CV Therapeutics in Palo Alto, CA used cDNA microarrays, which were relatively new at the time, to assess gene expression profiles from cell lines created from normal and affected individuals. They showed cell lines from patients with Tangier's disease showed differential regulation of the ABCA1 gene. Subsequent sequencing of the gene identified the mutations. This group received an award from the American Heart Association for their discovery. Tangier disease has been identified in nearly 100 patients worldwide, and patients have a broad range of biochemical and clinical phenotypes as over 100 different mutations have been identified in ABCA1 resulting in the disease.
Function
The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCB1 | Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCB gene.
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. This protein kinase has been reported to be involved in many different cellular functions, such as B cell activation, apoptosis induction, endothelial cell proliferation, and intestinal sugar absorption. Studies in mice also suggest that this kinase may also regulate neuronal functions and correlate fear-induced conflict behavior after stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. This gene could be associated with autism.
Interactions
PRKCB1 has been shown to interact with RIPK4, beta adrenergic receptor kinase, PDLIM5 and GNB2L1.
See also
Protein kinase C
References
Further reading
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20shock%20protein%2090kDa%20alpha%20%28cytosolic%29%2C%20member%20A1 | Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSP90AA1 gene.
Function
The gene, HSP90AA1, encodes the human stress-inducible 90-kDa heat shock protein alpha (Hsp90A). Complemented by the constitutively expressed paralog Hsp90B which shares over 85% amino acid sequence identity, Hsp90A expression is initiated when a cell experiences proteotoxic stress. Once expressed Hsp90A dimers operate as molecular chaperones that bind and fold other proteins into their functional 3-dimensional structures. This molecular chaperoning ability of Hsp90A is driven by a cycle of structural rearrangements fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Current research on Hsp90A focuses in its role as a drug target due to its interaction with a large number of tumor promoting proteins and its role in cellular stress adaptation.
Gene structure
Human HSP90AA1 is encoded on the complement strand of Chromosome 14q32.33 and spans over 59 kbp. Several pseudogenes of HSP90AA1 exist throughout the human genome located on Chromosomes 3, 4, 11 and 14. The HSP90AA1 gene encodes for two distinct mRNA transcripts initiated from separate transcription start sites (TSS). No mRNA splice variants of HSP90AA1 have presently been verified. Transcript variant 1 (TV1, NM_001017963.2) encodes the infrequently observed 854 amino acid isoform 1 of Hsp90A (NP_001017963) from a 3,887 bp mRNA transcript containing 12 exons spanning 59, 012 bp. Transcript variant 1 is located directly next to the WDR20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroidal%20Voronoi%20tessellation | In geometry, a centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT) is a special type of Voronoi tessellation in which the generating point of each Voronoi cell is also its centroid (center of mass). It can be viewed as an optimal partition corresponding to an optimal distribution of generators. A number of algorithms can be used to generate centroidal Voronoi tessellations, including Lloyd's algorithm for K-means clustering or Quasi-Newton methods like BFGS.
Proofs
Gersho's conjecture, proven for one and two dimensions, says that "asymptotically speaking, all cells of the optimal CVT, while forming a tessellation, are congruent to a basic cell which depends on the dimension."
In two dimensions, the basic cell for the optimal CVT is a regular hexagon as it is proven to be the most dense packing of circles in 2D Euclidean space.
Its three dimensional equivalent is the rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb, derived from the most dense packing of spheres in 3D Euclidean space.
Applications
Centroidal Voronoi tessellations are useful in data compression, optimal quadrature, optimal quantization, clustering, and optimal mesh generation.
A weighted centroidal Voronoi diagrams is a CVT in which each centroid is weighted according to a certain function. For example, a grayscale image can be used as a density function to weight the points of a CVT, as a way to create digital stippling.
Occurrence in nature
Many patterns seen in nature are closely approximated by a centroidal Voronoi tessellation. Ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash-n-the-Code | Bash-n-the-Code, later known as just Bash, was a musical derivative of the band Found Free, a 1970s mellow pop rock unit. The band was founded by Keith Lancaster in 1971, who was heavily involved with the group from its beginnings to its end. With sights set on the teen market, Bash-n-the-Code's albums featured dance-pop music, and their concerts were heavy on theatrics. Their first two albums feature husband-and-wife duo, Greg Sparks and Rebecca Sparks. John Fett and Jamie Kearney provided the lead vocals on More than Enough, while James Burks provided the lead vocals on the fourth and final album.
Mark Townsend often used a ferrari red Jackson soloist, with a burst Gibson Les Paul as a backup, and a Marshall amplifier.
Discography
Bash-n-the-Code (1986)
Big Mouth (1987)
More Than Enough (1989)
Holiday (1991)
References
External links
Christian Music Archive: Bash-N-The-Code Retrieved November 5, 2007.
Answers.com: Greg and Rebecca Sparks Retrieved November 5, 2007.
Facebook Bash'n'the Code Official Facebook Page Retrieved, March 2016.
American Christian musical groups
Performers of contemporary Christian music
Musical groups established in 1971 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucin%20short%20variant%20S1 | Mucin short variant S1, also called polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), is a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans. Mucin short variant S1 is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the lungs, stomach, intestines, eyes and several other organs. Mucins protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. Overexpression of MUC1 is often associated with colon, breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers. Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou identified and characterised the antigen during her work with breast and ovarian tumors.
Structure
MUC1 is a member of the mucin family and encodes a membrane bound, glycosylated phosphoprotein. MUC1 has a core protein mass of 120-225 kDa which increases to 250-500 kDa with glycosylation. It extends 200-500 nm beyond the surface of the cell.
