source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine%20synthase | The enzyme threonine synthase (EC 4.2.3.1) catalyzes the chemical reaction
O-phospho-L-homoserine + H2O L-threonine + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is O-phospho-L-homoserine phosphate-lyase (adding water L-threonine-forming). Other names in common use include threonine synthetase, and ''O''-phospho-L-homoserine phospho-lyase (adding water). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .
References
EC 4.2.3
Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-feruloyl-CoA%20hydratase | In enzymology, a trans-feruloyl-CoA hydratase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-beta-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA trans-feruloyl-CoA + H2O
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-beta-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA, and two products, trans-feruloyl-CoA and H2O.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-beta-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase (trans-feruloyl-CoA-forming). This enzyme is also called trans-feruloyl-CoA hydro-lyase (incorrect).
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .
References
EC 4.2.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-L-3-hydroxyproline%20dehydratase | The enzyme trans-L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
trans-L-3-hydroxyproline Δ1-pyrroline 2-carboxylate + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ''trans-L-3-hydroxyproline hydro-lyase (Δ1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate-forming). This enzyme is also called trans''-L-3-hydroxyproline hydro-lyase.
References
EC 4.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichodiene%20synthase | The enzyme trichodiene synthase (EC 4.2.3.6) catalyzes the chemical reaction
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate trichodiene + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, trichodiene-forming). Other names in common use include trichodiene synthetase, sesquiterpene cyclase, and trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate sesquiterpenoid-lyase. This enzyme participates in terpenoid biosynthesis.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , and .
References
EC 4.2.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-glucose%204%2C6-dehydratase | The enzyme UDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-glucose UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase (UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose-forming). Other names in common use include UDP-D-glucose-4,6-hydrolyase, UDP-D-glucose oxidoreductase, and UDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism.
References
EC 4.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetispiradiene%20synthase | Vetispiradiene synthase (EC 4.2.3.21) is an enzyme from Egyptian henbane that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate vetispiradiene + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, vetispiradiene-forming). Other names in common use include vetispiradiene-forming farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclase, pemnaspirodiene synthase, HVS, and vetispiradiene cyclase. This enzyme participates in terpenoid biosynthesis.
References
EC 4.2.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthan%20lyase | The enzyme xanthan lyase () catalyzes the following process:
Eliminative cleavage of the terminal β-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucuronosyl linkage of the side-chain of the polysaccharide xanthan, leaving a 4-deoxy-α-L-threo-hex-4-enuronosyl group at the terminus of the side-chain
It belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. Xanthan lyase was first identified and partially purified in 1987.
Xanthan is a polysaccharide secreted by several different bacterial taxa, such as the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris, and it consists of a main linear chain based on cellulose with side chains attached to alternate glucosyl (glucose) residues. These side chains contain three monosaccharide residues. Xanthan lyase is produced by bacteria that degrade this polysaccharide, such as Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, and Paenibacillus species.
Industrial applications
Xanthan is used in industry as a thickening agent in foods and drinks, as a stabilizing agent for foams, as a means of enhancing oil recovery and in the manufacture of good such as paints, cosmetics and explosives. The use of xanthan lyase as a means of altering the physical properties of xanthans is an area of current research in biotechnology.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and . The enzyme from Bacillus is a monomer consisting of two domains: an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylonate%20dehydratase | The enzyme xylonate dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction:
D-xylonate 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-xylonate + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-xylonate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-xylonate-forming). Other names in common use include D-xylo-aldonate dehydratase, D-xylonate dehydratase, and D-xylonate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.
References
EC 4.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%27-acylphosphoadenosine%20hydrolase | In enzymology, a 5'-acylphosphoadenosine hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
5'-acylphosphoadenosine + H2O AMP + a carboxylate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 5'-acylphosphoadenosine and H2O, whereas its two products are AMP and carboxylate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5'-acylphosphoadenosine acylhydrolase. This enzyme is also called 5-phosphoadenosine hydrolase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylphosphatase | In enzymology, an acylphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the carboxyl-phosphate bond of acylphosphates, with acylphosphate and H2O as the two substrates of this enzyme, and carboxylate and phosphate as its two products:
Function
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acylphosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include acetylphosphatase, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase, acetic phosphatase, Ho 1-3, and GP 1-3.
This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways:
glycolysis / gluconeogenesis
pyruvate metabolism, and
benzoate degradation via coa ligation.
Structural studies
Structures of this enzyme have been solved by both NMR and X-ray crystallography. See the links to PDB structures in the info boxes on the right for a current list of structures available in the PDB. The protein contains a beta sheet stacked on two alpha helices described by CATH as an Alpha-Beta Plait fold. The active site sits between sheet and helices and contains an arginine and an asparagine. Most structures are monomeric
Isozymes
Humans express the following two acylphosphatase isozymes:
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine-tetraphosphatase | In enzymology, an adenosine-tetraphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate + H2O ATP + phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are ATP and phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is adenosine-tetraphosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylylsulfatase | In enzymology, an adenylylsulfatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
adenylyl sulfate + H2O AMP + sulfate + 2H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are adenylyl sulfate and H2O, whereas its two products are AMP and sulfate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in sulfonyl-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is adenylyl-sulfate sulfohydrolase. Other names in common use include adenosine 5-phosphosulfate sulfohydrolase, and adenylylsulfate sulfohydrolase. This enzyme participates in sulfur metabolism.
References
EC 3.6.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribose%20diphosphatase | ADP-ribose diphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction in which water nucleophilically attacks ADP-ribose to produce AMP and D-ribose 5-phosphate. Enzyme hydrolysis occurs by the breakage of a phosphoanhydride bond and is dependent on Mg2+ ions that are held in complex by the enzyme.
The C-terminal domain of ADP-ribose diphosphatase contains the Nudix sequence, a highly conserved amino acid sequence that is found in over 450 putative proteins in about 90 different species. A part of this sequence known as the Nudix fold is the catalytic part of the sequence. It is a structurally conserved loop-helix-loop motif that creates a scaffold for metal binding and pyrophosphatase chemistry in the enzyme.
ADP-ribose hydrolases in general act as protective agents against excessive intracellular accumulation of ADP-ribose, as high intracellular levels of ADP-ribose can be damaging to the cell. ADP-ribose diphosphatase, in particular, hydrolyzes ADP-ribose into AMP and D-ribose 5-phosphate, both of which are intermediates of central metabolic pathways and therefore are easily reused.
Other common names for ADP-ribose diphosphatase include ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase and ADPRase. ADP-ribose is commonly referred to as ADPR.
Structure
ADPRase is a dimer of two identical monomers, each of which contain 209 amino acids. The two monomers are folded into two distinct structural domains and with two equivalent catalytic sites. The C-terminal domain consists of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-sugar%20diphosphatase | In enzymology, an ADP-sugar diphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ADP-sugar + H2O AMP + alpha-D-aldose 1-phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP-sugar and H2O, whereas its two products are AMP and alpha-D-aldose 1-phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ADP-sugar sugarphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase, and adenosine diphosphosugar pyrophosphatase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: fructose and mannose metabolism, purine metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism.
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%2B-exporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, an Ag+-exporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + Ag+in ADP + phosphate + Ag+out
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and Ag+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and Ag+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (Ag+-exporting).
References
EC 7.2.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-factor-transporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, an alpha-factor-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + alpha-factorin ADP + phosphate + alpha-factorout
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and alpha-factor, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and alpha-factor.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (alpha-factor-transporting).
References
EC 3.6.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenite-transporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, an arsenite-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + arsenitein ADP + phosphate + arseniteout
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and arsenite, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and arsenite.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (arsenite-exporting).
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .
See also
Arsenite-Antimonite efflux
References
EC 3.6.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP%20diphosphatase | In enzymology, an ATP diphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O AMP + diphosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and H2O, whereas its two products are AMP and diphosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP diphosphohydrolase (diphosphate-forming). Other names in common use include ATPase, ATP pyrophosphatase, adenosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase, and ATP diphosphohydrolase [ambiguous]. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism.
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucan-transporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, a beta-glucan-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + beta-glucanin ADP + phosphate + beta-glucanout
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and beta-glucan, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and beta-glucan.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (beta-glucan-exporting).
References
EC 7.5.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%285%27-adenosyl%29-triphosphatase | In enzymology, a bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O ADP + AMP
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are ADP and AMP.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphate adenylohydrolase. Other names in common use include dinucleosidetriphosphatase, diadenosine 5,5-P1,P3-triphosphatase, and 1-P,3-P-bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphate adenylohydrolase. This enzyme participates metabolic pathways involved in purine metabolism, and may have a role in the development of small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , and .
