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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa%20Viihde | Elisa Viihde is a Finnish entertainment service produced by Elisa. Elisa Viihde offers video-on-demand services, pay-TV packages, recording space, and application for smartphones, tablets and laptops as well as broadband. Elisa Viihde offers original series, movies, tv programmes and sport.
In November 2018 Elisa Viihde had over 400,000 customers and over 300,000 in Finland.
History
Elisa Viihde was founded in 2009 as an online recording service.
In spring 2010 Elisa and Finnish Broadcasting Company Yleisradio launched their collaboration that provided hundreds of Yle Areena programmes via Elisa Viihde. At the beginning Elisa Viihde financed Finnish movies. In 2014, Elisa Viihde started producing also original series, the first one being the sketch comedy Molton Klubi. Elisa Viihde is constantly publishing new original series, in the spring 2018 it had published about ten original series and by the end of the year there were five more released. At the end of March 2020, there were 19 series.
Elisa Viihde Aitio/Viaplay
Elisa Viihde Aitio was a streaming service offering original series in addition to other series and movies. Aitio also featured music related content, e.g. documentaries, concert recordings, musicals and Spotify.
Aitio was also viewed via television, computer, tablet and smartphone. Elisa paid copyright royalties based on its revenue. On 24 June 2020, Elise Viihde Aitio merged with the Finnish version of Nordic Entertainment Group's Viaplay service to form Elisa Viihde Viaplay.
Elisa Viihde original series
Elisa Viihde original series, e.g. Bullets, Arctic Circle and All the Sins, have gained international recognition.
Original series published by March 2020 (in alphabetical order):
Bullets (Bullets)
Downshiftaajat (Downshifters)
Huone 301 (Man in Room 301)
Ismo, fictive reality comedy of the life of Ismo Leikola. Series received Venla-nomination in Finland
Ivalo (Arctic Circle)
Jättekiva (Idiomatic)
Jääsoturit
Kaikki synnit (All the Sin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID%20Tracking%20Project | The COVID Tracking Project was a collaborative volunteer-run effort to track the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It maintained a daily-updated dataset of state-level information related to the outbreak, including counts of the number of cases, tests, hospitalizations, and deaths, the racial and ethnic demographic breakdowns of cases and deaths, and cases and deaths in long-term care facilities.
Data was updated by hand from state health department webpages, press conferences, and outreach to state health officials. The project reported data from all states, the District of Columbia, and five US territories.
History
In early March 2020, two journalists, Robinson Meyer and Alexis Madrigal, started constructing a COVID-19 tracking spreadsheet for their investigation in The Atlantic, after not finding a unified official source for testing data in the United States. Around the same time, data scientist Jeff Hammerbacher was independently working on a similar tracking spreadsheet, and the COVID Tracking Project was formed when these two projects merged on March 7, 2020, and the public was invited to contribute. Madrigal leads the project, and Erin Kissane joined as its managing editor; Hammerbacher remains an advisor and volunteer.
The project eventually grew to about 30 paid staffers and 250-300 active volunteers. Data continued to be entered using a spreadsheet, with an API developed for easier public sharing. It expanded the range of data points it was gathering as they were reported by a majority of states.
In May 2020, the CDC released their first dashboard with state-by-state breakdowns of cases and tests. The project published a comparison of the data compiled by the CDC with the data reported by the states.
On February 1, 2021, the organization announced that it would cease its data compilation activities and release its final daily update on March 7, 2021, citing the improvement of government COVID-19 data. On July 29, 2021, the University o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwordless%20authentication | Passwordless authentication is an authentication method in which a user can log in to a computer system without the entering (and having to remember) a password or any other knowledge-based secret. In most common implementations users are asked to enter their public identifier (username, phone number, email address etc.) and then complete the authentication process by providing a secure proof of identity through a registered device or token.
Passwordless authentication methods typically rely on public-key cryptography infrastructure where the public key is provided during registration to the authenticating service (remote server, application or website) while the private key is kept on a user’s device (PC, smartphone or an external security token) and can be accessed only by providing a biometric signature or another authentication factor which is not knowledge-based.
These factors classically fall into two categories:
Ownership factors (“Something the user has”) such as a cellular phone, OTP token, smart card or a hardware token.
Inherence factors (“Something the user is”) like fingerprints, retinal scans, face or voice recognition and other biometric identifiers.
Some designs might also accept a combination of other factors such as geo-location, network address, behavioral patterns and gestures, as long as no memorized passwords are involved.
Passwordless authentication is sometimes confused with multi-factor authentication (MFA), since both use a wide variety of authentication factors, but while MFA is often used as an added layer of security on top of password-based authentication, passwordless authentication does not require a memorized secret and usually uses just one highly secure factor to authenticate identity, making it faster and simpler for users.
"Passwordless MFA" is the term used when both approaches are employed, and the authentication flow is both passwordless and uses multiple factors, providing the highest security level when implemented |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsdiary%20online | The News Diary is a daily online newspaper in Abuja, Nigeria published by Newsdiary Communication Limited (NCL).
