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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%283-hydroxybutyrate%29%20depolymerase | Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase (EC 3.1.1.75, PHB depolymerase, systematic name poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate] hydrolase) is an enzyme used in the degradation processes of a natural polyester poly(3-hydroxyburate). This enzyme has growing commercialization interests due to it implications in biodegradable plastic decomposition.
It catalyzes the reaction
[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate]n + H2O = [(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate]n-x + [(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate]x; x = 1–5
Other names in common use include PHB depolymerase, poly(3HB) depolymerase, poly[(R)-hydroxyalkanoic acid] depolymerase, poly(HA) depolymerase, poly(HASCL) depolymerase, and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] hydrolase.
Function
This enzyme is used in a multitude of bacteria and microbes and anaerobic and aerobic environments. Species such as Pseudomonas lemoigne, Comamonas sp. Acidovorax faecalis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Variovorax paradoxus have been found in soil, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas, Illyobacter delafieldi, have been found in aerobic sludge, and finally, Comamonas testosterone, Pseudomonas stutzeri, are found in seawater and lakewater.
Among the most studied, Alcaligenes faecalis, uses this depolymerase to metabolize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), breaking it down for its stores of carbon. The metabolization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) allows for high growth rates in these organisms when the bioavailability of carbon in the environment is low. Some of these microbes such as Alcaligenes faecalis AE122, can utilize t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneuridine-aldehyde%20esterase | The enzyme polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase (EC 3.1.1.78) catalyzes the following reaction:
polyneuridine aldehyde + H2O 16-epivellosimine + CO2 + methanol
This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is polyneuridine aldehyde hydrolase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include:
polyneuridine aldehyde esterase
PNAE
Homologues
This enzyme is found in various forms in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max (soybean), Vitis vinifera (wine grape), and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) among others.
Polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase also appears in select bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae.
Structure
The secondary structure of this enzyme consists mainly of α helices. In its native form, this enzyme has a tertiary structure that includes two main lobes (as depicted above in the blue 3D representation on the top right).
Reaction
Polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methyl ester in polyneuridine aldehyde to form polyneuridine β-aldehydoacid and methanol. The carboxylic acid in the product spontaneously undergoes decarboxylation, yielding 16-epivellosimine and carbon dioxide.
Mechanism
The mechanism of hydrolysis performed by polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase is not known. It has been suggested that the enzyme utilizes a catalytic triad composed of Ser-87, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide%203%27-phosphatase | The enzyme polynucleotide 3′-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.32) catalyzes the reaction
a 3′-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O a polynucleotide + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is polynucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include 2′(3′)-polynucleotidase, DNA 3′-phosphatase, deoxyribonucleate 3′-phosphatase, and 5′-polynucleotidekinase 3′-phosphatase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes and .
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide%205%27-phosphatase | The enzyme polynucleotide 5′-phosphatase (RNA 5′-triphosphatase, RTPase, EC 3.1.3.33) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
a 5′-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O a polynucleotide + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is polynucleotide 5′-phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 5′-polynucleotidase.
The only specific molecular function known is the catalysis of the reaction:
a 5′-end triphospho-(purine-ribonucleotide) in mRNA + H2O = a 5′-end diphospho-(purine-ribonucleoside) in mRNA + phosphate
RTPases cleave the 5′-terminal γ-β phosphoanhydride bond of nascent messenger RNA molecules, enabling the addition of a five-prime cap as part of post-transcriptional modifications. RTPases generate 5′-diphosphate-ended mRNA and a phosphate ion from 5′-triphosphate-ended precursor mRNA. mRNA guanylyltransferase then adds a backwards guanosine monophosphate (GMP) group from GTP, generating pyrophosphate, and mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase methylates the guanine to form the final 5′-cap structure.
There are two families of RTPases known so far:
the metal-dependent family. Yeast, protozoan, and viral RTPases require a metal co-factor for their activity, which is most often either Mg2+ or Mn2+. This class of enzymes is also able to hydrolyze free nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of either Mn2+ or Co2+.
the metal-independent family. These groups do not require metals f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenyl-diphosphatase | The enzyme prenyl-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.7.1) catalyzes the reaction
prenyl diphosphate + H2O prenol + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on diphosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is prenyl-diphosphate diphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include prenyl-pyrophosphatase, prenol pyrophosphatase, and prenylphosphatase.
References
EC 3.1.7
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sulfoglucosamine-3-sulfatase | The enzyme N-sulfoglucosamine-3-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.15}) catalyzes cleaving off the 3-sulfate groups of the N-sulfo-D-glucosamine 3-O-sulfate units of heparin.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on sulfuric ester bonds. The systematic nameis ''N''-sulfo-3-sulfoglucosamine 3-sulfohydrolase. This enzyme is also called chondroitinsulfatase. This enzyme participates in the degradation of glycan structures.
References
EC 3.1.6
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-glutamate%20methylesterase | The enzyme protein-glutamate methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.61) catalyzes the reaction
protein L-glutamate O 5-methyl ester + H2O protein L-glutamate + methanol
This enzyme is a demethylase, and more specifically it belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is protein-Lglutamate-O 5-methyl-ester acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include chemotaxis-specific methylesterase, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein methyl-esterase, CheB methylesterase, methylesterase CheB, protein methyl-esterase, protein carboxyl methylesterase, PME, protein methylesterase, and protein-L-glutamate-5-O-methyl-ester acylhydrolase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: two-component system - general, bacterial chemotaxis - general, and bacterial chemotaxis - organism-specific.
CheB is part of a two-component signal transduction system. These systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions. Two-component systems are composed of a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and its cognate response regulator (RR). The HK catalyses its own autophosphorylation followed by the transfer of the phosphoryl group to the receiver domain on RR; phosphorylation of the RR usually activates an attached output domain, in this case a methyltransferase domain.
CheB is involved in chemotaxis. CheB methylesterase is responsible for removing the methyl group from the gamma-glutamy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal%20phosphatase | The enzyme pyridoxal phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.74) catalyzes the reaction
pyridoxal 5′-phosphate + H2O pyridoxal + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is pyridoxal-5′-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include vitamine B6 (pyridoxine) phosphatase, PLP phosphatase, vitamin B6-phosphate phosphatase, and PNP phosphatase. This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28pyruvate%20dehydrogenase%20%28acetyl-transferring%29%29-phosphatase | The enzyme [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)]-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.43) catalyzes the reaction
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphate + HO [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphatase, and [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28pyruvate%20kinase%29-phosphatase | The enzyme [pyruvate kinase]-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.49) catalyzes the reaction
[pyruvate kinase] phosphate + HO [pyruvate kinase] + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase]-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called pyruvate kinase phosphatase.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinyl-palmitate%20esterase | In enzymology, a retinyl-palmitate esterase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
retinyl palmitate + H2O retinol + palmitate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are retinyl palmitate and H2O, whereas its two products are retinol and palmitate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is retinyl-palmitate palmitohydrolase. Other names in common use include retinyl palmitate hydrolase, retinyl palmitate hydrolyase, and retinyl ester hydrolase. This enzyme participates in retinol metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase | Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase (also sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase or SBPase, EC number 3.1.3.37; systematic name sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate to produce sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. SBPase is an example of a phosphatase, or, more generally, a hydrolase. This enzyme participates in the Calvin cycle.
Structure
SBPase is a homodimeric protein, meaning that it is made up of two identical subunits. The size of this protein varies between species, but is about 92,000 Da (two 46,000 Da subunits) in cucumber plant leaves. The key functional domain controlling SBPase function involves a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues. These two cysteine residues, Cys52 and Cys57, appear to be located in a flexible loop between the two subunits of the homodimer, near the active site of the enzyme. Reduction of this regulatory disulfide bond by thioredoxin incites a conformational change in the active site, activating the enzyme. Additionally, SBPase requires the presence of magnesium (Mg2+) to be functionally active. SBPase is bound to the stroma-facing side of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast in a plant. Some studies have suggested the SBPase may be part of a large (900 kDa) multi-enzyme complex along with a number of other photosynthetic enzymes.
Regulation
SBPase is involved in the regeneration of 5-carbon sugars during the Calvin cycle. Although SBPase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine-ethanolaminephosphate%20phosphodiesterase | The enzyme serine-ethanolaminephosphate phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.13) catalyzes the reaction
serine phosphoethanolamine + H2O serine + ethanolamine phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name is serine-phosphoethanolamine ethanolaminephosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include serine ethanolamine phosphodiester phosphodiesterase, and SEP diesterase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.4
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-formylglutathione%20hydrolase | The enzyme S-formylglutathione hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.12) catalyzes the reaction
S-formylglutathione + H2O glutathione + formate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is ''S''-formylglutathione hydrolase. It participates in methane metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialate%20O-acetylesterase | The enzyme sialate O-acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.53) catalyzes the reaction
N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate
In human it is encoded by the SIAE gene located on chromosome 11.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-acyl-O-acetylneuraminate O-acetylhydrolase. Other names in common use include ''N-acetylneuraminate acetyltransferase, sialate 9(4)-O''-acetylesterase, and sialidase.