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%285%27-nucleosyl%29-tetraphosphatase%20%28asymmetrical%29 | In enzymology, a bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate + H2O GTP + GMP
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are GTP and GMP.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is P1,P4-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in common use include bis(5'-guanosyl)-tetraphosphatase, bis(5'-adenosyl)-tetraphosphatase, diguanosinetetraphosphatase (asymmetrical), dinucleosidetetraphosphatase (asymmetrical), diadenosine P1,P4-tetraphosphatase, dinucleoside tetraphosphatase, and 1-P,4-P-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%285%27-nucleosyl%29-tetraphosphatase%20%28symmetrical%29 | In enzymology, a bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (symmetrical) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H2O 2 ADP
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate and H2O, whereas its product is ADP.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is P1,P4-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleosidebisphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include diadenosinetetraphosphatase (symmetrical), dinucleosidetetraphosphatasee (symmetrical), symmetrical diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, adenosine tetraphosphate phosphodiesterase, Ap4A hydrolase, bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase, diadenosine 5',5-P1,P4-tetraphosphatase, diadenosinetetraphosphatase (symmetrical), 1-P,4-P-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate, and nucleosidebisphosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes and .
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium-transporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, a cadmium-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and H2O, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (heavy-metal-exporting).
References
EC 7.2.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsular-polysaccharide-transporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, a capsular-polysaccharide-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + capsular polysaccharidein ADP + phosphate + capsular polysaccharideout
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and capsular polysaccharide, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and capsular polysaccharide.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (capsular-polysaccharide-exporting).
References
EC 7.6.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd2%2B-exporting%20ATPase | In enzymology, a Cd2+-exporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + Cd2+in ADP + phosphate + Cd2+out
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and Cd2+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and Cd2+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (Cd2+-exporting).
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .
References
EC 3.6.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDP-diacylglycerol%20diphosphatase | In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol diphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
CDP-diacylglycerol + H2O CMP + phosphatidate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-diacylglycerol and H2O, whereas its two products are CMP and phosphatidate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-diacylglycerol phosphatidylhydrolase. Other names in common use include cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol pyrophosphatase, and CDP diacylglycerol hydrolase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDP-glycerol%20diphosphatase | In enzymology, a CDP-glycerol diphosphatase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
CDP-glycerol + H2O CMP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-glycerol and H2O, whereas its two products are CMP and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus-containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-glycerol phosphoglycerohydrolase. Other names in common use include CDP-glycerol pyrophosphatase, and cytidine diphosphoglycerol pyrophosphatase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
References
EC 3.6.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP%20code | DP is a free software package for physicists implementing ab initio linear-response TDDFT (time-dependent density functional theory) in frequency-reciprocal space and on a plane wave basis set.
It allows to calculate both dielectric spectra, such as EELS (electron energy-loss spectroscopy), IXSS (inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy) and CIXS (coherent inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy), and also optical spectra, e.g. optical absorption, reflectivity, refraction index.
The systems range from periodic/crystalline solids, to surfaces, clusters, molecules and atoms made of insulators, semiconductors and metal elements. It implements the RPA (random phase approximation), the TDLDA or ALDA (adiabatic local-density approximation) plus other non-local approximations, including or neglecting local-field effects. It is distributed under the scientific software open-source academic for free license.
See also
ABINIT
EXC code
YAMBO code
PWscf
Quantum chemistry computer programs
References
External links
DP code web site
Density functional theory software
Physics software
Computational chemistry software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20backpropagation | Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated). In addition to active backpropagation of the action potential, there is also passive electrotonic spread. While there is ample evidence to prove the existence of backpropagating action potentials, the function of such action potentials and the extent to which they invade the most distal dendrites remain highly controversial.
Mechanism
When the graded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the soma to spike threshold at the axon hillock, first, the axon experiences a propagating impulse through the electrical properties of its voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels. An action potential occurs in the axon first as research illustrates that sodium channels at the dendrites exhibit a higher threshold than those on the membrane of the axon (Rapp et al., 1996). Moreover, the voltage-gated sodium channels on the dendritic membranes having a higher threshold helps prevent them triggering an action potential from synaptic input. Instead, only when the soma depolarizes enough from accumulating graded potentials and firing an axonal action potential will these channels be activated to propagate a signal traveling backward |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen%2C%20type%20VII%2C%20alpha%201 | Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL7A1 gene. It is composed of a triple helical, collagenous domain flanked by two non-collagenous domains, and functions as an anchoring fibril between the dermal-epidermal junction in the basement membrane. Mutations in COL7A1 cause all types of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and the exact mutations vary based on the specific type or subtype. It has been shown that interactions between the NC-1 domain of collagen VII and several other proteins, including laminin-5 and collagen IV, contribute greatly to the overall stability of the basement membrane.
Structure
Type VII collagen is composed of three main domains in the following order: a non-collagenous domain, abbreviated NC-1; a collagenous domain; and a second non-collagenous domain, NC-2. The NC-1 domain has a cartilage matrix protein (CMP), nine fibronectin III (FNIII)-like subdomains, and a von Willebrand Factor A-like subdomain (VWFA1); a notable segment in the NC-2 domain is analogous to a Kunitz protease inhibitor molecule.
Function
This gene encodes the alpha chain of type VII collagen. The type VII collagen fibril, composed of three identical alpha collagen chains, is restricted to the basement zone beneath stratified squamous epithelia. It functions as an anchoring fibril between the external epithelia and the underlying stroma. Mutations in this gene are associated with all forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. In the absence of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahyperbolic%20equation | In the mathematical field of differential equations, the ultrahyperbolic equation is a partial differential equation (PDE) for an unknown scalar function of variables of the form
More generally, if is any quadratic form in variables with signature , then any PDE whose principal part is is said to be ultrahyperbolic. Any such equation can be put in the form above by means of a change of variables.
The ultrahyperbolic equation has been studied from a number of viewpoints. On the one hand, it resembles the classical wave equation. This has led to a number of developments concerning its characteristics, one of which is due to Fritz John: the John equation.
In 2008, Walter Craig and Steven Weinstein proved that under a nonlocal constraint, the initial value problem is well-posed for initial data given on a codimension-one hypersurface. And later, in 2022, a research team at the University of Michigan extended the conditions for solving ultrahyperbolic wave equations to complex-time (kime), demonstrated space-kime dynamics, and showed data science applications using tensor-based linear modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
The equation has also been studied from the point of view of symmetric spaces, and elliptic differential operators. In particular, the ultrahyperbolic equation satisfies an analog of the mean value theorem for harmonic functions.
Notes
References
Differential operators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolin | Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCL gene.
Gene
The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. Intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a small nucleolar RNA, termed U20.
Function
Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats.
Nucleolin is also able to act as a transcriptional coactivator with Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII).
Clinical significance
Midkine and pleiotrophin bind to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.
Nucleolin at the cell surface is the receptor for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein. Interference with the nucleolinRSV fusion protein interaction has been shown to be therapeutic against RSV infection in cell cultures and animal models.
Interactions
Nucleolin has been shown to interact with:
MTDH,
CSNK2A2,
Centaurin, alpha 1,
HuR,
NPM1,
P53,
PPP1CB,
S100A11,
Sjogren syndrome antigen B,
TOP1, and
Telomerase r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWHAE | 14-3-3 protein epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAE gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals, and this protein is 100% identical to the mouse ortholog. It interacts with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer, and microdeletions associated with Miller–Dieker syndrome.
Interactions
YWHAE has been shown to interact with:
C-Raf,
CDC25B,
HDAC4,
HERG,
IRS1 and
IGF1R,
MAP3K3,
NDEL1,
NGFRAP1, and
TGF beta 1.
See also
14-3-3 protein
References
Further reading
14-3-3 proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Wilmut | Roger Wilmut (born 1942) is a British writer and compiler of books on British comedy. Wilmut attended Warwick School, and began his 'day job' as studio technician for the BBC on leaving school in 1961. Wilmut claims to have drifted into a career as a writer "by accident".
Wilmut's books include The Goon Show Companion, Tony Hancock: Artiste, From Fringe to Flying Circus (a history of Oxbridge comedy in the sixties and seventies) and Didn't You Kill My Mother-in-law (a history of the 1980s alternative comedy movement in the UK).
Early life
Wilmut was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire in 1942. His parents moved there when they were married in 1940 and his father, who had been teaching in Caterham, Surrey, got a post at King Edward VI School in Stratford. Wilmut's mother was a keen theatregoer, and as a result he saw many of the Shakespeare productions at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre from the late 1950s to about the early 1970s.
Wilmut attended Warwick School, and began his 'day job' as studio technician for the BBC on leaving school in 1961.
Career
Wilmut's enthusiasm for the Goons led to the first of his books. In 1974, with the help of friends Tim Smith and Peter Copeland, he revised a list of the series' episodes supplied by the BBC, and his own earlier research, into a "much more complete typewritten list". He then sent it to Robson Books, who showed an interest. While writing the accompanying text he was "approached by the late Jimmy Grafton, who had been invo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FXI | FXI may refer to:
Air Iceland (ICAO airline code: FXI), a former Icelandic airline
Factor XI, an enzyme
FXI Technologies, a Norwegian electronics manufacturer
Fuxin railway station (rail station code: FXI), Beijing–Shenyang High-Speed Railway, Jingshen Passenger Railway, China
See also
FX (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen%2C%20type%20IV%2C%20alpha%205 | Collagen alpha-5(IV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A5 gene.