The protein is anchored to the apical surface of many epithelia by a transmembrane domain. Beyond the transmembrane domain is a SEA domain that contains a cleavage site for release of the large extracellular domain. The release of mucins is performed by sheddases. The extracellular domain includes a 20 amino acid variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) domain, with the number of repeats varying from 20 to 120 in different individuals. These repeats are rich in serine, threoni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEMT | PEMT may refer to:
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, an enzyme encoded by the PEMT gene which synthesizes phosphatidylcholine
Polymorphic epithelial mucin, a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans
Post-edited machine translation, whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1 | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) also known as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 or poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP1 gene. It is the most abundant of the PARP family of enzymes, accounting for 90% of the NAD+ used by the family. PARP1 is mostly present in cell nucleus, but cytosolic fraction of this protein was also reported.
Function
PARP1 works:
By using NAD+ to synthesize poly ADP ribose (PAR) and transferring PAR moieties to proteins (ADP-ribosylation).
In conjunction with BRCA, which acts on double strands; members of the PARP family act on single strands; or, when BRCA fails, PARP takes over those jobs as well (in a DNA repair context).
PARP1 is involved in:
Differentiation, proliferation, and tumor transformation
Normal or abnormal recovery from DNA damage
May be the site of mutation in Fanconi anemia
Induction of inflammation.
The pathophysiology of type I diabetes.
PARP1 is activated by:
Helicobacter pylori in the development and proliferation of gastric cancer.
Role in DNA damage repair
PARP1 acts as a first responder that detects DNA damage and then facilitates choice of repair pathway. PARP1 contributes to repair efficiency by ADP-ribosylation of histones leading to decompaction of chromatin structure, and by interacting with and modifying multiple DNA repair factors. PARP1 is implicated in the regulation of several DNA repair processes including the pathways of nucleotide excision repair, non-h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20B1 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNB1 gene.
Function
Cyclin B1 is a regulatory protein involved in mitosis. The gene product complexes with p34 (Cdk1) to form the maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Two alternative transcripts have been found, a constitutively expressed transcript and a cell cycle-regulated transcript that is expressed predominantly during G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The different transcripts result from the use of alternate transcription initiation sites.
Cyclin B1 contributes to the switch-like all or none behavior of the cell in deciding to commit to mitosis. Its activation is well-regulated, and positive feedback loops ensure that once the cyclin B1-Cdk1 complex is activated, it is not deactivated. Cyclin B1-Cdk1 is involved in the early events of mitosis, such as chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and spindle pole assembly.
Once activated, cyclin B1-Cdk1 promotes several of the events of early mitosis. The active complex phosphorylates and activates 13S condensin, which helps to condense chromosomes.
Another important function of the cyclin B1-Cdk1 complex is to break down the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is a membranous structure containing large protein complexes supported by a network of nuclear lamins. Phosphorylation of the lamins by cyclin B1-Cdk1 causes them to dissociate, compromising the structural integrity of the nuclear envelope so that it breaks down. The destructi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCK | Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HCK gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a protein-tyrosine kinase that is predominantly expressed in hemopoietic cell types, and belongs to the Src family of tyrosine kinases. The encoded protein may help couple the Fc receptor to the activation of the respiratory burst. HCK and the Src family kinases have also been implicated in driving cell survival in drug-tolerant cancer cells. In addition, it may play a role in neutrophil migration and in the degranulation of neutrophils. Alternate translation initiation site usage, including a non-AUG (CUG) codon, results in the production of two different isoforms, that have different subcellular localization.
Interactions
HCK has been shown to interact with:
ADAM15
BCR gene,
Cbl gene,
ELMO1,
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor,
RAPGEF1,
RAS p21 protein activator 1, and
RASA3.
References
Further reading
Tyrosine kinases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE2I | SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE2I gene. It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe its function.
Expression
Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Function
The UBC9 protein encoded by the UBE2I gene constitutes a core machinery in the cell's sumoylation pathway. Sumoylation is a process in which a Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) is covalently attached to other proteins in order to modify their behaviour. For example, sumoylation may affect a protein's localization in the cell, its ability to interact with other proteins or DNA.
UBC9 performs the third step in the sumoylation life cycle: the conjugation step. When SUMO protein precursors are first expressed, they first undergo a maturation step in which the four C-terminal amino acids are removed, revealing a di-glycine motif. In a second step, an E1 activating complex binds to SUMO at its di-glycine and passes it on to the E2 protein Ubc9, where it forms a thioester bond with a cysteine residue within Ubc9's catalytic pocket. The loaded Ubc9 is now ready to perform the sumoylation of its various target proteins (also called substrates). It recognizes a particular motif of amino acid residues in these substrates: A large hydrophobic residue, followed by a lysine, followed by a spacer, followed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Nicole | Crystal Nicole Pompey Johnson (born November 10, 1983), also known by her stage name as Cristyle (stylized as Cri$tyle) is an American singer and songwriter. She signed her first recording deal with Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings and EMI Music in 2007. Johnson then signed with Blackground Records and Interscope Records in October 2010 and released her debut single "Pinch Me", produced by Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox in June 2011. In 2015, Johnson independently released a 7-song EP titled Masterpiece.
Career
Nicole was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She started singing at different talent shows and open mics in Atlanta and wrote her first song at the age of ten.
As a songwriter, Crystal has written songs for Girlicious, Janet Jackson, Jennifer Lopez, Keke Palmer, Teyana Taylor, Tiffany Evans, Chilli, Natasha Bedingfield, Wonder Girls, Rihanna, and Jessica Sanchez. She has co-written songs with Mariah Carey and wrote songs featured on the projects of Brandy, Ciara, Jennifer Hudson, and Beyoncé.
In 2023, Crystal auditioned for The Voice (U.S.) season 24. In a montage, Reba McEntire was the only coach to turn, defaulting Crystal to her team.
Awards and nominations
Discography
Albums
2015: Masterpiece (EP)
Singles
2011: "Pinch Me"
2013: "Sundown"
2014 "Imagine"
2014 "I Don't Belong to You"
2014 "I'm All Yours"
Production and writing discography
Crystal has a list of songs that she has written or co-written on her Myspace page.