Function
SIAE activity negatively regulates B lymphocyte antigen receptor signalling and is required for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. It down-regulates B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling (involving CD22), and is required for immunological tolerance e.g. in mice.
Structure
The SIAE gene contains 15 exons and expresses a protein that is approximately 56 kDa in size. It is known to be expressed in the adult testis.
Clinical Significance
Genetic defects in SIAE have been associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Loss of function mutations in SIAE are much more frequently found in humans with autoimmune diseases especially rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
Genetic variants and polymorphisms associated with the SIAE gene have been implicated in susceptibility to Autoimmune Disease 6 (AIS6). Individuals susceptible to AIS6 may suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and othe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapine%20esterase | The enzyme sinapine esterase (EC 3.1.1.49) catalyzes the reaction
sinapoylcholine + H2O sinapate + choline
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sinapoylcholine sinapohydrolase. This enzyme is also called aromatic choline esterase. This enzyme participates in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28S%29-methylmalonyl-CoA%20hydrolase | The enzyme (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.17) catalyzes the reaction
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + HO methylmalonate + CoA
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase. This enzyme is also called D-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A hydrolase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol-6-phosphatase | The enzyme sorbitol-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.50) catalyzes the reaction
sorbitol 6-phosphate + H2O sorbitol + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sorbitol-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called sorbitol-6-phosphate phosphatase.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-succinylglutathione%20hydrolase | The enzyme S-succinylglutathione hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.13) catalyzes the reaction
S-succinylglutathione + H2O glutathione + succinate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is ''S''-succinylglutathione hydrolase.
References
EC 3.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid-lactonase | The enzyme steroid-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.37) catalyzes the reaction
testololactone + H2O testolate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name testololactone lactonohydrolase.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol%20esterase | The enzyme sterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) catalyzes the reaction
a sterol ester + H2O a sterol + a fatty acid
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is steryl-ester acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include cholesterol esterase, cholesteryl ester synthase, triterpenol esterase, cholesteryl esterase, cholesteryl ester hydrolase, sterol ester hydrolase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, cholesterase, and acylcholesterol lipase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycin-6-phosphatase | The enzyme streptomycin-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.39) catalyzes the reaction
streptomycin 6-phosphate + H2O streptomycin + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is streptomycin-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include streptomycin 6-phosphate phosphatase, streptomycin 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, and streptomycin-6-P phosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in streptomycin biosynthesis.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-CoA%20hydrolase | The enzyme succinyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.3) catalyzes the reaction
succinyl-CoA + H2O CoA + succinate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is succinyl-CoA hydrolase. Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA acylase, succinyl coenzyme A hydrolase, and succinyl coenzyme A deacylase. This enzyme participates in the tricaboxylate cycle.
References
EC 3.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose-phosphatase | The enzyme sucrose-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.24) catalyzes the reaction
sucrose 6F-phosphate + H2O sucrose + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sucrose-6F-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase, sucrose-phosphate hydrolase, sucrose-phosphate phosphohydrolase, and sucrose-6-phosphatase. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , and .
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-phosphatase | The enzyme sugar-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.23) catalyzes the reaction
sugar phosphate + H2O sugar + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is sugar-phosphate phosphohydrolase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-terminal-phosphatase | The enzyme sugar-terminal-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.58) catalyzes the chemical reaction
D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O D-glucose + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is sugar-ω-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called xylitol-5-phosphatase.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannase | The enzyme tannase (EC 3.1.1.20) catalyzes the following reaction:
digallate + H2O = 2 gallate
It is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins and ellagicitannins, two types of hydrolysable tannins. Specifically, tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins to release glucose and gallic or ellagic acid.
Tannase belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is tannin acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include tannase S, and tannin acetylhydrolase.
This enzyme has two known domains and one known active site. Tannase can be found in plants, bacteria, and fungi and has different purposes depending on the organism it is found in. Tannase also has many purposes for human use. The production of gallic acid is important in the pharmaceutical industry as it's needed to create trimethoprim, an antibacterial drug. Tannase also has many applications in the food and beverage industry. Specifically, its used to make food and drinks taste better, either by removing turbidity from juices or wines, or removing the bitter taste of tannins in some food and drinks, such as acorn wine. Additionally, because tannase can break ester bonds of glucose with various acids (chebulinic, gallic, and hexahydrophenic), it can be used in the process of fruit ripening.
Mechanism
In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the central ester bond between the two aromatic rings of digallate ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%283-hydroxyoctanoate%29%20depolymerase | The enzyme poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) depolymerase (EC 3.1.1.76) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polyester poly{oxycarbonyl[(R)-2-pentylethylene] to oligomers
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is poly{oxycarbonyl[(R)-2-pentylethylene]} hydrolase. Other names in common use include PHO depolymerase, poly(3HO) depolymerase, poly[(R)-hydroxyalkanoic acid] depolymerase, poly(HA) depolymerase, poly(HAMCL) depolymerase, and poly[(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoate] hydrolase.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate%205%27-phosphatase | The enzyme thymidylate 5′-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.35) catalyzes the reaction
thymidylate + H2O thymidine + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is thymidylate 5′-phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include thymidylate 5′-nucleotidase, deoxythymidylate 5′-nucleotidase, thymidylate nucleotidase, deoxythymidylic 5′-nucleotidase, deoxythymidylate phosphohydrolase, and dTMPase.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose-phosphatase | The enzyme trehalose-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.12) catalyzes the reaction
α,α-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O α,α-trehalose + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is α,α-trehalose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include trehalose 6-phosphatase, trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase, and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triacetate-lactonase | The enzyme triacetate-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.38) catalyzes the reaction
triacetate lactone + H2O triacetate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is triacetolactone lactonohydrolase. Other names in common use include triacetic lactone hydrolase, triacetic acid lactone hydrolase, TAL hydrolase, and triacetate lactone hydrolase.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropinesterase | The enzyme tropinesterase (EC 3.1.1.10) catalyzes the reaction
atropine + H2O tropine + tropate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is atropine acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include tropine esterase, atropinase, and atropine esterase.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uronolactonase | The enzyme uronolactonase (EC 3.1.1.19) catalyzes the reaction
D-glucurono-6,2-lactone + H2O D-glucuronate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is D-glucurono-6,2-lactone lactonohydrolase. It is also called glucuronolactonase. It participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax-ester%20hydrolase | The enzyme wax-ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.50) catalyzes the reaction
a wax ester + H2O a long-chain alcohol + a long-chain carboxylate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are wax ester and H2O, whereas its two products are long-chain alcohol and long-chain carboxylate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is wax-ester acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include jojoba wax esterase, and WEH.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylono-1%2C4-lactonase | The enzyme xylono-1,4-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.68) catalyzes the reaction
D-xylono-1,4-lactone + H2O D-xylonate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-xylono-1,4-lactone lactonohydrolase. Other names in common use include xylono-γ-lactonase, and xylonolactonase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icerudivirus | Icerudivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Rudiviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped, stiff-rod-shaped viruses with linear dsDNA genomes, that infect hyperthermophilic archaea of the species Sulfolobus islandicus. There are three species in the genus.
Taxonomy
The following species are assigned to the genus:
Icerudivirus SIRV1
Icerudivirus SIRV2
Icerudivirus SIRV3
Icerudivirus was previously named Rudivirus but was renamed in 2020.
Discovery
SIRV1 and SIRV2 were produced by colony-cloned Sulfolobus islandicus strains. The two strains were isolated from samples taken in 1994 from different solfataric fields in Iceland, the Kverkfjöll and Hveragerði, which are separated by a distance of 250 km. These Icelandic solfataric acidic hot springs reach a temperature of 88 °C and pH 2.5.
Structure
Virions are non-enveloped, consisting of a tube-like superhelix formed by dsDNA and the major structural protein, with plugs at each end to which three tail fibers are anchored. These tail fibers appear to be involved in adsorption onto the host cell surface and are formed by one of the minor structural proteins.
SIRV1 and SIRV2 are stiff rods of about 23 nm in width, but differing in length—SIRV1 is about 830 nm and SIRV2 is about 900 nm long. They present a central channel of approx. 6 nm that encapsidates the DNA genome. At each terminus of the rod there is a plug of approx. 48 nm in length and 6 nm in diameter that fills the terminal portion of the cavity, together with t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudiviridae | Rudiviridae is a family of viruses with linear double stranded DNA genomes that infect archaea. The viruses of this family are highly thermostable and can act as a template for site-selective and spatially controlled chemical modification. Furthermore, the two strands of the DNA are covalently linked at both ends of the genomes, which have long inverted terminal repeats. These inverted repeats are an adaptation to stabilize the genome in these extreme environments.
Taxonomy
The following genera are assigned to the family:
Azorudivirus
Hoswirudivirus
Icerudivirus
Itarudivirus
Japarudivirus
Mexirudivirus
Usarudivirus
References
External links
Virus families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoviridae | Ascoviridae is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, Ascovirus, which contains three species, and Toursvirus with a single species Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus.
Taxonomy
The family contains the following genera and species:
Ascovirus
Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3a
Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a
Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2a
Toursvirus
Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus
Genome
The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular double-stranded DNA. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 42-60%.
