source stringlengths 31 203 | text stringlengths 28 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N696 | The 2N696 and 2N697 were the first silicon transistors manufactured in Silicon Valley, in 1958, by Fairchild Semiconductor. Fairchild introduced itself to the world via its advertisements for these transistors, which were identical except for a post-manufacturing binning on current gain.
The 2N696/2N697 NPN mesa transistor was developed by a team led by Gordon Moore. The first batch of 100 was sold to IBM for $150 each () in order to build the computer for the B-70 bomber. More transistors were sold to Autonetics to build the guidance system for the Minuteman ballistic missile.
The 2N696 and 2N697 were popular devices, quickly copied by several other semiconductor companies, including Texas Instruments, Rheem Semiconductor, and others including Hoffman Electronics Corp. and Industro Transistor Corp. In a 1960 advertisement, Fairchild bragged, "The Fairchild 2N696 and 2N697 are the world's most copied transistors. We have now copied them ourselves in scaled down versions. The 2N717 and 2N718 are exactly the same as these popular types but packaged in the TO-18 case. They occupy 1/3 the volume of the standard TO-5, making them ideal for high-density equipment designs."
References
External links
The Transistor Museum – photo of an original Fairchild 2N697
History of computing hardware
Commercial transistors
1958 introductions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%20lantern | In mathematics, the Schwarz lantern is a polyhedral approximation to a cylinder, used as a pathological example of the difficulty of defining the area of a smooth (curved) surface as the limit of the areas of polyhedra. It is formed by stacked rings of isosceles triangles, arranged within each ring in the same pattern as an antiprism. The resulting shape can be folded from paper, and is named after mathematician Hermann Schwarz and for its resemblance to a cylindrical paper lantern. It is also known as Schwarz's boot, Schwarz's polyhedron, or the Chinese lantern.
As Schwarz showed, for the surface area of a polyhedron to converge to the surface area of a curved surface, it is not sufficient to simply increase the number of rings and the number of isosceles triangles per ring. Depending on the relation of the number of rings to the number of triangles per ring, the area of the lantern can converge to the area of the cylinder, to a limit arbitrarily larger than the area of the cylinder, or to infinity—in other words, the area can diverge. The Schwarz lantern demonstrates that sampling a curved surface by close-together points and connecting them by small triangles is inadequate to ensure an accurate approximation of area, in contrast to the accurate approximation of arc length by inscribed polygonal chains.
The phenomenon that closely sampled points can lead to inaccurate approximations of area has been called the Schwarz paradox. The Schwarz lantern is an instructive example in calculus and highlights the need for care when choosing a triangulation for applications in computer graphics and the finite element method.
History and motivation
Archimedes approximated the circumference of circles by the lengths of inscribed or circumscribed regular polygons. More generally, the length of any smooth or rectifiable curve can be defined as the supremum of the lengths of polygonal chains inscribed in them. However, for this to work correctly, the vertices of the polygonal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef%20Solymosi | József Solymosi is a Hungarian-Canadian mathematician and a professor of mathematics at the University of British Columbia. His main research interests are arithmetic combinatorics, discrete geometry, graph theory, and combinatorial number theory.
Education and career
Solymosi earned his master's degree in 1999 under the supervision of László Székely from the Eötvös Loránd University and his Ph.D. in 2001 at ETH Zürich under the supervision of Emo Welzl. His doctoral dissertation was Ramsey-Type Results on Planar Geometric Objects.
From 2001 to 2003 he was S. E. Warschawski Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, San Diego. He joined the faculty of the University of British Columbia in 2002.
He was editor in chief of the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics from 2013 to 2015.
Contributions
Solymosi was the first online contributor to the first Polymath Project, set by Timothy Gowers to find improvements to the Hales–Jewett theorem.
One of his theorems states that if a finite set of points in the Euclidean plane has every pair of points at an integer distance from each other, then
the set must have a diameter (largest distance) that is linear in the number of points. This result is connected to the Erdős–Anning theorem, according to which an infinite set of points with integer distances must lie on one line. In connection with the related Erdős–Ulam problem, on the existence of dense subsets of the plane for which all distances are rational numbers, Solymosi and de Zeeuw proved that every infinite rational-distance set must either be dense in the Zariski topology or it must have all but finitely many of its points on a single line or circle.
With Terence Tao, Solymosi proved a bound of on the number of incidences between points and affine subspaces of any finite-dimensional Euclidean space, whenever each pair of subspaces has at most one point of intersection. This generalizes the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem on points and lines in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric%20microelectromechanical%20systems | A piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (piezoMEMS) is a miniature or microscopic device that uses piezoelectricity to generate motion and carry out its tasks. It is a microelectromechanical system that takes advantage of an electrical potential that appears under mechanical stress. PiezoMEMS can be found in a variety of applications, such as switches, inkjet printer heads, sensors, micropumps, and energy harvesters.
Development
Interest in piezoMEMS technology began around the early 1990s as scientists explored alternatives to electrostatic actuation in radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). For RF MEMS, electrostatic actuation specialized high voltage charge pump circuits due to small electrode gap spacing and large driving voltages. In contrast, piezoelectric actuation allowed for high sensitivity as well as low voltage and power consumption as low as a few millivolts. It also had the ability to close large vertical gaps while still allowing for low microsecond operating speeds. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), in particular, offered the most promise as a piezoelectric material because of its high piezoelectric coefficient, tunable dielectric constant, and electromechanical coupling coefficient. PiezoMEMS have been applied to various different technologies from switches to sensors, and further research have led to the creation of piezoelectric thin films, which aided in the realization of highly integrated piezoMEMS devices.
The first reported piezoelectrically actuated RF MEMS switch was developed by scientists at the LG Electronics Institute of Technology in Seoul, South Korea in 2005. The researchers designed and actualized a RF MEMS switch with a piezoelectric cantilever actuator that had an operation voltage of 2.5 volts.
In 2017, researchers from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) evaluated the radiation effects in the piezoelectric response of PZT thin films for the first time. They determined that PZT exhibited a degree o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20support | A structural support is a part of a building or structure that provides the necessary stiffness and strength in order to resist the internal forces (vertical forces of gravity and lateral forces due to wind and earthquakes) and guide them safely to the ground. External loads (actions of other bodies) that act on buildings cause internal forces (forces and couples by the rest of the structure) in building support structures. Supports can be either at the end or at any intermediate point along a structural member or a constituent part of a building and they are referred to as connections, joints or restraints.
Building support structures, no matter what materials are used, have to give accurate and safe results. A structure depends less on the weight and stiffness of a material and more on its geometry for stability. Whatever the condition is, a specific rigidity is necessary for connection designs. The support connection type has effects on the load bearing capacity of each element, which makes up a structural system. Each support condition influences the behaviour of the elements and therefore, the system. Structures can be either Horizontal-span support systems (floor and roof structures) or Vertical building structure systems (walls, frames, cores, etc.)
Structure
Structure is necessary for buildings but architecture, as an idea, does not require structure. Every building has both load-bearing structures and non-load bearing portions. Structural members form systems and transfer the loads that are acting upon the structural systems, through a series of elements to the ground. Building Structure Elements include Line (beams, columns, cables, frames or arches, space frames, surface elements (walls, slab or shells) and Freeform.
The structure's functional requirements will narrow the possible forms that one can consider. Other factors such as the availability of materials, foundation conditions, the aesthetic requirements and economic limitations also play impor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathletics%20%28educational%20software%29 | Mathletics is an online educational website which launched in 2005.
The website places an emphasis upon Web 2.0 technologies to teach an interactive learning style which is designed to replicate the use of a personal tutor as to "address the balance between teacher-led instruction and independent, student-driven learning". Mathletics operates through a subscription-based system, offering access at an individual level as well as collectively as a school. Online users, acknowledged by the website as 'Mathletes', have access to math quizzes and challenges, and can participate in a real-time networked competition known as 'Live Mathletics'. Mathletics provides a customisable avatar for each individual user, which visually represents the player in the 'Live Mathletics' competitions. Alongside these learning interfaces, Mathletics grants individual users with the capacity to customise their avatar's clothing and general aesthetics are fueled by credits awarded to the user through the completion of quizzes and tasks.
Since 2007, Mathletics started World Maths Day to make maths exciting and engaging for all school-aged children. In 2010, World Maths Day created a Guinness World Record for the Largest Online Maths Competition. The upcoming World Maths Day will take place on March 23, 2024.
As of 2023, Mathletics caters to 3.2 million users worldwide and 14, 000 schools.
History
Mathletics was established as a Personal Learning Environment (PLE) application in 2005 by 3P Learning, catering for Australian schools. The website is structured to facilitate an engagement with students from K-12 educational level, and offers various visual resources in their interactive and online Web 2.0 appropriation of the Australian Curriculum. Though initially based around this curriculum, Mathletics broadened its offices as well as its student and teacher audiences to various other countries residing in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, adapting to those regions' various s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-topology | In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry, the v-topology (also known as the universally subtrusive topology) is a Grothendieck topology whose covers are characterized by lifting maps from valuation rings.
This topology was introduced by and studied further by , who introduced the name v-topology, where v stands for valuation.
Definition
A universally subtrusive map is a map f: X → Y of quasi-compact, quasi-separated schemes such that for any map v: Spec (V) → Y, where V is a valuation ring, there is an extension (of valuation rings) and a map Spec W → X lifting v.
Examples
Examples of v-covers include faithfully flat maps, proper surjective maps. In particular, any Zariski covering is a v-covering. Moreover, universal homeomorphisms, such as , the normalisation of the cusp, and the Frobenius in positive characteristic are v-coverings. In fact, the perfection of a scheme is a v-covering.
Voevodsky's h topology
See h-topology, relation to the v-topology
Arc topology
have introduced the arc-topology, which is similar in its definition, except that only valuation rings of rank ≤ 1 are considered in the definition. A variant of this topology, with an analogous relationship that the h-topology has with the cdh topology, called the cdarc-topology was later introduced by Elmanto, Hoyois, Iwasa and Kelly (2020).
show that the Amitsur complex of an arc covering of perfect rings is an exact complex.
See also
List of topologies on the category of schemes
References
Algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant%20Figures%20%28book%29 | Significant Figures: The Lives and Work of Great Mathematicians is a 2017 nonfiction book by British mathematician Ian Stewart , published by Basic Books. In the work, Stewart discusses the lives and contributions of 25 figures who are prominent in the history of mathematics. The 25 mathematicians selected are: Archimedes, Liu Hui, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Isaac Newton, Euler, Fourier, Gauss, Lobachevsky, Galois, Ada Lovelace, Boole, Riemann, Cantor, Sofia Kovalevskaia, Poincaré, Hilbert, Emmy Noether, Ramanujan, Gödel, Turing, Mandelbrot, and Thurston.
Reception
In Kirkus Reviews, it was written that "even a popularizer as skilled and prolific as Stewart cannot expect general readers to fully digest his highly distilled explanations of what these significant figures did to resolve ever more complex conundrums as math advanced." However, the reviewer praised Stewart's sketches of the lives and times of the innovators. The book was described as "a text for teachers, precocious students, and intellectually curious readers unafraid to tread unfamiliar territory".
See also
In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World
References
2017 non-fiction books
Basic Books books
Books by Ian Stewart (mathematician)
Mathematics books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Sofie%20Sandberg | Ann-Sofie Sandberg (born in 1951) is a Swedish professor in Food and Nutritional Science at Chalmers University of Technology.
Biography
Sandberg got her PhD in 1982. Her dissertation was on the 'Effects of Dietary Fibers on Ileostomy Patients'.
In 2010 she was elected into the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. She was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in 2013 at the Sahlgrenska Academy for strengthening the connections between medical and technological research in Gothenburg.
Work
Her research is on improving nutrient properties and physical functions of food by utilizing different biological techniques.
Sandberg has co-authored more than 300 publications within her research area.
Awards
2014 : Chalmers Gustaf Dalén Memorial Medal for "prominent academic contributions in food science".
References
1951 births
Academic staff of the Chalmers University of Technology
Food scientists
Scientists from Gothenburg
Living people
Women food scientists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Blue1Brown | 3Blue1Brown is a math YouTube channel created and run by Grant Sanderson. The channel focuses on teaching higher mathematics from a visual perspective, and on the process of discovery and inquiry-based learning in mathematics, which Sanderson calls "inventing math". , the channel has 5.47 million subscribers.
Grant Sanderson
Early life and education
Sanderson graduated from Stanford University in 2015 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. He worked for Khan Academy from 2015 to 2016 as part of their content fellowship program, producing videos and articles about multivariable calculus, after which he started focusing his full attention on 3Blue1Brown.
Career
In 2020, Grant Sanderson became one of the creators and lecturers of the MIT course Introduction to Computational Thinking, together with Alan Edelman, David Sanders, James Schloss, and Benoit Forget. The course uses the Julia programming language and Grant Sanderson's animations to explain various topics: convolutions, image processing, COVID-19 data visualization, epidemic modelling, ray tracing, introduction to climate modelling, ocean modelling, and the algorithms that lie behind these topics.
In February 2022, Sanderson determined that the best starting word on the game Wordle was CRANE using information theory. Later, he stated that the code he wrote to determine the best starting word had a bug in it, and the actual best word is SALET.
In January 2020, Sanderson delivered a talk in An Evening with Grant Sanderson, hosted by the Stanford Speakers Bureau. Sanderson offered his perspective on engaging with math: instead of prioritizing usefulness, he emphasizes emotion, wonder and imagination. He aims to "bring life to math" with visuals, graphics, and animations. In August 2021, Sanderson was one of several featured speakers at SIGGRAPH 2021.
In November 2022, Sanderson delivered a keynote speech, "What can algorithms teach us about education?", at the 17th Dutch National Informatics Congress Celer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20neuroscience%20journals | This page lists peer-reviewed scientific journals in the field of neuroscience.
A
ACS Chemical Neuroscience
Annals of Neurology
Annual Review of Neuroscience
Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical
B
Behavioral and Brain Functions
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Behavioural Brain Research
Biological Psychiatry
Brain
Brain Research
C
Cerebral Cortex
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
G
Genes, Brain and Behavior
H
Hippocampus
Human Brain Mapping
J
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Journal of Neuroimmunology
The Journal of Neuroscience
N
Nature Neuroscience
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Neuron
Neuroscience
Neuropsychopharmacology
Nutritional Neuroscience
neuroscience
Neuroscience j
Neuroscience journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20periodic%20epileptiform%20discharges | Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPEDs) are very rare abnormal patterns found in EEG.
Types
Based on the interval between the discharges they are classified as:
Periodic short-interval diffuse discharges (PSIDDs)
Periodic long-interval diffuse discharges (PLIDDs)
Burst suppression patterns
References
Electroencephalography
Neuroscience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20principle%20in%20stochastic%20control | The separation principle is one of the fundamental principles of stochastic control theory, which states that the problems of optimal control and state estimation can be decoupled under certain conditions. In its most basic formulation it deals with a linear stochastic system
with a state process , an output process and a control , where is a vector-valued Wiener process, is a zero-mean Gaussian random vector independent of , , and , , , , are matrix-valued functions which generally are taken to be continuous of bounded variation. Moreover, is nonsingular on some interval . The problem is to design an output feedback law which maps the observed process to the control input in a nonanticipatory manner so as to minimize the functional
where denotes expected value, prime () denotes transpose. and and are continuous matrix functions of bounded variation, is positive semi-definite and is positive definite for all . Under suitable conditions, which need to be properly stated, the optimal policy can be chosen in the form
where is the linear least-squares estimate of the state vector obtained from the Kalman filter
where is the gain of the optimal linear-quadratic regulator obtained by taking and deterministic, and where is the Kalman gain. There is also a non-Gaussian version of this problem (to be discussed below) where the Wiener process is replaced by a more general square-integrable martingale with possible jumps. In this case, the Kalman filter needs to be replaced by a nonlinear filter providing an estimate of the (strict sense) conditional mean
where
is the filtration generated by the output process; i.e., the family of increasing sigma fields representing the data as it is produced.