Crystal has als |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCG1 | Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1 and PLCgamma1, is a protein that in humans involved in cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. It is encoded by the PLCG1 gene and is part of the PLC superfamily.
Function
PLCγ1 is a cell growth factor from the PLC superfamily. PLCγ1 is used during the cell growth and in a cell migration and apoptosis, all of which are vital cell processes that, if disrupted by mutations, can cause cancerous cells to form within the body. Mutations in this protein show an increase in issues in cells regarding regulation of proliferation and their cell signaling. PLCγ1 roles are also involved in neuronal actin growth, calcium signaling, and brain development. It is highly regulated by multiple factors, such as PIK3, AMPK, and FAK. It is part of the PIP3 pathway and leads to and increase in calcium in the cells. In neuronal cells, PLCγ1 is highly involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and synaptic plasticity. The basic PLCγ1 pathway, as scientists currently understand it, is seen below.
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. This reaction uses calcium as a cofactor and plays an important role in the intracellular transduction of receptor-mediated tyrosine kinase activators. For example, when activated by SRC, the encoded protein causes the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RASGRP1 to translocate to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DNA | C-DNA, also known as C-form DNA, is one of many possible double helical conformations of DNA. DNA can be induced to take this form in particular conditions such as relatively low humidity and the presence of certain ions, such as Li+ or Mg2+, but C-form DNA is not very stable and does not occur naturally in living organisms. In 1961, it was found by Marvin, when he tried to repeat for the Li salt the higher water content pattern of the Na salt. What Marvin found is the semicrystalline C-DNA. "Semicrystalline" describes a diffraction pattern for which crystalline reflexions are seen at low resolution but continuous transform at higher resolution.
Structure
The C-DNA is a non-integral helix of slightly variable dimensions, with mean values of 3.32Å for the unit rise and 38.60° for the unit twist, giving about 9 1/3 rather that 10 unites per turn. There are some different models for C-DNA proposed over years. In 2000, van Dam and Levitt found that both C-DNA and B-DNA consist of two distinct nucleotide conformations, B-I and B-II. The ratio of B-II conformation in C-DNA is more than 40%, but in B-DNA the ratio is only about 10%. The B to C form transition in fibrous DNA may be interpreted in terms of B-I and B-II conformational changes. Figure in that paper shows the ideal modal of these two conformations published by them.
Counterions such as primary amides under basic conditions have been used in experiments to show the relationship between B and C forms of DNA. The overall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loser%20%28Ayreon%20song%29 | "Loser" is a song by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's progressive rock/metal opera Ayreon, originally released under the title "Day Sixteen: Loser" as a part of the 2004 album The Human Equation. It is the fifth track of the second disc, and the sixteenth track of the overall album. It was later released as the fifth single by Ayreon under the new title "Loser"; this version, very different, features several new musicians.
In the original version, lead vocals are provided by Mike Baker from Shadow Gallery, who is playing the character Father in his only album appearance. Devin Townsend provides vocals at the end of the song, in his third and final appearance as the character Rage. In addition to composing the song, Lucassen also wrote Father's lyrics; however Rage's lyrics are written by Townsend himself, as for the other songs the character is featured in.
In the single version, Peter Vink is replacing Lucassen as bass guitarist while Joost van den Broek is featured as a second keyboardist;. The most notable difference is the substitution of the original Hammond solo by Ken Hensley to a duel between Lucassen and Van den Broek.
Lyrics
The song follows the plot of the main story of the album. For more information of it, see the plot at the article of the album.
The sixteenth day is marked with a rather strange event: Father, Me's nemesis, comes to visit Me. Calling him "Loser", and belittling him as always, it is later revealed that the Father is the true loser, having had several |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON1 | Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase 1 (PON1) also known as A esterase , homocysteine thiolactonase or serum aryldialkylphosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PON1 gene. Paraoxonase 1 has esterase and more specifically paraoxonase activity. PON1 is the first discovered member of a multigene family also containing PON2 and PON3, the genes for which are located adjacent to each other on chromosome 7. It has recently been shown that PON1 on HDL (different from soluble PON1) is responsible for significant atheroprotection rendered by the HDL.
Structure
Human PON1 is a glycoprotein composed of 354 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 43000 Daltons which associates with high-density lipoprotein (HDL, cholesterol) in the circulation. Serum PON1 is secreted mainly by the liver, although local synthesis occurs in several tissues and PON1 protein is found in almost all tissues. X-ray crystallography has revealed the structure of PON1 to be a 6 bladed propeller with a unique lid structure covering the active site passage which allows association with HDL.
Function
PON1 is responsible for hydrolysing organophosphate pesticides and nerve gasses. Polymorphisms in the PON1 gene significantly affect the catalytic ability of the enzyme.
PON1 (paraoxonase 1) is also a major anti-atherosclerotic component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The PON1 gene is activated by PPAR-γ, which increases synthesis and release of paraoxonase 1 enzyme from the liver, reducing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRR | AHRR may refer to:
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor, gene
Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1, enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20Back%20to%20Me%20%28Ayreon%20song%29 | “Come Back to Me” is the fifth single by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's progressive rock/metal opera Ayreon, released on 2005 from its sixth album, The Human Equation, in which the song was called “Day Seven: Hope”.
The song is written, composed, produced and mixed by Lucassen, who is also performing lead vocals, guitar, bass and keyboards on it. Lucassen is portraying a character called Best Friend, while James LaBrie from Dream Theater also sing as the album's main character, Me.
"Come Back to Me" is the only single ever released by Lucassen in which he provides lead vocals. In the single version, Joost van den Broek from After Forever and Cleem Determeijer are playing keyboards, while Peter Vink is playing bass. A video clip was also released.
