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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20Biogeographic%20Region | The European Arctic Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Europe around and in the Arctic Ocean.
Extent
The European Commission and the Council of Europe have defined the European Arctic biogeographical region for the purpose of reporting on conservation efforts and results.
The region includes Iceland and parts of Norway and Russia, including Svalbard (Spitsbergen), Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya.
It has a land area of , of which 63% is in Russia, 22% in Norway and 15% in Iceland.
About 60% of the land is covered by grassland and tundra.
Environment
The region has a wide variety of landscapes, and includes some of the last remaining large wilderness areas in Europe.
Many of the land areas are coastal, strongly affected by exchange with the sea.
Large areas are ice-covered, and many areas have permafrost, creating demanding conditions for plants and animals.
Most species are dormant in winter, but large number of plants and animals are active in the warmer months.
There are many species of migrating birds and fish, common to all the polar regions.
The environment is affected by air pollution from distant sources.
Some areas have been affected by overgrazing, and are now being affected by tourism.
Global warming will force species to move northward or to higher elevations, and may cause some extinctions.
Citations
Sources
Environment of the Arctic
Geography of the Arctic
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Boreal Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Northern Europe that consists primarily of coniferous forests and wetlands.
Extent
The European Commission and the Council of Europe have defined the Boreal Region for the purpose of reporting on conservation efforts and results.
The Boreal Region of the European Union includes much of the Baltic sea, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and most of Sweden and Finland.
The biogeographic region extends eastward into Russia.
Most of the land is below and is fairly flat.
The north of the region merges into the forest and tundra of the Arctic Biogeographic Region, while the south merges into the deciduous forests of the Continental Biogeographic Region.
In the west, the land rises into the Fennoscandia mountains, which are in the Alpine Biogeographic Region.
Environment
60% of the land in the European Union part of the region is covered by forest, but most of this is commercial plantings.
Less than 5-10% of the forest is old growth.
The typical western taiga forest contains Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) growing on shallow soil covered in moss, lichen and ericaceous shrubs.
Petersen et al. in their 1995 review of Nordic rivers distinguish two biogeographic regions in the Fennoscandian Shield.
Their Southern mixed forest rivers group in southeast Finland has short, low-gradient streams in mixed coniferous forest, connecting many clear or humic lakes, ponds, peat bogs and wetlands, which overlap the boreo-nemoral zone. The whole Neva River basin could be assigned to this region.
The other region is their Boreal rivers group with "high-gradient streams in the coniferous and deciduous forests of the boreal vegetation zone."
Conservation
Within the European Union, the list of Natura 2000 sites in the Boreal Region was adopted in January 2005 and has since been updated several times.
As of 2009 there were 6,266 Sites of Community Importance under the Habitats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20oscillator | A thermal oscillator is a system where conduction along thermal gradients overshoots thermal equilibrium, resulting in thermal oscillations where parts of the system oscillate between being colder and hotter than average.
References
Thermodynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20Video%20Bridging | Audio Video Bridging (AVB) is a common name for the set of technical standards which provide improved synchronization, low-latency, and reliability for switched Ethernet networks. AVB embodies the following technologies and standards:
IEEE 802.1AS-2011: Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (gPTP);
IEEE 802.1Qav-2009: Forwarding and Queuing for Time-Sensitive Streams (FQTSS);
IEEE 802.1Qat-2010: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP);
IEEE 802.1BA-2011: Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems;
IEEE 1722-2011 Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications (AV Transport Protocol, AVTP); and
IEEE 1722.1-2013 Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol (AVDECC).
IEEE 802.1Qat and 802.1Qav amendments have been incorporated to the base IEEE 802.1Q-2011 document, which specifies the operation of Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks.
AVB was initially developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Audio Video Bridging task group of the IEEE 802.1 standards committee. In November 2012, Audio Video Bridging task group was renamed to Time-Sensitive Networking task group to reflect the expanded scope of its work, which is to "provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized low latency streaming services through IEEE 802 networks". Further standardization efforts are ongoing in IEEE 802.1 TSN task group.
To help ensure interoperability between devices that implement the AVB and TSN standards, the AVnu Alliance develops device certification for the automotive, consumer, and professional audio and video markets.
Background
Analog audio video (AV) equipment historically used one-way, single-purpose, point-to-point connections. Even digital AV standards, such as S/PDIF for audio and the serial digital interface (SDI) for video, retain these properties. This connection model results in large masses of cables, especially in professional applicat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic%20regions%20of%20Europe | The biogeographic regions of Europe are biogeographic regions defined by the European Environment Agency.
They were initially limited to the European Union member states, but later extended to cover all of Europe west of the Urals, including all of Turkey.
The map of biogeographic regions is deliberately simplified and ignores local anomalies.
It is intended primarily as a framework for coordinating and reporting overall results of conservation efforts.
Berne Convention and Habitats Directive
The Habitats Directive of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora is a key component of the European conservation policy.
It established the European Union's Natura 2000 network of protected areas.
Within the European Union, the Habitats Directive implements the 1 June 1982 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats of the Council of Europe.
The Habitats Directive has a smaller geographical scope than the Berne Convention but stronger enforcement mechanisms.
The challenges to habitats and species vary across Europe due to differences in climate, topography, soil conditions and so on, but the problems and solutions may be similar between neighboring countries, which may benefit from coordinating conservation efforts for sites within the same biogeographical region.
Annex III of the Habitats Directive discusses a 2-stage approach to prioritizing conservation:
In Stage 1 each member country assesses the relative importance of sites in their country for habitats and species based on criteria defined in the Habitats Directive.
Stage 2 assesses the member country sites at a European Community level. It considers the national value of the site, its size and biodiversity, whether it is part of a continuous ecosystem on both sides of a frontier between member states, and its global ecological importance for its biogeographical region. All sites identified by the Member States that have priority natural habit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-native%20computing | Cloud native computing is an approach in software development that utilizes cloud computing to "build and run scalable applications in modern, dynamic environments such as public, private, and hybrid clouds". These technologies such as containers, microservices, serverless functions, cloud native processors and immutable infrastructure, deployed via declarative code are common elements of this architectural style. Cloud native technologies focus on minimizing users' operational burden.
Cloud native techniques "enable loosely coupled systems that are resilient, manageable, and observable. Combined with robust automation, they allow engineers to make high-impact changes frequently and predictably with minimal toil."
Frequently, cloud-native applications are built as a set of microservices that run in Open Container Initiative compliant containers, such as Containerd, and may be orchestrated in Kubernetes and managed and deployed using DevOps and Git CI workflows (although there is a large amount of competing open source that supports cloud-native development). The advantage of using containers is the ability to package all software needed to execute into one executable package. The container runs in a virtualized environment, which isolates the contained application from its environment.
See also
Cloud Native Computing Foundation
Cloud-native processor
Dapr
References
Cloud computing
Service-oriented (business computing) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Atlantic Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Europe bordering the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.
Extent
The Atlantic Region borders on the North Sea and North-east Atlantic Ocean.
It includes all of the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands, parts of Germany, Denmark, Belgium and France, and the northern shores of Spain and Portugal.
The land is generally low elevation and flat, and never more than from the sea, with winds generally blowing from the west.
As a result, it has an oceanic climate with mild winters and cool summers.
There is moderate rainfall year-round.
Environment
The long, indented coastline includes many habitats.
Some areas have cliffs and rocky headlands with narrow tidal inlets, while others have sheltered bays with inter-tidal mudflats and sandy beaches.
The land was ice-covered until 10,000 years ago, and species diversity is still lower than other European biogeographic regions, but wildlife is abundant, including large flocks of migratory birds and many marine organisms fed by nutrients carried by the Gulf Stream from the Caribbean.
The land has been drastically modified by humans with forests cleared to make way for farming and large urbanized areas.
Pollution is a problem on both land and sea, and over-fishing is also a threat.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Europe
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Continental Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of Europe that extend in a broad band from east to west through the center of the continent.
Extent
The Continental Region extends from central France to the Ural Mountains.
The southern part of this region is almost completely separated from the larger northern part by the Alps and Carpathians of the Alpine region and the plains of the Pannonian region.
More than 25% of the European Union is in the Continental region.
Luxembourg is completely within the region.
Large parts of France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic and Bulgaria are in the region, as are significant parts of Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Slovenia and Romania.
Just 3% of Sweden is in the region.
Environment
The climate is generally hot in summer and cold in winter, with less variation of temperature in the west, where the Atlantic has a moderating influence.
The lands is generally flat in the north and hillier further south, apart from the wide floodplains of the Danube and Po rivers.
The region was covered by wetlands and deciduous beech forests after the glaciers of the last ice age retreated.
The forests have mostly been cleared to make way for farming and the rivers have been canalized, greatly reducing wetland habitats.
Pomerania in Poland and eastern Germany is still thinly populated and holds many lakes, fens and mires.
The southern part of the Continental Region has much vegetation in common with the lower levels of the Alpine region, and with the Mediterranean region.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Europe
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Anatolian Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of Turkey, as defined by the European Environment Agency .
Extent
The Anatolian Biogeographic Region covers the interior and east of Anatolia, and excludes the coastal areas along the Black Sea and Mediterranean.
It includes the central Anatolian Plateau, the Pontic and Taurus mountains and northern Mesopotamia.
It is an area of recently folded mountains formed from sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic to Quaternary (539 million years ago to the present).
There are many intrusions and broad areas of recent volcanic material including Mount Ararat at , but no volcanic activity at present.
The area is geologically unstable and very prone to earthquakes.
It averages about above sea level, with rugged terrain surrounding areas of gently sloping or flat land.
The main rivers are the Euphrates, Tigris, Kizilirmak and Sakarya.
Environment
Most of the area receives low levels of precipitation.
There are large differences in temperature between summer and winter.
The region provides a biogeographical transition between Europe and Asia, and is home to several mammals originating in North Africa or Asia.
There are many endemic species of flora adapted to xerophytic and salt steppe conditions.
Threats to biodiversity include agriculture, over-grazing, exotic species, dams and drainage projects.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Turkey
Biogeography
Mount Ararat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sea%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Black Sea Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of land bordering the west and south of the Black Sea, as defined by the European Environment Agency .
Extent
The Black Sea Region is a coastal strip of land wide that runs along the coasts of Romania, Bulgaria, and a broader coastal strip in northern Turkey and Georgia.
The coastline has rocky bays and sea cliffs, but is dominated by long stretches of low sand dunes and beaches sloping into the Black Sea.
Environment
The sea has a moderating effect on the climate, so temperatures do not fall much below in winter, and are not as high in the summer as in area further inland.
The Kaliakra cliffs in the north of Bulgaria are rich in flora, including many species in common with the neighboring Steppic and Mediterranean Regions.
The western Black Sea Region is the Via Pontica, Europe's second largest bird migration route.
The migrating birds use the coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons behind the shoreline, and some spend the winter in these wetlands.
The Danube Delta is the best known of the wetlands.
In Bulgaria and Romania the region is threatened by development of agriculture, industry, urbanization and tourism.
The Black Sea itself, a very deep inland sea, is poor in oxygen and supports very little marine life in the deeper regions.
However, it had a productive fishery until the 1960s, when stocks crashed in part because of over-fishing and in part from pollution and invasion by exotic species.
Conservation
The first list of Natura 2000 sites in the region was adopted in December 2008.
This included 40 Sites of Community Importance under the Habitats Directive and 27 Special Protection Areas under the Birds Directive for the part of the Black Sea biogeographical region in the European Union.
Some sites meet both criteria, so the total was less than 67.
About half the land area was covered by the sites.
As of 12 December 2017 there were 45 Sites of Community Importance.
These were:
Plazh Shkorpil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronesian%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Macaronesian Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency, that covers the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Madeira.
The name comes from the group of four archipelagos collectively known as Macaronesia that also include Cape Verde, which is not included in the European region.
Extent
The Macaronesian Biogeographic Region includes the Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, and the Spanish Canary Islands.
The Natura 2000 list of sites of Community importance for the region was the first such list to be adopted, in December 2001.
It contained 208 sites covering over of land and sea.
The list is updated every year.
As of 14 December 2018 it contained 224 entries ranging from ES0000041 Ojeda, Inagua y Pajonales, at to PTTER0018 Costa das Quatro Ribeiras — Ilha da Terceira, at .
Environment
The archipelagos all have a volcanic origin, complex landscape and gentle climate, and have rich biodiversity.
Notes
Sources
Environment of the Canary Islands
Environment of the Azores
Environment of Madeira
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislava%20Peruni%C4%8Di%C4%87 | Branislava Peruničić-Draženović is an Emeritus Professor of Control Engineering at the University of Sarajevo. She was elected to the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1986.
Early life and education
Peruničić studied engineering at the University of Belgrade. She earned her bachelor's degree in 1960 and her master's degree in 1966. During this time she worked as an instructor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. She moved to the University of Sarajevo for her doctoral studies, which she completed in 1971. During her studies she worked at the Institute of Control Problems in Moscow. She was immediately appointed as an Assistant Professor.
Research and career
Alongside her studies Peruničić worked as a Project Leader at Energoinvest until 1970. She was promoted to Professor at the University of Sarajevo in 1976. She was Fulbright visiting scholar in 1981. She held visiting positions at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Texas A&M University. Her research has considered both variable structure control and sliding mode control. In 1993 Peruničić joined Lamar University, where she worked as a Professor in the College of Engineering.
In 2009 she was elected Vice President of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. She serves on the University of Sarajevo Council for Science and Arts.
Selected publications
Her publications include;
References
Living people
Control engineering
University of Belgrade alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo
University of Sarajevo alumni
Lamar University people
Serbian women scientists
Serbian women engineers
1936 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Tolsa | Xavier Tolsa (born 1966) is a Catalan mathematician, specializing in analysis.
Tolsa is a professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and at the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), the Catalan Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies.
Tolsa does research on harmonic analysis (Calderón-Zygmund theory), complex analysis, geometric measure theory, and potential theory. Specifically, he is known for his research on analytic capacity and removable sets. He solved the problem of A. G. Vitushkin about the semi-additivity of analytic capacity. This enabled him to solve an even older problem of Paul Painlevé on the geometric characterization of removable sets. Tolsa succeeded in solving the Painlevé problem by using the concept of so-called curvatures of measures introduced by Mark Melnikov in 1995. Tolsa's proof involves estimates of Cauchy transforms. He has also done research on the so-called David-Semmes problem involving Riesz transforms and rectifiability.
In 2002 he was awarded the Salem Prize. In 2006 in Madrid he was an Invited Speaker at the ICM with talk Analytic capacity, rectifiability, and the Cauchy integral. He received in 2004 the EMS Prize and was an Invited Lecturer at the 2004 ECM with talk Painlevé's problem, analytic capacity and curvature of measures. In 2013 he received the Ferran Sunyer i Balaguer Prize for his monograph Analytic capacity, the Cauchy transform, and non-homogeneous Calderón-Zygmund theory (Birkhäuser Verlag, 2013}. In 2019 he received the Rei Jaume I prize for his contributions to Mathematics.
Selected publications
References
20th-century Spanish mathematicians
21st-century Spanish mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Academic staff of the University of Barcelona
1966 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Alpine Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency, that covers the mountainous regions of Europe.
Extent
The Alpine biogeographic region of Europe includes the Alps in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland and Monaco, the Apennines in Italy, the Pyrenees between Spain and France, the Scandes in Sweden, Finland and Norway and the Carpathians in Slovakia, Poland, Romania and the Ukraine.
The region also includes the Dinaric Alps, Balkans, Rhodopes, Urals and Caucasia.
Environment
All the ranges in the Alpine region have high altitude, rugged terrain and a relatively cold and harsh climate.
The mountains all have the same zones of vegetation, but further north the low temperature zones are found lower down.
On the lower slopes there are forests and grasslands.
Higher up the montane grasslands give way to scrub heath and then to a few very hardy plants adapted to the rocks and snow of the highest altitudes.
The complex topography creates many different microclimates.
The Alpine region has about two thirds of the plants found in Europe, including endemic plants at the higher levels with very limited distribution.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Europe
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20theorem%20%28geometry%29 | Maxwell's theorem is the following statement about triangles in the plane.