In the early literature on the separation principle it was common to allow as admissible controls all processes that are adapted to the filtration . This is equivalent to allowing all non-anticipatory Borel functions as feedback laws, which raises the qu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20short-interval%20diffuse%20discharges | Periodic short-interval diffuse discharges are a type of EEG abnormality with periodicity less than 4.0 seconds. They can consist of sharp waves or spikes, spike and wave, polyspikes or triphasics with background attenuation in between transients.
References
Electroencephalography
Neuroscience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element%20%28software%29 | Element (formerly Riot and Vector) is a free and open-source software instant messaging client implementing the Matrix protocol.
Element supports end-to-end encryption, private and public groups, sharing of files between users, voice and video calls, and other collaborative features with help of bots and widgets. It is available as a web application that can be accessed through any modern web browser, as desktop apps for Windows, Mac, and Linux, and as a mobile app for Android and iOS.
History
Element was originally known as Vector when it was released from beta in 2016. The app was renamed to Riot in September of the same year.
In 2016 the first implementation of the Matrix end-to-end encryption was implemented and rolled out as a beta to users. In May 2020, the developers announced enabling end-to-end encryption by default in Riot for new non-public conversations.
In April 2019, a new application was released on the Google Play Store in response to cryptographic keys used to sign the Riot Android app being compromised.
In July 2020, Riot was renamed to Element.
In January 2021, Element was briefly suspended from Google Play Store in response to a report of user-submitted abusive content on Element's default server, matrix.org. Element staff rectified the issue and the app was brought back to the Play Store.
Technology
Element is built with the Matrix React SDK, which is a React-based software development kit to ease the development of Matrix clients. Element is reliant on web technologies and uses Electron for bundling the app for Windows, macOS and Linux. The Android and iOS clients are developed and distributed with their respective platform tools.
On Android the app is available both in the Google Play Store and the free-software only F-Droid Archives, with minor modifications. For instance, the F-Droid version does not contain the proprietary Google Cloud Messaging plug-in.
Features
Element is able to bridge other communications into the app via Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramspace | Scramspace was a hypersonic engine research project established by the University of Queensland, Australia's Centre for Hypersonics. It was a 1.8 meter long, free-flying, hypersonic scramjet. A scramjet is fundamentally an air-breathing engine that travels at hypersonic velocities. Built in Brisbane at an estimated cost of $14 million, it took approximately 3 years to complete. Scramspace was supposed to fire at a hypersonic velocity of Mach 8 or 8600 km/hour (5343 mph) but the flight-test turned out to be a failure and the rocket engine and the payload plummeted in the North Sea off the coast of Norway.
Background
Scramspace was designed and built at Brisbane, Australia. It took 3 years to build and was estimated to cost around $14 million. It was approximated to fly at around Mach 8. It was the first and the largest research project funded by the Australian Space Research Program. A number of ground-based research tests and Mach 8 flight experiments were involved to establish the research project. A number of engineers and PhD scholars were involved in the making of this project.
Ground tests up to Mach 14 were performed to assess the scientific and technical parameters of the project. This was followed by flight tests up to Mach 8.
The project involved five countries in partnership: Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and the United States. It was led by the University of Queensland's Center for Hypersonics.
Aftermath
In August 2013, the scramjet was airlifted to Norway for a final flight test at Mach 8. The engine was fabricated to reach an altitude of about 340 km( 211.266 miles) with the help of a two- stage rocket engine.
According to the experiment, on leaving the atmosphere, the scramjet had to separate from the rocket engine and re-orient itself for reentry. The flight -sensor data had to be collected in a three-second window before the scramjet disintegrated on reentry.
However, because of some unknown issue in the first stage rocket motor, the scr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20low-code%20development%20platforms | Below is a list of notable low-code development platforms.
Implementations
AppSheet is a no-code application from Google that offers users the ability to create applications for mobile, tablet and web.
Acceleo is an open-source code generator for Eclipse used to generate any textual language (Java, PHP, Python, etc.) from EMF models defined from any many (UML, SysML, etc.).
Actifsource is a plugin for Eclipse that allows graphical modelling and model-based code generation using custom templates.
Appian is an enterprise low-code automation platform for mobile application development. The platform includes a visual interface and pre-built development modules.
Betty Blocks, a software-as-a-service no-code platform.
Caspio, a low-code application development platform for creating online databases and web applications.
DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit is a system for defining arbitrary domain-specific languages and translating them to other languages.
Claris FileMaker is a low-code development platform targeting mobile, cloud and on-premise environments.
GeneXus is a cross-platform, knowledge representation-based development tool, mainly oriented to enterprise-class applications for Web applications, smart devices and the Microsoft Windows platform. A developer describes an application in a high-level, mostly declarative language, from which native code is generated for multiple environments.
Jam.py is a free and open-source development platform for database-driven business web applications, based on DRY principle, with emphasis on CRUD.
The Maple computer algebra system offers code generators for Fortran, MATLAB, C and Java. Wolfram Language (Mathematica), and MuPAD have comparable interfaces.
Microsoft Power Fx is a free and open-source low-code, general-purpose programming language for expressing logic across the Microsoft Power Platform.
OSBP is a software factory provided as Open Source by the Eclipse Foundation. It combines no-code/low-code element |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentraland | Decentraland is a 3D virtual world browser-based platform. Users may buy virtual plots of land in the platform as NFTs via the MANA cryptocurrency, which uses the Ethereum blockchain. Designers can create and sell clothes and accessories for the avatars to be used in the virtual world.
It was opened to the public in February 2020, and is overseen by the nonprofit Decentraland Foundation. In 2017, the platform raised $26million in its initial coin offering (ICO); by 2022 indy100 reported that it had a $1.2billion market evaluation. While DappRadar found that as few as 38 users performed currency transactions in a single day, Decentraland claimed that 8,000 people per day used the platform in 2022.
Decentraland has received widespread criticism by technology and video game journalists for its technical bugs and mostly empty virtual world.
History
Decentraland was created by Argentinians Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, and has been in development since 2015. When it launched in 2017, parcels of digital land sold for about $20, and mana tokens sold for $0.02. The game's first map, Genesis City, was made up of 90,601 parcels of land. It raised $26 million in its initial coin offering (ICO) in 2017.
In April 2021, during a surge in popularity for NFTs, parcels sold for between $6,000 and $100,000. Because of the relatively small pool of mana, the currency is volatile, spiking to as high as $5.79 after events like Facebook's rebrand to Meta.
In November 2021 a virtual real-estate company purchased a plot of land in Decentraland for $2.43 million.
Users have minted NFTs of avatars with slurs in their names, and at one point the name "Jew" was for sale for $362,000. In November 2021 the community held a vote on whether to add "Hitler" to the banned names list, but there were not enough votes for the decentralized autonomous organization's (DAO) smart contract to execute.
In late 2021 and early 2022, major brands appeared in Decentraland or bought "properties" in it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibel%27s%20conjecture | In mathematics, Weibel's conjecture gives a criterion for vanishing of negative algebraic K-theory groups. The conjecture was proposed by and proven in full generality by using methods from derived algebraic geometry. Previously partial cases had been proven by
,
,
,
, and
.
Statement of the conjecture
Weibel's conjecture asserts that for a Noetherian scheme X of finite Krull dimension d, the K-groups vanish in degrees < −d:
and asserts moreover a homotopy invariance property for negative K-groups
References
Algebraic geometry
K-theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicsgate | Comicsgate is a campaign in opposition to diversity and progressivism in the North American superhero comic book industry. Its proponents target the creators hired, the characters depicted, and the stories told, and maintain that these elements have led to a decline in both quality and sales. The name is derived from Gamergate, a similar movement related to video games. Its members present it as a consumer protest, primarily advocating their views on social media; some have produced books intended to reflect the group's values. It is part of the alt-right movement, and has been described by commentators as a harassment campaign which "targets women, people of color, and LGBT folk in the comic book industry". Threats of violence and the vandalism of one store were attributed to the campaign.
Views
While Comicsgate has no official hierarchy, commentator Richard C. Meyer (posting under the banner Diversity & Comics) and former DC illustrator Ethan Van Sciver have been prominent advocates for the campaign.
Members of the movement object to diversification of comics, especially the increasing inclusion of women as writers and characters. The storylines objected to include those such as the "All New, All Different" campaign undertaken by Marvel Comics in the later 2010s, in which various white male characters that had traditionally had the superhero identities of Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Captain America, and Spider-Man were temporarily replaced by female and/or racial-minority characters. Comicsgate adherents have also complained about stories dealing with current social issues, and the depiction of women with less sexualized figures.
They argue that the increasing diversity of comics, both among creators and in terms of characters, has led to declining quality and sales. While it is true that comic sales declined in the late 2010s, this decline was across the board and not limited to, or worse for, the diverse comics that Comicsgate targets. Tricia Ennis, writing for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam%20garden | A clam garden (k’yuu kudhlk’aat’iija in the Haida language, lux̌ʷxiwēys in the Kwakʼwala language) is a traditional Indigenous management system used principally by Coast Salish peoples. Clam gardens are a form of mariculture, where First Nations peoples created an optimal habitat for clams by modifying the beach. These clam gardens are a food source for both First Nations peoples and animals. They also provide food security as they are a food source that can be readily harvested year-round.
Clam gardens are found along the west coast of North America. Over 2,000 clam gardens have been identified on the coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and California. Though most clam gardens are currently untended, restoration of sections of previously untended clam gardens are occurring in Fulford Harbour on Salt Spring Island and on Russell Island located in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve.
Composition
Boulder wall
Once a location was chosen by an individual or a group of First Nations peoples, clam garden construction began with the creation of a boulder or rock wall along the shoreline of a beach. Strong individuals would roll large boulders down to the lowest tideline on the beach, thus creating a rock wall. The rising tide brings sediment over the rock walls, where it accumulates and creates an extended soft sediment beach area, creating ideal clam habitat. The rock wall is low enough that it allows the clam garden to be submerged at high tide, but tall enough that the beach is exposed for harvesting during low tide.
Due to weather and the movement of tides, rock walls require continual maintenance. Historically, clam gardens were regularly tended to by First Nations individuals who moved rocks from inside the clam gardens onto the rock wall. Both archeological evidence and traditional knowledge assert that boulder walls were built up over time and continually maintained. New rocks were regularly added to the top of the boulder wall when Fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20co-segmentation | In computer vision, object co-segmentation is a special case of image segmentation, which is defined as jointly segmenting semantically similar objects in multiple images or video frames.
Challenges
It is often challenging to extract segmentation masks of a target/object from a noisy collection of images or video frames, which involves object discovery coupled with segmentation. A noisy collection implies that the object/target is present sporadically in a set of images or the object/target disappears intermittently throughout the video of interest. Early methods typically involve mid-level representations such as object proposals.
Dynamic Markov networks-based methods
A joint object discover and co-segmentation method based on coupled dynamic Markov networks has been proposed recently, which claims significant improvements in robustness against irrelevant/noisy video frames.
Unlike previous efforts which conveniently assumes the consistent presence of the target objects throughout the input video, this coupled dual dynamic Markov network based algorithm simultaneously carries out both the detection and segmentation tasks with two respective Markov networks jointly updated via belief propagation.
Specifically, the Markov network responsible for segmentation is initialized with superpixels and provides information for its Markov counterpart responsible for the object detection task. Conversely, the Markov network responsible for detection builds the object proposal graph with inputs including the spatio-temporal segmentation tubes.
Graph cut-based methods
Graph cut optimization is a popular tool in computer vision, especially in earlier image segmentation applications. As an extension of regular graph cuts, multi-level hypergraph cut is proposed to account for more complex high order correspondences among video groups beyond typical pairwise correlations.
With such hypergraph extension, multiple modalities of correspondences, including low-level appea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyvos | Kyvos is a business intelligence acceleration platform for cloud and big data platforms developed by an American privately held company named Kyvos Insights. The company, headquartered in Los Gatos, California, was founded by Praveen Kankariya, CEO of Impetus Technologies. The software provides OLAP-based multidimensional analysis on big data and cloud platforms and was launched officially in June 2015. In December the same year, the company was listed among the 10 Coolest Big Data Startups of 2015 by CRN Magazine.
Technology
The software uses OLAP technology to enable business intelligence on the cloud and big data platforms. In a report published by Forrester Research in 2016, where they evaluated several native Hadoop business intelligence (BI) platforms on 22 parameters, Kyvos was referred to as a platform that gave new life to OLAP by bringing it to Hadoop. As per the report, Kyvos enables analysis on Hadoop based on OLAP schemas, aggregations, and predefined drill-down paths. It pre-calculates aggregates at multiple levels of dimensional hierarchies to improve query response times as compared to SQL-on-Hadoop platforms. Users can analyze data through the Kyvos visualization tool or by using other BI platforms.
Kyvos was originally built for Hadoop and later on added support for Cloud platforms such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. Initially, it supported only MDX queries and integrated with data visualization tools such as Excel and Tableau. In 2017, Kyvos 4.0 added support for SQL connectivity extending integration to other BI tools such as Business Objects, Cognos, MicroStrategy, Power BI and Qlik.
In late 2018, Version 5 of the software was built specifically for the cloud with elastic OLAP to provide a cloud native way to scale up and down for changing data workloads.
With its 2020.2 release, Kyvos added support for Snowflake data warehouse. The product was also made available on Microsoft Azure marketplace and Amazon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ITS%20associations | This is a list of ITS (intelligent transportation systems) associations.
ITS organisations are present worldwide. The work of these associations is often supported by local governments
The estimated worth of the market is US$9.6 Billion (2014–2015 In 2015, the intelligent transportation system (ITS) market in roadways was valued at US$20.94 billion
ITS organisations
Africa
ITS Africa with the regional members
ITS Ethiopia
ITS Nigeria
ITS South Africa
Americas
ITS Argentina
ITS America
ITS Brasil
ITS Canada
ITS Chile
ITS Colombia
ITS México
Asia
ITS Israel
ITS Turkey is member of ERTICO, the European organisation
Asia Pacific
ITS Asia-Pacific with the regional members
ITS Australia
ITS China
ITS Hongkong
ITS Japan
ITS Indonesia assisted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
ITS Korea
ITS Malaysia
ITS New Zealand
ITS Singapore
ITS Taiwan
ITS Thailand
Europe
In Europe the European Union, by the European Commission through financial instruments and through legislative instruments are supported innovative projects in IST directly as well by the regional ITS.
ITS Europe is represented by ERTICO
ITS Belgium.
ITS Denmark
ITS France
ITS Deutschland
ITS Hellas
ITS Italia
RDW Netherlands
ITS-Norge
ITS Polska
ITS России
ITS España
ITS Sverige
See also
List of countries by motor vehicle production
External links
References
Institution of Engineering and Technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Sion | Maurice Sion (17 October 1927, Skopje – 17 April 2018, Vancouver) was an American and Canadian mathematician, specializing in measure theory and game theory. He is known for Sion's minimax theorem.