Music
The song follows the plot of the main story of the album. For more information of it, see the plot at the article of the album.
It is the seventh day, and Best Friend decides to make an attempt to reach Me through his position, and decides to take Me back to the days when they were young, when they didn't have a worry in the world. Best Friend calls to Me, telling him to come back to the real world, in pain. Me feels as if he is trapped, and tries to shout, but something holds him back; as if his quest was not yet complete. Though in this version there's an extended bridge before a different tone of the ending; whereas in the album version Me's screams end the song to dark powerchords to represent his plight, the ending of Come ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terribly%20Stuck%20Up | Terribly Stuck Up is a 1915 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd.
Cast
Harold Lloyd - Lonesome Luke
Gene Marsh
Jack Spinks
See also
Harold Lloyd filmography
References
External links
1915 films
American silent short films
1915 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Hal Roach
1915 short films
Silent American comedy films
Lonesome Luke films
American comedy short films
1910s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Mixup%20for%20Mazie | A Mixup for Mazie is a 1915 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd.
Cast
Harold Lloyd as Lonesome Luke
Gene Marsh
Jack Spinks
See also
Harold Lloyd filmography
References
External links
1915 films
1915 short films
American silent short films
1915 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Hal Roach
Silent American comedy films
Lonesome Luke films
American comedy short films
1910s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some%20Baby | Some Baby is a 1915 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd.
Cast
Harold Lloyd - Lonesome Luke
Gene Marsh
Elsie Greeson
Jack Spinks
Arthur Harrison
See also
Harold Lloyd filmography
External links
1915 films
American silent short films
1915 comedy films
1915 short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Hal Roach
Silent American comedy films
Lonesome Luke films
American comedy short films
1910s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMP1 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, also known as TIMP1, a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 28 kDa. TIMP1 is expressed from several tissues of organisms.
This protein is a member of the TIMP family. The glycoprotein is a natural inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. In addition to its inhibitory role against most of the known MMPs, the encoded protein is able to promote cell proliferation in a wide range of cell types, and may also have an anti-apoptotic function.
Function
TIMP1 is an inhibitory molecule that regulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and disintegrin-metalloproteinases (ADAMs and ADAMTSs). In regulating MMPs, TIMP1 plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, wound healing, and pregnancy.
The dysregulated activity of TIMP1 has been implicated in cancer. In pregnancy, TIMP1 plays a regulatory role in the process of implantation, particularly the cytotrophoblast invasion of the uterine endometrium. Additionally, it plays a role in regulating the transcriptional profile of fetal and placental tissues associated with the early stages of pregnancy. Studies attribute this role to a mechanism involving the chromatin structure at the TIMP1 promoter region, implicating new pharmaceutical possibilities for the therapeutic regulation of TIMP1. Accordingly, TIMP1 can be manipulated in vitro using techniques, l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B | Human gene HSPA1B is an intron-less gene which encodes for the heat shock protein HSP70-2, a member of the Hsp70 family of proteins. The gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex, on the short arm of chromosome 6, in a cluster with two paralogous genes, HSPA1A and HSPA1L. HSPA1A and HSPA1B produce nearly identical proteins because the few differences in their DNA sequences are almost exclusively synonymous substitutions or in the three prime untranslated region, heat shock 70kDa protein 1A, from HSPA1A, and heat shock 70kDa protein 1B, from HSPA1B. A third, more modified paralog to these genes exists in the same region, HSPA1L, which shares a 90% homology with the other two.
Function
Heat shock 70kDa protein 1B is a chaperone protein, cooperating with other heat shock proteins and chaperone systems to maintain proteostasis by stabilizing the structural conformation of other proteins in the cell and protecting against stress-induced aggregation. Hsp70s have also been shown to bind and stabilize mRNA rich in adenine and uracil bases, independent of the occupational states of its other binding sites. This protein is deactivated by binding ATP, and activated by its dephosphorylation to ADP, which requires a potassium ion to facilitate the hydrolysis, or ATP-ADP exchange.
Hsp70-2 specifically is developmentally expressed in male germ line cells during meiosis, where it is necessary for the formation of the complex between CDC2 and cyclin B1. It later becomes incor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%20domain | Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic (GLA) domain is a protein domain that contains post-translational modifications of many glutamate residues by vitamin K-dependent carboxylation to form γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla). Proteins with this domain are known informally as Gla proteins. The Gla residues are responsible for the high-affinity binding of calcium ions.
The GLA domain binds calcium ions by chelating them between two carboxylic acid residues. These residues are part of a region that starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of Gla proteins, and that ends with a conserved aromatic residue. This results in a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif that is found in the middle of the domain, and which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.
The 3D structures of several Gla domains have been solved. Calcium ions induce conformational changes in the Gla domain and are necessary for the Gla domain to fold properly. A common structural feature of functional Gla domains is the clustering of N-terminal hydrophobic residues into a hydrophobic patch that mediates interaction with the cell surface membrane.
At present, the following human Gla-containing proteins (Gla proteins) have been characterized to the level of primary structure: the blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, the anticoagulant proteins C and S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z. The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibitin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFPep | AFPep (alpha fetoprotein peptide) is an orally-active, cyclic, 9-amino acid, peptide with a molecular weight of 969 Daltons and is derived from the anti-oncogenic active site (residues 472–479) of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). Using the standard amino acid abbreviations, AFPep has the sequence cyclo(EKTOVNOGN), where O is hydroxyproline. This peptide has been shown in experimental animal models to be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of ER+ breast cancer.
Biological activity
Background
Multiple births by a woman are strongly associated with a lower risk of developing breast cancer later in her life.
One of the contributing factors for this association appears to be the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) produced by the fetal liver, which crosses the placenta and enters into the maternal circulation. Pregnancy-associated protection from breast cancer is directly proportional to level of exposure to AFP. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that tumor growth can be inhibited by AFP in animal models of breast cancer. It is speculated that AFP may induce apoptosis in pre-malignant breast tissue cells which would have later developed into malignancies.