The genome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a has been sequenced. It is 156,922 bases in length and encodes 123 putative open reading frames. The G+C ratio is 49.2%. Among the encoded proteins are a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase and a patatin-like phospholipase.
Virology
The virions consist of an envelope, a core, and an internal lipid membrane associated with the inner particle. The virus capsid is enveloped and measures 130 nm in diameter, and 200-240 nm in length. Virions are bacilliform, ovoid, and allantoid.
These viruses infect immature stages of the order Lepidoptera, in which they cause a chronic, fatal disease. They are transmissed by endoparasitic wasps and the host develops a unique cytopathology that resembles apoptosis. Cell i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348%20Toronto%20Maple%20Leafs%20season | The 1947–48 Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup.
Offseason
Regular season
Final standings
Record vs. opponents
Schedule and results
Player statistics
Regular season
Scoring
Goaltending
Playoffs
Scoring
Goaltending
Playoffs
Stanley Cup Finals
This was the debut series for Detroit's Gordie Howe, and the last for Toronto's Syl Apps who retired after the series.
Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–0.
Awards and records
Prince of Wales Trophy
Vezina Trophy: || Turk Broda
Turk Broda, Goaltender, NHL First Team All-Star
Transactions
May 15, 1947: Traded Buck Jones and Nick Knott to the Tulsa Oilers of the USHL for cash
October 5, 1947: Traded Gordie Bell to the Washington Lions of the AHL for cash
November 2, 1947: Acquired Max Bentley and Cy Thomas from the Chicago Black Hawks for Gus Bodnar, Gaye Stewart, Bob Goldham, Bud Poile and Ernie Dickens
References
Maple Leafs on Hockey Database
Maple Leafs on Database Hockey
Stanley Cup championship seasons
Toronto Maple Leafs seasons
Toronto
Tor
1948 Stanley Cup
Toronto Maple Leafs
Toronto Maple Leafs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides%20Brezina | Aristides Brezina (4 May 1848 – 25 May 1909) was an Austrian mineralogist born in Vienna.
In 1872 he graduated from the University of Tübingen, and afterwards taught crystallography at the University of Vienna. In 1878 he succeeded Austrian mineralogist Gustav Tschermak (1836-1927) as custodian of the meteorite collection at Vienna, and from 1889 until 1896 he was director of the Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung (Department of Mineralogy-Petrography). In 1886, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Brezina is known for his study of meteorites, and with German mineralogist Gustav Rose (1798-1873) and Tschermak, he was co-architect of the "Rose-Tschermak-Brezina classification" system for meteorites. It was largely based on criteria such as texture and color, and was widely used from the mid-1880s to around 1920 when a simpler method of classification was proposed by George Thurland Prior.
Brezinaite, a mineral found in meteorites, is named after him.
Bibliography
Brezina, A. (1904), "The Arrangement of Collections of Meteorites", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.43, No.176, (April 1904), pp.211-247.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
"The New Museum Idea"
References
Biographies of Mineralogists
1848 births
1909 deaths
Austrian mineralogists
Scientists from Vienna
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Meteorite researchers
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20T.%20Wickner | William T. Wickner (born March 13, 1946), is an authority on membrane fusion, a fundamental process in all eukaryotic cells.
Education
Bill Wickner, brother of prion biologist Reed Wickner and Cornell graduate Nancy Wickner Kogan, is a 1967 graduate of Yale University (chemistry) and a 1973 M.D. graduate of Harvard Medical School. At Harvard, he worked with Eugene P. Kennedy.
Career and research
He conducted post-doctoral research with Arthur Kornberg at Stanford University, co-discovering the role of an RNA primer in the replication of DNA. He began his independent research career as a Mellon senior fellow at Stanford in 1974, where he initiated studies of asymmetric membrane assembly in bacteria.
Wickner then spent 17 years on the faculty of UCLA, during which time he earned honors including an American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship and an NIH MERIT Award.
In 1993, he moved to Dartmouth Medical School, where he became chair of the biochemistry department.
Wickner has trained many successful scientists including Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Gail Mandel, Pamela Silver, Gunnar von Heijne.
Wickner's Lab currently explores yeast vacuole fusion as a model for membrane fusion.
Awards and honors
Wickner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996. In 2017, he received the William C. Rose Award of the ASBMB. Wickner is also a foreign associate of the European Molecular Biology Organization and a member of the American Academy of Arts a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20surface | In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress,
such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids.
An example of two such homogeneous fluids would be a body of water (liquid) and the air in the Earth's atmosphere (gas mixture). Unlike liquids, gases cannot form a free surface on their own.
Fluidized/liquified solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders may form a free surface.
A liquid in a gravitational field will form a free surface if unconfined from above.
Under mechanical equilibrium this free surface must be perpendicular to the forces acting on the liquid; if not there would be a force along the surface, and the liquid would flow in that direction. Thus, on the surface of the Earth, all free surfaces of liquids are horizontal unless disturbed (except near solids dipping into them, where surface tension distorts the surface in a region called the meniscus).
In a free liquid that is not affected by outside forces such as a gravitational field, internal attractive forces only play a role (e.g. Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds). Its free surface will assume the shape with the least surface area for its volume: a perfect sphere. Such behaviour can be expressed in terms of surface tension. It can be demonstrated experimentally by observing a large globule of oil placed below the surface of a mixture of water and alcohol having the same density so the oil has neutral buoyancy.
Flatness
Flatness refe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20field | A stress field is the distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of external forces. Stress fields are widely used in fluid dynamics and materials science.
Consider that one can picture the stress fields as the stress created by adding an extra half plane of atoms to a crystal. The bonds are clearly stretched around the location of the dislocation and this stretching causes the stress field to form. Atomic bonds farther and farther away from the dislocation centre are less and less stretched which is why the stress field dissipates as the distance from the dislocation centre increases. Each dislocation within the material has a stress field associated with it. The creation of these stress fields is a result of the material trying to dissipate mechanical energy that is being exerted on the material. By convention, these dislocations are labelled as either positive or negative depending on whether the stress field of the dislocation is mostly compressive or tensile.
By modelling of dislocations and their stress fields as either a positive (compressive field) or negative (tensile field) charges we can understand how dislocations interact with each other in the lattice. If two like fields come in contact with one another they will be repelled by one another. On the other hand, if two opposing charges come into contact with one another they will be attracted to one another. These two interactions will both strengthen the material in different ways. If two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20cell%20biology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology:
Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversities of single-celled organisms like bacteria and the complex specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans. Formerly, the field was called cytology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow;" and -λογία, -logia).
A branch of science
Cell biology can be described as all of the following:
Branch of science – A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Branch of natural science – The branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose.
Branch of biology – The study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
Academic discipline – Focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates experti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Roche | John Anthony Roche (18 May 1932 – 1988) was an English footballer who played as a forward. Born in Poplar, London, he played professionally for Millwall and Crystal Palace between 1957 and 1960, making a total of 61 Football League appearances.
Career
Roche began his career in non-league football with Margate before signing for Millwall in 1957. In May 1959, he signed for Crystal Palace then playing in the Football League Fourth Division. He made a goal-scoring debut on 3 September in a home 3–2 win against Oldham Athletic and went on to make 36 appearances that season, scoring 11 times. At the end of the 1959–60 season, he returned to Margate.
Personal life
Roche died in 1988, aged 53 or 54. His grandson Jamie Roche, born in Sweden to a Swedish mother and Roche's son (who himself played semi-professionally), is also a professional footballer.
References
External links
Johnny Roche at holmesdale.net
1932 births
1988 deaths
English men's footballers
Footballers from Poplar, London
Margate F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Keilson | Julian Keilson (November 19, 1924 – March 8, 1999 in Rochester, New York) was an American
mathematician.
He was known for his work in probability theory. His work in survival analysis is relevant to many fields, e.g., medical research, parts supply, asset depreciation, rental pricing, etc.
He got his B.Sc. in physics from Brooklyn College,
and M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. His Ph.D. thesis advisor was the Nobel Prize–winning professor of Physics, Julian Schwinger. Next he worked at
MIT Lincoln Laboratories and GTE Laboratories before joining the faculty at University of Rochester (1966–96) where
he started the statistics department.
He also taught at MIT Sloan School of Management (1986–92).
Books
Green's functions in probability theory (1965)
Markov chain models -- rarity and exponentiality
References
20th-century American mathematicians
Brooklyn College alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Rochester faculty
1924 births
1999 deaths
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrobe%20nugget | The Latrobe nugget is one of the largest clusters of cubic gold crystals known in the world and is kept at the Natural History Museum in London. The nugget weighs 717 grams. It was found at Mount McIvor, Victoria, Australia. It was raised on 1 May 1853 in the presence of Charles La Trobe, Governor of Victoria, and was named in his honour.
Naturally all gold has a crystalline structure, yet nuggets showing this structure are very uncommon. They require specific conditions to form, in particular space in which to grow. Crystals of gold are found in cavities in softer minerals such as iron oxides, where they have pushed aside the enclosing material as they grew. Gold crystallises in the cubic system, and perhaps the most common variety is the eight-sided octahedron, of which the Latrobe Nugget is a good example.
See also
Gold nugget
Notes
References
The Vault, Natural History Museum, London.
