source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Lake%20%28Enfield%2C%20New%20Hampshire%29
|
Crystal Lake is a water body located in Grafton County in western New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Enfield. Crystal Lake is part of the Mascoma River watershed.
The lake contains one small island: Oliver Island.
The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, horned pout, black crappie, and rock bass.
The lake is one of eight in New Hampshire which historically had a naturally occurring native lake trout population. These fish have since been extirpated from the lake.
See also
List of lakes in New Hampshire
References
Lakes of Grafton County, New Hampshire
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGLAP%20evolution%20equations
|
The Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations are equations in QCD describing the variation of parton distribution functions with varying energy scales. Experimentally observed scaling violation in deep inelastic scattering is important evidence for the correctness of the equations and of QCD in general. The equations were first published in the western world by Guido Altarelli and Giorgio Parisi in 1977, and so are still sometimes called the Altarelli–Parisi equations. Only later did it become known that an equivalent formula had been published in Russia by in 1977, and by Vladimir Gribov and Lev Lipatov in 1972.
The DGLAP QCD evolution equations are widely used in global determinations of parton distributions, like those from the CTEQ or NNPDF collaborations.
See also
Jet (particle physics)
HERA
APFEL (Software)
References
Further reading
External links
Guido Altarelli (2009) QCD evolution equations for parton densities. Scholarpedia, 4(1):7124.
Quantum chromodynamics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack%27s%20curve%20theorem
|
In real algebraic geometry, Harnack's curve theorem, named after Axel Harnack, gives the possible numbers of connected components that an algebraic curve can have, in terms of the degree of the curve. For any algebraic curve of degree in the real projective plane, the number of components is bounded by
The maximum number is one more than the maximum genus of a curve of degree , attained when the curve is nonsingular. Moreover, any number of components in this range of possible values can be attained.
A curve which attains the maximum number of real components is called an M-curve (from "maximum") – for example, an elliptic curve with two components, such as or the Trott curve, a quartic with four components, are examples of M-curves.
This theorem formed the background to Hilbert's sixteenth problem.
In a recent development a Harnack curve is shown to be a curve whose amoeba has area equal to the Newton polygon of the polynomial , which is called the characteristic curve of dimer models, and every Harnack curve is the spectral curve of some dimer model.()
References
Dmitrii Andreevich Gudkov, The topology of real projective algebraic varieties, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 29 (1974), 3–79 (Russian), English transl., Russian Math. Surveys 29:4 (1974), 1–79
Carl Gustav Axel Harnack, Ueber die Vieltheiligkeit der ebenen algebraischen Curven, Math. Ann. 10 (1876), 189–199
George Wilson, Hilbert's sixteenth problem, Topology 17 (1978), 53–74
Real algebraic geometry
Theorems
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApoA-I%20Milano
|
Apolipoprotein A-I Milano (also ETC-216, now MDCO-216) is a naturally occurring mutated variant of the apolipoprotein A1 protein found in human HDL, the lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol from tissues to the liver and is associated with protection against cardiovascular disease. ApoA-I Milano was first identified by Dr. Cesare Sirtori in Milan, who also demonstrated that its presence significantly reduced cardiovascular disease, even though it caused a reduction in HDL levels and an increase in triglyceride levels.
Discovery
The ApoA-I Milano mutation was found by University of Milan researchers after their 1974 investigation of a low HDL / high triglyceride phenotype exhibited by Valerio Dagnoli of Limone sul Garda, a small village in northern Italy. Limone had only 1,000 inhabitants at the time and when blood tests were run on the entire population of the village, the mutation was found to be present in about 3.5% of the local population. The mutation was traced to one man, Giovanni Pomarelli, who was born in the village in 1780 and passed it on to his offspring. It is characterised by the replacement of arginine by cysteine at position 173 (197 for UniProt). The mutation is known in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) nomenclature as rs28931573.
In the 1990s, researchers at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center showed that injection of a synthetic version of the mutant ApoA-I into rabbits and mice could reverse vascular plaque buildup.
Efficacy in Apo A-I/Apo E
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20modulation
|
Polar modulation is analogous to quadrature modulation in the same way that polar coordinates are analogous to Cartesian coordinates. Quadrature modulation makes use of Cartesian coordinates, x and y. When considering quadrature modulation, the x axis is called the I (in-phase) axis, and the y axis is called the Q (quadrature) axis. Polar modulation makes use of polar coordinates, r (amplitude) and Θ (phase).
The quadrature modulator approach to digital radio transmission requires a linear RF power amplifier which creates a design conflict between improving power efficiency or maintaining amplifier linearity. Compromising linearity causes degraded signal quality, usually by adjacent channel degradation, which can be a fundamental factor in limiting network performance and capacity. Additional problems with linear RF power amplifiers, including device parametric restrictions, temperature instability, power control accuracy, wideband noise and production yields are also common. On the other hand, compromising power efficiency increases power consumption (which reduces battery life in handheld devices) and generates more heat.
The issue of linearity in a power amplifier can theoretically be mitigated by requiring that the input signal of the power amplifier be "constant envelope", i.e. contain no amplitude variations. In a polar modulation system, the power amplifier input signal may vary only in phase. Amplitude modulation is then accomplished by directly controlling the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZP
|
SZP can refer to:
Sub Zero Project
Santa Paula Airport
Służba Zwycięstwu Polski
Superficial Zone Protein
Schizophrenia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin%20domain
|
The immunoglobulin domain, also known as the immunoglobulin fold, is a type of protein domain that consists of a 2-layer sandwich of 7-9 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets with a Greek key topology, consisting of about 125 amino acids.
The backbone switches repeatedly between the two β-sheets. Typically, the pattern is (N-terminal β-hairpin in sheet 1)-(β-hairpin in sheet 2)-(β-strand in sheet 1)-(C-terminal β-hairpin in sheet 2). The cross-overs between sheets form an "X", so that the N- and C-terminal hairpins are facing each other.
Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are found in hundreds of proteins of different functions. Examples include antibodies, the giant muscle kinase titin, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Immunoglobulin-like domains may be involved in protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing the immunoglobulin domain include:
A1BG
ACAM
ADAMTSL1
ADAMTSL3
AGER
ALCAM
AMIGO1
AMIGO2
AXL
BCAM
BOC
BSG
BTLA
C10orf72
C20orf102
CADM1
CADM3
CD200
CD22
CD276
CD33
CD4
CDON
CEACAM1
CEACAM16
CEACAM20
CEACAM21
CEACAM5
CEACAM6
CEACAM8
CHL1
CILP
CNTFR
CNTN1
CNTN2
CNTN3
CNTN4
CNTN5
CNTN6
CSF1R
DSCAM
DSCAML1
EMB
F11R
FAIM3
FCAR
FCER1A
FCGR1A
FCGR2A
FCGR2B
FCGR2C
FCGR3A
FCGR3B
FCRH1
FCRH3
FCRH4
FCRL1
FCRL2
FCRL3
FCRL4
FCRL5
FCRL6
FCRLA
FGFR1
FGFR2
FGFR3
FGFR4
FGFRL1
FLT1
FLT3
FLT4
FSTL4
FSTL5
GP6
GPA33
GPR116
GPR125
HEPACAM
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craps%20principle
|
In probability theory, the craps principle is a theorem about event probabilities under repeated iid trials. Let and denote two mutually exclusive events which might occur on a given trial. Then the probability that occurs before equals the conditional probability that occurs given that or occur on the next trial, which is
The events and need not be collectively exhaustive (if they are, the result is trivial).
Proof
Let be the event that occurs before . Let be the event that neither nor occurs on a given trial. Since , and are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive for the first trial, we have
and .
Since the trials are i.i.d., we have . Using and solving the displayed equation for gives the formula
.
Application
If the trials are repetitions of a game between two players, and the events are
then the craps principle gives the respective conditional probabilities of each player winning a certain repetition, given that someone wins (i.e., given that a draw does not occur). In fact, the result is only affected by the relative marginal probabilities of winning and ; in particular, the probability of a draw is irrelevant.
Stopping
If the game is played repeatedly until someone wins, then the conditional probability above is the probability that the player wins the game. This is illustrated below for the original game of craps, using an alternative proof.
Craps example
If the game being played is craps, then this principle can greatly simplify
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsky%27s%20theorem
|
In probability theory, Slutsky’s theorem extends some properties of algebraic operations on convergent sequences of real numbers to sequences of random variables.
The theorem was named after Eugen Slutsky. Slutsky's theorem is also attributed to Harald Cramér.
Statement
Let be sequences of scalar/vector/matrix random elements.
If converges in distribution to a random element and converges in probability to a constant , then
provided that c is invertible,
where denotes convergence in distribution.
Notes:
The requirement that Yn converges to a constant is important — if it were to converge to a non-degenerate random variable, the theorem would be no longer valid. For example, let and . The sum for all values of n. Moreover, , but does not converge in distribution to , where , , and and are independent.
The theorem remains valid if we replace all convergences in distribution with convergences in probability.
Proof
This theorem follows from the fact that if Xn converges in distribution to X and Yn converges in probability to a constant c, then the joint vector (Xn, Yn) converges in distribution to (X, c) (see here).
Next we apply the continuous mapping theorem, recognizing the functions g(x,y) = x + y, g(x,y) = xy, and g(x,y) = x y−1 are continuous (for the last function to be continuous, y has to be invertible).
See also
Convergence of random variables
References
Further reading
Asymptotic theory (statistics)
Probability theorems
Theorems
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer/FMA%20CBA%20123%20Vector
|
The Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector (originally EMB 123 for Embraer and IA 70 for FMA) was a 1990 turboprop aircraft designed for regional flights, to carry up to 19 passengers. The program arose from a partnership between the Brazilian company Embraer and the Argentine FMA. The project was an advanced turboprop aircraft for its time, including advanced technology in avionics, aerodynamics, and propulsion.
Development
By 1985, economic integration of South America seemed to be in progress with advances in the negotiations of Mercosur between the Brazilian and Argentine governments. Meanwhile, in 1985, the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer, having commenced production of its EMB 120 Brasilia 30-seat turboprop airliner, started the design process for a 19-seat airliner to replace Embraer's aging EMB 110 Bandeirante. In 1986, as a way of encouraging partnership between both countries, an agreement to develop a Brazilian-Argentine aircraft was signed between Embraer and the Argentine company Fabrica Militar de Aviones (FMA). Initially called the EMB 123, the aircraft was expected to sell for USD$3 million and earn sales of USD$750 million through the year 2000. The name "CBA" stood for "Cooperación Brasil-Argentina" (Spanish), and "Cooperação Brasil-Argentina" (Portuguese), meaning Brazil-Argentina Cooperation.
Initially, the costs and workload of the project were divided between Embraer (67%) and FMA (33%). FMA was assigned production of the wings, fins, and rudders. The orig
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20element
|
In probability theory, random element is a generalization of the concept of random variable to more complicated spaces than the simple real line. The concept was introduced by who commented that the “development of probability theory and expansion of area of its applications have led to necessity to pass from schemes where (random) outcomes of experiments can be described by number or a finite set of numbers, to schemes where outcomes of experiments represent, for example, vectors, functions, processes, fields, series, transformations, and also sets or collections of sets.”
The modern-day usage of “random element” frequently assumes the space of values is a topological vector space, often a Banach or Hilbert space with a specified natural sigma algebra of subsets.
Definition
Let be a probability space, and a measurable space. A random element with values in E is a function which is -measurable. That is, a function X such that for any , the preimage of B lies in .
Sometimes random elements with values in are called -valued random variables.
Note if , where are the real numbers, and is its Borel σ-algebra, then the definition of random element is the classical definition of random variable.
The definition of a random element with values in a Banach space is typically understood to utilize the smallest -algebra on B for which every bounded linear functional is measurable. An equivalent definition, in this case, to the above, is that a map , from a probability spa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives%20shipping%20classification%20system
|
A matrix of the United Nations explosives shipping classification system and examples of typical materials. Each classification consists of a Sub Class Number that indicates the type of hazard and a Compatibility group suffix describing which types of product may inhabit the same means of containment.
Classes
Compatibility Groups
In some cases it may be appropriate and safe to mix explosives when transporting or storing them, certain compatibility groups may be mixed with others and still remain safe.
X Denotes compatibility groups that can be mixed in transport.