Anti cancer effects
Through mimicking the effects of AFP, AFPep inhibits the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells growing in culture. It is also able to inhibit the estrogen stimulated growth of human breast cancer cells growing as xenografts in immunodeficient mice. According to a recent study, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidylprolyl%20isomerase%20A | Peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), also known as cyclophilin A (CypA) or rotamase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIA gene on chromosome 7. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to regulate many biological processes, including intracellular signaling, transcription, inflammation, and apoptosis. Due to its various functions, PPIA has been implicated in a broad range of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and arthritis, and viral infections.
Structure
PPIA is an 18 kDa, 165-amino acid long cytosolic protein. Like other cyclophilins, PPIA forms a β-barrel structure with a hydrophobic core. This β-barrel is composed of eight anti-parallel β-strands and capped by two α-helices at the top and bottom. In addition, the β-turns and loops in the strands contribute to the flexibility of the barrel. Its active site is a hydrophobic pocket that binds peptides containing proline. Cyclosporine can bind this pocket to inhibit the protein’s enzymatic activity.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate protein folding. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved. Of the 18 known huma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic%20augmentation | Augmentation is one of four components of short-term synaptic plasticity that increases the probability of releasing synaptic vesicles during and after repetitive stimulation such that
when all the other components of enhancement and depression are zero, where is augmentation at time and 0 refers to the baseline response to a single stimulus. The increase in the number of synaptic vesicles that release their transmitter leads to enhancement of the post synaptic response. Augmentation can be differentiated from the other components of enhancement by its kinetics of decay and by pharmacology. Augmentation selectively decays with a time constant of about 7 seconds and its magnitude is enhanced in the presence of barium. All four components are thought to be associated with or triggered by increases in internal calcium ions that build up and decay during repetitive stimulation.
During a train of impulses the enhancement of synaptic strength due to the underlying component that gives rise to augmentation can be described by
where is the unit impulse function at the time of stimulation, is the incremental increase in with each impulse, and is the rate constant for the loss of . During a stimulus train the magnitude of augmentation added by each impulse, a*, can increase during the train such that
where is the increment added by the first impulse of the train, is a constant that determines the increase in with each impulse, is the stimulat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20hormone%201 | Growth hormone 1, also known as pituitary growth hormone or simply as growth hormone (GH) somatotropin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GH1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones that play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation, an arrangement thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.
See also
Placental growth hormone
Somatotropin family
References
Further reading
Hormones of the somatotropic axis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase%20voltammetry | Staircase voltammetry is a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry. In linear sweep voltammetry the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time. Oxidation or reduction of species is registered as a peak or trough in the current signal at the potential at which the species begins to be oxidized or reduced.
In staircase voltammetry, the potential sweep is a series of stair steps. The current is measured at the end of each potential change, right before the next, so that the contribution to the current signal from the capacitive charging current is reduced.
See also
Voltammetry
Electroanalytical methods
Squarewave voltammetry
References
Electroanalytical methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year%20One%20%28film%29 | Year One is a 2009 American adventure comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film was written by Harold Ramis, Gene Stupnitsky, and Lee Eisenberg and stars Jack Black and Michael Cera. A parody on the book of Genesis, the plot follows two cavemen who travel to the city of Sodom after being banished from their tribe. Problems quickly emerge during their journey, as they encounter several biblical figures along the way.
The film was produced by Judd Apatow's production company The Apatow Company and was released on June 19, 2009. It grossed $19.6 million in its opening weekend and $62.4 million worldwide, against a budget of $60 million. Upon release, it was panned by critics and audiences, receiving only a 14% approval rating based on 173 votes on Rotten Tomatoes. This marked the last film to be directed, produced, written by and starring Harold Ramis before he died in February 2014.
Plot
Once informed that the hunter Zed ate from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, the shaman and Marlak banish him from the tribe. His hut destroyed after Zed burns the village down by accident, the gatherer Oh reluctantly joins Zed on a journey to discover what the world has to offer.
They encounter Cain and Abel. Cain kills Abel with a boulder in an act of rage and tells Zed and Oh that they must escape with him or else he will be accused of killing Abel.
Zed and Oh find out their love interests, Maya and Eema, from their former tribe have been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPM1 | Nucleophosmin (NPM), also known as nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 or numatrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPM1 gene.
Function
NPM1 is associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids, but it binds preferentially G-quadruplex forming nucleic acids. It is involved in the biogenesis of ribosomes and may assist small basic proteins in their transport to the nucleolus. Its regulation through SUMOylation (by SENP3 and SENP5) is another facet of the protein's regulation and cellular functions.
It is located in the nucleolus, but it can be translocated to the nucleoplasm in case of serum starvation or treatment with anticancer drugs. The protein is phosphorylated.
Nucleophosmin has multiple functions:
Histone chaperones
Ribosome biogenesis and transport
Genomic stability and DNA repair
Endoribonuclease activity
Centrosome duplication during cell cycle
Regulation of ARF-p53 tumor suppressor pathway
RNA helix destabilizing activity
Inhibition of caspase-activated DNase
Prevents apoptosis when located in nucleolus
Clinical significance
The NPM1 gene is up-regulated, mutated and chromosomally translocated in many tumor types. Chromosomal aberrations involving NPM1 were found in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute promyelocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelogenous leukemia. Heterozygous mice for NPM1 are vulnerable to tumor development. In solid tumors NPM1 is f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B23 | B23 may refer to:
A human nucleolar protein also known as NPM1
The 2.3L, pre-revision variant of the Volvo Redblock engine
Bundesstraße 23, federal highway in Germany
B-23, national highway in Catalonia
B-23 Dragon, a 1930s bomber aircraft
B-23 (Michigan county highway)
DLR B23 stock, a passenger train on the Docklands Light Railway in London, UK |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashsort | Flashsort is a distribution sorting algorithm showing linear computational complexity for uniformly distributed data sets and relatively little additional memory requirement. The original work was published in 1998 by Karl-Dietrich Neubert.