Gold
Gold nuggets
Geology of Victoria (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-cell%20sarcoma%20of%20the%20kidney | Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is an extremely rare type of kidney cancer comprising 3% of all pediatric renal tumours. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney can spread from the kidney to other organs, most commonly the bone, but also including the lungs, brain, and soft tissues of the body.
Despite the similarities in names, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is unrelated to clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue, also known as malignant melanoma of soft parts.
Signs and symptoms
Typical gross features include large size (mean diameter 11.3 cm), a mucoid texture, foci of necrosis, and prominent cyst formation.
Cause
Research in 2005 showed that CCSK can arise within a renal mesenchymal cell that shows a wide variety of neural markers. Typical presentation is between 1 and 4 years of age, and a 2:1 male-to-female ratio is observed.
Treatment
2004 research showed that CCSK patients exhibit an improved relapse-free survival from a longer course of therapy when using vincristine, doxorubicin, and dactinomycin, but their long-term survival is unchanged compared with patients receiving 6 months of therapy.
References
External links
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Rare cancers
Kidney cancer
Sarcoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karn%27s%20algorithm | Karn's algorithm addresses the problem of getting accurate estimates of the round-trip time for messages when using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in computer networking. The algorithm, also sometimes termed as the Karn-Partridge algorithm was proposed in a paper by Phil Karn and Craig Partridge in 1987.
Accurate round trip estimates in TCP can be difficult to calculate because of an ambiguity created by retransmitted segments. The round trip time is estimated as the difference between the time that a segment was sent and the time that its acknowledgment was returned to the sender, but when packets are re-transmitted there is an ambiguity: the acknowledgment may be a response to the first transmission of the segment or to a subsequent re-transmission.
Karn's Algorithm ignores retransmitted segments when updating the round-trip time estimate. Round trip time estimation is based only on unambiguous acknowledgments, which are acknowledgments for segments that were sent only once.
This simplistic implementation of Karn's algorithm can lead to problems as well. Consider what happens when TCP sends a segment after a sharp increase in delay. Using the prior round-trip time estimate, TCP computes a timeout and retransmits a segment. If TCP ignores the round-trip time of all retransmitted packets, the round trip estimate will never be updated, and TCP will continue retransmitting every segment, never adjusting to the increased delay.
A solution to this problem is to inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee%20Sue-goo | Rhee Sue-Goo (born 1943) is a Korean-born American biochemist. Rhee was chief of the Laboratory of Cell Signaling, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. He moved to Ewha Womans University in South Korea in 2005.
Rhee received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Seoul National University and PhD degree in organic chemistry from The Catholic University of America in 1966 and 1972, respectively. He was a postdoctoral fellow of Earl Stadtman's group at NIH. He started his own lab at NIH as a section chief of signal transduction after several years of working as a senior biochemist.
His most acclaimed contribution to cell signaling is the discovery of seven of the twelve isozymes of phospholipase C. He was ranked among the most cited 250 biochemists.
References
External links
Rhee's lab webpage at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
Living people
1943 births
South Korean emigrants to the United States
National Institutes of Health
Catholic University of America alumni
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean chemists
21st-century American biochemists
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in Science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani%20people%20in%20Ireland | The number of Romani people in Ireland is roughly estimated, as the Central Statistics Office collects its data based on nationality and not ethnic origin. For this reason a precise demographic profile of the Romani in Ireland is not available. Some estimates of Romani in Ireland give the population at 1,700 in 2004, rising to between 2,500 and 3,000 in 2005. The majority derived from Romani populations originating in Ukraine and Hungary.
History
Origin
The Romani people originate from Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab.
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of Northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma.
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were chil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20convergence%20theorem | In mathematics, an autonomous convergence theorem is one of a family of related theorems which specify conditions guaranteeing global asymptotic stability of a continuous autonomous dynamical system.
History
The Markus–Yamabe conjecture was formulated as an attempt to give conditions for global stability of continuous dynamical systems in two dimensions. However, the Markus–Yamabe conjecture does not hold for dimensions higher than two, a problem which autonomous convergence theorems attempt to address. The first autonomous convergence theorem was constructed by Russell Smith. This theorem was later refined by Michael Li and James Muldowney.
An example autonomous convergence theorem
A comparatively simple autonomous convergence theorem is as follows:
Let be a vector in some space , evolving according to an autonomous differential equation . Suppose that is convex and forward invariant under , and that there exists a fixed point such that . If there exists a logarithmic norm such that the Jacobian satisfies for all values of , then is the only fixed point, and it is globally asymptotically stable.
This autonomous convergence theorem is very closely related to the Banach fixed-point theorem.
How autonomous convergence works
Note: this is an intuitive description of how autonomous convergence theorems guarantee stability, not a strictly mathematical description.
The key point in the example theorem given above is the existence of a negative logarithmic norm, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20light%20%28disambiguation%29 | The speed of light is a physical constant, the rate at which light travels in a vacuum.
Speed of Light may also refer to:
Speed of light (cellular automaton), the greatest rate of information propagation in a cellular automaton
Speed of light in water = 2 × 10^8 m/s
Speed of light in glass = 2.25 × 10^8 m/s
Music
"Speed of Light", a song by the band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, from their 1991 album Sugar Tax
"Speed of Light", a song by guitarist Joe Satriani, from his 1993 album Time Machine
"Speed of Light", a song by the band Stratovarius, from their 1996 album Episode
"Speed of Light", a song by the band van Canto, from their 2008 album Hero
"Speed of Light", a song by the band Teenage Fanclub, from their 1997 album Songs from Northern Britain
"Speed of Light" (Speed song), a single by South Korea boy group Speed
Speed of Light (album), a 2009 album by Corbin Bleu
"Speed of Light" (Iron Maiden song), 2015
See also
Faster than the speed of light (disambiguation)
Lightspeed (disambiguation)
The Speed of Darkness (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Walsh%20%28footballer%29 | Ian Patrick Walsh (born 4 September 1958 in St David's) is a former Wales international footballer.
Club career
Walsh began his career at Crystal Palace, winning the FA Youth Cup in 1977, before forcing his way into the first team, making his debut in a 2–1 defeat to Chester City on 4 September 1976 at the age of 18, where he was a key member of the side that won the Division Two title in the 1978–79 season. After playing over 100 times for the side, he joined Swansea City in February 1982, spending two years at the Vetch Field before leaving following the club's relegation in 1984.
He spent two years at Barnsley, scoring fifteen times, before leaving for Grimsby Town where he won promotion in his first season. His second year at Grimsby was hampered by a number of minor injuries and he was allowed to leave midway through the season to sign for Cardiff City. The majority of his appearances at Ninian Park came as a substitute and he was forced into retirement in 1989.
International career
Walsh made a goalscoring debut for Wales in September 1979 during a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland, becoming a regular for the side of the following four years before making his final appearance on 2 June 1982 in a 1–0 win over France. Wales comprehensively defeated England at The Racecourse Ground, Wrexham, in May, 1980, with Walsh among the goalscorers in a 4-1 Victory.
After football
Walsh subsequently became a commentator and football pundit for BBC Wales.
He is also the uncle o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus%20%28Scheme%20implementation%29 | Ikarus Scheme is a free software optimizing incremental compiler for R6RS Scheme that compiles directly to the x86 IA-32 architecture. Ikarus is the first public implementation of a large part of the R6RS Scheme standard.
Version 0.0.3 has 94% of the total R6RS forms and procedures.
Development stopped in 2008.
Design
The compiler developer, Abdulaziz Ghuloum, was a Ph.D. student at Indiana University under R. Kent Dybvig, the developer of Chez Scheme, who has influenced the development of Ikarus.
Some of the ideas behind the design of Ikarus Scheme are detailed in "An Incremental Approach to Compiler Construction" by the developer. Ikarus is self-hosting with most of the compiler and primitives written in Scheme and only a few parts of the runtime system written in C. Also, rather than using an external intermediate language like C, LLVM, or C--, it compiles directly to machine code to better exploit the underlying machine architecture.
Ikarus uses the portable R6RS library and syntax-case system which is also developed by Abdulaziz Ghuloum and is described in a paper, "Implicit phasing for R6RS libraries". Finally, the paper "Generation-Friendly Eq Hash Tables" covers the hash table implementation in Ikarus.
System requirements
Ikarus runs on x86 but requires SSE2 support to handle floating-point arithmetic (FP) computations so it will not produce code for Intel chips earlier than Pentium 4 or for Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) chips before Athlon 64.
Release 0.0.3 has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral%20nerve%20stimulation | Sacral nerve stimulation, also termed sacral neuromodulation, is a type of medical electrical stimulation therapy.
It typically involves the implantation of a programmable stimulator subcutaneously, which delivers low amplitude electrical stimulation via a lead to the sacral nerve, usually accessed via the S3 foramen.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved InterStim Therapy, by Medtronic, as a sacral nerve stimulator for treatment of urinary incontinence, high urinary frequency and urinary retention. Sacral nerve stimulation is also under investigation as treatment for other conditions, including constipation brought on by nerve damage due to surgical procedures. An experimental procedure for constipation in children is being conducted in Nationwide Children's Hospital.
In the event that the nerves and the brain are no longer communicating effectively, resulting in a bowel/bladder disorder, this type of treatment is designed to imitate a signal sent via the central nervous system.