This gene encodes one of the six subunits of type IV collagen, the major structural component of basement membranes. Mutations in this gene are associated with X-linked Alport syndrome, also known as hereditary nephritis. Like the other members of the type IV collagen gene family, this gene is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common promoter. Three transcript variants have been identified for this gene.
Disease Databases
ARUP COL4A5 gene variant database
LOVD Alport gene variant databases (COL4A5, COL4A3, COL4A4)
See also
Collagen
Type-IV collagen
Alport syndrome
References
Further reading
Collagens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmquistite | Holmquistite is a lithium magnesium aluminium inosilicate mineral with chemical formula . It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system as prismatic crystals up to or as massive aggregates. It has a Mohs hardness of 5-6 and a specific gravity of 2.95 to 3.13.
Color could vary from black, dark violet to light sky blue.
It occurs as metasomatic replacements on the margins of lithium rich pegmatites.
It was first described in 1913 from an occurrence in Utö, near Stockholm, Sweden. It was named for the Swedish petrologist Per Johan Holmquist (1866–1946).
References
Inosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrogenesis | Electrohydrogenesis or biocatalyzed electrolysis is the name given to a process for generating hydrogen gas from organic matter being decomposed by bacteria. This process uses a modified fuel cell to contain the organic matter and water. A small amount, 0.2–0.8 V of electricity is used, the original article reports an overall energy efficiency of 288% can be achieved (this is computed relative to the amount of electricity used, waste heat lowers the overall efficiency). This work was reported by Cheng and Logan.
See also
Biohydrogen
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Electromethanogenesis
Fermentative hydrogen production
Microbial fuel cell
References
External links
Biocatalyzed electrolysis
Hydrogen production
Environmental engineering
Biotechnology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mountain%20%28Michigan%29 | Crystal Mountain Resort is a resort and conference center located near the village of Thompsonville in Benzie County, Michigan. The resort's area forms the Crystal Mountain census-designated place. The resort offers recreational activities including downhill and cross country skiing the winter months, and golf, water activities, and an alpine slide in other seasons. The resort was founded in 1956. In March 2015 the resort announced it was planning a $9 million expansion project that will add new ski runs, lifts, lodging, retail and other amenities.
Skiing and snowboarding
The resort's skiing and snowboarding season runs from approximately Thanksgiving weekend to early April, depending on weather conditions. The resort receives an average of 11' of natural snowfall, however artificial snow can be made when natural snowfall is lacking. The resort has 58 downhill slopes, 6 chairlifts and 2 surface lifts, with 27 slopes lighted for night skiing during the peak ski season.
Golf
Crystal Mountain features two 18-hole championship golf courses. The Betsie Valley course, the resort's original golf course, plays at from the blue tees. The Mountain Ridge course, which hosts the Michigan Women's Open each summer, plays from the blue tees.
The resort's golf school offers golf instruction to players of all ages and ability levels.
Recreational facilities
Crystal Mountain maintains Michigan's only Alpine slide. The resort also maintains mountain biking trails available during the S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGFBP6 | Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP6 gene.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INPPL1 | SH2-domain containing Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the INPPL1 gene.
INPPL1 encodes inositol polyphosphate-5 phosphatase-like 1, a protein that in addition to the phosphatase domain contains an SH2 (src-homology domain 2) motif.
Interactions
INPPL1 has been shown to interact with:
BCAR1,
FLNC,
SHC1, and
SORBS1.
References
Further reading
EC 3.1.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPB41L3 | Band 4.1-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPB41L3 gene.
Interactions
EPB41L3 has been shown to interact with YWHAB, YWHAH, YWHAG and Cell adhesion molecule 1.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX21 | T-box transcription factor TBX21, also called T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX21 gene. Though being for long thought of only as a master regulator of type 1 immune response, T-bet has recently been shown to be implicated in development of various immune cell subsets and maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
Function
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. This gene is the human ortholog of mouse Tbx21/Tbet gene. Studies in mouse show that Tbx21 protein is a Th1 cell-specific transcription factor that controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFNg). Expression of the human ortholog also correlates with IFNg expression in Th1 and natural killer cells, suggesting a role for this gene in initiating Th1 lineage development from naive Th precursor cells.
The function of T-bet is best known in T helper cells (Th cells). In naïve Th cells the gene is not constitutively expressed, but can be induced via 2 independent signalling pathways, IFNg-STAT1 and IL-12-STAT4 pathways. Both need to cooperate to reach stable Th1 phenotype. Th1 phenotype is also stabilised by repression of regulators of other Th cell phenotypes (Th2 and Th17). In a typical scenario it is thought that IFNg and T cell receptor (TCR) signalling initiates the exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP1 | Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP1 gene.
Interactions
ARHGAP1 has been shown to interact with:
BNIP2
CDC42, and
RHOA.
References
External links
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphotoxin%20beta | Lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta) also known as tumor necrosis factor C (TNF-C) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB gene.
Function
Lymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family. It anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. The predominant form on the lymphocyte surface is the lymphotoxin-alpha 1/beta 2 complex (e.g. 1 molecule alpha/2 molecules beta) and this complex is the primary ligand for the lymphotoxin-beta receptor. The minor complex is lymphotoxin-alpha 2/beta 1. LTB is an inducer of the inflammatory response system and involved in normal development of lymphoid tissue. Lymphotoxin-beta isoform b is unable to complex with lymphotoxin-alpha suggesting a function for lymphotoxin-beta which is independent of lymphotoxin-alpha. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Pro-tumorigenic function of membrane LT is clearly established: mice with overexpression of LTα or LTβ showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. However, these studies utilized mice with complete LTα gene deficiency that did not allow to distinguish effects of soluble versus membrane-associated LT.
Interactions
LTB has been shown to interact with Lymphotoxin alpha.
References
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM1 | Pericentriolar material 1, also known as PCM1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PCM1 gene.
Function
The PCM1 protein was originally identified by virtue of its distinct cell cycle-dependent association with the centrosome complex and microtubules. The protein appears to associate with the centrosome complex during the cell cycle. Dissociation occurs during mitosis when PCM1 is dispersed throughout the cell. Immunolabeling studies performed found that PCM1 was present in centriolar satellites and in electron dense granules between 70 and 100 nm in diameter. These were originally thought to be scattered only around the centrosomes, but further studies proved that PCM1 was also found throughout the cytoplasm.
PCM1 was shown to be essential for cell division because PCM1 antibodies cause cell-cycle arrest when microinjected into fertilized murine eggs. Targeting of centrin, pericentrin and ninein was also dramatically reduced after PCM1 depletion using siRNA, overexpression of PCM1 deletion mutants and PCM1 antibody microinjection. As a result of this depletion, the radial organization of the microtubules was found to be disrupted, but did not appear to affect microtubule nucleation.
Gene structure
PCM1 has four known transcripts, the longest of which has 39 exons. The open reading frame of PCM1 encodes a protein of 2024 amino acids. The protein contains coiled coil regions between areas of low complexity as well as an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) / GTPase do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid%20scramblase%201 | Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PL scramblase 1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLSCR1 gene.
Interactions
PLSCR1 has been shown to interact with:
CPSF6,
Epidermal growth factor receptor,
NEU4,
SHC1,
SLPI, and
TFG.
See also
Scramblase
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP2R5C | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5C gene.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases, and it is implicated in the negative control of cell growth and division. It consists of a common heteromeric core enzyme, which is composed of a catalytic subunit and a constant regulatory subunit, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity. This gene encodes a gamma isoform of the regulatory subunit B56 subfamily. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.
Interactions
PPP2R5C has been shown to interact with PPP2R1B, PPP2CA and PPP2R5A.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus%20receptor-related%202 | Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2), also known as nectin-2 and CD112 (formerly herpesvirus entry mediator B, HVEB), is a human plasma membrane glycoprotein.
Function
This gene encodes a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein with two Ig-like C2-type domains and an Ig-like V-type domain. This protein is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. It also serves as an entry for certain mutant strains of herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus, and it is involved in cell to cell spreading of these viruses. Variations in this gene have been associated with differences in the severity of multiple sclerosis. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
Further reading
External links
Clusters of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPSN | 43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse (rapsyn) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPSN gene.
Function
This protein belongs to a family of proteins that are receptor associated proteins of the synapse. It contains a conserved cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site. It is believed to play some role in anchoring or stabilizing the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at synaptic sites. It may link the receptor to the underlying postsynaptic cytoskeleton, possibly by direct association with actin or spectrin. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene.
Role in health and disease
In the neuromuscular junction there is a vital pathway that maintains synaptic structure and results in the aggregation and localization of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the postsynaptic folds. This pathway consists of agrin, muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK protein), AChRs and the AChR-clustering protein rapsyn, encoded by RAPSN. Genetic mutations of the proteins in the neuromuscular junction are associated with Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in the acetylcholine receptor. The vast majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits and rapsyn genes.
