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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-cell%20honeycomb%20honeycomb | In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {3,3,4,3,3}, it has three 16-cell honeycombs around each cell. It is self-dual.
Related honeycombs
It is related to the regular Euclidean 4-space 16-cell honeycomb, {3,3,4,3}.
See also
List of regular polytopes
References
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999 (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II,III,IV,V, p212-213)
Honeycombs (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-4%2024-cell%20honeycomb%20honeycomb | In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the order-4 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {3,4,3,3,4}, it has four 24-cell honeycombs around each cell. It is dual to the tesseractic honeycomb honeycomb.
Related honeycombs
It is related to the regular Euclidean 4-space 24-cell honeycomb, {3,4,3,3}, as well as the hyperbolic 5-space order-3 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb, {3,4,3,3,3}.
See also
List of regular polytopes
References
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999 (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II,III,IV,V, p212-213)
Honeycombs (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseractic%20honeycomb%20honeycomb | In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the tesseractic honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {4,3,3,4,3}, it has three tesseractic honeycombs around each cell. It is dual to the order-4 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb.
Related honeycombs
It is related to the regular Euclidean 4-space tesseractic honeycomb, {4,3,3,4}.
It is analogous to the paracompact cubic honeycomb honeycomb, {4,3,4,3}, in 4-dimensional hyperbolic space, square tiling honeycomb, {4,4,3}, in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space, and the order-3 apeirogonal tiling, {∞,3} of 2-dimensional hyperbolic space, each with hypercube honeycomb facets.
See also
List of regular polytopes
References
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999 (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II,III,IV,V, p212-213)
Honeycombs (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten%20Rewards | Rakuten Rewards (), formerly known as Ebates, is a cash-back and shopping rewards company. Its revenue comes from affiliate network links. Members of the site click through affiliate links before shopping at a retailer's site. Once the member makes a purchase, Rakuten Rewards receives an affiliate commission from the retailer which is then shared with the member. The company publishes links both on its website and through a browser extension as well as a mobile app.
History
Rakuten Rewards was founded as Ebates in 1998 in Menlo Park, California, by two former deputy district attorneys, Alessandro Isolani and Paul Wasserman. Funded by the venture capital firm Foundation Capital, Ebates.com was launched on 3 May 1999, offering up to 25% cash back from about 40 online retailers.
In September 2014, Ebates was acquired by the Japanese e-commerce company Rakuten for US$1 billion. In 2019, the Ebates brand was phased out and replaced with Rakuten Rewards.
Acquisitions
Services/tools
Logos
References
American companies established in 1998
Internet properties established in 1998
1998 establishments in California
Companies based in San Mateo, California
Rakuten
2014 mergers and acquisitions
American subsidiaries of foreign companies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieb%20conjecture | In quantum information theory, the Lieb conjecture is a theorem concerning the Wehrl entropy of quantum systems for which the classical phase space is a sphere. It states that no state of such a system has a lower Wehrl entropy than the SU(2) coherent states.
The analogous property for quantum systems for which the classical phase space is a plane was conjectured by Alfred Wehrl in 1978 and proven soon afterwards by Elliott H. Lieb, who at the same time extended it to the SU(2) case. The conjecture was only proven in 2012, by Lieb and Jan Philip Solovej.
References
External links
Video of a lecture by Lieb discussing the conjecture and outlining its proof.
Quantum mechanical entropy
Conjectures that have been proved |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power%20wide-area%20network | This needs to include cellular LPWAN technologies such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, Cat-M1
A low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN or LPWA network) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communication at a low bit rate between things, such as sensors operated on a battery.
Low power, low bit rate, and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.
A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.
Attributes
Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
Power: LPWAN manufacturers claim years to decades of usable life from built-in batteries, but real-world application tests have not confirmed this.
Platforms and technologies
Some competing standards and vendors for LPWAN space include:
DASH7, a low latency, bi-directional firmware standard that operates over multiple LPWAN radio technologies including LoRa.
Wize is an open and royalty-free standard for LPWAN derived from the European Standard Wireless Mbus.
Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) based devices.
Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.
LoRa is a proprietary, chirp spread spectrum radio modulation technology for LPWAN used by LoRaWAN, Haystack Technologies, and Symphony Link.
MIoTy, implementing Telegram Splitting technology.
Weightless is an open standard, narrowband technology for LPWAN used by Ubiik
ELTRES, a LPWA technology developed by Sony, with transmission ranges of over 100 km while moving at speeds of 100 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Smith%20pyramid | A Mayo-Smith pyramid is a triangle divided into a sequence of isosceles trapezoids configured such that the outer perimeter maintains the shape of a triangle with each additional element. A Mayo-Smith pyramid is used to describe system development methodologies adapted for scenarios characterized by schedule and resource uncertainty.
"Two Ways to Build a Pyramid" was published in 2001. In this, the Mayo-Smith pyramid sequence (see Figure B) is used to illustrate a specific case study, and contrasted with a less favorable sequence (see Figure A).
While Mayo-Smith's pyramid is typically depicted as a two dimensional sequence, it may also be depicted in three dimensions.
References
Types of polygons
Software development philosophies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary%20Clinton%20email%20controversy | During her tenure as United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton drew controversy by using a private email server for official public communications rather than using official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers. After a years-long FBI investigation, it was determined that Clinton's server did not contain any information or emails that were clearly marked classified. Federal agencies did, however, retrospectively determine that 100 emails contained information that should have been deemed classified at the time they were sent, including 65 emails deemed "Secret" and 22 deemed "Top Secret". An additional 2,093 emails were retroactively designated confidential by the State Department.
Some experts, officials, and members of Congress contended that Clinton's use of a private email system and a private server violated federal law, specifically 18 U.S. Code § 1924, regarding the unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or materials, as well as State Department protocols and procedures, and regulations governing recordkeeping. Clinton claimed that her use complied with federal laws and State Department regulations, and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts (however Clinton was the only secretary of state to use a private server). News reports by NBC and CNN indicated that the emails discussed "innocuous" matters that were already public knowledge.
The controversy was a major point of discussion and contention during the 2016 presidential election, in which Clinton was the Democratic nominee. In May, the State Department's Office of the Inspector General released a report about the State Department's email practices, including Clinton's. In July, FBI director James Comey announced that the FBI investigation had concluded that Clinton had been "extremely careless" but recommended that no charges be filed because Clinton did not act with criminal intent, the historical standard for pur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moments%20%28social%20networking%29 | Moments (Chinese: 朋友圈 pinyin: péngyǒu quān) is a function of the smartphone app WeChat, launched on 19 April 2012 in the WeChat version 4.0. It serves new social-networking functions for Wechat users. The Chinese translation of Moment is known as “Friends' circle”, which means users can share and get access to accepted WeChat friends' information, creating an intimate and private communicating circle within the users' choice of close friends.
Moments mainly focuses on sharing pictures with captions, while sharing statuses and sharing websites are also permitted.
History
On 19 April 2012, Moments was initially launched.(WeChat 4.0)
On 22 August 2012, Moments was updated with the new feature of comments to selected friends.(WeChat 4.2)
In September 2012, whether to receive the updating of friends and make private photos public could be decided by users.(WeChat 4.3)
On 7:30 22 July 2013, it was widely complained that Moments could not be refreshed.
In March 2014, users could attach location of restaurants or scenic.(WeChat 5.21)
On 19 May 2014, creating location information was available in Moments.(WeChat 5.3)
On 6 November 2014, Moments allowed the shoot and post of small videos.(WeChat 6.0.1 for iOS, the same for Android on 24 December 2014)
On 20 January 2015, searching within Moments and booing towards the posts were allowed.(WeChat 6.1 for iOS, the same for Android on 9 February 2015)
On 18 May 2017, the ability to synchronize Moments posts with Facebook and Twitter was added to the iOS version of Moments
Features
Being semi-closed is the most significant feature of Moments. After registering a WeChat account, users can add other WeChat users as "friends" and "like" or "comment" on friends’ posts freely. However, different from other social-networking sites or applications, Moments follows the principle of "my friend's friend is not my friend". That is to say, a user can only see those likes and comments made by conjunct friends between the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf%20of%20planes | In mathematics, a sheaf of planes is the set of all planes that have the same common line. It may also be known as a fan of planes or a pencil of planes.
When extending the concept of line to the line at infinity, a set of parallel planes can be seen as a sheaf of planes intersecting in a line at infinity. To distinguish it from the more general definition, the adjective parallel can be added to it, resulting in the expression parallel sheaf of planes.
See also
Book embedding, a notion of graph embedding onto sheafs of half-planes
Notes
Mathematical concepts
Planes (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Book%20Top%2020%20Network%20Rankings | The Performance Marketing Blue Book, owned by privately held , provides online affiliates and merchants with an independently researched ranking of affiliate networks worldwide. It is published in the form of two "Top 20" league tables, one for CPA networks and one for networks using a revenue sharing business model, cost-per-sale. The tables are updated each year from the results of an annual research-based process that includes a survey of over 20,000 online publishers and advertisers. The Blue Book has been produced each year since 2009 and is a recognized information resource within the performance marketing industry.
Methodology
The Blue Book is based upon a research process that incorporates multiple sources of affiliate marketing industry data and includes over 500 affiliate networks each year. One major component is an annual survey of over 20,000 online publishers and merchants. The survey includes anti-fraud security measures to prevent multiple responses from a single individual as well question structured to avoid selection-bias.
In addition to the survey, the research process aggregates industry expert views, traffic data, measures of industry influence and other information.
The Blue Ribbon Panel
The Blue Ribbon Panel is a group of performance marketing industry experts representing each of the three core parts of the industry: advertisers, publishers and networks. Members are selected on the basis of their experience and reputation. Their opinions are collected via interviews and online survey, and are incorporated into the research process for the Performance Marketing Blue Book.
References
External links
January 2016, "2016 Blue Book CPA & CPS Network Rankings" Revenue Performance Magazine
January 2015, "2015 Blue Book CPA & CPS Network Rankings" Revenue+performance magazine, pp 3–4
January 2016, "2016 CLICKBANK CPA & CPS Network Rankings" Revenue Performance Magazine
Chris Trayhorn, Winter 2014, "The Best Performance Marketing Networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20semiconductor | A two-dimensional semiconductor (also known as 2D semiconductor) is a type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale. Geim and Novoselov et al. initiated the field in 2004 when they reported a new semiconducting material graphene, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice. A 2D monolayer semiconductor is significant because it exhibits stronger piezoelectric coupling than traditionally employed bulk forms. This coupling could enable applications. One research focus is on designing nanoelectronic components by the use of graphene as electrical conductor, hexagonal boron nitride as electrical insulator, and a transition metal dichalcogenide as semiconductor.
Materials
Graphene
Graphene, consisting of single sheets of carbon atoms, has high electron mobility and high thermal conductivity. One issue regarding graphene is its lack of a band gap, which poses a problem in particular with digital electronics because it is unable to switch off field-effect transistors (FETs).
Hexagonal boron nitride
Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an insulator with a high energy gap (5.97 eV). However, it can also function as a semiconductor with enhanced conductivity due to its zigzag sharp edges and vacancies. h-BN is often used as substrate and barrier due to its insulating property. h-BN also has a large thermal conductivity.
Transition-metal dichalcogenides
Transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers (TMDs or TMDCs) are a class of two-dimensional materials that have the chemical formula MX2, where M represents transition metals from group VI, V and VI, and X represents a chalcogen such as sulfur, selenium or tellurium. MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2 and WSe2 are TMDCs. TMDCs have layered structure with a plane of metal atoms in between two planes of chalcogen atoms as shown in Figure 1. Each layer is bonded strongly in plane, but weakly in interlayers. Therefore, TMDCs can be easily exfoliated into atomically thin layers through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20and%20environmental%20engineering | The Energy and Environmental Engineering field seeks to conserve and maintain the natural environment by using efficient sources of energy. Energy and environmental engineers are continually searching for solutions to emerging, environment-related issues such as erosion, water disposal, air and water pollution, land resources, human health, and environmental restoration.
Careers in this field focus on improving the built environment, renewable, and traditional energy industries. Industry sectors can range from government, transportation, remediation, waste management, water, sewage, consulting, fossil fuel, construction, and architectural services.
In this field, solar radiation is important and must be understood. Solar radiation affects the Earth's weather and daylight available. This affects not only the Earth's environment but also the smaller internal environments which we create. Energy and environmental engineers acquire knowledge across many disciplines. Energy engineering requires at least an understanding of mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, materials, stoichiometry, electrical machines, manufacturing processes and energy systems.
Environmental engineering can be branched into two main areas: internal environments and outdoor environments.
Internal environments may consist of housing or offices or other commercial properties. In this area, the environmental engineering sometimes stands for the designing of building services to condition the internal environment to a comfortable state or the removal of excess pollutants such as carbon dioxide or other harmful substances.
External environments may be water courses, air, land or seas, and may require new strategies for harnessing energy or the creation of treatment facilities for polluting technologies.
This broad degree area covers many areas but is mainly mechanically and electrically biased. It seeks to explore cleaner, more efficient ways of using fossil fuels, while investigating and developi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu%20MATE | Ubuntu MATE is a free and open-source Linux distribution and an official derivative of Ubuntu. Its main differentiation from Ubuntu is that it uses the MATE desktop environment as its default user interface (based on GNOME 2), instead of the GNOME 3 desktop environment that is the default user interface for Ubuntu.
History
The Ubuntu MATE project was founded by Martin Wimpress and Alan Pope and began as an unofficial derivative of Ubuntu, using an Ubuntu 14.10 base for its first release; a 14.04 LTS release followed shortly. As of February 2015, Ubuntu MATE gained the official Ubuntu flavour status from Canonical as per the release of 15.04 Beta 1. In addition to IA-32 and x86-64 which were the initial supported platforms, Ubuntu MATE also supports PowerPC and ARMv7 (on the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3 as well as the ODROID XU4).
In April 2015, Ubuntu MATE announced a partnership with British computer reseller Entroware, enabling Entroware customers to purchase laptop and desktop computers with Ubuntu MATE preinstalled with full support. Several other hardware deals were announced later.
In Ubuntu MATE 18.10, 32-bit support was dropped.
Releases
Reception
In a May 2016 review Jesse Smith of DistroWatch concluded, "despite my initial problems getting Ubuntu MATE installed and running smoothly, I came away with a positive view of the distribution. The project is providing a very friendly desktop experience that requires few hardware resources by modern standards. I also want to tip my hat to the default theme used on Ubuntu MATE."
Dedoimedo reviewed Ubuntu MATE in July 2018, and wrote that "[Ubuntu MATE offers] a wealth of visual and functional changes…You really have the ability to implement anything and everything, and all of it natively, from within the system's interface".
Starting with the 22.04 LTS release, Ubuntu MATE included AI-generated wallpapers. These were warmly received by popular tech blogs, with OMG! Ubuntu exclaiming "I'm blown away by the quality of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThousandEyes | ThousandEyes, Inc. is a network intelligence company headquartered in San Francisco with offices in Dublin, London, New York, Tokyo, and Austin, Texas. The company produces software that analyzes the performance of local and wide area networks. On May 29, 2020, Cisco announced it would be acquiring ThousandEyes.
History
The company was founded in 2010 by Mohit Lad and Ricardo Oliveira who had worked together during grad school in the UCLA Internet Research Lab to visualize Autonomous System topologies. ThousandEyes received a $500K National Science Foundation grant in 2011 to focus on DNS infrastructure troubleshooting. In 2011, Sequoia Capital led a Series A round to invest $5.5M. The company launched their network monitoring product in June 2013. In 2014, Sutter Hill Ventures led a Series B round, joined by Sequoia Capital and Salesforce.com, to invest $20M in the company. In 2016, Tenaya Capital and GV joined a Series C round, along with previous investors, with $35M more in capital. In February 2019 the company announced it has raised $50M in a Series D round of funding led by GV (formerly Google Ventures), bringing ThousandEyes' total funding to more than $110 million. Additionally, Thomvest Ventures joined the round as a new investor alongside existing investors Salesforce Ventures, Sequoia Capital, Sutter Hill Ventures and Tenaya Capital.