The theorem is named after the physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), who proved it in his work on reciprocal figures, which are of importance in statics.
References
Daniel Pedoe: Geometry: A Comprehensive Course. Dover, 1970, pp. 35–36, 114–115
Daniel Pedoe: "On (what should be) a Well-Known Theorem in Geometry." The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 74, No. 7 (August – September, 1967), pp. 839–841 (JSTOR)
Dao Thanh Oai, Cao Mai Doai, Quang Trung, Kien Xuong, Thai Binh: "Generalizations of some famous classical Euclidean geometry theorems." International Journal of Computer Discovered Mathematics, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 13–20
External links
Maxwell's Theorem at cut-the-knot.org
Elementary geometry
Theorems about triangles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Pannonian Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency. It covers the lowlands of the Pannonian Basin centered on Hungary.
Extent
The Pannonian Region is a large alluvial basin surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains to the north and east, the Alps to the west and the Dinaric Alps to the south.
The basin was once the bed of an inland sea.
It is flat, and is crossed from north to south by the Danube and Tisza rivers.
The region contains all of Hungary, and around the periphery contains parts of Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Ukraine.
Environment
The region is sheltered by the mountains, but has complex weather caused by the interaction of wet winds from the west, drier winds from the south and cooler winds from the Carpathians and Alps, which sometimes results in severe storms.
The basin was once largely forested, with many marshes and shallow lakes, but has long been cleared and drained to make way for grasslands and cultivation.
It contains inland sand dunes, sand steppes, loess grasslands and maple-oak loess forests.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Europe
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroG | MicroG (typically styled as microG) is a free and open-source implementation of proprietary Google libraries that serves as a replacement for Google Play Services on the Android operating system. It is maintained by German developer Marvin Wißfeld. In a presentation, Wißfeld described microG as "the framework (libraries, services, patches) to create a fully-compatible Android distribution without any proprietary Google components".
Background
Although Google initially released the Android operating system as open-source software in 2007, the company gradually replaced some of Android's open-source components with proprietary software as Android grew in popularity. Marvin Wißfeld, a German software developer, created the NOGAPPS project in 2012 as a free and open-source drop-in replacement for Google Play Services, Google's closed-source system software that has been pre-installed on almost all Android devices. The NOGAPPS project became MicroG by 2016.
Features
MicroG allows Android apps to access replica application programming interfaces (APIs) that are provided by Google Play Services, including the APIs associated with Google Play, Google Maps, and Google's geolocation and messaging features. Unlike Google Play Services, MicroG does not track user activity on the device, and users can selectively enable and disable specific API features. Depending what apps are installed by users, user activity may still be tracked by Google.
LineageOS for MicroG
In 2017, microG released "LineageOS for microG", a fork of LineageOS – a free and open-source Android-based operating system – that includes both MicroG and the F-Droid app store as pre-installed software. LineageOS for MicroG was created after LineageOS developers declined to integrate MicroG into LineageOS; the developers cited MicroG's need to spoof code signatures as a security concern. To enable MicroG's functionality, LineageOS for MicroG includes limited support for signature spoofing.
MicroG developers c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppic%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Steppic Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of Europe, as defined by the European Environment Agency .
Extent
The Steppic region encompasses parts of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, and western Kazakhstan. Additionally, it extends further west into Asia. This vast region is characterized by low-lying plains, as well as rolling hills or plateaus. On average, the elevation in this area ranges from
Environment
The natural vegetation is mostly grasses such as Elymus repens (couch grass), Stipa (feather grass) and Festuca (fescue), among which are scattered herbaceous plants such as Potentilla (cinquefoil), Verbascum (mullein and Artemisia (wormwood).
The humus-rich soils are very fertile, and much of the region has been converted to cultivated land, with few remaining pockets of the original vegetation.
Conservation
Romania has the only part of the Steppic Region in the European Union.
This is a small intensively farmed area.
The list of Natura 2000 sites in region was adopted in December 2008, with 34 Sites of Community Importance under the Habitats Directive and 40 Special Protection Areas under the Birds Directive. Some sites are in both categories.
Together they cover about 20% of the land in the Romanian part of the region.
Notes
Sources
Environment of Europe
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Modern%20Dynamics | The Journal of Modern Dynamics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Institute of Mathematical Sciences with the support of the Anatole Katok Center for Dynamical Systems and Geometry (Pennsylvania State University). The editor-in-chief is Giovanni Forni (University of Maryland College Park
History
The journal was established in 2007 with Anatole Katok as the founding editor-in-chief. It covers the theory of dynamical systems with particular emphasis on the mutual interaction between dynamics and other major areas of mathematical research: number theory, symplectic geometry, differential geometry, rigidity, quantum chaos, Teichmüller theory, geometric group theory, and harmonic analysis on manifolds. Until 2015 the journal was published quarterly. Since then, accepted papers are published online first and a single printed volume is published yearly.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
EBSCO databases
MathSciNet
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
Zentralblatt MATH
According to MathSciNet, the journal has a 2018 Mathematical Citation Quotient of 0.89.
References
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 2007
English-language journals
Continuous journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20Software%20Engineering | Empirical Software Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Nature. It was established in 1996 and covers the area of empirical software engineering. The editors-in-chief are Robert Feldt and Thomas Zimmermann.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.762.
Past Editors in Chief
Lionel Briand (University of Ottawa).
Victor Basili (University of Maryland).
Warren Harrison (Portland State University).
See also
List of computer science journals
List of engineering journals and magazines
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
References
External links
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Computer science journals
Software engineering publications
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne%20Butler | Lynne Marie Butler (born 1959) is an American mathematician whose research interests include algebraic combinatorics, group theory, and mathematical statistics. She is a professor of mathematics at Haverford College.
Early life and education
Butler's parents were both medical professionals. She is the identical twin sister of Laurie Butler, now a professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago; they were the youngest of six siblings, and grew up in Garden City, New York. After Butler's father had a stroke, the family moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where Butler went to high school. She credits a high school mathematics teacher, Mr. Mead, for sparking her interest in mathematics, writing "He wanted to learn group theory, and so did I, so we learned together."
Butler majored in mathematics at the University of Chicago, graduating in 1981. She went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for doctoral study in mathematics, intending to work in algebraic topology despite warnings about the professor she would be working with from other women in the department. He thought that the prospect of marriage and children would make women unable to concentrate on mathematics, refused to let her read his recent work, and eventually told her that her difficulty in reading a paper "confirmed his bad opinion of female mathematicians". On the advice of the department chair, in order to avoid the possibility that her former advisor would be asked to recommend her, she changed her research topic. Instead, she began working in combinatorics with Richard P. Stanley as her new advisor. She completing her Ph.D. in 1986.
In 2013, bored with combinatorics and noting that many of her female students were doing particularly well the application-oriented components of her classes, she returned to the University of Chicago for a master's degree in statistics.
Career
After completing her doctorate, Butler became a postdoctoral researcher and then, a year later, an assistant profess |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contortae | Contortae as a term has appeared in several senses in botanical taxonomy, most conspicuously as follows:
Order Contortae
Order Contortae is no longer recognised in botanical taxonomy. After a varied history in the nineteenth century, predominant opinion on the Contortae assigned several families to the order in the mid twentieth century, though never with unanimity. They typically included:
Apocynaceae (now assigned to the Gentianales)
Asclepiadaceae (now included in the Apocynaceae)
Buddlejaceae (now assigned to the Scrophulariales)
Gentianaceae (now assigned to the Gentianales)
Loganiaceae (now assigned to the Gentianales)
Menyanthaceae (now assigned to the Asterales)
Oleaceae (now assigned to the Lamiales)
By the late twentieth century there were moves to withdraw recognition of the plant order Contortae, and merge it with the order Gentianales or Loganiales (which now is regarded as a synonym of Gentianales). For details of the reassignment of the families to orders, see the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group publication
Other occurrences of the term
Contortae is a section of the genus Oenothera.
Contortae is a section in the family Acanthaceae.
Contortae is a subsection of the genus Pinus.
References
Botany
Taxonomy (biology) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl%20model | Wohl model may refer to:
Wohl equation of state: an empirical model for a real gas proposed by A. Wohl
an empirical model for the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing which has been formulated for ternary solutions by K. Wohl (1946, 1953)
Thermodynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA%201600 | The RCA 1600 is a discontinued 16-bit minicomputer designed and built by RCA in West Palm Beach, Florida and Marlboro, Massachusetts. It was developed to meet the needs of several RCA divisions, including the Graphics Systems Division (GSD), Instructional Systems, and Global Communications. It was introduced in 1968, and at the time of UNIVAC's purchase of the RCA Computer Division in 1972 the 1600 was estimated to be in use by 40 customers. The 1600 was intended for use in embedded systems, and was retained by UNIVAC and used in products such as the Accuscan supermarket checkout system in the 1970s.
Description
The 1600 uses magnetic-core memory with a cycle time on 1.6μsec, structured as words of 18 bits—16 data bits, one parity bit, and one memory protection bit. Four configurations offered memory sizes of 8 K, 16 K, 32 K, and 64 K bytes (4,8,16,and 32 KW). Individual words of memory can be protected by setting the associated protection bit. Attempts to store into protected memory are trapped if memory protection is enabled by a console switch.
The processor has sixteen 16-bit "standard" registers, eight for each program state. Program state one is used for normal execution, program state two is used for interrupt service routines. Because each state has an independent set of registers, switching states can be done "essentially instantaneously." Register 8 is the instruction counter in both states. If high-speed I/O (cycle stealing) is used, registers 6 and 7 in program state two are used for I/O address and byte count respectively. The architecture defines 29 instructions in three groups. All instructions are 16 bits, must be located on a word boundary, and therefore can be accessed in one machine cycle of 1.6μsec. There are also seven "special" registers serving particular functions which can also be read and written programmatically.
References
External links
RCA 1600 Users Guide Preliminary
Minicomputers
RCA brands
16-bit computers
Computer-related int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20calculus | Discrete calculus or the calculus of discrete functions, is the mathematical study of incremental change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. The word calculus is a Latin word, meaning originally "small pebble"; as such pebbles were used for calculation, the meaning of the word has evolved and today usually means a method of computation. Meanwhile, calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", is the study of continuous change.
Discrete calculus has two entry points, differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus concerns incremental rates of change and the slopes of piece-wise linear curves. Integral calculus concerns accumulation of quantities and the areas under piece-wise constant curves. These two points of view are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of discrete calculus.
The study of the concepts of change starts with their discrete form. The development is dependent on a parameter, the increment of the independent variable. If we so choose, we can make the increment smaller and smaller and find the continuous counterparts of these concepts as limits. Informally, the limit of discrete calculus as is infinitesimal calculus. Even though it serves as a discrete underpinning of calculus, the main value of discrete calculus is in applications.
Two initial constructions
Discrete differential calculus is the study of the definition, properties, and applications of the difference quotient of a function. The process of finding the difference quotient is called differentiation. Given a function defined at several points of the real line, the difference quotient at that point is a way of encoding the small-scale (i.e., from the point to the next) behavior of the function. By finding the difference quotient of a function at every pair of consecutive points in its domain, it is possible to produce a new func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie%20Barz | Stefanie Barz is a German physicist and Professor of Quantum Information and Technology at the University of Stuttgart. She studies quantum physics and quantum information in photonics.
Early life and education
Barz studied mathematics, physics and computer sciences at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. During her undergraduate studies she was an Erasmus Programme student at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology. She earned her PhD in Vienna before moving to the University of Oxford, where she worked in quantum photonics. She was awarded the University of Vienna LaudiMaxima Prize for her dissertation. Her research created the means to demonstrate blind computing using entangled photons. The photons were generated using a nonlinear crystal, and the entangled photons represent qubits of information. Whilst the sender knows the initial state of entanglement, companies in control of data processing will be unaware, making it impossible to decode the information without destroying it. Her work was covered in the New Scientist, as well as on the BBC and NBC. In 2013 Barz was awarded the Maria Schaumayer Prize and the Loschmidt Prize. During her PhD Barz took part in Falling Walls.
Research and career
In 2014 Barz was awarded a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship to work on quantum optics at the University of Oxford. She worked with Ian Walmsley on three photon interference, which could be used for quantum cryptography. She secured her own funding to work on the project, Secure information processing in quantum networks (seQureNet). During the project she created integrated photon sources, fibre components and waveguide circuits.
She was appointed to the University of Stuttgart in 2017, where she is a Fellow and Board Member of the Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology. Barz works on encrypted cloud computing and photonics. She uses light as a way to demonstrate the power of quantum information. This could make computers faster and more secure. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20absolute%20purity | In algebraic geometry, the theorem of absolute (cohomological) purity is an important theorem in the theory of étale cohomology. It states: given
a regular scheme X over some base scheme,
a closed immersion of a regular scheme of pure codimension r,
an integer n that is invertible on the base scheme,
a locally constant étale sheaf with finite stalks and values in ,
for each integer , the map
is bijective, where the map is induced by cup product with .
The theorem was introduced in SGA 5 Exposé I, § 3.1.4. as an open problem. Later, Thomason proved it for large n and Gabber in general.
See also
purity (algebraic geometry)
References
Fujiwara, K.: A proof of the absolute purity conjecture (after Gabber). Algebraic geometry 2000, Azumino (Hotaka), pp. 153–183, Adv. Stud. Pure Math. 36, Math. Soc. Japan, Tokyo, 2002
R. W. Thomason, Absolute cohomological purity, Bull. Soc. Math. France 112 (1984), no. 3, 397–406. MR 794741
Algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20module | In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra, every module has an associated character module. Using the associated character module it is possible to investigate the properties of the original module. One of the main results discovered by Joachim Lambek shows that a module is flat if and only if the associated character module is injective.
Definition
The group , the group of rational numbers modulo , can be considered as a -module in the natural way. Let be an additive group which is also considered as a -module. Then the group of -homomorphisms from to is called the character group associated to . The elements in this group are called characters. If is a left -module over a ring , then the character group is a right -module and called the character module associated to . The module action in the character module for and is defined by for all . The character module can also be defined in the same way for right -modules. In the literature also the notations and are used for character modules.
Let be left -modules and an -homomorphismus. Then the mapping defined by for all is a right -homomorphism. Character module formation is a contravariant functor from the category of left -modules to the category of right -modules.
Motivation
The abelian group is divisible and therefore an injective -module. Furthermore it has the following important property: Let be an abelian group and nonzero. Then there exists a group homomorphism with . This says that is a cogenerator. With these properties one can show the main theorem of the theory of character modules: Theorem (Lambek): A left module over a ring is flat if and only if the character module is an injective right -module.
Properties
Let be a left module over a ring and the associated character module.
The module is flat if and only if is injective (Lambek's Theorem).
If is free, then is an injective right -module and is a direct product of copies of the right -modu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Meet | Google Meet is a video communication service developed by Google. It is one of two apps that constitute the replacement for Google Hangouts, the other being Google Chat. It replaced the consumer-facing Google Duo in November 1, 2022, with the Duo mobile app being renamed Meet and the original Meet app set to be phased out.
In the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced Meet was to be made available to all users, not just Google Workspace users, in which it previously was. The use of Meet grew by a factor of 30 between January and April 2020, with 100 million users a day accessing Meet, compared to 200 million daily users for Zoom as of the last week of April 2020.
History
After being invite-only and quietly releasing an iOS app in February 2017, Google formally launched Meet in March 2017. The service was unveiled as a video conferencing app for up to 30 participants, described as an enterprise-friendly version of Hangouts. It was available through applications for desktop, Android, and iOS.
While Google Meet introduced the above features to upgrade the original Hangouts application, some standard Hangouts features were deprecated, including viewing attendees and chat simultaneously. The number of video feeds allowed at one time was also reduced to 8 (while up to 4 feeds can be shown in the "tiles" layout), prioritizing those attendees who most recently used their microphone. Additionally, features such as the chatbox were changed to overlay the video feeds, rather than resizing the latter to fit. In November 1, 2022, Hangouts was officially converted and no longer available. Google suspended its usual 60-minute limit for unpaid accounts.
