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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USV%20RSV%20%28Marine%20Tech%29 | The RSV (Remote Survey Vehicle) is an unmanned surface vehicle developed by the founders of Marine Tech SAS since 2008.
Features
Engineered and designed as an autonomous and robust marine surface platform, the RSV can operate several oceanographic sensors simultaneously to achieve measurements, exploration of aquatic environment and hydrographic survey.
Fitted with a high resolution infrared camera, the RSV can also be considered as an autonomous platform for surveillance and security of sensitive areas (ports protection, specific areas monitoring or observation of unsafe events for humans).
With an autonomy varying from 4h to 48h, the RSV is a size-optimized and user-friendly USV, remotely controlled or autopiloted.
Data measured are transmitted and visualized/controlled in real time by the distant operator.
The range of RSV allows operating:
in difficult access areas (dams, rivers, shallow water, canals, etc.),
offshore.
The RSV allows ROV deployment for subsea observation and monitoring.
RSV are manufactured and produced in France by Marine Tech SAS.
References
Unmanned surface vehicles
Hydrography
Surveying |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria%20associated%20membranes | Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) represent a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is reversibly tethered to mitochondria. These membranes are involved in import of certain lipids from the ER to mitochondria and in regulation of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial function, autophagy and apoptosis. They also play a role in development of neurodegenerative diseases and glucose homeostasis.
Role
In mammalian cells, formation of these linkage sites are important for some cellular events including:
Calcium homeostasis
Mitochondria associated membranes are involved in the transport of calcium from the ER to mitochondria. This interaction is important for rapid uptake of calcium by mitochondria through Voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs), which are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). This transport is regulated with chaperones and regulatory proteins which control the formation of the ER–mitochondria junction. Transfer of calcium from ER to mitochondria depends on high concentration of calcium in the intermembrane space, and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) accumulates calcium into the mitochondrial matrix for electrochemical gradient.
Regulation of lipid metabolism
Transport of phosphatidylserine into mitochondria from the ER for decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanolamine through the ER-mitochondria lipid which transform phosphatidic acid (PA) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by phosphatidylserine synthases 1 and 2 (PSS1, PSS2) in the ER and then transfers PS to mitochondria, where phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) transform into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). PE which is synthesized at mitochondria goes back to ER where phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase 2 (PEMT2) synthesizes PC (phosphatidylcholine).
Regulation of autophagy and mitophagy
The formation of autophagosomes through the coordination of ATG (autophagy-related) proteins and the vesicular trafficking by MAM.
Regulation of the morphology: Dynamics and f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa | LoRa (from "long range") is a physical proprietary radio communication technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology. It was developed by Cycleo, a company of Grenoble, France, and patented in 2014 (patent 9647718-B2. Cycleo was later acquired by Semtech.
LoRaWAN (Wide Area Network) defines the communication protocol and system architecture. LoRaWAN is an official standard of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU-T Y.4480. The continued development of the LoRaWAN protocol is managed by the open, non-profit LoRa Alliance, of which SemTech is a founding member.
Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN define a Low Power, Wide Area (LPWA) networking protocol designed to wirelessly connect battery operated devices to the internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key Internet of things (IoT) requirements such as bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. The low power, low bit rate, and IoT use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LoRaWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per
channel.
Features
LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands EU868 (863–870/873 MHz) in Europe; AU915/AS923-1 (915–928 MHz) in South America; US915 (902–928 MHz) in North America; IN865 (865–867 MHz) in India; and AS923 (915–928 MHz) in Asia; LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s, depending upon the spreading factor.
LoRa devices have geolocation capabilities used for trilaterating positions of devices via timestamps from gateways.
LoRa PHY
LoRa uses a proprietary spread spectrum modulation t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20Equations%20with%20Latent%20Variables | Structural Equations with Latent Variables is a statistics textbook authored by Kenneth Bollen and published in 1989. It aims to provide a framework for understanding and applying structural equation modeling. It is commonly used in graduate-level courses that focus on structural equation modeling within the social sciences.
Structural Equations with Latent Variables explores various topics in the statistics field, covering measurement validity and reliability, overall fit indices, model identification, causality, and the statistical software package LISREL. Examples are provided from sociology, economics, and psychology to illustrate the practical applications of these methods.
The book focuses on the examination of covariances rather than individual cases.
Chapters
Introduction
Model Notation, Covariances, and Path Analysis
Causality and Causal Models
Structural Equation Models, with Observed Variables
The Consequences of Measurement Error
Measurement Models: The Relation between Latent and Observed Variables
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
The General Model, Part I: Latent Variable and Measurement Models Combined
The General Model, Part II: Extensions
Reviews
The book generally received positive reviews, and currently has a 4.4 star rating on Amazon.
References
1989 non-fiction books
Statistics books
Structural equation models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon%20%28social%20network%29 | Mastodon is a free and open-source software for running self-hosted social networking services. It has microblogging features similar to Twitter, which are offered by a large number of independently run nodes, known as instances or servers, each with its own code of conduct, terms of service, privacy policy, privacy options, and content moderation policies.
Each user is a member of a specific Mastodon server that can interact seamlessly with users in any other server. This is intended to give users the flexibility to select a server whose policies they prefer, but keep access to a larger federated social network. Mastodon is powered by the ActivityPub protocol, making it part of the Fediverse ensemble of services such as Lemmy, Pixelfed, Friendica, and PeerTube.
Mastodon was created by Eugen Rochko and announced on Hacker News in October 2016, and gained significant adoption in 2022 in the wake of Twitter's acquisition by Elon Musk.
The project is maintained by German non-profit Mastodon gGmbH. Mastodon development is crowdfunded and the code does not support advertisement.
Functionality and features
Mastodon servers run social networking software that is capable of communicating using W3C's ActivityPub standard, which has been implemented since version 1.6. A Mastodon user can therefore interact with users on any other server in the Fediverse that supports ActivityPub.
Since version 2.9.0, Mastodon has offered a single-column mode for new users by default. In advanced mode, Mastodon approximates the microblogging user experience of TweetDeck. Users post short-form status messages, historically known as "toots", for others to see. On a standard Mastodon instance, these messages can include up to 500 text-based characters, greater than Twitter's 280-character limit. Some instances support even longer messages.
Users join a specific Mastodon server, rather than a single centralized website or application. The servers are connected as nodes in a network, and eac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophyte | Thermophyte (Greek thérmos = warmth, heat + phyton = plant) is an organism which is tolerant or thriving at high temperatures. These organisms are categorized according to ecological valences at high temperatures, including biological extremely. Such organisms included the hot-spring taxa also.
A large amount of thermophytes are algae, more specifically blue-green algae, also referred to as cyanobacteria. This type of algae thrives in hot conditions ranging anywhere from 50 to 70 degrees Celsius, which other plants and organisms cannot survive in. Thermophytes are able to survive extreme temperatures as their cells contain an “unorganized nucleus”.
As the name suggests, thermophytes are found in high temperatures. They can be found in abundance in and around places like freshwater hot springs, such as YellowStone National park and in the Lassen Volcanic National park.
Mutualism in Thermophytes
There are instances in which a fungus and plant become thermophytes by forming a symbiotic relationship with one another. Some thermophytes live with a fungal partner in a symbiotic relationship with plants, algae, and viruses. Mutualists like the panic grass and its fungal partner cannot survive individually, but thrive when they are in the symbiotic relationship. This means the fungus, plant, and virus function together to survive in such extreme conditions by benefiting from each other. The fungi typically dwells in the intracellular spaces between the plant's cells.
In a study performed at Washington State, it was discovered that panic grass living near the hot springs in Yellowstone National park thrive due to their relationship with the fungus Curvularia protuberata. Neither organism can survive on their own at such high temperatures. The mycoviruses infect the fungi that live within these plants and algae. These mycoviruses prevent the fungi from having a pathogenic effect on the plants, thus preventing the fungus from harming the plant. The panic grass benefit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding%20Sexuality%2C%20Gender%2C%20and%20Allyship | USGA (Understanding Sexuality, Gender, and Allyship, previously Understanding Same-Gender Attraction) is an organization for LGBT Brigham Young University students and their allies. It began meeting on BYU campus in 2010 to discuss issues relating to homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). However, by December 2012, USGA began meeting off campus at the Provo City Library and is still banned from meeting on campus as of 2018. BYU campus currently offers no official LGBT-specific resources as of 2016. The group maintains political neutrality and upholds BYU's Honor Code. It also asks all participants to be respectful of BYU and the LDS Church. The group received national attention when it released its 2012 "It Gets Better" video. The group also released a suicide prevention message in 2013. A sister organization USGA Rexburg serves the LGBT Brigham Young University–Idaho student community in Rexburg, Idaho.
Publicized activities
The group released an "It Gets Better" video in March 2012 that received press coverage. A student panel of USGA leaders held on BYU campus soon after in April by the sociology department also received press coverage as well as complaints to the university from a conservative political group.
In 2016 the Provo newspaper Daily Herald published a series of six in-depth articles on the experiences of USGA members, centered around the topics of why they attend BYU, the USGA group, mental health, the Honor Code, and why some leave BYU. The articles were written over the space of two months, with an editorial conclusion at the end of the series asking administrators to listen to USGA BYU students.
Other activities reported by media in 2017 include their Faces of USGA photojournalism project
and their Provo Pride Festival booth.
See also
Mormons Building Bridges Group
Affirmation Group
North Star
Brigham Young University LGBT history
LGBT Mormon people and organizations
References
External links
USGA' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavister | Clavister is a Swedish company specialized in network security software, listed on NASDAQ First North.
According to a report from 451 Research, the Edward Snowden NSA leaks and consequent loss of trust in US-based products helped with the international expansion of Clavister.
Clavister has a global presence with customers such as the Japanese NTT-BP and the German Marbach Group.
Clavister has partnerships with for example the Japanese Canon-ITS, and in the area of virtualized network security with Nokia Networks and Artesyn.
In August 2016, Clavister announced the acquisition of partner PhenixID, an identity and access management (IAM) provider.
See also
Comparison of firewalls
References
External links
Business data for Clavister: Reuters, Yahoo! Finance, Bloomberg
Full version of the 451research report cited on the references above
Computer security companies
Computer security software companies
Companies established in 1997
Information technology companies of Sweden
Swedish brands
Deep packet inspection
Server appliance
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm
Companies based in Västernorrland County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20molecular%20chaperones | Chaperones, also called molecular chaperones, are proteins that assist other proteins in assuming their three-dimensional fold, which is necessary for protein function. However, the fold of a protein is sensitive to environmental conditions, such as temperature and pH, and thus chaperones are needed to keep proteins in their functional fold across various environmental conditions. Chaperones are an integral part of a cell's protein quality control network by assisting in protein folding and are ubiquitous across diverse biological taxa. Since protein folding, and therefore protein function, is susceptible to environmental conditions, chaperones could represent an important cellular aspect of biodiversity and environmental tolerance by organisms living in hazardous conditions. Chaperones also affect the evolution of proteins in general, as many proteins fundamentally require chaperones to fold or are naturally prone to misfolding, and therefore mitigates protein aggregation.
Evolution of chaperones
The evolutionary development of chaperones is highly linked to the evolution of proteins in general, as their primary function is dependent on the presence of proteins. Proteins were selected as the main biological catalysts over ribozymes, RNA molecules capable of catalyzing biological reactions, early in cellular evolution. Diversity of monomers (4 nucleotides versus 20 amino acids), interactions during folding, and consequences of changes in sequence are some of the hypotheses that attempt to explain why proteins were selected over ribozymes.
Small proteins fold spontaneously, but the development of increasingly larger proteins, which have more complex folding patterns and intramolecular interactions, would have required chaperones to prevent protein aggregation due to misfolding. Folding of early proteins would have been error-prone in ancient cell cytosol and chaperones would have been needed to assist in unfolding and re-folding.
Heat shock proteins
Heat shock p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cospeciation | Cospeciation is a form of coevolution in which the speciation of one species dictates speciation of another species and is most commonly studied in host-parasite relationships. In the case of a host-parasite relationship, if two hosts of the same species get within close proximity of each other, parasites of the same species from each host are able to move between individuals and mate with the parasites on the other host. However, if a speciation event occurs in the host species, the parasites will no longer be able to "cross over" because the two new host species no longer mate and, if the speciation event is due to a geographic separation, it is very unlikely the two hosts will interact at all with each other. The lack of proximity between the hosts ultimately prevents the populations of parasites from interacting and mating. This can ultimately lead to speciation within the parasite.
According to Fahrenholz's rule, first proposed by Heinrich Fahrenholz in 1913, when host-parasite cospeciation has occurred, the phylogenies of the host and parasite come to mirror each other. In host-parasite phylogenies, and all species phylogenies for that matter, perfect mirroring is rare. Host-parasite phylogenies can be altered by host switching, extinction, independent speciation, and other ecological events, making cospeciation harder to detect. However, cospeciation is not limited to parasitism, but has been documented in symbiotic relationships like those of gut microbes in primates.
Fahrenholz's rule
In 1913, Heinrich Fahrenholz proposed that the phylogenies of both the host and parasite will eventually become congruent, or mirror each other when cospeciation occurs. More specifically, more closely related parasite species will be found on closely related species of host. Thus, to determine if cospeciation has occurred within a host-parasite relationship, scientists have used comparative analyses on the host and parasite phylogenies.
In 1968, Daniel Janzen proposed an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic%20coevolution | Mosaic coevolution is a theory in which geographic location and community ecology shape differing coevolution between strongly interacting species in multiple populations. These populations may be separated by space and/or time. Depending on the ecological conditions, the interspecific interactions may be mutualistic or antagonistic. In mutualisms, both partners benefit from the interaction, whereas one partner generally experiences decreased fitness in antagonistic interactions. Arms races consist of two species adapting ways to "one up" the other. Several factors affect these relationships, including hot spots, cold spots, and trait mixing. Reciprocal selection occurs when a change in one partner puts pressure on the other partner to change in response. Hot spots are areas of strong reciprocal selection, while cold spots are areas with no reciprocal selection or where only one partner is present. The three constituents of geographic structure that contribute to this particular type of coevolution are: natural selection in the form of a geographic mosaic, hot spots often surrounded by cold spots, and trait remixing by means of genetic drift and gene flow. Mosaic, along with general coevolution, most commonly occurs at the population level and is driven by both the biotic and the abiotic environment. These environmental factors can constrain coevolution and affect how far it can escalate.
The geographical mosaic theory was first described by Ehrlich and Raven in 1964 after studying butterflies that coevolve with plants. However, the idea of coevolution itself goes all the way back to Darwin.
Examples
Mutualisms
A commonly used example of mutualism in mosaic coevolution is that of the plant and pollinator. Anderson and Johnson studied the relationship between the length of the proboscis of the long-tongued fly (P. ganglbaueri) and the corolla tube length of Zaluzianskya microsiphon, a flowering plant endemic to South Africa. They suspected, as Darwin did in 1862 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countergradient%20variation | Countergradient variation is a type of phenotypic plasticity that occurs when the phenotypic variation determined by a biological population's genetic components opposes the phenotypic variation caused by an environmental gradient. This can cause different populations of the same organism to display similar phenotypes regardless of their underlying genetics and differences in their environments.
To illustrate a common example known as countergradient growth rate, consider two populations. The two populations live in different environments that affect growth differently due to many ecological factors, such as the temperature and available food. One population is genetically predisposed to have an increased growth rate but inhabits an environment that reduces growth rate, such as a cool environment, and thereby limits the opportunities to take full advantage of any genetic predisposition. The second population is genetically predisposed to have a decreased growth rate but inhabits an environment that supports an increased growth rate, such as a warm environment, and allows members of the population to grow faster despite their genetic disadvantage. Since the genetic influence directly counteracts the environmental influence in each population, both populations will have a similar intermediate growth rate. Countergradient variation can reduce apparent variability by creating similar phenotypes, but it is still possible for the two populations to show phenotypic diversity if either the genetic gradient or the environmental gradient has a stronger influence.
Many examples of countergradient variation have been discovered through the use of transplant experiments. Countergradient variation of growth rate is one of the most common examples. Growth rate and body size have important ecological implications, such as how they impact an organism's survival, life history, and fecundity. Countergradient variation has been described in many ectothermic animals, since ectotherms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronverter | Synchronverters or virtual synchronous generators are inverters which mimic synchronous generators (SG) to provide "synthetic inertia" for ancillary services in electric power systems. Inertia is a property of standard synchronous generators associated with the rotating physical mass of the system spinning at a frequency proportional to the electricity being generated. Inertia has implications towards grid stability as work is required to alter the kinetic energy of the spinning physical mass and therefore opposes changes in grid frequency. Inverter-based generation inherently lacks this property as the waveform is being created artificially via power electronics.
Background
Standard inverters are very low inertia elements. During transient periods, which are mostly because of faults or sudden changes in load, they follow changes rapidly and may cause a worse condition, but synchronous generators have a notable inertia that can maintain their stability.