Technology
ThousandEyes is a software-as-a-service (SaaS) product that uses synthetic monitoring probes to measure network performance. The product includes elements of network tomography for loss and latency, route analytics to visualize BGP advertisements, DNS monitoring, VoIP monitoring, website monitoring for HTTP and HTTPS and SNMP device polling.
Business
ThousandEyes was privately held until 2020 and backed by venture investors including Sequoia Capital, Sutter Hill Ventures, Salesforce, Tenaya Capital and GV. Its customers include Twitter, Equinix, ServiceNow, EBay, DocuSign, top US banks, and many software-as-a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycological%20Progress | Mycological Progress is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of fungi including lichens. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the German Mycological Society. Its editor in chief is Franz Oberwinkler.
History
The journal was established in February 2002 by the German Mycological Society under founding editor-in-chief, Franz Oberwinkler (University of Tübingen). The current editor-in-chief is Marco Thines, who is also the president of the German Mycological Society. Originally published by botanical publisher, IHW-Verlag (Eching), the title transferred to Springer in 2006 by which time it was the official journal of ten European national mycological societies. It was published quarterly until 2015 when it converted to continuous publication online and production of the printed version ceased.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.0.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2002
Mycology journals
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Lichenology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantal%20neurotransmitter%20release | Neurotransmitters are released into a synapse in packaged vesicles called quanta. One quantum generates a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) which is the smallest amount of stimulation that one neuron can send to another neuron. Quantal release is the mechanism by which most traditional endogenous neurotransmitters are transmitted throughout the body. The aggregate sum of many MEPPs is an end plate potential (EPP). A normal end plate potential usually causes the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold of excitation and elicit an action potential. Electrical synapses do not use quantal neurotransmitter release and instead use gap junctions between neurons to send current flows between neurons. The goal of any synapse is to produce either an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which generate or repress the expression, respectively, of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. It is estimated that an action potential will trigger the release of approximately 20% of an axon terminal's neurotransmitter load.
Quantal neurotransmitter release mechanism
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon terminal where they are stored in vesicles. These neurotransmitter-filled vesicles are the quanta that will be released into the synapse. Quantal vesicles release their contents into the synapse by binding to the presynaptic membrane and combining their phospholipid bilayers. Individual quanta may randomly diffuse into the synapse and cause a subsequent MEPP. These spontaneous occurrences are completely random and are not the result of any kind of signaling pathway.
Calcium ion signaling to the axon terminal is the usual signal for presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. Calcium ion diffusion into the presynaptic membrane signals the axon terminal to release quanta to generate either an IPSP or EPSP in the postsynaptic membrane. Release of different neurotransmitters will lead to different postsynaptic potential |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature%20polycrystalline%20silicon | Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) is polycrystalline silicon that has been synthesized at relatively low temperatures (~650 °C and lower) compared to in traditional methods (above 900 °C). LTPS is important for display industries, since the use of large glass panels prohibits exposure to deformative high temperatures. More specifically, the use of polycrystalline silicon in thin-film transistors (LTPS-TFT) has high potential for large-scale production of electronic devices like flat panel LCD displays or image sensors.
Development of polycrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) is a pure and conductive form of the element composed of many crystallites, or grains of highly ordered crystal lattice. In 1984, studies showed that amorphous silicon (a-Si) is an excellent precursor for forming p-Si films with stable structures and low surface roughness. Silicon film is synthesized by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) to minimize surface roughness. First, amorphous silicon is deposited at 560–640 °C. Then it is thermally annealed (recrystallized) at 950–1000 °C. Starting with the amorphous film, rather than directly depositing crystals, produces a product with a superior structure and a desired smoothness. In 1988, researchers discovered that further lowering temperature during annealing, together with advanced plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), could facilitate even higher degrees of conductivity. These techniques have profoundly impacted the microelectronics, photovoltaic, and display enhancement industries.
Use in liquid-crystal display
Amorphous silicon TFTs have been widely used in liquid-crystal display (LCD) flat panels because they can be assembled into complex high-current driver circuits. Amorphous Si-TFT electrodes drive the alignment of crystals in LCDs. The evolution to LTPS-TFTs can have many benefits such as higher device resolution, lower synthesis temperature, and reduced price of essential substrates. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Thrilling%20Adventures%20of%20Lovelace%20and%20Babbage | The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage: The (Mostly) True Story of the First Computer is a steampunk graphic novel written and drawn by Sydney Padua. It features Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage in an alternative universe where they have successfully built an Analytical Engine and use it to "fight crime".
The book was published simultaneously by Pantheon Books in the US and Penguin Books in the UK on April 21, 2015. It has received positive reviews and awards.
Setting and publication history
The book grew out of a webcomic of the same name. The comic began as a single comic strip for Ada Lovelace Day in 2009, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Disliking the fact that both Babbage and Lovelace died with their life work incomplete, Padua created a fictional ending for the strip, then found that "a lot of people saw it and thought that I was actually going to do a comic, which I had no intention of doing. But then I started thinking, 'What if I actually did the comic?' I started fooling around, and I guess I'm still fooling around with it."
The setting describes an alternative historical reality in which Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage have actually built an Analytical Engine and use it to "fight crime" at Queen Victoria's request. Also featured in the comic is the great engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whom Padua has called "the Wolverine of the early Victorians".
The comic is based on thorough research on the biographies of and correspondence between Babbage and Lovelace, as well as other bits of early Victoriana, which are then twisted for humorous effect. "Some of the documents are more entertaining than the actual comic. Plenty of times, I've thrown something into the comic just so I'd have an excuse to refer to some document," Padua says.
Awards and reception
The book received positive early reviews from Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews.
In December 2015 it was announced that, for The Thrilling Adve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin%E2%80%93Staton%20integral | In mathematics the Goodwin–Staton integral is defined as :
It satisfies the following third-order nonlinear differential equation：
Properties
Symmetry:
Expansion for small z:
References
http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0013091504001087
http://dlmf.nist.gov/7.2
https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035306/http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/en/research/the-generalized-goodwinstaton-integral(3db9f429-7d7f-488c-a1d7-c8efffd01158).html
https://web.archive.org/web/20150225105452/http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/en/research/the-generalized-goodwinstaton-integral(3db9f429-7d7f-488c-a1d7-c8efffd01158)/export.html
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/na/NA_papers/NA2009_02.pdf
F. W. J. Olver, Werner Rheinbolt, Academic Press, 2014, Mathematics,Asymptotics and Special Functions, 588 pages, gbook
Special functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogel%20processing%20unit | The Hogel processing unit (HPU) is a computation for rendering hogels.
HPU parallelism
Since many (possibly hundreds) HPUs would be required to drive a single light-field display, it is important that the HPU be an independent processor, requiring minimal support logic and interconnect. The HPU interconnect framework should provide scene, command and sync buffering and relay throughout the topology. Ideally, neither the host system nor the individual HPUs would have knowledge of the interconnect topology or even the depth and breadth of the system.
Hogel parallelism (multivew point rendering)
A critical component of the HPU is the rendering of multiple viewpoints (hogels) in parallel per rendering pass of the geometry to take advantage of vertex and texture cache coherency.
Further reading
Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013). "A Scalable, Collaborative, Interactive Light-field Display System", SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
References
External links
DARPA's Urban Photonic Sandtable
DARPA’s 3D Holographic Display Technology
Hogel Rendering
Hogel Rendering Performance
Holography
Graphics hardware
Human–computer interaction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad%20in-line%20package | In microelectronics, a quad in-line package (QIP or QIL), is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and four parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) or inserted in a socket. Rockwell used a QIP with 42 leads formed into staggered rows for their PPS-4 microprocessor family introduced in 1973, and other microprocessors and microcontrollers, some with higher lead counts, through the early 1990s.
The QIP has the same dimensions as a Dual in-line package (DIP), but the leads on each side are bent into an alternating zigzag configuration so as to fit four lines of solder pads (instead of two with a DIP but similar to Zig-zag in-line package). The QIP design increased the spacing between solder pads without increasing package size, for two reasons:
First it allowed more reliable soldering. This may seem odd today, given the far closer solder pad spacing in use now, but in the 1970s, the heyday of the QIL, bridging of neighbouring solder pads on DIP ICs was an issue at times,
QIP also increased the possibility of running a copper track between two solder pads. This was very handy on the then standard single sided single layer PCBs.
Some QIP packaged ICs had added heatsinking tabs, such as the HA1306W.
Intel and 3M developed the ceramic leadless quad in-line package (QUIP), introduced in 1979, to boost microprocessor density and economy. The ceramic leadless QUIP is not designed for surface-mount use, and requires a socket. It was used by Intel for the iAPX 432 microprocessor chip set, and by Zilog for the Z8-02 external-ROM prototyping version of the Z8 microcontroller.
References
External links
Chip carriers
CPU sockets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero | Monero (; Abbreviation: XMR) is a cryptocurrency which uses a blockchain with privacy-enhancing technologies to obfuscate transactions to achieve anonymity and fungibility. Observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories.
The protocol is open source and based on CryptoNote, a concept described in a 2013 white paper authored by Nicolas van Saberhagen. Developers used this concept to design Monero, and deployed its mainnet in 2014. The Monero protocol includes various methods to obfuscate transaction details, though users can optionally share view keys for third-party auditing. Transactions are validated through a miner network running RandomX, a proof-of-work algorithm. The algorithm issues new coins to miners and was designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining.
Monero's privacy features have attracted cypherpunks and users desiring privacy measures not provided in other cryptocurrencies. It is used in illicit activities such as money laundering, darknet markets, ransomware, cryptojacking, and other organized crime. The United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has posted bounties for contractors that can develop Monero-tracing technologies.
Background
Monero's roots can be traced back to CryptoNote, a cryptocurrency protocol first described in a white paper published by Nicolas van Saberhagen (presumed pseudonymous) in October 2013. The author described privacy and anonymity as "the most important aspects of electronic cash" and called bitcoin's traceability a "critical flaw". A Bitcointalk forum user "thankful_for_today" coded these ideas into a coin they dubbed BitMonero. Other forum users disagreed with thankful_for_today'''s direction for BitMonero, so forked it in 2014 to create Monero. Monero translates to coin in Esperanto. Both van Saberhagen and thankful_for_today remain anonymous.
Monero has the third-largest community of developers, behind bit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Willard%20Gibbs%20Lectureship | The Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship (also called the Gibbs Lecture) of the American Mathematical Society is an annually awarded mathematical prize, named in honor of Josiah Willard Gibbs. The prize is intended not only for mathematicians, but also for physicists, chemists, biologists, physicians, and other scientists who have made important applications of mathematics. The purpose of the prize is to recognize outstanding achievement in applied mathematics and "to enable the public and the academic community to become aware of the contribution that mathematics is making to present-day thinking and to modern civilization."
The prize winner gives a lecture, which is subsequently published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.
Prize winners
See also
Colloquium Lectures (AMS)
List of mathematics awards
References
External links
Official Website
AMS Meetings – January 2015
AMS Gibbs Lecturers, MacTutor
Awards of the American Mathematical Society
Awards established in 1923
1923 establishments in the United States
Lecture series
Recurring events established in 1923
Mathematics and culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid%20Naderi%20Yeganeh | Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (; born July 26, 1990, in Iran) is an Iranian mathematical artist and digital artist. He is known for using mathematical formulas to create drawings of real-life objects, intricate and symmetrical illustrations, animations, fractals and tessellations. Naderi Yeganeh uses mathematics as the main tool to create artworks. Therefore, his artworks can be totally described by mathematical concepts. Mathematical concepts he uses in his work include trigonometric functions, exponential function, Fibonacci sequence, sawtooth wave, etc.
His artwork 9,000 Ellipses was used as the background cover image of The American Mathematical Monthly – November 2017. His artwork Heart was used as the image for the February page of the 2016 Calendar of Mathematical Imagery published by the American Mathematical Society. His artwork Bird was used as the postcard image of the Art ∩ Math exhibit held at Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle in 2018. One of Naderi Yeganeh's artworks was used as the cover image for Newsletter of Iranian Mathematical Society, Autumn 2015. His works, including A Bird in Flight and Boat, have been used on several pages of the International Mathematical Knowledge Trust (IMKT)'s website. His artwork A Bird in Flight was used on every page of the first volume of STATure, a publication of the Life Sciences Program at McMaster University.
Education
Naderi Yeganeh received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Qom and a M.Sc. in pure mathematics from Sharif University of Technology. His MSc thesis was focused on numerical methods for approximation and visualization of invariant manifolds in dynamical systems. He won a gold medal at the 38th Iranian Mathematical Society’s nationwide mathematics competition held at Graduate University of Advanced Technology in May 2014 and a silver medal at the 39th IMS’s nationwide mathematics competition held at Yazd University in May 2015. A special report about University of Qom's achievem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design-to-cost | Design-to-Cost (DTC), as part of cost management techniques, describes a systematic approach to controlling the costs of product development and manufacturing. The basic idea is that costs are designed "into the product", even from the earliest concept decisions on and are difficult to remove later. These costs are seen as an equally important parameter besides feature scope and schedule, the three taken together yielding the well-known project triangle.
By taking the right design decisions as early as during the initiation and concept phase of the product life-cycle, unnecessary costs at later stages can be avoided. But DTC also tries to capture the necessary measures for cost control during the complete development cycle. In DTC, cost considerations also become part of extended requirements specifications.
In contrast to the closely related target costing, DTC does not mean a product will exactly reach a defined cost, rather, it is about "considering cost as a design parameter in your product development activities". DTC can also be contrasted with Design-to-value which emphasizes the value that can be delivered to the customer, instead of the production costs for the manufacturer or company.
See also
Cost reduction
Total cost of ownership
References
Manufacturing
Product development
Cost engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature%20Record%20Type%20Definition | In near field communications the NFC Forum Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) is a security protocol used to protect the integrity and authenticity of NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format) Messages. The Signature RTD is an open interoperable specification modeled after Code signing where the trust of signed messages is tied to digital certificates.
Signing NDEF records prevents malicious use of NFC tags (containing a protected NDEF record). For example, smartphone users tapping NFC tags containing URLs. Without some level of integrity protection an adversary could launch a phishing attack. Signing the NDEF record protects the integrity of the contents and allows the user to identify the signer if they wish. Signing certificates are obtained from third party Certificate Authorities and are governed by the NFC Forum Signature RTD Certificate Policy.
How it works
The NDEF signing process
Referring to the diagrams. An author obtains a signing certificate from a valid certificate authority. The author's private key is used to sign the Data Record (text, URI, or whatever you like). The signature and author's certificate comprise the signature record. The Data Record and Signature Record are concatenated to produce the Signed NDEF Message that can be written to a standard NFC tag with sufficient memory (typically on the order of 300 to 500 bytes). The NDEF record remains in the clear (not encrypted) so any NFC tag reader will be able to read the signed data even if they cannot verify it.
The NDEF Verification Process
Referring to the diagram. Upon reading the Signed NDEF Message, the Signature on the Data Record is first cryptographically verified using the author's public key (extracted from the Author's Certificate). Once verified, the Author's Certificate can be verified using the NFC Root Certificate. If both verifications are valid then one can trust the NDEF record and perform the desired operation.
Supported certificate formats
The Signature RTD 2.0 supports |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MessagEase | MessagEase is an input method and virtual keyboard for touchscreen devices. It relies on a new entry system designed by Saied B. Nesbat, formatted as a 3x3 matrix keypad where users may press or swipe up, down, left, right, or diagonally to access all keys and symbols. It is a keyboard that was designed for devices like cell phones, mimicking the early cell phones' limited number of 12 keys.
The most frequently used letters (the large letters in the illustration below) are accessed by a tap. Less common letters are accessed by a slide. Example: Tapping the center square generates an 'o'. Sliding to the left from the same square generates a 'c'. A green trail shows the path of the finger. The keyboard supports multiple user dictionaries, used for word prediction and correction.