In August 2020, it was reported that Google was planning to eventually merge Google Duo with the business-oriented Google Meet. In December 2021, this objective had been dropped, but Duo continued to be available and updated. In June 2022, Google reversed course and announced that Duo would, in fact, be merged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgefy | Bridgefy is a Mexican software company with offices in Mexico and California, the United States, dedicated to developing mesh-networking technology for mobile apps. It was founded circa 2014 by Jorge Rios, after conceiving the idea while participating in a tech competition called StartupBus. Bridgefy's smartphone ad hoc network technology, apparently using Bluetooth Mesh, is licensed to other apps. The app gained popularity during protests in different countries since it can operate without Internet, using Bluetooth instead. Aware of the security issues of not using cryptography and the criticism surrounding it, Bridgefy announced in late October 2020 that they adopted the Signal protocol, in both their app and SDK, to keep information private, though security researchers have demonstrated that Bridgefy's usage of the Signal Protocol is insecure.
Usage
The app gained popularity as a communication tactic during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests and Citizenship Amendment Act protests in India, because it requires people who want to intercept the message to be physically close because of Bluetooth's limited range, and the ability to daisy-chain devices to send messages further than Bluetooth's range.
Security
In August 2020, researchers published a paper describing numerous attacks against the application, which allow de-anonymizing users, building social graphs of users’ interactions (both in real time and after the fact), decrypting and reading direct messages, impersonating users to anyone else on the network, completely shutting down the network, performing active man-in-the-middle attacks to read messages and even modify them.
In response to the disclosures, developers acknowledged that "no part of the Bridgefy app is encrypted now" and gave a vague promise to release a new version "encrypted with top security protocols". Later developers said they plan to switch to Signal Protocol, which is widely recognized by cryptographers and used by Signal and WhatsApp. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20refrigeration | A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers.
In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. The evaporation-condensation temperatures of each cycle are sequentially lower with some overlap to cover the total temperature drop desired, with refrigerants selected to work efficiently in the temperature range they cover. The low temperature system removes heat from the space to be cooled using an evaporator, and transfers it to a heat exchanger that is cooled by the evaporation of the refrigerant of the high temperature system. Alternatively, a liquid to liquid or similar heat exchanger may be used instead. The high temperature system transfers heat to a conventional condenser that carries the entire heat output of the system and may be passively, fan, or water-cooled.
Cascade cycles may be separated by either being sealed in separated loops, or in what is referred to as an "auto-cascade" where the gases are compressed as a mixture but separated as one refrigerant condenses into a liquid while the other continues as a gas through the rest of the cycle. Although an auto-cascade introduces several constraints on the design and operating conditions of the system that may reduce the efficiency it is often used in small systems due to only requiring a single compressor, or in cryogenic systems as it reduces the need for high efficiency heat exchangers to prevent the compressors leaking heat into the cryogenic cycles. Both types can be used in the same system, generally with the separate cycles being the first stage(s) and the auto-cascade being the last stage.
Peltier coolers may also be cascaded into a multi-stage system to achieve lower temperatures. Here the hot side of the first Peltier cooler is cooled by the cold side of the second Peltier cooler, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20transmission | Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.
Implications
Complex interdependence occurs between host and symbiont. The genetic pool of the symbiont is generally smaller and more subject to genetic drift. In true vertical transmission, the evolutionary outcomes of the host and symbiont are linked. If there is mixed transmission, new genetic material may be introduced. Generally, symbionts settle into specific niches and can even transfer part of their genome into the host nucleus.
Evolutionary consequences
Benefits
The mechanism promotes tightly coupled evolutionary pressure, which causes the host and symbiont to function as a holobiont.
Disadvantages
Evolutionary bottlenecks lead to less symbiont diversity, and thus resilience. Similarly, this greatly reduces the effective population size. Ultimately, without an influx of new genetic material, the population becomes clonal. Mutations tend to persist in symbionts and build up over time.
Transmission Modes
Matrilineal
Germline
Since the egg contributes the organelles and has more space and opportunity for intracellular symbionts to be passed to subsequent generations, it is a very common method of vertical transmission. Intracellular symbionts can migrate from the bacteriocyte to the ovaries and become incorporated in germ cells.
Live birth
Human infants acquire their microbiome from their mothers, from every sphere where there is contact. This includes potentially the mother's vagina, gastrointestinal tract, skin, mouth and breastmilk. These routes are typical if the delivery is a vaginal birth and the infant is nursed. When other actions, such as Caesarian delivery, bottle feeding, or maternal antibiotics during nursing occur, these modes of v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20Plant%20Pathology | The International Society for Plant Pathology is a global nonprofit institution dedicated to “promoting world-wide plant health and food security.” It was founded in 1968 and the first President of the society was the pioneer British plant pathologist, Ronald Karslake Starr Wood. The International Society for Plant Pathology is a member of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), in liaison with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
History
The aim of its founders in 1968 was to disseminate knowledge about plant development and plant diseases and their management. The ISPP also organises the International Congress of Plant Pathology every half-decade which is sponsored by its executive committee. The constituent bodies of the ISPP include a general assembly that convenes every five years during the congress, a council, an executive committee, a secretariat and subject matter committees. At a meeting in Lancaster, UK, in 1994, it was decided to establish the "Glenn Anderson Lecture" at the congress to cover global topics like agriculture and sustainability in the developing world. The society also maintains the World Directory of Plant Pathologists, an initiative of Fran Fisher (University of Florida). Directories were published in 1973 and 1980.
Publications
Since November 1970, the Society has published the International Newsletter on Plant Pathology. In March 2009 established a quarterly journal, Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, to address global food security in low-income regions.
Congress
International Congress of Plant Pathology has been held in different cities around the world.
Presidents
The following individuals have served as President of the ISPP:
Jakob Eriksson Prize
Established in 1923, the Jakob Eriksson Prize for Plant Pathology is awarded at every Congress to a plant scientist who has demonstrated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colva%20Roney-Dougal | Colva Mary Roney-Dougal is a British mathematician specializing in group theory and computational algebra. She is Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of St Andrews, and the Director of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Computational Algebra at St Andrews. She is also known for her popularization of mathematics on BBC radio shows, including appearances on In Our Time about the mathematics of Emmy Noether and Pierre-Simon Laplace and on The Infinite Monkey Cage about the nature of infinity and numbers in the real world.
Roney-Dougal completed her PhD at the University of London in 2001. Her dissertation, Permutation Groups with a Unique Non-diagonal Self-paired Orbital, was supervised by Peter Cameron.
With John Bray and Derek Holt, Roney-Dougal is the co-author of the book The Maximal Subgroups of the Low-Dimensional Finite Classical Groups (London Mathematical Society and Cambridge University Press, 2013).
In 2015 she was given the inaugural Cheryl E. Praeger Visiting Research Fellowship, funding her to visit the University of Western Australia.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British mathematicians
British women mathematicians
Group theorists
Mathematics popularizers
Alumni of the University of London
Academics of the University of St Andrews |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitea | Gitea () is a forge software package for hosting software development version control using Git as well as other collaborative features like bug tracking, code review, continuous integration, kanban boards, tickets, and wikis. It supports self-hosting but also provides a free public first-party instance. It is a fork of Gogs and is written in Go. Gitea can be hosted on all platforms supported by Go including Linux, macOS, and Windows. The project is funded on Open Collective.
History
Gitea was created by Lunny Xiao, who was also a founder of the self-hosted Git service Gogs. He invited a group of users and contributors of Gogs. Though Gogs was an open-source project, its repository was under the control of a single maintainer, limiting the amount of input and speed with which the community could influence the development. Frustrated by this, the Gitea developers began Gitea as a fork of Gogs in November 2016 and established a community-driven model for its development. It had its official 1.0 release the following month, December 2016.
Forgejo fork
In October 2022, the company Gitea Limited was formed by Lunny Xiao to offer paid services. The shift away from a community/non-profit ownership model received some resistance which led to the Forgejo software fork of Gitea. The major Gitea forge Codeberg then switched to Forgejo.
See also
Source control
Distributed version control
Self hosting
Comparison of source code hosting facilities
Open-source software
GitHub
GitLab
Bitbucket
References
External links
Official instance
Source code repository on GitHub
2016 software
Version control
Git (software)
Bug and issue tracking software
Free software programmed in Go
Project hosting websites
Project management software
Open-source software hosting facilities
Free project management software
Free and open-source software
Free software websites
Cross-platform free software
Software using the MIT license
Collaborative projects |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%E2%80%93Wang%E2%80%93Xu%20element | In applied mathematics, the Morlely–Wang–Xu (MWX) element is a canonical construction of a family of piecewise polynomials with the minimal degree elements for any -th order of elliptic and parabolic equations in any spatial-dimension for . The MWX element provides a consistent approximation of Sobolev space in .
Morley–Wang–Xu element
The Morley–Wang–Xu element is described as follows. is a simplex and . The set of degrees of freedom will be given next.
Given an -simplex with vertices , for , let be the set consisting of all -dimensional subsimplexe of . For any , let denote its measure, and let be its unit outer normals which are linearly independent.
For , any -dimensional
subsimplex and with , define
The degrees of freedom are depicted in Table 1. For , we obtain the well-known conforming linear element. For and , we obtain the well-known nonconforming Crouziex–Raviart element. For , we recover the well-known Morley element for and its generalization to . For , we obtain a new cubic element on a simplex that has 20 degrees of freedom.
Generalizations
There are two generalizations of Morley–Wang–Xu element (which requires ).
: Nonconforming element
As a nontrivial generalization of Morley–Wang–Xu elements, Wu and Xu propose a universal construction for the more difficult case in which . Table 1 depicts the degrees of freedom for the case that . The shape function space is , where is volume bubble function. This new family of finite element methods provides practical discretization methods for, say, a sixth order elliptic equations in 2D (which only has 12 local degrees of freedom). In addition, Wu and Xu propose an nonconforming finite element that is robust for the sixth order singularly perturbed problems in 2D.
: Interior penalty nonconforming FEMs
An alternative generalization when is developed by combining the interior penalty and nonconforming methods by Wu and Xu. This family of finite element space consists of piecewise polyn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Chat | Google Chat is a communication service developed by Google. Initially designed for teams and business environments, it has since been made available for general consumers. It provides direct message, group conversations, and spaces, which allow users to create and assign tasks and share files in a central place in addition to chatting. It can be accessed through its own website and app or through the Gmail website and app.
It was first launched as Hangouts Chat on March 9, 2017, as one of the two apps to constitute the replacement for Google Hangouts, the other being Google Meet. It was renamed to Google Chat on April 9, 2020. It was initially only available for the Google Workspace software suite, but in February 2021 Google began rolling out Google Chat in "early access" to regular consumer accounts until it became fully available in April 2021. Google deprecated the original Hangouts and replaced it with Chat on November 1, 2022.
History
Google Chat was first launched as Hangouts Chat on March 9, 2017, for Google Workspace (called G Suite until October 2020) customers only as a replacement for Google Hangouts. All G Suite packages had identical features except for a lack of Vault data retention in the Basic package.
On April 9, 2020, Google rebranded Hangouts Chat to Google Chat. Following this rebranding, and along with a similar change for Hangouts Meet, the Hangouts brand is to be removed from Google Workspace.
Migration from Hangouts
Google first announced their plan to begin retiring Google Hangouts in October 2019. In October 2020, Google announced that it would open Google Chat up to consumers in 2021. Google also announced that Hangouts conversations, contacts, and history would be migrated over to Google Chat.
Google Chat began to roll out to consumer accounts in "early access" in February 2021, but at the time Google stated that Hangouts would remain a consumer-level product for people using standard Google accounts. By April 2021, Google Chat bec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja%20Smets | Sonja Smets is a Belgian and Dutch logician and epistemologist known for her work in belief revision and quantum logic. She is Professor of Logic and Epistemology at the University of Amsterdam, where she was the director of the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation
(2016-2021) and is affiliated with both the Faculty of Science and the Department of Philosophy. She also holds a visiting professor position at the University of Bergen in Norway.
Education and career
Smets earned her doctorate at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 2001, working there with physicist Diederik Aerts and psychologist Liane Gabora.
Her dissertation, jointly promoted by Aerts and by mathematician and philosopher Jean Paul Van Bendegem, was The Logic of Physical Properties in Static and Dynamic Perspective.
She continued on at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel as a postdoctoral researcher and part-time lecturer until 2009. She was Rosalind Franklin Research Fellow and university lecturer at the University of Groningen from 2009 to 2012, and moved again to the University of Amsterdam in 2012, where she became Professor in Logic and Epistemology in 2016. From 2016 to 2021, she was the director of the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation. In 2019, she started a three-year part-time secondary appointment as a professor at the University of Bergen. Since 2020, she is the Vice President of the Association for Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI).
Recognition
In 2012 the International Quantum Structures Association gave Smets their Birkhoff–von Neumann Prize "for her studies on quantum structures and related epistemic semantics". In 2015 the International Szklarska Poreba Center for Experimental Philosophy & Pragmasemantics awarded her their Hermann Lotze Prize, recognizing her accomplishments in four areas: quantum cognition, quantum foundations, belief revision, and truth tracking. In 2019 she was elected to the Academia Europaea.
References
External links
Home page
Year of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberphile | Numberphile is an educational YouTube channel featuring videos that explore topics from a variety of fields of mathematics. In the early days of the channel, each video focused on a specific number, but the channel has since expanded its scope, featuring videos on more advanced mathematical concepts such as Fermat's Last Theorem, the Riemann hypothesis and Kruskal's tree theorem. The videos are produced by Brady Haran, a former BBC video journalist and creator of Periodic Videos, Sixty Symbols, and several other YouTube channels. Videos on the channel feature several university professors, maths communicators and famous mathematicians.
In 2018, Haran released a spin-off audio podcast titled The Numberphile Podcast.
YouTube channel
The Numberphile YouTube channel was started on 15 September 2011. Most videos consist of Haran interviewing an expert on a number, mathematical theorem or other mathematical concept. The expert usually draws out their explanation on a large piece of brown paper and attempts to make the concepts understandable to the average, non-mathematician viewer. It is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) and Math for America. Haran also runs the "Numberphile2" channel, which includes extra footage and further detail than the main channel.
Reception
Numberphile consistently rates among the top YouTube channels in math and education. The channel was nominated for a Shorty Award in Education in 2016. The New York Times said that, "at Numberphile, mathematicians discourse, enthusiastically and winningly, on numbers", and The Independent described the channel as "insanely popular". The Sunday Times said, "The mathematical stars of social media, such as James Grime and Matt Parker, entertain legions of fans with glorious videos demonstrating how powerful and playful maths can be."
New Scientist listed Numberphile as one of the top ten science channels on YouTube in 2019.
Contributors
The Numberphile channel has hosted a wid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie%20Williams%20%28software%20engineer%29 | Laurie Williams is an American software engineer known for her writings on pair programming and agile software development. She is a distinguished professor of computer science at North Carolina State University, and interim head of the Department of Computer Science at North Carolina State University.
Education and career
Williams graduated from Lehigh University in 1984, with a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering. After earning an M.B.A. from Duke University in 1990, she completed a Ph.D. at the University of Utah in 2000. Her dissertation, The Collaborative Software Process, was supervised by Robert R. Kessler.
She joined the North Carolina State University in 2000, and was named a distinguished professor in 2018.
Books
With Robert R. Kessler, Williams is the author of the book Pair Programming Illuminated (Addison-Wesley, 2002).
With Michele Marchesi, Giancarlo Succi, and James Donovan Wells, she is an author of Extreme Programming Perspectives (Addison-Wesley, 2003).
Recognition
In 2009, Williams became one of the two inaugural winners of the ACM SIGSOFT Influential Educator Award, for her work on pair programming in computer science education.
In 2018, Williams was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to reliable and secure software engineering".
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Lehigh University alumni
Fuqua School of Business alumni
University of Utah alumni
North Carolina State University faculty
Software engineering researchers
American software engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
American women academics
21st-century American women |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio%20%28Klee%29 | Senecio or Head of a Man Going Senile is a 1922 Cubist painting by Swiss artist Paul Klee. It is currently in the Kunstmuseum Basel.