One of the major nerve routes is from the brain, along the spinal cord and through the back. This is commonly referred to as the sacral area. This area controls the everyday function of the pelvic floor, urethral sphincter, bladder and bowel. By stimulating the sacral nerve (located in the lower back), a signal is sent that manipulates a contraction within the pelvic floor. Over time these contractions rebuild the strength of the organs and muscles within it. This effectively a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20causation | Probabilistic causation is a concept in a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. The central idea behind these theories is that causes raise the probabilities of their effects, all else being equal.
Deterministic versus probabilistic theory
Interpreting causation as a deterministic relation means that if A causes B, then A must always be followed by B. In this sense, war does not cause deaths, nor does smoking cause cancer. As a result, many turn to a notion of probabilistic causation. Informally, A probabilistically causes B if As occurrence increases the probability of B. This is sometimes interpreted to reflect imperfect knowledge of a deterministic system but other times interpreted to mean that the causal system under study has an inherently indeterministic nature. (Propensity probability is an analogous idea, according to which probabilities have an objective existence and are not just limitations in a subject's knowledge).
Philosophers such as Hugh Mellor and Patrick Suppes have defined causation in terms of a cause preceding and increasing the probability of the effect. (Additionally, Mellor claims that cause and effect are both facts - not events - since even a non-event, such as the failure of a train to arrive, can cause effects such as my taking the bus. Suppes, by contrast, relies on events defined set-theoretically, and much of his discussion is informed by t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%201 | The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1, also known as GRM1, is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) protein.
Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I, which includes GRM1 alongside GRM5, have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of the GRM1 gene have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
A possible connection has been suggested between mGluRs and neuromodulators, as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons.
Studies with knockout mice
Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994. By homologous recombination mediated gene targeting those mice became deficient in mGlu receptor 1 protein. The mice did not show any basic anatomical cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%202 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GRM2 gene. mGluR2 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples with the Gi alpha subunit. The receptor functions as an autoreceptor for glutamate, that upon activation, inhibits the emptying of vesicular contents at the presynaptic terminal of glutamatergic neurons.
Structure
In humans, mGluR2 is encoded by the GRM2 gene on chromosome 3. At least three protein-coding isoforms are predicted based on genomic information, as well as numerous non-coding isoforms. The mGluR2 protein is a seven-pass transmembrane protein.
Function
In humans, mGluR2 is only expressed in the brain, and not in any other tissue. In the brain, mGluR2 is expressed in neurons as well as astrocytes. Subcellularly, mGluR2 is predominantly positioned at the presynaptic terminal, although it is also expressed at the postsynaptic terminal.
The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties: Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes mGluR2 (this receptor) and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
Protein–protein interactions
mG |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%203 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) is an inhibitory Gi/G0-coupled G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) generally localized to presynaptic sites of neurons in classical circuits. However, in higher cortical circuits in primates, mGluR3 are localized post-synaptically, where they strengthen rather than weaken synaptic connectivity. In humans, mGluR3 is encoded by the GRM3 gene. Deficits in mGluR3 signaling have been linked to impaired cognition in humans, and to increased risk of schizophrenia, consistent with their expanding role in cortical evolution.
Structure
In humans, mGluR3 is encoded by the GRM3 gene on chromosome 7. At least five protein-coding isoforms are predicted based on genomic information. The mGluR3 protein is a seven-pass transmembrane protein.
Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%204 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM4 gene.
Together with GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8 it belongs to group III of the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. Group III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade.
Activation of GRM4 has potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of parkinson's disease. Splice variant "taste-GRM4" is involved in the perception of umami taste.
Ligands
Orthosteric
Cinnabarinic acid, a tryptophan metabolite
LSP1-2111: agonist
LSP4-2022: agonist
LSP2-9166: mixed agonist at mGluR4 and mGluR7
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)
Foliglurax (PXT-002331, DT-1687)
Tricyclic thiazolopyrazole derivative 22a: EC50 = 9 nM, Emax = 120%
ML-128: EC50 = 240 nM, Emax = 182%
VU0652957 (AP-472) (Valiglurax)
VU-0418506
VU-001171: EC50 = 650 nM, Emax = 141%, 36-fold shift
VU-0155041: subtype-selective PAM, intrinsic allosteric agonist activity, robust in-vivo activity
PHCCC: PAM of mGluR4, negative allosteric modulator of mGluR1, direct agonist at mGluR6
References
Further reading
Metabotropic glutamate receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%205 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is an excitatory Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor predominantly expressed on the postsynaptic sites of neurons. In humans, it is encoded by the GRM5 gene.
Function
The amino acid L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacological properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7, and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
There has been extensive research into the role of mGluR5 in psychological disorders, such as addiction and anxiety. Emerging research strongly points to mGluR5 playing a direct role in the pathogenesis of alcohol use disorder in humans, showing intimate involvement in the development of behavioral sensitization towards ethanol in anima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%206 | Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6, also known as GRM6 or mGluR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GRM6 gene.
Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3, while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
mGluR6 is specifically expressed in the retina, in a subtype of bipolar cells that depolarize in response to light, known as ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with photoreceptor cells, and detect the neurotransmitter glutamate via a GPCR signal transduction cascade. The glutamate receptor mGluR6 is located post-synaptically at the tips of the bipolar cell dendrites, and is responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that ultimately controls gating of the TRPM1 channel. In human patients, mutations in the GRM6 gene are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%207 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM7 gene.
Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Glutamate has lower affinity for mGluR7 than the other metabotropic glutamate receptors and it has been suggested that mGluR7 may have a regulatory role to dampen the effects of excessive glutamate levels.
Ligands
Agonists
AMN082: allosteric agonist; induces rapid internalization; non-glutamatergic binding component
LSP2-9166: mixed agonist at mGluR4 and mGluR7
Antagonists
MMPIP: allosteric antagonist/inverse agonist
XAP044
Negative alloster |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic%20glutamate%20receptor%208 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM8 gene.
Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Ligands
(S)-3,4-DCPG: agonist
AZ12216052: positive allosteric modulator
See also
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of GRM8 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Grm8tm2a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%20Sydney%20hailstorm | The 1947 Sydney hailstorm was a natural disaster which struck Sydney, Australia, on 1 January 1947. The storm cell developed on the morning of New Year's Day, a public holiday in Australia, over the Blue Mountains, hitting the city and dissipating east of Bondi in the mid-afternoon. At the time, it was the most severe storm to strike the city since recorded observations began in 1792.
The high humidity, temperatures and weather patterns of Sydney increased the strength of the storm. The cost of damages from the storm were, at the time, approximately £750,000 (US$3 million); this is the equivalent of around A$45 million in modern figures. The supercell dropped hailstones larger than in diameter, with the most significant damage occurring in the central business district and eastern suburbs of Sydney.
The event caused around 1000 injuries, with between 200 and 350 people requiring hospitalisation or other medical attention, predominantly caused by broken glass shards. The majority of severe injuries reported were suffered by people on Sydney's beaches, where many were without shelter. The size of the hailstones were the largest seen in Sydney for 52 years, until the 1999 Sydney hailstorm caused A$1.7 billion in insured damage in becoming the costliest natural disaster in Australian history.
Conditions and climatology
During the spring and summer, conditions along the east coast of Australia are highly conducive for the formation of hailstorms. The variation of air temperat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEAD%20box | DEAD box proteins are involved in an assortment of metabolic processes that typically involve RNAs, but in some cases also other nucleic acids. They are highly conserved in nine motifs and can be found in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but not all. Many organisms, including humans, contain DEAD-box (SF2) helicases, which are involved in RNA metabolism.
DEAD box family
DEAD box proteins were first brought to attention in the late 1980s in a study that looked at a group of NTP binding sites that were similar in sequence to the eIF4A RNA helicase sequence. The results of this study showed that these proteins (p68, SrmB, MSS116, vasa, PL10, mammalian eIF4A, yeast eIF4A) involved in RNA metabolism had several common elements. There were nine common sequences found to be conserved amongst the studied species, which is an important criterion of the DEAD box family.
The nine conserved motif from the N-terminal to the C-terminal are named as follows: Q-motif, motif 1, motif 1a, motif 1b, motif II, motif III, motif IV, motif V, and motif VI, as shown in the figure. Motif II is also known as the Walker B motif and contains the amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (asp-glu-ala-asp), which gave this family of proteins the name “DEAD box”. Motif 1, motif II, the Q motif, and motif VI are all needed for ATP binding and hydrolysis, while motifs, 1a, 1b, III, IV, and V may be involved in intramolecular rearrangements and RNA interaction.
Related families
The DEAH and SKI2 families have had p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-actinin-1 | Alpha-actinin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN1 gene.
Function
Alpha actinins belong to the spectrin gene superfamily which represents a diverse group of cytoskeletal proteins, including the alpha and beta spectrins and dystrophins. Alpha-actinin-1 is an F-actin cross-linking protein – a bundling protein that is thought to anchor actin to a number of intracellular structures. Alpha-actinin-1 is a non-muscle cytoskeletal isoform found along microfilament bundles and adherens-type junctions, where it is involved in binding actin to the membrane. In contrast, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where they help anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments.