The software is developed and patented by ExIdeas, based in Belmont, California. It was first released in 2002 for the Palm, along with a paper in 2003.
Layout
The keyboard layout has a 3x3 matrix that allows for full-text entry. The letter placement is optimized for minimal movement distance between letters, allowing for faster typing.
The layout is 67% more efficient than a standard QWERTY software keyboard, and 31% more than a multi-tap keyboard, when typing is modeled with Fitt's law.
One touch keys
The 9 most frequent letters in English texts: ETAONRISH, are placed on the keyboard so they can be accessed on a single click.
One move keys
The next 17 less frequent letters: DLFCMUGYPWBVKJXQZ, are placed as to be triggered by a single move of the finger from or to the central key (O) (except for Z which is centered around the 'E' key together with some punctuation characters). For example, the letter V is typed by dragging the finger from A to O, and the letter D by moving from O to E.
Special characters
The moves producing special characters, which includes 38 characters including accents and punctuation marks, are displayed on a complete keyboard showing up when the user drags the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzel%27s%20problem | In mathematics, Wetzel's problem concerns bounds on the cardinality of a set of analytic functions that, for each of their arguments, take on few distinct values. It is named after John Wetzel, a mathematician at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Let F be a family of distinct analytic functions on a given domain with the property that, for each x in the domain, the functions in F map x to a countable set of values. In his doctoral dissertation, Wetzel asked whether this assumption implies that F is necessarily itself countable. Paul Erdős in turn learned about the problem at the University of Michigan, likely via Lee Albert Rubel. In his paper on the problem, Erdős credited an anonymous mathematician with the observation that, when each x is mapped to a finite set of values, F is necessarily finite.
However, as Erdős showed, the situation for countable sets is more complicated: the answer to Wetzel's question is yes if and only if the continuum hypothesis is false. That is, the existence of an uncountable set of functions that maps each argument x to a countable set of values is equivalent to the nonexistence of an uncountable set of real numbers whose cardinality is less than the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. One direction of this equivalence was also proven independently, but not published, by another UIUC mathematician, Robert Dan Dixon. It follows from the independence of the continuum hypothesis, proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen, that the answer to Wetzel's problem is independent of ZFC set theory.
Erdős' proof is so short and elegant that it is considered to be one of the Proofs from THE BOOK.
In the case that the continuum hypothesis is false, Erdős asked whether there is a family of analytic functions, with the cardinality of the continuum, such that each complex number has a smaller-than-continuum set of images. As Ashutosh Kumar and Saharon Shelah later proved, both positive and negative answers to this question are consistent.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known%20%28software%29 | Known is an open source publishing tool designed to provide a way of more easily publishing status updates, blog posts, and photos to a wide range of social media services. It also allows you to keep a copy of the content you publish and post on your own site.
Known is available as installable open source software, similar to WordPress. It is a part of the IndieWeb movement, and is used as a teaching tool in higher education. It also supports multi-user use, and is sometimes considered as an intranet platform.
Known supports the W3C Recommendations Micropub and Webmention among others.
Known is supported since 2019 by Open Collective that serves as fiscal sponsor since for many FLOSS projects.
References
External links
Official website
Blog hosting services
Blog software
Social networking services
Free software programmed in PHP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt%20oxide%20nanoparticle | In materials and electric battery research, cobalt oxide nanoparticles usually refers to particles of cobalt(II,III) oxide of nanometer size, with various shapes and crystal structures.
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have potential applications in lithium-ion batteries and electronic gas sensors.
Applications
Lithium-ion Battery
The cathodes of lithium-ion batteries are often made of lithiated oxides of cobalt, nickel, or manganese, that can readily and reversibly incorporate lithium ions in their molecular structure. Cobalt oxide nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, offer high surface-to-volume ratio and short path lengths for lithium cation transport, leading to fast charging capabilities. However, capacity, coulombic efficiency, and cycle life may suffer due to excessive formation of SEI. The nanowires may incorporate other substances, for example, diphenylalanine.
Cobalt oxide particles may be anchored on substrates such as graphene to improve the dimensional stability of the anode and to prevent particle aggregation during lithium charge and discharge processes.
Gas Sensor
Hollow nanospheres of cobalt oxide have been investigated as materials for gas sensor electrodes, for the detection of toluene, acetone, and other organic vapors.
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles anchored on single-walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated for sensing nitrogen oxides and hydrogen. This application takes advantage of the reactivity between the gas and the oxide, as well as the electrical connection with the substrate (both being p-type semiconductors). Nitrogen oxides react with the oxide as electron acceptors, reducing the electrode's resistance; whereas hydrogen acts as an electron donor, increasing the resistance.
Medicine
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have been observed to readily enter cells, a property that conceivably could lead to applications in hyperthermic treatment, gene therapy and drug delivery. However, their toxicity is an obstacle that would have to be overco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyselenide | Oxyselenides are a group of chemical compounds that contain oxygen and selenium atoms (Figure 1). Oxyselenides can form a wide range of structures in compounds containing various transition metals, and thus can exhibit a wide range of properties. Most importantly, oxyselenides have a wide range of thermal conductivity, which can be controlled with changes in temperature in order to adjust their thermoelectric performance. Current research on oxyselenides indicates their potential for significant application in electronic materials.
Synthesis
The first oxyselenide to be crystallized was manganese oxyselenide in 1900. In 1910, oxyselenides containing phosphate were created by treating P2Se5 with metal hydroxides. Uranium oxyselenide was formed next by treating H2Se with uranium dioxides at 1000 °C. This technique was also utilized in synthesizing oxyselenides of rare-earth elements in the mid-1900s. Synthesis of oxyselenide compounds currently involves treating oxides with aluminum powder and selenium at high temperatures.
Recent discoveries in iron oxyarsenides and their superconductivity have highlighted the importance of mixed anion systems. Mixed copper oxychalcogenides came about when the electronic properties of both chalcogenides and oxides were taken into account. Chemists began pursuing the synthesis of a compound with metallic and charge density wave properties as well as high temperature superconductivity. Upon synthesizing the copper oxyselenide Na1.9Cu2Se2·Cu2O by reacting Na2Se3.6 with Cu2O, they concluded that a new type of oxychalcogenides could be synthesized by reacting metal oxides with polychalcogenide fluxes.
Derivatives
New oxyselenides of the formula Sr2AO2M2Se2 (A=Co, Mn; M=Cu, Ag) have been synthesized. They crystallize into structures consisting of alternating perovskite-like (metal oxide) and antifluorite (metal selenide) layers (Figure 2). The optical band gap of each oxyselenide is very narrow, indicating semiconductivity.
Anothe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Medical%20Engineering%20and%20Science | The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science or IMES is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that aims to combine engineering, medicine, and science to solve challenges in human health. The institute was established in 2012 and is currently directed by Elazer Edelman. Some core faculty members include Alex K. Shalek, Emery Brown, and Ellen Roche.
IMES serves to bring together scientific advances with clinical medicine by serving as the point of intersection with major hospitals and industry partners. IMES is also the MIT home for the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.
References
External links
Engineering research institutes
Massachusetts Institute of Technology research institutes
Biotechnology organizations
Laboratories in the United States
Medical research institutes in Massachusetts
Multidisciplinary research institutes
Research institutes established in 2012
2012 establishments in Massachusetts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African%20Mathematics%20Olympiads | The Pan-African Mathematics Olympiads (P.A.M.O.) are the African version of the IMO, International Mathematical Olympiad.
Description
This event organized each year by the African Mathematics Union (AMU) is a competition among the best pupils in Mathematics of Secondary Education who are less than twenty (20) years old.
History
The first PAMO was organized in 1987.
Recent Editions
Event editions
Previous Editions
Format
The competition is made of two rounds. Each round is made of 3 problems for four hours and thirty minutes while each problem's total score is 7 points. There are up to six candidates per country.
Results published by each country
Archived Results
References
External links
Official website
https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/07/350096/morocco-tunisia-win-pan-african-mathematics-olympiad-2022
Mathematics competitions
Recurring events established in 1987 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-FET | A field-effect transistor-based biosensor, also known as a biosensor field-effect transistor (Bio-FET or BioFET), field-effect biosensor (FEB), or biosensor MOSFET, is a field-effect transistor (based on the MOSFET structure) that is gated by changes in the surface potential induced by the binding of molecules. When charged molecules, such as biomolecules, bind to the FET gate, which is usually a dielectric material, they can change the charge distribution of the underlying semiconductor material resulting in a change in conductance of the FET channel. A Bio-FET consists of two main compartments: one is the biological recognition element and the other is the field-effect transistor. The BioFET structure is largely based on the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) where the metal gate is replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution, and reference electrode.
Mechanism of operation
Bio-FETs couple a transistor device with a bio-sensitive layer that can specifically detect bio-molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. A Bio-FET system consists of a semiconducting field-effect transistor that acts as a transducer separated by an insulator layer (e.g. SiO2) from the biological recognition element (e.g. receptors or probe molecules) which are selective to the target molecule called analyte. Once the analyte binds to the recognition element, the charge distribution at the surface changes with a corresponding change in the electrostatic surface potential of the semiconductor. This change in the surface potential of the semiconductor acts like a gate voltage would in a traditional MOSFET, i.e. changing the amount of current that can flow between the source and drain electrodes. This change in current (or conductance) can be measured, thus the binding of the analyte can be detected. The precise relationship between the current and analyte concentration depends upon the region of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20infrastructure | Hard infrastructure, also known as tangible or built infrastructure, is the physical infrastructure of roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, ports, and harbors, among others, as opposed to the soft infrastructure or "intangible infrastructure of human capital in the form of education, research, health and social
services and "institutional infrastructure" in the form of legal, economic and social systems.
This article delineates both the capital goods, or fixed assets, and the control systems, software required to operate, manage and monitor the systems, as well as any accessory buildings, plants, or vehicles that are an essential part of the system. Also included are fleets of vehicles operating according to schedules such as public transit buses and garbage collection, as well as basic energy or communications facilities that are not usually part of a physical network, such as oil refineries, radio, and television broadcasting facilities.
Attributes
Hard infrastructure in general usually has the following attributes:
Capital assets that provide services
These are physical assets that provide services. The people employed in the hard infrastructure sector generally maintain, monitor, and operate the assets, but do not offer services to the clients or users of the infrastructure. Interactions between workers and clients are generally limited to administrative tasks concerning ordering, scheduling, or billing of services.
Large networks
These are large networks constructed over generations and are not often replaced as a whole system. The network provides services to a geographically defined area, and has a long life because its service capacity is maintained by continual refurbishment or replacement of components as they wear out.
Historicity and interdependence
The system or network tends to evolve over time as it is continuously modified, improved, enlarged, and as various components are rebuilt, decommissioned or adapted to other uses. The system component |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20infrastructure | Soft infrastructure is all the services which are required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and social standards of a population, as opposed to the hard infrastructure which is the physical infrastructure of roads, bridges etc. It includes both physical assets such as highly specialised buildings and equipment, as well as non-physical assets, such as communication, the body of rules and regulations governing the various systems, the financing of these systems, the systems and organisations by which professionals are trained, advance in their careers by acquiring experience, and are disciplined if required by professional associations. It includes institutions such as the financial and economic systems, the education system, the health care system, the system of government, and law enforcement, and emergency services.
The essence of soft infrastructure is the delivery of specialised services to people. Unlike much of the service sector of the economy, the delivery of those services depends on highly developed systems and large specialised facilities, fleets of specialised vehicles or institutions.
Governance
The system of government and law enforcement, including the political, legislative, law enforcement, justice and penal systems, as well as specialised facilities (government offices, courthouses, prisons, etc.), and specialised systems for collecting, storing and disseminating data, laws and regulation, such as civil registration, business and company registries, land registration, and maintenance of other government databases.
Emergency services, such as police, fire protection, and ambulances, including specialised vehicles, buildings, communications and dispatching systems
Military infrastructure, including military bases, arms depots, training facilities, command centres, communication facilities, major weapons systems, fortifications, specialised arms manufacturing, strategic reserves
Economic
The financial and economic system, including th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure%20and%20economics | Infrastructure (also known as "capital goods", or "fixed capital") is a platform for governance, commerce, and economic growth and is "a lifeline for modern societies". It is the hallmark of economic development.
It has been characterized as the mechanism that delivers the "..fundamental needs of society: food, water, energy, shelter, governance ... without infrastructure, societies disintegrate and people die." Adam Smith argued that fixed asset spending was the "third rationale for the state, behind the provision of defense and justice." Societies enjoy the use of "...highway, waterway, air, and rail systems that have allowed the unparalleled mobility of people and goods. Water-borne diseases are virtually nonexistent because of water and wastewater treatment, distribution, and collection systems. In addition, telecommunications and power systems have enabled our economic growth."
This development happened over a period of several centuries. It represents a number of successes and failures in the past that were termed public works and even before that internal improvements. In the 21st century, this type of development is termed infrastructure.
Infrastructure can be described as tangible capital assets (income-earning assets), whether owned by private companies or the government.
Ownership and financing of infrastructure
Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, such as sole public utility or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees. Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term bonds.
Hence, government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and ope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological%20ring | In algebraic geometry, the tautological ring is the subring of the Chow ring of the moduli space of curves generated by tautological classes. These are classes obtained from 1 by pushforward along various morphisms described below. The tautological cohomology ring is the image of the tautological ring under the cycle map (from the Chow ring to the cohomology ring).
Definition
Let be the moduli stack of stable marked curves , such that
C is a complex curve of arithmetic genus g whose only singularities are nodes,
the n points x1, ..., xn are distinct smooth points of C,
the marked curve is stable, namely its automorphism group (leaving marked points invariant) is finite.
The last condition requires in other words (g,n) is not among (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,0). The stack then has dimension . Besides permutations of the marked points, the following morphisms between these moduli stacks play an important role in defining tautological classes:
Forgetful maps which act by removing a given point xk from the set of marked points, then restabilizing the marked curved if it is not stable anymore.
Gluing maps that identify the k-th marked point of a curve to the l-th marked point of the other. Another set of gluing maps is that identify the k-th and l-th marked points, thus increasing the genus by creating a closed loop.
The tautological rings are simultaneously defined as the smallest subrings of the Chow rings closed under pushforward by forgetful and gluing maps.
The tautological cohomology ring is the image of under the cycle map. As of 2016, it is not known whether the tautological and tautological cohomology rings are isomorphic.
Generating set
For we define the class as follows. Let be the pushforward of 1 along the gluing map which identifies the marked point xk of the first curve to one of the three marked points yi on the sphere (the latter choice is unimportant thanks to automorphisms). For definiteness order the resulting points as x1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoscaling | Autoscaling, also spelled auto scaling or auto-scaling, and sometimes also called automatic scaling, is a method used in cloud computing that dynamically adjusts the amount of computational resources in a server farm - typically measured by the number of active servers - automatically based on the load on the farm. For example, the number of servers running behind a web application may be increased or decreased automatically based on the number of active users on the site. Since such metrics may change dramatically throughout the course of the day, and servers are a limited resource that cost money to run even while idle, there is often an incentive to run "just enough" servers to support the current load while still being able to support sudden and large spikes in activity. Autoscaling is helpful for such needs, as it can reduce the number of active servers when activity is low, and launch new servers when activity is high. Autoscaling is closely related to, and builds upon, the idea of load balancing.
Advantages
Autoscaling offers the following advantages:
For companies running their own web server infrastructure, autoscaling typically means allowing some servers to go to sleep during times of low load, saving on electricity costs (as well as water costs if water is being used to cool the machines).
For companies using infrastructure hosted in the cloud, autoscaling can mean lower bills, because most cloud providers charge based on total usage rather than maximum capacity.
Even for companies that cannot reduce the total compute capacity they run or pay for at any given time, autoscaling can help by allowing the company to run less time-sensitive workloads on machines that get freed up by autoscaling during times of low traffic.
Autoscaling solutions, such as the one offered by Amazon Web Services, can also take care of replacing unhealthy instances and therefore protecting somewhat against hardware, network, and application failures.
Autoscaling can offe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SparkyLinux | SparkyLinux is a desktop-oriented operating system based on the Debian operating system.