Analysis
Klee's adaptation of the human head divides an elderly face into rectangles of orange, red, yellow, and white. The flat geometric squares within the circle resemble a mask or the patches of a harlequin, hence the title's reference to the artist-performer Senecio. The triangle and curved line above the left and right eyes respectively give the illusion of a raised eyebrow.
The painting's use of lines, ambiguous shapes, and space all demonstrate the principles of Klee's artistry in which simple graphical elements are "set in motion by energy from the artist's mind."
See also
List of works by Paul Klee
References
External links
Paintings by Paul Klee
1920s paintings
Portraits by Swiss artists
Cubist paintings
Paintings in the Kunstmuseum Basel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia%20Heubach | Silvia Heubach is a German-American mathematician specializing in enumerative combinatorics, combinatorial game theory, and bioinformatics. She is a professor of mathematics at California State University, Los Angeles.
Education and career
Heubach earned bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics and economics from the University of Ulm in 1983 and 1986, respectively. Through a program at the University of Ulm, she came to the University of Southern California (USC) for a one-year exchange, but decided to stay on for a Ph.D. program. She completed a master's degree in mathematics in 1988 and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics at USC in 1992. Her dissertation, A Stochastic Model for the Movement of a White Blood Cell, was supervised by Joseph C. Watkins..
After completing her doctorate, Heubach held visiting faculty positions at Colorado College and Humboldt State University before joining the faculty at California State University, Los Angeles in 1994.
Contributions
Heubach is the co-author of the book Combinatorics of Compositions and Words (with Toufik Mansour, CRC Press, 2009). She is a contributor to a text in bioinformatics, "Concepts in Bioinformatics and Genomics" by Jamil Momand and Alison McCurdy, Oxford University Press, 2016.
Her research in combinatorial game theory has also included analysis of a variant of nim in which piles of pebbles are placed on the edges of a tetrahedron and each move removes at least one pebble from the set of edges incident to a single triangle of the tetrahedron.
Recognition
In 2018, Heubach won the California State University system's Faculty Innovation and Leadership Award, becoming the first professor at the Los Angeles campus of the system to be so honored. The award honored her educational initiatives including developing a new sequence of mathematics courses for life sciences students, developing flipped classroom mathematics courses, and improving statistics courses used to fulfill general education requirements.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20Utilities | Remote Utilities is a remote desktop software that allows a user to remotely control another computer through a proprietary protocol and see the remote computer's desktop, operate its keyboard and mouse.
The program utilizes the client-server model and consists of two primary components: the Host that is installed on the remote computer and the viewer that is installed on the local PC. Other modules include Agent, Remote Utilities Server (RU Server) and portable Viewer.
Feature and architecture
Remote Utilities provides full control over the remote system and allows to view the remote computer without disrupting its user. The connection is established via an IP address or the Internet ID and it has an IP filtering system allowing to restrict access to only certain IP addresses.
It has the following connection modes:
Full control
View only
File transfer
Task manager
Terminal
Inventory manager
RDP Integration
Text chat
Remote registry
Screen recorder
Execute
Power control
Send message
Voice and Video chat
Remote settings
The Internet-ID
The Internet-ID technology became available in Remote Utilities starting with version 5.0. It allows the user to bypass software and hardware firewalls and NAT devices when setting up a remote connection over the Internet.
Remote Utilities Agent
Remote Utilities Agent was introduced with the release of version 5.1 which works as a program module for spontaneous support that runs without installation and administrative privileges.
Remote Utilities Server
Remote Utilities Server (RU Server) is a program module which serves as a self-hosted replacement for Remote Utilities hosted relay servers. RU Server has been made available with Remote Utilities version 5.1 release. The most recent version of RU Server as of December 22, 2021 is version 3.1.0.0.
History
The developer company Remote Utilities, formerly known as Usoris Systems was founded in 2009. The predecessor project, Remote Office Manager was sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho%20regulon | The Phosphate (Pho) regulon is a regulatory mechanism used for the conservation and management of inorganic phosphate within the cell. It was first discovered in Escherichia coli as an operating system for the bacterial strain, and was later identified in other species. The Pho system is composed of various components including extracellular enzymes and transporters that are capable of phosphate assimilation in addition to extracting inorganic phosphate from organic sources. This is an essential process since phosphate plays an important role in cellular membranes, genetic expression, and metabolism within the cell. Under low nutrient availability, the Pho regulon helps the cell survive and thrive despite a depletion of phosphate within the environment. When this occurs, phosphate starvation-inducible (psi) genes activate other proteins that aid in the transport of inorganic phosphate.
Function
The Pho regulon is controlled by a two-component regulatory system composed of a histidine kinase sensor protein (PhoR) within the inner membrane and a transcriptional response regulator (PhoB/PhoR) on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. These proteins bind to upstream promoters in the pho regulon in order to induce a general change in gene transcription. This occurs when the cell senses low concentrations of phosphate within its internal environment causing the response regulator to be phosphorylated inducing an overall decrease in gene transcription. This mechanism is ubiquitous within gram-positive, gram-negative, cyanobacteria, yeasts, and archaea.
Signal transduction pathway
Depletion of inorganic phosphate within the cell is required for activation of the Pho regulon in most prokaryotes. In the most commonly studied bacterium, E. coli, seven total proteins are used to detect intracellular levels of inorganic phosphate along with transfusing that signal appropriately. Of the seven proteins, one is a metal binding protein (PhoU) and four are phosphate-specific trans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfefe%20index | The Volfefe Index was a stock market index of volatility in market sentiment for US Treasury bonds caused by tweets by former President Donald Trump.
Bloomberg News observed Volfefe was created due to the statistical significance of Trump tweets on bond prices. ABC News Online posited Volfefe could help analyze interest rate risk in the face of "unpredictable" activity on social media by Trump.
Etymology
The name "Volfefe" is a portmanteau of volatility and the "covfefe" tweet by Trump.
Creation
Volfefe was launched by JPMorgan Chase on September 9, 2019.
Methods
In forming the basis of the methodology behind Volfefe, JPMorgan Chase used software to analyse the corpus of Trump's tweets. 14,000 tweets were used in the analysis to form the initial projections for their software. Their analysts determined that there were direct correlations between tweets and subsequent market movements. These market movements were most notably evidenced when the tweet specifically references financial matters including the US Federal Reserve. The tweets issued during the working day of the New York Stock Exchange were more likely to cause a change in market sentiment; however, it was noted that the tweets can come at any time of day and thus have an effect on markets around the world. Key words in tweets often include "China", "billion", "products", "Democrats", "great", "dollars", "tariffs" and "trade".
Analysis
Bloomberg News noted, "JPMorgan’s 'Volfefe Index,' named after Trump’s mysterious covfefe tweet from May 2017, suggests that the president’s electronic musings are having a statistically significant impact on Treasury yields."
ABC News Online commented JP Morgan created Volfefe, "to measure how much impact Mr Trump's unpredictable tweets have on US interest rates".
See also
Big Mac Index
Black swan theory
Economic Policy Uncertainty Index
Greed and fear
Hemline index
Market trend
Probability of default
S&P/ASX 200 VIX
SKEW
Twitter diplomacy
Use of Twitter b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Ayache | Nicholas Ayache, born on 1 November 1958 in Paris, is a French computer scientist and Research Director at INRIA, Sophia Antipolis-Mediterranean Centre. Previously, he was Scientific Director of the Institut hospitalo-universitaire de Strasbourg (2012–2015) and Visiting Professor at the Collège de France (2014). He is also a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Nicholas Ayache is a Civil Engineer from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (1980), holds a Master of Science from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA, 1981), a PhD and a Thèse d’État (Habilitation) from the University of Paris Sud (1983 and 1988).
He is research director at Inria (Institut national de recherche en informatique et mathématiques appliquées), where he leads the EPIONE research team, dedicated to the digital patient and digital medicine. Since 2019, he has also been the Scientific Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute of Artificial Intelligence (3IA) of the Côte d'Azur.
He was a visiting professor at the Collège de France, holding the annual chair in Computer Science and Digital Sciences for the 2013–2014 academic year.
He was a visiting researcher at MIT and Harvard in 2007.
He was the scientific director of the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) in Strasbourg (2012–2015).
He is co-founder and co-editor of the scientific journal Medical Image Analysis.
Research work
From 1981 to 1988, Nicholas Ayache sought to equip autonomous robots with new artificial vision capabilities (bulk object recognition, bi- and trinocular stereoscopic vision, navigation from visual maps). Since 1988, he has been engaged in pioneering research in the field of computer analysis of medical images, image-guided therapy and surgical simulation. A central focus of his work has been the introduction of geometric, statistical, physical or functional models of the human body for the analysis and simulation of medical images. His current research focuses o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade%20%28pathology%29 | In histopathology, a palisade is a single layer of relatively long cells, arranged loosely perpendicular to a surface and parallel to each other. A rosette is a palisade in a halo or spoke-and-wheel arrangement, surrounding a central core or hub. A pseudorosette is a perivascular radial arrangement of neoplastic cells around a small blood vessel.
Rosette
A rosette is a cell formation in a halo or spoke-and-wheel arrangement, surrounding a central core or hub. The central hub may consist of an empty-appearing lumen or a space filled with cytoplasmic processes. The cytoplasm of each of the cells in the rosette is often wedge-shaped with the apex directed toward the central core: the nuclei of the cells participating
in the rosette are peripherally positioned and form a ring or halo around the hub.
Pathogenesis
Rosettes may be considered primary or secondary manifestations of tumor architecture. Primary rosettes form as a characteristic growth pattern of a given tumor type whereas secondary rosettes result from the influence of external factors on tumor growth. For example, in the latter instance, regressive cell swelling may centripetally displace the cytoplasm as the nucleus is squeezed to the periphery. Although the presence of primary rosettes may suggest a given diagnosis, usually this finding alone is not considered absolutely pathognomic for one specific tumor type.
Loss or gain of genetic information is the main cause of rosette and pseudorosette formation. The cell populations exhibiting neuronal differentiation are believed to secrete surface glycoproteins and glycolipids which mediate cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion. One hypothesis is that these sticky cell surface markers cause the developing cell bodies to cluster or aggregate and their primitive neurites to tangle. As the cells grow, the neurite tangle remains centrally located and the cell bodies are squeezed to the periphery, thus explaining the rosette pattern. Depending upon their location |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simatic | SIMATIC is a series of programmable logic controller and automation systems, developed by Siemens. Introduced in 1958, the series has gone through four major generations, the latest being the SIMATIC S7 generation. The series is intended for industrial automation and production.
The name SIMATIC is a registered trademark of Siemens. It is a portmanteau of “Siemens” and “Automatic”.
Function
As with other programmable logic controllers,
SIMATIC devices are intended to separate the control of a machine from the machine's direct operation,
in a more lightweight and versatile manner than controls hard-wired for a specific
machine. Early SIMATIC devices were transistor-based, intended to replace relays attached and customized to a specific machine. Microprocessors were introduced in 1973, allowing programs
similar to those on general-purpose digital computers to be stored and used for machine control. SIMATIC devices have input and output modules to connect with controlled machines. The programs on the SIMATIC devices respond in real time to inputs from sensors on the controlled machines, and send output signals to actuators on the machines that direct their subsequent operation.
Depending on the device and its connection modules, signals may be a simple binary value ("high" or "low") or more complex. More complex inputs, outputs, and calculations were also supported as the SIMATIC line developed. For example, the SIMATIC 505 could handle floating point quantities and trigonometric functions.
Product lines
Siemens has developed four product lines to date:
1958: SIMATIC Version G
1973: SIMATIC S3
1979: SIMATIC S5
1995: SIMATIC S7
SIMATIC S5
The S5 line was sold in 90U, 95U, 101U, 100U, 105, 110, 115,115U, 135U, and 155U chassis styles. Within each chassis style, several CPUs were available, with varying speed, memory, and capabilities. Some systems provided redundant CPU operation for ultra-high-reliability control, as used in pharmaceutical manufac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20v.%20Stumbo | United States v. Stumbo, was a Federal Court case in the Eastern District of California in which the 23 year old defendant, Tyler Stumbo, was convicted of conspiracy to distribute anabolic steroids, which were at the time a Class III prohibited substance. This was a violation of Title 21 sections 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(D) and 846, and carried a minimum penalty of 10 years in prison and a maximum penalty of Life in prison as well as a maximum fine of $250,000. The charges were filed by the DEA.
Summary
Stumbo was arrested with more than eight kilogrammes of anabolic steroids when the DEA raided his underground laboratories. Stumbo was also in possession of several guns at the time. The arrest was part of Operation Raw Deal, which targeted the black market manufacturers and distributors of anabolic steroid, human growth hormone and insulin growth factor. A total of 124 people were arrested, and 56 laboratories were seized in that operation. 500 pounds of raw material used for the production of the goods was sourced from China. Often the end user was
Stumbo pushed his illicit drugs in bodybuilding website advertisements. His distribution business went by the name of Osoca Laboratories, and posed as an ordinary firm. Communication between Stumbo and the DEA was originated via e-mail. Stumbo used Hushmail as his e-mail service provider. The DEA arranged with Stumbo to purchase by money order his steroid merchandise through a UPS Store maildrop, and discovered that the owner was Stumbo.
In order to satisfy the Court that the DEA information was true, the DEA needed to obtain Stumbo's e-mail records. The market differentiation of Hushmail is that it provides secure communication via its PGP Java client-server technology. It was revealed in an interview with Hushmail's CTO that the company complies with British Columbia Supreme Court orders to produce evidence when so requested by competent authorities. This includes warrants approved by the Minister of Justice under the M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsymmedian | In Euclidean geometry, the exsymmedians are three lines associated with a triangle. More precisely, for a given triangle the exsymmedians are the tangent lines on the triangle's circumcircle through the three vertices of the triangle. The triangle formed by the three exsymmedians is the tangential triangle; its vertices, that is the three intersections of the exsymmedians, are called exsymmedian points.
For a triangle with being the exsymmedians and being the symmedians through the vertices , two exsymmedians and one symmedian intersect in a common point:
The length of the perpendicular line segment connecting a triangle side with its associated exsymmedian point is proportional to that triangle side. Specifically the following formulas apply:
Here denotes the area of the triangle , and denote the perpendicular line segments connecting the triangle sides with the exsymmedian points .
References
Roger A. Johnson: Advanced Euclidean Geometry. Dover 2007, , pp. 214–215 (originally published 1929 with Houghton Mifflin Company (Boston) as Modern Geometry).
Straight lines defined for a triangle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugaku%20%28supercomputer%29 | Fugaku is a petascale supercomputer at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer and made its debut in 2020. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.
It became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this. At this time it also achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS using the mixed fp16/fp64 precision HPL-AI benchmark. It started regular operations in 2021.
Fugaku was superseded as the fastest supercomputer in the world by Frontier in May 2022.
Hardware
The supercomputer is built with the Fujitsu A64FX microprocessor. This CPU is based on the ARM version 8.2A processor architecture, and adopts the Scalable Vector Extensions for supercomputers. Fugaku was aimed to be about 100 times more powerful than the K computer (i.e. a performance target of 1 exaFLOPS).
The initial (June 2020) configuration of Fugaku used 158,976 A64FX CPUs joined using Fujitsu's proprietary torus fusion interconnect. An upgrade in November 2020 increased the number of processors.
Software
Fugaku will use a "light-weight multi-kernel operating system" named IHK/McKernel. The operating system uses both Linux and the McKernel light-weight kernel operating simultaneously and side by side. The infrastructure that both kernels run on is termed the Interface for Heterogeneous Kernels (IHK). The high-performance simulations are run on McKernel, with Linux available for all other POSIX-compatible services.
Besides the system software, the supercomputer has run many kinds of applications, including several benchmarks. Running the mainstream HPL benchmark, used by TOP500, Fugaku is at petascale and almost halfway to exascale. Additionally, Fugaku has set world records on at least three other benchmarks, including HPL-AI; at 2.0 exaflops, the system has exceeded the exascale threshold for the benchmark. A description o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Structural%20Engineers%20of%20the%20Philippines | The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. abbreviated as ASEP is an organization of structural engineers of the Philippines affiliated with the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers.