The grid is designed to operate at a specific frequency. When electric power supply and demand is perfectly balanced the grid frequency will remain at its nominal frequency. However, any imbalance in supply and demand will lead to a deviation from this nominal frequency. It is standard for electricity generation and demand to not be perfectly balanced, but the imbalance is tightly controlled such that the grid frequency remains within a small band of ±0.05Hz. A synchronous generator’s rotating mass acts as a bank of kinetic energy for the grid to counteract changes in frequency – it can either provide or absorb power from the grid – caused by an imbalance of electric power supply and demand – in the form of kinetic energy by speeding up or slowing down. The change in kinetic energy is proportional to the change in frequency. Because it takes work to speed up or slow down rotating mass, this inertia dampens the effects of active power imbalances and therefore stabilizes the frequency. Because inverter-based genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20308X | The IBM 308X is a line of mainframe computers, of which the first model, the Model 3081 Processor Complex, was introduced November 12, 1980. It consisted of a 3081 Processor Unit with supporting units.
Later models in the series were the 3083 and the 3084. The 3083 was announced March 31 and the 3084 on September 3, both in 1982.
The IBM 308X line introduced the System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) required by the new MVS/SP V2 and the Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction used by the new Virtual Machine/eXtended Architecture Migration Aid (VM/XA MA).
All three 308X systems, which IBM had marketed as "System/370-Compatibles," were withdrawn August 4, 1987.
IBM 3081
The initial 3081 offered, the 3081D, was a 5 MIPS machine. The next offering, the 3081K, was a 7 MIPS machine. Last came the 3081G.
The 3081D was announced Nov 12, 1980; the 3081K came nearly a year later; the 3081G was introduced September 3, 1982 as part of the initial 3084 announcement.
"The IBM 3081 Processor Complex offers flexible growth steps in the 308X family of processors, between the 3083 Model Groups F, B and J and the 3084."
The 3081 was "two processors in a single box ... it was not possible to partition it and run it as two independent machines."
The dyadic concept offers "under the cover" dual processors.
3081 as successor to 3033
Some key technological features of the 3081, compared to the previous most powerful processor, the 3033, were the following:
About 800,000 circuits implemented in large scale integration, using up to 704 logic circuits per chip, which provided the required performance, reliability, and serviceability that were design goals
"Elimination of one complete level of packaging, the card level"
Water cooling, which provides heat removal from chips beyond the ability of conventional air cooling
A machine cycle time of 26 nanoseconds (38 MHz equivalent CPU)
Reduced power consumption, 23 kilowatts for a 3081-D16 versus 68 kilowatts for a 3033-U16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation%20of%20polychlorinated%20biphenyls | Polychorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, are a type of chemical that was widely used in the 1960s and 1970s, and which are a contamination source of soil and water. They are fairly stable and therefore persistent in the environment. Bioremediation of PCBs is the use of microorganisms to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites, relying on multiple microorganisms' co-metabolism. Anaerobic microorganisms dechlorinate PCBs first, and other microorganisms that are capable of doing BH pathway can break down the dechlorinated PCBs to usable intermediates like acyl-CoA or carbon dioxide. If no BH pathway-capable microorganisms are present, dechlorinated PCBs can be mineralized with help of fungi and plants. However, there are multiple limiting factors for this co-metabolism.
Overview
PCBs
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are various biphenyl based artificial products that are widely used as a dielectric fluid, industrial coolant, and lubricants in the 1960s and 1970s. There is no evidence its synthesis occurs naturally. They are classified as persistent organic pollutants. PCBs share the basic chemical structure of biphenyl and one or more of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic rings are replaced by chlorine atoms.
PCBs is in viscous liquid form at normal temperature and has a poor solubility in water. The aromatic hydrocarbon structure gives PCBs relatively high molecular stability. The chlorine substitution further reinforces its insolubility and chemical stability. Hence, the degradation of PCBs in the natural environment is very slow, which can range from 3 to 37 years depending on the number of chloride substitutions and their positions.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a waste removal method that uses microorganisms to degrade or remove wastes like organic waste and heavy metal from contaminated sites including both soil and water. The advantages of bioremediation are that it is environment-friendly, inexpensive and can remove multiple wastes simultaneously comparing wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEM%20character%20set | The GEM character set is the character set of Digital Research's graphical user interface GEM on Intel platforms. It is based on code page 437, the original character set of the IBM PC, and like that set includes ASCII codes 32–126, extended codes for accented letters (diacritics), and other symbols. It differs from code page 437 in using other dingbats at code points 0–31, in exchanging the box-drawing characters 176–223 for international characters and other symbols, and exchanging code point 236 with the symbol for line integral. However, GEM is more similar to code page 865 because the codepoints of Ø and ø match the codepoints in that codepage.
The Motorola-based GEM adaptation for the Atari ST family of computers utilized the similar Atari ST character set. It has swapped ¢ and ø and has also swapped ¥ and Ø (to match code page 437 more). It also has the ß (sharp s) at code point 158, reversed not sign (⌐) at code point 169 (as in code page 437), not sign (¬) at code point 170 (as in code page 437), ½ at code point 171 (as in code page 437), ¼ at code point 172 (as in code page 437), ¨ (diaeresis) at code point 184, ´ (acute) at code point 185, ij at code point 192, IJ at code point 193, Hebrew characters at code points 194-220, section sign (§) at code point 221, logical and at code point 222, infinity sign at code point 223, bullet (•) at codepoint 249, cubed sign (superscript three) at code point 254, the macron at code point 255, ATARI-specific characters at codepoints 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 28, 29, 30, and 31, LED 0-9 at codepoints 16-25, and ə (Schwa) at codepoint 26. Codepoints 12, 13, and 27 are mapped to the C0 controls.
A slight adaptation for Ventura Publisher is the similar Ventura International character set, it has code points 0-31, 127, and 218-255 empty, and has swapped ¢ and ø and has also swapped ¥ and Ø (to match code page 437 more).
In contrast to this, the GEM-derived file manager ViewMAX, which shipped with some versions of DR DOS as a DOSSHE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allofeeding | Allofeeding is a type of food sharing behaviour observed in cooperatively breeding species of birds. Allofeeding refers to a parent, sibling or unrelated adult bird feeding altricial hatchlings, which are dependent on parental care for their survival. Allofeeding also refers to food sharing between adults of the same species. Allofeeding can occur between mates during mating rituals, courtship, egg laying or incubation, between peers of the same species, or as a form of parental care.
Allofeeding evolved for different reasons in different species of birds. While sagebrush Brewer's sparrows allofeed to reduce predation during incubation, Sichuan jays allofeed to increase a female's nutritional level prior to egg laying, and chinstrap penguins allofeed to strengthen the bond between the pair during chick guarding.
While parental allofeeding is a common form of parental care among many species of birds, the practice is not inherently restricted to biological parents and their young, and is often done for reasons unrelated to the well-being of the chicks. Arabian babblers, for instance, peer allofeed in an attempt at increasing their social rank, whereas the king penguin considers those 'non-breeders' who allofeed chicks to be altruistic and highly revered. And the far more practical barn owl, of course, peer allofeeds merely to reduce sibling rivalry/competition during meal times.
Although many species of birds exhibit allofeeding, there are some species that do not perform allofeeding, such as the Siberian jay.
Allofeeding between mates
Many species of migratory songbirds display allofeeding during the incubation period. During the incubation period, a male songbird will feed its mate through beak-to-beak interaction, while she sits on the eggs. This allofeeding behaviour is suggested to be adaptive because the male is indirectly investing in its offspring. The male uses its energy to forage and retrieve food, and to feed the female. This behaviour of the male re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysome%20profiling | Polysome profiling is a technique in molecular biology that is used to study the association of mRNAs with ribosomes. It is important to note that this technique is different from ribosome profiling. Both techniques have been reviewed and both are used in analysis of the translatome, but the data they generate are at very different levels of specificity. When employed by experts, the technique is remarkably reproducible: the 3 profiles in the first image are from 3 different experiments.
The procedure
The procedure begins by making a cell lysate of the cells of interest. This lysate contains polysomes, monosomes (composed of one ribosome residing on an mRNA), the small (40S in eukaryotes) and large (60S in eukaryotes) ribosomal subunits, "free" mRNA and a host of other soluble cellular components.
The procedure continues by making a continuous sucrose gradient of continuously variable density in a centrifuge tube. At the concentrations used (15-45% in the example), sucrose does not disrupt the association of ribosomes and mRNA. The 15% portion of the gradient is at the top of the tube, while the 45% portion is at the bottom because of their different density.
A specific amount (as measured by optical density) of the lysate is then layered gently on top of the gradient in the tube. The lysate, even though it contains a large amount of soluble material, is much less dense than 15% sucrose, and so it can be kept as a separate layer at the top of the tube if this is done gently.
In order to separate the components of the lysate, the preparation is subjected to centrifugation. This accelerates the components of the lysate with many times the force of gravity and thus propels them through the gradient based upon how "big" the individual components are. The small (40S) subunits travel less far into the gradient than the large (60S) subunits. The 80S ribsomes on an mRNA travel further (note that the contribution of the size of the mRNA to the distance traveled is not s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10K%20resolution | 10K resolution refers to a horizontal display resolutions of approximately 10,000 pixels. Unlike 4K UHD and 8K UHD, there are no 10K resolutions defined in the UHDTV broadcast standard. The first 10K displays demonstrated were ultrawide "21:9" screens with a resolution of , the same vertical resolution as 8K UHD.
History
On June 5, 2015, Chinese manufacturer BOE showed a 10K display with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (≈21:9) and a resolution of .
In November 2016, the Consumer Technology Association published CTA-861-G, an update to their standard for digital video transmission formats. This revision added support for 102404320, a 10K resolution with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (≈21:9), at up to 120Hz.
On January 4, 2017, HDMI version 2.1 was officially announced, and was later released on November 28, 2017. HDMI 2.1 includes support for all the formats listed in the CTA-861-G standard, including 10K (102404320) at up to 120Hz. HDMI 2.1 specifies a new Ultra High Speed HDMI cable which supports a bandwidth of up to 48 Gbit/s. Display Stream Compression (DSC) 1.2a is used for video formats higher than 8K resolution with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.
10K resolutions are also sometimes seen in the case of gaming, for instance high resolution screenshots in the case of Minecraft with the OptiFine mod.
Cameras
, there are multiple companies producing photo cameras capable of 10K and higher resolutions, such as Phase One, Fujifilm, Hasselblad, and Sony. Other companies also create sensors capable of 10K resolution, though they are mostly not available to the general public, and are often used for scientific or industrial purposes.
Blackmagic Design is the only company producing a video camera capable of filming in resolutions 10K or higher with their URSA Mini Pro 12K.
See also
Ultrawide formats
References
External links
– official site
Television technology
Digital imaging
Ultra-high-definition television |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal%20food | Artisanal food encompasses breads, cheeses, fruit preserves, cured meats, beverages, oils, and vinegars that are made by hand using traditional methods by skilled craftworkers, known as food artisans. The foodstuff material from farmers and backyard growers can include fruit, grains and flours, milks for cheese, cured meats, fish, beverages, oils, and vinegars. The movement is focused on providing farm to fork type foods with locally sourced products that benefit the consumer, small scale growers and producers, and the local economy.
Food artisans
Food artisans produce foods and edible foodstuffs that are not mass produced, but rather made by hand. These include cheeses, breads and baked goods, charcuterie and other foods that involve preservation or fermentation, home preservation or canning processes, and fruit preserves, cured meats, beverages, oils, and vinegars.
Fermentation or otherwise controlling the preservation environment for beneficial microorganisms can be utilized for vinegars, cheeses, cured meats, wine, oolong tea, kimchi and other examples.
An artisan food item is usually developed and produced over a long period of time and consumed relatively close to where the food is created.
Legislation
In 2009, the Food Safety Enhancement Act was proposed and passed the House of Representatives, but did not pass. The measure was renegotiated and became known as the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). On 4 January 2011, President Barack Obama signed the bill into law.
Tester-Hagan Amendment
Senator Jon Tester (D-MT) and Senator Kay Hagan (D-NC) introduced two amendments to the FSMA that removed local food growers and food processors from federal oversight. These growers and producers would remain under the jurisdiction of state and local health and sanitation laws, rules, and regulations.
Controversy
As of 2016, there was not a published official standard or definition for artisan foods. A good working definition can be gleaned from the Tester-Hagen Ame |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification%20of%20cell%20death | Standards for the identification of cell death have changed. Cell death used to be defined and described based on morphology. Now there is a switch in classifying it basing on molecular and genetic definitions. This description is more functional and applies to both in vitro and in vivo, so cell death subroutines are now described by a series of precise, measurable, biochemical features. A set of recommendations for describing the terminology of cell death was proposed by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) in 2009, because misusing words and concepts may slow down progress in the area of cell death research.
The classic definition of death defines it as a state characterized by the cessation of signs of life. It is when a cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane and/or has undergone complete disintegration, including its nucleus, and/or its fragments have been engulfed by a neighboring cell in vivo. It is caused by an irreversible functional imbalance and collapse of the internal organization of a system. The role of cell death is the maintenance of tissue and organ homeostasis , for example, the regular loss of skin cells or a more active role seen in involuting tissues like the thymus.
Cells die either by accident or design. In fact there are two mechanisms of cell death; necrosis and apoptosis (apoptosis in invertebrates is called cell deletion). Dying cells are engaged in a process that is reversible until a first irreversible phase or "point-of-no-return" is trespassed.
Necrosis is an unprogrammed death of cells, which involves early plasma membrane changes leading to loss of calcium and sodium imbalance. This causes acidosis, osmotic shock, clumping of chromatin and nuclear pyknosis. These changes are accompanied by a loss of oxidative phosphorylation, a drop in ATP production, and a loss of homeostatic capability. There are also mitochondrial changes which include calcium overload and activation of phospholipases leading to membran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake%20news | Fake news or hoax news is false or misleading information (hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation) presented as news. Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity, or making money through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term "fake news" was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless, the term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information. It's also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavorable to them. Further, disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections. In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text. Because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
The prevalence of fake news has increased with the recent rise of social media, especially the Facebook News Feed, and this misinformation is gradually seeping into the mainstream media. Several factors have been implicated in the spread of fake news, such as political polarization, post-truth politics, motivated reasoning, confirmation bias, and social media algorithms.
Fake news can reduce the impact of real news by competing with it. For example, a BuzzFeed News analysis found that the top fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than top stories from major media outlets. It also particularly has the potential to undermine trust in serious media coverage. The term has at times been used to cast doubt upon credible news, and former U.S. president Donald Trump has been credited with popularizing the term by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Balkan%20endemic%20plants | The Balkan endemic plants includes a number of unique taxa and (species, subspecies, variety and forms) that are widespread in a variety of sizes area and,
including stenoendemics.
The following list of endemic plants on the Balkans includes taxa from Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and the European part of Turkey. The northeast limit of this area is the Sava river valley. The boundary then continues along the Danube. It also includes the Pannonian zone of the Balkans up to southern Romania.
Observed endemics are classified in 163 genera and 52 families.
Endemic taxa
A
Abies borisii-regis, Pinaceae
Abies cephalonica, Pinaceae
Abies omorika, Pinaceae
Acanthus balcanicus, Acanthaceae
Acer heldreichii, Aceraceae
Achillea ageratifolia, Asteraceae
Achillea clypeolata, Asteraceae
Achillea depressa, Asteraceae
Achillea pannonica, Asteraceae
Acinos majoranifolius, Lamiaceae
Acinos orontius, Lamiaceae (Labiateae)
Alchemilla jumrukczalica, Rosaceae
Alchemilla vranicensis, Rosaceae
Alkanna pulmonaria ssp. noneiformis, Boraginaceae
Allium melanantherum, Amaryllidaceae
Alyssum doerfleri, Brassicaceae
Alyssum mellendorffianum, Brassicaceae
Amphoricarpus bertisceus, Asteraceae
Amphoricarpus neumayeri, Asteraceae
Anemone transsilvanica, Ranunculaceae
Anthemis carpatica, Asteraceae
Anthemis jordanovii, Asteraceae
Aquilegia amaliae var. dinarica, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia aurea, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia chrysantha var. aurea, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia dinarica, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia grata, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia nigricans ssp. subscaposa, Ranunculaceae
Arabis ferdinandi-coburgii, Brassicaceae
Arenaria rhodopaea, Caryophyllaceae
Arnebia densiflora, Boraginaceae
Asperula hercegovina, Rubiaceae
Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Asteraceae
Astragalus alopecurus, Fabaceae
Astragalus exscapus, Fabaceae
Astragalus peterfii, Fabaceae
Astragalus physocalyx, Fabaceae
Astragalus pseudopurpureus, Fabaceae
Astrag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone%E2%80%93cortisol%20ratio | In human biology, the testosterone–cortisol ratio describes the ratio between testosterone, the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid, and cortisol, another steroid hormone, in the human body.