The project offers a ready to use operating system with various desktops to choose from. SparkyLinux is released 3-4 times per year to provide the latest versions of all applications.
History
The project was born on October 2011 as an Ubuntu remix with Enlightenment as the default desktop having the name ue17r (Ubuntu Enlightenment17 Remix). After a few months of testing, the base system was changed to Debian and it was renamed to SparkyLinux.
Features
SparkyLinux is based on "stable" and "testing" branches of Debian and uses a 'rolling-release-cycle' (testing based only).
It includes a collection of tools and scripts to help users with easy administration of the system.
The default desktop environments are LXQt (former LXDE), MATE, Xfce and KDE, but users can install other desktops via 'Sparky APTus'.
As Sparky ISO image features a few proprietary packages, the 'Sparky APTus' provides a small tool called 'Non-Free Remover' which can easily uninstall all 'contrib' and 'non-free' packages from the system.
Since 2023, the project offers storage persistence from a utility which writes USB disk images. The feature so far only works on the MinimalGUI version of SparkyLinux.
Special editions
GameOver Edition, targeted to gamers. It features a large set of free and open-source games and some needed tools;
Rescue Edition, provides a live system and a large number of applications for recovering broken operating systems;
Multimedia for audio, video and html pages creating;
MinimalCLI and MinimalGUI.
See also
List of live CDs
References
Further reading
External links
Debian-based distributions
Linux distributions
LiveDistro
Live USB
LXQt
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
X86-64 Linux distributions
Rolling Release Linux distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20electric%20bicycle%20brands%20and%20manufacturers | This article lists notable electric bicycle brands and manufacturers including electric unicycles.
Many bicycle brands do not manufacture their own product, but rather import and re-brand bikes manufactured by others, sometimes designing the bike, specifying the equipment, and providing quality control. There are also brands that have, at different times, been manufacturers as well as re-branders: a company with manufacturing capability may market models made by other (overseas) factories, while simultaneously manufacturing bicycles in-house, for example, high-end models.
A2B Bicycles, United Kingdom
Atala
Basso Bikes
Beistegui Hermanos, Spain
Benno Bikes, United States
BionX, Canada (defunct)
Cytronex, United Kingdom
ErokIT, Germany
Mahindra GenZe, United States/India
GeoOrbital, United States
Gocycle, United Kingdom
Italjet, Italy
Powabyke, United Kingdom
Revelo Electric, Canada
Riese und Müller, Germany
Sinch Bikes, New Zealand
Specialized Bicycle Components, United States
Superpedestrian, United States
Tern, Taiwan
Tidalforce Electric Bicycle, United States (defunct)
Torpado
Solex, France
Wilier Triestina
VinFast, Vietnam
Zoomo, Australia
See also
List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies
List of bicycle part manufacturing companies
References
electric bicycle brands and manufacturers
Electric vehicles
Bicycle man
Cycle manufacturers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine%20barrier | The Russia–Ukraine barrier, also known as the Ukrainian Wall or the European Wall, and officially called "Project Wall" in Ukraine, is a fortified border barrier built on the Ukrainian side of the Russia–Ukraine border. Early construction began following the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, as the Ukrainian government sought to prevent any further incursions by Russia into Ukrainian territory following the Russian annexation of Crimea and the Russian-backed separatist uprising in the Donbas. It was also aimed at helping Ukraine's position with obtaining visa-free travel to the European Union (see Ukraine–European Union relations). Former Ukrainian prime minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk presented this project on 3 September 2014, and it started officially in 2015. In June 2020, Ukraine's State Border Guard Service expected that the project would be finished by 2025. However, in a message to Focus in January 2022, they stated that the project had been completed at a cost of .
On 24 February 2022, all remaining construction on the barrier was suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
History
Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, in June 2014, Ukrainian politician and business magnate Ihor Kolomoyskyi suggested that Ukraine should build a wall along the border with Russia. On 3 September 2014, Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk announced Ukraine would strengthen its border with Russia and called this "Project Wall". The command of Ukraine's anti-terrorist forces stated that "Two defense lines have been planned, and their main goal is to prevent the infiltration by the adversary into the territory of Ukraine". According to Yatsenyuk the project was needed "to cut off Russian support for insurgents in eastern regions" and also to obtain a visa-free regime with the European Union for Ukraine. It is also an employment project. Project "Wall" was officially started on 10 September 2014.
On September 12, 2014, The Cabinet of Mi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NodeMCU | NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module. Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.
Overview
NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). Strictly speaking, the term "NodeMCU" refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.
Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.
The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications (see related projects).
Types
There are two available versions of NodeMCU as version 0.9 & 1.0 where the version 0.9 contains ESP-12 and version 1.0 contains ESP-12E where E stands for "Enhanced".
History
NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif Systems began production of the ESP8266. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded to include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini%20Guidance%20Computer | The Gemini Guidance Computer (sometimes Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer (OBC)) was a digital, serial computer designed for Project Gemini, America's second human spaceflight project. The computer, which facilitated the control of mission maneuvers, was designed by the IBM Federal Systems Division.
Functionality
Project Gemini was the first with an on-board computer, as Project Mercury was controlled by computers on Earth. The Gemini Guidance Computer was responsible for the following functions:
Ascent – serves as a backup guidance system. The switchover is manually controlled by the astronauts
Orbital flight – gives the astronauts the capacity to navigate, allowing them to choose a safe landing spot in an emergency and calculate the timing of retrofire. (on extended missions ground data may become unavailable when ground data network rotates out of the orbital plane.)
Rendezvous – serves as primary reference by providing guidance information to the astronauts. The orbit parameters are determined by the ground tracking which are then sent to the spacecraft; the guidance computer was responsible for processing the information along with sensed spacecraft attitude. The information was presented to the astronauts in terms of spacecraft coordinates.
Reentry – feeds commands directly to the reentry control system for automatic reentry or provides the guidance information to the astronauts for manual reentry.
Specs
The computer was architecturally similar to the Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, in particular in the instruction set; however its circuit integration was less advanced. The GGC weighed 58.98 pounds (26.75 kg) and was powered by 28V DC. During a short power outage it could be powered by the Auxiliary Computer Power Unit (ACPU)
39-bit words memory, each composed of three 13-bit syllables
Ferrite core memory of 4096 words
Two's complement integer arithmetic
7.143 kilohertz clock (140 us per instruction); all instructions took a single cyc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/AYK-14 | The AN/AYK-14(V) is a family of computers for use in military weapons systems. It is a general-purpose 16-bit microprogrammed computer, intended for airborne vehicles and missions. Its modular design provides for common firmware and support software. It is still in use on Navy fleet aircraft including the F/A-18, and the AV-8B. The AN/AYK-14(V) family of systems is designed to meet MIL-E-5400 (airborne) requirements.
General information
The AN/AYK-14(V) computer was designed for military weapons systems. A complete AN/AYK-14(V) computer system is composed of processor, memory and input/output (I/O) modules.
Applications
Aircraft
F-18 Central Mission Computers
LAMPS MKIII Central Mission and ESM Processor
EA-6B Electronic Warfare Computer
E-2C Passive Detection System Computer
AV-8B Central Mission Computer
EP-3 Electronic Data Processor
P-3C ESM Processor
F-14 Avionics Improvement Program
Special applications
ALWT Torpedo Guidance Computer
ACLS Landing System Processor
DASS ASW Training Computer
Firebrand Drone Guidance Computer
Technical description
The AN/AYK-14(V) series of systems are microprogrammed computers, intended for airborne vehicles and missions, but are also capable of shipboard and land use.
General characteristics
The AN/AYK-14(V) is a general-purpose 16-bit computer capable of 675 thousand operations per second. Its modular design provides for common firmware and support software.
System specifications and features
General Features
General-purpose 16-bit digital computer
Physically and functionally modular
Expandable with plug-ins and additional enclosures
Microprogrammed to emulate an extended AN/UYK-20
LSI components
ATR enclosures
Variable configurations
Central Processor
Microprogrammed
2's complement arithmetic
Executive and user states
Two sets of 16-word by 16-bit general registers
Two status registers
Three-level interrupt system
Addressing to 524,288 words
Fixed and floating point arithmetic
4-, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Dot%20Payment | Red Dot Payment (RDP) is an online payment service provider headquartered in Singapore. The fintech company provides online payment gateway systems, payment consulting and merchant acquisition services for businesses that require the processing of online credit card transactions.
History
Established in 2011, Red Dot Payment (RDP) was founded by Randy Tan, who is currently acting as its managing director. Initially starting out in Singapore, it has expanded to other regions of Southeast Asia such as Thailand and Indonesia.
In 2014, Red Dot Payment acquired funding from investors, GMO Global Payment Fund and Wavemaker Pacific. In the same year, Red Dot Payment started supporting MasterPass, enabling their merchants' payment page to be used with MasterPass.
In 2015, Red Dot Payment became partners with Sourceguru and provided digital payments service to them.
In 2016, Red Dot Payment secured a seven-figure funding by MDI Ventures, the venture arm of Indonesia's Telkom.
In 2017, Red Dot Payment partnered with Ascott to provide them secure online payments. Red Dot Payment now provides online payment for both e-commerce and hotels. Within the same year, the company has closed an investment of $5.2M Series B round
Red Dot Payment formed an alliance with e-commerce services companies Shopmatic and iCommerce Asia, to offer services to South-east Asian region's e-commerce market.
In 2018, David Lee joins Red Dot Payment as its Director effective February 2018.
Red Dot Payment signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Finserve Africa Limited at the opening of Enterprise Singapore Nairobi Centre. It is one of the Singaporean fintech companies to enter Africa and provide digital finance services.
In July 2019, fintech and e-payment business PayU took a majority stake in Red Dot Payment. The deal values Red Dot Payment at US$65 million and will see founder and CEO Randy Tan retaining a stake in the firm, while majority of its shareholders will exit.
See also
Electronic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivesicular%20release | Multivesicular Release (MVR) is the phenomenon by which individual chemical synapses, forming the junction between neurons, is mediated by multiple releasable vesicles of neurotransmitter. In neuroscience, whether one or many vesicles are released per action potential depends on the synapse and has been shown to be more prevalent in humans.
Examples
In the mammalian brain, MVR has been shown to be common throughout the brain including in hippocampus and cerebellum. It has also been proposed and then refuted at the ribbon synapses formed between inner hair cell and spiral ganglion neurons. Recent evidence points to a possibility of MVR at neocortical connections of the somatosensory cortex as well as in other brain regions (for a review see).
References
Neuroscience
Cell signaling
Signal transduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatranscriptomics | Metatranscriptomics is the set of techniques used to study gene expression of microbes within natural environments, i.e., the metatranscriptome.
While metagenomics focuses on studying the genomic content and on identifying which microbes are present within a community, metatranscriptomics can be used to study the diversity of the active genes within such community, to quantify their expression levels and to monitor how these levels change in different conditions (e.g., physiological vs. pathological conditions in an organism). The advantage of metatranscriptomics is that it can provide information about differences in the active functions of microbial communities that would otherwise appear to have similar make-up.
Introduction
The microbiome has been defined as a microbial community occupying a well-defined habitat. These communities are ubiquitous and can play a key role in maintenance of the characteristics of their environment, and an imbalance in these communities can negatively affect the activities of the setting in which they reside. To study these communities, and to then determine their impact and correlation with their niche, different omics approaches have been used. While metagenomics can help researchers generate a taxonomic profile of the sample, metatranscriptomics provides a functional profile by analysing which genes are expressed by the community. It is possible to infer what genes are expressed under specific conditions, and this can be done using functional annotations of expressed genes.
Function
Since metatranscriptomics focuses on what genes are expressed, it enables the characterization of the active functional profile of the entire microbial community. The overview of the gene expression in a given sample is obtained by capturing the total mRNA of the microbiome and performing whole-metatranscriptomics shotgun sequencing.
Tools and techniques
Although microarrays can be exploited to determine the gene expression profiles of some mode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanberg%20Dredge | The Swanberg Dredge is one of several gold mining dredges that dot the landscape near Nome, Alaska. Also known as the Johnson-Pohl Dredge, this one is located at about mile marker 1 of the Nome-Council Highway just inside the city limits. The dredge stands in a pond about north of the highway in a small pond. It has a barge-like hull with a mostly single-story superstructure, and measures about , with a draft of . Its metal frame bow gantry extends about , and has a digging ladder long. The dredge was built in San Francisco, California, shipped to Nome, and placed in operation in 1946 by Walter Johnson. The economics associated with the cost of its construction and shipment, as compared to the price of gold, worked against Johnson, who only operated it for a single season before it was seized by a local bank. It has sat in place since then, typifying the sometimes hard-luck small-time mining operations of the area.
The dredge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Nome Census Area, Alaska
References
Buildings and structures completed in 1946
1946 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Nome Census Area, Alaska
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Industrial equipment on the National Register of Historic Places
Gold dredges
Gold mining in the United States
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Nome Census Area, Alaska |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature%20engineering | Feature engineering or feature extraction or feature discovery is the process of extracting features (characteristics, properties, attributes) from raw data. Due to deep learning networks, such as convolutional neural networks, that are able to learn it by itself, domain-specific- based feature engineering has become obsolete for vision and speech processing.
Other examples of features in physics include the construction of dimensionless numbers such as Reynolds number in fluid dynamics; then Nusselt number in heat transfer; Archimedes number in sedimentation; construction of first approximations of the solution such as analytical strength of materials solutions in mechanics, etc.
Relevance
Features vary in significance. Even relatively insignificant features may contribute to a model. Feature selection can reduce the number of features to prevent a model from becoming too specific to the training data set (overfitting).
Explosion
Feature explosion occurs when the number of identified features grows inappropriately. Common causes include:
Feature templates - implementing feature templates instead of coding new features
Feature combinations - combinations that cannot be represented by a linear system
Feature explosion can be limited via techniques such as: regularization, kernel methods, and feature selection.
Automation
Automation of feature engineering is a research topic that dates back to the 1990s. Machine learning software that incorporates automated feature engineering has been commercially available since 2016. Related academic literature can be roughly separated into two types:
Multi-relational decision tree learning (MRDTL) uses a supervised algorithm that is similar to a decision tree.
Deep Feature Synthesis uses simpler methods.
Multi-relational decision tree learning (MRDTL)
MRDTL generates features in the form of SQL queries by successively adding clauses to the queries. For instance, the algorithm might start out with
SELECT COUNT(*) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-III-VI%20semiconductors | I-III-VI2 semiconductors are solid semiconducting materials that contain three or more chemical elements belonging to groups I, III and VI (IUPAC groups 1/11, 13 and 16) of the periodic table. They usually involve two metals and one chalcogen. Some of these materials have a direct bandgap, Eg, of approximately 1.5 eV, which makes them efficient absorbers of sunlight and thus potential solar cell materials. A fourth element is often added to a I-III-VI2 material to tune the bandgap for maximum solar cell efficiency. A representative example is copper indium gallium selenide (CuInxGa(1–x)Se2, Eg = 1.7–1.0 eV for x = 0–1), which is used in copper indium gallium selenide solar cells.
CuGaO2
CuGaO2 exists in two main polymorphs, α and β. The α form has the delafossite crystal structure and can be prepared by reacting Cu2O with Ga2O3 at high temperatures. The β form has a wurtzite-like crystal structure (space group Pna21); it is metastable, but exhibits a long-term stability at temperatures below 300 °C. It can be obtained by an ion exchange of Na+ ions in a β-NaGaO2 precursor with Cu+ ions in CuCl under vacuum, to avoid the oxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+.
Unlike most I-III-VI2 oxides, which are transparent, electrically insulating solids with a bandgap above 2 eV, β-CuGaO2 has a direct bandgap of 1.47 eV, which is favorable for solar cell applications. In contrast, β-AgGaO2 and β-AgAlO2 have an indirect bandgap. Undoped β-CuGaO2 is a p-type semiconductor.