Concept
Flashsort is an efficient in-place implementation of histogram sort, itself a type of bucket sort. It assigns each of the input elements to one of buckets, efficiently rearranges the input to place the buckets in the correct order, then sorts each bucket. The original algorithm sorts an input array as follows:
Using a first pass over the input or a priori knowledge, find the minimum and maximum sort keys.
Linearly divide the range into buckets.
Make one pass over the input, counting the number of elements which fall into each bucket. (Neubert calls the buckets "classes" and the assignment of elements to their buckets "classification".)
Convert the counts of elements in each bucket to a prefix sum, where is the number of elements in bucket or less. ( and .)
Rearrange the input so all elements of each bucket are stored in positions where .
Sort each bucket using insertion sort.
Steps 1–3 and 6 are common to any bucket sort, and can be improved using techniques generic to bucket sorts. In particular, the goal is for the buckets to be of approximately equal size ( elements each), with the ideal being division into quantiles. While the basic algorithm is a linear interpolation sort, if the input distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-RTOS | TI-RTOS is an embedded tools ecosystem created and offered by Texas Instruments (TI) for use across a range of their embedded system processors. It includes a real-time operating system (RTOS) component named TI-RTOS Kernel (formerly named SYS/BIOS, which evolved from DSP/BIOS), networking connectivity stacks, power management, file systems, instrumentation, and inter-processor communications like DSP/BIOS Link. It is free and open-source software, released under a BSD license.
TI-RTOS can be used within TI's Code Composer Studio integrated development environment (IDE), IAR Systems' IAR Embedded Workbench, and the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). Separate versions of TI-RTOS are provided to support TI's MSP43x (including MSP432), SimpleLink Wireless MCU, Sitara, Tiva C, C2000, and C6000 lines of embedded devices.
TI-RTOS provides system services to an embedded application such as preemptive multitasking, memory management and real-time analysis. TI-RTOS can be used in different microprocessors, with different processing and memory constraints. It is supported by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) libraries such as wolfSSL.
History
The roots of TI-RTOS were originally developed by Spectron Microsystems (a subsidiary of Dialogic Corporation) as the first RTOS developed specifically for digital signal processors and was named SPOX. Spectron eventually also developed a second product named BIOSuite that included a real-time kernel and various associa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue%20automaton | A queue machine, queue automaton, or pullup automaton (PUA) is a finite state machine with the ability to store and retrieve data from an infinite-memory queue. It is a model of computation equivalent to a Turing machine, and therefore it can process the same class of formal languages.
Theory
A queue machine can be defined as a six-tuple
where
is a finite set of states;
is the finite set of the input alphabet;
is the finite queue alphabet;
is the initial queue symbol;
is the start state;
is the transition function.
A machine configuration is an ordered pair of its state and queue contents , where denotes the Kleene closure of . The starting configuration on an input string is defined as , and the transition from one configuration to the next is defined as:
where is a symbol from the queue alphabet, is a sequence of queue symbols (), and . Note the "first-in-first-out" property of the queue in the relation.
The machine accepts a string if after a finite number of transitions the starting configuration evolves to exhaust the string (reaching the null string ), or otherwise stated, if
Turing completeness
We can prove that a queue machine is equivalent to a Turing machine by showing that a queue machine can simulate a Turing machine and vice versa.
A Turing machine can be simulated by a queue machine that keeps a copy of the Turing machine's contents in its queue at all times, with two special markers: one for the Turing machine's head position, and o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlyzko%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nhage%20algorithm | In mathematics, the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm is a fast algorithm for evaluating the Riemann zeta function at many points, introduced by . The main point is the use of the fast Fourier transform to speed up the evaluation of a finite Dirichlet series of length N at O(N) equally spaced values from O(N2) to O(N1+ε) steps (at the cost of storing O(N1+ε) intermediate values). The Riemann–Siegel formula used for
calculating the Riemann zeta function with imaginary part T uses a finite Dirichlet series with about N = T1/2 terms, so when finding about N values of the Riemann zeta function it is sped up by a factor of about T1/2. This reduces the time to find the zeros of the zeta function with imaginary part at most T from
about T3/2+ε steps to about T1+ε steps.
The algorithm can be used not just for the Riemann zeta function, but also for many other functions given by Dirichlet series.
The algorithm was used by to verify the Riemann hypothesis for the first 1013 zeros of the zeta function.
References
This unpublished book describes the implementation of the algorithm and discusses the results in detail.
Analytic number theory
Computational number theory
Zeta and L-functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indonesian%20floral%20emblems | Indonesian floral emblems are Indonesian endemic flora that gain the status as national animal symbol that represent Indonesia and describe Indonesian biodiversity. Next to national floral symbols, there are also more specific provincial floral emblems that represent each respective provinces of Indonesia.
In addition, Indonesia also recognised Teak as the national tree.
Indonesian national floral emblems
There are three categories of floral emblem that symbolise Indonesia:
National flower () of Indonesia is Melati putih (Jasminum sambac)
Flower of charm () is Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid) (Phalaenopsis amabilis))
Rare flower () is Padma Raksasa Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii). All three were chosen on World Environment Day in 1990. On the other occasion Bunga Bangkai (Titan arum) was also added as puspa langka together with Rafflesia.