Biography
Sion received from New York University his B.A. in 1947 and his M.A. in 1948. He received from the University of California, Berkeley in 1951 his Ph.D. under the supervision of Anthony Morse with thesis On the existence of functions having given partial derivatives on Whitney's curve. Sion was a member of the mathematics faculty at U.C. Berkeley until 1960, when he immigrated to Canada with his wife Emilie and his two children born in the U.S.A. (His two younger children were born in Canada.) From 1960 until he retired in 1989, Maurice Sion was a professor of mathematics at the University of British Columbia. For two academic years from 1957 to 1959 and in the autumn of 1962 he was at the Institute for Advanced Study. He wrote several books on mathematics and served for many years as the head of the University of British Columbia's mathematics department. In 1957 he was the coauthor with Philip Wolfe of a paper with an example of a zero-sum game without a minimax value. Sion was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 1970 in Nice and was appointed the Main Organizer for the ICM held in Vancouver in 1974. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Sion was fluent in Spanish, Italian, French, and English.
He was predeceased by his youngest child. Upon his death he was survived by his widow, three children, and six grandchildren.
Selected publications
Articles
with R. C. Willmott:
Books
References
1927 births
2018 deaths
People from Skopje
New York University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
American people of Sephardic-Jewish descent
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
20th-century |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20international%20fellows%20of%20the%20Royal%20Academy%20of%20Engineering | The Royal Academy of Engineering is the UK national academy in the field of engineering. Its purpose is to bring together the most successful and talented engineers to advance and promote excellence in engineering.
Each year about 50 new fellows are admitted to the academy, after evaluation by the membership committee and election by existing fellows. Engineers who have achieved international distinction in their field, and who are not British citizens or residents, are elected and named as International Fellow and are entitled to use FREng after their names.
International fellows
Recently elected international fellows are shown below.
References
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Academy of Engineering
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford/ITS%20character%20set | Stanford/ITS character set is an extended ASCII character set based on SEASCII with modifications allowing compatibility with 1968 ASCII.
Usage
It is used as an alternate character set of the SUPDUP protocol for terminals with %TOSAI and %TOFCI bits set. It is also recommended for TeX implementations on systems with large character sets. The default plain TeX macro package sets values (↑) and (↓) as alternative character codes for superscripts and subscripts, respectively (the default being ^ and _).
The Knight keyboard is an example of a keyboard capable of inputting all of the defined characters excluding ⋅γδ±⊕◊∫, as they are mapped to ASCII commands NUL, HT, LF, FF, CR, ESC and DEL, respectively.
Coverage
Each character is encoded as a single seven-bit code value. It contains all 95 printable ASCII characters along with 27 mathematical symbols and 6 Greek letters.
Code page layout
See also
Stanford Extended ASCII
Incompatible Timesharing System
SUPDUP
TeX
References
Further reading
- (Historic) SUPDUP Protocol. October 1977.
Character encoding
Computer-related introductions in the 1970s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20cycle | The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium silicate, which can deposit to form sediments or the exoskeletons of organisms. Calcium ions can also be utilized biologically, as calcium is essential to biological functions such as the production of bones and teeth or cellular function. The calcium cycle is a common thread between terrestrial, marine, geological, and biological processes. Calcium moves through these different media as it cycles throughout the Earth. The marine calcium cycle is affected by changing atmospheric carbon dioxide due to ocean acidification.
Calcium weathering and inputs to seawater
Calcium is stored in geologic reservoirs, most commonly in the form of calcium carbonate or as calcium silicate. Calcium-containing rocks include calcite, dolomite, phosphate, and gypsum. Rocks slowly dissolve by physical and chemical processes, carrying calcium ions into rivers and oceans. Calcium ions (Ca2+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+) have the same charge (+2) and similar sizes, so they react similarly and are able to substitute for each other in some minerals, such as carbonates. Ca2+-containing minerals are often more easily weathered than Mg2+ minerals, so Ca2+ is often more enriched in waterways than Mg2+. Rivers containing more dissolved Ca2+ are generally considered more alkaline.
Calcium is one of the most common elements found in seawater. Inputs of dissolved calcium (Ca2+) to the ocean include the weathering of calcium sulfate, calcium silicate, and calcium carbonate, basalt-seawater reaction, and dolomitization.
Biogenic calcium carbonate and the biological pump
Biogenic calcium carbonate is formed when marine organisms, such as coccolithophores, corals, pteropods, and other moll |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Bradley%20%28mathematician%20and%20rower%29 | Elizabeth Bradley (born April 9, 1961) is an American applied mathematician and computer scientist, and a former Olympic rower. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Colorado Boulder, where she specializes in nonlinear systems and nonlinear time series analysis.
Rowing
Bradley competed in the women's coxed four event at the 1988 Summer Olympics, with rowers Jennifer Corbet, Cynthia Eckert, and Sarah Gengler, and coxswain Kim Santiago. Their boat placed fifth out of the ten boats competing in the event.
She also competed in the 1986 World Rowing Championships, placing fourth in women's eights, and in the 1987 World Rowing Championships, placing fourth in women's pairs.
Education and academic career
Bradley was a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1983, a master's degree in computer science in 1986, and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering and computer science in 1992. Her dissertation, Taming Chaotic Circuits, was jointly supervised by Hal Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman.
She joined the University of Colorado computer science department as an assistant professor in 1993, chaired the department from 2003 to 2006, and was promoted to full professor in 2004. She has also visited Harvard University, and was a Radcliffe fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study for 2006–2007 as well as a Packard Fellow in Science and Engineering in 1995.
She was named a CRA-W Distinguished Professor by the Committee on Widening Participation in Computing Research in 2008, and was named a President's Teaching Scholar by the University of Colorado in 2017.
References
External links
Home page
1961 births
Living people
American female rowers
Olympic rowers for the United States
Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Rowers from New York City
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
Dynam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol%20engineering | Protocol engineering is the application of systematic methods to the development of communication protocols. It uses many of the principles of software engineering, but it is specific to the development of distributed systems.
History
When the first experimental and commercial computer networks were developed in the 1970s, the concept of protocols was not yet well developed. These were the first distributed systems. In the context of the newly adopted layered protocol architecture (see OSI model), the definition of the protocol of a specific layer should be such that any entity implementing that specification in one computer would be compatible with any other computer containing an entity implementing the same specification, and their interactions should be such that the desired communication service would be obtained. On the other hand, the protocol specification should be abstract enough to allow different choices for the implementation on different computers.
It was recognized that a precise specification of the expected service provided by the given layer was important. It is important for the verification of the protocol, which should demonstrate that the communication service is provided if both protocol entities implement the protocol specification correctly. This principle was later followed during the standardization of the OSI protocol stack, in particular for the transport layer.
It was also recognized that some kind of formalized protocol specification would be useful for the verification of the protocol and for developing implementations, as well as test cases for checking the conformance of an implementation against the specification. While initially mainly finite-state machine were used as (simplified) models of a protocol entity, in the 1980s three formal specification languages were standardized, two by ISO and one by ITU. The latter, called SDL, was later used in industry and has been merged with UML state machines.
Principles
The followi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypur | Hypur is a Scottsdale-based payment and banking technology platform that was built to enable financial institutions to responsibly and sustainably bank highly regulated industries, such as cannabis.
Founded in 2014, the platform helps monitor transactions and provides the level of transparency needed to comply with government regulations.
Overview
Hypur is the result of the combined efforts of a team of banking compliance officials and software and payment entrepreneurs which includes Michael J. Sinnwell, Jr., David J. Querciagrossa, Todd Fuller. Together, they identified the gaps between traditional banking processes and the unique needs of emerging industries, including highly regulated ones, and built solutions for them.
Hypur's software which can be integrated with POS systems, provides a level of transparency needed to ensure compliance with state laws. The platform also has built in efficiencies for enhanced due diligence and document management that helps audit companies on state licenses, financial statements, tax returns, property leases, among others.
The Hypur platform enables financial institutions to support cash-intensive businesses, including money service businesses like payday lenders, check cashers, money transmitters, off-track betting and pawn dealers.
Hypur Pay
Hypur Pay provides a secure electronic payment alternative to cash, debit and credit cards. It provides banks and credit unions with real-time access to transaction data and can provide a chain of cash custody that enables permissible commerce to a regulatory challenged industry that is illegal under Federal Law.
Other features of the software includes, automated and intelligent document management, invoice capture, advanced reporting and customized alert notifications.
References
2014 establishments in Arizona
American companies established in 2014
Companies based in Scottsdale, Arizona
Financial services companies of the United States
Online payments
2014 establishments in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20collapse | An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment. Ecosystems are never static, and are continually subject to stabilizing and destabilizing processes alike. Stabilizing processes allow ecosystems to adequately respond to destabilizing changes, or pertubations, in ecological conditions, or to recover from degradation induced by them: yet, if destabilizing processes become strong enough or fast enough to cross a critical threshold within that ecosystem, often described as an ecological 'tipping point', then an ecosystem collapse (sometimes also termed ecological collapse) occurs.
Ecosystem collapse does not mean total disappearance of life from the area, but it does result in the loss of the original ecosystem's defining characteristics, typically including the ecosystem services it may have provided. Collapse of an ecosystem is effectively irreversible more often than not, and even if the reversal is possible, it tends to be slow and difficult. Ecosystems with low resilience may collapse even during a comparatively stable time, which then typically leads to their replacement with a more resilient system in the biosphere. However, even resilient ecosystems may disappear during the times of rapid environmental change, and study of the fossil record was able to identify how certain ecosystems went through a collapse, such as with the Carboniferous rainforest collapse or the collapse of Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol ecosystems during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Today, the ongoing Holocene extinction is caused primarily by human impact on the environment, and the greatest biodiversity loss so far had been due to habitat degradation and fragmentation, which eventually destroys entire ecosystems if left unchecked. There have been multiple notable examples of such an ecosystem collapse in the recent past, such as the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery. More are likely to occur without |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAM%20library | PAM (Parallel Augmented Maps) is an open-source parallel C++ library implementing the interface for sequence, ordered sets, ordered maps, and augmented maps. The library is available on GitHub. It uses the underlying balanced binary tree structure using join-based algorithms. PAM supports four balancing schemes, including AVL trees, red-black trees, treaps and weight-balanced trees.
PAM is a parallel library and is also safe for concurrency. Its parallelism can be supported by cilk, OpenMP or the scheduler in PBBS. Theoretically, all algorithms in PAM are work-efficient and have polylogarithmic depth. PAM uses underlying persistent tree structure such that multi-versioning is allowed. PAM also supports efficient GC.
Interface
Sequences
To define a sequence, users need to specify the key type of the sequence.
PAM supports functions on sequences including construction, find an entry with a certain rank, first, last, next, previous, size, empty, filter, map-reduce, concatenating, etc.
Ordered sets
To define an ordered set, users need to specify the key type and the comparison function defining a total ordering on the key type.
On top of the sequence interface, PAM also supports functions for ordered sets including insertion, deletion, union, intersection, difference, etc.
Ordered maps
To define an ordered map, users need to specify the key type, the comparison function on the key type, and the value type.
On top of the ordered set interface, PAM also supports functions for ordered maps, such as insertion with combining values.
Augmented maps
To define an augmented map, users need to specify the key type, the comparison function on the key type, the value type, the augmented value type, the base function, the combine function and the identity of the combine function.
On top of the ordered map interface, PAM also supports functions for augmented maps, such as aug_range.
In addition to the tree structures, PAM also implements the prefix structure for augmented |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette%20Korber | Bette Korber is an American computational biologist focusing on the molecular biology and population genetics of the HIV virus that causes infection and eventually AIDS. She has contributed heavily to efforts to obtain an effective HIV vaccine. She created a database at Los Alamos National Laboratory that has enabled her to design novel mosaic HIV vaccines, one of which is currently in human testing in Africa. The database contains thousands of HIV genome sequences and related data.
Korber is a scientist in theoretical biology and biophysics at Los Alamos National Laboratory. She has received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award, the Department of Energy's highest award for scientific achievement. She has also received several other awards including the Elizabeth Glaser Award for pediatric AIDS research and the Richard Feynman Award for Innovation.
Early life and education
Bette Korber grew up in Southern California. She earned her B.S. in chemistry in 1981 from California State University, Long Beach, where her father was a sociology professor, her mother graduated in nursing, and her sister graduated in journalism. From 1981 to 1988, she was in the graduate program at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where she worked with Iwona Stroynowski in Leroy Hood's laboratory, receiving her PhD in chemistry in 1988. Her work focused on regulation of the expression of major histocompatibility complex type 1 genes, producing cell surface proteins that participate in the rejection of tissue transplants, by interferon induced by viral infections.
She then became a postdoctoral fellow with Myron Essex, working on the molecular epidemiology of the AIDS/HIV virus and HTLV-1, the human leukemia virus, at the Harvard School of Public Health until 1990. There, Korber used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to show both complete and deleted versions of viral genomes in leukemic cells. Her work on these viral partial and complete genomes was influential and widely cit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsselger%C3%A4t%2039 | The Schlüsselgerät 39 (SG-39) was an electrically operated rotor cipher machine, invented by the German Fritz Menzer during World War II. The device was the evolution of the Enigma rotors coupled with three Hagelin pin wheels to provide variable stepping of the rotors. All three wheels stepped once with each encipherment. Rotors stepped according to normal Enigma rules, except that an active pin at the reading station for a pin wheel prevented the coupled rotor from stepping. The cycle for a normal Enigma was 17,576 characters. When the Schlüsselgerät 39 was correctly configured, its cycle length was characters, which was more than 15,000 times longer than a standard Enigma. The Schlüsselgerät 39 was fully automatic, in that when a key was pressed, the plain and cipher letters were printed on separate paper tapes, divided into five-digit groups. The Schlüsselgerät 39 was abandoned by German forces in favour of the Schlüsselgerät 41.
Technical description
Note: Otto Buggisch gave the technical description of the cipher unit as part of TICOM homework.
Gerät 39 is an electrically operated cipher machine. The cipher technique is derived from the Enigma cipher machine. A direct current passes through 3 or 4 wheels, with 26 positions, I, II, II, a reflector wheel U, and the again through the 3 wheels in reverse order, III II and I. Unlike the Enigma, the wheels here do not control their own movement: this is done through 3 independent pin-wheels N1 N2 and N3 with periods 21,23 and 25. The figures were distributed among N1 N2 and N2 in possibly two different configurations.
The pin wheels have a uniform motion, i.e. they move one position for every letter keyed. As for the movement of the key wheels and other details, the machine passed through different stages of development in the course of time, for which there were no specific names and which will be denoted here by a,b,c and d.
Each of three wheels moves on one place when there is an active pin at the sensing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20temporal%20attention | Visual temporal attention is a special case of visual attention that involves directing attention to specific instant of time. Similar to its spatial counterpart visual spatial attention, these attention modules have been widely implemented in video analytics in computer vision to provide enhanced performance and human interpretable explanation of deep learning models.
As visual spatial attention mechanism allows human and/or computer vision systems to focus more on semantically more substantial regions in space, visual temporal attention modules enable machine learning algorithms to emphasize more on critical video frames in video analytics tasks, such as human action recognition. In convolutional neural network-based systems, the prioritization introduced by the attention mechanism is regularly implemented as a linear weighting layer with parameters determined by labeled training data.