AgGaO2 and AgAlO2
Similarly to CuGaO2, α-AgGaO2 and α-AgAlO2 have the delafossite crystal structure while the structure of the corresponding β phases is similar to wurtzite (space group Pna2a). β-AgGaO2 is metastable and can be synthesized by ion exchange with a β-NaGaO2 precursor. The bandgaps of β-AgGaO2 and β-AgAlO2 (2.2 and 2.8 eV respectively) are indirect; they fall into the visible range and can be tuned by alloying with ZnO. For this reason, both materials are hardly suitable for solar cells, but have potential a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voderberg%20tiling | The Voderberg tiling is a mathematical spiral tiling, invented in 1936 by mathematician (1911-1945). Karl August Reinhardt asked the question of whether there is a tile such that two copies can completely enclose a third copy. Voderberg, his student, answered in the affirmative with Form eines Neunecks eine Lösung zu einem Problem von Reinhardt ["On a nonagon as a solution to a problem of Reinhardt"].
It is a monohedral tiling: it consists only of one shape that tessellates the plane with congruent copies of itself. In this case, the prototile is an elongated irregular nonagon, or nine-sided figure. The most interesting feature of this polygon is the fact that two copies of it can fully enclose a third one. E.g., the lowest purple nonagon is enclosed by two yellow ones, all three of identical shape. Before Voderberg's discovery, mathematicians had questioned whether this could be possible.
Because it has no translational symmetries, the Voderberg tiling is technically non-periodic, even though it exhibits an obvious repeating pattern. This tiling was the first spiral tiling to be devised, preceding later work by Branko Grünbaum and Geoffrey C. Shephard in the 1970s. A spiral tiling is depicted on the cover of Grünbaum and Shephard's 1987 book Tilings and Patterns.
References
External links
Tessellation
Spirals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukbang | A mukbang or meokbang (, ), also known as an eating show, is an online audiovisual broadcast in which a host consumes various quantities of food while interacting with the audience. The genre became popular in South Korea in the early 2010s, and has become a global trend since the mid-2010s. Varieties of foods ranging from pizza to noodles are consumed in large quantities in front of a camera. The purpose of mukbang is also sometimes educational, introducing viewers to regional specialties or gourmet spots.
A mukbang may be either prerecorded or streamed live through a webcast on multiple streaming platforms such as AfreecaTV, YouTube, TikTok, and Twitch In the live version, the mukbang host chats with the audience while the audience type in real-time in the live chat room. Eating shows are expanding their influence on internet broadcasting platforms and serve as virtual communities and as venues for active communication among internet users.
Mukbangers from many different countries have gained considerable popularity on numerous social media platforms and have established the mukbang as a possible viable alternative career path with a potential to earn a high income for young South Koreans. By cooking and consuming food on camera for a large audience, mukbangers generate income from advertising, sponsorships, endorsements, as well as viewers' support. However, there has been growing criticism of mukbang's promotion of unhealthy eating habits, particularly eating disorders, animal cruelty, and food waste.
Etymology
The word mukbang () is a portmanteau of the Korean words for "eating" () and "broadcast/show" (). It would thus be morphologically comparable to "eatcast" or "eatshow".
Historical background and origins
Prior to the 21st century, Korea had traditionally had a food culture based on healthy eating practices and strict Confucian etiquette. However, a new food culture since the late 2000s has emerged in South Korea characterized by internet eating culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLEXPART | The FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) is a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model used to simulate air parcel trajectories. It can be run in either forward or backward mode. The forward mode is typically used to determine the downwind concentration or mixing ratio of pollutants. The backward mode can be used to estimate footprint areas, to determine the origin of observed emissions.
History
FLEXPART has inherited large portions of its code from its predecessor, FLEXTRA (FLEXible TRAjectory model). The first version of FLEXPART was released in 1998 and was considered free software. Since the release of version 8.2 in 2010, the code is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) Version 3. Due to a growing user base the main developers decided to provide an online platform for developers and modellers, which was launched together with the release of version 9.0 in June 2012.
In addition to main FLEXPART code, several branches have been developed for use with mesoscale meteorological models. In particular, FLEXPART-WRF was created to work with the open source WRF model. The first version of FLEXPART-WRF was presented in 2006 by Jerome D. Fast and Richard C. Easter. The model was later renamed the "PNNL Integrated Lagrangian Transport" (PILT) model since the code base started to deviate extensively from the main FLEXPART branch. In 2007, a new technical report was presented where the model was once again referred to as FLEXPART-WRF. At this time, there were still a number of important features missing in FLEXPART-WRF (which were available in FLEXPART). A number of research groups started developing FLEXPART-WRF on their own, in 2011, there were three separate projects on GitHub, each with a partial goal to implement a scheme for wet deposition.
In 2013, a major update of FLEXPART-WRF was released with support from the FLEXPART developers, the release included a working wet deposition scheme as well as new run-time options for wind fields and t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20metal%20ions%20in%20biological%20systems | Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time. Metal ions have been associated with biological systems for billions of years, but only in the last century have scientists began to truly appreciate the scale of their influence. Major (iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc) and minor (copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten) metal ions have become aligned with living organisms through the interplay of biogeochemical weathering and metabolic pathways involving the products of that weathering. The associated complexes have evolved over time.
Natural development of chemicals and elements challenged organisms to adapt or die. Current organisms require redox reactions to induce metabolism and other life processes. Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and are important for redox reactions. Metals have become so central to cellular function that the collection of metal-binding proteins (referred to as the metallomes) accounts for over 30% of all proteins in the cell. Metals are known to be involved in over 40% of enzymatic reactions, and metal-binding proteins carry out at least one step in almost all biological pathways.Metals are also toxic so a balance must be acquired to regulate where the metals are in an organism as well as in what quantities. Many organisms have flexible systems in which they can exchange one metal for another if one is scarce. Metals in this discussion are naturally occurring elements that have a tendency to undergo oxidation. Vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc are deemed essential because without them biological function is impaired.
Origins
The Earth began as an iron aquatic world with low oxygen. The Great Oxygenation Event occurred approximately 2.4 Ga (billion years ago) as cyanobacteria and photosynthetic life induced the presence of dioxygen in the planet's atmosphere. Iron became insolubl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paytm | Paytm (acronym for "pay through mobile") is an Indian multinational financial technology company, that specializes in digital payments and financial services, based in Noida. It was founded in 2010 by Vijay Shekhar Sharma under One97 Communications. The company offers mobile payment services to consumers and enables merchants to receive payments through its QR code, Payment Soundbox, Android based-point of sale machine and online payment gateway offerings. In partnership with financial institutions, Paytm offers financial services such as microloans and buy now, pay later to its consumers and merchants. Apart from bill payments and money transfer, the company also provides ticketing services, retail brokerage products and online games.
Paytm's parent company, One97 Communications, got listed on the Indian stock exchanges on 18 November 2021 after an initial public offering, which was the largest in India at the time. For the fiscal year 2022–23, Paytm's gross merchandise value (GMV) was reported to be .
History
Paytm was founded in August 2010 with an initial investment of by its founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma in Noida, Delhi NCR. It started off as a prepaid mobile and DTH recharge platform, and later added debit card, postpaid mobile and landline bill payments in 2013.
In October 2011, Sapphire Ventures (fka SAP Ventures) invested $10 million in One97 Communications Ltd. By January 2014, the company had launched the Paytm Wallet, which the Indian Railways and Uber added as a payment option. It launched into e-commerce with online deals and bus ticketing. In 2015, it added education fees, metro recharges, electricity, gas, and water bill payments. Paytm's registered user base grew from 1.18 crore in August 2014 to 10.4 crore in August 2015. Its travel business crossed $500 million in annualised GMV run rate, with 20 lakh tickets booked per month.
In March 2015, Paytm received its huge stake from Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group, after Ant Financial Servic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20and%20chain%20inactivation | In neuroscience, ball and chain inactivation is a model to explain the fast inactivation mechanism of voltage-gated ion channels. The process is also called hinged-lid inactivation or N-type inactivation. A voltage-gated ion channel can be in three states: open, closed, or inactivated. The inactivated state is mainly achieved through fast inactivation, by which a channel transitions rapidly from an open to an inactivated state. The model proposes that the inactivated state, which is stable and non-conducting, is caused by the physical blockage of the pore. The blockage is caused by a "ball" of amino acids connected to the main protein by a string of residues on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The ball enters the open channel and binds to the hydrophobic inner vestibule within the channel. This blockage causes inactivation of the channel by stopping the flow of ions. This phenomenon has mainly been studied in potassium channels and sodium channels.
Discovery
Electrophysiological evidence
The initial evidence for a ball and chain inactivation came in 1977 with Clay Armstrong and Francisco Bezanilla's work.
The suggestion of a physical basis for non-conductance came from experiments in squid giant axons, showing that internal treatment with pronase disrupted the inactivation phenomenon. This suggested a physical, tethered mechanism for inactivation as the pronase was inferred to degrade the channel blocker and abolish the inactivation process. These experiments also showed that inactivation can only occur after the opening of the channel. This was done by hyperpolarising the membrane, causing the channel to open, and observing a delay in inactivation. Inactivation was not observed when the membrane was depolarised (closed). Introducing tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the intracellular side of the channel was found to mimic inactivation in non-inactivating channels. Blockage of the channel by TEA is mutually exclusive with peptide-mediate blockage, suggesting that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache%20Flink | Apache Flink is an open-source, unified stream-processing and batch-processing framework developed by the Apache Software Foundation. The core of Apache Flink is a distributed streaming data-flow engine written in Java and Scala. Flink executes arbitrary dataflow programs in a data-parallel and pipelined (hence task parallel) manner. Flink's pipelined runtime system enables the execution of bulk/batch and stream processing programs. Furthermore, Flink's runtime supports the execution of iterative algorithms natively.
Flink provides a high-throughput, low-latency streaming engine as well as support for event-time processing and state management. Flink applications are fault-tolerant in the event of machine failure and support exactly-once semantics. Programs can be written in Java, Scala, Python, and SQL and are automatically compiled and optimized into dataflow programs that are executed in a cluster or cloud environment.
Flink does not provide its own data-storage system, but provides data-source and sink connectors to systems such as Apache Doris, Amazon Kinesis, Apache Kafka, HDFS, Apache Cassandra, and ElasticSearch.
Development
Apache Flink is developed under the Apache License 2.0 by the Apache Flink Community within the Apache Software Foundation. The project is driven by over 25 committers and over 340 contributors.
Overview
Apache Flink's dataflow programming model provides event-at-a-time processing on both finite and infinite datasets. At a basic level, Flink programs consist of streams and transformations. “Conceptually, a stream is a (potentially never-ending) flow of data records, and a transformation is an operation that takes one or more streams as input, and produces one or more output streams as a result.”
Apache Flink includes two core APIs: a DataStream API for bounded or unbounded streams of data and a DataSet API for bounded data sets. Flink also offers a Table API, which is a SQL-like expression language for relational stream and batch p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20Internetwork%20Architecture | The Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) is a new computer network architecture proposed as an alternative to the architecture of the currently mainstream Internet protocol suite. The principles behind RINA were first presented by John Day in his 2008 book Patterns in Network Architecture: A return to Fundamentals. This work is a start afresh, taking into account lessons learned in the 35 years of TCP/IP’s existence, as well as the lessons of OSI’s failure and the lessons of other network technologies of the past few decades, such as CYCLADES, DECnet, and Xerox Network Systems. RINA's fundamental principles are that computer networking is just Inter-Process Communication or IPC, and that layering should be done based on scope/scale, with a single recurring set of protocols, rather than based on function, with specialized protocols. The protocol instances in one layer interface with the protocol instances on higher and lower layers via new concepts and entities that effectively reify networking functions currently specific to protocols like BGP, OSPF and ARP. In this way, RINA claims to support features like mobility, multihoming and quality of service without the need for additional specialized protocols like RTP and UDP, as well as to allow simplified network administration without the need for concepts like autonomous systems and NAT.
Overview
RINA is the result of an effort to work out general principles in computer networking that apply in all situations. RINA is the specific architecture, implementation, testing platform and ultimately deployment of the model informally known as the IPC model, although it also deals with concepts and results that apply to any distributed application, not just to networking. Coming from distributed applications, most of the terminology comes from application development instead of networking, which is understandable, given that RINA's fundamental principle is to reduce networking to IPC.
The basic entity of RINA is the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya%20theorem | In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associated with Cauchy initial value problems. A special case was proven by , and the full result by .
First order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
This theorem is about the existence of solutions to a system of m differential equations in n dimensions when the coefficients are analytic functions. The theorem and its proof are valid for analytic functions of either real or complex variables.
Let K denote either the fields of real or complex numbers, and let V = Km and W = Kn. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V and taking values in the m × m matrices, and let b be an analytic function with values in V defined on the same neighbourhood. Then there is a neighbourhood of 0 in W on which the quasilinear Cauchy problem
with initial condition
on the hypersurface
has a unique analytic solution ƒ : W → V near 0.
Lewy's example shows that the theorem is not more generally valid for all smooth functions.
The theorem can also be stated in abstract (real or complex) vector spaces. Let V and W be finite-dimensional real or complex vector spaces, with n = dim W. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions with values in End (V) and b an analytic function with values in V, defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V. In this case, the same result holds.
Proof by analytic majorization
Both sides of the partial differential equation can be expanded as formal power series and give recurrence relations for the coefficients of the formal power series for f that uniquely determine the coefficients. The Taylor series coefficients of the Ai's and b are majorized in matrix and vector norm by a simple scalar rational analytic function. The corresponding scalar Cauchy problem involving this function instead of the Ai's and b has an explicit local a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosprint | Biosprint is a microbiological feed additive produced and worldwide distributed by the Italian biotech company prosol S.p.A. This zoo-technical additive contains cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae selected under the unique code MUCL™ 39885 and deposited in the Belgian collections of micro-organisms/Mycothèque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain Biosprint has gained the EU authorization as feed additive for beef cattle, piglets, sows, dairy cows and horses. According to several tests, the influence of Biosprint on the diet consists of the improvement of the digestive efficiency and of the better assimilation of nutrients.
References
1. ^ EFSA (European Food safety Authority), 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on a request from the Commission on the safety of “Biosprint BCCM™/MUCL39885” for dairy cows. The EFSA Journal 26, 1–6. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.26
2. ^ EFSA JournalEFSA (European Food safety Authority), Scientific Opinion on the safetyand efficacy of Biosprint®(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a feed additive for horses - EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Parma, Italy http://www.bezpecna-krmiva.cz/soubory/biosprint.pdf
3. ^ EFSA Journal (2009); 1(9), SCIENTIFIC OPINION on the safety and the efficacy of Biosprint® (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a feed additive for sows. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (Question No EFSA-Q-2008-302) Adopted on 3 February 2009 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3174
4. ^ All about feed, Biosprint gets EU authorization for sows: http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Home/General/2009/10/Biosprint-gets-EU-authorization-for-sows-AAF003693W/
5. ^ EFSA Journal(2013);11(4), SCIENTIFIC OPINION on the efficacy of Biosprint®(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a feed additive for cattle fattening, EFSA Panel on Additives and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20silico%20clinical%20trials | An in silico clinical trial, also known as a virtual clinical trial, is an individualized computer simulation used in the development or regulatory evaluation of a medicinal product, device, or intervention. While completely simulated clinical trials are not feasible with current technology and understanding of biology, its development would be expected to have major benefits over current in vivo clinical trials, and research on it is being pursued.
History
The term in silico indicates any use of computers in clinical trials, even if limited to management of clinical information in a database.
Rationale
The traditional model for the development of medical treatments and devices begins with pre-clinical development. In laboratories, test-tube and other in vitro experiments establish the plausibility for the efficacy of the treatment. Then in vivo animal models, with different species, provide guidance on the efficacy and safety of the product for humans. With success in both in vitro and in vivo studies, scientist can propose that clinical trials test whether the product be made available for humans. Clinical trials are often divided into four phases. Phase 3 involves testing a large number of people. When a medication fails at this stage, the financial losses can be catastrophic.