About
The News Diary was founded by Newsdiary Group Limited in 2009 as online news content, the NGL was founded by Danlami Nmodu, a columnist who was also publisher in TheNEWS and Tempo magazine.
In 2015, the head office in Abuja was burgled by unknown people in aspect to some vita information and office useful items were stolen said by chief-editor Danlami Nmodu.
DSS Nigeria
In December 2019 the Department of State Services (DSS) boss Yusuf Magaji Bichi, invited the chief-editor of Newsdiary Mr Danlami Nmodu on a phone call to their headquarters in Abuja over a recent leaked publication of a story title Diplomatic backlash, legal tussle looms as Federal Government dumps German firm over Kano project on ecological funds projects in Kano after the published story the secretary to the state government office and head Boss Mustapha hits with available fact that clarify the issue and the newspaper had participate on Challawa, Sharaba and Bompai ecological projects of $7.5 million in Kano State the department of state services quoted to know how it was leaked.
Notes
External links
Official website
Daily newspapers published in Nigeria
Newspapers published in Abuja
2009 establishments in Nigeria
Online content distribution
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
Online newspapers published in Nigeria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE-constrained%20optimization | PDE-constrained optimization is a subset of mathematical optimization where at least one of the constraints may be expressed as a partial differential equation. Typical domains where these problems arise include aerodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, image segmentation, and inverse problems. A standard formulation of PDE-constrained optimization encountered in a number of disciplines is given by:where is the control variable and is the squared Euclidean norm and is not a norm itself. Closed-form solutions are generally unavailable for PDE-constrained optimization problems, necessitating the development of numerical methods.
Applications
Aerodynamic shape optimization
Drug delivery
Mathematical finance
Optimal control of bacterial chemotaxis system
The following example comes from p. 20-21 of Pearson. Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to an external chemical stimulus. One problem of particular interest is in managing the spatial dynamics of bacteria that are subject to chemotaxis to achieve some desired result. For a cell density and concentration density of a chemoattractant, it is possible to formulate a boundary control problem:where is the ideal cell density, is the ideal concentration density, and is the control variable. This objective function is subject to the dynamics:where is the Laplace operator.
See also
Multiphysics
Shape optimization
SU2 code
References
Further reading
Antil, Harbir; Kouri, Drew. P; Lacasse, Martin-D.; Ridzal, Denis (2018). Frontiers in PDE-Constrained Optimization. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, Springer. .
Tröltzsch, Fredi (2010). Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, American Mathematical Society. .
External links
A Brief Introduction to PDE Constrained Optimization
PDE Constrained Optimization
Optimal solvers for PDE-Constrained Optimization
Model Problems in PDE-Constrain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%20Steele | Shari Steele is a technologist, lawyer, and activist for digital freedom. She worked for the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the legal director and then executive director, as well as at The Tor Project as the executive director.
Career
Steele joined the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) as a staff attorney in 1992. She later became the legal director, a position she held for eight years before she became the EFF's executive director in 2000. Steele helped to grow the EFF from a small team of lawyers to a much larger organization known for its involvement in legal disputes involving digital rights, including challenges to broad digital surveillance practices by the National Security Agency (NSA) and to the United States government's use of National Security Letters.
Although she had intended to retire when she left the EFF, she instead decided to take a position as the executive director of the Tor Project in 2015, which she held until the end of 2019. She is known for her work at The Tor Project to make the organization more inclusive, as well as for guiding the organization through a major scandal involving accusations of sexual assault against Jacob Appelbaum, a Tor employee and activist.
Life and education
Steele earned her law degree from Widener University School of Law. She later earned an LL.M. degree from Georgetown University Law Center, where she also worked as a teaching fellow. Steele also has a master's degree in Instructional Media, which she earned from West Chester University.
Steele is married to Bill Vass, the vice president of engineering at Amazon Web Services.
References
American civil rights lawyers
Computer law activists
Electronic Frontier Foundation people
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Georgetown University Law Center faculty
Tor (anonymity network)
West Chester University alumni
Widener University School of Law alumni
American women lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Lee%20%28entrepreneur%29 | Andrew Lee (born December 1983) is a Korean-American entrepreneur. He is the founder of the VPN service Private Internet Access, which started in 2010. He is the heir to Yi Seok, who in turn is claimed by some to be the heir of the former Korean monarchy.
Career
In 2009, Lee founded London Trust Media (LTM), a private holdings company. In 2010, he founded Private Internet Access (PIA), a virtual private network service for anonymizing Internet traffic. He claimed to have started PIA because of his interest in Internet Relay Chat (IRC), whose users' IP addresses could be easily revealed, but only after the Freenode purchase. Lee and co-owner Steve DeProspero sold LTM (and its subsidiary PIA) to Israeli company Kape Technologies for US$95.5 million in November 2019. Lee co-founded Mt. Gox Live, a bitcoin price tracker that was later acquired by the now-defunct bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox.