Melati putih (jasminum sambac), a small white flower with sweet fragrance, has long been considered as a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolises purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. Although the official adoption were announced only as early as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree (Keputusan Presiden) No. 4 1993, the importance of Jasminum sambac in Indonesian culture predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of Sukarno, melati putih is always unofficially recognised as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdon%20Canal%20Nature%20Reserve | The Burdon Canal Nature Reserve in Belize is a low-lying basin, comprising the backswamps of the Belize River/Haulover Creek delta. It is permanently waterlogged, with a gradient of saline to fresh water arising from regular tidal inundation at the seaward fringe and freshwater flooding from inland. During the dry season, parts of the reserve may become hypersaline. The site's elevation is generally sea level, but rises to approximately along river banks. It receives approximately to of rain per year. The tide in the Canal is semi-diurnal, and the water level at the Canal Bridge lags about 2-3 hours behind the centre of Belize City.
Wildlife
The site's bird life, Morelet's crocodiles, lepidoptera and odonata have been examined, along with adjacent waterways further down the Canal and along the Haulover Creek. Overall, about 50 birds were recorded. Meerman also includes incidental notes on plants and mammals encountered. Results from studies suggest that sites adjacent to the current reserve, namely the Haulover Creek and Burdon Canal between Jones and Northern Lagoon, contain higher biodiversity than the reserve itself. The land cover of the reserve and surrounding area has been mapped and is shown on large scale colour air photos held by the Forest Department. The reserve's vegetation is almost entirely Red Mangrove, with a belt of mixed freshwater swamp species such as Bullet Tree around Fabers Lagoon.
References
http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/town/parkburdoncanal.ht |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nif%20gene | The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen available to living organisms. The primary enzyme encoded by the nif genes is the nitrogenase complex which is in charge of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to other nitrogen forms such as ammonia which the organism can use for various purposes. Besides the nitrogenase enzyme, the nif genes also encode a number of regulatory proteins involved in nitrogen fixation. The nif genes are found in both free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria and in symbiotic bacteria associated with various plants. The expression of the nif genes is induced as a response to low concentrations of fixed nitrogen and oxygen concentrations (the low oxygen concentrations are actively maintained in the root environment of host plants). The first Rhizobium genes for nitrogen fixation (nif) and for nodulation (nod) were cloned in the early 1980s by Gary Ruvkun and Sharon R. Long in Frederick M. Ausubel's laboratory.
Regulation
In most bacteria, regulation of nif genes transcription is done by the nitrogen sensitive NifA protein. When there isn't enough fixed nitrogen available for the organism's use, NtrC triggers NifA expression, and NifA activates the rest of the nif genes. If there is a sufficient amount of reduced nitrogen or oxygen is present, another protein is activated: NifL. NifL inhibits NifA activity resulting in the inhibition of nitrogenase formation. NifL is regulated by the pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure%20is%20not%20an%20option | "Failure is not an option" is a phrase associated with NASA Flight Director Gene Kranz and the Apollo 13 Moon landing mission. Although Kranz is often attributed with having spoken those words during the mission, he did not. The origin of the phrase is from the preparation for the 1995 film Apollo 13 according to FDO Flight Controller Jerry Bostick:
Film
Failure is not an option is the tag line of the 1995 film Apollo 13. It is spoken in the film by Ed Harris, who portrayed Gene Kranz, and said
Gene Kranz autobiography
Gene Kranz titled his 2000 memoir Failure Is Not An Option . Kranz chose the line as the title because he liked the way it reflected the attitude of mission control. In the book, he states that it was
History Channel documentary
Failure Is Not an Option is also a presentation on the History Channel documenting the United States' space program with insights from the flight engineers, project managers, flight controllers, astronauts, and others involved inside the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Speakers include Chris Kraft, Gene Kranz, Jim Lovell, Jerry Bostick, Ed Fendell, Gene Cernan, John Llewellyn, John Aaron, Glynn Lunney, Wally Schirra, and Gerry Griffin. It takes the viewer from the Launch of Sputnik through the Moon missions. It was produced in 2003.
From the History Channel website:
see full quote
References
Historical television series
History (American TV channel) original programming
Documentary films about outer space
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Pinsker | Mark Semenovich Pinsker (; April 24, 1925 – December 23, 2003) or Mark Shlemovich Pinsker () was a noted Russian mathematician in the fields of information theory, probability theory, coding theory, ergodic theory, mathematical statistics, and communication networks.
Pinsker studied stochastic processes under A. N. Kolmogorov in the 1950s, and later worked at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems (IITP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
His accomplishments included a classic paper on the entropy theory of dynamical systems which introduced the maximal partition with zero entropy, later known as Pinsker's partition. His work in mathematical statistics was devoted mostly to the applications of information theory, including asymptotically sufficient statistics for parameter estimation and nonparametric estimation; Pinsker's inequality is named after him. He also produced notable results in the theory of switching networks and complexity problems in coding theory.
Pinsker received the IEEE Claude E. Shannon Award in 1978, and the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 1996.
Selected works
"Theory of curves in Hilbert space with stationary increments of order " Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 19, 1955.
Information and information stability of random variables and processes, translated and edited by Amiel Feinstein, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1964.
L. A. Bassalygo and M. S. Pinsker, "The complexity of an optimal non-blocking commutation scheme without reorgan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDAIS%20algorithms | XDAIS or eXpressDsp Algorithm Interoperability Standard is a standard for algorithm development by Texas Instruments for the TMS320 DSP family. The standard was first introduced in 1999 and was created to facilitate integration of DSP algorithms into systems without re-engineering cost. The XDAIS standard address the issues of algorithm resource allocation and consumption on a DSP. Algorithms that comply with the standard are tested and awarded an "eXpressDSP-compliant" mark upon successful completion of the test.
The standard consists of a set of general rules and guidelines that should be applied to all algorithms. For instance, all XDAIS compliant algorithms must implement an Algorithm Interface, called IALG. For those algorithms utilizing DMA, the IDMA interface must be implemented. Further, specific rules are provided for each family of TI DSP.