Detonators/blasting caps, may not be packaged together with any other explosive.
a. Different explosives of compatibility group A should be packaged separately
b. Explosives of compatibility group L shall only be packed with an identical explosive.
c. Explosive articles of the compatibility group C, D, or E may be packed together, and the whole packaged shall be treated as belonging to compatibility group E.
d. Explosive articles of the compatibility group C and D may be packed together, and the whole packaged shall be treated as belonging to compatibility group D.
e. Explosive articles of the compatibility group C, D, E or N may be packed together, and the whole packaged shall be treated as belonging to compatibility group D.
f. Explosive belonging to the compatibility group G except for fireworks, may be packaged together with compatibility groups C, D, and E, provided they are not carried in the same co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20breathing
|
Water breathing may refer to:
The natural ability to extract oxygen from water, such as with gills
See also
Liquid breathing, breathing a specialized oxygenated fluid
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridine%20orange
|
Acridine orange is an organic compound that serves as a nucleic acid-selective fluorescent dye with cationic properties useful for cell cycle determination. Acridine orange is cell-permeable, which allows the dye to interact with DNA by intercalation, or RNA via electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, acridine orange is very similar spectrally to an organic compound known as fluorescein. Acridine orange and fluorescein have a maximum excitation at 502nm and 525 nm (green). When acridine orange associates with RNA, the fluorescent dye experiences a maximum excitation shift from 525 nm (green) to 460 nm (blue). The shift in maximum excitation also produces a maximum emission of 650 nm (red). Acridine orange is able to withstand low pH environments, allowing the fluorescent dye to penetrate acidic organelles such as lysosomes and phagolysosomes that are membrane-bound organelles essential for acid hydrolysis or for producing products of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Acridine orange is used in epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The ability to penetrate the cell membranes of acidic organelles and cationic properties of acridine orange allows the dye to differentiate between various types of cells (i.e., bacterial cells and white blood cells). The shift in maximum excitation and emission wavelengths provides a foundation to predict the wavelength at which the cells will stain.
Optical properties
When the pH of the environment is 3.5, acridine orange becomes ex
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease%20III
|
Ribonuclease III (RNase III or RNase C)(BRENDA 3.1.26.3) is a type of ribonuclease that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves it at specific targeted locations to transform them into mature RNAs. These enzymes are a group of endoribonucleases that are characterized by their ribonuclease domain, which is labelled the RNase III domain. They are ubiquitous compounds in the cell and play a major role in pathways such as RNA precursor synthesis, RNA Silencing, and the pnp autoregulatory mechanism.
Types of RNase III
The RNase III superfamily is divided into four known classes: 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each class is defined by its domain structure.
Class 1 RNase III
Class 1 RNase III enzymes have a homodimeric structure whose function is to cleave dsRNA into multiple subunits. It is a Mg2+-dependent endonuclease and is largely found in bacteria and bacteriophage. Class 1 RNase III have been found in Glomeromycotan fungi, which was suspected to be the result of horizontal gene transfer from cyanobacteria. Among the RNases III in the class are the rnc from E. coli. Typically, class I enzymes possess a single RNase III domain (RIIID) followed by a dsRNA-binding domain (). They process precursors to ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). The basic dsRNA cleavage function of Class 1 RNase III is retained in most of the organisms in which it is present. However, in a number of species the function has changed and taken on different or additional biological rol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROR2
|
Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROR2 gene located on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9. This protein is responsible for aspects of bone and cartilage growth. It is involved in Robinow syndrome and autosomal dominant brachydactyly type B. ROR2 is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) family.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor tyrosine kinase and type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. The protein may be involved in the early formation of the chondrocytes and may be required for cartilage and growth plate development.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene can cause brachydactyly type B, a skeletal disorder characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of distal phalanges and nails. In addition, mutations in this gene can cause the autosomal recessive form of Robinow syndrome, which is characterized by skeletal dysplasia with generalized limb bone shortening, segmental defects of the spine, brachydactyly, and a dysmorphic facial appearance.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on ROR2-Related Robinow Syndrome
ROR2 Mutations Cause Brachydactyly Type B and Robinow Syndrome
Tyrosine kinase receptors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosomy%209p
|
Monosomy 9p (also known as Alfi's Syndrome or simply 9P-) is a rare chromosomal disorder in which some DNA is missing or has been deleted on the short arm region, “p”, of one of the 9th Chromosomes (9p22.2-p23). This deletion either happens de novo or a result of a parent having the chromosome abnormality. This rare chromosome abnormality is often diagnosed after birth when development delay, irregular facial features, and structural irregularities within the heart, and genital defects are noticed. Treatments for this syndrome usually focus on fixing the common malformations associated with this syndrome. Chromosome 9p deletion syndrome was first discovered in 1973 when 3 infants with similar clinical features were observed to have a partial deletion of the short arm of Chromosome 9. Symptoms include microgenitalia, intellectual disability with microcephaly and dysmorphic features.
Signs and symptoms
Psychomotor development delays
Psychomotor development refers to the changes experienced directly after birth through adolescence. Development occurs in cognitive, emotional, motor, and social skills over the child's growth and a delay can result in lagging development of language, motor skills, cognition, or social skills, however these delays can vary in severity.
Facial dysmorphism
Facial dysmorphisms broadly describe any abnormalities in facial structure. Facial dysmorphisms include sloping forehead, frontal bossing (prominent protruding forehead), hemifacial microsomia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20annealing
|
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization problems) with many local minima; such as finding the ground state of a spin glass or the traveling salesman problem. The term "quantum annealing" was first proposed in 1988 by B. Apolloni, N. Cesa Bianchi and D. De Falco as a quantum-inspired classical algorithm. It was formulated in its present form by T. Kadowaki and H. Nishimori (ja) in 1998 though an imaginary-time variant without quantum coherence had been discussed by A. B. Finnila, M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik and J. D. Doll in 1994.
Quantum annealing starts from a quantum-mechanical superposition of all possible states (candidate states) with equal weights. Then the system evolves following the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, a natural quantum-mechanical evolution of physical systems. The amplitudes of all candidate states keep changing, realizing a quantum parallelism, according to the time-dependent strength of the transverse field, which causes quantum tunneling between states or essentially tunneling through peaks. If the rate of change of the transverse field is slow enough, the system stays close to the ground state of the instantaneous Hamiltonian (also see adiabatic quantum computation). If th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Project
|
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. Planning for the project started after it was adopted in 1984 by the US government, and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome. Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with a remaining only 0.3% bases covered by potential issues. The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022.
Funding came from the United States government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the Celera Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China, working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC).
The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the complete set of nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome, of which there are more than three billion. The "genome" of any
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20damage
|
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. Cell death may occur by necrosis or apoptosis.
Causes
Physical agents such as heat or radiation can damage a cell by literally cooking or coagulating their contents.
Impaired nutrient supply, such as lack of oxygen or glucose, or impaired production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) may deprive the cell of essential materials needed to survive.
Metabolic: Hypoxia and Ischemia
Chemical Agents
Microbial Agents: Virus & Bacteria
Immunologic Agents: Allergy and autoimmune diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
Genetic factors: Such as Down's syndrome and sickle cell anemia
Targets
The most notable components of the cell that are targets of cell damage are the DNA and the cell membrane.
DNA damage: In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and other radiations can ca
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell%20receptor
|
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell. A B-cell receptor is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The former forms a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein, and is typically located on the outer surface of these lymphocyte cells. Through biochemical signaling and by physically acquiring antigens from the immune synapses, the BCR controls the activation of the B cell. B cells are able to gather and grab antigens by engaging biochemical modules for receptor clustering, cell spreading, generation of pulling forces, and receptor transport, which eventually culminates in endocytosis and antigen presentation. B cells' mechanical activity adheres to a pattern of negative and positive feedbacks that regulate the quantity of removed antigen by manipulating the dynamic of BCR–antigen bonds directly. Particularly, grouping and spreading increase the relation of antigen with BCR, thereby proving sensitivity and amplification. On the other hand, pulling forces delinks the antigen from the BCR, thus testing the quality of antigen binding.
The receptor's binding moiety is composed of a membrane-bound antibody that, like all antibodies, has two identical paratopes that are unique and randomly determined. The BCR for an antigen is a significant sensor that is required for B cell activation, survival, and development. A B cell is activated by its first encounter with an antigen (its "cognate antigen") th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron%20Fray
|
Arron Fray (born 1 May 1987) is a footballer who plays as a defender for Glebe.
Fray was born in Bromley and came through the Crystal Palace academy, making a surprise debut for the club against Italian club Internazionale in July 2005, playing on the opposite side of defence to his natural position of right-back. During the 2005–06 season, he played two matches in the Football League Cup for Crystal Palace, against Walsall and Coventry City. Fray was released by Palace in 2008 without making a league appearance and he subsequently signed for Dagenham & Redbridge. Fray did not make a league appearance for them either, and was released in 2009. Fray then signed for non-league club Bromley. In 2011, Fray signed for Thurrock. He subsequently signed for Erith and Belvedere of the Southern Counties East Football League. Fray was playing for Glebe in the Southern Counties East Football League.
References
External links
Arron Fray player profile at cpfc.co.uk
Fray at holmesdale.net
1987 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
English men's footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Bromley F.C. players
Thurrock F.C. players
Erith & Belvedere F.C. players
Glebe F.C. players
Southern Counties East Football League players
Footballers from Bromley
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNB
|
TNB may stand for:
Trinitrobenzene, kinds of nitrated benzene-derivatives
Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington state, US
Throgs Neck Bridge, New York City, US
TNB frame (Tangent-Normal-Binormal), a mathematical coordinate system
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, an electricity company in Malaysia
National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional "Ion Luca Caragiale" București)
The National Bank (Palestine)
Transthoracic needle biopsy, a type of lung biopsy
Tuas Naval Base, the second naval base of the Republic of Singapore Navy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Probability%20Broach
|
The Probability Broach is a 1979 science fiction novel by American writer L. Neil Smith.
It is set in an alternate history, the so-called "Gallatin Universe", where a libertarian society has formed on the North American continent, styled the North American Confederacy (NAC). This history was created when the Declaration of Independence has the word unanimous added to the preamble, to read that governments "derive their just power from the unanimous consent of the governed".
Plot summary
Edward William "Win" Bear is an Ute Indian who works for the Denver Police Department in a version of the United States in an alternate history of 1987 that is controlled by an anti-capitalist, ecofascist government complete with a new police force created in 1984 called the Federal Security Police (FSP, or "SecPol" as it is more commonly known) reminiscent of the Gestapo. Henry M. Jackson is president, citizens' freedoms are very limited, and many laws and regulations have been passed. Examples include hoarding precious metals, such as silver and gold, is illegal and due to strict gun control policies, only the police and citizens with federal permits are allowed to carry guns.
Bear is called to investigate the unusual murder of physicist Vaughn Meiss; he eventually finds himself projected into the North American Confederacy by means of the "Probability Broach", an inter-dimensional conduit originally developed as a means for interstellar travel in the North American Confederacy by a bott
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20Confederacy
|
The North American Confederacy is an alternate history series of novels created by L. Neil Smith. The series begins with The Probability Broach and there are eight sequels. The stories take place in a fictional country of the same name.
Novels
By publication
The Probability Broach (1979)
The Venus Belt (1980)
Their Majesties' Bucketeers (1981)
The Nagasaki Vector (1983)
Tom Paine Maru (1984)
The Gallatin Divergence (1985)
Brightsuit MacBear (1988)
Taflak Lysandra (1989)
The American Zone (2001)
By chronology
The Probability Broach (1979)
The Nagasaki Vector (1983)
The American Zone (2001)
The Venus Belt (1980)
The Gallatin Divergence (1985)
Tom Paine Maru (1984)
Brightsuit MacBear (1988)
Taflak Lysandra (1989)
Their Majesties' Bucketeers (1981) takes place in the same universe, although none of the characters from the series appears in it.
History
The ostensible point of divergence leading to the North American Confederacy (NAC) is the addition of a single word in the preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence, wherein it states that governments "derive their just power from the unanimous consent of the governed." Inspired by this wording, Albert Gallatin intercedes in the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 to the benefit of the farmers rather than the fledgling United States government as he does in real life. This results in the rebellion becoming a Second American Revolution, which ultimately leads to the overthrow of the government and the exe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped%20strand%20mispairing
|
Slipped strand mispairing (SSM, also known as replication slippage) is a mutation process which occurs during DNA replication. It involves denaturation and displacement of the DNA strands, resulting in mispairing of the complementary bases. Slipped strand mispairing is one explanation for the origin and evolution of repetitive DNA sequences.
It is a form of mutation that leads to either a trinucleotide or dinucleotide expansion, or sometimes contraction, during DNA replication. A slippage event normally occurs when a sequence of repetitive nucleotides (tandem repeats) are found at the site of replication. Tandem repeats are unstable regions of the genome where frequent insertions and deletions of nucleotides can take place, resulting in genome rearrangements. DNA polymerase, the main enzyme to catalyze the polymerization of free deoxyribonucleotides into a newly forming DNA strand, plays a significant role in the occurrence of this mutation. When DNA polymerase encounters a direct repeat, it can undergo a replication slippage.