The rapsyn protein interacts directly with the AChRs and plays a vital role in agrin-induced clustering of the AChR. Without rapsyn, functional synapses cannot be created as the folds do n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortilin%201 | Sortilin (SORT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORT1 gene on chromosome 1. This protein is a type I membrane glycoprotein in the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family of sorting receptors. While it is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues, sortilin is most abundant in the central nervous system. At the cellular level, sortilin functions in protein transport between the Golgi apparatus, endosome, lysosome, and plasma membrane, leading to its involvement in multiple biological processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism as well as neural development and cell death. Moreover, the function and role of sortilin is now emerging in several major human diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. The SORT1 gene also contains one of 27 loci associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Structure
Gene
The SORT1 gene resides on chromosome 1 at the band 1p13.3 and includes 23 exons. This gene encodes 2 isoforms through alternative splicing.
Protein
Sortilin is a member of the Vps10p sorting receptor family. Crystallization studies of the protein reveal that, when complexed with the ligand neurotensin, the Vps10 ectodomain of sortilin forms a ten-bladed beta-propeller structure with an inner tunnel that contains multiple ligand binding sites. To prevent premature ligand binding during its synthesis, the precursor protein of sortilin contains a 44-amino acid pro-peptide that ser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20and%20recall | In pattern recognition, information retrieval, object detection and classification (machine learning), precision and recall are performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from a collection, corpus or sample space.
Precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved instances. Written as a formula:.
Recall (also known as sensitivity) is the fraction of relevant instances that were retrieved. Written as a formula: . Both precision and recall are therefore based on relevance.
Consider a computer program for recognizing dogs (the relevant element) in a digital photograph. Upon processing a picture which contains ten cats and twelve dogs, the program identifies eight dogs. Of the eight elements identified as dogs, only five actually are dogs (true positives), while the other three are cats (false positives). Seven dogs were missed (false negatives), and seven cats were correctly excluded (true negatives). The program's precision is then 5/8 (true positives / selected elements) while its recall is 5/12 (true positives / relevant elements).
Adopting a hypothesis-testing approach from statistics, in which, in this case, the null hypothesis is that a given item is irrelevant (i.e., not a dog), absence of type I and type II errors (i.e., perfect specificity and sensitivity of 100% each) corresponds respectively to perfect precision (no false positive) and perfect recall (no false negative).
More generally, recall is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way%20analysis%20of%20variance | In statistics, one-way analysis of variance (or one-way ANOVA) is a technique to compare whether two samples' means are significantly different (using the F distribution). This analysis of variance technique requires a numeric response variable "Y" and a single explanatory variable "X", hence "one-way".
The ANOVA tests the null hypothesis, which states that samples in all groups are drawn from populations with the same mean values. To do this, two estimates are made of the population variance. These estimates rely on various assumptions (see below). The ANOVA produces an F-statistic, the ratio of the variance calculated among the means to the variance within the samples. If the group means are drawn from populations with the same mean values, the variance between the group means should be lower than the variance of the samples, following the central limit theorem. A higher ratio therefore implies that the samples were drawn from populations with different mean values.
Typically, however, the one-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by a t-test (Gosset, 1908). When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the F-test are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t2. An extension of one-way ANOVA is two-way analysis of variance that examines the influence of two different categorical independent variables on one dependent variable.
Assumptions
The results of a one-way ANO |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybamate | Tybamate (INN; Solacen, Tybatran, Effisax) is an anxiolytic of the carbamate family. It is a prodrug for meprobamate in the same way as the better known drug carisoprodol. It has liver enzyme inducing effects similar to those of phenobarbital but much weaker.
As the trade name Tybatran (Robins), it was formerly available in capsules of 125, 250, and 350 mg, taken 3 or 4 times a day for a total daily dosage of 750 mg to 2 g. The plasma half-life of the drug is three hours. At high doses in combination with phenothiazines, it could produce convulsions.
References
Anxiolytics
Carbamates
Prodrugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Mathematical%20Sciences%20Institute | The Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI) was established in 2002 for collaboration in the mathematical sciences to strengthen mathematics and statistics, especially in universities.
The Fields Institute and the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences have influenced AMSI's structure and operations.
AMSI has a membership that includes most Australian universities, CSIRO, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Bureau of Meteorology and the Defence Science and Technology Organisation. AMSI is located at Monash University.
Activities
AMSI pursues its mission through its three key program areas:
School Education
Research & Higher Education
Industry, Business & Government
School Education Program
AMSI's School Education program was established in 2004 under the International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics (ICE-EM). Through ICE-EM, a sequence of mathematics texts, teacher resources, and professional development for school years 5–10 were developed.
In 2009, the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations provided funding for the extension of ICE-EM activities under the Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) project. This funded an expansion of the teaching professional development program across Australia, the development of teacher resource modules for years 5–10, and Maths: Make your career count—a suite of materials to promote careers in mathematics.
In work by Frank Barrington and Peter Brown, ICE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20pushdown%20automaton | An embedded pushdown automaton or EPDA is a computational model for parsing languages generated by tree-adjoining grammars (TAGs). It is similar to the context-free grammar-parsing pushdown automaton, but instead of using a plain stack to store symbols, it has a stack of iterated stacks that store symbols, giving TAGs a generative capacity between context-free and context-sensitive grammars, or a subset of mildly context-sensitive grammars.
Embedded pushdown automata should not be confused with nested stack automata which have more computational power.
History and applications
EPDAs were first described by K. Vijay-Shanker in his 1988 doctoral thesis. They have since been applied to more complete descriptions of classes of mildly context-sensitive grammars and have had important roles in refining the Chomsky hierarchy. Various subgrammars, such as the linear indexed grammar, can thus be defined.
While natural languages have traditionally been analyzed using context-free grammars (see transformational-generative grammar and computational linguistics), this model does not work well for languages with crossed dependencies, such as Dutch, situations for which an EPDA is well suited. A detailed linguistic analysis is available in Joshi, Schabes (1997).
Theory
An EPDA is a finite state machine with a set of stacks that can be themselves accessed through the embedded stack. Each stack contains elements of the stack alphabet , and so we define an element of a stack by , where the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20India | Crime in India has been recorded since the British Raj, with comprehensive statistics now compiled annually by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), under the Ministry of Home Affairs (India).
In 2021, a total of 60,96,310 crimes, comprising 36,63,360 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 24,32,950 Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes were registered nationwide. It is a 7.65% annual decrease from 66,01,285 crimes in 2020; the crime rate (per 100,000 people) has decreased from 487.8 in 2020 to 445.9 in 2021, but still significantly higher from 385.5 in 2019. In 2021, offences affecting the human body contributed 30%, offences against property contributed 20.8%, and miscellaneous IPC crimes contributed 29.7% of all cognizable IPC crimes. Murder rate was 2.1 per 100,000, kidnapping rate was 7.4 per 100,000, and rape rate was 4.8 per 100,000 in 2021. According to the UN, the homicide rate was 2.95 per 100,000 in 2020 with 40,651 recorded, down from a peak of 5.46 per 100,000 in 1992 and essentially unchanged since 2017, higher than most countries in Asia and Europe and lower than most in the Americas and Africa although numerically one of the highest due to the large population.
Investigation rate is calculated as all cases disposed, quashed or withdrawn by police as a percentage of total cases available for investigation. The investigation rate of IPC crimes in India was 64.9% in 2021. Charge-sheeting rate is calculated as all cases, where charges were framed against accused, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded%20RNA%20viruses | Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The double-stranded genome is used as a template by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to transcribe a positive-strand RNA functioning as messenger RNA (mRNA) for the host cell's ribosomes, which translate it into viral proteins. The positive-strand RNA can also be replicated by the RdRp to create a new double-stranded viral genome.
A distinguishing feature of the dsRNA viruses is their ability to carry out transcription of the dsRNA segments within the capsid, and the required enzymes are part of the virion structure.
Double-stranded RNA viruses are classified into two phyla, Duplornaviricota and Pisuviricota (specifically class Duplopiviricetes), in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria. The two phyla do not share a common dsRNA virus ancestor, but evolved their double strands two separate times from positive-strand RNA viruses. In the Baltimore classification system, dsRNA viruses belong to Group III.
Virus group members vary widely in host range (animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (T-number, capsid layers, or turrets). Double-stranded RNA viruses include the rotaviruses, known globally as a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, and bluetongue virus, an economically significant pathogen of cattle and sheep. The family Reoviridae is th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPDA | EPDA is an acronym that may refer to:
Education Professions Development Act
Embedded pushdown automaton
European Product Design Award |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20conditions | In the study of Lorentzian manifold spacetimes there exists a hierarchy of causality conditions which are important in proving mathematical theorems about the global structure of such manifolds. These conditions were collected during the late 1970s.
The weaker the causality condition on a spacetime, the more unphysical the spacetime is. Spacetimes with closed timelike curves, for example, present severe interpretational difficulties. See the grandfather paradox.
It is reasonable to believe that any physical spacetime will satisfy the strongest causality condition: global hyperbolicity. For such spacetimes the equations in general relativity can be posed as an initial value problem on a Cauchy surface.
The hierarchy
There is a hierarchy of causality conditions, each one of which is strictly stronger than the previous. This is sometimes called the causal ladder. The conditions, from weakest to strongest, are:
Non-totally vicious
Chronological
Causal
Distinguishing
Strongly causal
Stably causal
Causally continuous
Causally simple
Globally hyperbolic
Given are the definitions of these causality conditions for a Lorentzian manifold . Where two or more are given they are equivalent.