The ratio is often used as a biomarker of physiological stress in athletes during training, during athletic performance, and during recovery, and has been explored as a predictor of performance. At least among weight-lifters, the ratio tracks linearly with increases in training volume over the first year of training but the relationship breaks down after that. A lower ratio in weight-lifters just prior to performance appears to predict better performance.
The ratio has been studied as a possible biomarker for criminal aggression, but as of 2009 its usefulness was uncertain.
References
Testosterone
Athletic training
Biomarkers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20%28book%29 | Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2000; updated 2009) is a book by Judea Pearl. It is an exposition and analysis of causality. It is considered to have been instrumental in laying the foundations of the modern debate on causal inference in several fields including statistics, computer science and epidemiology. In this book, Pearl espouses the Structural Causal Model (SCM) that uses structural equation modeling. This model is a competing viewpoint to the Rubin causal model. Some of the material from the book was reintroduced in the more general-audience targeting The Book of Why.
Reviews
The book gave Pearl the 2001 Lakatos Award in Philosophy of Science.
See also
Causality
Causal inference
Structural equation modeling
References
External links
Book Homepage
2009 non-fiction books
Statistics books
Structural equation models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20associations%20of%20road%20authorities | This article lists the main regional associations for road authorities from around the world. Many of these are associated with the World Road Association.
Africa
The Association des Gestionnaires et Partenaires Africains de la Route (AGEPAR) or African Road Managers and Partners Association is the association for road authorities predominantly in north and western africa.
The Association of Southern Africa National Road Agencies (ASANRA) is an association of national roads agencies or authorities in the Southern African Development Community.
Asia and Australasia
The Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia was established in 1973 as a regional body to promote and advance the science and practice of road engineering and related professions.
Europe and Asia
The Baltic Roads Association was established for the cooperation of the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Road Administrations.
The Conference of European Directors of Roads or Conférence Européenne des Directeurs des Routes is a Brussels-based organisation for the Directors of National Road Authorities in Europe.
Межправительственный совет дорожников (MSD) or Intergovernmental Council of Roads, is the road authority organisation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. MSD was founded in 1992 as the Interstate Council of Roads In 1998 the Council of Roads was given Intergovernmental organisation status. It assists in the cooperation between member road administrations in the field of design, construction, maintenance and scientific and technological policies in the road sector.
The Nordic Road Association (NVF) was established in 1935. The founding members were Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the Faroe Islands became a member in 1975.
North and South America
The Consejo de Directores de Carreteras de Iberia e Iberoamérica (DIRCAIBEA) / Board of Directors of Iberia and Latin America Roads was created in 1995. Twenty-two countries have representation in DIRCAIBEA; The two Iberia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-time-step%20integration | In numerical analysis, multi-time-step integration, also referred to as multiple-step or asynchronous time integration, is a numerical time-integration method that uses different time-steps or time-integrators for different parts of the problem. There are different approaches to multi-time-step integration. They are based on domain decomposition and can be classified into strong (monolithic) or weak (staggered) schemes. Using different time-steps or time-integrators in the context of a weak algorithm is rather straightforward, because the numerical solvers operate independently. However, this is not the case in a strong algorithm. In the past few years a number of research articles have addressed the development of strong multi-time-step algorithms. In either case, strong or weak, the numerical accuracy and stability needs to be carefully studied. Other approaches to multi-time-step integration in the context of operator splitting methods have also been developed; i.e., multi-rate GARK method and multi-step methods for molecular dynamics simulations.
References
Numerical analysis
Applied mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate%20%28statistics%29 | Univariate is a term commonly used in statistics to describe a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute. A simple example of univariate data would be the salaries of workers in industry. Like all the other data, univariate data can be visualized using graphs, images or other analysis tools after the data is measured, collected, reported, and analyzed.
Univariate data types
Some univariate data consists of numbers (such as the height of 65 inches or the weight of 100 pounds), while others are nonnumerical (such as eye colors of brown or blue). Generally, the terms categorical univariate data and numerical univariate data are used to distinguish between these types.
Categorical univariate data
Categorical univariate data consists of non-numerical observations that may be placed in categories. It includes labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Categorical univariate data usually use either nominal or ordinal scale of measurement.
Numerical univariate data
Numerical univariate data consists of observations that are numbers. They are obtained using either interval or ratio scale of measurement. This type of univariate data can be classified even further into two subcategories: discrete and continuous. A numerical univariate data is discrete if the set of all possible values is finite or countably infinite. Discrete univariate data are usually associated with counting (such as the number of books read by a person). A numerical univariate data is continuous if the set of all possible values is an interval of numbers. Continuous univariate data are usually associated with measuring (such as the weights of people).
Data analysis and applications
Univariate analysis is the simplest form of analyzing data. Uni means "one", so the data has only one variable (univariate). Univariate data requires to analyze each variable separately. Data is gathered for the purpose of answering a question, or more s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofurfuryl%20acetate | Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate is an organic chemical compound used for food flavouring and cosmetics. It has a fruity ethereal flavour, also described as honey, maple, or bread-like.
It is generally accepted as safe in the USA. Typical levels of use are 2 ppm in drinks, 8 ppm in ice cream, and 20 ppm in baked products and confectionery.
Classified as a heterocyclic ester, it is made by reacting tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol with acetic anhydride.
Related flavouring compounds are tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate, tetrahydrofurfuryl cinnamate, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl propionate.
References
Food additives
Flavors
Tetrahydrofurans
Acetate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Nuclear%20Societies%20Council | The International Nuclear Society Council (INSC), founded on 11 November 1990 by the INSG (International group of Nuclear Societies), is a non-governmental organisation made up of Nuclear Societies from all over the world that "acts as a global forum for nuclear societies to discuss and establish common aims and goals".
Member societies
American Nuclear Society (ANS)
Asociacion Argentina de Tecnologia Nuclear (AATN)
Associação Brasileira de Energia Nuclear (ABEN)
Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ)
Australian Nuclear Association (ANA)
Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS)
Egyptian Society of Nuclear Science and Applications (ESNSA)
European Nuclear Society (ENS)
Austrian Nuclear Society
Belgian Nuclear Society
Bulgarian Nuclear Society
Croatian Nuclear Society
Czech Nuclear Society
Finnish Nuclear Society
French Nuclear Energy Society
German Nuclear Society
Hungarian Nuclear Society
Israel Nuclear Society
Italian Nuclear Association
Lithuanian Nuclear Energy Association
Netherlands Nuclear Society
The Nuclear Institute
Nuclear Society of Russia
Nuclear Society of Serbia
Nuclear Society of Slovenia
Polish Nuclear Society
Romanian Nuclear Energy Association
Slovak Nuclear Society
Spanish Nuclear Society
Swedish Nuclear Society
Swiss Nuclear Society
Indian Nuclear Society (InNS)
Israel Nuclear Society (IsNS)
Korean Nuclear Society (KNS)
Latin American Section (LAS)
Nuclear Energy Society Taipei (NEST)
Pakistan Nuclear Society (PNS)
Sociedad Nuclear Mexicana (SNM)
Nuclear Society of Thailand (NST)
References
External links
http://insc.ans.org/ Homepage
INSC at the UIA
Nuclear organizations
Organizations established in 1990 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal%20data | Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known. These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946. The ordinal scale is distinguished from the nominal scale by having a ranking. It also differs from the interval scale and ratio scale by not having category widths that represent equal increments of the underlying attribute.
Examples of ordinal data
A well-known example of ordinal data is the Likert scale. An example of a Likert scale is:
Examples of ordinal data are often found in questionnaires: for example, the survey question "Is your general health poor, reasonable, good, or excellent?" may have those answers coded respectively as 1, 2, 3, and 4. Sometimes data on an interval scale or ratio scale are grouped onto an ordinal scale: for example, individuals whose income is known might be grouped into the income categories $0–$19,999, $20,000–$39,999, $40,000–$59,999, ..., which then might be coded as 1, 2, 3, 4, .... Other examples of ordinal data include socioeconomic status, military ranks, and letter grades for coursework.
Ways to analyse ordinal data
Ordinal data analysis requires a different set of analyses than other qualitative variables. These methods incorporate the natural ordering of the variables in order to avoid loss of power. Computing the mean of a sample of ordinal data is discouraged; other measures of central tendency, including the median or mode, are generally more appropriate.
General
Stevens (1946) argued that, because the assumption of equal distance between categories does not hold for ordinal data, the use of means and standard deviations for description of ordinal distributions and of inferential statistics based on means and standard deviations was not appropriate. Instead, positional measures like the median and percentiles, in addition to descriptive statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka%20Samish | Zdenka Samish (, also spelled Samisch) (March 13, 1904 – March 8, 2008) was a Czech-Israeli food technology researcher. One of the first agricultural researchers in Mandatory Palestine and then Israel, she studied methods for industrial processing of fruits and vegetables, canning, and food infestation. Her research was published in numerous peer-reviewed journals. She was director of the Department of Food Technology at the Agricultural Research Station (Volcani Center) in Rehovot from the early 1950s to 1969.
Early life and education
Zdenka (Devorah) Kohn was born in Prague to Otto and Vilma Kohn. Active in the Zionist youth movement, she immigrated to Palestine in 1924. In 1926 she and her husband, Moshe Rudolf Samish, also a Czech native, went to California to complete their degrees at UC Davis and UC Berkeley. She received her B.S. in 1931 at UC Davis and her M.A. in household science in 1933 at UC Berkeley; her masters thesis was on "The Effect of Excess Viosterol and of Parathyroid Extract upon the Tissues of Rats".
Career
In 1934 the couple returned to Palestine and she began working as a chemist at a fruit canning factory in Rehovot. In 1937 she joined the experimental research station in that city, and in 1946 was named director of the laboratory for canned fruits and vegetables. In 1949 she became an instructor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot on the subject of food technology. After 1951 she became director of food technology at the Agricultural Research Station in Rehovot.
Research
In 1946 Samish received a grant from the Mandatory government to develop methods for producing juices and concentrates from citrus fruits. In 1947 she received a U.S. patent for the manufacture of dried citrus fruit paste (fruit leather).
Other research projects included a joint U.S.-Israeli study of microorganisms found in fruit and vegetable pulp; techniques for squeezing olives and producing olive oil; tomato paste production; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryukov%20equation | In the study of dynamical systems, the Biryukov equation (or Biryukov oscillator), named after Vadim Biryukov (1946), is a non-linear second-order differential equation used to model damped oscillators.
The equation is given by
where is a piecewise constant function which is positive, except for small as
Eq. (1) is a special case of the Lienard equation; it describes the auto-oscillations.
Solution (1) at a separate time intervals when f(y) is constant is given by
where denotes the exponential function. Here
Expression (2) can be used for real and complex values of .
The first half-period’s solution at is
The second half-period’s solution is
The solution contains four constants of integration , the period and the boundary between and needs to be found. A boundary condition is derived from continuity of and .
Solution of (1) in the stationary mode thus is obtained by solving a system of algebraic equations as
The integration constants are obtained by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm.
With , Eq. (1) named Van der Pol oscillator. Its solution cannot be expressed by elementary functions in closed form.
References
Differential equations
Analog circuits |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NANO%20Antivirus | NANO Antivirus is Russian antivirus software
developed by NANO Security Ltd. The software has free and paid (NANO Antivirus Pro) versions. NANO Security is a Russian company founded in 2009 by a team which has developed and implemented antivirus software since 2003.
NANO Security Ltd is integrated into Security and Maintenance of Microsoft. The company is included in Microsoft's list of reputable antimalware producers.
The software is intended for use in homes and small businesses.
In 2017, NANO Antivirus Pro was included in the Russian Software Registry of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.
Awards
NANO Antivirus failed to pass the VB100 certification on the first attempt, but has since earned five consecutive VB100 awards. The award streak was interrupted when they failed to the certification, but then NANO Antivirus earned two more VB100 including the last certification.
The VB100 team commended the product's quality.
Other products of the company based on the NANO Antivirus technologies
NANO Antivirus Pro – the paid version of NANO Antivirus with extended functionality, it uses the dynamic licensing model.
NANO Antivirus White Label - the platform for developing of co-branded versions of NANO Antivirus.
NANO Antivirus Engine (SDK) – the product for development of independent third-party antivirus solutions based on the NANO Antivirus technology. This product also allows to integrate the antivirus technology into existing third-party solutions.
NANO Antivirus Sky Scan – the Windows Store application for Windows 8/10 which provides easy-to-use access to NANO Antivirus cloud scan service. If the desktop version of NANO Antivirus is installed on the target device, NANO Antivirus Sky Scan can also be used as a native metro-style shell for the desktop solution.
NANO Antivirus Online Scanner – the web application which allows any user to scan suspicious file right in his web browser. The functional of Online Scanner i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse%20%28set%20theory%29 | In mathematical set theory, the multiverse view is that there are many models of set theory, but no "absolute", "canonical" or "true" model. The various models are all equally valid or true, though some may be more useful or attractive than others. The opposite view is the "universe" view of set theory in which all sets are contained in some single ultimate model.
The collection of countable transitive models of ZFC (in some universe) is called the hyperverse and is very similar to the "multiverse".
A typical difference between the universe and multiverse views is the attitude to the continuum hypothesis. In the universe view the continuum hypothesis is a meaningful question that is either true or false though we have not yet been able to decide which. In the multiverse view it is meaningless to ask whether the continuum hypothesis is true or false before selecting a model of set theory. Another difference is that the statement "For every transitive model of ZFC there is a larger model of ZFC in which it is countable" is true in some versions of the multiverse view of mathematics but is false in the universe view.
References
Set theory
Philosophy of mathematics
Foundations of mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20Institute%20for%20Training%20and%20Research%20in%20Statistics | The Arab Institute for Statistics (), formally the Arab Institute for Training and Research in Statistics (AITRS) () is an intergovernmental statistical institute serving the National Statistical Offices in all Arab League countries established in 1971 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under the name "Regional Institute for training and Research in Statistics for the Near East".
Board of trustees
The Board of Trustees is composed of the heads of the national statistical offices in all Arab League countries. They meet once per year.
See also
Arab League
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
Bloudan Conference (1937)
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
General Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture for Arab Countries
International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions
List of national and international statistical services
External links
Arab Institute for Training and Research in Statistics (official site).
The League of Arab States
United Nations Statistics Division
SESRIC - Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries
FAO Regional Office for Near East and North Africa
Arab League
International research institutes for mathematics
Statistics education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldreich-Kylafis%20effect | The Goldreich-Kylafis (GK) effect is a quantum mechanical effect with applications in Astrophysics. The theoretical background of the work was published by Peter Goldreich and his at the time postdoc Nick Kylafis in a series of two papers in The Astrophysical Journal.
The GK effect predicts that, under special conditions, the spectral lines emitted by interstellar molecules should be linearly polarized and the linear polarization vector should reveal the magnetic field direction in the molecular cloud. Even a μG magnetic field is enough for this effect. The lines arise from rotational transitions of molecules, say J=1 to J=0, where J is the rotational quantum number. If the magnetic sublevels of the J=1 level are equally populated, as it is usually the case, then the line is unpolarized. However, if the magnetic sublevels are unequally populated, then the line is polarized. Goldreich & Kylafis (1981) showed that, if the radiation field (their own plus external) in which the molecules are embedded is anisotropic, then the magnetic sublevels are unequally populated. Since isotropic radiation fields are practically non existent in Nature (e.g. only at the center of an isolated perfectly spherical molecular cloud), the effect should be easily detectable. This is however not the case as some specific conditions are required for detection. These are that the line optical depth of the molecular cloud should be of order unity and that the radiative rates should be comparable to or larger than the collisional rates.
Since the observed lines from molecular clouds are broad, due to velocity gradients in the cloud, the GK effect has the potential to reveal the magnetic field direction along the line of sight. It has been reported in star forming regions, in thermal-pulsating (TP-) AGB stars and recently in the disk around the T Tauri star TW Hya.
References
Astronomy
Polarization (waves)
Magnetism in astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monese | Monese is a British-Estonian company that offers current accounts and money transfer services as an alternative to traditional banks. The mobile-only service provides accounts in Pounds sterling, Euros and Romanian leu, and is available in 31 countries across the European Economic Area. As of January 2020, it has over 2 million customers.
History
Monese was founded by Norris Koppel, an entrepreneur from Estonia. Koppel moved to the United Kingdom and had his application for a current account at a major high-street bank declined because he could not provide local proof of address and did not yet have credit history in the UK. This experience led Koppel to vow that one day he would launch a banking service that did not exclude customers based on their residency or lack of credit history.
The company completed its seed round in May 2015, raising $1.8 million from Seedcamp, early Spotify investor Shakil Khan and several other angel investors.
Monese launched its first product, an instant-to-open mobile current account in the UK, on 21 September 2015.
Prior to the launch of its current account, it was reported that over 56,000 customers pre-registered for service and joined a waiting list to be granted access. Monese is able to provide banking services to resident and non-resident customers, and has an account opening process that can be completed on a customer's smartphone in under three minutes.