Application in Action Recognition
Recent video segmentation algorithms often exploits both spatial and temporal attention mechanisms. Research in human action recognition has accelerated significantly since the introduction of powerful tools such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, effective methods for incorporation of temporal information into CNNs are still being actively explored. Motivated by the popular recurrent attention models in natural language processing, the Attention-aware Temporal Weighted CNN (ATW CNN) is proposed in videos, which embeds a visual attention model into a temporal weighted multi-stream CNN. This attention model is implemented as temporal weighting and it effectively boosts the recognition performance of video representations. Besides, each stream in the proposed ATW CNN framework is capable of end-to-end training, with both network parameters and temporal weights optimized by stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with back-propagation. Experimental results show that the ATW CNN attention mechanism contributes substantially to the performan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textfree | TextFree (formerly called Pinger and sometimes stylized as textfree) is a mobile application and web service that allows users to send and receive text messages, as well as make and receive VoIP phone calls, for free over the internet. The service costs nothing because it is supported by ads, but users have the option of paying for an ad-free version with enhanced features. TextFree was developed by American telecommunications provider Pinger, Inc. It was released in 2006.
TextFree states on its website that it has more than 130 million users (as of September 2022).
The mobile app runs on both iOS and Android devices, and there is a desktop version available for download on macOS and Windows. Users can also access TextFree's services online via a web browser. Competitors include GOGII, Optini and WhatsApp.
Usage
Users can communicate with other who do not use the app via texting and calling. Users can call within US and Canada, while texting is free in 35 countries. New accounts receive a new phone number and 60 free minutes. Users may also communicate with any other user worldwide. Moreover, Textfree has a web based version of its application that allows users to send and receive text messages directly from computer. They provide a permanent number to their users, which they can use to send free texts for lifetime.
References
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Instant messaging clients
Cross-platform software
Communication software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporoplasm | Sporoplasm is an infectious material present in the cytoplasm of various fungi-like organisms, such as members of class Microsporidia. Sporoplasm is defined as a mass of protoplasm that gives rise to or forms a spore. The protoplasmic body that is released as an infective amoebula from a cnidosporidian cyst.
Mode of infection
It is injected to host cell through a coiled polar tube which acts as a spring-like tubular extrusion mechanism. It is mainly involved in the asexual cycle of the organism.
Reproduction
Inside the host cell, the sporoplasm multiplies to generate meronts, cells with loosely organized organelles enclosed in a simple plasma membrane. Multiplication occurs either by merogony (binary fission) or schizogony (multiple fission) or plasmotomy (division of nucleus without relation to cytoplasm to produce multi-nucleated offspring).
References
Fungi
Microsporidia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falck-Hillarp%20method%20of%20fluorescence | The Falck-Hillarp method of fluorescence (the F-H method) is a technique that makes it possible to demonstrate and study, with unique precision and susceptibility, certain monoamines, among those the three catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline, as well as serotonin and related substances.
The method is based on the important and decisive discovery that these compounds are able to react with formaldehyde – in near complete absence of water – to form fluorophores, i.e. molecules that, when irradiated with light invisible to the eye, will emit visible light. This happens in a “dry” state, without extracting the monoamines from the cells during the entire procedure, a process that starts with separation of a tissue sample and ends with a thin tissue slice that can be examined in a fluorescence microscope.
The F-H method allowed, for the first time, the examiner to watch these monoamines light up in the microscope and to precisely determine in which cells they were present, and thereby understanding their functions. The method was developed by Bengt Falck and Nils-Åke Hillarp in the 1960s at the Department of Histology, University of Lund. For intense neurobiological research it became possible to demonstrate the presence of monoamines in nerve cells belonging to the central and the peripheral nervous system and for the first time comprehend that these substances act as signal substances, i.e. transmitters.
The initial publication, written already in 1961, described a wide-ranging examination of nerves supplying a large number of organs in the body. This work validated the concept of Ulf von Euler, the Nobel prize winner, that noradrenaline is the signal substance in peripheral autonomic nerves. In the same year, this first publication was followed by an explanation of the chemical background of the F–H method.
Very thin membranes, such as the rat iris or mesentery, do not have to be sectioned for microscopic studies but may simply be spread on gl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolosi%20globular%20projection | The Nicolosi globular projection is a polyconic map projection invented about the year 1,000 by the Iranian polymath al-Biruni. As a circular representation of a hemisphere, it is called globular because it evokes a globe. It can only display one hemisphere at a time and so normally appears as a "double hemispheric" presentation in world maps. The projection came into use in the Western world starting in 1660, reaching its most common use in the 19th century. As a "compromise" projection, it preserves no particular properties, instead giving a balance of distortions.
History
Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī, who was the foremost Muslim scholar of the Islamic Golden Age, invented the first recorded globular projection for use in celestial maps about the year 1000. Centuries later, as Europe entered its Age of Discovery, the demand for world maps increased rapidly, sparking a vast experimentation with diverse map projections. Globular projections were one category that received early attention, with inventions by Roger Bacon in the 13th century, Petrus Apianus in the 16th century, and also in the 16th century by French Jesuit priest Georges Fournier. In 1660, Giovanni Battista Nicolosi, a Sicilian chaplain in Rome, reinvented Al-Biruni's projection as a modification of Fournier's first projection. It is unlikely Nicolosi knew of al-Biruni's work, and Nicolosi's name is the one usually associated with the projection.
Nicolosi published a set of maps on the projection, one of the world in two hemispheres, and one each for the five known continents. Maps using the same projection appeared occasionally over the ensuring centuries, becoming relatively common in the 19th century as the stereographic projection fell out of common use for this purpose. Use of the Nicolosi projection continued into the early 20th century. It is rarely seen today.
Description
The construction of the Nicolosi globular projection is fairly simple with compasses and straightedge.
Given |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20secretion%20system | Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. Specifically, they are the cellular devices used by pathogenic bacteria to secrete their virulence factors (mainly of proteins) to invade the host cells. They can be classified into different types based on their specific structure, composition and activity. Generally, proteins can be secreted through two different processes. One process is a one-step mechanism in which proteins from the cytoplasm of bacteria are transported and delivered directly through the cell membrane into the host cell. Another involves a two-step activity in which the proteins are first transported out of the inner cell membrane, then deposited in the periplasm, and finally through the outer cell membrane into the host cell.
These major differences can be distinguished between Gram-negative diderm bacteria and Gram-positive monoderm bacteria. But the classification is by no means clear and complete. There are at least eight types specific to Gram-negative bacteria, four to Gram-positive bacteria, while two are common to both. In addition, there is appreciable difference between diderm bacteria with lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane (diderm-LPS) and those with mycolic acid (diderm-mycolate).
Export pathways
The export pathway is responsible for crossing the inner cell membrane in diderms, and the only cell membrane in monoderms.
Sec system
The general secretion (Sec) involves secretion of unfolded proteins that first remain inside the cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, the secreted protein is sent to either the inner membrane or the periplasm. But in Gram-positive bacteria, the protein can stay in the cell or is mostly transported out of the bacteria using other secretion systems. Among Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Yersinia enterocolitica use the Sec system. Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elifba%20alphabet | The Elifba alphabet (, from ) was the main writing system for the Albanian language during the time of the Ottoman Empire from 14th century to 1911. This Albanian variant of the Abjad Ottoman was used to write the Albanian language. The last version of the Elifbaja shqip was invented by the rilindas, Rexhep Voka (1847-1917).
History
The Ottoman Turkish alphabet was mainly favored by Albanian Muslims, but also used by some Christians. After being especially used during the Bejte poetry, a primer for the Albanian language in Arabic script was published in 1861 in Constantinople by Mullah Daut Boriçi, a prominent member of the League of Prizren.
During 1909 and 1910 there were movements by Albanian Young Turks supporters to adopt the Arabic alphabet, as they considered the Latin script to be un-Islamic. In Elbasan, Muslim clerics led a demonstration for the Arabic script, telling their congregations that using the Latin script would make them infidels. In 1911, the Young Turks dropped their opposition to the Latin alphabet, and the current Latin alphabet for Albanian was adopted. In order to eliminate ambiguity in the pronunciation of the Arabic script, Rexhep Voka developed a customized Arabic alphabet consisting of 44 consonants and vowels, which he published in 1911. However, it was hardly used anymore due to the Congress of Manastir. Tiranli Fazli then used this script to publish a thirty-two page grammar. Only one Albanian newspaper at the time ever appeared in Arabic script, and it lasted a brief period. Regardless of what script appeared, such material raised Albanian national consciousness.
References
Ottoman Albania
Writing systems
Albanian scripts
Arabic alphabets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitative%20interactions | Exploitative interactions, also known as enemy–victim interactions, is a part of consumer–resource interactions where one organism (the enemy) is the consumer of another organism (the victim), typically in a harmful manner. Some examples of this include predator–prey interactions, host–pathogen interactions, and brood parasitism.
In exploitative interactions, the enemy and the victim may often coevolve with each other. How exactly they coevolve depends on many factors, such as population density. One evolutionary consequence of exploitative interactions is antagonistic coevolution. This can occur because of resistance, where the victim attempts to decrease the number of successful attacks by the enemy, which encourages the enemy to evolve in response, thus resulting in a coevolutionary arms race. On the other hand, toleration, where the victim attempts to decrease the effect on fitness that successful enemy attacks have, may also evolve.
Exploitative interactions can have significant biological effects. For example, exploitative interactions between a predator and prey can result in the extinction of the victim (the prey, in this case), as the predator, by definition, kills the prey, and thus reduces its population. Another effect of these interactions is in the coevolutionary "hot" and "cold spots" put forth by geographic mosaic theory. In this case, coevolution caused by resistance would create "hot spots" of coevolutionary activity in an otherwise uniform environment, whereas "cold spots" would be created by the evolution of tolerance, which generally does not create a coevolutionary arms race.
See also
Biological interactions
Coevolution
Consumer–resource interactions
Host-pathogen interaction
Parasitism
Predation
References
Biological interactions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearspace | Gearspace is a website and forum dedicated to audio engineering. Gearspace is one of the largest resources for pro audio information, with over 1.6 million monthly visitors from 218 countries. Originally established in 2002 as Gearslutz, the site rebranded in March 2021.
History
In 2002, Julian Standen and Meg Lee Chin, both musicians and audio engineers, created the site, which is widely regarded as a top online resource for music production knowledge and discussion. The site has been described as the "best place … for help with your interface, DAW, signal path, or just about anything else."
In 2018, the website was ranked by Alexa.com as the 7,360th most popular website in the world. In 2020, it had over 1.6 million monthly visitors from 218 countries.
Behringer Lawsuit
In mid-2017, Music Tribe, the parent company of music equipment manufacturer Behringer, pursued legal action against synthesizer manufacturer Dave Smith Instruments (DSI) and a number of the website's forum participants, including a DSI employee, for defamation over various statements made in forum discussions that alleged that Behringer copies other companies' products and exhibits other questionable business practices.
Name change
On January 6, 2021, Cameran Davis started an online petition at Change.org encouraging the website to change its name from Gearslutz. Site co-founder Standen announced later the same month that the site would be undergoing a name change, stating "the word-play pun in the name has gotten old and it is now time to move forward".
On March 29, 2021, Standen confirmed that the site would be renamed "Gearspace.com".
References
British music websites
Audio engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20and%20logical%20qubits | In quantum computing, a qubit is a unit of information analogous to a bit (binary digit) in classical computing, but it is affected by quantum mechanical properties such as superposition and entanglement which allow qubits to be in some ways more powerful than classical bits for some tasks. Qubits are used in quantum circuits and quantum algorithms composed of quantum logic gates to solve computational problems, where they are used for input/output and intermediate computations.
A physical qubit is a physical device that behaves as a two-state quantum system, used as a component of a computer system. A logical qubit is a physical or abstract qubit that performs as specified in a quantum algorithm or quantum circuit subject to unitary transformations, has a long enough coherence time to be usable by quantum logic gates (c.f. propagation delay for classical logic gates).
, most technologies used to implement qubits face issues of stability, decoherence, fault tolerance and scalability. Because of this, many physical qubits are needed for the purposes of error-correction to produce an entity which behaves logically as a single qubit would in a quantum circuit or algorithm; this is the subject of quantum error correction. Thus, contemporary logical qubits typically consist of many physical qubits to provide stability, error-correction and fault tolerance needed to perform useful computations.
Overview
1-bit and 2-bit quantum gate operations have been shown to be universal. A quantum algorithm can be instantiated as a quantum circuit.
A logical qubit specifies how a single qubit should behave in a quantum algorithm, subject to quantum logic operations which can be built out of quantum logic gates. However, issues in current technologies preclude single two-state quantum systems, which can be used as physical qubits, from reliably encoding and retaining this information for long enough to be useful. Therefore, current attempts to produce scalable quantum computers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar%20ornithology | Radar ornithology is the use of radar technology in studies of bird migration and in approaches to prevent bird strikes particularly to aircraft. The technique was developed from the observations of pale wisps seen moving on radar during the Second World War. These were termed as "angels", "ghosts", or "phantoms" in Britain and were later identified as being caused by migrating birds. Over time, the technology has been vastly improved with Doppler weather radars that allow the detection of birds, bats, as well as insects with resolution and sensitivity that is sufficient to quantify the speed of flaps that can sometimes aid in the identification of species.
History
According to David Lack, the earliest recorded use of radar in detecting birds came in 1940. The movements of gulls, herons and lapwings that caused some of the detentions was visually confirmed. It was however only in the 1950s through the work of Ernst Sutter at Zurich airport that more elusive "angels" were confirmed to be caused by small passerines. David Lack was one of the pioneers of radar ornithology in England.
Applications
Early radar ornithology mainly focused, due to limitations of the equipment, on the seasonality, timing, intensity, and direction of flocks of birds in migration. Modern weather radars can detect the wing area of the flying, the speed of flight, the frequency of wing beat, the direction, distance and altitude. The sensitivity and modern analytical techniques now allows detection of flying insects as well.
Radar has been used to study seasonal variations in starling roosting behaviour. It has also been used to identify risks to aircraft operations at airports. The technique has been in conservation applications such as being used to assess the risk to birds by proposed wind energy installations, to quantify the number of birds at roost or nesting sites.
References
External links
Radar ornithology
Radar entomology
Biological techniques and tools |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20Computing%20Systems | Theory of Computing Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Verlag.
Published since 1967 as Mathematical Systems Theory and since volume 30 in 1997 under its current title, it is devoted to publishing original research from all areas of theoretical computer science, such as computational complexity, algorithms and data structures, or parallel and distributed algorithms and architectures. It is published 8 times per year since 2018, although the frequency varied in the past.
References
External links
Computer science journals
Theoretical computer science
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
8 times per year journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20European%20short%20wave%20transmitters | This is a list of short wave transmitters in Europe.
Active stations
Former stations
Those are former prominent SW transmitters:
The above radio stations broadcast in the wavebands of 75, 60, 49, 41, 31, 25, 22, 19, 16 and/or 11 meters.
See also
List of shortwave radio broadcasters
External links
http://short-wave.info
http://vcfm.ru
http://aparyshev.ru
http://freedomrussia.org
http://novosibdx.info
http://kamrc.ru
http://radiostation.ru
http://perunica.ru
http://morehod.ru
https://radiokot.ru
Broadcast transmitters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20of%20Immunologists%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award | The American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award is the highest honor bestowed by the American Association of Immunologists (AAI). It has been awarded annually to a single AAI member since 1994.
Winners
Source:
See also
List of medicine awards
References
Immunology
Medicine awards
American science and technology awards
Awards by scientific societies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20J.%20Straube | Emil Josef Straube is a Swiss and American mathematician.