Strand slippage may also occur during the DNA synthesis step of DNA repair processes. Within DNA trinucleotide repeat sequences, the repair of DNA damage by the processes of homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, DNA mismatch repair or base excision repair may involve strand slippage mispairing leading to trinucleotide repeat expansion when the repair is completed.
Slipped strand mispairing has also been shown to function as a phase
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Forests
|
American Forests is a 501(c)(3) non-profit conservation organization, established in 1875, and dedicated to protecting and restoring healthy forest ecosystems. The current headquarters are in Washington, D.C.
Activities
The mission of American Forests is "Creating Healthy and Resilient Forests, from Cities to Wilderness, that Deliver Essential Benefits for Climate, People, Water and Wildlife." American Forests' activities comprise four separate program areas: rural forest restoration, equitable tree canopy in cites, the National Register of Champion Trees, and forest policy. In addition, the organization publishes a quarterly magazine.
Reforestation of Rural Forest Landscapes
Across North America, millions of acres of native forests have been lost or degraded by disasters like wildfires, pests, and disease, as well as human actions like mining, development, and widespread clearing for unsustainable practices. Forest restoration can bring native forests back — and all the natural benefits they provide society — while also creating green jobs.
Tree Equity for Under-served Communities
Through their Tree Equity program, American Forests is responding to this challenge by leading the move for Tree Equity in cities across America. They partner with city leaders and community groups (22 cities and counting) to develop science-based urban forestry programs to grow and maintain tree canopy in neighborhoods that have fallen behind. They advocate for and fund urban forestry, launch
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothened
|
Smoothened is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMO gene. Smoothened is a Class Frizzled (Class F) G protein-coupled receptor that is a component of the hedgehog signaling pathway and is conserved from flies to humans. It is the molecular target of the natural teratogen cyclopamine. It also is the target of vismodegib, the first hedgehog pathway inhibitor to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Smoothened (Smo) is a key transmembrane protein that is a key component of the hedgehog signaling pathway, a cell-cell communication system critical for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Mutations in proteins that relay Hh signals between cells cause birth defects and cancer. The protein that carries the Hh signal across the membrane is the oncoprotein and G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo). Smo is regulated by a separate transmembrane receptor for Hh ligands called Patched (Ptc). Ptc itself is a tumor suppressor that keeps the Hh pathway off by inhibiting Smo. The excessive Hh signaling that drives human skin and brain cancer is most frequently caused by inactivating mutations in Ptc or by gain of function mutations in Smo. While direct Smo agonists and antagonists, such as SAG and vismodegib, can bind to and activate or inhibit Smo, how Ptc inhibits Smo endogenously remains a mystery in the field.
Currently, Smo is targeted and inhibited directly by a small-molecule drug, vismodegib, for the treatment of advanced bas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie%20and%20Television%20Review%20and%20Classification%20Board
|
The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (; abbreviated as MTRCB) is a Philippine government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that is responsible for the classification and review of television programs, motion pictures and home videos.
Unlike other organizations worldwide (such as the BBFC), the Board does not rate video games. Thus, both the ESRB system used in the United States, and IARC system are the de facto rating systems used in the Philippines, although there have been attempts at formulating an independent local rating system. Certain video game vendors ask for a valid ID or any other verification to be able to buy M- and AO-rated games. The Board also does not rate literature.
The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board also serves as a de facto censorship body.
History
The MTRCB was initially created as the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures by virtue of Republic Act 3060 signed by President Carlos P. Garcia in 1961 and directly subordinate to the Office of the President. Over the years, its name and powers were changed and expanded by succeeding administrations. In 1980, as part of Executive Order No. 585 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos during the Martial Law , the Board was reconstituted to include senior officials of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Public Information and the National Intelligence and Security Autho
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness%20theorem%20for%20Poisson%27s%20equation
|
The uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation states that, for a large class of boundary conditions, the equation may have many solutions, but the gradient of every solution is the same. In the case of electrostatics, this means that there is a unique electric field derived from a potential function satisfying Poisson's equation under the boundary conditions.
Proof
The general expression for Poisson's equation in electrostatics is
where is the electric potential and is the charge distribution over some region with boundary surface .
The uniqueness of the solution can be proven for a large class of boundary conditions as follows.
Suppose that we claim to have two solutions of Poisson's equation. Let us call these two solutions and . Then
and
It follows that is a solution of Laplace's equation, which is a special case of Poisson's equation that equals to . Subtracting the two solutions above gives
By applying the vector differential identity we know that
However, from () we also know that throughout the region Consequently, the second term goes to zero and we find that
By taking the volume integral over the region , we find that
By applying the divergence theorem, we rewrite the expression above as
We now sequentially consider three distinct boundary conditions: a Dirichlet boundary condition, a Neumann boundary condition, and a mixed boundary condition.
First, we consider the case where Dirichlet boundary conditions are specified as on the boundary of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheobase
|
Rheobase is a measure of membrane potential excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root rhe translates to "current or flow", and basi means "bottom or foundation": thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.
Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.
The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term rheobase. Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturatio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%20CAD
|
Technology computer-aided design (technology CAD or TCAD) is a branch of electronic design automation that models semiconductor fabrication and semiconductor device operation. The modeling of the fabrication is termed Process TCAD, while the modeling of the device operation is termed Device TCAD. Included are the modelling of process steps (such as diffusion and ion implantation), and modelling of the behavior of the electrical devices based on fundamental physics, such as the doping profiles of the devices. TCAD may also include the creation of compact models (such as the well known SPICE transistor models), which try to capture the electrical behavior of such devices but do not generally derive them from the underlying physics. SPICE simulator itself is usually considered as part of ECAD rather than TCAD.
Introduction
Technology files and design rules are essential building blocks of the integrated circuit design process. Their accuracy and robustness over process technology, its variability and the operating conditions of the IC — environmental, parasitic interactions and testing, including adverse conditions such as electro-static discharge — are critical in determining performance, yield and reliability. Development of these technology and design rule files involves an iterative process that crosses boundaries of technology and device development, product design and quality assurance. Modeling and simulation play a critical role in support of many aspects of this e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenkite
|
Evenkite is a rare hydrocarbon mineral with formula C24H50; specifically, H3C–(CH2)22–CH3, the alkane n-tetracosane. It occurs as very soft (Mohs hardness 1) transparent crystals, colorless to yellow, with a waxy luster. The softness is a characteristic of crystalline long-chain alkanes, which are the main constituents of paraffin wax.
Evenkite one of very few minerals that consist of crystalline hydrocarbons, which include carpathite (pure crystalline coronene, a polyaromatic hydrocarbon). It is also one of the few non-porous minerals that floats on water. It has been claimed to be the same as hatchettite.
History and geologic occurrence
Evenkite was first described in 1953 by A. V. Shropyshev, as found in the Khavokiperskiye deposit, Lower Tunguska River, Evenkiysky District, Siberia, Russia, where it occurs inside geodes and vugs in a quartz vein in welded tuff. It was named after the district. It has also been reported from the Hautes-Alpes region in France and the Slanské and Vihorlat mountains of Slovakia.
Evenkite appears as flaky wax partials on top of the quartz crystals. Associated minerals include quartz, chalcedony, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and calcite.
Evenkite was the last part of the geode to form. It is believed to have resulted from thermal cracking of the organic matter (manly marine plants) that where trapped in the septarian concretions during the Jurassic burial, as the buried sediments were subjected to high pressure a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronaxie
|
Chronaxie is the minimum time required for an electric current double the strength of the rheobase to stimulate a muscle or a neuron. Rheobase is the lowest intensity with indefinite pulse duration which just stimulated muscles or nerves. Chronaxie is dependent on the density of voltage-gated sodium channels in the cell, which affect that cell’s excitability. Chronaxie varies across different types of tissue: fast-twitch muscles have a lower chronaxie, slow-twitch muscles have a higher one. Chronaxie is the tissue-excitability parameter that
permits choice of the optimum stimulus pulse duration for stimulation of any excitable tissue. Chronaxie (c) is the Lapicque descriptor of the stimulus pulse duration for a current
of twice rheobasic (b) strength, which is the threshold current
for an infinitely long-duration stimulus pulse. Lapicque showed
that these two quantities (c,b) define the strength-duration curve
for current: I = b(1+c/d), where d is the pulse duration.
However, there are two other electrical parameters used to
describe a stimulus: energy and charge. The minimum energy
occurs with a pulse duration equal to chronaxie. Minimum
charge (bc) occurs with an infinitely short-duration pulse.
Choice of a pulse duration equal to 10c requires a current of
only 10% above rheobase (b). Choice of a pulse duration of
0.1c requires a charge of 10% above the minimum charge (bc).
History
The terms chronaxie and rheobase were first coined in Louis Lapicque’s famous paper on Défin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20Cell%20Orchestra%20%28album%29
|
Single Cell Orchestra is the self-titled second album of Single Cell Orchestra released in 1996.
Track listing
"A Better Place" – 7:08
"Start" – 5:44
"Letters From Nowhere" – 5:08
"Knockout Drops (200 Proof Mix)" – 8:15
"Divinity" – 5:20
"Kudowbuz" – 5:30
"The Slenderest of Threads" – 7:01
"Transmit Liberation" – 9:45
"Flight 2127" – 10:17
"Freefall" – 4:21
References
1996 albums
Single Cell Orchestra albums
Asphodel Records albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTR
|
LTR or ltr may refer to:
Science and technology
Learning to rank, an algorithm used in the construction of ranking models for information retrieval systems
Litre (or liter), a metric unit of volume
Load task register, a computing instruction
Logic Trunked Radio, a computer-controlled analog trunking radio system
Long terminal repeat, a DNA sequence found in retroviruses and retrotransposons
Other uses
Left to right, a group of writing systems
Letter (paper size)
Model 700P Light Tactical Rifle, a rifle manufactured by Remington Arms
London Turkish Radio
Long-term relationship
See also
"Left to Right", a short story by Isaac Asimov
Left-to-right mark, a typesetting control character.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Peak%20%28Tenmile%20Range%29
|
Crystal Peak is a high mountain summit in the Tenmile Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The thirteener is in White River National Forest, southwest (bearing 220°) of the Town of Breckenridge in Summit County, Colorado, United States.
Approach routes
Most climbers approach Crystal Peak from the east, in particular via the Crystal Lakes basin. This approach, a pleasant hike, follows jeep trails until treeline and Lower Crystal Lake. Four-wheel-drive vehicles can generally make it this far. A trail on the lake's north side takes climbers to Upper Crystal Lake, where gentle scree slopes provide access to the ridges north of the summit.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, the mountain is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter, and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring.
See also
List of Colorado mountain ranges
List of Colorado mountain summits
List of Colorado fourteeners
List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits
List of the most prominent summits of Colorado
List of Colorado county high points
References
External links
Mountains of Colorado
Mountains of Summit County, Colorado
Arapaho National Forest
North American 4000 m summits
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20stem%20cell
|
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that firstly generate the radial glial progenitor cells that generate the neurons and glia of the nervous system of all animals during embryonic development. Some neural progenitor stem cells persist in highly restricted regions in the adult vertebrate brain and continue to produce neurons throughout life. Differences in the size of the central nervous system are among the most important distinctions between the species and thus mutations in the genes that regulate the size of the neural stem cell compartment are among the most important drivers of vertebrate evolution.
Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types. They undergo symmetric or asymmetric cell division into two daughter cells. In symmetric cell division, both daughter cells are also stem cells. In asymmetric division, a stem cell produces one stem cell and one specialized cell. NSCs primarily differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
Brain location
In the adult mammalian brain, the subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the subventricular zone around the lateral ventricles, and the hypothalamus (precisely in the dorsal α1, α2 region and the "hypothalamic proliferative region”, located in the adjacent median eminence) have been reported to contain neural stem cells.
Development
In vivo origin
There are two basic types of stem cell: adult stem cells, which are limited in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianorte
|
Cianorte is a municipality in the state of Paraná in Brazil, with an estimated population of 83,816, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in 2020.
History
The city was planned as a "garden city" and founded by the Company for the Improvement of the North of Paraná (Companhia Melhoramentos Norte do Paraná), a British company for which it was named. In the beginning of the 20th century the region was dominated by a subtropical forest and totally wild, except for the Road of Peabiru, used by the Portuguese to connect the Guaira region, further west, to the coast. The road existed from the 17th century, but the first reported contact with the natives of the region, the Xetas, was in the 1930s. The Xetas, a group of three or four hundred, had their own language, and were early Iron Age in culture. The group vanished after they were contacted by the British in controversial and unexplained circumstances.