Monese closed its Series A round in January 2017, announcing a $10 million raise from Anthemis Exponential Ventures, STE capital, and Korea Investment Partners, Smartcap and Seedcamp. Later that year it launched European accounts.
Its next funding round, $60 million as part of Series B, was announced on 6 September 2018, and was led by Swedish investment company Kinnevik AB, with participation from PayPal, Augmentum Fintech, British Airways owner International Airlines Group and Investec's INVC fund.
Monese initially provided all of its services free of charge, except in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiteW | SiteW () is a French-based company that offers website building service.
History
SiteW (pronounced Site Double-Vé) was created in the spring of 2007, when Fabien Versange and Cédric Hamel, two computer scientists, were approached by several local businesses in the Auvergne region to design their websites. This common demand in the area Auvergne region, inspired to form a company to design a platform which offer websites that are faster, easier and more accessible to common individuals and professionals.
Hailing from Cantal, in the central region of France, the company was registered at the Chamber of Commerce of Aurillac in January 2008, where they opened their offices in nearby Calvinet before relocating to Cassaniouze after three years, launching their website and online web services a month later. Business picked up quickly with hundreds of users signing up within the first couple of months and the first companies outside of France making use of the service by September of the same year. By December 2010 the company had successfully registered and created 150,000 websites. In 2011 the German version of the website was released. On 26 June 2012 another milestone was reached with 500,000 websites created and launched using the SiteW tools with 15% of the customer base coming from abroad. In September 2014 the company had managed to help create 1 million websites. That same year the company upgraded all their website building tools.
Functionality
The company offers a web based service, using the SaaS model, making the platform easy to access without having to download any applications. The tools are simplified and easy to understand, using a simple drag-and-drop methodology for creating a website. The websites that are created are then hosted on a secured server using cloud technology that can be accessed from around the world. The company offers three different packages which provide different solutions and amount of storage space, depending on the size and func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20303X | The IBM 303X is a discontinued line of mainframe computers, the first model of which, the IBM 3033 Processor, nicknamed "The Big One", was introduced March 25, 1977.
Two additional processors, the 3031 and the 3032, were announced on October 6, 1977.
All three 303X systems were withdrawn on February 5, 1985.
Features
The CPUs feature instruction pipelining, "several instructions can be pre-fetched while one is being executed". "Processor storage ... is four-way interleaved" resulting in "a significantly faster data rate than... non-interleaved". Each of the three systems includes, as a standard feature, a Dual-display console, the newly announced IBM 3036. The systems consume less than half the floor space of a System/370 with an equal amount of computer memory and an identical number of channels because "the channels are physically integrated within the processor mainframe." Each group of six channels has its own microprogrammed channel processor, called a Channel Director. The Director is internally very similar to a System/370 Model 158, running special channel microcode.
The initial announcement of the 3033 also introduced new operating system versions "MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE) and VM/System Extensions (VM/SE)."
303X as successor to System 370
Beginning in 1977, IBM began to introduce new systems, using the following descriptions:
"A compatible member of the System/370 family."
"System/370 Compatible - 303(1/2/3)"
"the System/370 3033 Processor."
Competing compatibles
At this time, other companies, known as plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs), were competing with IBM by producing IBM-compatible systems. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, patented technology allowed Amdahl IBM-compatible mainframes of this era to be completely air-cooled, unlike IBM systems that required chilled water and its supporting infrastructure— the 8 largest of the 18 models of the ES/9000 systems introduced in 1990 were water-cooled; the other ten were air-cooled.
"The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano%20%28blockchain%20platform%29 | Cardano is a public blockchain platform. It is open-source and decentralized, with consensus achieved using proof of stake. It can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions with its internal cryptocurrency, ADA.
Cardano's development began in 2015, led by Ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson. The project is overseen and supervised by the Cardano Foundation based in Zug, Switzerland. When launched in 2017, it was the largest cryptocurrency to use a proof-of-stake blockchain, which is seen as a greener alternative to proof-of-work protocols.
History
After leaving Ethereum in 2014 Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood set out their plans for Cardano in 2015. Hoskinson had left Ethereum after a dispute with another co-founder, Vitalik Buterin. Hoskinson wanted to accept venture capital and create a company, while Buterin wanted to keep it as a nonprofit organization. Woods and Hoskinson co-founded the business IOHK to develop blockchains for use by corporations, governments, and education institutions.
Cardano was initially released to the public in 2017. That year, IOHK partnered with the University of Edinburgh to launch the Blockchain Technology Laboratory. The lab had six post-doctoral and professorial positions with up to 35 jobs created in total, and was led by Aggelos Kiayias, developer of the Ouroboros protocol.
Cardano reached a market cap of $77 billion in May 2021, which was the fourth highest for a cryptocurrency at that time.
Advertising agency MBLM ranked Cardano 26th for brand intimacy out of 600 brands in August 2022, in between Ford and Nestlé and the highest rank for a cryptocurrency. Citing an MBLM partner, advertising industry magazine Ad Age said Cardano's high ranking "can likely be chalked up to the gambling element of crypto".
Design
Governance
Cardano is controlled by three entities:
Cardano foundation aims to standardize and promote the ecosystem (based in Switzerland).
IOHK: an engineering company responsible for building the Cardano bloc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qstack | Qstack is a cloud management platform developed by GreenQloud, a cloud computing software company founded in Reykjavik, Iceland in February 2010. Qstack enables its users to manage multiple clouds and hybrid deployments through a single self-service portal.
Qstack is in continuous development, incorporating developments within infrastructure, cloud, and application management solutions. The next release of Qstack is slated for June 2017.
History
In 2014 when Jonsi Stefansson joined as CEO, Greenqloud pivoted its operational focus to development of Qstack with beta launch in the fall of 2015, and began offering support, technical services and certifications for the software.
Features
Qstack is hypervisor agnostic (KVM, VMware, Hyper-V) and can manage private clouds in multiple locations as well as AWS, Azure, and EC2-compatible public clouds from its user interface. Qstack combines proprietary software with open-source components, and the company claims to harden them to meet the strict security standards often required by enterprise deployments. Qstack features VM templates for Windows, Linux, and other operating systems. It also features full SSH/RDP access to instances, virtual routers, firewalls, and load balancers built into the interface.
Reception
In a 2015 review, IDG columnist J. Peter Bruzzese praised Qstack’s user interface for its ease-of-use and clean look.
References
Cloud infrastructure
Cloud computing
Cloud computing providers
Virtual machines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20Invertebrate%20Morphology | International Society for Invertebrate Morphology (ISIM) was founded during the 1st International Congress on Invertebrate Morphology, in Copenhagen, August 2008. The objectives of the society are to promote international collaboration and provide educational opportunities and training on invertebrate morphology, and to organize and promote the international congresses of invertebrate morphology, international meetings and other forms of scientific exchange.
The ISIM has its own Constitution
ISIM board 2014-2017
Gerhard Scholtz (President) Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. https://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/de/gruppenseiten/compzool/people/gerhard_scholtz_page
Natalia Biserova (President-Elect) Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Gonzalo Giribet (Past-President) Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Julia Sigwart (Secretary)
Katrina Worsaae (Treasurer)
Greg Edgecombe (2nd term)
Andreas Hejnol (2nd term)
Sally Leys (2nd term)
Fernando Pardos (2nd term)
Katharina Jörger (1st term)
Marymegan Daly (1st term)
Georg Mayer (1st term)
ISIM board 2017-2020
Natalia Biserova (President), Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation http://invert.bio.msu.ru/en/staff-en/33-biserova-en .
Andreas Wanninger (President-elect), Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Gerhard Scholtz (Past-president), Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
Julia Sigwart (Secretary), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
Katrine Worsaae (Treasurer), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Advisory Council:
Ariel Chipman (Israel)
D. Bruce Conn (USA)
Conrad Helm (Germany)
Xiaoya Ma (UK)
Pedro Martinez (Spain)
Ana Riesgo (Spain)
Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova (Russia)
Elected 23-08-2017, Moscow
Former meetings
ICIM 1 (2008) University of Copenhagen, Denmark
ICIM 2 (2011) H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20consumption | Land consumption as part of human resource consumption is the conversion of land with healthy soil and intact habitats into areas for industrial agriculture, traffic (road building) and especially urban human settlements. More formally, the EEA has identified three land consuming activities:
The expansion of built-up area which can be directly measured;
the absolute extent of land that is subject to exploitation by agriculture, forestry or other economic activities; and
the over-intensive exploitation of land that is used for agriculture and forestry.
In all of those respects, land consumption is equivalent to typical land use in industrialized regions and civilizations.
Since often aforementioned conversion activities are virtually irreversible, the term land loss is also used. From 1990 to 2000, of open space were consumed in the U.S. In Germany, land is being consumed at a rate of more than every day (~ per 10 years). In European Union, land take is estimated approximately about to 1.2 million hectares in 21 EU countries over the period 1990–2006.
Land loss can also happen due to natural factors, like erosion or desertification - nevertheless most of those can also eventually be tracked back to human activities. Another slightly different interpretation of the term is the forced displacement or compulsory acquisition of a native people or settlers from their original land due to land grabbing, etc. Again, in most cases, this will be due to economic reasons like search for profitable investment and commodification of natural resources.
Reducing global land loss, which progresses at an alarming rate, is vital since the land footprint, the area required both domestically and abroad to produce the goods and services consumed by a country or region, can be much larger than the land actually used or even available in the country itself.
While land prices have surged in the first few years of the 21st century, land consumption economy still lacks environmental ful |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-10%20%28material%29 | G-10 or garolite is a high-pressure fiberglass laminate, a type of composite material. It is created by stacking multiple layers of glass cloth, soaked in epoxy resin, then compressing the resulting material under heat until the epoxy cures. It is manufactured in flat sheets, most often a few millimeters thick.
G-10 is very similar to Micarta and carbon fiber laminates, except that glass cloth is used as filler material. (Note that the professional nomenclature of "filler" and "matrix" in composite materials may be somewhat counterintuitive when applied to soaking textiles with resin.)
G-10 is the toughest of the glass fiber resin laminates and therefore the most commonly used.
Properties
G-10 is favored for its high strength, low moisture absorption, and high level of electrical insulation and chemical resistance. These properties are maintained not only at room temperature but also under humid or moist conditions. It was first used as a substrate for printed circuit boards, and its designation, G-10, comes from a National Electrical Manufacturers Association standard for this purpose.
Decorative uses
Decorative variations of G-10 are produced in many colors and patterns and are especially used to make handles for knives, grips for firearms and other tools. These can be textured (for grip), bead blasted, sanded or polished. Its strength and low density make it useful for other kinds of handcrafting as well.
Structural uses
G-10 is used to reinforce the edges of fiberglass coated wood. It is used to protect the point-of-contact on many such items. During ordinary use it is the G-10 that takes the brunt of the blow. In such applications it is meant to be replaced as it wears. G-10 is also used as a 3D-Printer build surface.
G-10 is also commonly used as a material for durable knife and gun handles and grips.
Hazards
G-10 is safe to handle absent extreme conditions.
Hazards can result from cutting or grinding the material, as glass and epoxy dust are we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Karassik | Igor J. Karassik (December 1, 1911 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – July 2, 1995 in Maplewood, New Jersey) was a Russian-American engineer known for his pioneering work with pumps, a field in which he was "world-renowned" and an "outstanding authority".
Early life
Karassik was born to a wealthy Russian-Jewish family. His father, a mechanical engineer, Ivan Karassik (1880—1969) was a son of a Kharkov merchant Nukhim-Perets (Peter) Karasik (c. 1849—1906). His mother Malvina Barjansky (1882—1967) was a daughter of an Odessa 1st guild merchant, composer, and pianist Adolf Barjansky (c. 1850—1900). Igor had an older sister Helen (1909—1990). The family immigrated to the United States in 1923 to escape the Russian Revolution. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology, and also studied in Turkey and France.
Professional life
In 1934 or 1936, Karassik joined the Worthington Corporation; by 1974, he was a vice-president. He subsequently worked for Dresser Industries. In 1980, he became the first recipient of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Henry R. Worthington Medal for achievement in the field of pumping.
He wrote over 1100 technical articles and papers on pump use and maintenance, as well as several books, including Centrifugal Pump Selection, Operation and Maintenance, Engineers' Guide to Centrifugal Pumps, and Centrifugal Pump Clinic; he also co-wrote Pump Questions and Answers, and co-edited Pump Handbook.
In 1996, the Thirteenth Pump Users Symposium was dedicated to his memory.
References
1911 births
1995 deaths
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American people of Russian descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
20th-century American engineers
American engineering writers
People from Maplewood, New Jersey
List
Soviet emigrants to the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20effective%20Cartier%20divisor | In algebraic geometry, a relative effective Cartier divisor is roughly a family of effective Cartier divisors. Precisely, an effective Cartier divisor in a scheme X over a ring R is a closed subscheme D of X that (1) is flat over R and (2) the ideal sheaf of D is locally free of rank one (i.e., invertible sheaf). Equivalently, a closed subscheme D of X is an effective Cartier divisor if there is an open affine cover of X and nonzerodivisors such that the intersection is given by the equation (called local equations) and is flat over R and such that they are compatible.
An effective Cartier divisor as the zero-locus of a section of a line bundle
Let L be a line bundle on X and s a section of it such that (in other words, s is a -regular element for any open subset U.)
Choose some open cover of X such that . For each i, through the isomorphisms, the restriction corresponds to a nonzerodivisor of . Now, define the closed subscheme of X (called the zero-locus of the section s) by
where the right-hand side means the closed subscheme of given by the ideal sheaf generated by . This is well-defined (i.e., they agree on the overlaps) since is a unit element. For the same reason, the closed subscheme is independent of the choice of local trivializations.
Equivalently, the zero locus of s can be constructed as a fiber of a morphism; namely, viewing L as the total space of it, the section s is a X-morphism of L: a morphism such that s followed by is the identity. Then may be constructed as the fiber product of s and the zero-section embedding .
Finally, when is flat over the base scheme S, it is an effective Cartier divisor on X over S. Furthermore, this construction exhausts all effective Cartier divisors on X as follows. Let D be an effective Cartier divisor and denote the ideal sheaf of D. Because of locally-freeness, taking of gives the exact sequence
In particular, 1 in can be identified with a section in , which we denote by .
Now we can repe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20and%20second%20fundamental%20theorems%20of%20invariant%20theory | In algebra, the first and second fundamental theorems of invariant theory concern the generators and the relations of the ring of invariants in the ring of polynomial functions for classical groups (roughly the first concerns the generators and the second the relations). The theorems are among the most important results of invariant theory.
Classically the theorems are proved over the complex numbers. But characteristic-free invariant theory extends the theorems to a field of arbitrary characteristic.
First fundamental theorem
The theorem states that the ring of -invariant polynomial functions on is generated by the functions , where are in and .
Second fundamental theorem for general linear group
Let V, W be finite dimensional vector spaces over the complex numbers. Then the only -invariant prime ideals in are the determinant ideal
generated by the determinants of all the -minors.
Notes
References
Further reading
Ch. II, § 4. of E. Arbarello, M. Cornalba, P.A. Griffiths, and J. Harris, Geometry of algebraic curves. Vol. I, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 267, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985. MR0770932
Hanspeter Kraft and Claudio Procesi, Classical Invariant Theory, a Primer
Algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Neil%20Trivett%20Global%20Atmosphere%20Watch%20Observatory | The Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory is an atmospheric baseline station operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada located about south south-west of Alert, Nunavut, on the north-eastern tip of Ellesmere Island, about south of the geographic North Pole.
The observatory is the northernmost of 31 global stations in an international network coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) under its Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program to study the long-term effects of pollution on the atmospheric environment. Among these 31 stations, Alert is one of three greenhouse gas "intercomparison supersites", along with Mauna Loa in Hawaii and Cape Grim in Australia, which, due to their locations far from industrial activity, provide the international scientific community with a baseline record of atmospheric chemistry.
Geography
The observatory is located on a plateau about south of Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert, which is itself located on the shore of the Lincoln Sea, from the mouth of the Nares Strait. The region is characterized by recent glacial activity, with still extant glaciers visible among the peaks of the United States Range approximately to the west. The landscape immediately surrounding the observatory is undulating, marked by cliffs and crevasses and a number of small rivers which can become impassable during freshet.
To the south, the Winchester Hills are the dominant visible feature. A number of small freshwater lakes provide CFS Alert (and by extension, the observatory) with drinking water.
Due to its high latitude, the observatory experiences 24-hour daylight from the beginning of April to early September, and the sun remains below the horizon from mid-October to late February and both civil polar night and nautical polar night will occur. The intermediate periods are marked by a slight diurnal cycle. The dark season is responsible for much of the unique atmospheric chemistry that occurs during polar sunri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan%20navigational%20system | The Nauruan navigational system is a way of expressing direction, similar to North, South, East and West, but limitations in the system mean that it is unable to be used outside of Nauru.
The four main directions are pago, poe, pawa and pwiju (pwijiuw). Other directions include Gankoro and Arijeijen.