Education and career
He received from ETH Zurich in 1977 his diploma in mathematics and in 1983 his doctorate in mathematics. For the academic year 1983–1984 Straube was a visiting research scholar at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a visiting assistant professor from 1984 to 1986 at Indiana University Bloomington and from 1986 to 1987 at the University of Pittsburgh. From 1996 to the present, he is a full professor at Texas A&M University, where he was an assistant professor from 1987 to 1991 and an associate professor from 1991 to 1996; from 2011 to the present, he is the head of the mathematics department there. He has held visiting research positions in Switzerland, Germany, the US, and Austria.
In 1995 he was a co-winner, with Harold P. Boas, of the Stefan Bergman Prize of the American Mathematical Society. In 2006 Straube was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid. In 2012 he was elected a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
Articles
with H. P. Boas:
with H. P. Boas:
with H. P. Boas:
with Siqi Fu:
with Marcel K. Sucheston:
Books
References
1952 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Swiss mathematicians
Complex analysts
Mathematical analysts
ETH Zurich alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vitro%20spermatogenesis | In vitro spermatogenesis is the process of creating male gametes (spermatozoa) outside of the body in a culture system. The process could be useful for fertility preservation, infertility treatment and may further develop the understanding of spermatogenesis at the cellular and molecular level.
Spermatogenesis is a highly complex process and artificially rebuilding it in vitro is challenging. These include creating a similar microenvironment to that of the testis as well as supporting endocrine and paracrine signalling, and ensuring survival of the somatic and germ cells from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) to mature spermatozoa.
Different methods of culturing can be used in the process such as isolated cell cultures, fragment cultures and 3D cultures
Culture techniques
Isolated cell cultures
Cell cultures can include either monocultures, where one cell population is cultured, or co-culturing systems, where several cell lines (must be at least two) can be cultured together. Cells are initially isolated for culture by enzymatically digesting the testis tissue to separate out the different cell types for culture The process of isolating cells can lead to cell damage.
The main advantage of monoculture is that the effect of different influences on one specific cell population of cells can be investigated. Co-culture allows for the interactions between cell populations to be observed and experimented on, which is seen as an advantage over the monoculture model.
Isolated cell culture, specifically co-culture of testis tissue, has been a useful technique for examining the influences of specific factors such as hormones or different feeder cells on the progression of spermatogenesis in vitro. For example, factors such as temperature, feeder cell influence and the role of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have all been investigated using isolated cell culture techniques.
Studies have concluded that different factors can influence the culture of g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JanusGraph | JanusGraph is an open source, distributed graph database under The Linux Foundation. JanusGraph is available under the Apache License 2.0. The project is supported by IBM, Google, Hortonworks and Grakn Labs.
JanusGraph supports various storage backends (Apache Cassandra, Apache HBase, Google Cloud Bigtable, Oracle BerkeleyDB, Scylla). Scalability of JanusGraph depends on the underlying technologies, which are used with JanusGraph. For example, by using Apache Cassandra as a storage backend scaling to multiple datacenters is provided out of the box.
JanusGraph supports global graph data analytics, reporting, and ETL through integration with big data platforms (Apache Spark, Apache Giraph, Apache Hadoop).
JanusGraph supports geo, numeric range, and full-text search via external index storages (ElasticSearch, Apache Solr, Apache Lucene).
JanusGraph has native integration with the Apache TinkerPop graph stack (Gremlin graph query language, Gremlin graph server, Gremlin applications).
History
JanusGraph is the fork of TitanDB graph database which is being developed since 2012.
Version 0.1.0 was released on Apr 20, 2017.
Version 0.1.1 was released on May 16, 2017.
Version 0.2.0 was released on Oct 12, 2017.
Version 0.2.1 was released on Jul 10, 2018.
Version 0.2.2 was released on Oct 9, 2018.
Version 0.2.3 was released on May 21, 2019.
Version 0.3.0 was released on Jul 31, 2018.
Version 0.3.1 was released on Oct 2, 2018.
Version 0.3.2 was released on Jun 16, 2019.
Version 0.3.3 was released on Jan 11, 2020.
Version 0.4.0 was released on Jul 1, 2019.
Version 0.4.1 was released on Jan 14, 2020.
Version 0.5.0 was released on Mar 10, 2020.
Version 0.5.1 was released on Mar 25, 2020.
Version 0.5.2 was released on May 3, 2020.
Version 0.5.3 was released on December 24, 2020.
Version 0.6.0 was released on September 3, 2021.
Version 0.6.1 was released on January 18, 2022.
Version 0.6.3 was released on February 18, 2023.
Licensing and contributions
Janus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Trade%20Desk | The Trade Desk, Inc. (stylized as theTradeDesk) is an American multinational technology company that specializes in real-time programmatic marketing automation technologies, products, and services, designed to personalize digital content delivery to users.
The Trade Desk is headquartered in Ventura, California. It is the largest independent demand-side platform in the world, competing against DoubleClick by Google, Facebook Ads, and others. Unlike traditional marketing, programmatic marketing is operated by real-time, split-second decisions based on user identity, device information, and other data points. It enables highly personalized consumer experiences, and improves return-on-investment for companies and advertisers. Demand-side platforms, like The Trade Desk, work with ad exchanges to deliver such tailored digital experiences.
The company continued to grow since its founding in 2009. As of 2021, it offers a self-service publishing platform for brands & advertisers, a data management platform for advanced analytics & segmentation, and enterprise APIs that enable advanced integrations. It has over 225 partners worldwide, and is responsible for delivering personalized content on Spotify and more.
The Trade Desk has been recognized for its omni-channel approach to programmatic marketing automation, with strong data analytics capabilities, fast response-times, and support for various connected devices, online platforms, and media formats. It reported a 95% customer retention rate for 27 straight quarters in 2020, and an annual revenue of in the same year.
The firm currently employs around 2,800 people in 25 office locations worldwide. It was ranked among the 100 Best Medium Workplaces by Fortune in 2018, and have been continually named in the list since then.
History
Early years
The Trade Desk was co-founded in 2009 by Jeff Green and David Pickles. They met at Microsoft after it had acquired Green's real-time digital advertising auction firm, AdECN, in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulating%20mitochondrial%20DNA | Circulating mitochondrial DNA, also called cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf mtDNA), are short sections of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that are released by cells undergoing stress or other damaging or pathological events. Circulating mitochondrial DNA is recognized by the immune system and activates inflammatory reactions. It is also a biomarker that can be used to detect the degree of damage from myocardial infarctions, cancers and ordinary stress. In certain situations it acts as a hormone.
Plasma or serum levels of ccf mtDNA have been seen to be of marked difference in people with cancer. These higher levels have shown to be a reliable non-invasive biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of many kinds of tumours.
Specific analysis of tumor-derived circulating mitochondrial DNA is challenging in human samples as it requires to track in plasma defined mutations, or alterations from the mitochondrial genome. In animal models, separating tumor-derived DNA in plasma from non-tumor derived DNA is easier. A proof of principle demonstrated the sensitivity of detecting tumor-derived circulating mitochondrial DNA in the plasma, CSF and urine of xenografted animals.
See also
Circulating tumor DNA
NucPosDB: a database of nucleosome positioning in vivo and nucleosomics of cell-free DNA
References
DNA
Anatomical pathology
Medical signs
Biomarkers
Oncology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartels%E2%80%93Stewart%20algorithm | In numerical linear algebra, the Bartels–Stewart algorithm is used to numerically solve the Sylvester matrix equation . Developed by R.H. Bartels and G.W. Stewart in 1971, it was the first numerically stable method that could be systematically applied to solve such equations. The algorithm works by using the real Schur decompositions of and to transform into a triangular system that can then be solved using forward or backward substitution. In 1979, G. Golub, C. Van Loan and S. Nash introduced an improved version of the algorithm, known as the Hessenberg–Schur algorithm. It remains a standard approach for solving Sylvester equations when is of small to moderate size.
The algorithm
Let , and assume that the eigenvalues of are distinct from the eigenvalues of . Then, the matrix equation has a unique solution. The Bartels–Stewart algorithm computes by applying the following steps:
1.Compute the real Schur decompositions
The matrices and are block-upper triangular matrices, with diagonal blocks of size or .
2. Set
3. Solve the simplified system , where . This can be done using forward substitution on the blocks. Specifically, if , then
where is the th column of . When , columns should be concatenated and solved for simultaneously.
4. Set
Computational cost
Using the QR algorithm, the real Schur decompositions in step 1 require approximately flops, so that the overall computational cost is .
Simplifications and special cases
In the special case where and is symmetric, the solution will also be symmetric. This symmetry can be exploited so that is found more efficiently in step 3 of the algorithm.
The Hessenberg–Schur algorithm
The Hessenberg–Schur algorithm replaces the decomposition in step 1 with the decomposition , where is an upper-Hessenberg matrix. This leads to a system of the form that can be solved using forward substitution. The advantage of this approach is that can be found using Householder reflections at a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor%20de%20la%20langue%20fran%C3%A7aise%20informatis%C3%A9 | The or TLFi ("Digitized Treasury of the French Language") is a digital version of the or TLF ("Treasury of the French Language"), a 16-volume dictionary of the French language of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was published between 1971 and 1994. It is freely available via a web interface. It was previously sold as a CD-ROM for Mac and Windows.
Since 2008, there are applications for macOS, iOS and Android.
The TLFi was created by the Analyse et traitement informatique de la langue française (ATILF; Computer Processing and Analysis of the French Language) joint research group, a collaboration between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine. French linguist Alain Rey participated in its creation.
History
The first upload of the TLFi took place in the early 90s at the National Institute of the French Language (INaLF) with the help of Alain Rey and Bernard Cerquiglini. The online version of the dictionary is presented without any modifications or updates. In 2001, the INaLF and Nancy 2 University collaborated to create the ATILF, a research lab associated with the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine.
The dictionary became available on CD-ROM on November 5, 2004, for Windows and Mac OS X.
Description
The dictionary stems from the semantic analysis of the TLF and its analysis in several domains: definitions, usage examples, and semantic and lexical information.
Taking advantage of the rich database extracted from its analysis, the dictionary offers not only the capability to search by entry but also the possibility to do more complex searches. The hypertext interface allows for referencing across different versions of the dictionary.
Contents
The TLFi contains definitions, examples from literary excerpts, technical field usages guides, information on semantics, history, etymology, grammar, usages, and synonyms and antonyms as well as hierarchical analyses linking these indi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unsolved%20problems%20in%20fair%20division | This page lists notable open problems related to fair division - a field in the intersection of mathematics, computer science, political science and economics.
Open problems in fair cake-cutting
Query complexity of envy-free cake-cutting
In the problem of envy-free cake-cutting, there is a cake modeled as an interval, and agents with different value measures over the cake. The value measures are accessible only via queries of the form "evaluate a given piece of cake" or "mark a piece of cake with a given value". With agents, an envy-free division can be found using two queries, via divide and choose. With agents, there are several open problems regarding the number of required queries.
1. First, assume that the entire cake must be allocated (i.e., there is no disposal), and pieces may be disconnected. How many queries are required?
Lower bound: ;
Upper bound: .
2. Next, assume that some cake may be left unallocated (i.e., there is free disposal), but the allocation must be proportional (in addition to envy-free): each agent must get at least of the total cake value. Pieces may still be disconnected. How many queries are required?
Lower bound: not known (theoretically it may be polynomially solvable).
Upper bound: .
3. Next, assume there is free disposal, the allocation must still be proportional, but the pieces must be connected. How many queries are required?
For , there is an algorithm with 54 queries.
For , no finite algorithm is currently known.
4. Next, assume there is free disposal, the pieces must be connected, but the allocation may be only approximately proportional (i.e., some agents may get less than of the total cake value). What value can be guaranteed to each agent using a finite envy-free protocol?
For , there is an algorithm that attains 1/3, which is optimal.
For (the smallest open case), there is an algorithm that attains 1/7.
For any , there is an algorithm that attains .
5. Finally, assume the entire cake must be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Polly | Amazon Polly is a cloud service by Amazon Web Services, a subsidiary of Amazon.com, that converts text into spoken audio. It allows developers to create speech-enabled applications and products. It was launched in November 2016 and now includes 60 voices across 29 languages, some of which are Neural Text-to-Speech voices of higher quality. Users include Duolingo, a language education platform.
See also
Amazon Lex
Amazon Rekognition
Amazon SageMaker
Amazon Web Services
Google Wavenet
References
Natural language processing software
Amazon Web Services
Software developer communities
Speech synthesis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry%20of%20body%20odor | The biochemistry of body odor pertains to the chemical compounds in the body responsible for body odor and their kinetics.
Causes
Body odor encompasses axillary (underarm) odor and foot odor. It is caused by a combination of sweat gland secretions and normal skin microflora. In addition, androstane steroids and the ABCC11 transporter are essential for most axillary odor. Body odor is a complex phenomenon, with numerous compounds and catalysts involved in its genesis. Secretions from sweat glands are initially odorless, but preodoriferous compounds or malodor precursors in the secretions are transformed by skin surface bacteria into volatile odorous compounds that are responsible for body malodor. Water and nutrients secreted by sweat glands also contribute to body odor by creating an ideal environment for supporting the growth of skin surface bacteria.
Types
There are three types of sweat glands: eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine. Apocrine glands are primarily responsible for body malodor and, along with apoeccrine glands, are mostly expressed in the axillary (underarm) regions, whereas eccrine glands are distributed throughout virtually all of the rest of the skin in the body, although they are also particularly expressed in the axillary regions, and contribute to malodor to a relatively minor extent. Sebaceous glands, another type of secretory gland, are not sweat glands but instead secrete sebum (an oily substance), and may also contribute to body odor to some degree.
The main odorous compounds that contribute to axillary odor include:
Unsaturated or hydroxylated branched fatty acids, with the key ones being (E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (3M2H) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA)
Sulfanylalkanols, particularly 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3M3SH)
Odoriferous androstane steroids, namely the pheromones androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one) and androstenol (5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol)
These malodorous compounds are formed from non-odoriferous precursors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-Algebra%20of%20%CF%84-past | The σ-algebra of τ-past, (also named stopped σ-algebra, stopped σ-field, or σ-field of τ-past) is a σ-algebra associated with a stopping time in the theory of stochastic processes, a branch of probability theory.
Definition
Let be a stopping time on the filtered probability space . Then the σ-algebra
is called the σ-algebra of τ-past.
Properties
Monotonicity
Is are two stopping times and
almost surely, then
Measurability
A stopping time is always -measurable.
Intuition
The same way is all the information up to time , is all the information up time . The only difference is that is random. For example, if you had a random walk, and you wanted to ask, “How many times did the random walk hit −5 before it first hit 10?”, then letting be the first time the random walk hit 10, would give you the information to answer that question.
References
Stochastic processes
Families of sets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta%20Mechanica | Acta Mechanica is a peer-reviewed English, scientific journal publishing articles in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics, specifically in solid mechanics and fluid mechanics, published by Springer. The editor-in-chief is Hans Irschik (Johannes Kepler University Linz). Other Editors are M. Krommer (Vienna University of Technology), C. Marchioli (University of Udine), Martin Ostoja-Starzewski (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and George J. Weng (Rutgers University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.645.