Notation:
denotes the chronological relation.
denotes the causal relation.
(See causal structure for definitions of , and , .)
Non-totally vicious
For some points we have .
Chronological
There are no closed chronological (timelike) curves.
The chronological relation is i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20torpedo%20boats%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Navy | This list of steam-driven torpedo boats of the United States Navy includes all ships with the hull classification symbol TB, running from TB-1 of 1890 to TB-35 of 1901. It does not include the Patrol Torpedo (PT) boats of World War II.
The first torpedo-boat to serve with the United States Navy was the experimental Stiletto of 31 tons, built in 1885-86 as a yacht by the Herreschoff Manufacturing Company, Bristol, Rhode Island. Designated WTB-1 (for "Wooden Torpedo Boat"), she was purchased under the Act of 3 March 1887 for use as a torpedo boat for experimental purposes and commissioned in July 1887. She measured 94ft overall (88ft 6in waterline) x 11ft 6in x 3ft, and had a 1-shaft vertical compound engine of 359 ihp, achieving 18.2 knots. She was stricken on 27 January 1911 and sold on 18 July 1911.
The authorisation for the following steel torpedo-boats was as follows:
Act of 3 August 1886: TB-1
Act of 30 June 1890: TB-2
Act of 26 July 1894: TB-3 to TB-5
Act of 2 March 1895: TB-6 to TB-8
Act of 10 June 1896: TB-9 to TB-18
Act of 3 March 1897: TB-19 to TB-23
Act of 4 May 1898: TB-24 to TB-35 (also the first sixteen TBDs - see Bainbridge-class destroyer)
Cushing class torpedo boat
Ericsson class torpedo boat
Foote class torpedo boats
Porter class torpedo boats
Rowan class torpedo boat
Dahlgren class torpedo boats
Farragut class torpedo boat
Davis class torpedo boats
Morris class torpedo boat
Talbot class torpedo boats
MacKenzie class torpedo boats
Stringh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USP26 | USP26 is a peptidase enzyme. The USP26 gene is an X-linked gene exclusively expressed in the testis and it codes for the ubiquitin-specific protease 26. The USP26 gene is found at Xq26.2 on the X-chromosome as a single exon. The enzyme that this gene encodes comprises 913 amino acid residues and it is 104 kilodalton in size, which is transcribed from a sequence of 2794 nucleotide base-pairs on the X-chromosome. The USP26 enzyme is a deubiquitinating enzyme that places a very significant role in the regulation of protein turnover during spermatogenesis. It is a testis-specific enzyme that is solely express in spermatogonia and can prevent the degradation of ubiquitinated USP26 substrates.
Recent research has suggested that defects in USP26 may be involved in some cases of male infertility, specifically Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and an absence of sperm in the ejaculate (azoospermia).
See also
Male infertility
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward%20diode | In semiconductor devices, a backward diode (also called back diode) is a variation on a Zener diode or tunnel diode having a better conduction for small reverse biases (for example –0.1 to –0.6 V) than for forward bias voltages.
The reverse current in such a diode is by tunneling, which is also known as the tunnel effect.
Current–voltage characteristics of backward diode
The forward I–V characteristic is the same as that of an ordinary P–N diode. The breakdown starts when reverse voltage is applied. In the case of Zener breakdown, it starts at a particular voltage. In this diode the voltage remains relatively constant (independent of current) when it is connected in reverse bias. The backward diode is a special form of tunnel diode in which the tunneling phenomenon is only incipient, and the negative resistance region virtually disappears. The forward current is very small and becomes equivalent to the reverse current of a conventional diode.
Applications of backward diodes
Detector Since it has low capacitance and no charge storage effect, and a strongly nonlinear small-signal characteristic, the backward diode can be used as a detector up to 40 GHz.
Rectifier A backward diode can be used for rectifying weak signals with peak amplitudes of 0.1 to 0.7 V.
Switch A backward diode can be used in high speed switching applications.
References
Diodes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriuretic%20peptide%20precursor%20C | Natriuretic peptide precursor C, also known as NPPC, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPPC gene. The precursor NPPC protein is cleaved to the 22 amino acid peptide C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).
Function
Natriuretic peptides comprise a family of 3 structurally related molecules: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), encoded by a gene symbolized NPPC. These peptides possess potent natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilating activities and are implicated in body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure control. Unlike ANP and BNP, CNP does not have direct natriuretic activity. This is because CNP is a selective agonist for the B-type natriuretic receptor (NPRB) whereas ANP and BNP are selective for the A-type natriuretic receptor (NPRA). It is synthesized and secreted from the endothelium in response to many stimuli, for example shear stress (like ) and certain proinflammatory cytokines.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPPC | NPPC may refer to:
National Pork Producers Council, an American pork industry lobbying organization
Nobel Peace Prize Concert
Natriuretic peptide precursor C, a protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdMOC | Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the concept that multiple organs signal or communicate via the systemic circulation (i.e., blood).
The IdMOC plate consists of multiple inner wells within a large interconnecting chamber. Multiple cell types are first individually seeded in the inner wells and, when required, are flooded with an overlying medium to facilitate well-to-well communication. Test material can be added to the overlying medium and both media and cells can be analyzed individually. Plating of hepatocytes with other organ-specific cells allows evaluation of drug metabolism and organotoxicity.
The IdMOC system has numerous applications in drug development, such as the evaluation of drug metabolism and toxicity. It can simultaneously evaluate the toxic potential of a drug on cells from multiple organs and evaluate drug stability, distribution, metabolite formation, and efficacy. By modeling multiple-organ interactions, IdMOC can examine the pharmacological effects of a drug and its metabolites on target and off-target organs as well as evaluate drug-drug interactions by measuring cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction or inhibition in hepatocytes.
IdMOC can also be used for routine and high through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Diffusion%20Network | The National Diffusion Network (United States, 1974–1995) was the first federally sponsored effort to identify and spread to America's schools innovative education programs. The program was created administratively by the then-Office of Education in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare as an effort to make use of the best of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title III education innovations.
The NDN operated successfully, at a congressionally approved appropriations level varying between $8-million and $14-million per year, for 20 years. It, like several other small programs then administered by the U.S. Department of Education was eliminated by having its funding stopped by the 105th Congress, under the implementation of a cost-cutting initiative sponsored by new Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, called the Contract with America.
There were several components of the National Diffusion Network. The most central were Developer Demonstrators, projects of educational innovations that had been rigorously reviewed and validated by a federal panel, the Joint Dissemination Review Panel. The Developer Demonstration projects, or DDs, offered their professional development and other services to schools and school districts who had need for the specific education reform and improvement innovations.
A catalog listing all the DDs available to schools, Educational Programs That Work was published yearly by Sopris West, a private contractor, and distributed nationall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%27s%20algorithm | Raymond's Algorithm is a lock based algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. It imposes a logical structure (a K-ary tree) on distributed resources. As defined, each node has only a single parent, to which all requests to attain the token are made.
Algorithm
Nodal properties
Each node has only one parent to whom received requests are forwarded
Each node maintains a FIFO queue of requests each time that it sees the token;
If any node is forwarding privilege to other node and has non-empty queue then it forwards a request message along
Algorithm
If a node i (not holding the token) wishes to receive the token in order to enter into its critical section, it sends a request to its parent, node j.
If node j FIFO is empty, node j shifts i into its FIFO queue; j then issues a request to its parent, k, that it desires the token
If node j FIFO queue is not empty, it simply shifts i into the queue
When node k has token and receives the request from j it sends token to j and sets j as its parent
When node j receives the token from k, it forwards the token to i and i is removed from the queue of j
If the queue of j is not empty after forwarding the token to i, j must issue a request to i in order to get the token back
Note: If j wishes to request a token, and its queue is not empty, then it places itself into its own queue. Node j will utilize the token to enter into its critical section if it is at the head of the queue when the token is received.
Comple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTN | VTN may refer to:
Vitronectin, a glycoprotein
Vietnam, ITU country code
Victory Television Network, a religious independent television network
Miller Field (airport), Valentine, Nebraska (IATA code)
Vaitarna railway station (Indian Railways code)
Vleuten railway station, Netherlands (NS abberivation)
Vertumnite, a transparent silicate mineral (mineral symbol); see List of mineral symbols
Andringitra (plant) (CoL taxon identifier) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V75 | V75 may refer to:
Jiabao V75, a microvan
Vitronectin, a glycoprotein
Vultee V-75, an American liaison aircraft
V75, Special screening examination for other infectious diseases, in the ICD-9 V codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenascin%20C | Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene. It is expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissues during development, disease or injury, and in restricted neurogenic areas of the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is the founding member of the tenascin protein family. In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.
Gene and expression
The human tenascin C gene, TN-C, is located on chromosome 9 with location of the cytogenic band at the 9q33. The entire Tenascin family coding region spans approximately 80 kilobases translating into 2203 amino acids.
Expression of TN-C changes from development to adulthood. TN-C is highly expressed during embryogenesis and is briefly expressed during organogenesis, while in developed organs, expression is absent or in trace amounts. TN-C has been shown to be upregulated under pathological conditions caused by inflammation, infection, tumorigenesis, and at sites that are subject to unique biomechanics forces.