References
Geography of Nauru
Orientation (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAME | TRAME (TRAnsmission of MEssages) was the name of the second computer network in the world similar to the internet to be used in an electric utility. Like the internet, the base technology was packet switching; it was developed by the electric utility ENHER in Barcelona. It was deployed by the same utility, first in Catalonia and Aragón, Spain, and later in other places. Its development started in 1974 and the first routers, called nodes at that time, were deployed by 1978. The network was in operation until 2016 (38 years) with successive technological software and hardware updates.
Beginnings
In 1974, packet switching was a technology known only in research circles. The concept began in 1968 in association with the United States' Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) research project ARPANET. The idea of applying the packet switching concept to electric utilities control communication networks first appeared in 1974 when the Swedish power utility Vattenfall started to create its TIDAS packet-switching network and was followed by the Spanish electric utility ENHER, which aimed to telecontrol and automate its high-voltage power grid. For this purpose, ENHER created a specific team of people to develop both the packet-switching network and the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, also called the telecontrol system. By 1978 the first four TRAME routers were available and by 1980, eight of them were deployed and operating. The printed circuit boards (PCBs) controlling the communication lines were connected to a shared memory PCB allowing them to exchange data and messages. The project was developed together with its main initial application, the Telecontrol or SCADA system SICL () with which initially they shared a very similar hardware. The maximum link capacity was 9600 bit/s, which in 1980 was the maximum possible on a 4 kHz wide voice channel at the time. These channels were the basic unit of the then-analog communication systems in use. B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome%20remodeling%20factor | Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) that catalyzes nucleosome sliding in order to regulate gene transcription. It contains an ISWI ATPase, making it part of the ISWI family of chromatin remodeling complexes. NURF is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is involved in transcriptional regulation of developmental genes.
Discovery
NURF was first purified from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster by Toshio Tsukiyama and Carl Wu in 1995. Tsukiyama and Wu described NURF’s chromatin remodeling activity on the hsp70 promoter. It was later discovered that NURF regulates transcription in this manner for hundreds of genes. A human ortholog of NURF, called hNURF, was isolated in 2003.
Structure
The NURF complex in Drosophila contains four subunits: NURF301, NURF140, NURF55, and NURF38. NURF140 is an ISWI ATPase, distinguishable by its HAND, SANT, and SLIDE domains (SANT-like but with several insertions). The NURF complex in Homo sapiens has three subunits, BPTF, SNF2L, and pRBAP46/48, homologous to NURF301, NURF140, and NURF55, respectively. There is no human homolog for NURF38.
Function
NURF interacts with chromatin by binding to modified histones or interacting with various transcription factors. NURF catalyzes nucleosome sliding in either direction on DNA without any apparent modifications to the histone octamer itself. NURF is essential for the expression of homeotic genes. The ISWI ATPase specifically recognizes intact N-terminal histone tails. In Drosophila, NURF interacts with the transcription factor GAGA to remodel chromatin at the hsp70 promoter, and null mutations in the Nurf301 subunit prevent larval metamorphosis. Other NURF mutants cause the development of melanotic tumors from larval blood cells. In humans, hNURF is involved in neuronal development and has been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth in vitro.
References
Molecular biology
Nuclear organiz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20backdoor | Hardware backdoors are backdoors in hardware, such as code inside hardware or firmware of computer chips. The backdoors may be directly implemented as hardware Trojans in the integrated circuit.
Hardware backdoors are intended to undermine security in smartcards and other cryptoprocessors unless investment is made in anti-backdoor design methods. They have also been considered for car hacking.
Severity
Hardware backdoors are considered to be highly problematic for several reasons. For instance, they cannot be removed by conventional means such as antivirus software. They can also circumvent other types of security, such as disk encryption. Lastly, they can also be injected during production where the user has no control.
Examples
Around 2008 the FBI reported that 3,500 counterfeit Cisco network components were discovered in the US with some of them having found their way into military and government facilities.
In 2011 Jonathan Brossard demonstrated a proof-of-concept hardware backdoor called "Rakshasa" which can be installed by anyone with physical access to hardware. It uses coreboot to re-flash the BIOS with a SeaBIOS and iPXE benign bootkit built of legitimate, open-source tools and can fetch malware over the web at boot time.
In 2012, Sergei Skorobogatov (from the University of Cambridge computer laboratory) and Woods controversially stated that they had found a backdoor in a military-grade FPGA device which could be exploited to access/modify sensitive information. It has been said that this was proven to be a software problem and not a deliberate attempt at sabotage that still brought to light the need for equipment manufacturers to ensure microchips operate as intended.
In 2012 two mobile phones developed by Chinese device manufacturer ZTE were found to carry a backdoor to instantly gain root access via a password that had been hard-coded into the software. This was confirmed by security researcher Dmitri Alperovitch.
U.S. sources have pointed the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxion | A fluxion is the instantaneous rate of change, or gradient, of a fluent (a time-varying quantity, or function) at a given point. Fluxions were introduced by Isaac Newton to describe his form of a time derivative (a derivative with respect to time). Newton introduced the concept in 1665 and detailed them in his mathematical treatise, Method of Fluxions. Fluxions and fluents made up Newton's early calculus.
History
Fluxions were central to the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy, when Newton sent a letter to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz explaining them, but concealing his words in code due to his suspicion. He wrote:
The gibberish string was in fact a hash code (by denoting the frequency of each letter) of the Latin phrase Data æqvatione qvotcvnqve flventes qvantitates involvente, flvxiones invenire: et vice versa, meaning: "Given an equation that consists of any number of flowing quantities, to find the fluxions: and vice versa".
Example
If the fluent is defined as (where is time) the fluxion (derivative) at is:
Here is an infinitely small amount of time. So, the term is second order infinite small term and according to Newton, we can now ignore because of its second order infinite smallness comparing to first order infinite smallness of . So, the final equation gets the form:
He justified the use of as a non-zero quantity by stating that fluxions were a consequence of movement by an object.
Criticism
Bishop George Berkeley, a prominent philosopher of the time, denounced Newton's fluxions in his essay The Analyst, published in 1734. Berkeley refused to believe that they were accurate because of the use of the infinitesimal . He did not believe it could be ignored and pointed out that if it was zero, the consequence would be division by zero. Berkeley referred to them as "ghosts of departed quantities", a statement which unnerved mathematicians of the time and led to the eventual disuse of infinitesimals in calculus.
Towards the end of his life Newton revi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20evolutionary%20developmental%20biology | Human evolutionary developmental biology or informally human evo-devo is the human-specific subset of evolutionary developmental biology. Evolutionary developmental biology is the study of the evolution of developmental processes across different organisms. It is utilized within multiple disciplines, primarily evolutionary biology and anthropology. Groundwork for the theory that "evolutionary modifications in primate development might have led to … modern humans" was laid by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ernst Haeckel, Louis Bolk, and Adolph Schultz. Evolutionary developmental biology is primarily concerned with the ways in which evolution affects development, and seeks to unravel the causes of evolutionary innovations.
The approach is relatively new, but has roots in Schultz's The physical distinctions of man, from the 1940s. Shultz urged broad comparative studies to identify uniquely human traits.
History
Brian Hall traces the roots of evolutionary developmental biology in his 2012 paper on its past present and future. He begins with Darwinian evolution and Mendel's genetics, noting the tendency of the followers of both men in the early 20th century to follow separate paths and to set aside and ignore apparently inexplicable problems. Greater understanding of genotypic and phenotypic structures from the 1940s enabled the unification of evolution and genetics in the modern synthesis. Molecular biology then enabled researchers to explore the mechanisms and evolution of embryonic development in molecular detail, including in humans.
Human and primate development
Many of the human evolutionary developmental biology studies have been modeled after primate studies and consider the two together in a comparative model. Brain ontogeny and human life history evolution were looked at by Leigh, in a 2006 paper. He compares brain growth patterns for Homo erectus and Homo sapiens to get at the evolution of brain size and weight. Leigh found three different patterns, all of which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolves%20Within | Werewolves Within is a multiplayer social-deduction VR game for Oculus Rift, Windows, and PlayStation VR, developed by Red Storm Entertainment, published by Ubisoft, and released on 6 December 2016.
Gameplay
The game is set in a medieval-fantasy town that is being attacked by a werewolf, and players are tasked to guess which of the townsfolk is the werewolf in disguise in a Mafia-style format.
Reception
The Official UK PlayStation Magazine listed it as the ninth best PS VR game.
Film adaptation
In October 2018, it was announced Werewolves Within was being developed as a feature film, with Mishna Wolff set to write the screenplay for the film, while Ubisoft Motion Pictures would produce. In January 2020, it was announced Sam Richardson had joined the cast of the film and would serve as a producer, with Josh Ruben to direct. In February 2020, Michael Chernus, Michaela Watkins, Cheyenne Jackson, Milana Vayntrub, George Basil, Sarah Burns, Catherine Curtin, Wayne Duvall, Harvey Guillén and Rebecca Henderson joined the cast of the film.
Principal photography began in February 2020.
References
External links
2016 video games
HTC Vive games
Multiplayer video games
Oculus Rift games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation VR games
Social deduction video games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with cross-platform play
Virtual reality games
Werewolf games
Windows games
Red Storm Entertainment games
Video games adapted into films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20situ%20bioremediation | Bioremediation is the process of decontaminating polluted sites through the usage of either endogenous or external microorganism. In situ is a term utilized within a variety of fields meaning "on site" and refers to the location of an event. Within the context of bioremediation, in situ indicates that the location of the bioremediation has occurred at the site of contamination without the translocation of the polluted materials. Bioremediation is used to neutralize pollutants including Hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, nitrates, toxic metals and other pollutants through a variety of chemical mechanisms. Microorganism used in the process of bioremediation can either be implanted or cultivated within the site through the application of fertilizers and other nutrients. Common polluted sites targeted by bioremediation are groundwater/aquifers and polluted soils. Aquatic ecosystems affected by oil spills have also shown improvement through the application of bioremediation. The most notable cases being the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 and the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Two variations of bioremediation exist defined by the location where the process occurs. Ex situ bioremediation occurs at a location separate from the contaminated site and involves the translocation of the contaminated material. In situ occurs within the site of contamination In situ bioremediation can further be categorized by the metabolism occurring, aerobic and anaerobic, and by the level of human involvement.
History
The Sun Oil pipeline spill in Ambler, Pennsylvania spurred the first commercial usage of in situ bioremediation in 1972 to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites. A patent was filed in 1974 by Richard Raymond, Reclamation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Ground Waters, which provided the basis for the commercialization of in situ bioremediation.
Classifications of In situ Bioremediation
Accelerated
Accelerated in situ bioremediation is defined when a specified microo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biodiversity loss includes the worldwide extinction of different species, as well as the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat, resulting in a loss of biological diversity. The latter phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the environmental degradation that leads to the loss is reversible through ecological restoration/ecological resilience or effectively permanent (e.g. through land loss). The current global extinction (frequently called the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction), has resulted in a biodiversity crisis being driven by human activities which push beyond the planetary boundaries and so far has proven irreversible.
The main direct threats to conservation (and thus causes for biodiversity loss) fall in eleven categories: Residential and commercial development; farming activities; energy production and mining; transportation and service corridors; biological resource usages; human intrusions and activities that alter, destroy, disturb habitats and species from exhibiting natural behaviors; natural system modification; invasive and problematic species, pathogens and genes; pollution; catastrophic geological events, climate change, and so on.
Numerous scientists and the IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services assert that human population growth and overconsumption are the primary factors in this decline. However other scientists have criticized this, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption, due to country wealth disparities.
Climate change is another threat to global biodiversity. For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate. However, habitat destruction e.g. for the expansion of agriculture, is currently the more significant driver of contemporary biodiversity lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-space | In mathematics, a -space is a topological space that satisfies a certain a basic selection principle.
An infinite cover of a topological space is an -cover if every finite subset of this space is contained in some member of the cover, and the whole space is not a member the cover. A cover of a topological space is a -cover if every point of this space belongs to all but finitely many members of this cover.
A -space is a space in which every open -cover contains a -cover.
History
Gerlits and Nagy introduced the notion of γ-spaces. They listed some topological properties and enumerated them by Greek letters. The above property was the third one on this list, and therefore it is called the γ-property.
Characterizations
Combinatorial characterization
Let be the set of all infinite subsets of the set of natural numbers. A set is centered if the intersection of finitely many elements of is infinite. Every set we identify with its increasing enumeration, and thus the set we can treat as a member of the Baire space . Therefore, is a topological space as a subspace of the Baire space . A zero-dimensional separable metric space is a γ-space if and only if every continuous image of that space into the space that is centered has a pseudointersection.
Topological game characterization
Let be a topological space. The -has a pseudo intersection if there is a set game played on is a game with two players Alice and Bob.
1st round: Alice chooses an open -cover of . Bob chooses a set .
2nd round: Alice chooses an open -cover of . Bob chooses a set .
etc.
If is a -cover of the space , then Bob wins the game. Otherwise, Alice wins.
A player has a winning strategy if he knows how to play in order to win the game (formally, a winning strategy is a function).
A topological space is a -space iff Alice has no winning strategy in the -game played on this space.
Properties
A topological space is a γ-space if and only if it satisfies selection principle.
Every Lindelö |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20cyanohydroxyiminoacetate | Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate (oxyma) is the oxime of ethyl cyanoacetate and finds use as an additive for carbodiimides, such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in peptide synthesis. It acts as a neutralizing reagent for the basicity or nucleophilicity of the DCC due to its pronounced acidity (pKa 4.60) and suppresses base catalyzed side reactions, in particular racemization.
Production
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is obtained in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate and nitrous acid (from sodium nitrite and acetic acid) in 87% yield.
Because of the rapid hydrolysis of the ester, the reaction should be carried out at pH 4.5, in buffered phosphoric acid the product can even be obtained in virtually quantitative yield.
The compound can be purified by recrystallization from ethanol or ethyl acetate.
Compared with the benzotriazole derivatives 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) (which are widely used as peptide-linking reagents but are explosive), ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate exhibits a markedly slowed thermal decomposition on heating.
Properties
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is a white solid which is soluble in many solvents common in the synthesis of peptides, such as dichloromethane or dimethylformamide (DMF). In crystalline form, the compound is present as an oxime, whereas it exists as a salt or in a strongly basic solution predominantly as a tautomeric nitrosoisomer in anionic form.
Applications
Owing to the simple preparative accessibility, the uncritical behavior at temperatures below 80 °C and in particular because of the high yields and the low racemization of the peptides obtained, ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate has now become widely used as an additive in peptide syntheses.
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate can be used as a coupling additive in the conventional peptide linking in solution, as in automated Merrifield synthesis on a solid-phase peptide synthesis, together with coupling reagents such as carbodiimides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017%20video%20game%20voice%20actor%20strike | From October 2016, to November 2017, SAG-AFTRA, representing voice actors went on strike against 11 American video game developers and publishers (Activision, Blindlight, Corps of Discovery Films, Disney Character Voices, Electronic Arts, Formosa Interactive, Insomniac Games, Interactive Associates, Take-Two Interactive, VoiceWorks Productions, and WB Games) over failed contract renegotiation terms of the Interactive Media Agreements that had been in discussion since February 2015. Principally, the union sought to have actors and voice and motion capture artists that contribute to video games be better compensated with residuals based on video game sales atop their existing recording payments, while the industry companies asserted that the industry as a whole eschews the use of residuals, and by giving the actors these, they would trivialize the efforts of the programmers and artists that are most responsible for the development of the games. In exchange, the companies had offered a fixed increase in rates and a sliding-scale upfront bonus for multiple recording sessions, which the union had rejected. Other issues highlighted by the strike action include better transparency in what roles and conditions actors would perform, more safety precautions and oversight to avoid vocal stress for certain roles, and better safety assurances for actors while on set.
Actors within the union used both physical and virtual picketing to make the public aware of their complaints, and they have gained support from similar acting unions from Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand along with other unions within the entertainment industry. It was the first such unionized strike in the video game industry. Because of the commonly long development period for video games, the strike's impact on the industry was initially expected to be felt for years.
A deal between SAG-AFTRA and the companies was reached on September 23, 2017, effectively ending the strike after 340 days |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-code%20development%20platform | A low-code development platform (LCDP) provides a development environment used to create application software through a graphical user interface. A low-coded platform may produce entirely operational applications, or require additional coding for specific situations. Low-code development platforms can reduce the amount of traditional time spent, enabling accelerated delivery of business applications. A common benefit is that a wider range of people can contribute to the application's development—not only those with coding skills but require good governance to be able to adhere to common rules and regulations. LCDPs can also lower the initial cost of setup, training, deployment, and maintenance.
Low-code development platforms trace their roots back to fourth-generation programming language and the rapid application development tools of the 1990s and early 2000s. Similar to these predecessor development environments, LCDPs are based on the principles of model-driven design, automatic code generation, and visual programming. The concept of end-user development also existed previously, although LCDPs brought some new ways of approaching this development. The low-code development platform market traces its origins back to 2011. The specific name "low-code" was not put forward until 9 June, 2014, when it was used by the industry analyst Forrester Research. Along with no-code development platforms, low-code was described as "extraordinarily disruptive" in Forbes magazine in 2017. Although Low-code should not be confused with No-Code.