Background
ASEP was established in 1961 to promote the advancement of Filipino civil engineers in the field of structural engineering. The publication of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and the referral codes of the Philippine National Building Code were published by the organization.
Advocacy
ASEP exists in the advancement of structural engineering in the Philippines as well as upholding ethical values in the promotion of national and international professional collaboration with governments, industry and the academe.
The organization specifically lobbies on legislation of the Philippines in the national and local levels.
Notable publications
National Structural Code of the Philippines
National Building Code of the Philippines
ASEP Steel Handbook
References
Professional associations based in the Philippines
Civil engineering professional associations
Structural engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiria%20Andreian%20Cazacu | Cabiria Andreian Cazacu (February 19, 1928 – May 22, 2018) was a Romanian mathematician known for her work in complex analysis. She held the chair in mathematical analysis at the University of Bucharest from 1973 to 1975, and was dean of the faculty of mathematics at the University of Bucharest from 1976 to 1984.
Life
Andreian Cazacu was born on February 19, 1928, in Iași, the daughter of mathematics teacher Ioan T. Ardeleanu. Towards the end of World War II, her family became refugees in Bucharest, where she completed her high school studies in 1945. She then enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Bucharest, graduating with a B.S. in 1949; her undergraduate thesis, on Generalized nilpotent groups, was written under the guidance of Dan Barbilian. She then continued at the university, first as a teaching assistant and then as a lecturer starting in 1950. She became a student of Simion Stoilow, completing a doctorate in 1955 under his supervision, with the dissertation Normally exhaustible Riemann surfaces. After being named associate professor in 1955, she completed a habilitation in 1967, with the habilitation thesis Classes of Riemann coverings, and was promoted to full professor in 1968.
From 1951 to 1969 Andreian Cazacu held a research position at the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, where she was a leading participant in Stoilow's seminar on complex analysis. She held visiting positions at the Free University of Berlin, Université libre de Bruxelles, the University of Helsinki, the University of Łódź, and Université de Moncton.
Between 1976 and 2010 she supervised the Ph.D. thesis of 15 students. Andreian Cazacu was one of the main organizers of eleven editions of the Romanian-Finnish Seminar on complex analysis and potential theory, founded by Rolf Nevanlinna and Stoilow; the proceedings of four of these seminars, for which she was an editor, appeared in the Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics series as four separate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajnal%20Andr%C3%A9ka | Hajnal Ilona Andréka (also known as Hajnalka Andréka, born November 17, 1947) is a Hungarian mathematician specializing in algebraic logic. She is a research professor emeritus at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Education and career
Andréka was born on November 17, 1947 in Budapest. She earned a diploma in mathematics in 1971 from Eötvös Loránd University, completed a Ph.D. there in 1975, and earned a candidate's degree in 1978. In 1992, she earned a Dr. rer. nat. degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
She worked in the Hungarian Ministry of Heavy Industries from 1971 to 1977, and has been affiliated with the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1977.
Books
Andréka's books include:
Cylindric Set Algebras (with Leon Henkin, Donald Monk, Alfred Tarski, and István Németi, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 883, Springer, 1981, )
Universal Algebraic Logic: Dedicated to the Unity of Science (with István Németi and Ildikó Sain, Studies in universal logic, Birkhäuser, 2008)
Cylindric-like Algebras and Algebraic Logic (edited with Miklós Ferenczi and István Németi, Bolyai Society Mathematical Studies 22, Springer, 2013, )
Simple Relation Algebras (with Steven Givant, Springer, 2017, )
Recognition
Andréka won the Géza Grünwald Commemorative Prize for young researchers of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society in 1975, and the Gyula Farkas Prize in applied mathematics of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society in 1978. In 1979, the John von Neumann Computer Society gave her their László Kalmár Prize, and in 1987, the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics gave her their Alfréd Rényi Prize.
References
External links
Home page
1947 births
Living people
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Women mathematicians
Mathematical logicians
Women logicians
Eötvös Loránd University alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenworld | Greenworld (Japanese: グリーンワールド Hepburn: Gurīn wārudo) is a 2010 speculative evolution and science fiction book written by Scottish geologist and paleontologist Dougal Dixon and primarily illustrated by Dixon himself, alongside a few images by other artists. Greenworld features a fictional alien planet of the same name and a diverse biosphere of alien organisms. Greenworld has so far only been published in Japan, where it was released in two volumes.
The premise of Greenworld follows human colonisation of the alien planet over the course of a thousand years, chronicling mankind's disastrous impact on Greenworld's ecosystems, similar to how humans today are impacting Earth and its life. Greenworld and its creatures were originally designed by Dixon as a design exercise for his local science fiction group and the planet and its organisms first appeared in a 1992 episode of the Channel 4 series Equinox, followed by appearances in various other media, including the 1997 programme Natural History of an Alien.
Greenworld's premise is similar to, and repurposed from, Dixon's original idea for his book Man After Man (1990), which would have involved humans time-travelling 50 million years into the future to colonize biosphere of the future he had developed for After Man (1981). The version of Man After Man that was eventually published was considerably different from Dixon's original concept.
Summary
Greenworld is a hypothetical Earth-like exoplanet with a diverse and thriving biosphere. All animal-analogous organisms on Greenworld are descended from a radially symmetrical six-legged starfish-like animal. Animals on Greenworld secondarily developed bilateral symmetry (which is what is seen in most animals on Earth), developing into two major groups; “sulcosyms” in which the plane of symmetry lies between the legs (meaning they have three pairs of limbs) and “brachiosyms” in which the plane of symmetry has led to the formation of one “arm” at each of its ends (meaning two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards%20for%20Reporting%20Enzymology%20Data | Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data (STRENDA) is an initiative as part of the Minimum Information Standards which specifically focuses on the development of guidelines for reporting (describing metadata) enzymology experiments. The initiative is supported by the Beilstein Institute for the Advancement of Chemical Sciences. STRENDA establishes both publication standards for enzyme activity data and STRENDA DB, an electronic validation and storage system for enzyme activity data. Launched in 2004, the foundation of STRENDA is the result of a detailed analysis of the quality of enzymology data in written and electronic publications.
Organization
The STRENDA project is driven by 15 scientists from all over the world forming the STRENDA Commission and supporting the work with expertises in biochemistry, enzyme nomenclature, bioinformatics, systems biology, modelling, mechanistic enzymology and theoretical biology.
Reporting guidelines
The STRENDA Guidelines propose those minimum information that is needed to comprehensively report kinetic and equilibrium data from investigations of enzyme activities including corresponding experimental conditions.
This minimum information is suggested to be addressed in a scientific publication when enzymology research data is reported to ensure that data sets are comprehensively described. This allows scientists not only to review, interpret and corroborate the data but also to reuse the data for modelling and simulation of biocatalytic pathways. In addition, the guidelines support researchers making their experimental data reproducible and transparent.
As of March 2020, more than 55 international biochemistry journal included the STRENDA Guidelines in their authors' instructions as recommendations when reporting enzymology data.
The STRENDA project is registered with FAIRsharing.org and the Guidelines are part of the FAIRDOM Community standards for Systems Biology.
Applications
STRENDA DB
STRENDA DB is a web-based storage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualized%20cancer%20immunotherapy | Individualized cancer immunotherapy, also referred to as individualized immuno-oncology, is a novel concept for therapeutic cancer vaccines that are truly personalized to a single individual.
The human immune system is generally able to recognize and fight cancer cells. However, this ability is usually insufficient and the cancer continues to spread. Cancer immunotherapy is based on harnessing and potentiating the ability of the immune system to fight cancer.
Each tumor has its own individual genetic fingerprint, the mutanome, that includes numerous genetic alterations. As opposed to a preformed drug, individualized cancer vaccination is a therapy that targets specific cancer mutations of the individual patient's tumor. The production of vaccines tailored to match a person's individual constellation of cancer mutations has become a new field of research.
The concept of individualized cancer immunotherapy aims to identify individual mutations in the tumor of a patient, that are crucial for the proliferation, survival or metastasis of tumor cells. For this purpose, the individual genetic blueprint of the tumor is decrypted by sequencing and, using this blueprint as a template, a synthetic vaccine tailored to the tumor of the individual patient is prepared. This vaccine is designed to control and train the body's immune system to fight the cancer.
Background
Cancer is characterized by an accumulation of genetic alterations. A tumor may acquire up to thousands of different somatic mutations during the process of initiation and progression. A smaller number of cancer mutations interfere with normal cell regulation and help to drive cancer growth.
Somatic mutations in the tumor genome can cause tumors to express mutant proteins (neoantigens) that are recognized by autologous T cells as foreign and constitute cancer vaccine targets. Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB, the number of mutations within a targeted genetic region in the cancerous cell's DNA) have been thus su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip%20packing%20problem | The strip packing problem is a 2-dimensional geometric minimization problem.
Given a set of axis-aligned rectangles and a strip of bounded width and infinite height, determine an overlapping-free packing of the rectangles into the strip minimizing its height.
This problem is a cutting and packing problem and is classified as an Open Dimension Problem according to Wäscher et al.
This problem arises in the area of scheduling, where it models jobs, that require a contiguous portion of the memory over a given time period. Another example is the area of industrial manufacturing, where rectangular pieces need to be cut out of a sheet of material (e.g., cloth or paper) that has a fixed width but infinite length, and one wants to minimize the wasted material.
This problem was first studied in 1980. It is strongly-NP hard and there exists no polynomial time approximation algorithm with a ratio smaller than unless . However, the best approximation ratio achieved so far (by a polynomial time algorithm by Harren et al.) is , imposing an open question whether there is an algorithm with approximation ratio .
Definition
An instance of the strip packing problem consists of a strip with width and infinite height, as well as a set of rectangular items.
Each item has a width and a height .
A packing of the items is a mapping that maps each lower-left corner of an item to a position inside the strip.
An inner point of a placed item is a point from the set .
Two (placed) items overlap if they share an inner point.
The height of the packing is defined as .
The objective is to find an overlapping-free packing of the items inside the strip while minimizing the height of the packing.
This definition is used for all polynomial time algorithms. For pseudo-polynomial time and FPT-algorithms, the definition is slightly changed for the simplification of notation. In this case, all appearing sizes are integral. Especially the width of the strip is given by an arbitrary integ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%E2%80%93eye%20calibration%20problem | In robotics and mathematics, the hand–eye calibration problem (also called the robot–sensor or robot–world calibration problem) is the problem of determining the transformation between a robot end-effector and a sensor or sensors (camera or laser scanner) or between a robot base and the world coordinate system. It is conceptually analogous to biological hand–eye coordination (hence the name). It takes the form of , where A and B are two systems, usually a robot base and a camera, and and are unknown transformation matrices. A highly studied special case of the problem occurs where , taking the form of the problem . Solutions to the problem take the forms of several types of methods, including separable closed-form solutions, simultaneous closed-form solutions, and iterative solutions. The covariance of in the equation can be calculated for any randomly perturbed matrices and .
The problem is an important part of robot calibration, with efficiency and accuracy of the solutions determining the speed accuracy of the calibrations of robots.
Methods
Many different methods and solutions developed to solve the problem, broadly defined as either separable, simultaneous solutions. Each type of solution has specific advantages and disadvantages as well as formulations and applications to the problem. A common theme throughout all of the methods is the common use of quaternions to represent rotations.
Separable solutions
Given the equation , it is possible to decompose the equation into a purely rotational and translational part; methods utilizing this are referred to as separable methods. Where represents a 3×3 rotation matrix and a 3×1 translation vector, the equation can be broken into two parts:
The second equation becomes linear if is known. As such, the most frequent approach is to solve for and using the first equation, then using to solve for the variables in the second equation. Rotation is represented using quaternions, allowing for a linear solution to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20types%20of%20inflammation%20by%20location | This is a list of types of inflammation in the body when organised by location.
Nervous system
CNS
Encephalitis/Cerebritis
Myelitis
Meningitis
Cerebellitis
Ventriculitis
PNS
Neuritis
Eye
Dacryoadenitis
Dacryocystitis
Conjunctivitis
Scleritis
Episcleritis
Uveitis
Blepharitis
Keratitis
Retinitis/Chorioretinitis
Ear
Otitis
Labyrinthitis
Otitis media
Otitis Externa
Cardiovascular system
Carditis
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Vasculitis
Arteritis
Phlebitis
Capillaritis
Aortitis
Respiratory system
Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Epiglottitis
Laryngitis
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonitis
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Digestive system
Stomatitis
Cheilitis
Glossitis
Tonsillitis
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Gingivitis
Pulpitis
Pericoronitis
Gnathitis
Oesophagitis
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Enteritis
Duodenitis
Jejunitis
Ileitis
Colitis
Pancolitis
Appendicitis
Cryptitis
Proctitis
Diverticulitis
Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Mediastinitis
Integumentary system
Dermatitis
Cellulitis
Erysipelas
Mastitis
Onychia
Folliculitis
Omphalitis
Musculoskeletal system
Arthritis
Sacroilitis
Myositis
Osteitis/Osteomyelitis
Spondylitis
Chondritis
Synovitis
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis
Bursitis
Perichondritis
Fasciitis
Enthesitis
Discitis
Dactylitis
Urinary system
Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Interstitial Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Ureteritis
Cystitis
Urethritis
Reproductive system
Female
Oophoritis
Salpingitis
Metritis
Endometritis
Myometritis
Parametritis
Cervicitis
Vaginitis
Vulvitis
Bartholinitis
Skenitis
Placentitis
Villitis
Intervillitis
Funisitis
Chorioamnionitis
Male
Orchitis
Epididymitis
Vasitis/Deferentitis
Prostatitis
Vesiculitis
Cowperitis
Balanitis
Posthitis
Endocrine system
Insulitis
Hypophysitis
Thyroiditis
Parathyroiditis
Adrenalitis
Steatitis
Lymphatic/immune sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai%20Gehrke | Mai Gehrke (born 10 May 1964) is a Danish mathematician who studies the theory of lattices and their applications to mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. She is a director of research for the French Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), affiliated with the Laboratoire J. A. Dieudonné (LJAD) at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis.
Education
As a child, Gehrke was educated at a French school in Algiers, which used a Bourbakist and very abstract mathematics curriculum. As a high school student in Denmark, she spent a year as an exchange student in Houston studying painting, but was brought back to mathematics by a Polish mathematics teacher who taught her point-set topology according to the Moore method.
She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Houston in 1987. Her dissertation, Order Structure of Stone Spaces and the TD-axiom, was supervised by Klaus Hermann Kaiser.
Career
After postdoctoral study at Vanderbilt University, Gehrke joined the faculty of New Mexico State University in 1990. She moved to Radboud University Nijmegen in 2007, and to CNRS in 2011. From 2011 to 2017 her work for CNRS was associated with the Laboratoire d'Informatique Algorithmique: Fondements et Applications (LIAFA) at Paris Diderot University; in 2017 she moved to LJAD in Sophia Antipolis.
References
External links
Home page
1964 births
Living people
Danish mathematicians
French mathematicians
Danish women mathematicians
French women mathematicians
Mathematical logicians
University of Houston alumni
New Mexico State University faculty
Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
Women logicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%20Medal | The F. E. J. Fry Medal is an annual award for zoology given by the Canadian Society of Zoologists.
It is presented to "the Canadian zoologist who has made an outstanding contribution to knowledge and understanding of an area in zoology". The recipient is expected to give a lecture to the next annual conference.
The award was established in 1974 in honour of Frederick E.J. Fry, the Canadian ichthyologist and aquatic ecologist, in recognition of his contribution to science in Canada.
Recipients
Source
See also
List of biologists
List of biology awards
List of awards named after people
References
Canadian science and technology awards
Awards established in 1974
Biology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20motility | Social motility describes the motile movement of groups of cells that communicate with each other to coordinate movement based on external stimuli. There are multiple varieties of each kingdom that express social motility that provides a unique evolutionary advantages that other species do not possess. This has made them lethal killers such as African trypanosomiasis, or Myxobacteria. These evolutionary advantages have proven to increase survival rate among socially motile bacteria whether it be the ability to evade predators or communication within a swarm to form spores for long term hibernation in times of low nutrients or toxic environments.