See also
Aristoteles Philippidis
References
External links
Physics journals
English-language journals
Engineering journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1965
Monthly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent%20pathfinding | The problem of Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is an instance of multi-agent planning and consists in the computation of collision-free paths for a group of agents from their location to an assigned target. It is an optimization problem, since the aim is to find those paths that optimize a given objective function, usually defined as the number of time steps until all agents reach their goal cells. MAPF is the multi-agent generalization of the pathfinding problem, and it is closely related to the shortest path problem in the context of graph theory.
Several algorithms have been proposed to solve the MAPF problem. Due to its complexity, it happens that optimal approaches are infeasible on big environments and with a high number of agents. However, given the applications in which MAPF is involved such as automated warehouses and airport management, it is important to reach a trade-off between the efficiency of the solution and its effectiveness.
Problem Formalization
The elements of a classical MAPF problem are the following:
a set of agents;
an undirected graph , where is the node set, and is the edge set. The nodes represent the possible locations of the agents, while the arcs are the possible connections between such positions;
a map that associates each agent with its starting point;
a map that associates each agent with its target point.
It is assumed that time is discrete, and that each agent can perform one action at each time step. There are two possible types of actions: the wait action, in which the agent remains in its node, and the move action, that allows the agent to move to an adjacent node. An action is formalized as a function , meaning that represents the action of moving from to if is adjacent to and different than , or to stay in node if .
The agents perform sequences of actions to go from their starting point to their target location. A sequence of action performed by agent is denoted by and is called a plan. If agent st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archinephros | The archinephros, or holonephros, is a primitive kidney that has been retained by the larvae of hagfish and some caecilians. A recent author has referred to this structure as "the hypothetical primitive kidney of ancestral vertebrates". In the earliest vertebrates, this structure potentially extended the entire length of the body and consisted of paired segmental structures which drained via a pair of archinephrenic ducts into the cloaca. The entire structure arises from the nephric ridge, which in higher animal embryos gives rise to nephrotomes and the pronephroi at around 4 weeks gestation in humans. The pronephroi are supplanted by mesonephroi and finally by definitive kidneys, the metanephroi, by around 5 weeks gestation. The archinephros is nonfunctional in humans and other mammals.
The three types of mature vertebrate kidneys develop from the archinephros: the pronephros from the front section, the mesonephros from the mid-section and the metanephros from the rear section.
References
Anatomy
Developmental biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20measure | In mathematics, the Brown measure of an operator in a finite factor is a probability measure on the complex plane which may be viewed as an analog of the spectral counting measure (based on algebraic multiplicity) of matrices.
It is named after Lawrence G. Brown.
Definition
Let be a finite factor with the canonical normalized trace and let be the identity operator. For every operator the function
is a subharmonic function and its Laplacian in the distributional sense is a probability measure on
which is called the Brown measure of Here the Laplace operator is complex.
The subharmonic function can also be written in terms of the Fuglede−Kadison determinant as follows
See also
References
. Geometric methods in operator algebras (Kyoto, 1983).
.
Mathematical terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgBiotechNet | AgBiotechNet is a searchable online database of scientific literature on topics related to agricultural biotechnology. Its target audience consists of biotechnology researchers and policymakers. Though some features on the site are available for free, others can only be accessed by paid subscribers. First launched in January 1999, AgBiotechNet is run by the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (also known as CABI), which founded it along with Michigan State University's Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project.
References
External links
Internet properties established in 1999
Scientific databases
Biotechnology companies established in 1999
Online databases
Biology websites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-out%20wafer-level%20packaging | Fan-out wafer-level packaging (also known as wafer-level fan-out packaging, fan-out WLP, FOWL packaging, FO-WLP, FOWLP, etc.) is an integrated circuit packaging technology, and an enhancement of standard wafer-level packaging (WLP) solutions.
In conventional technologies, a wafer is diced first, and then individual dies are packaged; package size is usually considerably larger than the die size. By contrast, in standard WLP flows integrated circuits are packaged while still part of the wafer, and the wafer (with outer layers of packaging already attached) is diced afterwards; the resulting package is practically of the same size as the die itself. However, the advantage of having a small package comes with a downside of limiting the number of external contacts that can be accommodated in the limited package footprint; this may become a significant limitation when complex semiconductor devices requiring a large number of contacts are considered.
Fan-out WLP was developed to relax that limitation. It provides a smaller package footprint along with improved thermal and electrical performance compared to conventional packages, and allows having higher number of contacts without increasing the die size.
In contrast to standard WLP flows, in fan-out WLP the wafer is diced first. But then the dies are very precisely re-positioned on a carrier wafer or panel, with space for fan-out kept around each die. The carrier is then reconstituted by molding, followed by making a redistribution layer atop the entire molded area (both atop the chip and atop the adjacent fan-out area), and then forming solder balls on top.
See also
List of integrated circuit packaging types
References
External links
Electronics manufacturing
Semiconductor technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiaan%20Quast | Bastiaan Quast is a Dutch Machine learning researcher. He is the author and lead maintainer of the open-source rnn and transformer deep-learning frameworks in the R programming language, and the datasets.load GUI package, as well as R packages on Global Value Chain decomposition & WIOD and on Regression Discontinuity Design. Quast is a great-great-grandson of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Tobias Asser.
Early life and education
Bastiaan Quast graduated from University of Groningen with a bachelor's degree in Economics and bachelor's degree in Theoretical philosophy. He holds a master's degree in Econometrics from the University of St. Gallen He obtained his Ph.D from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies with advisors Richard Baldwin and Jean-Louis Arcand, his work on local languages and internet usage was discussed at the 2017 G20 meeting in Germany.
Career
Quast is an functionary of the United Nations at the International Telecommunication Union, as Secretary of the ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health and AI for Good.
Bastiaan Quast created the popular machine learning framework rnn in R, which allows native implementations of recurrent neural network architectures, such as LSTM and GRU (>100,000 downloads). While working at UNCTAD, Quast developed the popular package datasets.load, which is part of the top 10% of most downloaded R packages (>100,000). The R packages decompr and wiod have been downloaded >20,000 times.
Bibliography
Kummritz, Victor; Quast, Bastiaan (2017). Global value chains in developing economies. London, United Kingdom: VoxEU.
References
External links
Bastiaan Quast
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Data scientists
Computer programmers
Swiss computer scientists
University of Groningen alumni
University of St. Gallen alumni
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Dutch expatriates in Switzerland
R (programming lang |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20economy | Silver economy is the system of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services aimed at using the purchasing potential of older and ageing people and satisfying their consumption, living and health needs. The silver economy is analyzed in the field of social gerontology not as an existing economic system but as an instrument of ageing policy and the political idea of forming a potential, needs-oriented economic system for the aging population. Its main element is gerontechnology as a new scientific, research and implementation paradigm.
History
The phrase "silver economy" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "silver market" (the “ageing marketplace” or the “mature market”), which is a narrower concept. The wording "silver market" was created in the 1970s in Japan in the context of increasing of the availability of facilities for seniors. Silver market includes, among others, good, values and services for affluent older people; special solutions in trade between operators, allowing adjustments to aging workforce; ideas of universal design and transgenerational design that aim is to adapt goods and services to people of different ages ("age-friendly"), physical condition and cognitive abilities, which may result in improved social integration.
The silver economy is not a single sector, but rather a collection of products and services from many existing economic sectors, including information technology, telecommunications, financial sector, housing, transport, energy, tourism, culture, infrastructure and local services, and long-term care.
References
Economies
Old age
Gerontology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISpot | The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) is a type of assay that focuses on quantitatively measuring the frequency of cytokine secretion for a single cell. The ELISpot Assay is also a form of immunostaining since it is classified as a technique that uses antibodies to detect a protein analyte, with the word analyte referring to any biological or chemical substance being identified or measured.
The FluoroSpot Assay is a variation of the ELISpot assay. The FluoroSpot Assay uses fluorescence in order to analyze multiple analytes, meaning it can detect the secretion of more than one type of protein.
History
Cecil Czerkinsky first described ELISpot in 1983 as a new way to quantify the production of an antigen-specific immunoglobulin by hybridoma cells.
In 1988, Czerkinsky developed an ELISA spot assay that quantified the secretion of a lymphokine by T cells.
In the same year, dual-color ELISpot was combined with computer imaging for the first time, which allowed for the enumeration and analysis of spots.
1988 also marked the first use of membrane-bottomed plates for performing these assays.
Mechanism of ELISpot
Antibody coating: Throughout the ELISpot Assay technique, different substances are added to and washed away from wells. Wells are found on a laboratory plate with tiny dishes/bowls that can be filled with a substance to be examined; the amount of wells on a plate varies, but it usually ranges from 16-100. The first substance added to the wells are cytokine specific monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies coat the walls of the wells for future binding to cytokine. The monoclonal antibodies means that the antibody is produced from a single cell lineage, and is only able to bind to one protein epitope. Polyclonal antibodies, on the other hand, are capable of binding to multiple epitopes of the same protein.
Cell incubation: The desired cells being observed and analyzed are added to the wells. Each well can have the presence or absence of stimuli that acti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20polynomials%20of%20the%20second%20kind | The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind , also known as the Fontana-Bessel polynomials, are the polynomials defined by the following generating function:
The first five polynomials are:
Some authors define these polynomials slightly differently
so that
and may also use a different notation for them (the most used alternative notation is ). Under this convention, the polynomials form a Sheffer sequence.
The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind were largely studied by the Hungarian mathematician Charles Jordan, but their history may also be traced back to the much earlier works.
Integral representations
The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind may be represented via these integrals
as well as
These polynomials are, therefore, up to a constant, the antiderivative of the binomial coefficient and also that of the falling factorial.
Explicit formula
For an arbitrary , these polynomials may be computed explicitly via the following summation formula
where are the signed Stirling numbers of the first kind and are the Gregory coefficients.
The expansion of the Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind into a Newton series reads
It can be shown using the second integral representation and Vandermonde's identity.
Recurrence formula
The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind satisfy the recurrence relation
or equivalently
The repeated difference produces
Symmetry property
The main property of the symmetry reads
Some further properties and particular values
Some properties and particular values of these polynomials include
where are the Cauchy numbers of the second kind and are the central difference coefficients.
Some series involving the Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
The digamma function may be expanded into a series with the Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
in the following way
and hence
and
where is Euler's constant. Furthermore, we also have
where is the gamma function. The Hurwitz and Riemann zeta f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20suicide%20recombination | Locus suicide recombination (LSR) constitutes a variant form of class switch recombination that eliminates all immunoglobulin heavy chain constant genes. It thus terminates immunoglobulin and B-cell receptor (BCR) expression in B-lymphocytes and results in B-cell death since survival of such cells requires BCR expression. This process is initiated by the enzyme activation-induced deaminase upon B-cell activation. LSR is thus one of the pathways that can result into activation-induced cell death in the B-cell lineage.
References
Biological concepts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20software%20for%20astronomy%20research%20and%20education | Listed here are software packages useful for conducting scientific research in astronomy, and for seeing, exploring, and learning about the data used in astronomy.
astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial%20sample%20curation | The curation of extraterrestrial samples (astromaterials) obtained by sample-return missions takes place at facilities specially designed to preserve both the sample integrity and protect the Earth. Astromaterials are classified as either non-restricted or restricted, depending on the nature of the Solar System body. Non-restricted samples include the Moon, asteroids, comets, solar particles and space dust. Restricted bodies include planets or moons suspected to have either past or present habitable environments to microscopic life, and therefore must be treated as extremely biohazardous.
Overview
Spacecraft instruments are subject to mass and power constraints, in addition to the limitations imposed by the extreme environment of outer space on the sensitive science instruments, so bringing extraterrestrial material to Earth is desired for extensive scientific analyses. For the purpose of planetary protection, astromaterial samples brought to Earth by sample-return missions must be received and curated in a specially-designed and equipped biocontainment facility that must also double as a cleanroom to preserve the science value of the samples.
Samples brought from non-restricted bodies such as the Moon, asteroids, comets, solar particles and space dust, are processed at specialized facilities rated Biosafety level-3 (BSL-3). Samples brought to Earth from a planet or moon suspected to have either past or present habitable environments to microscopic life would make it a Category V body, and must be curated at facilities rated Biosafety level-4 (BSL-4), as agreed in the Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty. However, the existing BSL-4 facilities in the world do not have the complex requirements to ensure the preservation and protection of Earth and the sample simultaneously. While existing BSL-4 facilities deal primarily with fairly well-known organisms, a BSL-4 facility focused on extraterrestrial samples must pre-plan the systems carefully while being mindful t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus%20semicircularis | The torus semicircularis is a region of the vertebrate midbrain that contributes to auditory perception, studied most often in fish and amphibians. Neurons from the medulla project to the nucleus centralis and the nucleus ventrolateralis in the torus semicircularis, providing afferent auditory and hydrodynamic information. Research suggests that these nuclei interact with each other, suggesting that this area of the brain is bimodally sensitive. In the Gymnotiform fish, which are weakly electric fish, the torus semicircularis was observed to exhibit laminar organization. It receives afferent input, specifically electrosensory, mechanical, and auditory stimuli. In frogs, researchers have studied how neurons in the torus semicircularis prefer certain characteristics of sound differentially. Single neurons fire selectively based on the auditory parameters of a stimulus. Functionally, this can allow members of a species to distinguish whether a call is of the same (conspecific) or a different species. This has been observed to play a role in mate selection. In the Tungara frog, which produces a species-specific mating call, scientists studied responses in the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis to various parts of the call. They came to the conclusion that this part of the brain acts as a feature detector (a neuron/neurons that respond to a certain feature of a stimulus) for the parts of the auditory stimulus that are conspecific. From an evolutionary standpoint, research has been conducted in turtles to connect the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the torus semicircularis among birds and mammals to a common reptile predecessor.
References
Midbrain
Neuroscience
Vertebrate anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BridgeOS | bridgeOS is an embedded operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. for use exclusively with its hardware. bridgeOS runs on the T series Apple silicon processors and operates the OLED touchscreen strip called the "Touch Bar" as well as multiple other functions, including managing the encrypted data in their Secure Enclave and acting as a gatekeeper and video codec to the device's cameras. bridgeOS is a heavily modified version of Apple's watchOS.
References
Apple Inc. operating systems
2016 software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20TeX%20extensions | TeX is a free typesetting system for which many extensions have been developed.
Languages
ArabTeX – adds support for Hebrew and Arabic alphabets
FarsiTeX – adds support for Farsi
Omega (TeX) – extends multilinguality by using the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode
XeTeX – uses Unicode, adds additional fonts
TIPA (software) – supports phonetic characters
CTeX – Chinese TeX
MonTeX – Mongolian LaTeX
Science
AMS-LaTeX and AMS-TeX - classes and packages developed for the American Mathematical Society; extensions of LaTeX and TeX respectively
CircuiTikZ - adds creation of electrical networks (adds on to TikZ)
REVTeX - collection of LaTeX macros used for scientific journals
XyMTeX - supports chemical structure diagrams
General
BibTeX - adds reference management software
ConTeXt - general-purpose document processor
LaTeX - collection of macros written by Leslie Lamport
LuaTeX - all internals can be accessed from Lua
pdfTeX - outputs PDF files directly
optex – LuaTeX format with extended plainTeX macros
Other
MusiXTeX - allows music typesetting
Gregorio - allows typesetting of Gregorian chant
PGF/TikZ - languages that provide vector graphics
PSTricks - allows using PostScript drawings
Texinfo - used for software manuals, can produce both print and Web documentation)
See also
CTANComprehensive TeX Archive Network
References
TeX
TeX |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-35%20Sentinel | The LGM-35 Sentinel, also known as the Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD), is a future American land-based intercontinental ballistic missile system (ICBM) currently in the early stages of development. It is slated to replace Minuteman III missiles, currently stationed in North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, and Nebraska from 2029 through 2075. In 2020 the Department of the Air Force awarded defense contractor Northrop Grumman a $13.3 billion sole-source contract for development of the LGM-35 after Boeing withdrew its proposal. Northrop Grumman's subcontractors on the LGM-35 include Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, Bechtel, Honeywell, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Parsons, Textron, and others.