Use
As a result of the microcomputer revolution, businesses have deployed computers widely across their employee bases, enabling widespread automation of business processes using software. The need for software automation and new applications for business processes places demands on software developers to create custom applications in volume, tailoring them to organizations' unique needs. Low-code development platforms have been developed a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20safes | The Five Safes is a framework for helping make decisions about making effective use of data which is confidential or sensitive. It is mainly used to describe or design research access to statistical data held by government agencies, and by data archives such as the UK Data Service.
Two of the Five Safes refer to statistical disclosure control, and so the Five Safes is usually used to contrast statistical and non-statistical controls when comparing data management options.
Concept
The Five Safes proposes that data management decisions be considered as solving problems in five 'dimensions': projects, people, settings, data and outputs. The combination of the controls leads to 'safe use'. These are most commonly expressed as questions, for example:
These dimensions are scales, not limits. That is, solutions can have a mix of more or fewer controls in each dimension, but the overall aim of 'safe use' independent of the particular mix. For example, a public use file available for open download cannot control who uses it, where or for what purpose, and so all the control (protection) must be in the data itself. In contrast, a file which is only accessed through a secure environment with certified users can contain very sensitive information: the non-statistical controls allow the data to be 'unsafe'. One academic likened the process to a graphic equalizer, where bass and treble can be combined independently to produce a sound the listener likes.
There is no 'order' to the Five Safes, in that one is necessarily more important than the others. However, Ritchie argued that the 'managerial' controls (projects, people, setting) should be addressed before the 'statistical' controls (data, output).
The Five Safes concept is associated with other topics which developed from the same programme at ONS, although these are not necessarily implemented. Safe people is associated with 'active researcher management', while safe outputs is linked with principles-based output statist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species%20pool | The ecological and biogeographical concept of the species pool describes all species available that could potentially colonize and inhabit a focal habitat area.
The concept lays emphasis on the fact that "local communities aren't closed systems, and that the species occupying any local site typically came from somewhere else", however, the species pool concept may suffer from the logical fallacy of composition. Most local communities, however, have just a fraction of its species pool present. It is derived from MacArthur and Wilson's Island Biogeography Theory that examines the factors that affect the species richness of isolated natural communities. It helps to understand the composition and richness of local communities and how they are influenced by biogeographic and evolutionary processes acting at large spatial and temporal scales. The absent portion of species pool—dark diversity—has been used to understand processes influencing local communities. Methods to estimate potential but absent species are developing.
It has been hypothesized that there might be a direct correlation between species richness and the size of the species pool for plant communities. Elsewhere, it was reported that "trade-offs and species pool structure (size and trait distribution) determines the shape of the plant productivity-diversity relationship.
References
Biogeography
Measurement of biodiversity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition%20enhanced%20Natural%20language%20Information%20Analysis%20Method | Cognition enhanced Natural language Information Analysis Method (CogNIAM) is a conceptual fact-based modelling method, that aims to integrate the different dimensions of knowledge: data, rules, processes and semantics. To represent these dimensions world standards SBVR, BPMN and DMN from the Object Management Group (OMG) are used. CogNIAM, a successor of NIAM, is based on the work of knowledge scientist Sjir Nijssen.
CogNIAM structures knowledge, gathered from people, documentation and software, by classifying it. For this purpose CogNIAM uses the so-called ‘Knowledge Triangle’. The outcome of CogNIAM is independent of the person applying it. The resulting model allows the knowledge to be expressed in diagrammatic form as well as in controlled natural language.
The different dimensions of knowledge
CogNIAM recognises 4 different dimensions of knowledge:
Data: What are the facts?
Process: How are facts generated/deleted/altered?
Semantics: What do the facts mean?
Rules: What conditions apply on the facts?
These dimensions influence each other heavily. Rules restrict data, Semantics describe the concepts and terms used in processes etc., therefore The aim of CogNIAM is to integrate these different dimensions.
Structuring knowledge
As mentioned earlier, CogNIAM classifies knowledge using the knowledge triangle . The knowledge that can be mapped to the knowledge triangle is structurally relevant and can be verbalised. Knowledge that cannot be verbalised, for example the ‘Mona Lisa’, is not included. Also the knowledge must be structurally relevant. Not structurally relevant is for example motivation (the why?). It is important information, but it is not an added value to the model. The remaining knowledge can be mapped to the knowledge triangle. The knowledge triangle consists of three levels
Level 1 – The level of facts
The majority of knowledge consists of concrete facts. Facts describe possible current, past or future states. In CogNIAM a fact is defined |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20of%20Explosives%20Engineers | The International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1974 to advance the science and art of explosives engineering.. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, it is the primary international organization for explosives engineers.
History
ISEE was founded in Pittsburgh in 1974, when a small group of explosives engineers came together to discuss how to advance the science and art of explosives engineering. Since then the ISEE has grown to over 4000 members with 45 local chapters.
Publications
The ISEE has 2 primary peer reviewed publications, and an industry handbook.
Journals
Journal of Explosives Engineering
Blasting and Fragmentation Journal
Books
Blasters' Handbook, 18th Edition
Conferences and education
Each year more than 1500 blasters, manufacturers, government officials and industry leaders, come together for an annual conference. The Blasters Weekend is a preconference event targeted at field personnel focusing on more practical knowledge and skills. The main conference is 3 days of technical papers and presentations. Both conference events qualify for continuing education units (CEUs) and/or professional development hours (PDHs) for most states licensing programs.
Awards and designations
Industry awards and designations presented at the annual national conference.
Blaster's Leadership Award
Driller's Leadership Award
Distinguished Service Award
Paper of the Year
President's Award
See also
Explosives Engineering
References
External links
Industrial organization
Explosives engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz%20Daint%20%28supercomputer%29 | Piz Daint is a supercomputer in the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, named after the mountain Piz Daint in the Swiss Alps.
It was ranked 8th on the TOP500 ranking of supercomputers until the end of 2015, higher than any other supercomputer in Europe.
At the end of 2016, the computing performance of Piz Daint was tripled to reach 25 petaflops; it thus became the third most powerful supercomputer in the world. As of November 2021, Piz Daint is ranked 20th on the TOP500.
History
The original Piz Daint Cray XC30 system was installed in December 2012. This system was extended with Piz Dora, a Cray XC40 with 1,256 compute nodes, in 2013. In October 2016, Piz Daint and Piz Dora were upgraded and combined into the current Cray XC50/XC40 system featuring Nvidia Tesla P100 GPUs.
References
GPGPU supercomputers
Petascale computers
Science and technology in Switzerland
Supercomputing in Europe
X86 supercomputers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN%20FD | CAN FD (Controller Area Network Flexible Data-Rate) is a data-communication protocol used for broadcasting sensor data and control information on 2 wire interconnections between different parts of electronic instrumentation and control system. This protocol is used in modern high performance vehicles.
CAN FD is an extension to the original CAN bus protocol that was specified in ISO 11898-1. CAN-FD is the second generation of CAN protocol developed by BOSCH. The basic idea to overclock part of the frame and to oversize the payload dates back to 1999. Developed in 2011 and released in 2012 by Bosch, CAN FD was developed to meet the need to increase the data transfer rate up to 5 times faster and with larger frame/message sizes for use in modern automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs).
As in the classic CAN, CAN FD protocol is designed to reliably transmit and receive sensor data, control commands and to detect data errors between electronic sensor devices, controllers and microcontrollers. Although CAN FD was primarily designed for use in high performance vehicle ECUs, the pervasiveness of classic CAN in the different industries will lead into inclusion of this improved data-communication protocol in a variety of other applications as well, such as in electronic systems used in robotics, defense, industrial automation, underwater vehicles, medical equipment, avionics, down-hole drilling sensors, etc.
CAN FD versus classic CAN
The primary difference between the classical CAN (Controller Area Network) and CAN FD is the Flexible Data (FD). Using CAN FD, Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are enabled to dynamically switch between different data rates and longer or shorter messages. Faster data speed and more data capacity enhancements results in several system operational advantages compared to classic CAN. Commands issued by the executing ECU software reach the output controller much faster. CAN FD is typically used in high performance ECUs of modern vehicles. A mode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro%20Zeus | Nitro Zeus is the project name for a well funded comprehensive cyber attack plan created as a mitigation strategy after the Stuxnet malware campaign and its aftermath. Unlike Stuxnet, that was loaded onto a system after the design phase to affect its proper operation, Nitro Zeus's objectives are built into a system during the design phase unbeknownst to the system users. This built-in feature allows a more assured and effective cyber attack against the system's users.
The information about its existence was raised during research and interviews carried out by Alex Gibney for his Zero Days documentary film. The proposed long term widespread infiltration of major Iranian systems would disrupt and degrade communications, power grid, and other vital systems as desired by the cyber attackers. This was to be achieved by electronic implants in Iranian computer networks. The project was seen as one pathway in alternatives to full-scale war.
See also
Kill Switch
Backdoor (computing)
Operation Olympic Games
References
Malware
Cyberwarfare
Computer hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlke%27s%20theorem | Pohlke's theorem is the fundamental theorem of axonometry. It was established 1853 by the German painter and teacher of descriptive geometry Karl Wilhelm Pohlke. The first proof of the theorem was published 1864 by the German mathematician Hermann Amandus Schwarz, who was a student of Pohlke. Therefore the theorem is sometimes called theorem of Pohlke and Schwarz, too.
The theorem
Three arbitrary line sections in a plane originating at point , which are not contained in a line, can be considered as the parallel projection of three edges of a cube.
For a mapping of a unit cube, one has to apply an additional scaling either in the space or in the plane. Because a parallel projection and a scaling preserves ratios one can map an arbitrary point by the axonometric procedure below.
Pohlke's theorem can be stated in terms of linear algebra as:
Any affine mapping of the 3-dimensional space onto a plane can be considered as the composition of a similarity and a parallel projection.
Application to axonometry
Pohlke's theorem is the justification for the following easy procedure to construct a scaled parallel projection of a 3-dimensional object using coordinates,:
Choose the images of the coordinate axes, not contained in a line.
Choose for any coordinate axis forshortenings
The image of a point is determined by the three steps, starting at point :
go in -direction, then
go in -direction, then
go in -direction and
4. mark the point as .
In order to get undistorted pictures, one has to choose the images of the axes and the forshortenings carefully (see Axonometry). In order to get an orthographic projection only the images of the axes are free and the forshortenings are determined. (see :de:orthogonale Axonometrie).
Remarks on Schwarz's proof
Schwarz formulated and proved the more general statement:
The vertices of any quadrilateral can be considered as an oblique parallel projection of the vertices of a tetrahedron that is similar to a given tetrahedron.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberblocks | Numberblocks is a British animated television series for preschoolers that debuted on CBeebies on 23 January 2017. The programme was created by Joe Elliot and produced by Alphablocks Ltd with Blue Zoo. It was commissioned by the British Broadcasting Corporation, with Larkshead Media and Learning Resources holding merchandising rights.
The show follows the Numberblocks, characters made of blocks who represent numbers. They live on a fictional planet called Numberland and embark on adventures relating to mathematical concepts. In 2017, the show was nominated for a BAFTA award in the "Learning" category.
Premise
Numberblocks follows the adventures of block characters in Numberland, each named after a number, and made up of the equivalent number of blocks. A black floating number, called a Numberling, appears above their heads to show their value. When one block hops on top of another, they transform into a different character to make a new number. Many of the numbers have styles and personalities associated with their numbers (One is brave and independent, Seven is rainbow-coloured and lucky, Eight has octopus-like tentacles, etc.).
The show helps toddlers and young kids learn numeracy skills, especially how to count and do simple maths. Integer concepts such as even vs. odd, and factoring are discussed and explored. More sophisticated ideas are also explored in later episodes such as comparison, square numbers, and triangular numbers (known as "Step Squads") as well as counting using binary numbers.
Development
Kay Benbow of BBC Studios commissioned Numberblocks as an animated series for children aged 3–6 to be developed by Essex production company Blue Zoo. The production was made in partnership with the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) to complement the Alphablocks series. Created by Joe Elliot, the series was made to give children a deep understanding of how numbers work. Elliot wanted to visually show the concepts of math |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20manual%20image%20annotation%20tools | Manual image annotation is the process of manually defining regions in an image and creating a textual description of those regions. Such annotations can for instance be used to train machine learning algorithms for computer vision applications.
This is a list of computer software which can be used for manual annotation of images.
References
Lists of software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dat%20%28software%29 | Dat () is a data distribution tool with a version control feature for tracking changes and publishing data sets. It is primarily used for data-driven science, but it can be used to keep track of changes in any data set. As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed, simplicity, security, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows.
Dat was created by Max Ogden in 2013 to standardize the way data analysts collaborate on the changes they make to data sets. It is developed through funding support from Code for Science, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Dat is free software distributed under the terms of the BSD-3-Clause license.
One of the main implementations is Beaker, a web browser that seamlessly handles dat:// URLs and allows building and seeding Dat websites. Homebase is a server-side permanent seeding tool for Dat.
See also
Freenet
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
Git
Beaker (web browser)
Comparison of version control software
List of revision control software
References
Version control
Distributed data storage
Peer-to-peer file sharing
Distributed file systems
2013 introductions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Woodger | Michael Woodger (born 28 March 1923) is a pioneering English computer scientist. He was influential in the development of the early Pilot ACE computer, working with Alan Turing, and later the design and documentation of programming languages such as ALGOL 60 and Ada. He was based at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) located in Teddington, London, for most of his career.
Mike Woodger was the eldest of four children. His father was Joseph Henry Woodger (1894–1981), a professor of biology at the University of London. He graduated from University College London in 1943 and worked at the Ministry of Supply on military applications for the rest of World War II. In May 1946, he then joined the new Mathematics Division at the National Physical Laboratory located in west London. At NPL, he worked with Alan Turing on the ACE computer design, leading eventually to the Pilot ACE computer after Turing had left NPL, first operational in 1950. He later worked on programming language design, especially ALGOL 60 and Ada.
References
1923 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
British people of World War II
Computer designers
English computer scientists
History of computing in the United Kingdom
People from Epsom
Programming language designers
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing%20ball | The physics of a bouncing ball concerns the physical behaviour of bouncing balls, particularly its motion before, during, and after impact against the surface of another body. Several aspects of a bouncing ball's behaviour serve as an introduction to mechanics in high school or undergraduate level physics courses. However, the exact modelling of the behaviour is complex and of interest in sports engineering.
The motion of a ball is generally described by projectile motion (which can be affected by gravity, drag, the Magnus effect, and buoyancy), while its impact is usually characterized through the coefficient of restitution (which can be affected by the nature of the ball, the nature of the impacting surface, the impact velocity, rotation, and local conditions such as temperature and pressure). To ensure fair play, many sports governing bodies set limits on the bounciness of their ball and forbid tampering with the ball's aerodynamic properties. The bounciness of balls has been a feature of sports as ancient as the Mesoamerican ballgame.
Forces during flight and effect on motion
The motion of a bouncing ball obeys projectile motion. Many forces act on a real ball, namely the gravitational force (FG), the drag force due to air resistance (FD), the Magnus force due to the ball's spin (FM), and the buoyant force (FB). In general, one has to use Newton's second law taking all forces into account to analyze the ball's motion:
where m is the ball's mass. Here, a, v, r represent the ball's acceleration, velocity, and position over time t.
Gravity
The gravitational force is directed downwards and is equal to
where m is the mass of the ball, and g is the gravitational acceleration, which on Earth varies between and . Because the other forces are usually small, the motion is often idealized as being only under the influence of gravity. If only the force of gravity acts on the ball, the mechanical energy will be conserved during its flight. In this idealized case, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Gitler%20spectrum | In the mathematical discipline of topology, the Brown–Gitler spectrum is a spectrum whose cohomology is a certain cyclic module over the Steenrod algebra.
Brown–Gitler spectra are defined by the isomorphism:
History
The concept was introduced by mathematicians Edgar H. Brown and Samuel Gitler in a 1973 paper.
In topology, Brown–Gitler spectrum is related to the concepts of the Segal conjecture
(proven in 1984) and the Burnside ring.
Applications
Brown–Gitler spectra have had many important applications in homotopy theory.
References
External links
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated%20choreography | Computer-generated choreography is the technique of using algorithms to create dance. It is commonly described as using computers for choreographing dances, creating computer animations, studying or teaching aspects of human movement, illustrating dance movements, or assistance in notating dances. It may also be applied in terms of choreographic software for stimulation, enabling real-time choreography and generative dance, or simulation with virtual dancers in the field of Dance technology. Historically, computers and dance can be traced back to the 1960s, for example, Michael Noll wrote an article about his work, titled "Choreography and Computers", published in Dance Magazine in 1967.