Communication
Bacterial cells are able to communicate with one another through the use of chemical messengers. These chemical messengers are passed from one cell to the next to control factors such as virulence, growth and nutrient conditions, etc. As first discovered in plants, diffusible signal factors (DSFs) have been found in bacteria such as Burkholderia cenocepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When individual cells are stimulated by DSF, it causes them to release their own DSF to spread the signal further and also to generate a response to the DSF often seen as growth, movement, or sporulation in unfavorable growth conditions. Via these chemical messengers, swarms of bacteria are able to increase the rate of survival compared to single cell bacteria on their own.
Benefits
Predation
Traveling in groups, often referred to as swarms, is beneficial to the organism. For instance, when Myxobacteria swarms and feeds on prey, all individual cells release hydrolytic enzymes. This abundance of metabolic enzymes allows the swarm to easily degrade and engulf the prey. Interactions between separate species of organisms in a given environment is very common. Production of toxins, usually in the form of antibodies, allows for cells to ward off other organisms from infringing on their niche. Similar to the combined release of degr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recam%C3%A1n%27s%20sequence | In mathematics and computer science, Recamán's sequence is a well known sequence defined by a recurrence relation. Because its elements are related to the previous elements in a straightforward way, they are often defined using recursion.
It takes its name after its inventor , a Colombian mathematician.
Definition
Recamán's sequence is defined as:
The first terms of the sequence are:
0, 1, 3, 6, 2, 7, 13, 20, 12, 21, 11, 22, 10, 23, 9, 24, 8, 25, 43, 62, 42, 63, 41, 18, 42, 17, 43, 16, 44, 15, 45, 14, 46, 79, 113, 78, 114, 77, 39, 78, 38, 79, 37, 80, 36, 81, 35, 82, 34, 83, 33, 84, 32, 85, 31, 86, 30, 87, 29, 88, 28, 89, 27, 90, 26, 91, 157, 224, 156, 225, 155, ...
On-line encyclopedia of integer sequences (OEIS)
Recamán's sequence was named after its inventor, Colombian mathematician Bernardo Recamán Santos, by Neil Sloane, creator of the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS). The OEIS entry for this sequence is .
Even when Neil Sloane has collected more than 325,000 sequences since 1964, the Recamán's sequence was referenced in his paper My favorite integer sequences. He also stated that of all the sequences in the OEIS, this one is his favorite to listen to (you can hear it below).
Visual representation
The most-common visualization of the Recamán's sequence is simply plotting its values, such as the figure at right.
On January 14, 2018, the Numberphile YouTube channel published a video titled The Slightly Spooky Recamán Sequence, showing a visualization using alternating semi-circles, as it is shown in the figure at top of this page.
Sound representation
Values of the sequence can be associated with musical notes, in such that case the running of the sequence can be associated with an execution of a musical tune.
Properties
The sequence satisfies:
This is not a permutation of the integers: the first repeated term is . Another one is .
Conjecture
Neil Sloane has conjectured that every number eventually appears, but it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian%20Firewall | Guardian Firewall is a VPN, firewall and password manager for iOS which also blocks data and location trackers. Its network crypto suite is IPSec (Using IKEv2). The service, which claims to collect no user information, takes the form of an app which first became available in June 2019.
The company behind the product is Sudo Security Group. Its founder is Will Strafach, a security researcher, (Known for work on iOS jailbreaking tools) and COO is Chirayu Patel.
Guardian Firewall was featured in the show Lockdown in 2020.
References
External links
Guardian home page
Virtual private network services
IOS software
2019 software
2020 software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Apple%21%21 | "Bad Apple!!" is the sixth track in the soundtrack of the 1998 bullet hell video game Lotus Land Story, the fourth entry in the Touhou Project series created by Team Shanghai Alice. The instrumental theme was originally designed to be played during the third stage of the game, as chiptune on the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer platform, at 161 beats per minute using a frequency modulation synthesis chip. The Lotus Land Story version that has more than 1.4 million views on YouTube is a remake of the song from an official Touhou album named Akyu's Untouched Score Volume 1 and was released on the 21st of May, 2006.
It is notable for leading to a much later cover by Alstroemeria Records and a subsequent accompanying black-and-white shadow puppet-video – commonly called Shadow-art. The video became a Japanese internet meme in the late 2000s, correlating with the peak of Touhou'''s popularity, and experienced a resurgence in the mid-2010s when the black-and-white video was ported to esoteric media such as obsolete hardware, displays created within sandbox video games (e.g. Minecraft), and other unusual media (such as a mechanical television) as a graphical test. As of April 2023, it has achieved more than 77 million views on YouTube.
Since then, Alstroemeria Records' version has been licensed to various other video game companies that acquired a Touhou licence, and has been guest featured in many rhythm games such as Groove Coaster, Muse Dash and maimai. It has even been used in officially licensed spin-offs such as Touhou Spell Bubble as the game's tutorial track and free play song.
Pop song
On 20 May 2007, the day of the 4th Reitaisai convention, a longer cover version featuring the Japanese singer nomico was released on the album Lovelight by the doujin circle Alstroemeria Records, led by Masayoshi Minoshima. It shared little similarity with the original soundtrack, borrowing only a little of melody samples, but nonetheless it was notable as being the only vocal so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20Mechanics%20and%20Applied%20Mathematics | The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics is a quarterly, peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on classical mechanics and applied mathematics. The editors-in-chief are P. W. Duck, P. A. Martin and N. V. Movchan. The journal was established in 1948 to meet a need for a separate English journal that publishes articles focusing on classical mechanics only, in particular, including fluid mechanics and solid mechanics, that were usually published in journals like Proceedings of the Royal Society and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in,
References
External links
Oxford University Press academic journals
Mathematics journals
Physics journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1948
Quarterly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20assisted%20chemical%20etching | Metal Assisted Chemical Etching (also known as MACE) is the process of wet chemical etching of semiconductors (mainly silicon) with the use of a metal catalyst, usually deposited on the surface of a semiconductor in the form of a thin film or nanoparticles. The semiconductor, covered with the metal is then immersed in an etching solution containing and oxidizing agent and hydrofluoric acid. The metal on the surface catalyzes the reduction of the oxidizing agent and therefore in turn also the dissolution of silicon. In the majority of the conducted research this phenomenon of increased dissolution rate is also spatially confined, such that it is increased in close proximity to a metal particle at the surface. Eventually this leads to the formation of straight pores that are etched into the semiconductor (see figure to the right). This means that a pre-defined pattern of the metal on the surface can be directly transferred to a semiconductor substrate.
History of development
MACE is a relatively new technology in semiconductor engineering and therefore it has yet to be a process that is used in industry. The first attempts of MACE consisted of a silicon wafer that was partially covered with aluminum and then immersed in an etching solution. This material combination led to an increased etching rate compared to bare silicon. Often this very first attempt is also called galvanic etching instead of metal assisted chemical etching.
Further research showed that a thin film of a noble metal deposited on a silicon wafer's surface can also locally increase the etching rate. In particular, it was observed that noble metal particles sink down into the material when the sample is immersed in an etching solution containing an oxidizing agent and hydrofluoric acid (see image in the introduction). This method is now commonly called the metal assisted chemical etching of silicon.
Other semiconductors were also successfully etched with MACE, such as silicon carbide or gallium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECPQ2 | In cryptography, Combined Elliptic-Curve and Post-Quantum 2 (CECPQ2) is a quantum secure modification to Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 developed by Google. It is intended to be used experimentally, to help evaluate the performance of post quantum key-exchange algorithms on actual users' devices.
Details
Similarly to its predecessor CECPQ1, CECPQ2 aims to provide confidentiality against an attacker with a large scale quantum computer. It is essentially a plugin for the TLS key-agreement part. CECPQ2 combines two key exchange mechanisms: the classical X25519 and HRSS (Hülsing, Rijneveld, Schanck, and Schwabe) scheme (an instantiation of the NTRU lattice based key exchange primitive). Additionally, Kris Kwiatkowski has implemented and deployed an alternative version of post-quantum key exchange algorithm, titled CECPQ2b. Similarly to CECPQ2, this is also a hybrid post-quantum key exchange scheme, that is based on supersingular isogeny key exchange (SIKE) instead of HRSS.
CECPQ2 uses 32 bytes of shared secret material derived from the classical X25519 mechanism, and 32 bytes of shared secret material derived from the quantum-secure HRSS mechanism. The resulting bytes are concatenated and used as secret key. Concatenation is meant to assure that the protocol provides at least the same security level as widely used X25519, should HRSS be found insecure.
The algorithm was to be deployed on both the server side using Cloudflare's infrastructure, and the client side using Google Chrome Canary. Since both parties need to support the algorithm for it to be chosen, this experiment is available only to Chrome Canary users accessing websites hosted by Cloudflare.
It was estimated that the experiment started mid-2019. It was considered a step in a general program at Cloudflare to transition to post-quantum safe cryptographic primitives.
Support for CECPQ2 was removed from BoringSSL in April 2023.
See also
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman
References
Cryptographic proto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification%20and%20controls%20technology | Electrification and controls technology are devices that control, service and enhance productivity of industrial handling. Controls interface with hardware such as receivers, cranes and hoists, through a network in order to ensure that equipment operates safely and effectively. Almost every business, including the food, chemical, and automobile industries, uses controls. Some examples of these gadgets are:
Remote controls
Festooning
Drives
Motors
Conductor bars
Anti-collision devices
Weighing devices
Brakes
Resistors
Cabling
Industry definitions
Conductor bar: Insulated energized rails that safely provide power, control and data to moving equipment from a fixed source, much like electric rails on a model train.
Festoon system: A cable management system of rolling trolleys that properly support power, control and data cables to moving equipment from a fixed source.
Cable reel: A cable management device designed to spool and store electrical power, control or data cable, as the equipment moves along its path of motion.
Variable-frequency drive: A type of static controller that safely drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage the motor is supplied. This device minimizes the wear and tear of the mechanical system while allowing precise control and maximizing operator safety.
Radio remote control: Allows an operator to control different types of moving equipment and cranes, meanwhile, providing the operator the best vantage point to the load or operation and physical position for a safe working area.
Load brake: A device used to safely stop linear or rotating motion of equipment through the use of power or friction.
References
Electrification
Control engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20series%20inversion | In analytic number theory, a Dirichlet series, or Dirichlet generating function (DGF), of a sequence is a common way of understanding and summing arithmetic functions in a meaningful way. A little known, or at least often forgotten about, way of expressing formulas for arithmetic functions and their summatory functions is to perform an integral transform that inverts the operation of forming the DGF of a sequence. This inversion is analogous to performing an inverse Z-transform to the generating function of a sequence to express formulas for the series coefficients of a given ordinary generating function.
For now, we will use this page as a compendia of "oddities" and oft-forgotten facts about transforming and inverting Dirichlet series, DGFs, and relating the inversion of a DGF of a sequence to the sequence's summatory function. We also use the notation for coefficient extraction usually applied to formal generating functions in some complex variable, by denoting for any positive integer , whenever
denotes the DGF (or Dirichlet series) of f which is taken to be absolutely convergent whenever the real part of s is greater than the abscissa of absolute convergence, .
The relation of the Mellin transformation of the summatory function of a sequence to the DGF of a sequence provides us with a way of expressing arithmetic functions such that , and the corresponding Dirichlet inverse functions, , by inversion formulas involving the summatory function, defined by
In particular, provided that the DGF of some arithmetic function f has an analytic continuation to , we can express the Mellin transform of the summatory function of f by the continued DGF formula as
It is often also convenient to express formulas for the summatory functions over the Dirichlet inverse function of f using this construction of a Mellin inversion type problem.
Preliminaries: Notation, conventions and known results on DGFs
DGFs for Dirichlet inverse functions
Recall that an arithmetic funct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20Mi%20MIX%20Alpha | The Xiaomi Mi MIX Alpha is an Android-based smartphone designed by Xiaomi. Xiaomi describes it as a concept phone, but planned on bringing it into small-scale production. It was scheduled to be released in December 2019, but has been cancelled due to manufacturing complexities.
Design
A 7.92-inch (201.2mm) big screen 2088 × 2250 Super AMOLED display is used which wraps around the edges and nearly spans the entire width of both sides. There are virtual volume buttons in place of physical ones, although there is a physical power button on the top. Navigation buttons and the status bar are also located on the edges of the device. A sapphire vertical strip is placed on the rear which houses the cameras, flash and connectivity antennas. The frame is a titanium alloy, while the display is a 3-section glass laminate.
Specifications
Hardware
The Mi Mix Alpha is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855+ CPU and the Adreno 640 GPU, sharing its chipset with the Mi 9 Pro. It has a single configuration of 12 GB of LPDDR4X RAM and 512 GB of non-expandable UFS 3.0 storage. A USB-C port is located on the bottom which is capable of recharging the 4050mAh battery at up to 40W. An optical in-display fingerprint is used, and facial recognition is also supported.
Camera
A triple camera setup is used, consisting of a wide lens, a telephoto lens and an ultrawide lens like most flagships, while lacking a front-facing camera, however, the rear-facing cameras serve this purpose. Notably, it is the first smartphone with a 108 MP sensor. The other two lenses use 12 MP and 20 MP sensors respectively. None of the lenses have OIS, but HDR is supported. Along with normal recording modes, the device is capable of recording 8K video at 30 fps, 4K video at 60 fps and 30 fps, and 1080p slow-motion video at 480 and 960 fps.
Software
The Mi Mix Alpha runs on MIUI 11, which is based on Android 10.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2019
Mi MIX Alp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20digital%20invariant | In number theory, a perfect digital invariant (PDI) is a number in a given number base () that is the sum of its own digits each raised to a given power ().
Definition
Let be a natural number. The perfect digital invariant function (also known as a happy function, from happy numbers) for base and power is defined as:
where is the number of digits in the number in base , and
is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number is a perfect digital invariant if it is a fixed point for , which occurs if . and are trivial perfect digital invariants for all and , all other perfect digital invariants are nontrivial perfect digital invariants.
For example, the number 4150 in base is a perfect digital invariant with , because .
A natural number is a sociable digital invariant if it is a periodic point for , where for a positive integer (here is the th iterate of ), and forms a cycle of period . A perfect digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with , and a amicable digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with .
All natural numbers are preperiodic points for , regardless of the base. This is because if , , so any will satisfy until . There are a finite number of natural numbers less than , so the number is guaranteed to reach a periodic point or a fixed point less than , making it a preperiodic point.
Numbers in base lead to fixed or periodic points of numbers .
The number of iterations needed for to reach a fixed point is the perfect digital invariant function's persistence of , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.
is the digit sum. The only perfect digital invariants are the single-digit numbers in base , and there are no periodic points with prime period greater than 1.
reduces to , as for any power , and .
For every natural number , if , and , then for every natural number , if , then , where is Euler's totient function.
No upper bound can be determined for the size of perfect digital invariants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Sidewalk | Amazon Sidewalk is a low-bandwidth long-range wireless communication protocol developed by Amazon. It uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for short distance communication, and 900 MHz LoRa and other frequencies for longer distances.
History
The idea of the Amazon Sidewalk wireless network originated from a startup called Iotera, founded by Rob Barton and Ben Wild. They launched the idea of a crowd sourced mesh network through a Kickstarter campaign in 2014.
Iotera was acquired by Ring Home Security in late 2017 and after Ring was acquired by Amazon in 2018, the Amazon Sidewalk project began building on top of the Iotera technology.
In September, 2019, Amazon announced the Amazon Sidewalk network and a domestic pet collar called Fetch (developed together with Tile) as the first device which would use the network. The network is composed of existing customers' Echo smart speakers which act as the bridges between Sidewalk and the Internet.
In September 2020, Amazon started seeking hardware developers to partner and develop devices for the network.