Predicting low-frequency side effects has been difficult, because such side effects need not become apparent until the treatment is adopted by many patients. The appearance of severe side-effects in phase three often causes development to stop, for ethical and economic reasons. Also, in recent years many candidate drugs failed in phase 3 trials because of lack of efficacy rather than for safety reasons. One reason for failure is that traditional trials aim to establish efficacy and safety for most subjects, rather than for individual subjects, and so efficacy is determined by a statistic of central tendency for the trial. Traditional trials do not adapt the treatment to the covariat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongla | Jongla is a Finnish start-up company, specialising mobile messaging apps. In June 2016, Jongla announced that it wants to bridge the gap between social networking services and messaging apps. Jongla is targeting especially emerging markets like Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, where they are seeing the best traction. Jongla app is available on Android, iOS and Windows Phone platforms.
Messaging app
In June, 2016 Jongla introduced their 3rd generation app, the Jongla - Social Messenger, which introduced feature updates, brand upgrade and a new app UI. In Social Messenger, Jongla introduced the community of nearby Jongla users and an added ability to engage with user profiles with a choice of reaction like thumbs-up, smile or heart.
Jongla claims to be the world's lightest instant messaging app. The company backs up their claim with app package size comparisons. In June 2016, their APK (Android Application Package) size was 3.5MB, being one tenth of that compared to their competitor apps like WhatsApp, Messenger and Viber.
Jongla has the basic messaging functions like private and group chats and sharing text, stickers, images, locations and videos. Also, anyone can join a Jongla conversation via web application called Jongla Out. Jongla is one of the few messaging apps offering voice messages with special filters which is an integrated push-to-talk voice messaging feature with access to a range of funny voice filters that alter sender's voice.
Jongla has been selected as a winner of the Red Herring's Top 100 Global award 2013. The company has been featured in articles by Forbes, CNBC Africa, Mobile Industry Review and The Guardian Nigeria.
Jongla as a company
Jongla is a Finland-based company founded by Arto Boman and headquartered in Helsinki, Finland. Jongla CSO is Riku Salminen and the company is owned by a group of private investors including JSH Capital Oy, Ingman Finance Oy, and Holdington Ltd Oy. Chairman of the board is Henry Sjöman accompanied |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s%20Dogma%20Online | Dragon's Dogma Online was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Capcom for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows in 2015; As of 2019, the servers have been shut down. A follow-up to the 2012 action role-playing game Dragon's Dogma, the game had the player take the role of an "Arisen" in service to the White Dragon, charged with defending the land of Lestania from monster attacks. Gameplay carried over the basic battle and Pawn companion systems from Dragon's Dogma while incorporating features of the MMORPG genre.
The game was conceived in 2012 alongside Dark Arisen, an expanded version of Dragon's Dogma. Development was delayed into 2013 due to the development of Dark Arisen. Returning staff included director Kento Kinoshita, producer Minae Matsukawa and composer Tadayoshi Makino. The scenario was written by Kazushige Nojima, noted for his work on the Final Fantasy series. The game reached one million downloads within a month of its release, and was positively reviewed.
Gameplay
Dragon's Dogma Online was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) where players take on the role of the "Arisen", a warrior of the White Dragon who defends the land of Lestania from monsters. The Arisen is a customizable avatar created by the player at the beginning of the game, with their gender, physique and other features such as their voice being customizable. The game's hub is the White Dragon Shrine, with the rest of Lestania being available for exploration following the opening quest. Players progressed through the game by completing quests, which were accepted from the game's non-playable characters and divided into three categories; main quests connected to the central narrative, World Quests which were multiplayer-exclusive quests where up to eight players would cooperate during the quest; and Solo Quests which one player can complete. Quests gave experience and monetary rewards, and were gated based o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuating%20selection | Fluctuating selection is a mode of natural selection characterized by the fluctuation of the direction of selection on a given phenotype over a relatively brief period of evolutionary time. For example, a species of plant may come in two varieties: one which prefers wetter soil and one which prefers dryer soil. During a period of wet years, the wet variety will be more fit and produce more offspring, and thereby increase the frequency of wet-preferring plants. If this wet period is followed by drought, the dry variety will be selected for and its numbers will increase. As periods of dryness and wetness fluctuate, so too does selection on dry-preferring and wet-preferring plants. Fluctuating selection is also manifest at the genic level. Consider two alleles, A and B, which are found at the same locus. Fluctuating selection dynamics are at play when selection favors A at time t0, B at t1 and A again at t2.
Fluctuating selection has been characterized by several mathematical models.
Under some circumstances, fluctuating selection may lead to a balanced polymorphism. When two species exert selection on one another, e.g. a host and its parasite, this can lead to fluctuating selection dynamics.
Red Queen dynamics and the maintenance of sex
The Red Queen hypothesis describes coevolutionary 'arms races' between antagonistic species (predators and prey, parasites and hosts, competitors with overlapping niches), emphasizing competition between species and populations rather than within them. Under Red Queen dynamics, a species must adapt to shifting selection pressures of the ever-changing biota which constitute its environment or face extinction. Experiments in Red Queen environments on real and simulated populations have offered strong support for the maintenance of sexual reproduction despite the two-fold cost of sex.
Fluctuating selection may also play an important role in host-parasite coevolutionary relationships, specifically in the maintenance of sex. It has been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development | Energy for Sustainable Development is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on energy-related aspects of sustainable development. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Daniel B. Jones. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.307, and a five-year impact factor (from 2018 backwards) of 3.691.
References
External links
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1993
English-language journals
Energy and fuel journals
Sustainable development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20mitzvah%20attack | The bar mitzvah attack is an attack on the SSL/TLS protocols that exploits the use of the RC4 cipher with weak keys for that cipher. While this affects only the first hundred or so bytes of only the very small fraction of connections that happen to use weak keys, it allows significant compromise of user security, for example by allowing the interception of password information which could then be used for long-term exploitation.
The attack uses a vulnerability in RC4 described as the invariance weakness by Fluhrer et al. in their 2001 paper on RC4 weaknesses, also known as the FMS attack.
The attack is named after the bar mitzvah ceremony which is held at 13 years of age, because the vulnerability exploited is 13 years old and likely inspired by the naming of the unrelated birthday attack.
See also
Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack
References
External links
Transport Layer Security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofibo | Mofibo is a subscription based e-book and audiobook platform, making titles available for its readers for a monthly fee. Mofibo is currently the largest distributor and reading platform for e-books in Denmark, and growing rapidly in Sweden.
The technology of Mofibo enables users to browse and discover new books on their own, or get recommendations from Mofibo's editors. All choices are recorded, consequently enabling the platform to recommend books to the reader, based on reading habits and tastes.
History
Mofibo was founded in Denmark in 2013 by serial entrepreneur Morten Strunge. In 2014, Mofibo partnered with a number of ITC-providers, among them TDC A/S, in offering e-books to their clients. This boosted Mofibo's client base with app. 10.000 new prospective readers over night.
The establishment of Mofibo has caused a budding revolution in the publishing industry, sparking debate about "subscription reading", and causing the largest publishing houses to invest further in availing its full book portfolio as e-books.
During 2014, the Mofibo platform was expanded to cater for the Swedish book market as well as the Danish. The company is planning to expand its offerings to further markets in 2016.
Book offerings
The platform currently includes book titles in Danish, Swedish, Arabic and English, both in writing and audio. Book titles from a vast array of publishing houses, among them Gyldendal, Norstedts, HarperCollins, Lindhardt og Ringhof, Simon & Schuster are currently offered in the platform.
References
External links
mofibo.com
Electronic paper technology
Ebook suppliers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-left%20testing | Shift-left testing is an approach to software testing and system testing in which testing is performed earlier in the lifecycle (i.e. moved left on the project timeline). It is the first half of the maxim "test early and often". It was coined by Larry Smith in 2001.
Harm because of late testing
Shift-left testing aims to prevent the following types of harm because of late testing:
Insufficient resources allocated to testing.
Undiscovered defects in requirements, architecture, and design, along with significant effort wasted while implementing them.
Difficulty debugging (including identifying, localizing, fixing, and regression testing defects) as more software is produced and integrated.
Reduced code coverage during testing as a result of encapsulation impeding white-box testing.
A “bow wave” of technical debt that can cause a project to fail.
Types of shift-left testing
There are four basic ways to shift testing earlier in the life-cycle (that is, leftward on the classic V-model). These can be referred to as traditional shift-left testing, incremental shift-left testing, Agile/DevOps shift-left testing, and model-based shift-left testing.
Traditional shift-left testing
As illustrated in the following figure, traditional shift-left moves the emphasis of testing lower down (and therefore slightly to the left) on the right hand side of the classic V model. Instead of emphasizing acceptance and system level testing (e.g., GUI testing with record and playback tools), traditional shift-left concentrates on unit testing and integration testing (e.g., using API testing and modern test tools). The transition to traditional shift-left testing has largely been completed.
Incremental shift-left testing
As illustrated in the following figure, many projects developing large and complex software-reliant systems decompose development into a small number of increments (Vs) having correspondingly shorter durations. The shift-left illustrated by the dashed red arrows occ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20interaction%20oscillator | The extended interaction oscillator (EIO) is a linear-beam vacuum tube designed to convert direct current to RF power. The conversion mechanism is the space charge wave process whereby velocity modulation in an electron beam transforms to current or density modulation with distance.
The tubes contain a single resonator. The complete cavity is a rectangular box containing a ladder-like structure through which the electron beam passes. Such a cavity has a large number of resonances but in the resonant mode used, large RF fields are developed in the gaps between the rungs. The phase advance from gap to gap is selected in such a way that an electron sees the same field at every gap, and it is described as being synchronous. In this context, the same field means a field of the same phase but not necessarily the same magnitude.
An electron beam which enters an RF excited cavity with approximately synchronous velocity will receive cumulative velocity modulation at each gap. After some distance into the resonator, repeatedly accelerated electrons will be catching up with electrons repeatedly decelerated, and bunches will form. These bunches will have a velocity close to the beam velocity. If the electron velocity is somewhat greater than synchronous, the bunches will start to cross gaps when the field is retarding, rather than zero. When this happens, the electrons are slowed; their lost energy is gained by the cavity and sustained oscillations become possible. As the velocity of the beam entering the cavity is increased further, more energy is transferred to the cavity and the frequency of oscillation rises somewhat. Eventually, however, the bunches punch through the retarding fields and oscillations cease abruptly. Reducing the beam velocity (voltage) will cause the tube to resume oscillation. However, it is necessary to reduce the beam velocity below the value at which oscillations ceased before oscillation will start again. This phenomenon is known as hysteresis and i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers%20of%20Information%20Technology%20%26%20Electronic%20Engineering | Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering electrical and electronic engineering, including computer and information sciences. It was established in 2010 as Journal of Zhejiang University Science C (Computer & Electronics) and obtained its current title in 2015 when it started to be co-sponsored and administrated by the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Zhejiang University. It is now published by Zhejiang University Press and Springer Science+Business Media.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, EI-Compendex, Scopus, and Inspec. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.545.
References
External links
Monthly journals
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Academic journals established in 2010
English-language journals
Zhejiang University Press academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20%28protocol%29 | Matrix (sometimes stylized as [matrix]) is an open standard and communication protocol for real-time communication. It aims to make real-time communication work seamlessly between different service providers, in the way that standard Simple Mail Transfer Protocol email currently does for store-and-forward email service, by allowing users with accounts at one communications service provider to communicate with users of a different service provider via online chat, voice over IP, and videotelephony. It therefore serves a similar purpose to protocols like XMPP, but is not based on any existing communication protocol.
From a technical perspective, it is an application layer communication protocol for federated real-time communication. It provides HTTP APIs and open source reference implementations for securely distributing and persisting messages in JSON format over an open federation of servers. It can integrate with standard web services via WebRTC, facilitating browser-to-browser applications.
History
The initial project was created inside Amdocs, while building a chat tool called "Amdocs Unified Communications", by Matthew Hodgson and . Amdocs then funded most of the development work from 2014 to October 2017. Matrix was the winner of the Innovation award at WebRTC 2014 Conference & Expo, and of the "Best in Show" award at WebRTC World in 2015. The protocol received praise mixed with some cautionary notes after it launched in 2014. Reviewers noted that other attempts at defining an open instant messaging or multimedia signalling protocol of this type had difficulties becoming widely adopted—e.g. XMPP and IRCv3—and have highlighted the challenges involved, both technological and political. Some were unclear if there was enough demand among users for services which interoperate among providers. In 2015, a subsidiary of Amdocs was created, named "Vector Creations Limited", and the Matrix staff was moved there.
In July 2017, the funding by Amdocs was announced to b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration%20%28human%20development%29 | Acceleration in human development process is the phenomenon which has been registered in many populations around the world. This applies equally to the growth of certain anthropometric parameters and the speed of reaching sexual maturity. These facts illustrate the results of secular changes in body height and appearance of the first menstruation (menarche).
Increases in human stature are a main indicator of improvements in the average health of populations. The newest data set for the average height of adult male birth cohorts, from the mid-nineteenth century to 1980, in 15 European countries was studied (in the populations listed).
During a century average height increased by 11 cm representing a dramatic improvement of this phenomenon. The apparent acceleration of body height occurred during the periods around the two World Wars and after the Great Depression.
In the mid-nineteenth century European girls' menarche occurred at the average age of 16.5 years. One hundred years later, this age was reduced to under 12 years.
Increase in adult height of birth cohorts (cm/decade)
See also
Human body development
References
Human biology
Human development
Biological anthropology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubical%20set | In topology, a branch of mathematics, a cubical set is a set-valued contravariant functor on the category of (various) n-cubes.
Cubical sets have been often considered as an alternative to simplicial sets in combinatorial topology, including in the early work of Daniel Kan and Jean-Pierre Serre. They have also been developed in computer science, in particular in concurrency theory and in homotopy type theory.
See also
Simplicial presheaf
References
nLab, Cubical set.
Rick Jardine, Cubical sets, Lecture 12 in "Lectures on simplicial presheaves" https://web.archive.org/web/20110104053206/http://www.math.uwo.ca/~jardine/papers/sPre/index.shtml
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20and%20Technology%20History%20Wiki | The Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW) is a MediaWiki-based website dedicated to the history of technology. It started operating in 2015. It consists of articles, first-hand accounts, oral histories, landmarks and milestones.
A partnership between the United Engineering Foundation (UEF) and its member engineering organizations ASCE, AIME, AIChE, ASME, IEEE as well as the Society of Women Engineers is developing the ETHW as a central repository for the documentation, analysis and explanation of the history of technology.
Origins
In September 2008, the IEEE History Committee founded the IEEE Global History Network, which operated from 2008 to 2014. The ETHW became successor to the former IEEE Global History Network (IEEE GHN).
Originally, the United Engineering Foundation had made a grant to develop an engineering intersociety web platform as a central historical repository. Initially, the work was mainly done at the IEEE History Center. annexed to the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ.
At the beginning, most content was related to electrical, electronics and computer engineering. As the fields of civil engineering, mining, metallurgical and petroleum engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering are covered by members of the respective organizations now, ETHW is becoming a global record for preserving knowledge of the history of technological innovation in a broad sense. It differs from other online sources, as personal accounts of technical innovators as primary sources are made available to the public. After its start as a common platform for several engineering societies, the Society of Women Engineers and the Society of Petroleum Engineers have contributed new content as well.
As of 2018, ETHW included thousands of wiki entries, and recorded over 800 oral histories.
Comparison with Wikipedia
ETHW is a semi-open wiki. In contrast to Wikipedia, no anonymous writing is allowed. Members of the affiliated engineering org |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthaGraph%20projection | AuthaGraph is an approximately equal-area world map projection invented by Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa in 1999. The map is made by equally dividing a spherical surface into 96 triangles, transferring it to a tetrahedron while maintaining area proportions, and unfolding it onto a rectangle: it is a polyhedral map projection. The map substantially preserves sizes and shapes of all continents and oceans while it reduces distortions of their shapes, as inspired by the Dymaxion map. The projection does not have some of the major distortions of the Mercator projection, like the expansion of countries in far northern latitudes, and allows for Antarctica to be displayed accurately and in whole. Triangular world maps are also possible using the same method. The name is derived from "authalic" and "graph".