Interactions
Alpha-actinin-1 has been shown to interact with:
CDK5R1,
CDK5R2,
Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1,
GIPC1,
PDLIM1,
Protein kinase N1,
SSX2IP, and
Zyxin.
PTPRT (PTPrho)
See also
Actinin
References
Further reading
External links
Actinin, alpha 1 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
EF-hand-containing proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INHA | Inhibin, alpha, also known as INHA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHA gene.
Function
The inhibin alpha subunit joins either the beta A or beta B subunit to form a pituitary FSH secretion inhibitor. Inhibin has been shown to regulate gonadal stromal cell proliferation negatively and to have tumour-suppressor activity. In addition, serum levels of inhibin have been shown to reflect the size of granulosa-cell tumors and can therefore be used as a marker for primary as well as recurrent disease.
However, in prostate cancer, expression of the inhibin alpha-subunit gene was suppressed and was not detectable in poorly differentiated tumor cells. Furthermore, because expression in gonadal and various extragonadal tissues may vary severalfold in a tissue-specific fashion, it is proposed that inhibin may be both a growth/differentiation factor and a hormone.
See also
Inhibin
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMC | COMC may refer to:
Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, competition
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase (NAD+), enzyme
(2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+), enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKAR2A | cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAR2A gene.
Function
cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase, more commonly called Protein Kinase A (PKA), which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive holoenzyme of PKA is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits of PKA have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This subunit can be phosphorylated by the activated catalytic subunit. It may interact with various A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and determine the subcellular localization of PKA. This subunit has been shown to regulate protein transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and further to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Interactions
PRKAR2A has been shown to interact with:
AKAP11,
AKAP13,
AKAP1,
AKAP2,
AKAP3,
AKAP8,
AKAP9,
ARFGEF2,
CBFA2T3
GSK3B,
PDE4A, and
RUNX1T1.
See also
Protein kinase
AMPK
cAMP
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRNA7 | Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7, also known as nAChRα7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR).
Function
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast signal transmission at synapses. The nAChRs are thought to be hetero-pentamers composed of homologous subunits. The proposed structure for each subunit is a conserved N-terminal extracellular domain followed by three conserved transmembrane domains, a variable cytoplasmic loop, a fourth conserved transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal extracellular region. The protein encoded by this gene forms a homo-oligomeric channel, displays marked permeability to calcium ions and is a major component of brain nicotinic receptors that are blocked by, and highly sensitive to, alpha-bungarotoxin. Once this receptor binds acetylcholine, it undergoes an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. This gene is located in a region identified as a major susceptibility locus for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and a chromosomal location involved in the genetic transmission of schizophrenia. An evolutionarily recent partial duplication event in this region results in a hybrid containing sequence from this gene and a novel FAM7A gene.
Disruption |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20and%20bars%20%28combinatorics%29 | In the context of combinatorial mathematics, stars and bars (also called "sticks and stones", "balls and bars", and "dots and dividers") is a graphical aid for deriving certain combinatorial theorems. It was popularized by William Feller in his classic book on probability. It can be used to solve many simple counting problems, such as how many ways there are to put indistinguishable balls into distinguishable bins.
Statements of theorems
The stars and bars method is often introduced specifically to prove the following two theorems of elementary combinatorics concerning the number of solutions to an equation.
Theorem one
For any pair of positive integers and , the number of -tuples of positive integers whose sum is is equal to the number of -element subsets of a set with elements.
For example, if and , the theorem gives the number of solutions to (with ) as the binomial coefficient
This corresponds to compositions of an integer.
Theorem two
For any pair of positive integers and , the number of -tuples of non-negative integers whose sum is is equal to the number of multisets of cardinality taken from a set of size , or equivalently, the number of multisets of cardinality taken from a set of size .
For example, if and , the theorem gives the number of solutions to (with ) as:
This corresponds to weak compositions of an integer.
Proofs via the method of stars and bars
Theorem one proof
Suppose there are n objects (represented here by stars) to be placed i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2A gene. With 1464 amino acids, the canonical GluN2A subunit isoform is large. GluN2A-short isoforms specific to primates can be produced by alternative splicing and contain 1281 amino acids.
Function
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. NMDA receptor channels are heteromers composed of the key receptor subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) and 1 or more of the 4 NMDAR2 subunits: NMDAR2A (GRIN2A), NMDAR2B (GRIN2B), NMDAR2C (GRIN2C), and NMDAR2D (GRIN2D).
Associations
Variants of the gene are associated with the protective effect of coffee on Parkinson's disease.
Mutations in GRIN2A are associated to refractory epilepsy.
Whole exome/genome sequencing has led to the discovery of an association between mutations in GRIN2A and a wide variety of neurological diseases, including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and schizophrenia.
Interactions
GRIN2A has been shown to interact with:
DLG1
DLG3
DLG4
FYN
Interleukin 16
PTK2B
Src
See also
Glutamate receptor
NMDA receptor
References
Further reading
Ionotropic glutamate receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCT1 | OCT1 may refer to:
Proteins
SLC22A1 (solute carrier family 22 member 1)
POU2F1 (POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1)
Date
October 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%E2%80%93hickory%20forest | Oak–hickory forest is a type of North American forest ecosystem, and an ecoregion of the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Biome.
Geography
It has a range extending from Rhode Island and southern New York, west to Iowa, and south to Northern Georgia. Smaller, isolated oak–hickory communities can also be found as far west as North Dakota, south in Florida and in northeast Texas, and north to southern Maine and Ontario. They can also be found in Pennsylvania west to Illinois.
Dominated by nut-bearing oak and hickory species of trees, the oak–hickory forest has the largest range of any deciduous forest ecosystem in eastern and central North America.
Natural history
The current oak–hickory forest includes the former range of the oak–chestnut forest region, which encompassed the northeast portion of the current oak–hickory range. When the American chestnut population succumbed to invasive fungal blight in the early 20th century, those forests shifted to an oak and hickory dominated ecosystem.
Biota
Key indicator tree and shrub species of the oak–hickory forest include red oak, black oak, scarlet oak, white oak, Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), Pignut hickory (Carya glabra), Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), blueberry, Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and hawthorn.
Bird and animal species include the gray squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, blue jay, and wild turkey.
References
Cronin, William. C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20C.%20Walker | Graham Charles Walker (born 1948) is an American biologist, notable for his work explicating the structure and function of proteins involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis, with applications for cancer, and for understanding rhizobium (bacterial) functions that infect plants and mammals.
In addition to his scientific achievements, Walker is coordinating a program at MIT to develop curricular materials in biology.
Biography
Walker earned a B.Sc. degree from Carleton University, and his Ph.D. in 1974 from the University of Illinois. He did postdoctoral work at the University of Illinois and at University of California, Berkeley with Bruce Ames.
He is currently a professor at MIT.
Notable publications
Errol C. Friedberg, Graham C. Walker, Wolfram Siede, and Richard D. Wood, DNA Repair and Mutagenesis (2005 edition of notable textbook)
Bradley T. Smith, Alan D. Grossman, and Graham C. Walker, "Visualization of Mismatch Repair in Bacterial Cells", Molecular Cell, v.8, pp. 1197–1206 (Dec. 2001)
LeVier, K., Phillips, R.W., Grippe, V.K., Roop II, R.M. and Walker, G.C. Similar requirements of a plant symbiont and a mammalian pathogen for prolonged intracellular survival. Science 287:2492-2493 (2000)
G. C. Walker, "Mutagenesis and inducible responses to deoxyribonucleic acid damage in Escheriscia coli", Microbiological Reviews (full text available at PubMed Central)
Awards
1970 - Woodrow Wilson National Fellow
1978-1982 - Rita Allen Foundation Scholar
1994 - Elected Fellow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concordant%20function | In optimization, a self-concordant function is a function for which
or, equivalently, a function that, wherever , satisfies
and which satisfies elsewhere.
More generally, a multivariate function is self-concordant if
or, equivalently, if its restriction to any arbitrary line is self-concordant.
History
As mentioned in the "Bibliography Comments" of their 1994 book, self-concordant functions were introduced in 1988 by Yurii Nesterov and further developed with Arkadi Nemirovski. As explained in their basic observation was that the Newton method is affine invariant, in the sense that if for a function we have Newton steps then for a function where is a non-degenerate linear transformation, starting from we have the Newton steps which can be shown recursively
.
However, the standard analysis of the Newton method supposes that the Hessian of is Lipschitz continuous, that is for some constant . If we suppose that is 3 times continuously differentiable, then this is equivalent to
for all
where . Then the left hand side of the above inequality is invariant under the affine transformation , however the right hand side is not.
The authors note that the right hand side can be made also invariant if we replace the Euclidean metric by the scalar product defined by the Hessian of defined as for . They then arrive at the definition of a self concordant function as
.
Properties
Linear combination
If and are self-concordant with constants an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Switzerland | Crime in Switzerland is combated mainly by cantonal police. The Federal Office of Police investigates organised crime, money laundering and terrorism.
Crime statistics
In Switzerland, police registered a total of 432,000 offenses under the Criminal Code in 2019 (−0.2% compared with previous year), of which 110,140 or 25.5 percent were cases of thefts (excluding vehicles, −2.0%), and 41,944 or 9.7 percent were thefts of vehicles (including bicycles, −10.1%), 46 were killings and 161 were attempted murders. The number of cases of rape reported increased by 53 incidents or 8.5 percent over the previous year. The number of criminal pornography offenses increased by 56.1 percent to 2,837. Offenses against the Narcotics Act decreased by 0.7 percent to 75,757.