Problems are often caused in algorithm by hard-coding access to system resources that are used by other algorithms. XDAIS prohibits the use of this type of hard-coding. Instead, XDAIS requires a standard API for the application to call a particular algorithm class. This API is defined in the xDM standard, also referred to as the VISA APIs (video, imaging, speech and audio).
A XDAIS developer's kit provides the standard itself, example code, and a demonstration.
Benefits of XDAIS over non-standardised approaches include:
Significant reduction in integration time as algorithms do not trash each other's resources
Easy c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrania | Afrania is a genus of African shield-bugs in the subfamily Pentatominae and tribe Strachiini, erected by Carl Stål in 1865.
Species
BioLib and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility include:
Afrania brachyptera (Schaum) Schaum
Afrania exigua (Walker, 1867)
Afrania wahlbergi (Stål, 1853)
References
External links
Pentatomidae genera
Pentatominae
Hemiptera of Africa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only%20Turing%20machine | A read-only Turing machine or two-way deterministic finite-state automaton (2DFA) is class of models of computability that behave like a standard Turing machine and can move in both directions across input, except cannot write to its input tape. The machine in its bare form is equivalent to a deterministic finite automaton in computational power, and therefore can only parse a regular language.
Theory
We define a standard Turing machine by the 9-tuple
where
is a finite set of states;
is the finite set of the input alphabet;
is the finite tape alphabet;
is the left endmarker;
is the blank symbol;
is the transition function;
is the start state;
is the accept state;
is the reject state.
So given initial state reading symbol , we have a transition defined by which replaces with , transitions to state , and moves the "read head" in direction (left or right) to read the next input. In our 2DFA read-only machine, however, always.
This model is now equivalent to a DFA. The proof involves building a table which lists the result of backtracking with the control in any given state; at the start of the computation, this is simply the result of trying to move past the left endmarker in that state. On each rightward move, the table can be updated using the old table values and the character that was in the previous cell. Since the original head-control had some fixed number of states, and there is a fixed number of states in the tape alphabet, the table has fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osarizawaite | Osarizawaite is a greenish yellow sulfate mineral with the chemical formula: PbCuAl2(SO4)2(OH)6. It has rhombohedral crystals.
It was first described in 1961 for an occurrence in the oxidized zone of the Osarizawa mine, Akita Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan.
References
Alunite group
Sulfate minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20C.%20Miller | Steven C. Miller is an American screenwriter, editor, and director. His feature film debut, Automaton Transfusion, became an instant cult classic and catapulted his career into Hollywood. He directed the remake of Silent Night, Deadly Night in 2012 and then shifted from horror to action. He has directed films starring notable actors such as Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone, Nicolas Cage, John Cusack, Aaron Eckhart, Giancarlo Esposito, and Dave Bautista.
Education
Miller attended Full Sail University where he majored in film and television production.
Career
His feature film debut, Automaton Transfusion (2006), was made for under $15,000; it was purchased and released worldwide by Dimension Films after premiering at the 2007 Screamfest Horror Film Festival. After signing with Aperture Entertainment and United Talent Agency, Miller was attached to direct several studio films, including a cancelled MGM remake of Motel Hell (1980).
In 2011, Miller embarked on directing three more independent features. The first was the thriller The Aggression Scale (2012), described by IndieWire as "Home Alone with more death". After premiering at South by Southwest, the film was purchased by Anchor Bay Entertainment for worldwide distribution. His second project was Under the Bed (2012), referred to by JoBlo.com as "a blood-soaked horror extravaganza"; the film premiered at Fantasia Festival and was acquired for release by XLrator Media. Miller's next film was the Christmas slasher film Sile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurling%E2%80%93Lax%20theorem | In mathematics, the Beurling–Lax theorem is a theorem due to and which characterizes the shift-invariant subspaces of the Hardy space . It states that each such space is of the form
for some inner function .
See also
H2
References
Jonathan R. Partington, Linear Operators and Linear Systems, An Analytical Approach to Control Theory, (2004) London Mathematical Society Student Texts 60, Cambridge University Press.
Marvin Rosenblum and James Rovnyak, Hardy Classes and Operator Theory, (1985) Oxford University Press.
Hardy spaces
Theorems in analysis
Invariant subspaces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidly%20exploring%20random%20tree | A rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is an algorithm designed to efficiently search nonconvex, high-dimensional spaces by randomly building a space-filling tree. The tree is constructed incrementally from samples drawn randomly from the search space and is inherently biased to grow towards large unsearched areas of the problem. RRTs were developed by Steven M. LaValle and James J. Kuffner Jr.
They easily handle problems with obstacles and differential constraints (nonholonomic and kinodynamic) and have been widely used in autonomous robotic motion planning.
RRTs can be viewed as a technique to generate open-loop trajectories for nonlinear systems with state constraints. An RRT can also be considered as a Monte-Carlo method to bias search into the largest Voronoi regions of a graph in a configuration space. Some variations can even be considered stochastic fractals.
RRTs can be used to compute approximate control policies to control high dimensional nonlinear systems with state and action constraints.
Description
An RRT grows a tree rooted at the starting configuration by using random samples from the search space.
As each sample is drawn, a connection is attempted between it and the nearest state in the tree.
If the connection is feasible (passes entirely through free space and obeys any constraints), this results in the addition of the new state to the tree.
With uniform sampling of the search space, the probability of expanding an existing state is proportional to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive%20seismic | Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable seismometers. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed seismic waves. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of reflection seismology about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.
Passive seismic usually focuses on a low frequency signals (0 to 10 Hz) and is sometimes called the "low frequency" seismology. The seismometers record movements in all 3 possible directions independently (such devices also have other application areas like long-term measurement stations). When needed, data acquisition is also done under water, using waterproof devices that measure earth movements at the bottom of the sea. Geophones are almost never used due to their limited sensitivity.
The survey using this method is very different from the conventional survey that is usually based on reflection s |
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