In May 2021, Amazon and Tile announced plans to use Sidewalk to compete with the AirTag tracker device and associated location service from Apple. CareBand starts a pilot with Amazon Sidewalk to support people living with dementia in smart neighborhoods.
Amazon launched the network in the US on June 8, 2021.
In March 2023, Amazon opened the network up for outside developers to access, providing free test kits for developers to build Sidewalk devices. Amazon stated that more than 90% of the U.S. population was covered by the Sidewalk network.
Reception
Amazon Echo devices have Sidewalk enabled by default and do not inform their owner about it. The feature can be disabled via the official app.
A number of prominent news publishers, including The Guardian, ArsTechnica, CNET, PCMag, Click2Houston, and Bleeping Computer, expressed concern with opt-out nature of the network and published guides how to disable Amazon Sidewalk.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet%20Bruce-Annan | Harriet Dansowaa Bruce-Annan (birth name: Grace Akosua Dansowaa Ani-Agyei; born 1965 in Accra, Ghana) is a Ghanaian programmer and humanitarian living in Düsseldorf, Germany. She has become known as the founder of African Angel, a charity organisation which supports and provides training for children from the slums of Accra's Bukom district.
Life and work
Bruce-Annan was born in Accra on December 19, 1965 by Madam Victoria Lankai Lamptey. She spent her childhood in Adabraka and regularly visited her grandmother, who lived in a slum called Bukom. Despite all the suffering prevailing in her community, she still got along in her childhood. With the help of her uncle, she later studied programming in Ghana. Her first job was with a German computer company.
In 1990, Bruce-Annan emigrated with her husband to Germany, after he had promised her a better education in Europe. She went to Germany as an employee of the British Forces. Upon arrival, they lived in a hotel in Düsseldorf, before moving into an apartment in Oberhausen, Germany. However, following several cases of abuse, she fled to a women's shelter in Düsseldorf. There, she first worked as a nursing assistant, then as a lavatory attendant at the Düsseldorf fair and at the Golden Unicorn pub on Ratinger Straße.
While at Düsseldorf, she began collecting money to help orphans in the slums of Bukom in Accra. On September 15, 2002, together with six others, Bruce-Annan founded the African Angel Association. In 2004, she flew from Düsseldorf to Ghana with 5,000 euros to start her African Angel Association. The Association supports children from the Bukom slum, particularly orphans, by financing their education and training.
In 2008, Bruce-Annan was invited to the Berlin Senate conference, where the role of knowledge in international migration was discussed. In 2009, she appeared in on NDR television and on Markus Lanz talk shows. Bruce-Annan has been touring Germany and Austria for several years to present her pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20wavelength | The magic wavelength (also known as a related quantity, magic frequency) is the wavelength of an optical lattice where the polarizabilities of two atomic clock states have the same value, such that the AC Stark shift caused by the laser intensity fluctuation has no effect on the transition frequency between the two clock states.
AC Stark shift by optical lattice
The laser field in an optical lattice induces an electric dipole moment in the atoms to exert forces on them and hence confine them. However, the difference in polarizabilities of the atomic states leads to an AC Stark shift in the transition frequency between the two states, a shift that is dependent on the laser optical intensity at the particular atom location in the lattice. When it comes to precise measurements of transition frequency such as atomic clocks, the temporal fluctuations of the laser optical intensity would then deteriorate the clock accuracy. Furthermore, due to the spatial variation of laser intensity in the lattice, the atom's motion within the lattice would also be coupled into the uncertainty of the internal transition frequency of the atom.
Polarizability depends on wavelength
Despite having different function forms, the polarizabilities of two atomic states do have a dependency on the wavelength of the laser field. In some cases, it is then possible to find a particular wavelength at which the two atomic states happen to have exactly the same polarizability. This particular wavelength, where the AC Stark shift vanishes for the transition frequency, is called the magic wavelength, and the frequency that corresponds to this wavelength is called the magic frequency. This idea was first introduced by Hidetoshi Katori's calculation in 2003, and then experimentally achieved by Katori's group in 2005.
References
Physical quantities
Atomic clocks
Atomic physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librem%205 | The Librem 5 is a smartphone manufactured by Purism that is part of their Librem line of products. The phone is designed with the goal of using free software whenever possible, includes PureOS, a Linux operating system, by default, and as of 2021 is the only smartphone recommended by the Free Software Foundation. Like other Librem products, the Librem 5 focuses on privacy and freedom, and includes features like hardware kill switches, and easily-replaceable components. Its name, with a numerical "5", refers to its screen size, and not a release version. After an announcement on 24 August 2017, the distribution of developer kits and limited pre-release models occurred throughout 2019 and most of 2020. The first mass-production version of the Librem 5 was shipped on 18 November 2020.
History
On August 24, 2017, Purism started a crowdfunding campaign for the Librem 5, a smartphone aimed not only to run purely on free software provided in PureOS, but to "[focus] on security by design and privacy protection by default". Purism claimed that the phone would become "the world's first ever IP-native mobile handset, using end-to-end encrypted decentralized communication". Purism has cooperated with GNOME in its development of the Librem 5 software. It is planned, that KDE and Ubuntu Touch will also be offered as optional interfaces.
The release of the Librem 5 was delayed several times. It was originally planned to launch in January 2019. Purism announced on September 4, 2018, that the launch date would be postponed until April 2019, due to two power management bugs in the silicon and the Europe/North America holiday season. Development kits for software developers, which were shipped out in December 2018, were unaffected by the bugs, since developers normally connect the device to a power outlet, rather than rely on the phone battery. In February, the launch date was postponed again to the third quarter of 2019, because of the necessity of further CPU tests.
Specification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater%20Association | The Underwater Association (UA) was a research association focused on the conduct of research underwater by diving scientists and archaeologists. It was established by a group of UK scientists in Malta in 1966 to assist in the organisation and publication of British diving science. Membership grew to over 400, with approximately one third joining from outside the UK. From 1972 to 1979 the UA published a Code of Practice for scientific diving. This was expanded in 1987 and 1990 to form the UNESCO Code of practice. Membership declined in the late 1980s, and the UA merged with the Society for Underwater Technology in 1992.
Background
The Underwater Association grew out of the popularity of scuba sports diving clubs in British universities in the 1950s and 60s. Diving became popular after the introduction of the first successful and safe open-circuit scuba set, the Aqua-Lung, in the 1940s, and clubs were established in many British universities from 1957 onwards. Members of these clubs, and of research institutions, used scuba diving to pursue various scientific projects under water. Some projects involved the study of diver physiology and psychology, while others made use of diving to study marine biology, underwater archaeology, geology, physics and other topics. Members of the Cambridge University Underwater Exploration Group and Imperial College London were particularly active. They ran expeditions to Malta in the early 1960s, and enjoyed close cooperation with the Royal Navy which provided compressed air and a recompression chamber. In 1965 five different scientific diving teams were active in Malta. The different teams were organised as follows: The Cambridge University Malta Expedition 1965, an undergraduate group studying diurnal behaviour in marine invertebrates (winners of the first ever Duke of Edinburgh/British Sub-Aqua Club award for diving science); and a group from Oxford University, studying mainly algae and geology. There was also a Vision Group from v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Forrest%20Stinespring | William Forrest "Woody" Stinespring (16 March 1929, Charlottesville, Virginia – 15 May 2012) was an American mathematician, specializing in operator theory. He is known for the Stinespring factorization theorem.
While studying in Harvard University, Stinespring twice became a Putnam fellow, in 1947 and 1949. After graduating from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree, Stinespring received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1957. His thesis Integration for gages and duality theorems was written under the supervision of Irving Segal. Stinespring was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study from 1957 to 1959. After teaching at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, MIT, and the University of Chicago, he became in 1966 a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, retiring there as professor emeritus in 1999. He wrote 7 papers with David Shale.
According to William Arveson:
W. Forrest Stinespring's father was William Franklin Stinespring (b. 1901), who was a professor at Duke University Divinity School from 1936 to 1971.
Selected publications
(This article has over 1600 citations.)
1959 (translated into Russian by S. G. Gindikin Matematika, 1961, volume 5, issue 3, pages 81–94)
References
1929 births
2012 deaths
Writers from Charlottesville, Virginia
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Operator theorists
Harvard University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Putnam Fellows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneZoom | The OneZoom Tree of Life Explorer is a web-based phylogenetic tree software. It aims to map the evolutionary connection of all known life. As of 2023 it includes over 2.2 million species.
Organisation
OneZoom was originally invented by James Rosindell and is a charity registered in London. It is sponsored by individuals such as Richard Dawkins.
Tree of Life Explorer
The design is based on the pythagoras tree; beside a default spiral design there are other options, such as polytomy.
Leaves and nodes provide links to other websites, such as Wikipedia, Encyclopedia of Life or the NCBI taxonomy browser. The leaves representing single species are colour-coded according to their IUCN extinction risk, with red indicating a threatened species, black representing a recently extinct species, and grey representing species with unknown extinction risk.
See also
List of phylogenetic tree visualization software
References
External links
OneZoom Tree of Life Explorer
Interview with Luke Harmon in Utah Public Radio
Charities based in London
Phylogenetics software
Visualization software
Tree of life (biology)
Educational charities based in the United Kingdom
International charities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic-pelagic%20coupling | Benthic-pelagic coupling are processes that connect the benthic zone and the pelagic zone through the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients. These processes play a prominent role in both freshwater and marine ecosystems and are influenced by a number of chemical, biological, and physical forces that are crucial to functions from nutrient cycling to energy transfer in food webs.
Description
The benthic and pelagic zones are interconnected through nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicate) exchange from the sediment that help fuel phytoplankton primary production in the water column, which in turn, provide organic substrate for regeneration in sediments by microbes and macrofauna. These exchanges have seasonal variability as temperature and light conditions that drive primary production and sedimentation patterns change. Accumulation of nutrients during winter months generally results in a strong peak in phytoplankton production in spring followed by a peak in sedimentation. In the summer, pelagic recycling of primary production is more efficient and sedimentation generally lower.
The depth of an aquatic ecosystem is a key factor for benthic-pelagic exchanges because it determines the proximity and degree of interactions between the two environments. Coupling is stronger in shallow waters, such as in lakes and in coastal areas because primary productivity is generally higher in these areas where a higher amount of fresh organic matter from either photosynthesis or fecal matter can reach the bottom to fuel benthic fauna, which in turn remineralize and respire organic matter that supplies essential nutrients for primary production at the surface. Stratification of the water column, whether by temperature or salinity, also regulates the degree of exchange between benthic and pelagic habitats.
Oxygen concentrations and biological interactions, such as predation and competition, will also influence benthic community structure and biomass. For example, benthic macr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoalgebra | In algebra, given a 2-monad T in a 2-category, a pseudoalgebra for T is a 2-category-version of algebra for T, that satisfies the laws up to coherent isomorphisms.
See also
Operad
References
External links
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/pseudoalgebra+for+a+2-monad
https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2014/06/codescent_objects_and_coherenc.html
Adjoint functors
Algebra
Category theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain%20as%20a%20service | Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) allows businesses to use cloud-based solutions to build, host and use their own blockchain apps, smart contracts and functions on the blockchain infrastructure developed by a vendor. Just like the growing trend of using Software-as-a-service (SaaS) where access to the software is provided on a subscription basis, BaaS provides a business with access to a blockchain network of its desired configuration without the business having to develop their own Blockchain and build in-house expertise on the subject.
Many major cloud services providers now provide Blockchain-as-a-Service, including IBM, SalesForce, Microsoft, Amazon, Alibaba, Oracle and Baidu to name a few.
References
As a service
Cloud applications
Software delivery methods
Software distribution
Software industry
Blockchains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullu | Ullu is an Over-The-Top media streaming platform, owned and maintained by Vibhu Agarwal, founder and group CEO of Ullu and Atrangii. It is currently available for Android and iOS.
Shows
Web series
Short films
References
External links
Companies based in Mumbai
Indian brands
Streaming media systems
Video on demand services
Indian entertainment websites
Indian web series
Indian pornography
2018 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 2018
Mass media companies established in 2018 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonabelian%20algebraic%20topology | In mathematics, nonabelian algebraic topology studies an aspect of algebraic topology that involves (inevitably noncommutative) higher-dimensional algebras.
Many of the higher-dimensional algebraic structures are noncommutative and, therefore, their study is a very significant part of nonabelian category theory, and also of Nonabelian Algebraic Topology (NAAT), which generalises to higher dimensions ideas coming from the fundamental group. Such algebraic structures in dimensions greater than 1 develop the nonabelian character of the fundamental group, and they are in a precise sense ‘more nonabelian than the groups'''.http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2009/06/nonabelian_algebraic_topology.html Nonabelian Algebraic Topology posted by John Baez These noncommutative, or more specifically, nonabelian structures reflect more accurately the geometrical complications of higher dimensions than the known homology and homotopy groups commonly encountered in classical algebraic topology.
An important part of nonabelian algebraic topology is concerned with the properties and applications of homotopy groupoids and filtered spaces. Noncommutative double groupoids and double algebroids are only the first examples of such higher-dimensional structures that are nonabelian. The new methods of Nonabelian Algebraic Topology (NAAT) "can be applied to determine homotopy invariants of spaces, and homotopy classification of maps, in cases which include some classical results, and allow results not available by classical methods". Cubical omega-groupoids, higher homotopy groupoids, crossed modules, crossed complexes and Galois groupoids are key concepts in developing applications related to homotopy of filtered spaces, higher-dimensional space structures, the construction of the fundamental groupoid of a topos E in the general theory of topoi, and also in their physical applications in nonabelian quantum theories, and recent developments in quantum gravity, as well as categorical and to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure%20Virtual%20Desktop | Azure Virtual Desktop (AVD), formerly known as Windows Virtual Desktop (WVD), is a Microsoft Azure-based system for virtualizing its Windows operating systems, providing virtualized desktops and applications securely in the cloud (over the Internet). It is aimed at enterprise customers rather than at individual users.
WVD was first announced by Microsoft in September 2018, available as a public preview in March 2019, and generally available at the end of September 2019.
Azure Virtual Desktop with Windows 10/11 Enterprise Multi-Session is a cloud-based alternative to an on-premise Remote Desktop Server (RDS). AVD is deployed in Azure Cloud as a virtual machine. License costs are already included in several Microsoft 365 subscriptions, including Microsoft 365 Business Premium or Microsoft 365 E3.
Availability / compatibility
Azure Virtual Desktop supports Windows 10/11 multi-session, Windows 10/11 single-session, Windows Server 2012 R2 and newer operating systems.
See also
Windows 365
Remote Desktop Services
Windows Virtual PC
References
External links
Centralized computing
Remote desktop
Thin clients
Microsoft cloud services |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigsberger%20ratio | The Koenigsberger ratio is the proportion of remanent magnetization relative to induced magnetization in natural rocks. It was first described by . It is a dimensionless parameter often used in geophysical exploration to describe the magnetic characteristics of a geological body for help in interpreting magnetic anomaly patterns.
The total magnetization of a rock is the sum of its natural remanent magnetization and the magnetization induced by the ambient geomagnetic field. Thus, a Koenigsberger ratio, Q, greater than 1 indicates that the remanence properties contribute the majority of the total magnetization of the rock.
References
Ratios
Rock magnetism
Paleomagnetism
Geomagnetism
Magnetic ordering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB%20reverse%20engineering | Reverse engineering of Printed circuit boards (sometimes called “cloning”, or PCB RE) is the process of generating fabrication and design data for an existing circuit board, either closely or exactly replicating its functionality.
Obtaining circuit board design data is not by necessity malicious or aimed at intellectual property theft. The data generated in the reverse engineering process can be used for troubleshooting, repair, redesign and re-manufacturing, or even testing the security of a device to be used in a restricted environment.
Uses
Legacy product support
Legacy systems need maintenance and replacement parts to operate past their intended life cycle. Demand for parts that are no longer being manufactured can lead to material shortages of parts, called DMS/DMSMS.
There is much demand that entire government divisions have been created to regulate and plan the obsolescence of those systems and parts. Areas commonly affected by technical obsolescence include power station controls, ATC and aviation controls, medical imaging systems, and many aspects of military technology.