Name
According to the United States Air Force website, the L in LGM is the Department of Defense designation for silo-launched; G means surface attack; and "M" stands for guided missile.
History
In 2010, the ICBM Coalition, legislators from states that house nuclear missiles, told President Obama they would not support ratification of the New START treaty with Russia unless Obama agreed to revamp the US nuclear triad: nuclear weapons that could be launched from land, sea, and air. In a written statement, President Obama agreed to "modernize or replace" all three legs of the triad.
A request for proposal for development and maintenance of a next-generation nuclear ICBM was made by the US Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center in July 2016. The GBSD would replace the Minuteman III, which was first deployed in 1970, in the land-based portion of the US nuclear triad. The new missiles, to be phased in over a decade from the late 2020s, are estimated over a fifty-year life cycle to cost around $264 billion. Boeing and Northrop Grumman competed for the contract.
In August 2017, the Air Force awarded three-year development contracts to Boeing and Northrop Grumman for $349 million and $329 million, respectively. One of these companies was to be selected to produce a ground-based nuclear ICBM i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure%20%28engineering%29 | The substructure of a building transfers the load of the building to the ground and isolates it horizontally from the ground. This includes foundations and basement retaining walls. It is differentiated from the superstructure.
It safeguards the building against the forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc. It provides a level and firm surface for the construction of superstructure. It also prevents unequal or differential settlement and ensures stability of the building against sliding, overturning, undermine due to floodwater or burrowing animals.
References
Building engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Platonic%20Permutation | "The Platonic Permutation" is the ninth episode of the ninth season of The Big Bang Theory. The 192nd episode overall, it first aired on CBS on November 19, 2015. The story follows the characters throughout Thanksgiving. The first storyline explores Sheldon and Amy's relationship as they meet-up, after being broken up. The next subplot follows Bernadette, Raj, Emily and Howard where they volunteer at a soup kitchen and the last follows Leonard and Penny after they have a minor conflict as Penny forgets Leonard's birthday.
"The Platonic Permutation" features a guest appearance of South-African American entrepreneur and business magnate, Elon Musk as himself. Critics had mixed reviews of the episode. Critics praised Sheldon and Amy's storyline, but were critical of the other two subplots and of Musk's appearance.
Plot
With Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons) and Amy Farrah Fowler (Mayim Bialik) still broken up and all of his friends busy for Thanksgiving, Sheldon tries to give Amy tickets he bought them to Thanksgiving dinner at the aquarium, but Amy suggests they can still go as friends. Despite initial awkwardness, Amy honestly answers Sheldon's questions about her dating life, and each wants the other to be happy, falling back into their old friendship. Later, Amy tells Sheldon she is ready to be his girlfriend again. Sheldon declines, since getting over her was too difficult, but wishes to remain friends. Amy hides her hurt feelings. Bernadette Rostenkowski (Melissa Rauch), Raj Koothrappali (Kunal Nayyar) and Emily Sweeney (Laura Spencer) drag Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg) to a soup kitchen to volunteer for the day, after Howard lies about going there to avoid Sheldon. At the soup kitchen, Howard hates washing dishes, but is delighted to meet Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX. They bond over space travel. Meanwhile, Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Penny (Kaley Cuoco) prepare Thanksgiving dinner at home for the gang. When he realizes she does not know his birth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandr | Xandr, Inc. (pronounced "Zander") is the advertising and analytics subsidiary of Microsoft, which operates an online platform, Community, for buying and selling consumer-centric digital advertising.
In December 2021, AT&T announced that they had agreed to sell Xandr (including AppNexus and Clypd) to Microsoft for an undisclosed price. The acquisition was completed in June 2022.
History
Following its June 2018 acquisition of AppNexus, Xandr was formed by AT&T to construct a national TV advertising marketplace.
Xandr was launched, on September 25, 2018, at its inaugural AT&T Relevance Conference, in Santa Barbara, California, and was named after its parent company founder, Alexander Graham Bell.
In June 2019, Xandr rebranded its AppNexus DSP, launching Xandr Invest, to serve as its central ad-buying hub.
On October 18, 2019, Xandr acquired Massachusetts-based Clypd, an audience-based sales platform for television advertising.
On April 30, 2020, it was folded into WarnerMedia.
Rumors and speculation spread in 2020 that AT&T was seeking to sell and offload Xandr, along with DirecTV and Crunchyroll. The reasoning is twofold: first, AT&T took on immense debt to purchase WarnerMedia, and any non-core asset sales would help pay off that debt burden. Secondly, Xandr was inherently compromised by its association with AT&T and HBO Max, as many would-be advertisers were reluctant to use what is essentially a competitor for their ad buys, and as such it might be more lucrative on its own.
On May 17, 2021, it was announced that WarnerMedia would be merged with Discovery, Inc. to form a new publicly traded company known as Warner Bros. Discovery, but that the Xandr business would not be included in the transaction and would remain a division of AT&T. On December 21, 2021, AT&T announced that they had agreed to sell Xandr (including AppNexus and Clypd) to Microsoft for an undisclosed price, subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory reviews.
On June 6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction%20Skills%20Certification%20Scheme | The Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS) is a British company that runs a training and qualification verification scheme of the same name for the British construction industry. CSCS is the leading skills certification scheme within the UK construction industry and CSCS cards provide proof that individuals working on construction sites have the appropriate training and qualifications for the job they do on site. By ensuring the workforce are appropriately qualified the card plays its part in improving standards and safety on UK construction sites. Holding a CSCS card is not a legislative requirement. It is entirely up to the principal contractor or client whether workers are required to hold a card before they are allowed on site. However, most principal contractors and major house builders require construction workers on their sites to hold a valid card.
History
The Construction Skills Certification Scheme was founded as a limited company on 21 February 1995. It issues photographic smart cards to construction workers as proof of training and qualification. The original aim of the scheme was to ensure that all construction workers in the UK receive training and achieve qualifications suitable to their role and have a means of proving this. From 1997 the scheme has been administered by the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB). However in December 2017 the CITB notified CSCS that it no longer wanted the contract and CSCS would need an alternative supplier at the end of the 42 month notification period.
In the mid 2000s a spate of deaths in the construction industry led to the threat of government action on major contractors. As a result many of them decided to move to a so-called "100% carded" policy whereby every worker or visitor to site was required to hold a CSCS card as proof of a level of health and safety competence. This was initially welcomed by CSCS as it led to a rapid growth in the number of cards issued. The majority of the new |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic%20paleobiology | Stratigraphic paleobiology is a branch of geology that is closely related to paleobiology, sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology. Stratigraphic paleobiology studies how the fossil record is altered by sedimentological processes and how this affects biostratigraphy and paleobiological interpretations of the fossil record.
Topic and key concepts
Patzkowsky and Holland (2012) define stratigraphic paleobiology as follows:
"[Stratigraphic paleobiology] is built on the premise that the distribution of fossil taxa in time and space is controlled not only by processes of evolution, ecology, and environmental change, but also by the stratigraphic processes that govern where and when sediment that might contain fossils is deposited and preserved. Teasing apart the effects of these two suites of processes to understand the history of life on Earth is the essence of stratigraphic paleobiology."
Large parts of stratigraphic paleobiology rely on sequence stratigraphy. This is since within a sequence, many parameters such as depositional conditions, (non)preservation, and facies change deterministically. This sequence stratigraphic background alone, without any changes in ecology or any evolutionary processes, creates a baseline of constant change in the number of fossils and taxa that are preserved. One example for this are maximum flooding surfaces, which commonly display large accumulations of shells and an increased number of first fossil occurrences and last fossil occurrences. This is however not necessary linked to any change in ecology or an extinction event, but can be generated by the low deposition rates during the maximum flooding surface alone.
See also
Range offset
Depositional resolution
References
Paleobiology
Stratigraphy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletext%20character%20set | This article covers technical details of the character encoding system defined by ETS 300 706, a standard for World System Teletext, and used for the Viewdata and Teletext variants of Videotex in Europe.
Character sets
The following tables show various Teletext character sets. Each character is shown with a potential Unicode equivalent if available. Space and control characters are represented by the abbreviations for their names.
Control characters
Control characters are used to set foreground and background color (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white, flash), character height (normal, double width, double height, double), current default character set, and other attributes.
In formats where compatibility with ECMA-48's C0 control codes such as and is not required, these control codes are sometimes mapped transparently to the Unicode C0 control code range (U+0000 through U+001F). Amongst C1 control code sets, the ITU T.101 C1 control codes for "Serial" Data Syntax 2, are mostly a transposition of the Teletext spacing controls, except for the inclusion of at 0x9B.
Latin
G0
G2
Greek
G0
G2
Cyrillic
G0
G2
Arabic
Note that each Arabic contextual/positional character in the tables below is shown with the non-positional Unicode equivalent if available.
G0
G2
Hebrew
Graphics character sets
G1 block mosaics
Same table as above, rendered with bitmaps:
G3 smooth mosaics and line drawing
References
Character sets
Teletext |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicalite | Silicalite is an inorganic compound with the formula SiO2. It is one of several forms (polymorphs) of silicon dioxide. It is a white solid. It consists of tetrahedral silicon centers and two-coordinate oxides. It is prepared by hydrothermal reaction using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide followed by calcining to remove residual ammonium salts. The compound is notable in being ca. 33% porous. It is useful because the material contains (SiO)10 rings that allow sorption of hydrophobic molecules of diameter 0.6 nm.
A commercially important modification of silicalite is titanium silicalite. With the formula Si1−xTixO2, it consists of silicalite with Ti doped into some Si sites. Unlike conventional polymorphs of titanium dioxide, the Ti centers in titanium silicalite have tetrahedral coordination geometry. The material is a useful catalyst for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with propylene to give propylene oxide.
References
Polymorphism (materials science) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy%20Education%20Services | Trilogy Education Services (often shortened to Trilogy Education) is a New York City-based technology education company that offers non-credit technology training programs, colloquially known as coding bootcamps, through affiliate universities. In-person courses are held on the affiliate university campus. Revenue from the tuition is shared with the affiliate university.
Program graduates receive a non-credited professional certificate from the partner school and career advisement. There is no job placement guarantee and no third-party verified jobs reports have been released, though outcome data is privately shared with partner universities. The partner schools do not regard program graduates as university alumni, nor program enrollees as university students. The programs cost to and are not eligible for federal loans, nor do students receive a Form 1098-T.
The company was founded in 2015. In June 2017, the company received US$30 million in a Series A funding, followed by US$50 million in Series B funding in May 2018. It was bought by Maryland-based education technology company 2U in April 2019 for US$750 million.
History
Trilogy Education was founded in 2015 by Dan Sommer, whose father was a trustee for State University of New York. The younger Sommer had previously worked for an OPM, an acronym for companies which help universities bring their courses online. Rutgers was the company's first university partner.
In June 2017, the company received $30 million in a Series A funding round led by investment firm Highland Capital Partners. By then, the company had 250 employees. In September, the company announced it was partnering with Monterrey, Mexico-based Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), to create a tech training program on ITESM's Mexico campus. Trilogy Education also started working with the University of Toronto in Canada.
In May 2018, the company received an additional $50 million, in a Series B funding round co-led by Highland Capital Partners, Macquar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20anatomy%20mnemonics | This is a list of human anatomy mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialties, see this list of medical mnemonics. Mnemonics serve as a systematic method for remembrance (not "rembrance") of functionally or sytemically related items within regions of larger fields of study, such as those found in the study of specific areas of human anatomy, such as the bones in the hand, the inner ear, or the foot, or the elements comprising the human biliary system or arterial system.
Bones
Bones of the Upper Limbs
How Rare U Cook Mesquite Pork?
Hurry! Ralph Untie Carol's Mini Pechay
He Races Until Chunky Men Pace
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
(In order from proximal to distal)
Bones of the Arm
"Ultra Red Hair"
"Ultimate Rave Headquarters
Usually Really Hard
Unemployment Rises High
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Ulna
Understand
Listen
Name
A bone
Bones of the Hand
"Please Make Cookies"
"Please Massage Chest"
People Make Choices
Phalanges
Metacarpal bones
Carpal bones
(These are in order from the distal end of the fingertips to the wrist)
Carpal bones
Carpal Bones:
Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home:
She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her:
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle:
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
Carpal bones:
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb:
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium.
Carpal Bones:
""" T T Table Par Chillate hui Sunny Leone """, , APG-007
Bones of the Phalanges
Damn My Pinky!
Dick Move Pal!
Distance My People
Don't Make Problems
Distal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Proximal phalanx
(From distal to proximal.)
Bones of the head
Cranial Bones
F POETS "Fluffy Puppies On Every Third Street"
Fit People Occasionally Eat Table Salt
Fat People Only Eat Thick Steak
Funny People Over Entertainment Try Songs
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Temporal
Sphenoid
Fraternity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cardiology%20mnemonics | This is a list of cardiology mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialities, see this list of medical mnemonics.
Aortic regurgitation: causes
CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan’s
Aortic stenosis characteristics
SAD:p. 29
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Aortic to right Subclavian path
ABC'Sp. 1
Aortic arch gives rise to:
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian
Heart valves (right to left)
Toilet Paper My Ass, or They Pay Me Alcohol, or "T"hugs "P"ush "Me" "A"round.
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
HILT:p. 29
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD:p. 29
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
Atrial Arrhythmias
Anticoagulants: To prevent embolization.
Beta blockers: To block the effects of certain hormones on the heart to slow the heart rate.
Calcium Channel Blockers: Help slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles).
Digoxin: Helps slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles).
Electrocardioversion: A procedure in which electric currents are used to reset the heart's rhythm back to regular pattern.
Atrial Fibrillation causes
Pirates:p. 3
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mitral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation management
ABCD:p. 30
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)
3 D's:p. 30
Diminished heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20pathology%20mnemonics | This is a list of pathology mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialities, see this list of medical mnemonics.
Acute intermittent porphyria: signs and symptoms
5 Ps:
Pain in the abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychological abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (including barbiturates, oral contraceptives, and sulfa drugs)
Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]
6 P's:
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold
Anemia (normocytic): causes
:
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)
Anemia causes (simplified)
ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease
No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood loss
Atherosclerosis risk factors
"You're a SAD BET with these risk factors":
Sex: male
Age: middle-aged, elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Tobacco
Carcinoid syndrome: components
CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Cramping and diarrhea
Cushing syndrome
CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
Striae/ Suppressed immunity
Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/Growth retardation
Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II
ketONEbodies are seen in type ONEdiabetes.
Gallstones: risk factors
5 F's:
Fat
Female
Fair (gallstones more common in Caucasians)
Fertile (premenopausal- increased estrogen is thought to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder contractions)
Forty or above (age)
Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes
Common are 3 C's:
Cirrhosis
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
Rarer are 3 C's:
Cholestasis
Cysts
Cellular infiltration
Hyperkalemia (signs and symptoms)
MURDER
Mus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Fire%20Fighting%20Robot%20Competition | Trinity College (Connecticut) has an annual firefighting robot contest, which is contested by high schools and colleges from around the world. The competition is relevant for its antiquity, being established in 1994. It is one of the oldest in the world still maintained. The competition is open to entrants of any age, ability, or experience from anywhere in the world.