Multiple projects have worked with computers and choreography to create movement materials, choreographic scores, and other digital outcomes, for example:
Merce Cunningham used the software Lifeforms by Credo Interactive (later Danceforms) to create dance works, starting in the 1990s with Thecla Schiphorst.
ChoreoGraph was a software tool from 1998 by choreographer Michael Klien and programmer Nick Rothwell. It was used to generate the score for the work Nodding Dog for the Volksoper Vienna as well as Duplex in 2001 and Einem in 2002 for Ballett Frankfurt, ZKM and Tanzquatier Wien.
Improvisation Technologies was a CD-Rom by William Forsythe and Christian Ziegler, Produced at ZKM Karlsruhe in 1999 Starting as a way to document his processes for Ballet Frankfort, Forsythe developed this digital tool for analyzing movement.
Software for Dancers was a UK-based project led by Scott deLahunta in 2002. Manifesting as a think tank, the project organized several workshops and symposia that explored rehearsal tools in the form of digital dance sketchbooks, performance tools, and documentation of dance.
Synchronous Objects uses the score of the Forsythe work One Flat Thing, reproduced (2000), to create data and transform the dance into choreographic objects. These objects include digital |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Armitage | Joanne Armitage is a composer, improviser and researcher based in Leeds, England, notable for her practice in live coded music, and research into haptics in music performance. She performs internationally using the SuperCollider language, including as half of live coding duo ALGOBABEZ with Shelly Knotts associated with the Algorave movement. Her music is often performed in a club setting, while embracing error and uncertainty. She is also known as advocate for diversity in music and technology, including through invited workshops. Armitage is a lecturer in Digital Media at the School of Media and Communication, University of Leeds, UK.
References
External links
University profile
Live coding
Living people
Algorave
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Experience | Samsung Experience (stylized as SΛMSUNG Experience) was a software overlay for the Android "launcher" by Samsung for its Galaxy devices running Android 7.x “Nougat” and Android 8.x “Oreo”. It was introduced in late 2016 on a beta build based on Android 7.0 “Nougat” for the Galaxy S7, succeeding TouchWiz. It has been succeeded in 2018 by One UI based on Android 9 “Pie” and later versions.
History
TouchWiz was the former name Samsung used for its UI and icons. It was originally released on May, 2008 for the SGH-F480 smartphone. Reviewers had criticized Samsung for including too many features and Software bloat, especially in the Galaxy S4, which included what many users called a Samsung "feature creep". In the following years, though, Samsung had incrementally removed the bloatware and extra features, until TouchWiz was no longer recognized as TouchWiz, leading them to rename it.
Features
Home screen
Samsung Experience makes several changes to Android's default homescreen. The apps icon is on the bottom right of the screen instead of the bottom middle, the Google Now search bar is just below the middle of the screen instead of at the top, and there is a weather widget (provided by The Weather Channel or AccuWeather in select countries or devices) at the top right corner of the screen. In addition, a user can edit the apps grid layout.
Edge UX
The "Edge" (curved glass at the edge of the screen) was originally introduced in the Samsung Galaxy Note Edge, and popularized with the Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge.
Edges
The tasks edge gives users a shortcut to commonly utilized tasks, such as making a phone call to a certain contact, setting a timer, and creating an event in S Planner. It is an assortment of icons (e.g. contact pictures [with phone, messaging, or mail icons], an app icon with a plus symbol on its bottom right corner, or a photo [from your library] masked in the shape of a circle [with the gallery icon on the bottom right corner]) on the right of the screen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusome | The fusome is a membranous structure found in the developing germ cell cysts of many insect orders. Initial description of the fusome occurred in the 19th century and since then the fusome has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster male and female germline development. This structure has roles in maintaining germline cysts, coordinating the number of mitotic divisions prior to meiosis, and oocyte determination by serving as a structure for intercellular communication.
Structure
In D. melanogaster, germline cysts form from four mitotic divisions with incomplete cytokinesis that originated from one germline stem cell. Incomplete cytokinesis results in intercellular bridges connecting every cell in the cyst, called ring canals3. The four mitotic divisions result in cysts of 16 cells connected by 15 ring canals. The fusome is composed of membrane vesicles and originates from endoplasmic reticulum. Fusome material is inside ring canals and can range in size from 1 to 10 um depending on the stage of development.
1.1 Fusome Development
The spectrosome is a round structure in germline stem cells that develops into the fusome in cyst cells. Fusome divides asymmetrically into daughter cells in females by attaching to one spindle pole during meiosis, resulting in one cell receiving all fusome material. Fusome is generated de novo in the ring canal connecting the two cells. The two fusome parts then fuse together to connect the cells. Asymmetric fusome partitioning and new formation followed by fusion occurs at each mitotic division. In spermatogenesis, the fusome partitioning is symmetric and the fusome is still present during the meiotic divisions.
1.2 Fusome components
Many proteins and organelles associate with the fusome throughout germ cell development. Cytoskeleton components, such as alpha and beta spectrins, hu-li tai shao (hts), and ankyrin were the first proteins identified in the fusome. Centrosomes travel along the fusome and the fusome is invol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%27s%20quotient%20in%20vibrations%20analysis | The Rayleigh's quotient represents a quick method to estimate the natural frequency of a multi-degree-of-freedom vibration system, in which the mass and the stiffness matrices are known.
The eigenvalue problem for a general system of the form
in absence of damping and external forces reduces to
The previous equation can be written also as the following:
where , in which represents the natural frequency, M and K are the real positive symmetric mass and stiffness matrices respectively.
For an n-degree-of-freedom system the equation has n solutions , that satisfy the equation
By multiplying both sides of the equation by and dividing by the scalar , it is possible to express the eigenvalue problem as follow:
for .
In the previous equation it is also possible to observe that the numerator is proportional to the potential energy while the denominator depicts a measure of the kinetic energy. Moreover, the equation allow us to calculate the natural frequency only if the eigenvector (as well as any other displacement vector) is known. For academic interests, if the modal vectors are not known, we can repeat the foregoing process but with and taking the place of and , respectively. By doing so we obtain the scalar , also known as Rayleigh's quotient:
Therefore, the Rayleigh's quotient is a scalar whose value depends on the vector and it can be calculated with good approximation for any arbitrary vector as long as it lays reasonably far from the modal vectors , i = 1,2,3,...,n.
Since, it is possible to state that the vector differs from the modal vector by a small quantity of first order, the correct result of the Rayleigh's quotient will differ not sensitively from the estimated one and that's what makes this method very useful. A good way to estimate the lowest modal vector , that generally works well for most structures (even though is not guaranteed), is to assume equal to the static displacement from an applied force that has the same relative distr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV%20White%20Space%20Database | TV White Space database, also commonly referred to as (TV) geolocation database, is an entity that controls the TV spectrum utilization by unlicensed white spaces devices within a determined geographical area. Its sole objective is to enable unlicensed access to white space spectrum while protecting incumbent broadcasting services. TV White Space database was first brought as a way to overcome the technical hurdles faced by spectrum sensing techniques to precisely detect very weak primary signals.
Spectrum is deemed available, or unavailable, to unlicensed usage depending on criteria that are regulator specific and thus the database operation can significantly vary between countries. Regulations on white space spectrum utilization are of extreme importance since they pose limits to the amount of white space spectrum that can be reclaimed by White Space technology for wireless broadband access. Having a certain degree of spectrum accessibility is crucial to the relevance and the successful adoption of TVWS as a technology.
The FCC and Ofcom were the first two spectrum regulators to draft rules enabling unlicensed access to unused TV spectrum in US and UK, respectively. Similar actions were taken by regulators from other countries including Industry Canada and iDA of Singapore. Currently, many companies have obtained authorization to operate geolocation databases upon successfully complying to regulatory requirements.
Dependency on regulations
The amount of white space that can be reclaimed for broadband access is directly related to regulations governing white space access in a country. Currently, spectrum regulators from several countries have determined the set of rules to access white space in a secondary manner and which database operators must follow in order to be authorized for service provision. Particularly, in the US, the FCC had originally limited secondary access to white space spectrum based on a fixed transmit power rule. TV White Space was availabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerodiversity | Gerodiversity is the multicultural approach to issues of aging. This approach provides a theoretical foundation for the medical and psychological treatment of older adults within an ecological context that includes their cultural identity and heritage, social environment, community, family system, and significant relationships. Gerodiversity encompasses a social justice framework, which considers the social and historical dynamics of privilege and inequality. In addition to issues of aging, gerodiversity includes race, ethnicity, language, gender identity, socioeconomic status, physical ability or disability, sexual orientation, level of education, country of origin, location of residence, and religion or spirituality.
Gerodiversity builds on the field of clinical geropsychology, which applies psychological and developmental methods to understanding the behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging in the context of providing clinical care to older adults. The goal is to develop culturally competent, scientific methods for the psychological and medical treatment of the aging population. According to this perspective, in order to ethically and scientifically provide optimal care to older adults, clinicians must be aware of the cultural factors in health care utilization, including use of physical and mental health care. Moreover, from this perspective, clinicians must continually work to improve their multicultural knowledge base, skill set, and attitudes towards cultural diversity.
Demographics and characteristics to consider in geriatric populations
Increased awareness and attention to gerodiversity parallels the aging demography of the United States. Older adults comprise 14.5% of the U.S. population, with those aged 65 and older numbering 46.2 million. Dubbed "the Silver Tsunami", this segment of the population is rapidly growing, and the Administration on Aging expects it to double to 98 million older persons by 2060. Aging confers a uni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20System/390 | The IBM System/390 is a discontinued mainframe product family implementing ESA/390, the fifth generation of the System/360 instruction set architecture. The first computers to use the ESA/390 were the Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000) family, which were introduced in 1990. These were followed by the 9672, Multiprise, and Integrated Server families of System/390 in 1994–1999, using CMOS microprocessors. The ESA/390 succeeded ESA/370, used in the Enhanced 3090 and 4381 "E" models, and the System/370 architecture last used in the IBM 9370 low-end mainframe. ESA/390 was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000.
History
On September 5, 1990, IBM published a group of hardware and software announcements, two of which included overviews of three announcements:
System/390 (S/390), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 (ESA/390) was IBM's last 31-bit-address/32-bit-data mainframe computing design, copied by Amdahl, Hitachi, and Fujitsu among other competitors. It was the successor of ESA/370 and, in turn, was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000. Among other things, ESA/390 added fiber optics channels, known as Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON) channels, to the parallel (Bus and Tag) channels of ESA/370.
Despite the fact that IBM mentioned the 9000 family first in some of the day's announcements, it was clear "by the end of the day" that it was "for System/390," although it was a shortened name, S/390, that was placed on some of the actual "boxes" later shipped.
The ES/9000 include rack-mounted models, free standing air cooled models and water cooled models. The low end models were substantially less expensive than the 3090 or 4381 previously needed to run MVS/ESA, and could also run VM/ESA and VSE/ESA, which IBM announced at the same time.
IBM periodically added named features to ESA/390 in conjunction with new processors; the ESA/390 Principles o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20thermodynamics |
Overview
When a microscopic machine (e.g. a MEM) performs useful work it generates heat and entropy as a byproduct of the process, however it is also predicted that this machine will operate in "reverse" or "backwards" over appreciable short periods. That is, heat energy from the surroundings will be converted into useful work. For larger engines, this would be described as a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, as entropy is consumed rather than generated. Loschmidt's paradox states that in a time reversible system, for every trajectory there exists a time-reversed anti-trajectory. As the entropy production of a trajectory and its equal anti-trajectory are of identical magnitude but opposite sign, then, so the argument goes, one cannot prove that entropy production is positive.
For a long time, exact results in thermodynamics were only possible in linear systems capable of reaching equilibrium, leaving other questions like the Loschmidt paradox unsolved. During the last few decades fresh approaches have revealed general laws applicable to non-equilibrium system which are described by nonlinear equations, pushing the range of exact thermodynamic statements beyond the realm of traditional linear solutions. These exact results are particularly relevant for small systems where appreciable (typically non-Gaussian) fluctuations occur. Thanks to stochastic thermodynamics it is now possible to accurately predict distribution functions of thermodynamic quantities relating to exchanged heat, applied work or entropy production for these systems.
Fluctuation theorem
The mathematical resolution to Loschmidt's paradox is called the (steady state) fluctuation theorem (FT), which is a generalisation of the second law of thermodynamics. The FT shows that as a system gets larger or the trajectory duration becomes longer, entropy-consuming trajectories become more unlikely, and the expected second law behaviour is recovered.
The FT was first put forward by and much o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraform%20%28software%29 | Terraform is an infrastructure-as-code software tool created by HashiCorp. Users define and provide data center infrastructure using a declarative configuration language known as HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL), or optionally JSON.
Design
Terraform manages external resources (such as public cloud infrastructure, private cloud infrastructure, network appliances, software as a service, and platform as a service) with "providers". HashiCorp maintains an extensive list of official providers, and can also integrate with community-developed providers. Users can interact with Terraform providers by declaring resources or by calling data sources. Rather than using imperative commands to provision resources, Terraform uses declarative configuration to describe the desired final state. Once a user invokes Terraform on a given resource, Terraform will perform CRUD actions on the user's behalf to accomplish the desired state. The infrastructure as code can be written as modules, promoting reusability and maintainability.
Terraform supports a number of cloud infrastructure providers such as Amazon Web Services, Cloudflare, Microsoft Azure, IBM Cloud, Serverspace, Selectel Google Cloud Platform, DigitalOcean, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure,Yandex.Cloud, VMware vSphere, and OpenStack.
HashiCorp maintains a Terraform Module Registry, launched in 2017. In 2019, Terraform introduced the paid version called Terraform Enterprise for larger organizations.
License change
Terraform was previously open-source and available under version 2.0 of the Mozilla Public License (MPL). HashiCorp on 10 August 2023 adopted the Business Source License v1.1 for many of their products, including Terraform. The Business Source License, unlike the MPL, is not open-source but is instead source-available. In response, a group of users published the OpenTF manifesto on 15 August asking HashiCorp to continue publishing Terraform under an open-source license. The group subsequently announced on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear%20multiplication | In multilinear algebra, applying a map that is the tensor product of linear maps to a tensor is called a multilinear multiplication.
Abstract definition
Let be a field of characteristic zero, such as or .
Let be a finite-dimensional vector space over , and let be an order-d simple tensor, i.e., there exist some vectors such that . If we are given a collection of linear maps , then the multilinear multiplication of with is defined as the action on of the tensor product of these linear maps, namely
Since the tensor product of linear maps is itself a linear map, and because every tensor admits a tensor rank decomposition, the above expression extends linearly to all tensors. That is, for a general tensor , the multilinear multiplication is
where with is one of 's tensor rank decompositions. The validity of the above expression is not limited to a tensor rank decomposition; in fact, it is valid for any expression of as a linear combination of pure tensors, which follows from the universal property of the tensor product.
It is standard to use the following shorthand notations in the literature for multilinear multiplications:andwhere is the identity operator.
Definition in coordinates
In computational multilinear algebra it is conventional to work in coordinates. Assume that an inner product is fixed on and let denote the dual vector space of . Let be a basis for , let be the dual basis, and let be a basis for . The linear map is then represented by the matrix . Likewise, with respect to the standard tensor product basis , the abstract tensoris represented by the multidimensional array . Observe that
where is the jth standard basis vector of and the tensor product of vectors is the affine Segre map . It follows from the above choices of bases that the multilinear multiplication becomes
The resulting tensor lives in .
Element-wise definition
From the above expression, an element-wise definition of the multilinear multiplication is obtai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny%20dumping | Granny dumping (informal) is a form of modern senicide. The term was introduced in the early 1980s by professionals in the medical and social work fields. Granny dumping is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the abandonment of an elderly person in a public place such as a hospital or nursing home, especially by a relative". It may be carried out by family members who are unable or unwilling to continue providing care due to financial problems, burnout, lack of resources (such as home health or assisted living options), or stress. However, instances of institutional granny dumping, by hospitals and care facilities, has also been known to occur. The "dumping" may involve the literal abandonment of an elderly person, who is taken to a location such as hospital waiting area or emergency room and then left, or in the refusal to return to collect an elderly person after the person is discharged from a hospital visit or hotel stay. While leaving an elderly person in a hospital or nursing facility is a common form of the practice, there have been incidences of elderly people being "dumped" in other locations, such as the side of a public street.
Historical background, causes, and costs
A practice known as ubasute, existed in Japanese mythology since centuries ago, involving of legends senile elders who were brought to mountaintops by poor citizens who were unable to look after them. The widespread economic and demographic problems facing Japan have seen it on the rise, with relatives dropping off seniors at hospitals or charities. 70,000 (both male and female equally) elderly Americans were estimated to have been abandoned in 1992 in a report issued by the American College of Emergency Physicians. In this same study, ACEP received informal surveys from 169 hospital Emergency Departments and report an average of 8 "granny dumping" abandonments per week. According to the New York Times, 1 in 5 people are now caring for an elderly parent and people are spending mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%20%28software%29 | Buddy (also known as Buddy.Works) is a web-based and self-hosted continuous integration and delivery software for Git developers that can be used to build, test, and deploy web sites and applications with code from GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab. It employs Docker containers with pre-installed languages and frameworks for builds, alongside DevOps, monitoring and notification actions.