The method used to construct the projection ensures that the 96 regions of the sphere that are used to define the projection each have the correct area, but the projection does not qualify as equal-area because the method does not control area at infinitesimal scales or even within those regions.
The AuthaGraph world map can be tiled in any direction without visible seams. From this map-tiling, a new world map with triangular, rectangular or a parallelogram's outline can be framed with various regions at its center. This tessellation allows for depicting temporal themes, such as a satellite's long-term movement around the Earth in a continuous line.
In 2011 the AuthaGraph mapping projection was selected by the Japanese National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation (Miraikan) as its official mapping tool. In October 2016, the AuthaGraph mapping projection won the 2016 Good Design Grand Award from the Japan Institute of Design Promotion.
See also
List of map projections
Lee conformal world in a tetrahedron, another tetrahedral projection, 1965
Dymaxion map, 1943
Peirce quincuncial projection, 1879
Polyhedral map projection, earliest known is by Leonardo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Post%20Office%20scandal | The British Post Office scandal is a miscarriage of justice involving the wrongful civil and criminal prosecutions of an unknown or unpublished number of sub-postmasters (SPMs) for theft, false accounting and/or fraud. The cases constitute the most widespread miscarriage of justice in British legal history, spanning a period of over twenty years; aspects of the scandal remain unresolved.
A group action (which is the English equivalent of a class action) was brought by SPMs in London's High Court. 555 SPMs successfully sued the Post Office. This resulted in two important judgments in favour of the SPMs. Since then the convictions have been overturned, compensation for other SPMs who did not take part in the case and what has now become a public inquiry into what happened, which is still ongoing.
The first important judgment in the group action was handed down on 15 March 2019 and was about the contracts between the Post Office and SPMs and whether the Post Office could carry on making SPMs liable for gaps in the accounts on the Post Office's Horizon software system, even when the cause of those gaps or shortfalls was not known. The Judge, Mr Justice Fraser, gave a comprehensive and detailed judgment (running to 1122 paragraphs) in which he analysed the legal relationship. The Judge found overwhelmingly in favour of the SPMs. As well as a victory for the SPMs, it is also considered an important case for lawyers because the Judge held that the Post Office owed SPMs an implied duty of "good faith" and "fair dealing".
The second important judgment was about whether the Horizon computer system worked and was "robust" (which the Post Office claimed it was). Again, the Judge found overwhelmingly in favour of the SPMs and that the original version of Horizon was "not robust" and, as to the later version, "its robustness was questionable, and did not justify the confidence placed in it by the Post Office in terms of its accuracy" (para 936).
Since then, those conv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBay | AlphaBay was a darknet market operating at different times between September 2014 and February 2023. Both as an onion service on the Tor network and as an I2P node on I2P. After it was shut down in July 2017 following law enforcement action in the United States, Canada, and Thailand as part of Operation Bayonet, it was relaunched in August 2021 by the self-described co-founder and security administrator DeSnake. The alleged original founder, Alexandre Cazes, a Canadian citizen born on 19 October 1991, was found dead in his cell in Thailand several days after his arrest, with police suspecting suicide.
History
AlphaBay reportedly launched in September 2014, pre-launched in November 2014 and officially launched on December 22, 2014. It saw a steady growth, with 14,000 new users in the first 90 days of operation. The darknet informer website Gwern.net placed AlphaBay Market in the top tier of markets regarding the 6-month survival probability and it had proven to be successful. In October 2015, it was recognized as the largest online darknet market according to Dan Palumbo, research director at Digital Citizens Alliance.
Non-standard services included customizable digital contracts around building reputations.
In May 2015, the site announced an integrated digital contracts and escrow system. The contract system allows users to make engagements and agree to provide services in the future, according to the terms of the contract.
By October 2015, AlphaBay had over 200,000 users, and a claimed 40,000 sellers.
At the time of its demise in July 2017, AlphaBay had over 400,000 users, and around 300,000 listed items on their website.
AlphaBay is noteworthy in the world of darknet markets for accepting other cryptocurrency in addition to bitcoin; support for Monero, supposedly more anonymous, was implemented at the end of August 2016. It also accepted Ethereum.
Site breaches
In April 2016, AlphaBay's API was compromised, leading to 13,000 messages being stolen. In Janu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura%20English%E2%80%93Sinhala%20Dictionary | Madura English–Sinhala Dictionary () is a free electronic dictionary service developed by Madura Kulatunga. It is available as computer software, an online website and an android app. The dictionary contains over 230,000 definitions including various technical terms. As of 2016, the dictionary has been downloaded approximately 1,000,000 and ranks 100th most visited sites in Sri Lanka. The dictionary is distributed as freeware. It was initially released on 23 November 2002.
Development
Kulatunga, a Sri Lankan computer engineer, wrote a program in Visual Basic for an English–Sinhala dictionary, using the dictionary entries from the English–Sinhalese Dictionary of Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera. The program was marketed from 23 November 2002. In 2008 he started a free internet version of it, the first online English–Sinhala dictionary. Kulatunga later admitted that he had infringed the copyright of the Malalasekera English–Sinhala dictionary in creating his software, but he said in 2015 that he no longer infringed on copyrights. In 2017 he developed and added Sinhala keyboard input method to his Google Play android app.
References
External links
English bilingual dictionaries
Sinhala language
Online dictionaries
Sri Lankan websites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-Through%20Quality | Straight-Through Quality (STQ) are approaches and outputs of test automation that have quality and deliver business benefit. STQ takes its name from the business concept of straight-through processing (STP). Also acting as a tool and enabler for STP.
Traditional techniques for testing and delivery have often required a great deal of manual support and intervention. These approaches are subject to human error, cost of delay and lack of reuse. These also have the negative side-effect of being unable to deliver 'fail-fast' approaches, which have proven popular with Agile practitioners. Previous traditional approaches have been typically expensive where whole silo'ed departments are created within commercial companies to deliver Quality and Deployment alone. Thus STQ as an approach hopes to resolve this problem.
Examples
Tangible examples of STQ approaches in the software industry are present and often known as continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD). These combined can ensure that software delivery is integrated, automatically tested and ready for automatic delivery at any time. Together CI/CD can enable STQ which can be used as Business output terminology for business users who do not understand the technical complexities of CI/CD.
See also
Straight-through processing
Continuous integration
Continuous delivery
References
External links
Business Case for Test Automation
Quality
Automation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG | LG Corporation (or LG Group), formerly known as Lucky-Goldstar, is a South Korean multinational conglomerate founded by Koo In-hwoi and managed by successive generations of his family. It is the fourth-largest chaebol in South Korea. Its headquarters are in the LG Twin Towers building in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul. LG makes electronics, chemicals, and telecommunications products and operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus, LG Innotek, LG Chem, and LG Energy Solution in over 80 countries.
History
LG Corporation was established as Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. in 1947 by Koo In-hwoi. In 1952, Lak Hui (락희) (pronounced "Lucky"; now LG Chem) became the first South Korean company to enter the plastics industry. As the company expanded its plastics business, it established GoldStar Co. Ltd. (now LG Electronics Inc.) in 1958. Both companies Lucky and GoldStar merged to form Lucky-Goldstar in 1983.
GoldStar produced South Korea's first radio. Many consumer electronics were sold under the brand name GoldStar, while some other household products (not available outside South Korea) were sold under the brand name of Lucky. The Lucky brand was famous for hygiene products such as soaps and HiTi laundry detergents, but the brand was mostly associated with its Lucky and Perioe toothpaste. LG continues to manufacture some of these products for the South Korean market, such as laundry detergent.
Koo In-hwoi led the corporation until his death in 1969, at which time, his son Koo Cha-kyung took over. He then passed the leadership to his son, Koo Bon-moo, in 1995. Koo Bon-moo renamed the company to LG in that year. The company also associates the letters LG with the company's tagline "Life's Good". Since 2009, LG has owned the domain name LG.com.
Koo Bon-moo died of a brain tumor on 20 May 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that Koo Kwang-mo, the nephew and adopted son of Koo Bon-moo, will be the new CEO of LG. Koo Bon-moo ado |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical%20Code%20signals | The Aeronautical Code signals are radio signal codes. They are part of a larger set of Q Codes allocated by the ITU-R. The QAA–QNZ code range includes phrases applicable primarily to the aeronautical service,[2] as defined by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.
First defined in ICAO publication "Doc 6100-COM/504/1" in 1948 and in "ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation Services, Abbreviations and Codes (PAN
a S-ABC)" [Doc8400-4] (4th edition 1989), the majority of the Q codes have slipped out of common use; for example today reports such as QAU ("I am about to jettison fuel") and QAZ ("I am flying in a storm") would be voice or computerized transmissions. But several remain part of the standard ICAO radiotelephony phraseology in aviation.
References
Amateur radio
Encodings
Morse code
Brevity codes
1948 in radio
1948 in aviation
1989 in radio
1989 in aviation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship%20of%20GitHub | GitHub has been the target of censorship from governments using methods ranging from local Internet service provider blocks, intermediary blocking using methods such as DNS hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks on GitHub's servers from countries including China, India, Iraq, and Russia. In all of these cases, GitHub has been eventually unblocked after backlash from users and technology businesses or compliance from GitHub.
Background
GitHub is a web-based Git repository hosting service and is primarily used to host the source code of software, facilitate project management, and provide distributed revision control functionality of Git, access control, wikis, and bug tracking. As of June 2023, GitHub reports having over 100 million users and over 330 million repositories. It offers free accounts, a pastebin service called Gist, and free website hosting under its github.io domain. The GitHub terms of service prohibits illegal use and it reserves the right to remove content at its discretion. Users can fork (copy and individually develop) other projects, which GitHub does not automatically take down when served DMCA takedown notices. GitHub uses HTTPS for its connections, making data more secure against interception from third parties.
China
China heavily regulates Internet traffic and has blocked many international Internet companies including Facebook and Twitter. In addition, Western businesses have said that these restrictions hurt their business by reducing access to information, such as from search engines and those using VPNs. In 2013, the country started blocking GitHub and it was met by protests among Chinese programmers.
GreatFire, a Chinese anti-censorship organization, has attempted to circumvent the Great Firewall of China using mirror websites. However, the links to these pages were posted using GitHub which brings the risk of the site being blocked along with the mirrors. In a previous incident, HSBC bank's Chinese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%20%28cryptography%29 | In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from a salt in that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module. Note that the National Institute of Standards and Technology refers to this value as a secret key rather than a pepper. A pepper is similar in concept to a salt or an encryption key. It is like a salt in that it is a randomized value that is added to a password hash, and it is similar to an encryption key in that it should be kept secret.
A pepper performs a comparable role to a salt or an encryption key, but while a salt is not secret (merely unique) and can be stored alongside the hashed output, a pepper is secret and must not be stored with the output. The hash and salt are usually stored in a database, but a pepper must be stored separately to prevent it from being obtained by the attacker in case of a database breach. Where the salt only has to be long enough to be unique per user, a pepper should be long enough to remain secret from brute force attempts to discover it (NIST recommends at least 112 bits).
History
The idea of a site- or service-specific salt (in addition to a per-user salt) has a long history, with Steven M. Bellovin proposing a local parameter in a Bugtraq post in 1995. In 1996 Udi Manber also described the advantages of such a scheme, terming it a secret salt. The term pepper has been used, by analogy to salt, but with a variety of meanings. For example, when discussing a challenge-response scheme, pepper has been used for a salt-like quantity, though not used for password storage; it has been used for a data transmission technique where a pepper must be guessed; and even as a part of jokes.
The term pepper was proposed for a secret or local parameter stored separately from the password in a discussion of protecting passwords from rainbow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20encoding | Bus encoding refers to converting/encoding a piece of data to another form before launching on the bus. While bus encoding can be used to serve various purposes like reducing the number of pins, compressing the data to be transmitted, reducing cross-talk between bit lines, etc., it is one of the popular techniques used in system design to reduce dynamic power consumed by the system bus. Bus encoding aims to reduce the Hamming distance between 2 consecutive values on the bus. Since the activity is directly proportional to the Hamming distance, bus encoding proves to be effective in reducing the overall activity factor thereby reducing the dynamic power consumption in the system.
In the context of this article, a system can refer to anything where data is transferred from one element to another over bus (viz. System on a Chip (SoC), a computer system, an embedded system on board, etc.).
Motivation
Power consumption in electronic systems is a matter of concern today for the below reasons:
Battery-operated devices: Due to ubiquity of battery operated devices and the need to maximize the duration between two subsequent charging of the battery, it is necessary that the system consumes as less power (and energy) as possible.
Environmental constraints: In an attempt to protect the environment, we need to conserve the usable energy. Since the energy consumed by electronic systems is increasing drastically, minimizing the energy consumption of electronic systems is critical to save the environment.
Power dissipation: As per the Moore's law, semiconductor devices have been packing more and more transistors in smaller amount of area. This leads to higher power dissipation per unit area and makes packaging and thermal cooling system design complex and costly. Hence, low power electronic systems are needed to tackle this issue.
The dynamic power dissipated by an electronic circuit is directly proportional to the activity factor and the load capacitance as seen by the outpu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20grassland | Acid grassland is a nutrient-poor habitat characterised by grassy tussocks and bare ground.
Habitat
The vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants, growing on soils deficient in lime (calcium). These may be found on acid sedimentary rock such as sandstone; acid igneous rock such as granite; and fluvial or glacial deposits such as sand and gravel. Typical plants of lowland acid grassland in Britain include common bent grass, Agrostis capillaris, wavy hair-grass, Deschampsia flexuosa, bristle bent grass, Agrostis curtisii, tormentil, Potentilla erecta, and flowers such as sheep's sorrel, Rumex acetosella and heath bedstraw, Galium saxatile.
In Britain
In Britain, under 30,000 hectares of lowland acid grassland remain, often on common land and nature reserves. It is considered a nationally important habitat; areas are found in London on freely-draining sandy and gravelly soils. 271 Sites of Special Scientific Interest have been notified with acid grassland as a principal reason for the designation. Greater London's Richmond Park, Epping Forest and Wimbledon Common are all Special Areas of Conservation with considerable areas of acid grassland.
References
Ecosystems
Grasslands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAES%20Getters | SAES Getters S.p.A. is an Italian joint stock company, established in 1940. It is the parent company of the SAES industrial group, which focusses its business on the production of components and systems in advanced materials patented by the same company and used in various industrial and medical applications.
History
1940s and 50s
In 1940 the company S.A.E.S. (Società Apparecchi Elettrici e Scientifici) was formed in Florence at the initiative of Ernesto Gabbrielli, an engineer from Montecatini Terme and two other shareholders. The impetus for the foundation of the company was the discovery by Gabbrielli of a new method for the production of getters, with nickel lids to protect barium plastics, to prevent the phenomenon of oxidation.
S.A.E.S. initially devoted itself to producing time clocks and a barium-magnesium-aluminium alloy. After a few years, it transferred its headquarters to Milan and began to produce electrical resistance heaters.
In 1946, the Della Porta and Canale families entered the shareholding structure, and in 1949, Paolo della Porta joined the company, subsequently taking over management in 1952. A period began that was distinguished by major innovations, supported by the Research and Development Laboratory, notably the invention of ring-shaped getters in barium-aluminium alloy. The company expanded into Europe, appointing its first agents in France, Germany, and England.
S.A.E.S. continued to invest in scientific research during a period of major change in the electronics sector, characterised by the extensive spread of transistors, to the detriment of vacuum tubes intended for radio and television reception and transmission. In 1957 S.A.E.S. filed a patent for getters for television cathode tubes, first for black and white and then for colour television, launching production on an industrial scale.
1960s and 70s
This period was characterised by company consolidations, innovations and commercial successes, including at international level. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Cloud%20Partnership | The European Cloud Partnership (ECP) is an advisory group set up by the European Commission as part of the European Cloud Computing Strategy to provide guidance on the development of cloud computing in the European Union. The ECP is led by a steering board composed of representatives of the IT and telecom industry as well as European government policymakers.