The regulation of TN-C is induced or repressed by a number of different factors that are expressed during embryonic tissue, as well as developed tissues during remodeling, injured, or neoplastic. TGF-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, nerve growth factor, and keratinocyte growth factor are factors that have been shown to regulate TN-C. Other extracellular matrix components such as matrix metalloproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec%20C | Aztec C is a discontinued C programming language compiler for CP/M-80, MS-DOS, Apple II (both DOS 3.3 and ProDOS), Commodore 64, early Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST. It was sold commercially by Manx Software Systems.
History
Manx Software Systems of Shrewsbury, New Jersey produced C programming language compilers beginning in the 1980s for CP/M, Apple II, IBM PC compatibles, Macintosh, and other systems.
Manx was started by Harry Suckow, with partners Thomas Fenwick, and James Goodnow II, the two principal developers. They were all working together at another company at the time. Suckow had started several companies of his own anticipating the impending growth of the personal computer market. A demand came for compilers first and he disengaged himself from the other companies to pursue Manx and Aztec C.
Another developer, Chris Macey, assisted them momentarily with 80XX development, apart from other areas.
One of the main reasons for Aztec C's early success was the floating point support in the Z80 compiler, which was extended to the Apple II shortly after.
During the move to ANSI C in 1989, Robert Sherry represented them on the ANSI committee but left shortly after. He also fixed numerous bugs in the Aztec C after Chris Macey and Thomas Fenwick left the company.
By this time Microsoft had targeted competitors for their C compiler and Aztec C was being pushed-out of the general IBM PC compatible compiler market, followed by competition with Apple's MPW C on the Macinto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive | A permissive cell or host is one that allows a virus to circumvent its defenses and replicate. Usually this occurs when the virus has modulated one or several of the host cellular intrinsic defenses and the host immune system. The permissive state of a host has now been determined to be the primary factor in determining whether a virus will cause pathological symptoms in a host.
Susceptible versus permissive
A virus can enter a susceptible cell, but it may or may not be able to replicate. A virus may only replicate in a permissive cell. Viral replication will therefore occur in a susceptible cell which is also a permissive cell that 1) facilitates entry (susceptibility) and 2) supports intracellular replication (permissive cell). The significance of the difference between the two has now been elucidated with study of the rabbit-lethal myxoma virus. Many species of rabbit cells in culture (without the presence of any antiviral defenses that would normally be in a host) can be infected by the myxoma virus, causing infection and cell death. However, inoculation of the myxoma virus in many species of rabbit shows that only one species of rabbit is affected, the rest being completely unharmed by the virus (lack of even viral shedding). This has been determined to be a result of the myxoma virus's inability to suppress other species' interferon expression, and hence resulting in the interferon in turn suppressing the myxoma virus.
This is a result of the positive susceptibil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemilampronites | Hemilampronites is a prehistoric genus of flying fish. Its fossils can be found in Maastrichtian aged marine deposits.
Classification
Hemilampronites is a member of the order Beloniformes.
Species
Hemilampronites hesperius
Cretaceous bony fish
Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera
Exocoetidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20shedding | Viral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods.
The term is variously used to refer to viral particles shedding from a single cell, from one part of the body into another, and from a body into the environment, where the virus may infect another.
Vaccine shedding is a form of viral shedding which can occur in instances of infection caused by some attenuated (or "live virus") vaccines.
Means
Shedding from a cell into extracellular space
Budding (through cell envelope)
"Budding" through the cell envelope—in effect, borrowing from the cell membrane to create the virus' own viral envelope— into extracellular space is most effective for viruses that require their own envelope. These include such viruses as HIV, HSV, SARS or smallpox. When beginning the budding process, the viral nucleocapsid cooperates with a certain region of the host cell membrane. During this interaction, the glycosylated viral envelope protein inserts itself into the cell membrane. In order to successfully bud from the host cell, the nucleocapsid of the virus must form a connection with the cytoplasmic tails of envelope proteins. Though budding does not immediately destroy the host cell, this process will slowly use up the cell membrane and eventually lead to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20turbulence%20drag%20reduction | In 1948 Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a turbulent Newtonian solvent (parts per million by weight), which
results in a Non-Newtonian fluid solution, can reduce the skin frictional drag on a stationary
surface by up to 80% . This technology has been successfully
implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in
fire fighting equipment and to help irrigation and drainage (Sellin & Ollis, 1980;
Khalil et al., 2002). It also has potential applications in the design of ship and submarine
hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.
See also
Drag reducing agent
FENE-P
Non-Newtonian fluid
Direct numerical simulation
External links
Alyeska Pipe Line
EFFECTS OF FRICTION AND POLYMERS ON 2D TURBULENCE
References
Toms, B. 1948 Observation on the flow of linear polymer solutions through
straight tubes at large Reynolds numbers. Proc. Int’l Rheological Congress 2,
135–141
Sellin, R. H. J. & Ollis, M. 1980 Polymer drag reduction in large pipes and
sewers: Results of recent field trials. Journal of Rheology
Khalil, M. F., Kassab, S. Z., Elmiligui, A. A. & Naoum, F. A. 2002
Applications of drag-reducing polymers in sprinkler irrigation systems: Sprinkler
head performance. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Perlekar P, Mitra D, Pandit R. Manifestations of drag reduction by polymer additives in decaying, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. Physical review letters. 2006. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20sugars%20metabolism | In nucleotide sugar metabolism a group of biochemicals known as nucleotide sugars act as donors for sugar residues in the glycosylation reactions that produce polysaccharides. They are substrates for glycosyltransferases. The nucleotide sugars are also intermediates in nucleotide sugar interconversions that produce some of the activated sugars needed for glycosylation reactions. Since most glycosylation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, there are a large family of nucleotide sugar transporters that allow nucleotide sugars to move from the cytoplasm, where they are produced, into the organelles where they are consumed.
Nucleotide sugar metabolism is particularly well-studied in yeast, fungal pathogens, and bacterial pathogens, such as E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, since these molecules are required for the synthesis of glycoconjugates on the surfaces of these organisms. These glycoconjugates are virulence factors and components of the fungal and bacterial cell wall. These pathways are also studied in plants, but here the enzymes involved are less well understood.
References
Metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93semiconductor%20junction | In solid-state physics, a metal–semiconductor (M–S) junction is a type of electrical junction in which a metal comes in close contact with a semiconductor material. It is the oldest practical semiconductor device. M–S junctions can either be rectifying or non-rectifying. The rectifying metal–semiconductor junction forms a Schottky barrier, making a device known as a Schottky diode, while the non-rectifying junction is called an ohmic contact. (In contrast, a rectifying semiconductor–semiconductor junction, the most common semiconductor device today, is known as a p–n junction.)
Metal–semiconductor junctions are crucial to the operation of all semiconductor devices. Usually an ohmic contact is desired, so that electrical charge can be conducted easily between the active region of a transistor and the external circuitry.
Occasionally however a Schottky barrier is useful, as in Schottky diodes, Schottky transistors, and metal–semiconductor field effect transistors.
The critical parameter: Schottky barrier height
Whether a given metal-semiconductor junction is an ohmic contact or a Schottky barrier depends on the Schottky barrier height, ΦB, of the junction.
For a sufficiently large Schottky barrier height, that is, ΦB is significantly higher than the thermal energy kT, the semiconductor is depleted near the metal and behaves as a Schottky barrier. For lower Schottky barrier heights, the semiconductor is not depleted and instead forms an ohmic contact to the metal.
The S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatta%20number | The Hatta number (Ha) was developed by Shirôji Hatta, who taught at Tohoku University. It is a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate of reaction in a liquid film to the rate of diffusion through the film. For a second order reaction (), the maximum rate of reaction assumes that the liquid film is saturated with gas at the interfacial concentration ; thus, the maximum rate of reaction is .
For a reaction order in and order in :
It is an important parameter used in Chemical Reaction Engineering.
References
See also
Dimensionless quantity
Dimensional analysis
Catalysis
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
Transport phenomena |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamow%20factor | The Gamow factor, Sommerfeld factor or Gamow–Sommerfeld factor, named after its discoverer George Gamow or after Arnold Sommerfeld, is a probability factor for two nuclear particles' chance of overcoming the Coulomb barrier in order to undergo nuclear reactions, for example in nuclear fusion. By classical physics, there is almost no possibility for protons to fuse by crossing each other's Coulomb barrier at temperatures commonly observed to cause fusion, such as those found in the sun. When George Gamow instead applied quantum mechanics to the problem, he found that there was a significant chance for the fusion due to tunneling.
The probability of two nuclear particles overcoming their electrostatic barriers is given by the following equation:
where is the Gamow energy,
Here, is the reduced mass of the two particles. The constant is the fine structure constant, is the speed of light, and and are the respective atomic numbers of each particle.
While the probability of overcoming the Coulomb barrier increases rapidly with increasing particle energy, for a given temperature, the probability of a particle having such an energy falls off very fast, as described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Gamow found that, taken together, these effects mean that for any given temperature, the particles that fuse are mostly in a temperature-dependent narrow range of energies known as the Gamow window.