In the 1940s the English company drew the city plan and split the region into very small farms. At this time, the city was redivided and part of the city and the areas around were sold to immigrants, mainly Italian-Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians of second or third generation from São Paulo. Those immigrants were primarily poor ordinary workers in the huge coffee farms of São Paulo, and perceived the inexpensive land in Cianorte as their big opportunity in life. They built houses and schools, temples and businesses. The city become a municipality,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylsilane
|
Vinylsilane refers to an organosilicon compound with chemical formula CH2=CHSiH3. It is a derivative of silane (SiH4). The compound, which is a colorless gas, is mainly of theoretical interest.
Substituted vinylsilanes
More commonly used than the parent vinylsilane are vinyl-substituted silanes with other substituents on silicon. In the area of organic synthesis, vinylsilanes are useful intermediates.
In the area of polymer chemistry and materials science, vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane serve as monomers and coupling agents.
Preparation
Vinylsilanes are often prepared by hydrosilylation of alkynes. They can be made by the reaction of alkenyl lithium and Grignard reagents with chlorosilanes. In some cases dehydrogenative silylation is another method.
References
Carbosilanes
Monomers
Vinyl compounds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucey%E2%80%93Driscoll%20syndrome
|
Lucey–Driscoll syndrome is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting enzymes involved in bilirubin metabolism. It is one of several disorders classified as a transient familial neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Signs and symptoms
Cause
The common cause is congenital, but it can also be caused by maternal steroids passed on through breast milk to the newborn. It is different from breast feeding-associated jaundice (breast-fed infants have higher bilirubin levels than formula-fed ones).
Genetics
A defect in the UGT1A1-gene, also linked to Crigler–Najjar syndrome and Gilbert's syndrome, is responsible for the congenital form of Lucey–Driscoll syndrome.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment is as per neonatal jaundice, and includes phototherapy and exchange transfusions. If left untreated, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome may lead to seizures, kernicterus, and even death.
Once treated, most patients will have no additional complications.
References
External links
- transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, breast feeding jaundice included
Hepatology
Autosomal recessive disorders
Syndromes
Heme metabolism disorders
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Albert%20Necker
|
Louis Albert Necker de Saussure FRSE MWS FGS (10 April 1786 – 20 November 1861) was a Swiss crystallographer and geographer.
He is best remembered for devising the optical illusion now known as the Necker cube.
Life
He was born in the Republic of Geneva, the son of botanist Professor Jacques Necker, nephew and namesake of statesman Jacques Necker, and Albertine Necker de Saussure.
He was educated in Geneva, then sent to Edinburgh University in Scotland to study Sciences from 1806 to 1808.
He returned to Scotland in 1841 and settled on the Isle of Skye, lodging with the Cameron family at Bosville Terrace in Portree. His scientific interests turned to astronomy and a study of the aurora borealis. In 1843 and 1845, he was joined by his friend, James Forbes, a glaciologist. Together, they made the first accurate map of the Cuillins.
He spent his later life mountaineering and collecting ornithological specimens. He died in Portree on 20 November 1861. He is buried next to the Cameron family in the Portree churchyard.
Works
Mémoire sur les oiseaux des environs de Genève, Genève : Chez J.J. Paschoud, 1823.
Voyage en Écosse et aux Iles Hébrides. Genève, Paris, J.J. Paschoud, 1821.
Memoire sur la vallée de Valorsine, Genève : J. Barbezat et comp., 1828.
Mémoire sur le Mont Somma. Genève. : Barbezat et Delarue. 1828.
Le règne minéral ramené aux méthodes de l'histoire naturelle, Paris : Levrault, 1835.
Études géologiques dans les Alpes, Paris : Pitois : Langlois et Lecler
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20FlexGo
|
FlexGo was a technology developed by Microsoft to enable users to pay for using a full-featured personal computer based on the amount of time it used for, similar to pay as you go for cell phones. Another method of payment was a monthly subscription. It was introduced on May 21, 2006. IBM and other corporations were also adapting similar business models to expand into new markets. Microsoft began offering a Windows Vista based version of FlexGo in 2008.
FlexGo had two computing models, a pay-as-you-go model, and a subscription based model. Users would get full access to their PC once they paid. The PC would inform users as their time ran out, and would lock the user out if they did not pay to extend their time.
Goals
FlexGo's main target audience was those in third world countries or people with unsteady income. It had been featured under a topic on Leo Laporte's This Week in Tech, Episode 57 "Vloggercon".
Microsoft wanted to give people the opportunity to buy their very first computer using FlexGo, and pay for only the time they would use it. Microsoft also planned to team up with telecommunication companies to allow internet access to become a pay as you go feature. The main targeted areas for FlexGo are India, Hungary, Vietnam, Slovenia, and Brazil.
References
External links
FlexGo Technology
Microsoft Original License
Microsoft Pitches Pay-as-you-go PCs
Microsoft Brings Vista To Developing World PCs
Microsoft initiatives
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20induction%20and%20inhibition
|
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
Enzyme inhibition can refer to
the inhibition of the expression of the enzyme by another molecule
interference at the enzyme-level, basically with how the enzyme works. This can be competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition or partially competitive inhibition.
If the molecule induces enzymes that are responsible for its own metabolism, this is called auto-induction (or auto-inhibition if there is inhibition). These processes are particular forms of gene expression regulation.
These terms are of particular interest to pharmacology, and more specifically to drug metabolism and drug interactions. They also apply to molecular biology.
History
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French molecular biologists François Jacob and Jacques Monod became the first to explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli. In the absence of lactose, the constitutively expressed lac repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA and prevents the transcription of the operon genes. When present, lactose binds to the lac repressor, causing it to separate from the DNA and thereby enabling transcription to occur. Monod and Jacob generated this theory following 15 years of work by them and others (including Joshua Lederberg), partially as an explanation for Monod's observation of diauxie. Pre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Tennyson%20Swingle
|
Walter Tennyson Swingle (January 8, 1871 – January 19, 1952) was an American agricultural botanist who contributed greatly to the classification and taxonomy of citrus.
Biography
Swingle was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania, and moved with his family to Kansas two years later.
He graduated from the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1890, and studied at the University of Bonn in 1895–96 and 1898.
Swingle married Lucie Romstaedt in 1901; she died in 1910. He married Maude Kellerman, daughter of William Ashbrook Kellerman, in 1915 and they had four children. He died in Washington, D.C., on January 19, 1952.
In 1927, botanist Elmer Drew Merrill published Swinglea, which is a genus of flowering plants from the Philippines, belonging to the family Rutaceae and named in Walter Tennyson Swingle's honor.
Contribution to US agricultural industry
Swingle worked at the United States Department of Agriculture (1891), investigated subtropic fruits, established laboratories in Florida, became an agricultural explorer, and (after 1902) had charge of crop physiology and breeding investigations. He developed the tangelo citrus hybrid in 1897 in Eustis, Florida.
He made several visits to the Mediterranean countries of Europe, to North Africa, and to Asia Minor, from where he introduced the date palm, pistachio nut and other useful plants, as well as the fig wasp, to make possible the cultivation of Smyrna figs in California.
Swingle also traveled to Asia, bringing back 100,000 Chinese v
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20Gaussian%20distribution
|
In probability theory, the inverse Gaussian distribution (also known as the Wald distribution) is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions with support on (0,∞).
Its probability density function is given by
for x > 0, where is the mean and is the shape parameter.
The inverse Gaussian distribution has several properties analogous to a Gaussian distribution. The name can be misleading: it is an "inverse" only in that, while the Gaussian describes a Brownian motion's level at a fixed time, the inverse Gaussian describes the distribution of the time a Brownian motion with positive drift takes to reach a fixed positive level.
Its cumulant generating function (logarithm of the characteristic function) is the inverse of the cumulant generating function of a Gaussian random variable.
To indicate that a random variable X is inverse Gaussian-distributed with mean μ and shape parameter λ we write .
Properties
Single parameter form
The probability density function (pdf) of the inverse Gaussian distribution has a single parameter form given by
In this form, the mean and variance of the distribution are equal,
Also, the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the single parameter inverse Gaussian distribution is related to the standard normal distribution by
where , and the is the cdf of standard normal distribution. The variables and are related to each other by the identity
In the single parameter form, the MGF simplifies to
An inverse Gau
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Bile is a greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted from the liver of most vertebrates.
Bile may also refer to:
People
Abdi Bile (born 1962), Somali middle-distance runner
Mingo Bile (born 1987), Angolan footballer
Moni Bilé, Cameroonian musician
Pastor Micha Ondó Bile (born 1952), Equatorial Guinean cabinet minister and ambassador
William I of Bimbia (birthname Bile), 19th century Cameroonian ruler
Places
Bile River, Guam
Birecik, Turkey, a city called Bile during the Crusades
Bile, Luhansk Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine
Bile, Odesa Oblast, the only village on Snake Island in Ukraine
Lake Bile, a lake in the Odesa Oblast in Ukraine
Other uses
Belenus, a god of Celtic mythology
Bile (Irish legend), a legendary ancestor of the Irish people
Bile (band), a New York industrial metal band
Bile language, a Southern Bantoid Jarawan language of Nigeria
Black bile, a humor in ancient and pre-modern medicine
Yellow bile, a humor in ancient and pre-modern medicine
Birmingham Laptop Ensemble (BiLE)
See also
Biles, a surname
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%2016
|
Channel 16 may refer to:
Channel 16 (Bangladeshi TV channel), a defunct music entertainment television channel in Bangladesh
Channel 16 VHF, a radio frequency on the marine VHF radio band
Canada
The following television stations broadcast on digital or analog channel 16 (UHF frequencies covering 482-488 MHz) in Canada:
CHBC-TV-5 in Enderby, British Columbia
CHWI-DT in Windsor, Ontario
The following television stations operate on virtual channel 16 in Canada:
CFKM-DT in Trois-Rivières, Quebec
CHWI-DT in Windsor, Ontario
Mexico
The following stations broadcast on virtual channel 16 in Mexico:
Sistema Michoacano de Radio y Televisión in the state of Michoacán
SET Televisión in the state of Puebla
XETV-TDT (Nu9ve subchannel) in Tijuana, Baja California
See also
Channel 16 TV stations in Mexico
Channel 16 branded TV stations in the United States
Channel 16 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 16 low-power TV stations in the United States
Channel 16 virtual TV stations in the United States
16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20modular%20curve
|
In number theory, the classical modular curve is an irreducible plane algebraic curve given by an equation
,
such that is a point on the curve. Here denotes the -invariant.
The curve is sometimes called , though often that notation is used for the abstract algebraic curve for which there exist various models. A related object is the classical modular polynomial, a polynomial in one variable defined as .
It is important to note that the classical modular curves are part of the larger theory of modular curves. In particular it has another expression as a compactified quotient of the complex upper half-plane .
Geometry of the modular curve
The classical modular curve, which we will call , is of degree greater than or equal to when , with equality if and only if is a prime. The polynomial has integer coefficients, and hence is defined over every field. However, the coefficients are sufficiently large that computational work with the curve can be difficult. As a polynomial in with coefficients in , it has degree , where is the Dedekind psi function. Since , is symmetrical around the line , and has singular points at the repeated roots of the classical modular polynomial, where it crosses itself in the complex plane. These are not the only singularities, and in particular when , there are two singularities at infinity, where and , which have only one branch and hence have a knot invariant which is a true knot, and not just a link.
Parametrization of the modular cu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey%20curve
|
In mathematics, a Frey curve or Frey–Hellegouarch curve is the elliptic curve
associated with a (hypothetical) solution of Fermat's equation
The curve is named after Gerhard Frey and (sometimes) .
History
came up with the idea of associating solutions of Fermat's equation with a completely different mathematical object: an elliptic curve.
If ℓ is an odd prime and a, b, and c are positive integers such that
then a corresponding Frey curve is an algebraic curve given by the equation
or, equivalently
This is a nonsingular algebraic curve of genus one defined over Q, and its projective completion is an elliptic curve over Q.
called attention to the unusual properties of the same curve as Hellegouarch, which became called a Frey curve. This provided a bridge between Fermat and Taniyama by showing that a counterexample to Fermat's Last Theorem would create such a curve that would not be modular. The conjecture attracted considerable interest when suggested that the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem. However, his argument was not complete. In 1985, Jean-Pierre Serre proposed that a Frey curve could not be modular and provided a partial proof of this. This showed that a proof of the semistable case of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture would imply Fermat's Last Theorem. Serre did not provide a complete proof and what was missing became known as the epsilon conjecture or ε-conjecture. In the summer of 1986, Ribet (1990) proved the epsilon conject
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilipin-1
|
Perilipin, also known as lipid droplet-associated protein, perilipin 1, or PLIN, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PLIN gene. The perilipins are a family of proteins that associate with the surface of lipid droplets. Phosphorylation of perilipin is essential for the mobilization of fats in adipose tissue.