In 2007 a new category was introduced, the baby-finding contest. Participants have to find both a flame and the simulated baby, extinguish the flame, and announce when it finds the latter in the expert division. In the concept division, simply finding the baby and notifying the people is sufficient.
References
Student robotics competitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%20Jiaxi%20%28mathematician%29 | Lu Jiaxi (; June 10, 1935 – October 31, 1983) was a self-taught Chinese mathematician who made important contributions in combinatorial design theory. He was a high school physics teacher in a remote city and worked in his spare time on the problem of large sets of disjoint Steiner triple systems.
Biography
Background
Lu Jiaxi was born in a poor family in Shanghai. His father was a seller of soy sauce concentrate. His parents had four children, but the three older children all died early from illness, and Lu Jiaxi was the only surviving child.
When he was in junior middle school, his father died from an illness that the family could not afford to treat, so he started working after finishing junior middle school in 1949 to earn a living. He served an apprenticeship at an automobile hardware firm in Shanghai. In October 1951, he was admitted to a statistics training course in Shenyang offered by the administration for electrical equipment industry of Northeast China, and he finished first in his class. He was then assigned to a motor factory in Harbin.
While working at the factory, he self-studied high school materials. He also learned Russian at a night school, and later English and Japanese to be able to look up literature. In 1956, he joined the fight against the flooding of Songhua River, for which he was commended. In 1957, he passed the college entrance exam and was admitted to Department of Physics of Jilin Normal University, now called Northeast Normal University (not the university that took the same name in 2002).
After graduation in 1961, he was assigned to Baotou Steel and Iron Institute, now called Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, as a teaching assistant. In 1962, after reorganization of the institute, he was assigned first to the Teaching and Research Office of Baotou Education Bureau, then to several middle schools in Baotou as a physics teacher. He worked at Baotou Eighth Middle School, Baotou Fifth Middle School, Baotou Twent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair%20QL%20character%20set | The Sinclair QL character set was developed by Sinclair Research for the Sinclair QL personal computer.
Character set
References
See also
ZX80 character set
ZX81 character set
ZX Spectrum character set
PETSCII
ATASCII
Atari ST character set
Extended ASCII
Character sets
Sinclair QL |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi%20graph | In graph theory and recreational mathematics, the Hanoi graphs are undirected graphs whose vertices represent the possible states of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, and whose edges represent allowable moves between pairs of states.
Construction
The puzzle consists of a set of disks of different sizes, placed in increasing order of size on a fixed set of towers.
The Hanoi graph for a puzzle with disks on towers is denoted . Each state of the puzzle is determined by the choice of one tower for each disk, so the graph has vertices.
In the moves of the puzzle, the smallest disk on one tower is moved either to an unoccupied tower or to a tower whose smallest disk is larger. If there are unoccupied towers, the number of allowable moves is
which ranges from a maximum of
(when is zero or one and is zero)
to (when all disks are on one tower and is ). Therefore, the degrees of the vertices in the Hanoi graph range from a maximum of to a minimum of .
The total number of edges is
For (no disks) there is only one state of the puzzle and one vertex of the graph.
For , the Hanoi graph can be decomposed into copies of the smaller Hanoi graph , one for each placement of the largest disk. These copies are connected to each other only at states where the largest disk is free to move: it is the only disk in its tower, and some other tower is unoccupied.
General properties
Every Hanoi graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle.
The Hanoi graph is a complete graph on vertices. Because they contain complete graphs, all larger Hanoi graphs require at least colors in any graph coloring. They may be colored with exactly colors by summing the indexes of the towers containing each disk, and using the sum modulo as the color.
Three towers
A particular case of the Hanoi graphs that has been well studied since the work of is the case of the three-tower Hanoi graphs, . These graphs have vertices () and edges ().
They are penny graphs (the contact graphs of non-overlapping unit di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Miranda | Eva Miranda Galcerán is a Spanish mathematician specializing in dynamical systems, especially in symplectic geometry. Her research includes work with Victor Guillemin on the mathematics underlying the three-body problem in celestial mechanics.
Education and career
Miranda earned a bachelor's degree in algebra and geometry from the University of Barcelona in 1999. She completed her Ph.D. at the same university in 2003. Her dissertation, On symplectic linearization of singular Lagrangian foliations, was supervised by Carlos Currás Bosch.
She was an assistant professor at the University of Barcelona from 2001 to 2006, and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Toulouse from 2004 to 2007. From 2007 to 2009 she was Juan de la Cierva Researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and in 2009 she joined the mathematics department of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Since 2016 she has headed the Laboratory of Geometry and Dynamical Systems at the Polytechnic University. She became Full Professor at UPC in 2018.
Recognition
Miranda won the Acadèmia Award of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) in 2016 and became ICREA Acadèmia Professor at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in 2017. In 2021 she received the same award again, becoming the first mathematician in Catalonia to be awarded an ICREA Acadèmia prize twice.
In 2017, Miranda became the first Spanish mathematician and the second woman (after Hélène Esnault) to win a Chair of Excellence from the Fondation Sciences Mathématiques de Paris.
In July 2021 she was an invited speaker to the 8th European Congress of Mathematics.
Miranda has also been distinguished with a Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2022. She is the 2023 London Mathematical Society Hardy lecturer. In December 2022 she has been awarded the François Deruyts Prize by the Académie Royale de Belgique.
References
External links
Home page
Year of bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbusting%20%28game%29 | Blockbusting is a solved combinatorial game introduced in 1987 by Elwyn Berlekamp illustrating a generalisation of overheating.
The analysis of Blockbusting may be used as the basis of a strategy for the combinatorial game of Domineering.
Blockbusting is a partisan game for two players known as Red and Blue (or Right and Left) played on an strip of squares called "parcels".
Each player, in turn, claims and colors one previously unclaimed parcel until all parcels have been claimed.
At the end, Left's score is the number of pairs of neighboring parcels both of which he has claimed.
Left therefore tries to maximize that number while Right tries to minimize it.
Adjacent Right-Right pairs do not affect the score.
Although the purpose of the game is to further the study of combinatorial game theory,
Berlekamp provides an interpretation alluding to the practice of blockbusting by real estate agents:
the players may be seen as rival agents buying up all the parcels on a street,
where Left is a segregationist trying to place his clients as neighbors of one another
while Right is an integrationist trying to break them up.
The operation of overheating introduced to analyze Blockbusting was later adapted by Berlekamp and David Wolfe
to warming to analyze the end-game of Go.
References
Abstract strategy games
Combinatorial game theory
Solved games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling%20and%20heating%20%28combinatorial%20game%20theory%29 | In combinatorial game theory, cooling, heating, and overheating are operations on hot games to make them more amenable to the traditional methods of the theory,
which was originally devised for cold games in which the winner is the last player to have a legal move.
Overheating was generalised by Elwyn Berlekamp for the analysis of Blockbusting.
Chilling (or unheating) and warming are variants used in the analysis of the endgame of Go.
Cooling and chilling may be thought of as a tax on the player who moves, making them pay for the privilege of doing so,
while heating, warming and overheating are operations that more or less reverse cooling and chilling.
Basic operations: cooling, heating
The cooled game (" cooled by ") for a game and a (surreal) number is defined by
.
The amount by which is cooled is known as the temperature; the minimum for which is infinitesimally close to is known as the temperature of ; is said to freeze to ; is the mean value (or simply mean) of .
Heating is the inverse of cooling and is defined as the "integral"
Multiplication and overheating
Norton multiplication is an extension of multiplication to a game and a positive game (the "unit")
defined by
The incentives of a game are defined as .
Overheating is an extension of heating used in Berlekamp's solution of Blockbusting,
where overheated from to is defined for arbitrary games with as
Winning Ways also defines overheating of a game by a positive game , as
Note that in this definition numbers are not treated differently from arbitrary games.
Note that the "lower bound" 0 distinguishes this from the previous definition by Berlekamp
Operations for Go: chilling and warming
Chilling is a variant of cooling by used to analyse the Go endgame of Go and is defined by
This is equivalent to cooling by when is an "even elementary Go position in canonical form".
Warming is a special case of overheating, namely , normally written simply as which inverts c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%20cell%20protein | Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related protein impurities that are produced by the host organism during biotherapeutic manufacturing and production. During the purification process, a majority of produced HCPs are removed from the final product (>99% of impurities removed). However, residual HCPs still remain in the final distributed pharmaceutical drug. Examples of HCPs that may remain in the desired pharmaceutical product include: monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs), therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and other protein-based biopharmaceuticals.
HCPs may cause immunogenicity in individuals or reduce the potency, stability or overall effectiveness of a drug. National regulatory organisations, such as the FDA and EMA provide guidelines on acceptable levels of HCPs that may remain in pharmaceutical products before they are made available to the public. Currently, the acceptable level of HCPs in pharmaceutical drugs range from 1-100ppm (1–100 ng/mg product). However, the accepted level of HCPs in a final product is evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and depends on multiple factors including: dose, frequency of drug administration, type of drug and severity of disease.
The acceptable range of HCPs in a final pharmaceutical product is large due to limitations with the detection and analytical methods that currently exist. Analysis of HCPs is complex as the HCP mixture consists of a large variety of protein species, all of which are unique to the specific host organisms, and unrelated to the intended and desired recombinant protein. Analysing these large varieties of protein species at very minute concentrations is difficult and requires extremely sensitive equipment which has not been fully developed yet. The reason that HCP levels need to be monitored is due to the uncertain effects they have on the body. At trace amounts, the effects of HCPs on patients are unknown and specific HCPs may affect protein stability and drug effectiveness, or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal%20morphism%20%28algebraic%20geometry%29 | In algebraic geometry, given a morphism of schemes , the diagonal morphism
is a morphism determined by the universal property of the fiber product of p and p applied to the identity and the identity .
It is a special case of a graph morphism: given a morphism over S, the graph morphism of it is induced by and the identity . The diagonal embedding is the graph morphism of .
By definition, X is a separated scheme over S ( is a separated morphism) if the diagonal morphism is a closed immersion. Also, a morphism locally of finite presentation is an unramified morphism if and only if the diagonal embedding is an open immersion.
Explanation
As an example, consider an algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field k and the structure map. Then, identifying X with the set of its k-rational points, and is given as ; whence the name diagonal morphism.
Separated morphism
A separated morphism is a morphism such that the fiber product of with itself along has its diagonal as a closed subscheme — in other words, the diagonal morphism is a closed immersion.
As a consequence, a scheme is separated when the diagonal of within the scheme product of with itself is a closed immersion. Emphasizing the relative point of view, one might equivalently define a scheme to be separated if the unique morphism is separated.
Notice that a topological space Y is Hausdorff iff the diagonal embedding
is closed. In algebraic geometry, the above formulation is used because a scheme which is a Hausdorff space is necessarily empty or zero-dimensional. The difference between the topological and algebro-geometric context comes from the topological structure of the fiber product (in the category of schemes) , which is different from the product of topological spaces.
Any affine scheme Spec A is separated, because the diagonal corresponds to the surjective map of rings (hence is a closed immersion of schemes):
.
Let be a scheme obtained by identifying two affine lines thr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragilaria%20gracilis | Fragilaria gracilis is a species of freshwater pennate diatoms. F. gracilis is reported from many parts of Europe, in Sweden even as one of the dominant freshwater diatom taxa.
Identification
Despite its frequent occurrence, there has been some confusion about the identification of this taxon. However, a recent study using both molecular and morphological data has shown that F. gracilis is separated from other similar long Fragilaria taxa, and can be identified by both its rbcL barcode, and by using light microscopy (LM). In LM, is can be identified by its quite stable character of almost parallel valve sides (in the long cells) and the clear opposite arrangement of the striae giving the impression of regularly arranged parallel lines across the valve in LM. These characters are also in agreement with Østrup's original description of 1910 of almost linear valves, and Tuji's observation of the type material, describing the striae as “being parallel throughout”, with SEM pictures showing mainly opposite striae.
Characteristics
The valve shown in the original picture of Østrup (1910, Tab V, Fig. 117) has a length of 43 and a width of 2.1 µm, with 25 striae per 10 µm. The microphotographs from the lectotype slide, coll. Østrup 1342, given in Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (1991) and Tuji (2007), show lengths of 28-54 µm, widths of 2–2.7 µm, and 18–24 striae per 10 µm. Tuji (2007) describes the striae as “being parallel throughout”, with SEM pictures showing opposite striae with some irregular parts where striae are alternate. These alternate parts are however not common, even if Lange-Bertalot and Ulrich (2014) define the striae as “opposite or alternating”. Note that the term “parallel” refers to the orientation of the striae to each other, while the terms “alternate/opposite” refers to whether the striae on either side of the sternum
F. gracilis has been isolated and cultured to clones several times, and the Thonon Culture Collection (TCC) is hosting living strains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20engineering | Information engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information, data, and knowledge in systems. The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century.
The components of information engineering include more theoretical fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, control theory, signal processing, and information theory, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical image computing, cheminformatics, autonomous robotics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications. Many of these originate from computer science, as well as other branches of engineering such as computer engineering, electrical engineering, and bioengineering.
The field of information engineering is based heavily on mathematics, particularly probability, statistics, calculus, linear algebra, optimization, differential equations, variational calculus, and complex analysis.
Information engineers often hold a degree in information engineering or a related area, and are often part of a professional body such as the Institution of Engineering and Technology or Institute of Measurement and Control. They are employed in almost all industries due to the widespread use of information engineering.
History
In the 1980s/1990s term information engineering referred to an area of software engineering which has come to be known as data engineering in the 2010s/2020s.
Elements
Machine learning and statistics
Machine learning is the field that involves the use of statistical and probabilistic methods to let computers "learn" from data without being explicitly programmed. Data science involves the application of machine learning to extract knowledge from data.
Subfields of machine learning include deep learning, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, semi-supervised learning, and active learning.
Causal inference is another related component o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20reproductive%20ecology | Human reproductive ecology is a subfield in evolutionary biology that is concerned with human reproductive processes and responses to ecological variables. It is based in the natural and social sciences, and is based on theory and models deriving from human and animal biology, evolutionary theory, and ecology. It is associated with fields such as evolutionary anthropology and seeks to explain human reproductive variation and adaptations. The theoretical orientation of reproductive ecology applies the theory of natural selection to reproductive behaviors, and has also been referred to as the evolutionary ecology of human reproduction.
Theoretical foundations
Multiple theoretical foundations from evolutionary biology and evolutionary anthropology are important to human reproductive ecology. Notably, reproductive ecology relies heavily on Life History Theory, energetics, fitness theories, kin selection, and theories based on the study of animal evolution.
Life history theory
Life history theory is a prominent analytical framework used in evolutionary anthropology, biology, and reproductive ecology that seeks to explain growth and development of an organism through various life history stages of the entire lifespan. The life history stages include early growth and development, puberty, sexual development, reproductive career, and post-reproductive stage. Life history theory is based in evolutionary theory and suggests that natural selection operates on the allocation of different types of resources (material and metabolic) to meet the competing demands of growth, maintenance, and reproduction at the various life stages. Life history theory is applied to reproductive ecology in the theoretical understandings of puberty, sexual growth and maturation, fertility, parenting, and senescence because at every life stage organisms are bound to encounter and cope with unconscious and conscious decisions that hold trade-offs. Reproductive ecologists have specifically impacte |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.