History
Buddy launched as a downloadable VM in May 2015 under the name Meat!. The service was initially free but employed a proprietary license which stirred some concern in the web development community. Meat! was rebranded to Buddy in November 2015 and released as a cloud-only service. The on-premises version, nicknamed Buddy GO, was released in September 2016. Switching from VM to Docker allowed installation on any Linux-based server, including Amazon EC2, DigitalOcean, and Microsoft Azure. Shortly after, the company launched Guides, a dedicated website section with use cases and workflow automation strategies, later reproduced to Medium, a popular blogging platform. On September 21, 2016, the service was featured on Product Hunt.
Configuration
Configuration is performed by arranging predefined actions into sequences called pipelines. Pipelines can be triggered automatically on push to branch, manually, or recurrently. Actions include Docker-based builds, deployment to FTP/SFTP and IaaS services, delivery to version control, SSH scripts, website monitoring and conditional notifications. Contrary to other CI tools like Jenkins or Travis CI, Buddy does not use YAML files to describe the process, although the company stated support for .yml files is currently in works.
Version control
Besides the support for third-party hosting services, Buddy features a native code hosting solution with the most popular Git commands (git log, git show, git blame, git diff) reproduced into the GUI. Other features include a cloud editor with blame tool and syntax highlight, push permissions, merge r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEVSE | OpenEVSE is an Arduino-based charging station created by Christopher Howell and Sam C. Lin. The charger is composed of open-source software and hardware which can be made DIY.
History
The project started in February 2011 with a simple experiment to try to generate the SAE J1772 pilot signal on an Arduino-compatible ATmega328 8-Bit AVR MCU. One experiment led to another until a prototype J1772-compatible controller was born. What started as six boards built in the first batch turned into many thousands. Today, OpenEVSE powers charging stations from many manufacturers all over the world.
See also
Electric vehicle supply equipment
References
External links
Embedded operating systems
Arduino
Open-source hardware
Do it yourself
Electric vehicle infrastructure developers
Charging stations
Electric vehicles
Privately held companies based in California
Renewable energy organizations based in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATATool | ATATool is freeware software that is used to display and modify ATA disk information from a Microsoft Windows environment. The software is typically used to manage host protected area (HPA) and device configuration overlay (DCO) features and is broadly similar to the hdparm for Linux. The software can also be used to generate and sometimes repair bad sectors. Recent versions include support for DCO restore and freeze operations, HPA security (password) operations and simulated bad sectors.
Usage examples
ATATool must be run with administrator privileges. On Windows Vista and later it requires an elevated-privileges command prompt (see User Account Control). The target drive must be connected to a physical disk controller. The software cannot be used via a USB bridge or similar device.
Display detected hard disks:
ATATOOL /LIST
Display information on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /INFO \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (volatile – will be lost on next power cycle):
ATATOOL /SETHPA:10GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (non-volatile):
ATATOOL /NONVOLATILEHPA /SETHPA:10GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Remove HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (non-volatile):
ATATOOL /NONVOLATILEHPA /RESETHPA \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set DCO to 5GB on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /SETDCO:5GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Remove DCO on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /RESTOREDCO:5GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 bad:
ATATOOL /BADECC:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 not bad:
ATATOOL /FIXECC:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 bad and then not bad again (alternative method):
ATATOOL /BADECCLONG:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
ATATOOL /FIXECCLONG:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Data safety
Use of the ATATool can permanently change the disk configuration, may result in permanent data loss by making some sectors of the disk inaccessible. The tool should therefore be used with extreme care.
See also
hdparm
Host protected area (HPA)
Device configuration overlay (DCO)
References
External links
ATATool
AT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic%20constraint%20logic | In theoretical computer science, nondeterministic constraint logic is a combinatorial system in which an orientation is given to the edges of a weighted undirected graph, subject to certain constraints. One can change this orientation by steps in which a single edge is reversed, subject to the same constraints. The constraint logic problem and its variants have been proven to be PSPACE-complete to determine whether there exists a sequence of moves that reverses a specified edge and are very useful to show various games and puzzles are PSPACE-hard or PSPACE-complete.
This is a form of reversible logic in that each sequence of edge orientation changes can be undone. The hardness of this problem has been used to prove that many games and puzzles have high game complexity.
Constraint graphs
In the simplest version of nondeterministic constraint logic, each edge of an undirected graph has weight either one or two. (The weights may also be represented graphically by drawing edges of weight one as red and edges of weight two as blue.) The graph is required to be a cubic graph: each vertex is incident to three edges, and additionally each vertex should be incident to an even number of red edges.
The edges are required to be oriented in such a way that at least two units of weight are oriented towards each vertex: there must be either at least one incoming blue edge, or at least two incoming red edges. An orientation can change by steps in which a single edge is reversed, respecting these constraints.
More general forms of nondeterministic constraint logic allow a greater variety of edge weights, more edges per vertex, and different thresholds for how much incoming weight each vertex must have. A graph with a system of edge weights and vertex thresholds is called a constraint graph. The restricted case where the edge weights are all one or two, the vertices require two units of incoming weight, and the vertices all have three incident edges with an even number of red ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Institute%20of%20Ceramic%20Technology | Government Institute of Ceramic Technology is statewide institution in Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Gudur in Tirupati Dist. It is established in 1952. Government Institute of Ceramic Technology is an autonomous institute offering Diploma in Ceramic Technology that cater to the changing needs of industry, business and community at large using need based curricular delivered in a dynamic learning environment. AICTE approved full-time programs are offered to candidates selected as per POLYCET conducted by the government of Andhra Pradesh. The polytechnic also maintains relations with accreditations bodies like All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and State Board of Technical Education (SBTETAP).
Campus details
It is located in Malavya Nagar in Gudur, Tirupati Dist. It has a 10 acres of land with hostel facilities to students. It is offering only Diploma in Ceramic Technology. It is a sandwich course. One year implant training will be provided. It is a three and half years diploma course. The intake of the course is 60. The students are admitted through AP POLYCET entrance exam and seats are allotted through AP POLYCET counselling
Campus Activities
Cultural activities are conducted in the second semester of the year for annual college day function. Various sports and games are also held within the campus ground and the institute actively takes part in Inter Polytechnic Sports and Games Meet (IPSGM) every year.
State agencies of Andhra Pradesh
Indian culture
Indian traditions
Ceramic art
Ceramic engineering
Education in Andhra Pradesh
1952 establishments in India
Universities and colleges established in 1952 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20body%20scanning | 3D body scanning is an application of various technologies such as Structured-light 3D scanner, 3D depth sensing, stereoscopic vision and others for ergonomic and anthropometric investigation of the human form as a point-cloud. The technology and practice within research has found 3D body scanning measurement extraction methodologies to be comparable to traditional anthropometric measurement techniques.
Applications
While the technology is still developing in its application, the technology has regularly been applied in the areas of:
Adapted performance sportswear
Fashion design (e.g. garments, accessories)
3D printed figurines (3D selfies)
3D morphometric evaluation (i.e. for weight-loss purposes)
Ergonomic body measurement
3D body measurement
Body shape classification
Comparison of changes in body positions
However, despite the potential for the technology to have an impact in made-to-measure and mass customisation of items with ergonomic properties, 3D body scanning has yet to reach an early adopter or early majority stage of innovation diffusion. This in part due to the lack of ergonomic theory relating to how to identify key landmarks on the body morphology. The suitability of 3D body scanning is also context dependent as the measurements taken and the precision of the machine are highly relative to the task in hand rather than being an absolute. Additionally, a key limitation of 3D body scanning has been the upfront cost of the equipment and the required skills by which to collect data and apply it to scientific and technical fields. However, the utilization of depth cameras on recent smartphones helps reduce the cost of 3D scans. One example of this is the recent free face scan app available on the Apple App Store. For detailed investigation of the changes of the body dimensions a high speed (4D) scanning systems were developed by 3dMD and Instituto de Biomemechanics de Valencia (IBV). Scanning of moving humans with clothing at high resolution (us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lantern%20slide%20collections | This list of lantern slide collections provides an overview of collections held in institutions internationally. The magic lantern was a very popular medium, particularly so from the 18th to the early 20th Century. There are many collections which remain uncatalogued. As a result, this list is likely to continue to expand as more information is made available.
Terminology
The terms "lantern slides" and "magic lantern" are used here as umbrella terms for describing objects related to the historical art of projection. Various terms can be found across history, disciplines, intended audiences or for descriptions of specific formats of slides and types of lanterns. In English, historical terms for "lantern slides" are "transparencies", "photographic transparencies", "slides" and "magic lantern slides". Alternative terms for magic lanterns include "optical lantern", "sciopticon", "stereopticon", "projection apparatus", "toy lantern" and more. The Lucerna Magic Lantern Web Resource and the Magic Lantern and Lantern Slide Catalog Collection on Media History Digital Library offer sources that display the range of terminology used. This list welcomes all references, independent of the term that the respective collection uses to describe its material.
About the collections
The majority of the collections included form part of museum, archive, and library collections which are made available to researchers either by appointment or through digital platforms. Magic, or optical, lantern slides vary in date, subject, format and use, and the collections listed reflect that variation. The collections are arranged by country, specifying collection name and description where known. Collections owned by private individuals are not listed.
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
References
Lists of universities and colleges |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCB%20Innovator%20Award | The ISCB Innovator Award is a computational biology prize awarded annually to leading scientists who are within two decades post-degree, who consistently make outstanding contributions to the field, and who continue to forge new directions.
The prize was established by the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) in 2016 and is awarded at the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference. The inaugural recipient was Serafim Batzoglou.
Laureates
2021 - Benjamin J. Raphael
2020 - Xiaole Shirley Liu
2019 -
2018 - M. Madan Babu
2017 - Aviv Regev
2016 - Serafim Batzoglou
Other ISCB prizes
Overton Prize - "for outstanding accomplishment to a scientist in the early to mid stage of his or her career"
ISCB Senior Scientist Award - "members of the computational biology community who are more than 12 to 15 years post-degree and have made major contributions to the field of computational biology through research, education, service, or a combination of the three"
See also
List of biology awards
References
Bioinformatics
Biology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveated%20rendering | Foveated rendering is a rendering technique which uses an eye tracker integrated with a virtual reality headset to reduce the rendering workload by greatly reducing the image quality in the peripheral vision (outside of the zone gazed by the fovea).
A less sophisticated variant called fixed foveated rendering doesn't utilise eye tracking and instead assumes a fixed focal point.
History
Research into foveated rendering dates back at least to 1991.
At Tech Crunch Disrupt SF 2014, Fove unveiled a headset featuring foveated rendering. This was followed by a successful kickstarter in May 2015.
At CES 2016, SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI) demoed a new 250 Hz eye tracking system and a working foveated rendering solution. It resulted from a partnership with camera sensor manufacturer Omnivision who provided the camera hardware for the new system.
In July 2016, Nvidia demonstrated during SIGGRAPH a new method of foveated rendering claimed to be invisible to users.
In February 2017, Qualcomm announced their Snapdragon 835 Virtual Reality Development Kit (VRDK) which includes foveated rendering support called Adreno Foveation.
During CES 2019 on January 7 HTC announced an upcoming virtual reality headset called Vive Pro Eye featuring eye-tracking and support for foveated rendering.
In December 2019, Facebook's Oculus Quest SDK gave developers access to dynamic fixed foveated rendering, allowing the variation in level of detail to be changed on the fly via an API.
On January 4, 2022, Sony announced that their follow-up to PlayStation VR will include eye tracking and foveated rendering.
On June 5, 2023, Apple announced that the Apple Vision Pro extended reality headset includes dynamic foveated rendering.
Use
According to chief scientist Michael Abrash at Oculus, utilising foveated rendering in conjunction with sparse rendering and deep learning image reconstruction has the potential to require an order of magnitude fewer pixels to be rendered in comparison to a ful |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20for%20the%20Super%20Battery | Search for the Super Battery: Discover the Powerful World of Batteries is a 2017 American documentary film about energy storage and how it may help provide an environmentally friendly, or green, future. The basic mechanism of batteries, including lithium-ion types, is described. The benefits and limitations of various batteries are also presented. Details of seeking a much safer, more powerful, longer-lasting and less expensive battery, a so-called "super battery", is discussed. The broad importance of energy storage devices, in mobile phones and automobiles, and in the overall electric grid system of the United States, is examined in detail.
Participants
The documentary film is narrated by Jay O. Sanders and includes the following participants (alphabetized by last name):
Jay O. Sanders (Narrator)
David Pogue (Host)
Guenter Conzelmann (Argonne National Lab)
George Crabtree (Joint Center for Energy Storage Research)
Alexis Georgeson (Tesla Motors)
Denise Gray (LG Chem Power)
Theo Gray (Chemist and author)
Daniel Kammen (University of California, Berkeley)
Doug Kim (Southern California Edison)
Joshua Lamb (Sandia National Labs)
Jay Leno (1909 electric car owner)
Greg Less (University of Michigan (Battery Lab))
Y. Shirley Meng (UC San Diego)
Jeff Sakamoto (University of Michigan)
Seth Sanders (Amber Kinetics)
Venkat Srinivasan (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)
Leigh Anna Steele (Sandia National Labs)
Levi Thompson (University of Michigan)
Lynn Trahey (Argonne National Lab)
Steven Visco (PolyPlus Battery Company)
Jay Whitacre (Aquion Energy)
Mike Zimmerman (Ionic Materials)
Summaries in the media
According to David Templeton of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the program "walks the viewer through the science of how batteries work, returning to that theme time and again to explain variations in design to create cheaper, safer, longer-lasting batteries and energy-storage systems." Notable discoveries, featured in the program, Templeton reports, ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-5%20truncated%20pentagonal%20hexecontahedron | The order-5 truncated pentagonal hexecontahedron is a convex polyhedron with 72 faces: 60 hexagons and 12 pentagons triangular, with 210 edges, and 140 vertices. Its dual is the pentakis snub dodecahedron.
It is Goldberg polyhedron {5+,3}2,1 in the icosahedral family, with chiral symmetry. The relationship between pentagons steps into 2 hexagons away, and then a turn with one more step.
It is a Fullerene C140.
Construction
It is explicitly called a pentatruncated pentagonal hexecontahedron since only the valence-5 vertices of the pentagonal hexecontahedron are truncated.
Its topology can be constructed in Conway polyhedron notation as t5gD and more simply wD as a whirled dodecahedron, reducing original pentagonal faces and adding 5 distorted hexagons around each, in clockwise or counter-clockwise forms. This picture shows its flat construction before the geometry is adjusted into a more spherical form. The snub can create a (5,3) geodesic polyhedron by k5k6.
Related polyhedra
The whirled dodecahedron creates more polyhedra by basic Conway polyhedron notation. The zip whirled dodecahedron makes a chamfered truncated icosahedron, and Goldberg (4,1). Whirl applied twice produces Goldberg (5,3), and applied twice with reverse orientations produces goldberg (7,0).
See also
Truncated pentagonal icositetrahedron t4gC
References
Fourth class of convex equilateral polyhedron with polyhedral symmetry related to fullerenes and viruses, Stan Schein and James Maurice Gaye, PNAS, Early Edition doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310939111
External links
VRML polyhedral generator Try "t5gI" (Conway polyhedron notation)
Goldberg polyhedra
Pentagonal tilings
Snub tilings
Fullerenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioliomics | Ioliomics (from a portmanteau of ions and liquids) is the study of ions in liquids (or liquid phases) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions. Ioliomics covers a broad research area concerning structure, properties and applications of ions involved in various biological and chemical systems. The concept of this research discipline is related to other comprehensive research fields, such as genomics, proteomics, glycomics, petroleomics, etc., where the suffix -omics is used for describing the comprehensiveness of data.
Fundamental nature
The nature of chemical reactions and their description is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. The concepts of covalent and ionic bonds which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century specify the profound differences between their electronic structures. These differences, in turn, lead to dramatically different behavior of covalent and ionic compounds both in the solution and solid phase. In the solid phase, ionic compounds, e.g. salts, are prone to formation of crystal lattices; in polar solvents, they dissociate into ions surrounded by solvate shells, thus rendering the solution highly ionic conductive. In contrast to covalent bonds, ionic interactions demonstrate flexible, dynamic behavior, which allows tuning ionic compounds to obtain desired properties.
Importance
Ionic compounds interact strongly with the solvent medium; therefore, their impact on chemical and biochemical processes involving ions can be significant. Even in the case of simplest ions and solvents, the presence of the former can lead to rearrangement and restructuring of the latter. It is established that ionic reactions are involved in numerous phenomena at the scales of whole galaxies or single living cells. To name a few, in living cells, metal ions bind to metalloenzymes and other proteins therefore modulating their activity; ions are involved in the control of neuronal functioning during sleep – wakefulness cy |
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