Perilipin family of proteins
Perilipin is part of a gene family with six currently-known members. In vertebrates, closely related genes include adipophilin (also known as adipose differentiation-related protein or Perilipin 2), TIP47 (Perilipin 3), Perilipin 4 and Perilipin 5 (also called MLDP, LSDP5, or OXPAT). Insects express related proteins, LSD1 and LSD2, in fat bodies. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses PLN1 (formerly PET10), that stabilizes lipid droplets and aids in their assembly.
Evolution
The perilipins are considered to have their origins in a common ancestral gene which, during the first and second vertebrate genome duplication, gave rise to six types of PLIN genes.
Composition and structure
Human perilipin
Human perilipin-1 is composed by 522 amino acids, which add up to a molecular mass of 55.990 kDa. It presents an estimated number of 15 phosphorylation sites (residues 81, 85, 126, 130, 132, 137, 174, 299, 301, 382, 384, 408, 436, 497, 499 and 522) from which 3 -those in bold- have been suggested to be relevant for stimulated-lipolysis through PKA phosphorylation - they correspond respectively to PKA Phosphorylation sites 1, 5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthochromia
|
Xanthochromia, from the Greek xanthos (ξανθός) "yellow" and chroma (χρώμα) "colour", is the yellowish appearance of cerebrospinal fluid that occurs several hours after bleeding into the subarachnoid space caused by certain medical conditions, most commonly subarachnoid hemorrhage. Its presence can be determined by either spectrophotometry (measuring the absorption of particular wavelengths of light) or simple visual examination. It is unclear which method is superior.
Physiology
Cerebrospinal fluid, which fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain, is normally clear and colorless. When there has been bleeding into the subarachnoid space, the initial appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid can range from barely tinged with blood to frankly bloody, depending on the extent of bleeding. Within several hours, the red blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid are destroyed, releasing their oxygen-carrying molecule heme, which is then metabolized by enzymes to bilirubin, a yellow pigment. The most common cause for bleeding into the subarachnoid space is a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm.
The most frequently employed initial test for subarachnoid hemorrhage is a computed tomography scan of the head, but it detects only 98% of cases in the first 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, and becomes less useful afterwards. Therefore, a lumbar puncture ("spinal tap") is recommended to obtain cerebrospinal fluid
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%20or%20Die
|
March or Die may refer to:
March ör Die, a Motörhead album, or its title track
March or Die (film), a 1977 film directed by Dick Richards, starring Gene Hackman, Terence Hill, Catherine Deneuve and Ian Holm
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioesterase
|
In biochemistry, thioesterases are enzymes which belong to the esterase family. Esterases, in turn, are one type of the several hydrolases known.
Thioesterases exhibit esterase activity (splitting of an ester into an acid and an alcohol, in the presence of water) specifically at a thiol group ().
Thioesterases or thiolester hydrolases are identified as members of EC 3.1.2.
Family
The thioesterase activity is performed by members of the acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) family. The regulatory role of ACOT in fatty acid metabolism depends on their substrate specificity, tissue expression and subcellular localization. For example, deactivation of fatty acids at the ER may traffic fatty acids away from pathways associated with the ER membrane, such as glycerolipid biosynthesis. Two structurally different ACOT types lead to a similar enzymatic activity in vitro, dividing the family into type I and type II ACOTs.
Type I ACOTs (ACOT1–6) contain the α/β-hydrolase domain, which is also present in many lipases and esterases .
Type II ACOTs (ACOT7–15) have a characteristic structural motif called the ‘Hotdog fold’ domain .
Examples
Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, succinyl-CoA hydrolase, formyl-CoA hydrolase, acyl-CoA hydrolase are a few examples of this group of enzymes.
Ubiquitin thiolesterase is a well-known example, whose structure has been analyzed.
Humans genes which encode thioesterases include:
ACOT1, ACOT2, ACOT4, ACOT6, ACOT7, ACOT8, ACOT9, ACOT11 (STARD14),
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20field%20solver
|
Electromagnetic field solvers (or sometimes just field solvers) are specialized programs that solve (a subset of) Maxwell's equations directly. They form a part of the field of electronic design automation, or EDA, and are commonly used in the design of integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. They are used when a solution from first principles or the highest accuracy is required.
Introduction
The extraction of parasitic circuit models is essential for various aspects of physical verification such as timing, signal integrity, substrate coupling, and power grid analysis. As circuit speeds and densities have increased, the need has grown to account accurately for parasitic effects for more extensive and more complicated interconnect structures. In addition, the electromagnetic complexity has grown as well, from resistance and capacitance to inductance, and now even full electromagnetic wave propagation. This increase in complexity has also grown for the analysis of passive devices such as integrated inductors. Electromagnetic behavior is governed by Maxwell's equations, and all parasitic extraction requires solving some form of Maxwell's equations. That form may be a simple analytic parallel plate capacitance equation or may involve a full numerical solution for a complex 3D geometry with wave propagation. In layout extraction, analytic formulas for simple or simplified geometry can be used where accuracy is less important than speed. Still, when the geometric configu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDAL
|
The Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) is a computer software library for reading and writing raster and vector geospatial data formats (e.g. shapefile), and is released under the permissive X/MIT style free software license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. As a library, it presents a single abstract data model to the calling application for all supported formats. It may also be built with a variety of useful command line interface utilities for data translation and processing. Projections and transformations are supported by the PROJ library.
The related OGR library (OGR Simple Features Library), which is part of the GDAL source tree, provides a similar ability for simple features vector graphics data.
GDAL was developed mainly by Frank Warmerdam until the release of version 1.3.2, when maintenance was officially transferred to the GDAL/OGR Project Management Committee under the Open Source Geospatial Foundation.
GDAL/OGR is considered a major free software project for its "extensive capabilities of data exchange" and also in the commercial GIS community due to its widespread use and comprehensive set of functionalities.
Software using GDAL/OGR
Several software programs use the GDAL/OGR libraries to allow them to read and write multiple GIS formats. Such programs include:
ArcGIS – Uses GDAL for custom raster formats
Avenza MAPublisher - GIS and mapping tools for Adobe Illustrator. Uses GDAL for coordinate system transformation, format reading & writing,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20areas%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Ireland%20for%20the%202011%20census
|
The following table gives all the urban areas in Ireland listed in the Central Statistics Office (CSO) report of the 2011 census. This includes cities, boroughs, and towns with local government councils, and other places identified by the CSO with at least 50 occupied dwellings. Census towns are required to have a local area plan if they have a population over 5,000, and are permitted to have one with a population over 1,500.
Explanation of table
Table
Notes
References
Central Statistics Office, 2012 Census 2011 Population Classified by Area (Formerly Volume One)
See also
List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland details of municipal towns with councils, distinguishing administrative, electoral, and suburban populations
Cenus towns
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomodulin
|
Oncomodulin is a parvalbumin-family calcium-binding protein expressed and secreted by macrophages (that typically traffic to tissue as an inflammatory response or after injury).
Oncomodulin is present in the eye. It is small, acidic, has a high calcium-binding activity, and consists of 108 amino acid residues. It is released by macrophages in the vitreous and the retina to promote nerve regeneration in the eye. This regeneration can be done in response to inflammation in the eye and promote regrowth in the eye to repair retinal injury. The regeneration effects of oncomodulin outcompetes other neurotrophic factors like BDNF, CNTF, and GDNF. When added to retinal nerve cells in a petri dish with no other growth factors present, oncomodulin has been shown to promote neuron regrowth at 5-7 times the normal rate.
Oncomodulin has been found in cytotrophoblasts of human and rat placenta and in the early stages of embryos. In vivo, oncomodulin promotes regeneration of the optic nerve in rats. It has also been found in different types of human and rodent tumors. However, it has never been found in healthy human or rat tissues.
To date, it has been found in the central nervous system in inner ear hair cells and retinal ganglion cells. Oncomodulin promotes axon regeneration in retinal ganglion cells and maintains functioning in mouse cochlear hair cells.
Structure
Oncomodulin is highly conserved across vertebrate evolution (NCBI database). It is a smaller calcium-binding protein (
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20of%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology%20and%20Genetics
|
The Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG) is a biology research institute located in Dresden, Germany. It was founded in 1998 and was fully operational in 2001. Research groups in the institute work in molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and systems biology supported by various facilities.
Research
The research theme of research at MPI-CBG lies in the fundamental scientific questions pertaining to organisation of biology at various scales: How do biomolecules organize in a functioning cell? How do cells form tissues? and How do tissues form organisms? The research in the institute encompasses many topics from molecular, cellular, and developmental biology as well as from biophysics. An incomplete list of individual topics follows: phase separation, neural development, cell division, lipid rafts, endocytosis, embryogenesis, regeneration, tissue and organoid development.
Organisation
The MPI-CBG is headed by five tenured directors or group leaders – Anthony Hyman (UK) as managing director, Marino Zerial (Italy), Anne Grapin-Botton (France), Stephan Grill (Germany), Eugene Myers (US), – and a chief operating officer (Ivan Baines). Together with the directors' groups, 23 independent research groups led by untenured principal investigators and about 21 facilities make up the work force of the institute. In total, the institute employs around 550 people of whom about half are not German. The flat organisation an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20random%20measure
|
Let be some measure space with -finite measure . The Poisson random measure with intensity measure is a family of random variables defined on some probability space such that
i) is a Poisson random variable with rate .
ii) If sets don't intersect then the corresponding random variables from i) are mutually independent.
iii) is a measure on
Existence
If then satisfies the conditions i)–iii). Otherwise, in the case of finite measure , given , a Poisson random variable with rate , and , mutually independent random variables with distribution , define where is a degenerate measure located in . Then will be a Poisson random measure. In the case is not finite the measure can be obtained from the measures constructed above on parts of where is finite.
Applications
This kind of random measure is often used when describing jumps of stochastic processes, in particular in Lévy–Itō decomposition of the Lévy processes.
Generalizations
The Poisson random measure generalizes to the Poisson-type random measures, where members of the PT family are invariant under restriction to a subspace.
References
Statistical randomness
Poisson point processes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEIC
|
HEIC may refer to:
.heic, filename extension for High Efficiency Image File Format images encoded with High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, ITU-T H.265)
HEI-C and HEIC, aliases for CCDC5 protein
Honourable East India Company
Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Green
|
Stanley Owen Green (22 February 1915 – 4 December 1993), known as the Protein Man, was a human billboard in central London in the latter half of the 20th century. One writer called him "the most famous non-famous person in London". According to Lynne Truss, Green became such a ubiquitous figure in and around Oxford Street in the West End that he was "present in every black-and-white picture of London crowds that one has ever seen".
For 25 years, from 1968 until 1993, Green patrolled Oxford Street with a placard recommending "protein wisdom", a low-protein diet that he said would dampen the libido and make people kinder. His 14-page self-published pamphlet, Eight Passion Proteins with Care went through 84 editions and sold 87,000 copies over 20 years.
Green's "campaigning for the suppression of desire", as one writer described it, was not always popular, but Londoners developed an affection for him. The Sunday Times interviewed him in 1985, and the fashion house Red or Dead used his "less passion from less protein" slogan in one of its collections. When he died aged 78, the Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and The Times all published obituaries, and the Museum of London acquired his pamphlets and placards. In 2006 his biography was included in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Early life
Green was born in Harringay, north London, the youngest of four boys to May Green and her husband, Richard Green, a clerk for a bottle stopper manufacturer. After attending Wood Gre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck%20optimization
|
The term deck optimization (or deck tuning) refers to iteratively improving a play deck in a collectible card game. This is usually done through test or trial play sessions, during which the deck's performance is evaluated. After observation and consideration, changes are made to the deck, and its new performance can then be judged. This cycle can be repeated as needed.
Key considerations
When adjusting the cards in a deck, the following items should be considered:
Efficiency – How effectively can cards be played and utilized? Does the deck take longer to achieve a victory condition than it should? Is it slow at the beginning of a game, or weak near the end of a game?
Enjoyment – Is the deck entertaining and fun to play, or is it boring and tedious? While this is much less of a concern for tournament decks, casual decks, which will be played frequently, should probably be enjoyable to use.
Strategy – Does the deck have a strategy for winning? Are all of the cards in the deck contributing to this strategy (or an alternate strategy), or are there cards that do not in fact do so?
Weaknesses – Does the deck have a fatal flaw when used against other decks of certain types? Is there a way to compensate for this weakness by changing a relatively small number of cards?