History
After publishing a document, "Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe", the European Commission set up the European Cloud Partnership in 2012, with a steering board including both government and industry representatives. The ECP's first meeting was held on 19 November 2012; it was chaired by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves.
In 2013 the ECP began drafting its charter. That year, as information about the PRISM scandal came to light, the ECP emphasized the need for Europe to develop its own cloud infrastructure, rather than depend on that of the United States. It completed a report titled "Trusted Cloud Europe" in February 2014 defining its policy, and outlining a process for effective public and private sector participation in cloud computing development in Europe. The report recommended that the commission identify technical, legal and operational best practices, and promote these through certifications and guidelines, and facilitate recognition across national boundaries. The report also recommended that the commission identify cloud computing stakeholders and help them work together through consultations and workshops.
In March 2014, the European Commission invited external parties to submit opinions, take part in a discussion forum and complete an online survey in response to the report.
References
External links
Trusted Cloud Europe - a policy vision document by the Steering Board of the European Cloud Partnership - page 15
European Commission projects
Cloud computing
Information technology organizations based in Europe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Society%20for%20Mathematics%20and%20the%20Arts | European Society for Mathematics and the Arts (ESMA) is a European society to promoting mathematics and the arts. The first Conference of ESMA, took place in July 2010 at the Institute Henri Poincaré in Paris.
References
External links
The ESMA website
Mathematical societies
Mathematics and art |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS%20Certification%20Authority%20Authorization | DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) is an Internet security policy mechanism that allows domain name holders to indicate to certificate authorities whether they are authorized to issue digital certificates for a particular domain name. It does this by means of a "CAA" Domain Name System (DNS) resource record.
It was drafted by computer scientists Phillip Hallam-Baker and Rob Stradling in response to increasing concerns about the security of publicly trusted certificate authorities. It is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed standard.
Background
A series of incorrectly issued certificates from 2001 onwards damaged trust in publicly trusted certificate authorities, and accelerated work on various security mechanisms, including Certificate Transparency to track mis-issuance, HTTP Public Key Pinning and DANE to block mis-issued certificates on the client-side, and CAA to block mis-issuance on the certificate authority side.
The first draft of CAA was written by Phillip Hallam-Baker and Rob Stradling, and submitted as an IETF Internet Draft in October 2010. This was progressively improved by the PKIX Working Group, and approved by the IESG as , a Proposed Standard, in January 2013. CA/Browser Forum discussion began shortly afterward, and in March 2017 they voted in favor of making CAA implementation mandatory for all certificate authorities by September 2017. At least one certificate authority, Comodo, failed to implement CAA before the deadline. A 2017 study by the Technical University of Munich found many instances where certificate authorities failed to correctly implement some part of the standard.
In September 2017, Jacob Hoffman-Andrews submitted an Internet Draft intended to simplify the CAA standard. This was improved by the LAMPS Working Group, and approved as , a Proposed Standard, in November 2019.
, Qualys reports that still, only 6.8% of the 150,000 most popular TLS-supporting websites use CAA records.
Record
Certificate aut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana%20Jitomirskaya | Svetlana Yakovlevna Jitomirskaya (born June 4, 1966) is a Soviet-born American mathematician working on dynamical systems and mathematical physics. She is a distinguished professor of mathematics at Georgia Tech and UC Irvine. She is best known for solving the ten martini problem along with mathematician Artur Avila.
Education and career
Jitomirskaya was born and grew up in Kharkiv. Both her mother, Valentina Borok, and her father, Yakov Zhitomirskii, were professors of mathematics.
Her undergraduate studies were at Moscow State University, where she was a student of, among others, Vladimir Arnold and Yakov Sinai. She obtained her Ph.D. from Moscow State University in 1991 under the supervision of Yakov Sinai. She joined the mathematics department at the University of California, Irvine in 1991 as a lecturer, and she became an assistant professor there in 1994 and a full professor in 2000.
Honors
In 2005, she was awarded the Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics, "for her pioneering work on non-perturbative quasiperiodic localization".
She was an invited speaker at the 2002 International Congress of Mathematicians, in Beijing. She was a plenary speaker at the 2022 International Congress of Mathematicians, originally scheduled for Saint Petersburg. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, congress organizers changed plans, and moved some events online, and others to Helsinki, Finland. Jitomirskaya's July 14 plenary address, Small denominators and multiplicative Jensen's formula, is available online.
She received a Sloan Fellowship in 1996.
In 2018 she was named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Jitomirskaya is the 2020 winner of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, becoming the second woman to win the prize and the first woman to be the sole winner of the prize. The award citation credited her "for work on the spectral theory of almost-periodic Schrödinger operators and related questions in dynamical systems. In par |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prpl%20Foundation | The prpl Foundation is a non-profit open source software Foundation started in 2014 by Imagination Technologies and others to encourage use of the MIPS architecture (and “open to others”), through the promotion of standards and open source solutions, with a particular focus on equipment for data centers, networking (with a focus on residential gateways), and devices for the Internet of Things.
The Foundation manages projects in specific topic areas via “PEGs” (prpl Engineer Groups), including groups focused on processor emulation (QEMU), carrier-grade networking (prplOS, based on OpenWRT), and virtualization and security. The organization also collects and disseminates information of interest to its members, including patterns in consumer use of smart devices and security issues. In 2016 the organization released a study, "The prpl Foundation Smart Home Security Report". The group also finds and reports security issues in smart devices.
Members of prpl include: Verizon, Orange, SoftAtHome, Vodafone, Broadcom, Cavium, Ikanos, Imagination Technologies, Ineda Systems, Ingenic Semiconductor, MaxLinear, Nevales Networks, PMC-Sierra, and Qualcomm. The security PEG includes several of the above, as well as CUPP Computing, Elliptic Technologies, Imperas Software, Kernkonzept, and Seltech.
References
External links
Open source software supported by prpl Foundation
Computer science organizations
MIPS architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionomy | Radionomy was an online platform that provided tools for operating online radio stations. It was part of Radionomy Group, a company which later acquired the online streaming platform SHOUTcast from Nullsoft, and eventually consolidated Radionomy into its SHOUTcast service.
Concept
The name of Radionomy is a contraction of two words: radio + autonomy. Radionomy allows users to create their own online radio or listen to online radio, all created and programmed by users. Through a platform called RMO, they can choose music, chronic and radio jingles or they wish to broadcast their radio. They can add their own audio content including own musical pieces, jingles. Moreover, it is possible to make live broadcasts.
Radionomy acquires copyright license for its music content through SABAM. It generates revenue to pay royalties and other operating costs by broadcasting up to four minutes per hour of advertising.
History
Radionomy was founded in September 2007 by four Belgian entrepreneurs: Alexandre Saboundjian Gilles Bindels, Cedric van Kan and Yves Baudechon.
2008
17 January Radionomy held a press conference at the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and announced the public launch of the planned business April 17, 2008.
Late February the alpha version of the Radio Manager is broadcast from a community of beta testers selected based on their radio project. This is the beginning of the beta test.
17 April the Radionomy site opens to the Belgian and French public, allowing visitors to listen to Internet radio stations created on the platform.
17 June Radionomy has released its beta.
2010
Unknown after several beta waves, live function is incorporated into all web radios, whatever the creation date and the number of radio listeners.
2011
February 15 opening of the feature "Play the radio" allowing all producers radios can have a website pre-designed.
March the launch of the advertising Adionomy that allows advertisers to broadcast their advertising on the web radios targetin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20System/370-XA | IBM System/370-XA is an instruction set architecture introduced by IBM in 1983 with the IBM 308X processors. It extends the IBM System/370 architecture to support 31-bit virtual and physical addresses, and includes a redesigned I/O architecture.
31-bit virtual addressing
In the System/360, other than the 360/67, and System/370 architectures, the general-purpose registers were 32 bits wide, the machine did 32-bit arithmetic operations, and addresses were always stored in 32-bit words, so the architecture was considered 32-bit, but the machines ignored the top 8 bits of the address resulting in 24-bit addressing. Much of System/360's and System/370's large installed code base relied on a 24-bit logical address; In particular, a heavily used machine instruction, , Load Address, explicitly cleared the top eight bits of the address being placed in a register. If the 24-bit limit were to be removed, this would create migration problems for existing software.
This was addressed by adding an addressing mode bit to the Program Status Word controlling whether the program runs in 24-bit mode, in which the top eight bits of virtual addresses are ignored, or 31-bit mode, in which only the uppermost bit of virtual addresses are ignored. Several reasons were given for the choice of 31 bits instead of 32 bits:
The desire to retain the high-order bit as a "control or escape bit." In particular, the standard subroutine calling convention marked the final parameter word by setting its high bit.
Interaction between 32-bit addresses and two loop control instructions, and that treated their arguments as signed numbers when doing comparisons (and which was said to be the reason TSS used 31-bit addressing on the Model 67).
Input from key initial Model 67 sites, which had debated the alternatives during the initial system design period, and had recommended 31 bits (instead of the 32-bit design that was ultimately chosen at the time).
Certain machine instructions in this 31-bit ad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVSRIPO | PVSRIPO, or PVS-RIPO, is the name of a modified polio virus that has recently shown promise for treating cancer. It is the focus of clinical trials being conducted at Duke University.
PVS-RIPO consists of a genetically modified nonpathogenic version of the oral poliovirus Sabin type 1. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) on the poliovirus was replaced with the IRES from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), to avoid neurovirulence. Once administered, the virus enters and begins replicating within cells that express CD155/Necl5, which is an onco-fetal cell adhesion molecule that is common across solid tumors.
A website at Duke University describes many of properties of PVSRIPO, and historical background about using viruses to oppose cancer. According to that website,
The potential value of PVSRIPO was the focus of a 2015 story on 60 Minutes.
In May 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration granted it breakthrough therapy designation for glioblastoma.
See also
Oncolytic virus
References
Enteroviruses
Experimental cancer treatments
Virotherapy
Biotechnology
Emerging technologies
Experimental drugs
Infraspecific virus taxa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20thermodynamics | Quantum thermodynamics is the study of the relations between two independent physical theories: thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The two independent theories address the physical phenomena of light and matter.
In 1905, Albert Einstein argued that the requirement of consistency between thermodynamics and electromagnetism leads to the conclusion that light is quantized, obtaining the relation . This paper is the dawn of quantum theory. In a few decades
quantum theory became established with an independent set of rules. Currently quantum thermodynamics addresses the emergence of thermodynamic laws from quantum mechanics.
It differs from quantum statistical mechanics in the emphasis on dynamical processes out of equilibrium.
In addition, there is a quest for the theory to be relevant for a single individual quantum system.
Dynamical view
There is an intimate connection of quantum thermodynamics with the theory of open quantum systems.
Quantum mechanics inserts dynamics into thermodynamics, giving a sound foundation to finite-time-thermodynamics.
The main assumption is that the entire world is a large closed system, and therefore, time evolution
is governed by a unitary transformation generated by a global Hamiltonian. For the combined system
bath scenario, the global Hamiltonian can be decomposed into:
where is the system Hamiltonian, is the bath Hamiltonian and is the system-bath interaction.
The state of the system is obtained from a partial trace over the combined system and bath:
.
Reduced dynamics is an equivalent description of the system dynamics utilizing only system operators.
Assuming Markov property for the dynamics the basic equation of motion for an open quantum system is the Lindblad equation (GKLS):
is a (Hermitian) Hamiltonian part and :
is the dissipative part describing implicitly through system operators the influence of the bath on the system.
The Markov property imposes
that the system and bath are uncorrelated at all times .
The L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective%20memory | Reflective memory is a means to share common data between different and independent systems deterministically. Such systems using a common reflective memory form a reflective memory network which is a deterministic one, when any system of the network acquired data and writes it to its local memory, such data is written locally to all other systems, this behaviour is like a dual-ported memory system. Reflective memory networks are real-time local area networks where each device or computer always has a local up-to-date copy of the shared data set. These networks are designed for highly deterministic data communications delivering tightly timed performance required on distributed control systems or simulations. Reflective memory technologies are focused to applications where determinism, simplicity for implementation and lack of software overhead are very important considerations.
Reflective memory was developed in the 1980s by VMIC for applications in VME systems. Usually reflective memory devices are connected together by means of fiber optic. It is commonly used with real-time operating systems, VXI and other platforms. VMIC was acquired by GE Fanuc, a cooperative venture between GE and Fanuc of Japan. This business became GE Intelligent Platforms, and the embedded computing element of the business was spun off in 2015 as Abaco Systems, who now market reflective memory.
Examples of reflective memory application are:
the Large Binocular Telescope, where it has been reported that each subsystem of the telescope control system includes ethernet connection for reflective memory.
CERN
Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) plasma control system (PCS)
Aircraft flight simulators
References
External links
Abaco white paper on Reflective Memory
Computer memory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage%20Mu | Bacteriophage Mu, also known as mu phage or mu bacteriophage, is a muvirus (the first of its kind to be identified) of the family Myoviridae which has been shown to cause genetic transposition. It is of particular importance as its discovery in Escherichia coli by Larry Taylor was among the first observations of insertion elements in a genome. This discovery opened up the world to an investigation of transposable elements and their effects on a wide variety of organisms. While Mu was specifically involved in several distinct areas of research (including E. coli, maize, and HIV), the wider implications of transposition and insertion transformed the entire field of genetics.
Anatomy
Phage Mu is nonenveloped, with a head and a tail. The head has an icosahedral structure of about 54 nm in width. The neck is knob-like, and the tail is contractile with a base plate and six short terminal fibers. The genome has been fully sequenced and consists of 36,717 nucleotides, coding for 55 proteins.
History
Mu phage was first discovered by Larry Taylor at UC Berkeley in the late 1950s. His work continued at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where he first observed the mutagenic properties of Mu; several colonies of Hfr E. coli which had been lysogenized with Mu seemed to have a tendency to develop new nutritional markers. With further investigation, he was able to link the presence of these markers to the physical binding of Mu at a certain loci. He likened the observed genetic alteration to the ‘controlling elements’ in maize, and named the phage ‘Mu’, for mutation. This, however, was only the beginning. Over the next sixty years, the complexities of the phage were fleshed out by numerous researchers and labs, resulting in a far deeper understanding of mobile DNA and the mechanisms underlying transposable elements.
Key Mu-related findings
1972–1975: Ahmad Bukhari shows that Mu can insert randomly and prolifically throughout an entire bacterial genome, creating stable insertions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5K%20resolution | 5K resolution refers to display formats with a horizontal resolution of around 5,000 pixels. The most common 5K resolution is , which has an aspect ratio of with around 14.7 million pixels (just over seven times as many pixels as 1080p Full HD), with exactly twice the linear resolution of 1440p and four times that of 720p. This resolution is typically used in computer monitors to achieve a higher pixel density, and is not a standard format in digital television and digital cinematography, which feature 4K resolutions and 8K resolutions.
In comparison to 4K UHD (), the 5K resolution of offers 1280 extra columns and 720 extra lines of display area, an increase of 33.% in each dimension. This additional display area can allow 4K content to be displayed at native resolution without filling the entire screen, which means that additional software such as video editing suite toolbars will be available without having to downscale the content previews.
As of 2016, the world uses 1080p as the mainstream HD standard. However, there is a rapid increase in media content being released in 4K and even 5K resolution. Online streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video launched videos in 4K resolution in 2014 and are actively expanding their collection of videos in 4K resolution. As 4K content becomes more common, the usefulness of 5K displays in editing and content creation may lead to a higher demand in the future.
History
First camera with 5K video capture
On April 14, 2008, Red Digital Cinema launched one of the first cameras capable of video capture at 5K resolutions. Red Epic uses the Mysterium X sensor which has a resolution of 51202700 and can capture at a framerate of up to 100fps. Cameras with 5K resolution are used occasionally for recording films in digital cinematography.
Some photographic still cameras such as DSLRs can exceed 5K resolution when capturing still images, but not when capturing video. For example, the Canon EOS 5D Mark IV announced i |
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