There are many legacy systems developed in the 70s, 80s or 90s whose original manufacturer is no longer in business or no longer has the original design data, but whose original equipment is still in use. In many cases exact Form, fit and function is required, either that so parts can “handshake” properly with the existing framework, or to avoid requirements of time-consuming and costly testing.
For industries with highly regulated electronics, (like military or aerospace) this approach can vastly reduce the time required to fabricate replacement parts for system repairs, since the new part's specifications match the original design exactly and therefore do not need to undergo the same level of rigorous re-certification and testing that would be required of a newly designed or revised circuit board.
For example, a power company in Florida was forced to shut down due to the failure of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC%2020-152 | The Advisory Circular AC 20-152A, Development Assurance for Airborne Electronic Hardware, identifies the RTCA-published standard DO-254 as defining "an acceptable means, but not the only means" to secure FAA approval of complex custom micro-coded components within aircraft systems with Item Design Assurance Levels (IDAL) of A, B, or C. Specifically excluding COTS microcontrollers, complex custom micro-coded components include field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable logic devices (PLD), and application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), particularly in cases where correctness and safety can not be verified with testing alone, necessitating methodical design assurance. Application of DO-254 to IDAL D components is optional.
Revision History
References
External links
AC 20-152A, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware, FAA
Avionics
Safety
Software requirements
RTCA standards
Computer standards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximally%20matchable%20edge | In graph theory, a maximally matchable edge in a graph is an edge that is included in at least one maximum-cardinality matching in the graph. An alternative term is allowed edge.
A fundamental problem in matching theory is: given a graph G, find the set of all maximally matchable edges in G. This is equivalent to finding the union of all maximum matchings in G (this is different than the simpler problem of finding a single maximum matching in G). Several algorithms for this problem are known.
Motivation
Consider a matchmaking agency with a pool of men and women. Given the preferences of the candidates, the agency constructs a bipartite graph where there is an edge between a man and a woman if they are compatible. The ultimate goal of the agency is to create as many compatible couples as possible, i.e., find a maximum-cardinality matching in this graph. Towards this goal, the agency first chooses an edge in the graph, and suggests to the man and woman on both ends of the edge to meet. Now, the agency must take care to only choose a maximally matchable edge. This is because, if it chooses a non-maximally matchable edge, it may get stuck with an edge that cannot be completed to a maximum-cardinality matching.
Definition
Let G = (V,E) be a graph, where V are the vertices and E are the edges. A matching in G is a subset M of E, such that each vertex in V is adjacent to at most a single edge in M. A maximum matching is a matching of maximum cardinality.
An edge e in E is called maximally matchable (or allowed) if there exists a maximum matching M that contains e.
Algorithms for general graphs
Currently, the best known deterministic algorithm for general graphs runs in time .
There is a randomized algorithm for general graphs in time .
Algorithms for bipartite graphs
In bipartite graphs, if a single maximum-cardinality matching is known, it is possible to find all maximally matchable edges in linear time - .
If a maximum matching is not known, it can b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20function | A direct function (dfn, pronounced "dee fun") is an alternative way to define a function and operator (a higher-order function) in the programming language APL. A direct operator can also be called a dop (pronounced "dee op"). They were invented by John Scholes in 1996. They are a unique combination of array programming, higher-order function, and functional programming, and are a major distinguishing advance of early 21st century APL over prior versions.
A dfn is a sequence of possibly guarded expressions (or just a guard) between and , separated by or new-lines, wherein denotes the left argument and the right, and denotes recursion (function self-reference). For example, the function tests whether each row of is a Pythagorean triplet (by testing whether the sum of squares equals twice the square of the maximum).
PT← {(+/⍵*2)=2×(⌈/⍵)*2}
PT 3 4 5
1
x
4 5 3
3 11 6
5 13 12
17 16 8
11 12 4
17 15 8
PT x
1 0 1 0 0 1
The factorial function as a dfn:
fact← {0=⍵:1 ⋄ ⍵×∇ ⍵-1}
fact 5
120
fact¨ ⍳10 ⍝ fact applied to each element of 0 to 9
1 1 2 6 24 120 720 5040 40320 362880
Description
The rules for dfns are summarized by the following "reference card":
A dfn is a sequence of possibly guarded expressions (or just a guard) between and , separated by or new-lines.
expression
guard: expression
guard:
The expressions and/or guards are evaluated in sequence. A guard must evaluate to a 0 or 1; its associated expression is evaluated if the value is 1. A dfn terminates after the first unguarded expression which does not end in assignment, or after the first guarded expression whose guard evaluates to 1, or if there are no more expressions. The result of a dfn is that of the last evaluated expression. If that last evaluated expression ends in assignment, the result is "shy"—not automatically displayed in the session.
Names assigned in a dfn are local by default, with lexical scope.
denotes the left function argument and the right; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPSG%20Geodetic%20Parameter%20Dataset | EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset (also EPSG registry) is a public registry of geodetic datums, spatial reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related units of measurement, originated by a member of the European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG) in 1985. Each entity is assigned an EPSG code between 1024 and 32767, along with a standard machine-readable well-known text (WKT) representation. The dataset is maintained by the IOGP Geomatics Committee.
Most geographic information systems (GIS) and GIS libraries use EPSG codes as Spatial Reference System Identifiers (SRIDs) and EPSG definition data for identifying coordinate reference systems, projections, and performing transformations between these systems, while some also support SRIDs issued by other organizations (such as Esri).
Common EPSG codes
EPSG:4326 - WGS 84, latitude/longitude coordinate system based on the Earth's center of mass, used by the Global Positioning System among others.
EPSG:3857 - Web Mercator projection used for display by many web-based mapping tools, including Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.
EPSG:7789 - International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014), an Earth-fixed system that is independent of continental drift.
History
The dataset was created in 1985 by Jean-Patrick Girbig of Elf, to "standardize, improve and share spatial data between members of the European Petroleum Survey Group". It was made public in 1993.
In 2005, the EPSG organisation was merged into International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP), and became the Geomatics Committee. However, the name of the EPSG registry was kept to avoid confusion. Since then, the acronym "EPSG" became increasingly synonymous with the dataset or registry itself.
See also
List of map projections
References
External links
Spatial databases
Spatial analysis
Geodesy
Catalogues
Geomatics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap%20Studio | Bootstrap Studio is a proprietary web design and development application. It offers a large number of components for building responsive pages including headers, footers, galleries and slideshows along with basic elements, such as spans and divs.
The program can be used for building websites and prototypes. It is built on the popular Electron framework, and is cross-platform.
History
Bootstrap Studio was launched on October 19, 2015 with a post on Product Hunt where it reached number 4 in the Product of the Day category. Version 2.0 of the software was released on January 22, 2016 and brought JavaScript editing, multi-page support and improved the CSS support. Version 4.0 was launched on November 1, 2017. The release added support for the Bootstrap 4 framework and CSS grid, filters, position sticky and blend mode CSS properties. On August 22, 2019, Bootstrap Studio was officially introduced into the GitHub Student Pack, making it available to students from around the world.
References
External links
HTML editors
Web development software
Responsive web design
Web design
MacOS software
Windows software
Cross-platform software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20function | Anderson functions describe the projection of a magnetic dipole field in a given direction at points along an arbitrary line. They are useful in the study of magnetic anomaly detection, with historical applications in submarine hunting and underwater mine detection. They approximately describe the signal detected by a total field sensor as the sensor passes by a target (assuming the targets signature is small compared to the Earth's magnetic field).
Definition
The magnetic field from a magnetic dipole along a given line, and in any given direction can be described by the following basis functions:
which are known as Anderson functions.
Definitions:
is the dipole's strength and direction
is the projected direction (often the Earth's magnetic field in a region)
is the position along the line
points in the direction of the line
is a vector from the dipole to the point of closest approach (CPA) of the line
, a dimensionless quantity for simplification
The total magnetic field along the line is given by
where is the magnetic constant, and are the Anderson coefficients, which depend on the geometry of the system. These are
where and are unit vectors (given by and , respectively).
Note, the antisymmetric portion of the function is represented by the second function. Correspondingly, the sign of depends on how is defined (e.g. direction is 'forward').
Total field measurements
The total field measurement resulting from a dipole field in the presence of a background field (such as earth magnetic field) is
The last line is an approximation that is accurate if the background field is much larger than contributions from the dipole. In such a case the total field reduces to the sum of the background field, and the projection of the dipole field onto the background field. This means that the total field can be accurately described as an Anderson function with an offset.
References
Functions and mappings |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedberg%E2%80%93Muchnik%20theorem | In mathematical logic, the Friedberg–Muchnik theorem is a theorem about Turing reductions that was proven independently by Albert Muchnik and Richard Friedberg in the middle of the 1950s. It is a more general view of the Kleene–Post theorem. The Kleene–Post theorem states that there exist incomparable languages A and B below K. The Friedberg–Muchnik theorem states that there exist incomparable, computably enumerable languages A and B. Incomparable meaning that there does not exist a Turing reduction from A to B or a Turing reduction from B to A. It is notable for its use of the priority finite injury approach.
See also
Post's problem
References
Notes
Mathematical logic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20Lane%20coherence%20theorem | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, Mac Lane coherence theorem states, in the words of Saunders Mac Lane, “every diagram commutes”. More precisely (cf. #Counter-example), it states every formal diagram commutes, where "formal diagram" is an analog of well-formed formulae and terms in proof theory.
Counter-example
It is not reasonable to expect we can show literally every diagram commutes, due to the following example of Isbell.
Let be a skeleton of the category of sets and D a unique countable set in it; note by uniqueness. Let be the projection onto the first factor. For any functions , we have . Now, suppose the natural isomorphisms are the identity; in particular, that is the case for . Then for any , since is the identity and is natural,
.
Since is an epimorphism, this implies . Similarly, using the projection onto the second factor, we get and so , which is absurd.
Proof
Notes
References
Section 5 of Saunders Mac Lane, Topology and Logic as a Source of Algebra (Retiring Presidential Address), Bulletin of the AMS 82:1, January 1976.
External links
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/coherence+theorem+for+monoidal+categories
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Mac+Lane%27s+proof+of+the+coherence+theorem+for+monoidal+categories
https://unapologetic.wordpress.com/2007/06/29/mac-lanes-coherence-theorem/
Category theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional%20immunology | Nutritional immunology is a field of immunology that focuses on studying the influence of nutrition on the immune system and its protective functions. Part of nutritional immunology involves studying the possible effects of diet on the prevention and management on developing autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, allergy, cancer (diseases of affluence) and infectious diseases. Other related topics of nutritional immunology are: malnutrition, malabsorption and nutritional metabolic disorders including the determination of their immune products.
The Role of Nutrition on the Prevention and Management of Diseases
Autoimmune diseases
The development and progression of many autoimmune diseases are generally unknown. The "Western pattern diet" consists of high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber meals with a surfeit of salt and highly processed food, which have pro-inflammatory effects. These effects may promote Th1- and Th17 - biased immunity and alter monocyte and neutrophil migration from bone marrow. A healthy diet contains a multitude of micronutrients that have anti-inflammatory and immune boosting effects that can help prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
The impact of diet is studied in relation to these autoimmune diseases:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Celiac disease
Allergies
Nutrition can help prevent or promote the development of food allergies. The hygiene hypothesis states that a child's early introduction to certain microorganisms can avert the onset of allergies. Breastfeeding is considered to be the main method of preventing food allergies. This is because breast milk contains oligosaccharides, secretory IgA, vitamins, antioxidants and possible transfer of microbiota. Conversely, a child's lack of exposure to specific microorganisms can establish a vulnerability to food allergies
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which one's blo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirSim | AirSim (Aerial Informatics and Robotics Simulation) is an open-source, cross platform simulator for drones, ground vehicles such as cars and various other objects, built on Epic Games’ proprietary Unreal Engine 4 as a platform for AI research. It is developed by Microsoft and can be used to experiment with deep learning, computer vision and reinforcement learning algorithms for autonomous vehicles. This allows testing of autonomous solutions without worrying about real-world damage.
AirSim provides some 12 kilometers of roads with 20 city blocks and APIs to retrieve data and control vehicles in a platform independent way. The APIs are accessible via a variety of programming languages, including C++, C#, Python and Java. AirSim supports hardware-in-the-loop with driving wheels and flight controllers such as PX4 for physically and visually realistic simulations. The platform also supports common robotic platforms, such as Robot Operating System (ROS). It is developed as an Unreal plug-in that can be dropped into any Unreal environment. An experimental release for a Unity plug-in is also available.
See also
Vehicle simulation game
Microsoft Flight Simulator
References
Further reading
External links
Aerial Informatics and Robotics Platform - Microsoft Research
AI software
Cross-platform software
Flight simulation video games
Free software programmed in C++
General flight simulators
Microsoft free software
Software using the MIT license |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Blade | Joe Blade is the first game in the Joe Blade series. It reached the top of the UK game charts, replacing Renegade. In Germany, the game peaked at number 7.
Gameplay
The first Joe Blade title portrayed Blade as a lone commando sent into an evil mastermind's complex to release a number of diplomats.
Reception
Ron Stewart for Page 6 said "It is not a great game, but for under a tenner what do you expect. There is enough game play here to keep you going for a while."
Arnie Katz & Joyce Worley for Ahoy!'s AmigaUser said "Joe Blade is an exceptionally well programmed product. Its animated illustrations and jaunty soundtrack give it an edge over numerous other "storm-the-fortress" epics."
Computer and Video Games said "Nice and cheap with ace graphics, Joe Blade certainly cuts it. A good buy."
Crash said "extremely playable and addictive."
Reviews
MegaJoystick (Spanish)
Amstrad Accion (Spanish)
Zzap! - Nov, 1987
Atari User - Nov, 1988
The Games Machine - Mar, 1988
Commodore User - Oct, 1987
Compute's Amiga Resource - Feb, 1990
Atari ST User - Jul, 1988
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) - Oct, 1987
Your Sinclair #23
References
1987 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari ST games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Joe Blade 2
Commodore 64 games
MSX games
Platformers
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
War video games
ZX Spectrum games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%204 | Zen 4 is the codename for a CPU microarchitecture designed by AMD, released on September 27, 2022. It is the successor to Zen 3 and uses TSMC's N5 process for CCDs. Zen 4 powers Ryzen 7000 mainstream desktop processors (codenamed "Raphael") and is used in high-end mobile processors (codenamed "Dragon Range"), thin & light mobile processors (codenamed "Phoenix"), as well as EPYC 9004 server processors (codenamed "Genoa" and "Bergamo").
Features
Like its predecessor, Zen 4 in its Desktop Ryzen variants features one or two Core Complex Dies (CCDs) built on TSMC's 5 nm process and one I/O die built on 6 nm. Previously, the I/O die on Zen 3 was built on GlobalFoundries' 14 nm process for EPYC and 12 nm process for Ryzen. Zen 4's I/O die includes integrated RDNA 2 graphics for the first time on any Zen architecture. Zen 4 marks the first utilization of the 5 nm process for x86-based desktop processors.
On desktop and server platforms, Zen 4 supports only DDR5 memory, with support for DDR4 dropped. Additionally, Zen 4 supports new AMD EXPO SPD profiles for more comprehensive memory tuning and overclocking by the RAM manufacturers. Unlike Intel XMP, AMD EXPO is marketed as an open, license and royalty-free standard for describing memory kit parameters, such as operating frequency, timings and voltages. It allows to encode a wider set of timings to achieve better performance and compatibility. However, XMP memory profiles are still supported. EXPO can also support Intel processors.
All Ryzen desktop processors feature 28 (24 + 4) PCIe 5.0 lanes. This means that a discrete GPU can be connected by 16 PCIe lanes or two GPUs by 8 PCIe lanes each. Additionally, there are now 2 x 4 lane PCIe interfaces, most often used for M.2 storage devices. Whether the lanes connecting the GPUs in the mechanical x16 slots are executed as PCIe 4.0 or PCIe 5.0 can be configured by the mainboard manufacturers. Finally, 4 PCIe 5.0 lanes are reserved for connecting the south bridge chip or chips |
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