Optimization methods
While players can completely re-design a play deck, most optimizations involve relatively minor changes to the deck. This typically involves selecting a card (of which multiple copi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIC
|
CLIC or Clic can refer to:
Science and Technology
Chloride intracellular channel (a type of chloride channel, e.g. CLIC1)
Clathrin-independent carrier (a subtype of endocytic membrane)
Compact Linear Collider, a proposed particle accelerator at CERN
Music
Clic (album) an album by Italian experimental musician Franco Battiatio
Other
S4C Clic, a video on demand service from Welsh broadcaster S4C
CLIC Sargent (now Young Lives vs Cancer), a cancer charity in the United Kingdom
Cluster LInux pour le Calcul, is a special version of Mandrakelinux for computer clusters
CLiC (Colectivo de Livecoders), a livecoding collective from Argentina
Community Leadership Independence Coalition, a party formed by Peter Lewis in the 2002 South Australian legislative election
Company Level Intelligence Cell, a group of infantry Marines who form a small intelligence unit
Cooperating Libraries in Consortium, a non-profit consortium of the libraries of eight private colleges and universities in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Programs organized by the Cumbria County Council:
Cumbria Learning and Improvement Collaborative, an information resource for health and social workers
Cumbria Libraries Interactive Catalogue, a county-wide public library catalogue system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20plane
|
In geophysical fluid dynamics, an approximation whereby the Coriolis parameter, f, is set to vary linearly in space is called a beta plane approximation.
On a rotating sphere such as the Earth, f varies with the sine of latitude; in the so-called f-plane approximation, this variation is ignored, and a value of f appropriate for a particular latitude is used throughout the domain. This approximation can be visualized as a tangent plane touching the surface of the sphere at this latitude.
A more accurate model is a linear Taylor series approximation to this variability about a given latitude :
, where is the Coriolis parameter at , is the Rossby parameter, is the meridional distance from , is the angular rotation rate of the Earth, and is the Earth's radius.
In analogy with the f-plane, this approximation is termed the beta plane, even though it no longer describes dynamics on a hypothetical tangent plane. The advantage of the beta plane approximation over more accurate formulations is that it does not contribute nonlinear terms to the dynamical equations; such terms make the equations harder to solve. The name 'beta plane' derives from the convention to denote the linear coefficient of variation with the Greek letter β.
The beta plane approximation is useful for the theoretical analysis of many phenomena in geophysical fluid dynamics since it makes the equations much more tractable, yet retains the important information that the Coriolis parameter varies in space. I
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills%20of%20mortality
|
Bills of mortality were the weekly mortality statistics in London, designed to monitor burials from 1592 to 1595 and then continuously from 1603. The responsibility to produce the statistics was chartered in 1611 to the Worshipful Company of Parish Clerks. The bills covered an area that started to expand as London grew from the City of London, before reaching its maximum extent in 1636. New parishes were then only added where ancient parishes within the area were divided. Factors such as the use of suburban cemeteries outside the area, the exemption of extra-parochial places within the area, the wider growth of the metropolis, and that they recorded burials rather than deaths, rendered their data incomplete. Production of the bills went into decline from 1819 as parishes ceased to provide returns, with the last surviving weekly bill dating from 1858. They were superseded by the weekly returns of the Registrar General from 1840, taking in further parishes until 1847. This area became the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855, the County of London in 1889 and Inner London in 1965.
History
Bills were produced intermittently in the several parishes of the City of London during outbreaks of plague. The first Bill is believed to date from November 1532. The first regular weekly collection and publishing of the number of burials in the parishes of London began on 21 December 1592 and continued until 18 December 1595. The practice was abandoned and then revived on 21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKSK%20%28AM%29
|
WKSK is an AM radio station in West Jefferson, North Carolina. It is operated by Caddell Broadcasting, Inc., and broadcasts on a frequency of 580 kHz and, as of June 2014, simulcast on 93.5 MHz in FM stereo. Its 5,000-watt AM signal covers Ashe County, North Carolina and extends into neighboring Watauga, Wilkes and Alleghany counties in North Carolina, Grayson County, Virginia and Johnson County, Tennessee.
The station's slogan is "Today's Country, Yesterday's Favorites."
WKSK's studios and transmitter are located off NC 194, on a hill overlooking West Jefferson that local residents have dubbed "radio hill." WKSK originally was licensed to broadcast only from sunrise to sunset. It now has authority to broadcast at night on a reduced signal, though its post-7 p.m. broadcasts are restricted to coverage of local high school football and basketball games. Most hours begin with ABC News Radio
History
WKSK went on the air in 1959, at 1600 kHz and with only a signal of 500 watts. In the 1980s the station had the opportunity to increase its signal strength to 1,000 watts, which required changing its frequency to 580 kHz. In 2001 signal strength was raised again, to its present level of 5,000 watts.
In the 1960s, WKSK carried an eclectic mix of programming of gospel, country and pop music. From 3-5 p.m. each weekday the station aired the teen-oriented K-Club, featuring the latest hits of Herman's Hermits, the Dave Clark Five, Peter and Gordon and other pop groups of that decade. A
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20in%20country%20music
|
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1945.
Events
August 4 – The Billboard's American Folk Tunes column reported that Gene Autry had signed a long-term recording contract with Columbia Records. The source of the information was Art Satherly, described as "the grand old man of Western music". Art moved over to Columbia Records when CBS purchased American Record Corporation (ARC) in December 1938, and currently manages and produces Okeh Record's stable of artists, which includes Autry, Bob Wills, Ted Daffan, Johnny Bond, Al Dexter, Wiley Walker and Gene Sullivan, Spade Cooley, Roy Acuff and Fred Rose. Columbia is in the process of phasing out the Okeh label, and future releases will be on the parent label.
Top hits of the year
Number one hits
(As certified by Billboard magazine)
Top Hillbilly (Country) Recordings 1945
"Shame On You" by Spade Cooley was easily the number one record with 292 points. Despite 11 weeks at no. 1, "You Two Timed Me One Time Too Often" finished second with 240 points, because "Shame On You" had 33 top ten weeks, to only 21 for the latter. "Sioux City Sue" had 30 top ten weeks, but only 4 at no. 1.
1945's year-end list of The Billboard's "Most Played Juke Box Folk Records" represented the first Country music (referred to at the time as "Hillbilly") chart in the lineage of today's "Hot Country Songs". Note that it was based on weekly reports supplied by a sampling of Juke Box operators nationwide; Billboar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penk
|
Penk may refer to:
River Penk
Penk (Star Trek)
Proenkephalin or PENK. A name of gene encoding a precursor of enkephalin and other related peptides.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Hofmeister
|
Franz Hofmeister (30 August 1850, in Prague – 26 July 1922, in Würzburg) was an early protein scientist, and is famous for his studies of salts that influence the solubility and conformational stability of proteins. In 1902, Hofmeister became the first to propose that polypeptides were amino acids linked by peptide bonds, although this model of protein primary structure was independently and simultaneously conceived by Emil Fischer.
Early life
Hofmeister's father was a doctor in Prague, where Hofmeister first began his studies, under the physiologist Karl Hugo Huppert, himself a student of Carl Lehmann. Hofmeister's Habilitationsschrift in 1879 concerned the peptic products of digestion.
Hofmeister became a Professor of Pharmacology at the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague in 1885, then eventually moved to Strasbourg in 1896.
The Hofmeister series
Hofmeister discovered a series of salts that have consistent effects on the solubility of proteins and (it was discovered later) on the stability of their secondary and tertiary structure. Anions appear to have a larger effect than cations, and are usually ordered
(This is a partial listing; many more salts have been studied.)
The order of cations is usually given as
The mechanism of the Hofmeister series is not entirely clear, but seems to result mainly from effects on the solvent at higher salt concentrations (> 100 mM). Early members of the series increase solvent surface tension and decrease the s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmeister%20series
|
The Hofmeister series or lyotropic series is a classification of ions in order of their lyotrophic properties, which is the ability to salt out or salt in proteins. The effects of these changes were first worked out by Franz Hofmeister, who studied the effects of cations and anions on the solubility of proteins.
Hofmeister discovered a series of salts that have consistent effects on the solubility of proteins and (it was discovered later) on the stability of their secondary and tertiary structure. Anions appear to have a larger effect than cations, and are usually ordered
(This is a partial listing; many more salts have been studied.)
The order of cations is usually given as
The mechanism of the Hofmeister series is not entirely clear, but does not seem to result from changes in general water structure, instead more specific interactions between ions and proteins and ions and the water molecules directly contacting the proteins may be more important. Recent simulation studies have shown that the variation in solvation energy between the ions and the surrounding water molecules underlies the mechanism of the Hofmeister series. More recently, a quantum chemical investigation suggests an electrostatic origin to the Hofmeister series. This work provides site-centred radial charge densities of the ions' interacting atoms (to approximate the electrostatic potential energy of interaction), and these appear to quantitatively correlate with many reported Hofmeister series for elec
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Kodokan%20judo%20techniques
|
Like many other martial arts, Kodokan judo provides lists of techniques students must learn to earn rank. For a more complete list of judo techniques by technique classification, including Japanese kanji, see the article judo techniques.
Ukemi (breakfalls)
Students first learn how to fall, and must master the fall exercises before moving on to the throws lists.
Mae ukemi, forward fall.
Ushiro ukemi, backward fall.
Yoko ukemi, side fall (accompanied by hard slap of tatami mat).
Mae Mawari Ukemi, forward judo roll.
Nage-waza (throwing techniques)
The 68 throws of Kodokan judo
Dai ikkyo
(1st group)
Deashi harai (or barai)
Hiza guruma
Sasae tsurikomi ashi
Uki goshi
Osoto gari (Major Outside Reap)
O goshi
Ouchi gari
Seoi nage
Dai nikyo
(2nd group)
Kosoto gari
Kouchi gari
Koshi guruma
Tsurikomi goshi
Okuriashi harai
Tai otoshi
Harai goshi
Uchi mata
Dai sankyo
(3rd group)
Kosoto gake
Tsuri goshi
Yoko otoshi
Ashi guruma
Hane goshi
Harai tsurikomi ashi
Tomoe nage
Kata guruma
Dai yonkyo
(4th group)
Sumi gaeshi
Tani otoshi
Hane makikomi
Sukui nage
Utsuri goshi
O guruma
Soto makikomi
Uki otoshi
Dai gokyo
(5th group)
Osoto guruma
Uki waza
Yoko wakare
Yoko guruma
Ushiro goshi
Ura nage
Sumi otoshi (隅落)
Yoko gake
Habukareta waza
(preserved techniques from 1895 gokyo)
Obi otoshi
Seoi otoshi
Yama arashi
Osoto otoshi
Daki wakare
Hikikomi gaeshi
Tawara gaeshi
Uchi makikomi
Shinmeisho no waza
(newly accepted techniques in 1987, 1997
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeway
|
Leeway is the amount of drift motion to leeward of an object floating in the water caused by the component of the wind vector that is perpendicular to the object’s forward motion. The National Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual defines leeway as "the movement of a search object through water caused by winds blowing against exposed surfaces". However, the resultant total motion of an object is made up of the leeway drift and the movement of the upper layer of the ocean caused by the surface currents, tidal currents and ocean currents. Objects with a greater exposure to each element will experience more leeway drift and overall movement through the water than ones with less exposure.
A navigator or pilot on a vessel must adjust the ordered course to compensate for the leeway drift and more important set and drift, an all encompassing term for drift that includes the steering error of the vessel. Failure to make these adjustments during a voyage will yield poor navigational results. Bowditch's American Practical Navigator (1995) offers a comprehensive free guide to navigation principles.
An object can be classified as either an active object like a ship navigating through a waterway or a passive object like a liferaft, drifting debris, or a person in the water (PIW) (Figure 3). A passive object will experience the greatest leeway drift and it is this drift that is of utmost importance to those involved in sea
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20Serbia
|
This is the list of airports in Serbia, grouped by type and sorted by location.
Airports statistics
Airports with number of passengers served per year:
List of airports in Serbia
Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service with commercial airlines:
See also
Airports of Serbia
Transport in Serbia
AirSerbia
References
References:
Map of airports in Serbia with asphalt - concrete runways
AERODROMI u PDF formatu
Serbia
Airports
Airports
Serbia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL%20%28programming%20language%29
|
PAL, the Pedagogic Algorithmic Language, is a programming language developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in around 1967 to help teach programming language semantics and design. It is a "direct descendant" of ISWIM and owes much of its philosophy to Christopher Strachey.