Derivation
Gamow first solved the one-dimensional case of quantum tunn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vivo%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy | In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), also known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is a non-invasive, ionizing-radiation-free analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and other diseases affecting the brain. It has also been used to study the metabolism of other organs such as muscles. In the case of muscles, NMR is used to measure the intramyocellular lipids content (IMCL).
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an analytical technique that can be used to complement the more common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the characterization of tissue. Both techniques typically acquire signal from hydrogen protons (other endogenous nuclei such as those of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are also used), but MRI acquires signal primarily from protons which reside within water and fat, which are approximately a thousand times more abundant than the molecules detected with MRS. As a result, MRI often uses the larger available signal to produce very clean 2D images, whereas MRS very frequently only acquires signal from a single localized region, referred to as a "voxel". MRS can be used to determine the relative concentrations and physical properties of a variety of biochemicals frequently referred to as "metabolites" due to their role in metabol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainstone | Under the Dunham classification (Dunham, 1962) system of limestones, a grainstone is defined as a grain-supported carbonate rock that contains less than 1% mud-grade material. This definition has recently been clarified as a carbonate-dominated rock that does not contain any carbonate mud and where less than 10% of the components are larger than 2 mm. The spaces between grains may be empty (pores) or filled by cement.
The identification of grainstone
The presence of any primary carbonate mud precludes a classification of grainstone. A study of the use of carbonate classification systems by Lokier and Al Junaibi highlighted that the most common source of confusion in the classification of grainstone was to misidentify fine-grained internal micrite, generated by in-situ processes, as clay–silt grade sediment - thus resulting in the misidentification of grainstone as packstone. Failure to correctly determine the size and abundance of component grains greater than two millimeters was also a source of error.
Dunham's original definition of grainstone stated that it must contain less than 1% mud to fine-silt grade (<20 μm) sediment. Embry and Klovan and Wright reduced the permitted amount of carbonate mud in a grainstone to zero. Given that grainstone facies are interpreted to have been deposited under high-energy conditions, it is sensible to preclude the presence of primary carbonate mud from this classification.
References
Limestone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic%20antigen%20peptide-1 | Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1 is a nine amino acid peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein that is overexpressed in several cancer cell types, including gastrointestinal, breast, and non-small-cell lung.
Synonyms:
CAP-1
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Peptide-1
Carcinoembryonic Peptide-1
CEA Peptide 1
CEA Peptide 9-mer
External links
National Cancer Institute Definition of carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1
Tumor markers
Peptides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Glass%20Cell%20%28film%29 | The Glass Cell () is a 1978 West German crime film directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer and starring Brigitte Fossey, Helmut Griem, and Dieter Laser. It is based on the 1964 novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards .
It was shot at the Bavaria Studios and on location around Munich and Frankfurt. The film's sets were designed by art director Heidi Lüdi.
Cast
Brigitte Fossey as Lisa Braun
Helmut Griem as Phillip Braun
Dieter Laser as David Reinelt
Walter Kohut as Robert Lasky
Claudius Kracht as Timmie Braun
Günter Strack as Direktor Goller
Hans-Günter Martens as Prosecutor
Edith Volkmann as Nachbarin
Bernhard Wicki as Kommissar Österreicher
Martin Flörchinger
See also
List of submissions to the 51st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1978 films
1970s psychological thriller films
German crime thriller films
West German films
1970s German-language films
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Patricia Highsmith
Films directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer
Films shot at Bavaria Studios
1970s German films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20vector | True vector may refer to:
A polar vector, one that is not a pseudovector (or axial vector). More formally, a true vector is a contravariant vector, see: Covariance and contravariance of vectors.
True vector display, as opposed to a simulated or rasterized vector display. see: Vector monitor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20sugar | Nucleotide sugars are the activated forms of monosaccharides. Nucleotide sugars act as glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions. Those reactions are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called glycosyltransferases.
History
The anabolism of oligosaccharides - and, hence, the role of nucleotide sugars - was not clear until the 1950s when Leloir and his coworkers found that the key enzymes in this process are the glycosyltransferases. These enzymes transfer a glycosyl group from a sugar nucleotide to an acceptor.
Biological importance and energetics
To act as glycosyl donors, those monosaccharides should exist in a highly energetic form. This occurs as a result of a reaction between nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and glycosyl monophosphate (phosphate at anomeric carbon). The recent discovery of the reversibility of many glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions calls into question the designation of sugar nucleotides as 'activated' donors.
Types
There are nine sugar nucleotides in humans which act as glycosyl donors and they can be classified depending on the type of the nucleoside forming them:
Uridine Diphosphate: UDP-α-D-Glc, UDP-α-D-Gal, UDP-α-D-GalNAc, UDP-α-D-GlcNAc, UDP-α-D-GlcA, UDP-α-D-Xyl
Guanosine Diphosphate: GDP-α-D-Man, GDP-β-L-Fuc.
Cytidine Monophosphate: CMP-β-D-Neu5Ac; in humans, it is the only nucleotide sugar in the form of nucleotide monophosphate.
Cytidine Diphosphate: CDP-D-Ribitol (i.e. CMP-[ribitol phosphate]); though not a sugar, the phosphorylated sugar a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine%20diphosphate%20mannose | Guanosine diphosphate mannose or GDP-mannose is a nucleotide sugar that is a substrate for glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. This compound is a substrate for enzymes called mannosyltransferases.
Known as donor of activated mannose in all glycolytic reactions, GDP-mannose is essential in eukaryotes.
Biosynthesis
GDP-mannose is produced from GTP and mannose-6-phosphate by the enzyme mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase.
One of the enzymes from the family of nucleootidyl-transferases, GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP) is an pervasive enzyme found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
References
See also
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Guanosine
Guanosine diphosphate
Nucleotides
Coenzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P1-derived%20artificial%20chromosome | A P1-derived artificial chromosome, or PAC, is a DNA construct derived from the DNA of P1 bacteriophages and Bacterial artificial chromosome. It can carry large amounts (about 100–300 kilobases) of other sequences for a variety of bioengineering purposes in bacteria. It is one type of the efficient cloning vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average,150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.
History of PAC
The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and integrate that DNA information into other bacteria hosts, also known as generalized transduction. Later on, P1 was developed as a cloning vector by Nat Sternberg and colleagues in the 1990s. It is capable of Cre-Lox recombination. The P1 vector system was first developed to carry relatively large DNA fragments in plasmids (95-100kb).
Construction
PAC has 2 loxP sites, which can be used by phage recombinases to form the product from its cre-gene recognition during Cre-Lox recombination. This process circularizes the DNA strand, forming a plasmid, which can then be inserted into bacteria such as Escherichia coli. The transformation is usually done by electroporation, which uses electricity to allow the plasmids permeate into the cells. If hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOG%20%28AM%29 | WHOG (1120 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Hobson City, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Hobson City Broadcasting Company.
1120 AM is United States clear-channel frequency.
WHOG airs a "Smooth Soul and R&B" format to the Anniston, Alabama, area.
History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on May 1, 1987. The new station was assigned the call letters WHOX by the FCC on June 9, 1987. The station, while under construction, changed its call letters to WJOK on November 1, 1988, and again to the current WHOG call letters on December 28, 1990. After several extensions to its construction permit, WHOG received its license to cover from the FCC on April 29, 1991.
References
External links
93.5 The Hog Facebook
HOG
Radio stations established in 1991
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Mass media in Calhoun County, Alabama
1991 establishments in Alabama
HOG |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyacylglutathione%20hydrolase | The enzyme hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.6, systematic name = S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione hydrolase) catalyzes the following reaction:
S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically the class of thioester lyases. It is commonly known as glyoxalase II. It participates in pyruvate metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.2
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening%20mechanisms%20of%20materials | Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility, and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials. These strengthening mechanisms give engineers the ability to tailor the mechanical properties of materials to suit a variety of different applications. For example, the favorable properties of steel result from interstitial incorporation of carbon into the iron lattice. Brass, a binary alloy of copper and zinc, has superior mechanical properties compared to its constituent metals due to solution strengthening. Work hardening (such as beating a red-hot piece of metal on anvil) has also been used for centuries by blacksmiths to introduce dislocations into materials, increasing their yield strengths.
Basic description
Plastic deformation occurs when large numbers of dislocations move and multiply so as to result in macroscopic deformation. In other words, it is the movement of dislocations in the material which allows for deformation. If we want to enhance a material's mechanical properties (i.e. increase the yield and tensile strength), we simply need to introduce a mechanism which prohibits the mobility of these dislocations. Whatever the mechanism may be, (work hardening, grain size reduction, etc.) they all hinder dislocation motion and render the material stronger than previously.
The stress required to cause dislocation motion is orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical stress required to shift an entire plane of atoms, so this mode of str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20antigen%20system | The Diego antigen (or blood group) system is composed of 21 blood factors or antigens carried on the Band 3 glycoprotein, also known as Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1). The antigens are inherited through various alleles of the gene SLC4A1 (Solute carrier family 4), located on human chromosome 17. The AE1 glycoprotein is expressed only in red blood cells and, in a shortened form, in some cells in the kidney. The Diegoa antigen is fairly common in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, but very rare or absent in most other populations, supporting the theory that the two groups share common ancestry.