In 2014, 110,124 adults were convicted, of which 55,240 (50%) were convicted according to traffic regulation offences, 6,540 (+1.6%) for trafficking in narcotic substances, and 17,882 (−7.2%) for offenses against the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals. 83,014 or 83.4% of adult convicted people are male, and 42,289 or 42.5 percent of them Swiss citizens.
In the same year, 11,484 minors (78 percent of them male, 68 percent of them of Swiss nationality, 64.2 percent aged either 16 or 17) were convicted.
Convictions for infliction of bodily harm have steadily increased throughout the 1990s and 2000s, with 23 convictions for serious injury and 831 for light injury in 1990 as opposed to 78 and 2,342, respectively, in 2005. Convict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onno%20J.%20Boxma | Onno Johan Boxma (born 1952) is a Dutch mathematician, and Professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology, known for several contributions to queueing theory and applied probability theory.
Biography
Born in The Hague, Boxma earned his B.Sc. in Mathematics at Delft University of Technology in 1974, and his Ph.D. cum laude in Mathematic from Utrecht University in 1977 on the dissertation entitled "Analysis of Models for Tandem Queues", advised by Wim Cohen.
Boxma continued at Utrecht as faculty from 1974 to 1985, and was IBM Research postdoctoral fellow in 1978–79, before joining the faculty of Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica in Amsterdam. There he chaired the performance analysis group until 1998. He was full professor at University of Tilburg from 1987 to 1988. and since 1998 he is as full professor holding the chair of Stochastic Operations Research in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, becoming vice dean of the department in 2009.
He was the editor-in-chief of Queueing Systems from 2004 to 2009, and scientific director of EURANDOM from 2005-2010. In 2009 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Haifa (Israel), and received the 2011 ACM SIGMETRICS Achievement Award in June 2011. Also, he is honorary professor in Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK (2008-2010 and 2011-2013).
Work
Boxma's research focuses on the field of applied probability and stochastic operations, particularly of queueing theo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL%20%28disambiguation%29 | LDL is a low-density lipoprotein, one of the five major groups of lipoproteins.
LDL or LdL may also refer to:
Learning by teaching (German: Lernen durch Lehren, LdL), whereby students learn by themselves teaching
Loudness discomfort level in hyperacusis
LDL decomposition, Cholesky decomposition in linear algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20norm | In mathematics, the logarithmic norm is a real-valued functional on operators, and is derived from either an inner product, a vector norm, or its induced operator norm. The logarithmic norm was independently introduced by Germund Dahlquist and Sergei Lozinskiĭ in 1958, for square matrices. It has since been extended to nonlinear operators and unbounded operators as well. The logarithmic norm has a wide range of applications, in particular in matrix theory, differential equations and numerical analysis. In the finite-dimensional setting, it is also referred to as the matrix measure or the Lozinskiĭ measure.
Original definition
Let be a square matrix and be an induced matrix norm. The associated logarithmic norm of is defined
Here is the identity matrix of the same dimension as , and is a real, positive number. The limit as equals , and is in general different from the logarithmic norm , as for all matrices.
The matrix norm is always positive if , but the logarithmic norm may also take negative values, e.g. when is negative definite. Therefore, the logarithmic norm does not satisfy the axioms of a norm. The name logarithmic norm, which does not appear in the original reference, seems to originate from estimating the logarithm of the norm of solutions to the differential equation
The maximal growth rate of is . This is expressed by the differential inequality
where is the upper right Dini derivative. Using logarithmic differentiation the differential inequal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft%20equation | The Taft equation is a linear free energy relationship (LFER) used in physical organic chemistry in the study of reaction mechanisms and in the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships for organic compounds. It was developed by Robert W. Taft in 1952 as a modification to the Hammett equation. While the Hammett equation accounts for how field, inductive, and resonance effects influence reaction rates, the Taft equation also describes the steric effects of a substituent. The Taft equation is written as:
where is the ratio of the rate of the substituted reaction compared to the reference reaction, ρ* is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to polar effects, σ* is the polar substituent constant that describes the field and inductive effects of the substituent, δ is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to steric effects, and Es is the steric substituent constant.
Polar substituent constants, σ*
Polar substituent constants describe the way a substituent will influence a reaction through polar (inductive, field, and resonance) effects. To determine σ* Taft studied the hydrolysis of methyl esters (RCOOMe). The use of ester hydrolysis rates to study polar effects was first suggested by Ingold in 1930. The hydrolysis of esters can occur through either acid and base catalyzed mechanisms, both of which proceed through a tetrahedral intermediate. In the base catalyzed mechanism the reactant goes from a neutral species to negatively charged intermediat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20members%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20%28Medical%20physiology%20and%20metabolism%29 |
Medical physiology and metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20analysis | In cryptanalysis, contact analysis is the study of the frequency with which certain symbols precede or follow other symbols. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.
Contact analysis is based on the fact that, in any sample of any written language, certain symbols appear adjacent to other symbols with varying frequencies. Moreover, these frequencies are roughly the same for almost all samples of that language, even when the distribution of the symbols themselves differs significantly from normal. This is true regardless of whether the symbols being used are words or letters.
In some ciphers, these properties of the natural language plaintext are preserved in the ciphertext, and have the potential to be exploited in a ciphertext-only attack.
Although in a sense contact analysis can be considered a type of frequency analysis, most discussions of frequency analysis concern themselves with the simple probabilities of the symbols in the text: or
Contact analysis is based on the conditional probability that certain letters will precede or succeed other letters: , or , or even , where and are subsets of the alphabet being used.
Where frequency analysis is based on first-order statistics, contact analysis is based on second or third-order statistics.
External links
Statistical Distributions of English Text
Cryptographic attacks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20Radio%20%28song%29 | "Transistor Radio" is a comic song written by Benny Hill and Mark Anthony (a pseudonym of producer Tony Hatch), and performed by Hill. The song revolves around the story of a man whose attempts at intimacy with his girlfriend are constantly thwarted by music played from the girl's transistor radio. The song spoofs the Chipmunks, Elvis Presley's "Wooden Heart", the BBC Shipping Forecast and Jimmy Jones' "Handy Man".
"Transistor Radio" finished with the now-married couple alone in bed, with the expectant wife disappointed when her husband asks "'Ere, where's the radio?" Released as a single in 1961, the song reached the #24 in the UK Singles Chart.
Revised version
In 1972, Hill performed a radically revamped version of this song, now called "Portable TV Set," on his television show, on which he offered impersonations of Ironside, Clement Freud, Stars on Sunday host Jess Yates and Maggie Stredder of the Ladybirds. The role of his television-obsessed girlfriend was played by Jenny Lee-Wright.
References
Comedy songs
British songs
Benny Hill songs
1961 singles
1961 songs
Songs written by Tony Hatch
Song recordings produced by Tony Hatch
Pye Records singles
Songs about radio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7%20receptor | {{DISPLAYTITLE:5-HT7 receptor}}
The 5-HT7 receptor is a member of the GPCR superfamily of cell surface receptors and is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to Gs (stimulates the production of the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP) and is expressed in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in various blood vessels. This receptor has been a drug development target for the treatment of several clinical disorders. The 5-HT7 receptor is encoded by the HTR7 gene, which in humans is transcribed into 3 different splice variants.
Function
When the 5-HT7 receptor is activated by serotonin, it sets off a cascade of events starting with release of the stimulatory G protein Gs from the GPCR complex. Gs in turn activates adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP.
The 5-HT7 receptor plays a role in smooth muscle relaxation within the vasculature and in the gastrointestinal tract. The highest 5-HT7 receptor densities are in the thalamus and hypothalamus, and it is present at higher densities also in the hippocampus and cortex. The 5-HT7 receptor is involved in thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, and sleep. Peripheral 5-HT7 receptors are localized in enteric nerves; high levels of 5-HT7 receptor-expressing mucosal nerve fibers were observed in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. An essentia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-%CE%B1-L-fucosidase | The enzyme 1,2-α-L-fucosidase () catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
methyl-2-α-L-fucopyranosyl-β-D-galactoside + HO L-fucose + methyl β-D-galactoside
It belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name is 2-α-L-fucopyranosyl-β-D-galactoside fucohydrolase. Other names in common use include almond emulsin fucosidase, and α-(1→2)-L-fucosidase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .
References
EC 3.2.1
Enzymes of known structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-alpha-L-fucosidase | The enzyme 1,3-α-L-fucosidase () catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the 1,3-linkages between α-L-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in glycoproteins.
It belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-α-L-fucosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycoprotein fucohydrolase. This enzyme is also called almond emulsin fucosidase I. It participates in the degradation of glycan structures.
References
EC 3.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C6-alpha-D-mannosidase | In enzymology, a 1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of separating the 1,6-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-Manp-(1->6)-D-Manp.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-alpha-mannosyl alpha-D-mannohydrolase.