The initial implementation of PAL, in Lisp, was written by Peter Landin and James H. Morris, Jr. It was later redesigned by Martin Richards, Thomas J. Barkalow, Arthur Evans, Jr., Robert M. Graham, James Morris, and John Wozencraft. It was implemented by Richards and Barkalow in BCPL as an intermediate-code interpreter and ran on the IBM System/360; this was called PAL/360.
RPAL
RPAL, the Right-reference Pedagogic Algorithmic Language, is a functional subset of PAL with an implementation on SourceForge. It is used at the University of Florida to teach the construction of programming languages and functional programming. Programs are strictly functional, with no sequence or assignment operations.
References
Programming languages created in 1967
Academic programming languages
Functional languages
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20Montenegro
|
This is a list of airports in Montenegro, grouped by type and sorted by location.
Passenger statistics
Airports with number of passengers served.
Airports
Airports shown in bold have scheduled service on commercial airlines.
See also
Transport in Montenegro
List of airports by ICAO code: L#LY – Serbia and Montenegro
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Europe#Montenegro
References
AERODROMI u PDF formatu
– includes IATA codes
– IATA and ICAO codes
– IATA, ICAO and DAFIF codes
Montenegro
Airports
Airports
Montenegro
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20indium%20arsenide
|
Aluminium indium arsenide, also indium aluminium arsenide or AlInAs (AlxIn1−xAs), is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as GaInAs, but a larger bandgap. The x in the formula above is a number between 0 and 1 - this indicates an arbitrary alloy between InAs and AlAs.
The formula AlInAs should be considered an abbreviated form of the above, rather than any particular ratio.
Aluminium indium arsenide is used e.g. as a buffer layer in metamorphic HEMT transistors, where it serves to adjust the lattice constant differences between the GaAs substrate and the GaInAs channel. It can be also used to form alternate layers with indium gallium arsenide, which act as quantum wells; these structures are used in e.g. broadband quantum cascade lasers.
Safety and toxicity aspects
The toxicology of AlInAs has not been fully investigated. The dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of aluminium indium arsenide sources (such as trimethylindium and arsine) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of standard MOVPE sources have been reported recently in a review.
References
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Arsenides
Aluminium compounds
Indium compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20Computational%20Project%20Number%204
|
The Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 in protein crystallography (CCP4) was set up in 1979 in the United Kingdom to support collaboration between researchers working in software development and assemble a comprehensive collection of software for structural biology. The CCP4 core team is located at the Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH) at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in Didcot, near Oxford, UK.
CCP4 was originally supported by the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), and is now supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The project is coordinated at CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory. The results of this effort gave rise to the CCP4 program suite, which is now distributed to academic and commercial users worldwide.
Projects
CCP4i – CCP4 Graphical User Interface
CCP4MG – CCP4 Molecular Graphics Project
Coot – Graphical Model Building
HAPPy – automated experimental phasing
MrBUMP – automated Molecular Replacement
PISA – Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies
MOSFLM GUI – building a modern interface to MOSFLM
See also
CCP4 (file format)
External links
CCP4 Documentation wiki — concentrates only on CCP4
CCP4 Community wiki — general X-ray crystallography topics related to CCP4
References
Crystallography
Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
Science and technology in Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCP4%20%28file%20format%29
|
The CCP4 file format is file generated by the Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 in 1979. The file format for electron density has become industry standard in X-ray crystallography and Cryo-electron microscopy where the result of the technique is a three-dimensional grid of voxels each with a value corresponding to density of electrons (see wave function) The CCP4 format is supported by almost every molecular graphics suite that supports volumetric data. The major packages include:
Visual molecular dynamics
PyMOL
UCSF Chimera
Bsoft
Coot
MOE
See also
MTZ (file format)
MRC (file format)
EZD (file format)
Chemical file format
Protein Data Bank (file format)
Voxel - one way of presenting 3D densities
External links
Format technical details
Computational chemistry
Chemical file formats
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Storyteller%20%28band%29
|
The Storyteller is a power metal band from Sweden formed in late 1995. The band has been on hiatus since 2006, but returned in 2011.
Line-up
Current members
Lars-Göran Persson (ex-Crystal Light, ex-Special Edition) - vocals (1995-1997, 2011–present), bass (1997–present)
Jacob Wennerqvist (ex-Legia, ex-Crystal Light) - guitars (2001-2006, 2011–present)
Marcus Backlund - bass (2011-2013), guitars (2013–present)
Martin Hjerpe - drums (1997-2006, 2011–present)
Henke Branneryd - bass (2013–present)
Previous members
Jocke Lundström - vocals, guitars, drums (1995-1996)
Magnus Björk (ex-Nightchant, ex-Februari 93, ex-Withered Beauty, ex-Forlorn) - vocals, guitars (1995-1996)
Per Nilsson - guitars (1996-1997)
Anders Östlin - bass, keyboards (1997-1997)
Lasse Martinsen - guitars, backing vocals (1999-2000)
Erik Gornostajev - guitars (2000-2001)
Pärka Kankanranta (Atomkraft, ex-Karyan, Raubtier, ex-Viperine, ex-Winterlong) - guitars (2001-2001)
Johan Sohlberg (ACe of DC, Blue DeVilles, Coverdales, Emerald, Greystone, Special Edition, ex-Bloodbound) - bass (2003-2006)
Fredrik Groth (Scar Symmetry (live), ex-Kryptillusion) - guitars (1995-1996, 2011–2012), keyboards (1997-2006)
Janne Björk - bass (2002)
Discography
Studio albums
2000: "The Storyteller"
2001: "Crossroad"
2003: "Tales of a Holy Quest"
2005: "Underworld"
2013: "Dark Legacy"
2014: "Sacred Fire"
Demos
1995: "1995 Demo"
1996: "1996 Demo"
1998: "1998 Demo #1"
1998: "1998 Demo #2"
EPs
2004: "Seed of Lies"
External links
Off
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Eyes
|
Crystal Eyes is a Swedish power metal band formed in 1992. Singer, guitarist and songwriter Mikael Dahl is the only constant member in their line-up. It was announced in 2009 that vocalist Søren Nico Adamsen would be leaving the band and that Mikael Dahl would be resuming vocal duties. In 2012, guitarist Paul Petterson left the band and was replaced by former guitarist Nicolas Karlsson. On 11 May 2012 the band celebrated its 20th anniversary with a special concert featuring songs from all of their albums.
Discography
World of Black and Silver (1999)
In Silence They March (2000)
Vengeance Descending (2003)
Confessions of the Maker (2005)
Dead City Dreaming (2006)
Chained (2008)
Killer (2014)
Starbourne Traveler (2019)
Line-up
Mikael Dahl – Vocals, Guitar
Niclas Karlsson – Guitar
Claes Wikander – Bass
Stefan Svantesson – Drums
Timeline
Former members
Vocals
Søren Nico Adamsen (2006–2009)
Guitar
Paul Petterson (2006–2012)
Jukka Kaupaamaa (1995–1997)
Jonathan Nyberg (1997–2006)
Bass
Christian Gunnarsson (1992–1993)
Mikael Blohm (1993–1995)
Kim Koivo (1995–1996)
Marko Nicolaidis (1996–1997)
Drums
Fredrik Gröndahl (1993–1994)
Martin Tilander (1994–1995)
Kujtim Gashi (1995–2001)
Session vocals
Daniel Heiman (2005)
External links
Official website
Official MySpace
Metal-archives.com
Swedish power metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1992
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINC%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Minc, MINC, or MinC may refer to:
MINC, a data specification language.
MinC, one of three proteins encoded by the minB operon
Alain Minc (1949–), French businessman, political advisor, and author
Carlos Minc (1951–), Brazilian geographer and politician
Hilary Minc (1905–1974), Polish economist and member of Communist Party of Poland
Ministério da Cultura (MinC), Brazil's Culture of Ministry
MINC-11 computer, a PDP-11/03 or PDP-11/23 computer for laboratory applications
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20functional%20equation
|
Cauchy's functional equation is the functional equation:
A function that solves this equation is called an additive function. Over the rational numbers, it can be shown using elementary algebra that there is a single family of solutions, namely for any rational constant Over the real numbers, the family of linear maps now with an arbitrary real constant, is likewise a family of solutions; however there can exist other solutions not of this form that are extremely complicated. However, any of a number of regularity conditions, some of them quite weak, will preclude the existence of these pathological solutions. For example, an additive function is linear if:
is continuous (Cauchy, 1821). In fact, it suffices for to be continuous at one point (Darboux, 1875).
is monotonic on any interval.
is bounded on any interval.
is Lebesgue measurable.
On the other hand, if no further conditions are imposed on then (assuming the axiom of choice) there are infinitely many other functions that satisfy the equation. This was proved in 1905 by Georg Hamel using Hamel bases. Such functions are sometimes called Hamel functions.
The fifth problem on Hilbert's list is a generalisation of this equation. Functions where there exists a real number such that are known as Cauchy-Hamel functions and are used in Dehn-Hadwiger invariants which are used in the extension of Hilbert's third problem from 3D to higher dimensions.
This equation is sometimes referred to as Cauchy's additi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice%20in%20a%20Lifetime%20%28film%29
|
Twice in a Lifetime is a 1985 drama film directed by Bud Yorkin and starring Gene Hackman as a married steelworker in a mid-life crisis who becomes attracted to another woman, played by Ann-Margret. Ellen Burstyn, Amy Madigan, Ally Sheedy, and Brian Dennehy co-star. The film is a remake of the 1973 BBC drama, Kisses at Fifty, by the same writer.
Paul McCartney composed and performed the theme song to the film, heard over the end credits. It remained commercially unavailable as a recording until 1993 when it was included as a bonus track on a reissue of McCartney's album Pipes of Peace.
Plot
Harry Mackenzie works in a factory by day and comes home to a comfortable marriage at night, but it lacks excitement and passion. For his 50th birthday, his wife Kate blithely tells him to just go to his favorite corner tavern and have a good time.
An attractive barmaid, Audrey Minelli, captures his interest. Harry falls for her, and before long, shocks Kate by requesting a divorce. This decision horrifies their daughters, particularly Sunny, who is having a difficult marriage of her own, and Helen, who is about to be wed.
Kate goes through a difficult period of adjustment. She eventually lands a job in a beauty salon, changes her appearance, and tries to adopt a new outlook on life. By the time Harry attends his daughter Helen's wedding, most members of the family have found ways to move on.
Cast
Gene Hackman as Harry Mackenzie
Ann-Margret as Audrey Minelli
Ellen Burstyn as Kate Mac
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabithorax
|
Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is a homeobox gene found in insects, and is used in the regulation of patterning in morphogenesis. There are many possible products of this gene, which function as transcription factors. Ubx is used in the specification of serially homologous structures, and is used at many levels of developmental hierarchies. In Drosophila melanogaster it is expressed in the third thoracic (T3) and first abdominal (A1) segments and represses wing formation. The Ubx gene regulates the decisions regarding the number of wings and legs the adult flies will have. The developmental role of the Ubx gene is determined by the splicing of its product, which takes place after translation of the gene. The specific splice factors of a particular cell allow the specific regulation of the developmental fate of that cell, by making different splice variants of transcription factors. In D. melanogaster, at least six different isoforms of Ubx exist.
Mutations of the Ubx gene will lead to transformation of dorsal and ventral appendages of the third thoracic segment (T3), which includes the haltere and third leg, into the counterparts on the second thoracic segment (T2). If Ubx is present in T3, it will prevent the original fate of the T2 segment. Such mutations can produce the second set of wings observed in the bithorax phenotype.
Structure
The Ubx gene contains a 5' exon, two micro-exons, an optional B element, and a C terminal exon. The Ubx genomic DNA length is 76 kb and its cDNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20stencil
|
Theorem stencil, sometimes also called theorem painting or velvet painting, is the art of making stencils and using them to make drawings or paintings on fabric or paper.
A vogue for theorem stencil painting began in England at the turn of the 18th century and through the mid-1800s. The art was first taught to women in academies and boarding schools throughout colonial New England. It continued to be taught into the mid-1800s in many other areas.
The designs are traditionally painted on velvet and the work is then framed or matted. The stencils are multiple overlays and designs are always three-dimensional, primitive and stylized in nature. The resulting design is bridgeless—there are no gaps in between the overlays. Subjects often included foods, scenes, and symbols that were popular in the artist's area.
It was often referred to colloquially (especially in England) as "Poonah painting", because of its supposed origin in the Indian city of Pune.
Few theorem artists signed their work; one of the few to have done so was Emma Jane Cady.
References
External links
Painting techniques
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocrine
|
Neurocrine can refer to:
A type of cell signaling similar to paracrine, but involving neurons. See chemical synapse for more details.
Neurocrine Biosciences
Any molecule secreted by a nerve cell: Lipids, Gases, Peptides, Purines, Amine, Amino acids, Acetylcholine
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20gas
|
In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body radiation.