Types
The Diego system is named after a pair of types, Diegoa (Dia) and Diegob (Dib), which differ by one amino acid in the AE1 glycoprotein, corresponding to one difference in the nucleotide sequence of the SLC4A1 gene. Dib is common or ubiquitous in all populations which have been screened for it, while Dia has been found only in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, and in people with some ancestors from those groups. People heterozygous for the two alleles produce both antigens. No individual has been tested who does not produce one, or both, of the two antigens. Anti-Dia (the antibody to Dia) can cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Dib usually causes milder reactions.
The Wright blood system is another pair of types, Wrighta (Wra) and Wrightb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Ross | Henryk Ross (1 May 1910 1991) was a Polish Jewish photographer who was employed by the Department of Statistics for the Jewish Council within the Łódź Ghetto during the Holocaust in occupied Poland.
About
Ross was born in 1910. Ross was a sports photographer for a Warsaw newspaper, prior to World War II.
Starting in 1940, Ross had been employed by the Department of Statistics for the Jewish Council within the Łódź Ghetto during the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Daringly, working as staff photographer, Ross also documented Nazi atrocities (such as public hangings) while remaining officially in the good graces of the German occupational administration.
Part of his official duties was taking identity photographs. He constructed a three level stage in his studio that let him photograph up to twelve people with a single negative. While the authorities only supplied him enough film for assigned work, this trick allowed him extra film he could use for unauthorized photography.
His unofficial images covered scenes from daily life, communal celebrations, children digging for scraps of food and large groups of Jews being led to deportation and being loaded into box cars.
In 1944, the Nazis started the liquidation of the Lodz ghetto and the deportation of the remaining Jews from it to Chelmno and Auschwitz. In the fall of 1944, Ross buried his photos and negatives in a box, hoping they might survive as a historical record. 800 Jews, including Henryk Ross, were temporary left in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20stations%20in%20Wellington | This is a list of radio stations in the Wellington Region of New Zealand.
Note: Several FM stations changed their frequency during October 2010, as broadcast licenses were renewed and spacing standardized to 0.8 MHz. AM stations were also moved in 1978 when New Zealand switched from 10 kHz frequency spacing to 9 kHz spacing.
Wellington metro radio stations
FM stations
Nearly all full-power FM stations in Wellington broadcast from the Mount Kaukau transmitter. As a general rule, frequencies in Wellington are spaced 0.8 MHz apart, starting from 89.3 MHz.
Some Hutt Valley "infill" frequencies with transmitters at Towai or Fitzherbert have been allocated to the 0.4 MHz "gap" in between other stations.
AM stations
Internet Radio Stations
The rise in internet radio stations has been prevalent in Wellington. Mouthfull Radio is the contemporary station that showcases community online radio from Wellington. Most stations also use an m3u stream on their website so you can listen online if you are outside of the band of radio in proximity.
Decommissioned frequencies
The following frequencies were previously used in the Wellington region, but most were decommissioned in the reallocation of frequencies in October 2010.
It is unlikely that most of these FM frequencies will be re-used as most do not fit within the current band spacing plan. Possible exceptions are 102.1/102.9 FM and 96.9 FM that fit the band plans for Wellington and Hutt Valley respectively.
Low power FM freq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos%20Tak%C3%A1cs | Lajos Takács (August 21, 1924 (Maglód) – December 4, 2015) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his contributions to probability theory and in particular, queueing theory. He wrote over two hundred scientific papers and six books.
He studied at the Technical University of Budapest (1943-1948), taking courses with Charles Jordan and received an M.S. for his dissertation On a Probability-theoretical Investigation of Brownian Motion (1948). From 1945-48 he was a student assistant to Professor Zoltán Bay and participated in his famous experiment of receiving microwave echoes from the Moon (1946). In 1957 he received the Academic Doctor's Degree in Mathematics for his thesis entitled "Stochastic processes arising in the theory of particle counters" (1957).
He worked as a mathematician at the Tungsram Research Laboratory (1948–55), the Research Institute for Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1950–58) and was an associate professor in the Department of Mathematics of the L. Eötvös University (1953–58). He was the first to introduce semi-Markov processes in queueing theory.
He took a lecturing appointment at Imperial College in London and London School of Economics (1958), before moving to Columbia University in New York City (1959–66) and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland (1966–87), advising over twenty Ph.D.-theses. He also held visiting appointments at Bell Labs and IBM Research, had sabbaticals at Stanford University (1966). He was a Professor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinya%20Yamanaka | is a Japanese stem cell researcher and a Nobel Prize laureate. He is a professor and the director emeritus of Center for iPS Cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell) Research and Application, Kyoto University; as a senior investigator at the UCSF-affiliated Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Yamanaka is also a past president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
He received the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the biomedicine category, the 2011 Wolf Prize in Medicine with Rudolf Jaenisch, and the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize together with Linus Torvalds. In 2012, he and John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells. In 2013, he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.
Education
Yamanaka was born in Higashiōsaka, Japan, in 1962. After graduating from Tennōji High School attached to Osaka Kyoiku University, he received his M.D. degree at Kobe University in 1987 and his Ph.D. degree at Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine in 1993. After this, he went through a residency in orthopedic surgery at National Osaka Hospital and a postdoctoral fellowship at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco.
Afterwards, he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, US, and Nara Insti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20oxide | The gate oxide is the dielectric layer that separates the gate terminal of a MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) from the underlying source and drain terminals as well as the conductive channel that connects source and drain when the transistor is turned on. Gate oxide is formed by thermal oxidation of the silicon of the channel to form a thin (5 - 200 nm) insulating layer of silicon dioxide. The insulating silicon dioxide layer is formed through a process of self-limiting oxidation, which is described by the Deal–Grove model. A conductive gate material is subsequently deposited over the gate oxide to form the transistor. The gate oxide serves as the dielectric layer so that the gate can sustain as high as 1 to 5 MV/cm transverse electric field in order to strongly modulate the conductance of the channel.
Above the gate oxide is a thin electrode layer made of a conductor which can be aluminium, a highly doped silicon, a refractory metal such as tungsten, a silicide (TiSi, MoSi2, TaSi or WSi2) or a sandwich of these layers. This gate electrode is often called "gate metal" or "gate conductor". The geometrical width of the gate conductor electrode (the direction transverse to current flow) is called the physical gate width. The physical gate width may be slightly different from the electrical channel width used to model the transistor as fringing electric fields can exert an influence on conductors that are not immediately below the gate.
The electric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Van%20Camp | Benjamin Van Camp (born 26 December 1946) is a Belgian scientist working on the immunobiology of B cell malignancies and multiple myeloma, and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Between 2000 and 2008 he was the rector of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Benjamin Van Camp was born in Mechelen, Belgium, in 1946. He graduated magna cum laude at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1971, and earned his PhD degree in 1979. He spent several years working abroad at the University of California, San Diego, Stanford University and University of Nebraska, and he worked with the IMF's chairman, Dr. Brian G.M. Durie, at both the University of Arizona and the University of London.
Currently, he is a professor of hematology and immunology at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. He is also the head of the Blood Transfusion Center Jette and head of the Clinical Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology at the academic hospital UZBrussel.
Benjamin Van Camp has held numerous appointments including President of the Belgian Hematological Society and the Belgian Immunological Society, and he is currently President of the International Crythropoietim Advisory Board and a Scientific Advisor to the International Myeloma Foundation. He was knighted by King Albert II of Belgium in 2006 for his achievements in life sciences and in the Belgian academic world.
References
External links
Personal website (in Dutch)
1946 births
Living people
Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni
Scientists from Mechelen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th%20of%20Never | 12th of Never may refer to:
12th of Never (novel), a 2013 novel by James Patterson
"The Twelfth of Never", a song by Johnny Mathis
Twelfth of Never, an idiom of improbability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus%20of%20Thessalonica | Philippus of Thessalonica (Greek: Φίλιππος ὁ Θεσσαλονικεύς) (1st century) or Philippus Epigrammaticus was the compiler of an Anthology of Epigrammatists subsequent to Meleager of Gadara and is himself the author of 72 epigrams in the Greek Anthology. Philippus has one word which describes the epigram by a single quality; he calls his work an oligostikhia or collection of poems not exceeding a few lines in length. Philippus' own epigrams, of which over seventy are extant, are generally rather dull, chiefly school exercises, and, in the phrase of Jacobs, imitatione magis quam inventione conspicua (more like imitation than striking innovation). But we owe to him the preservation of a large mass of work belonging to the Roman period.
His collection of epigrams is referred to as the Garland of Philip, in imitation of the Garland of Meleager, who lived in the first century BC and had collected epigrams from the Classical and Hellenistic period.
References
About.com
Ancient Library
Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology by J. W. Mackail
Anthologists
Ancient Roman poets
Roman-era Thessalonians
Ancient Macedonian poets
Ancient Macedonian anthologists
Ancient Greek anthologists
Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology
1st-century Greek poets |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.