References
EC 3.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C6-alpha-L-fucosidase | The enzyme 1,6-α-L-fucosidase () catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of 1,6-linkages between α-L-fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in glycopeptides such as immunoglobulin G glycopeptide and fucosyl-asialo-agalacto-fetuin
It belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name is 1,6-L-fucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide fucohydrolase. It is also called α-L-fucosidase.
References
EC 3.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-methyladenosine%20nucleosidase | In enzymology, a 1-methyladenosine nucleosidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
1-methyladenosine + H2O 1-methyladenine + D-ribose
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-methyladenosine and H2O, whereas its two products are 1-methyladenine and D-ribose.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-methyladenosine ribohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 1-methyladenosine hydrolase.
References
EC 3.2.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20building | In the field of search engine optimization (SEO), link building describes actions aimed at increasing the number and quality of inbound links to a webpage with the goal of increasing the search engine rankings of that page or website. Briefly, link building is the process of establishing relevant hyperlinks (usually called links) to a website from external sites. Link building can increase the number of high-quality links pointing to a website, in turn increasing the likelihood of the website ranking highly in search engine results. Link building is also a proven marketing tactic for increasing brand awareness.
Link types
Editorial link
Editorial links are the links not acquired from paying money, asking, trading or exchanging. These links are attracted because of the good content and marketing strategies of a website. These are the links that the website owner does not need to ask for as they are naturally given by other website owners.
Resource link
Resource links are a category of links, which can be either one-way or two-way, usually referenced as "Resources" or "Information" in navbars, but sometimes, especially in the early, less compartmentalized years of the Web, simply called "links". Basically, they are hyperlinks to a website or a specific web page containing content believed to be beneficial, useful and relevant to visitors of the site establishing the link.
In recent years, resource links have grown in importance because most major search engines have made |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-1%2C2-Diaminocyclohexane | trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane is an organic compound with the formula C6H10(NH2)2. This diamine is a building block for C2-symmetric ligands that are useful in asymmetric catalysis.
A mixture of all three stereoisomers of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane is produced by the hydrogenation of o-phenylenediamine. It is also side product in hydrogenation of adiponitrile. The racemic trans isomer (1:1 mixture of (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane and (1S,2S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) can be separated into the two enantiomers using enantiomerically pure tartaric acid as the resolving agent.
Derived ligands
Representative ligands prepared from (1R,2R)- or (1S,2S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane are diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid (CyDTAH4), Trost ligand, and the salen analogue used in the Jacobsen epoxidation.
References
Diamines
Chelating agents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme%20F420 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Coenzyme F420}}
Coenzyme F420 or 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin is a coenzyme (sometimes called a cofactor) involved in redox reactions in methanogens, in many Actinomycetota, and sporadically in other bacterial lineages. It is a flavin derivative with an absorption maximum at 420 nm—hence its name. The coenzyme is a substrate for coenzyme F420 hydrogenase, 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase and methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase.
A particularly rich natural source of F420 is Mycobacterium smegmatis, in which several dozen enzymes use F420 instead of the related cofactor FMN used by homologous enzymes in most other species. Eukaryotes including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the algae Ostreococcus tauri also use a precursor to this cofactor.
Biosynthesis
Coenzyme F420 is synthesized via a multi-step pathway:
7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase produces Coenzyme FO (also written F0), itself a cofactor of DNA photolyase (antenna). This is the head portion of the molecule.
2-phospho-L-lactate transferase produces Coenzyme F420-0, the portion containing the head, the diphosphate bridge, and ending with a carboxylic acid group.
Coenzyme F420-0:L-glutamate ligase puts a glutamate residue at the -COOH end, producing Coenzyme F420-1.
Coenzyme F420-1:gamma-L-glutamate ligase puts a gamma-glutamate residue at the -COOH end, producing Coenzyme F420-2, the final compound (in its oxidized form).
See also
Coenzyme M
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20J.%20Meyer | Barbara J. Meyer (born 1949) is a biologist and genetist, noted for her pioneering research on lambda phage, a virus that infects bacteria; discovery of the master control gene involved in sex determination; and studies of gene regulation, particularly dosage compensation. Meyer's work has revealed mechanisms of sex determination and dosage compensation—that balance X-chromosome gene expression between the sexes in Caenorhabditis elegans that continue to serve as the foundation of diverse areas of study on chromosome structure and function today.
Dr. Meyer is an HHMI investigator, a genetics, genomics and development professor at UC Berkeley, and an adjunct professor in the biochemistry and biophysics department at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)'s School of Medicine. Her current research focuses on the molecular networks controlling dynamic chromosome behaviors during cell development which endure genome stability.
Biography
Meyer is a native Californian, born and raised in Stockton. Meyer completed her undergraduate BS at Stanford University, working with David Clayton. She began her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley and completed her graduate studies in 1979 at Harvard University in the lab of Mark Ptashne, working on gene regulation in lambda phage, a bacterial virus which infects bacteria E. coli. In 1979 Meyer began postdoctoral research at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, studying how chromosomes determine sex at the laboratory of S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli%20cell-only%20syndrome | Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS), also known as germ cell aplasia, is defined by azoospermia where the testicular seminiferous tubules are lined solely with sertoli cells. Sertoli cells contribute to the formation of the blood-testis barrier and aid in sperm generation. These cells respond to follicle-stimulating hormone, which is secreted by the hypothalamus and aids in spermatogenesis.
Men often learn they have Sertoli cell-only syndrome between the ages of 20 and 40 when they are checked for infertility and found to produce no sperm. Other signs and symptoms are uncommon, yet in some cases, an underlying cause of SCO syndrome, such as Klinefelter syndrome, may produce other symptoms.
Most cases of SCO syndrome are idiopathic, however, causes may include deletions of genetic material on Y-chromosome regions, particularly the azoospermia factor area. Other factors include chemical or toxin exposure, previous exposure to radiation therapy, and a history of severe trauma. A testicular biopsy confirms the diagnosis of SCO syndrome. Although there is no effective treatment at the moment, assisted reproductive technology may help some men with SCO syndrome reproduce.
Signs and symptoms
Infertility is the most prevalent symptom of Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Semen examination reveals azoospermia, with sperm density frequently falling to fewer than 1 million sperm per mL. When sperm density falls, the testes exhibit SCO syndrome and hypospermatogenesis. The testes in men with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beita%2C%20Nablus | Beita (, translation: "Home") is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in the northern West Bank located southeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 11,682 in 2017. It consists of five clans which branch out to thirty families. There are many houses dating back to the Roman era. The current mayor, elected in 2004 is Arab ash-Shurafa.
The town contains four mosques and three clinics. Since 1967, under the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, more than 77 Beita villagers have been shot dead by Israeli forces, many during protests, 7 were killed between May and September 2021 during the suppression of demonstrations against the establishment of an Israeli outpost on Beita lands.
Location
Beita (including Za'tara locality) is located – south of Nablus. It is bordered by Osarin and Aqraba to the east, Awarta and Odala to the north, Huwwara and Yasuf to the west, and Yatma and Qabalan to the south.
History
There are two historical centres in Beita; Beita el-Fauqa ("The upper Beita") to the North-East and Beita et-Tahta ("The lower Beita") to the South-West. In Beita el-Fauqa, pottery sherds from the Iron Age II/Persian. Persian and Mamluk era have been found, while at Beita et-Tatha sherds from the Iron Age II, Persian, Roman/Byzantine, Byzantine, and Mamluk era have been found.
Ottoman era
Beita was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and both in Beita el-Fauqa and Beita |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20English%20Assassin%3A%20A%20Romance%20of%20Entropy | The English Assassin: A Romance of Entropy is a 1972 novel by British fantasy and science fiction writer Michael Moorcock, first published in the UK by Allison & Busby and in the US by Harper & Row. Subtitled "A romance of entropy" it was the third part of his long-running Jerry Cornelius series.
Cornelius is the "English Assassin" of the title, although he spends much of the book near death himself. Darker in tone than other volumes in the series, the novel offers eight alternative catastrophes in a world of chaos and barbarous collapse. The usual glittering array of supporting characters such as the anarchist Una Persson, the occasionally evil Miss Brunner, Professor Hira and the grotesque Bishop Beesley make their appearances amid the rubble of swinging London with the rest of Jerry's colourful clan—his blousy mother, villainous brother Frank and the doomed angelic Catherine.
Reception
Joanna Russ described the novel as "less vividly raw" but "sadder, stranger, more crafted, sometimes more beautiful, and far more complex" than the series' opening volume.
References
1972 British novels
1972 science fiction novels
Novels by Michael Moorcock
Allison and Busby books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCBP2 | Chemokine-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCBP2 gene.
This gene encodes a beta chemokine receptor, which is predicted to be a seven transmembrane protein similar to G protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptor-mediated signal transduction are critical for the recruitment of effector immune cells to the inflammation site. This gene is expressed in a range of tissues and hemopoietic cells. The expression of this receptor in lymphatic endothelial cells and overexpression in vascular tumors suggested its function in chemokine-driven recirculation of leukocytes and possible chemokine effects on the development and growth of vascular tumors. This receptor appears to bind the majority of beta-chemokine family members; however, its specific function remains unknown. This gene is mapped to chromosome 3p21.3, a region that includes a cluster of chemokine receptor genes.
References
Further reading
External links
Chemokine receptors |
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