Photons are part of a family of particles known as bosons, particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics and with integer spin. A gas of bosons with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. However, for a black body, the energy distribution is established by the interaction of the photons with matter, usually the walls of the container. In this interaction, the number of photons is not conserved. As a result, the chemical potential of the black-body photon gas is zero at thermodynamic equilibrium. The number of state variables needed to describe a black-body state is thus reduced from three to two (e.g. temperature and volume).
Thermodynamics of a black body photon gas
In a classical ideal gas with massive particles, the energy of the particles is distributed according to a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. This distribution is established as the particles collide with each other, exchanging energy (and momentum) in the process. In a photon gas, there will also be an equilibrium distribution, but photons do not collide with each other (except under very extreme conditions, see two-photon physics), so the equilib
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20entropy%20function
|
In information theory, the binary entropy function, denoted or , is defined as the entropy of a Bernoulli process with probability of one of two values. It is a special case of , the entropy function. Mathematically, the Bernoulli trial is modelled as a random variable that can take on only two values: 0 and 1, which are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
If , then and the entropy of (in shannons) is given by
,
where is taken to be 0. The logarithms in this formula are usually taken (as shown in the graph) to the base 2. See binary logarithm.
When , the binary entropy function attains its maximum value. This is the case of an unbiased coin flip.
is distinguished from the entropy function in that the former takes a single real number as a parameter whereas the latter takes a distribution or random variable as a parameter.
Sometimes the binary entropy function is also written as .
However, it is different from and should not be confused with the Rényi entropy, which is denoted as .
Explanation
In terms of information theory, entropy is considered to be a measure of the uncertainty in a message. To put it intuitively, suppose . At this probability, the event is certain never to occur, and so there is no uncertainty at all, leading to an entropy of 0. If , the result is again certain, so the entropy is 0 here as well. When , the uncertainty is at a maximum; if one were to place a fair bet on the outcome in this case, there is no advantage to be gained with prior k
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20process%20simulation
|
Semiconductor process simulation is the modeling of the fabrication of semiconductor devices such as transistors. It is a branch of electronic design automation, and part of a sub-field known as technology CAD, or TCAD.
The ultimate goal of process simulation is an accurate prediction of the active dopant distribution, the stress distribution and the device geometry. Process simulation is typically used as an input for device simulation, the modeling of device electrical characteristics. Collectively process and device simulation form the core tools for the design phase known as TCAD or Technology Computer Aided Design. Considering the integrated circuit design process as a series of steps with decreasing levels of abstraction, logic synthesis would be at the highest level and TCAD, being closest to fabrication, would be the phase with the least amount of abstraction. Because of the detailed physical modeling involved, process simulation is almost exclusively used to aid in the development of single devices whether discrete or as a part of an integrated circuit.
The fabrication of integrated circuit devices requires a series of processing steps called a process flow. Process simulation involves modeling all essential steps in the process flow in order to obtain dopant and stress profiles and, to a lesser extent, device geometry. The input for process simulation is the process flow and a layout. The layout is selected as a linear cut in a full layout for a 2D simulati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus%20ovata
|
Rhus ovata, commonly known as sugar bush or sugar sumac, is a shrub or small tree found growing in the canyons and slopes of the chaparral and related ecosystems in Southern California, Arizona, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It is a long lived-plant, up to 100 years, and has dense evergreen foliage that make it conspicuous. It is closely related to and hybridizes with the lemonade sumac.
Description
Morphology
This plant is a tall, wide woody shrub to small tree that ranges in height from with a rounded appearance. The stout twigs are thick and reddish when young. The foliage is suspended on a petiole 10–30 mm long. The leaves are 3 to 8 cm long, and roughly the same size in width, shaped broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, folded at the midrib, and have a leathery, glabrous texture. The leaf tips range from acute to acuminate, and the leaf margins are entire.The flowers are small, less than 1 cm wide, composed of 5 white to pink petals and 5 reddish sepals with ciliate margins. They are gynodioecious and self-incompatible. Some plants may only have female flowers, others may be hermaphroditic with bisexual flowers, and some with a combination of both male-sterile female flowers and bisexual flowers. The flowers occur clustered on branched inflorescences at the end of current seasonal branches. The branches of the inflorescence are stout, with the bractlets being less than 2 mm large. The fruit is a reddish, hairy and sticky drupe, 3–5 mm long and 6–8 mm in diam
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20class
|
Open class may refer to:
Open class (linguistics), a word class readily accepting new items
Open (sport)
Open class (track and field), an event classification
Open 60 Class, a type of monohull sailboat
FAI Open Class, a glider competition class with unlimited wingspan
Open class (computer programming), the ability to extend already-defined classes
IBM Open Class (IOC), a C++ class library
Open class system, a state of society
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s%20theorem
|
There are multiple theorems named after the French mathematician Camille Jordan:
The Jordan curve theorem states that every simple closed curve has a well-defined "inside" and "outside";
Jordan's lemma is a bound for the error term in applications of the residue theorem;
Jordan's theorem on group actions characterizes primitive groups containing a large -cycle; and
The Jordan–Schur theorem is an effective proof (in terms of the degree) that linear torsion groups are virtually abelian.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell%20Technology
|
Marvell Technology, Inc. is an American company, headquartered in Santa Clara, California, which develops and produces semiconductors and related technology. Founded in 1995, the company had more than 7,000 employees as of 2023, with over 10,000 patents worldwide, and an annual revenue of $5.9 billion for fiscal 2023.
History
Marvell was founded in 1995 by Dr. Sehat Sutardja, his wife Weili Dai, and his brother Pantas Sutardja. They worked on designing a CMOS-based read channel for disk drives as their first product. Seagate Technology became their first customer. The initial public offering on June 27, 2000 (near the end of the dot-com bubble) raised $90 million.
In April 2016, CEO Sehat Sutardja and President Weili Dai were ousted from their posts after activist investor Starboard Value fund took a roughly 7 percent stake in the company.
In July 2016, Marvell appointed Matt Murphy as its new President and CEO.
On July 6, 2018, Marvell completed its acquisition of Cavium, Inc. On the same day, it announced the appointment of Syed Ali (co-founder of Cavium, Inc., and previously the company's president and CEO), Brad Buss (director of Cavium, Inc.) and Edward Frank (director of Cavium, Inc.) to the Marvell Board of Directors.
In September 2019, Marvell completed the acquisition of Aquantia Corp.
In April 2021, Marvell completed the acquisition of Inphi Corporation. As part of the acquisition, Marvell reorganized so that the combined company is domiciled in Wilmington, De
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus%20megaterium
|
Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, Gram-positive, mainly aerobic, spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats. It has a cell length up to 4 µm and a diameter of 1.5 µm, which is quite large for bacteria. The cells often occur in pairs and chains, where the cells are joined by polysaccharides on the cell walls.
In the 1960s, prior to the use of Bacillus subtilis for this purpose, B. megaterium was the main model organism among Gram-positive bacteria for intensive studies on biochemistry, sporulation, and bacteriophages. Recently, its popularity has started increasing in the field of biotechnology for its recombinant protein-production capacity.
This species has been recently been proposed to be transferred into the genus Priestia. The correct nomenclature would then be Priestia megaterium.
Characteristics
B. megaterium grows at temperatures from 3 to 45 °C, with the optimum around 30 °C. Some isolates from an Antarctic geothermal lake were found to grow at temperatures up to 63 °C. It has been recognized as an endophyte and is a potential agent for the biocontrol of plant diseases. Nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated in some strains of B. megaterium.
B. megaterium has been an important industrial organism for decades. It produces penicillin amidase used to make synthetic penicillin and several enzymes, such as amylases used in the baking industry and glucose dehydrogenase used in glucose blood tests. It also produces enzymes for modifying corticosteroids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus%20oleronius
|
Bacillus oleronius is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus. However, Bacillus oleronius has Gram-positive cell wall components shared among all bacillus species (Lacey N, 2007). It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. It is also found in the human skin parasitic mite Demodex folliculorum, and may be related to the development of a type of rosacea.
This species has been recently transferred into the genus Heyndrickxia. The correct nomenclature is Heyndrickxia oleronia.
See also
Bacillus marinus
Bacillus lentimorbus
References
External links
Type strain of Bacillus oleronius at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
oleronius
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave%20%28disambiguation%29
|
A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance in a fluid, gas, or plasma medium.
Shockwave may also refer to:
Amusement rides
Shock Wave (Brean Leisure Park), a looping roller coaster
Shockwave (Canada's Wonderland), a thrill ride at Canada's Wonderland
Shockwave (Dreamworld), a Zamperla Disk'O at Dreamworld
Shockwave (Kings Dominion), a former stand-up roller coaster at Kings Dominion
Shockwave (Six Flags Great America), a large defunct roller coaster manufactured by Arrow Dynamics at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee
Shock Wave (Six Flags Over Texas), a roller coaster at the amusement park Six Flags Over Texas
Shockwave (Drayton Manor), a roller coaster at Drayton Manor Theme Park
Batman The Escape, a stand-up roller coaster known as Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Six Flags Great Adventure
Books and comics
List_of_metahumans_in_DC_Comics#S, Shockwave a comic book character in DC Comics
Shockwave (comics), a comic book character in Marvel Comics
Shockwave (G.I. Joe), a 1988 toy/action figure (and later comic book character)
Shockwave (Transformers), a comic book character
Shock Wave (novel), a 1996 novel written by Clive Cussler
Shockwave, the novelization of the Star Trek: Enterprise episode, see List of Star Trek: Enterprise novels
"Shockwave", a title in the 2013 audiobook series Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctor
Film and television
Shock Wave (film), a 2017 Hong Kong action film
Shock Waves (film), a horror movie from 1977 directed by
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicist
|
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is someone who studies thermodynamic processes and phenomena, i.e. the physics that deal with mechanical action and relations of heat.
Among the well-known number of famous thermodynamicists, include Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, Willard Gibbs, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Max Planck.
History of term
Although most consider the French physicist Nicolas Sadi Carnot to be the first true thermodynamicist, the term thermodynamics itself wasn't coined until 1849 by Lord Kelvin in his publication An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.
The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.
See also
References
Thermodynamics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley%20reduction
|
The Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction in organic chemistry is the reduction of ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols utilizing aluminium alkoxide catalysis in the presence of a sacrificial alcohol. The advantages of the MPV reduction lie in its high chemoselectivity, and its use of a cheap environmentally friendly metal catalyst.
The MPV reduction was independently discovered by Albert Verley and the team of Hans Meerwein and Rudolf Schmidt in 1925. They found that a mixture of aluminium ethoxide and ethanol could reduce aldehydes to their alcohols. Ponndorf applied the reaction to ketones and upgraded the catalyst to aluminium isopropoxide in isopropanol.
Mechanism
The MPV reduction is believed to go through a catalytic cycle involving a six-member ring transition state as shown in Figure 2. Starting with the aluminium alkoxide 1, a carbonyl oxygen is coordinated to achieve the tetra coordinated aluminium intermediate 2. Between intermediates 2 and 3 the hydride is transferred to the carbonyl from the alkoxy ligand via a pericyclic mechanism. At this point the new carbonyl dissociates and gives the tricoordinated aluminium species 4. Finally, an alcohol from solution displaces the newly reduced carbonyl to regenerate the catalyst 1.
Each step in the cycle is reversible and the reaction is driven by the thermodynamic properties of the intermediates and the products. This means that given time the more thermodynamically stable product will be favored.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Lutz
|
Jack Lutz is an American theoretical computer scientist best known for developing the concepts of resource bounded measure and effective dimension; he has also published research on DNA computing and self-assembly. He is a professor of computer science and mathematics at Iowa State University.
Education and career
Lutz was a student at the University of Kansas, graduating in 1976 and earning master's degrees in mathematics and in computer science there in 1979 and 1981 respectively. He went to the California Institute of Technology for doctoral study in mathematics, and completed his Ph.D. in 1987, with the dissertation Resource-Bounded Category and Measure in Exponential Complexity Classes supervised by Alexander S. Kechris.
He has spent the rest of his career at Iowa State University, as an assistant professor from 1987 to 1992, associate professor from 1992 to 1996, and full professor since 1996. At Iowa State, he directs the Laboratory for Molecular Programming.
Personal life
Lutz is married to Robyn Lutz, a professor of computer science at Iowa State University; their son Neil Lutz is also a computer scientist and a visiting assistant professor of computer science at Swarthmore College. They have published together on algorithmic game theory in DNA computing.
References
External links
Homepage of Jack Lutz at Iowa State University
American computer scientists
University of Kansas alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Living
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.