In 2017, Christel Dahlskjaer, then the head of staff at Freenode, incorporated and transferred ownership of Freenode Limited to Lee; Dahlskjaer and Lee said the company was solely for funding the network and running the Freenode #live conferences. According to staff, they were not informed of the contents of the deal and were told that it would not affect Freenode's day-to-day operations, as the company only managed the conference and nothing else. A dispute over changes Lee imposed in 2021 resulted in all of Freenode's 20 to 30 staff members resigning. This team went on to form a new network called Libera Chat.
Personal life
Andrew Lee was born in Indianapolis and raised in Carmel, a city in the Indianapolis metro area. He enrolled in Purdue University and transferred to the University at Buffalo, but later dropped out to start working.
In October 2018, Yi Seok, a member of the House of Yi and one of the pretenders to the defunct imperial throne of Korea, declared Lee the crown prince of Korea at a ceremony in Los Angeles, attended by Bermuda premier David Burt, and city officials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-part%20counting%20system | Some languages of the world have numeral systems that do not make use of an arithmetic base. One such system is the body-part counting system which make use of further body parts to extend the system beyond the ten fingers.
Counting typically begins by touching (and usually bending) the fingers of one hand, moves up the arm to the shoulders and neck, and in some systems, to other parts of the upper body or the head. A central point serves as the half-way point. Once this is reached, the counter continues, touching and bending the corresponding points on the other side until the fingers are reached.
Use
The body-part counting system is quite typical of a number of languages within the New Guinea Highlands.
Oceania
Foi, an East Kutubuan language, features a body-part numeral system that counts up to 37.
Oksapmin, a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Sandaun Province, features a body-part counting system that goes up to 27.
Kobon, a Papuan language spoken in the Madang Province, counts up to 23. The count can then be reversed for larger numbers.
Reverse counting
For example, in Kobon, the body parts on the left-hand side of the body are used in order to count from 1 to 12. The count can then continue down the right-hand side of the body up to 23. It is then possible to reverse the count, starting from the end point on the right as 24 back up to the 12th position on the left as 35, then down again to the end point on the left as 46.
One effect of this is that the names of particular body parts when used as numerals are multiply ambiguous. The same body part can represent multiple numbers depending on the how many passes across the body were made. There are usually means, optional or obligatory depending on the language, to distinguish the second side of the body used in a count from the first, as well as to indicate which pass across the body is being used, but there is no productive means to identify other than a small number of passes across the body.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Physical%20Layer | Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) describes a physical layer for the Ethernet communication technology which is especially developed for the requirements of the process industries. The development of Ethernet-APL was determined by the need for communication at high speeds and over long distances, the supply of power and communications signals via common single, twisted-pair (2-wire) cable as well as protective measures for the safe use within explosion hazardous areas.
Because it was created specifically for demanding industrial applications, Ethernet-APL, as a subset of the widely adopted Ethernet standard, offers a high level of robustness for extremely reliable operation.
Ethernet has long become the standard communication solution in the information technology field, while Industrial Ethernet is the common description of the variant of this standard for the manufacturing and process industries. Ethernet-APL provides the missing link, extending unified Ethernet communication all the way down to field instrumentation.
Structure
Being a physical layer, Ethernet-APL is independent of any protocol or communications stack and designed for wide adoption and application in process automation.
Ethernet as basis for APL
Ethernet-APL is a specific, single-pair Ethernet based on 10BASE-T1L as defined in IEEE 802.3cg, with additional provisions for process industries. The Ethernet-APL communication is thus part of and fully compatible with the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet specification.
Ethernet-APL communication relies on 10 Mbit/s full duplex communication transported via one twisted pair cable. It supports all major network topologies including the well known trunk & spur topology which is widely utilized in process industries. The maximum trunk length is 1000 meters into Zone 1, Div 2. The maximum spur length is specified as 200 m into Zone 0, Div. 1.
Ethernet-APL incorporates a number of enhancements especially tailored to the demanding requirements of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distyly | Distyly is a type of heterostyly in which a plant demonstrates reciprocal herkogamy. This breeding system is characterized by two separate flower morphs, where individual plants produce flowers that either have long styles and short stamens (L-morph flowers), or that have short styles and long stamens (S-morph flowers). However, distyly can refer to any plant that shows some degree of self-incompatibility and has two morphs if at least one of the following characteristics is true; there is a difference in style length, filament length, pollen size or shape, or the surface of the stigma. Specifically these plants exhibit intra-morph self-incompatibility, flowers of the same style morph are incompatible. Distylous species that do not exhibit true self-incompatibility generally show a bias towards inter-morph crosses - meaning they exhibit higher success rates when reproducing with an individual of the opposite morph.
Background
The first scientific account of distyly can be found in Stephan Bejthe's Caroli book Clusii Atrebatis Rariorum aliquot stirpium . Bejthe describes the two floral morphs of Primula veris. Charles Darwin popularized distyly with his account of it in his book The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. Darwin's book represents the first account of intramorphic self-incompatibility in distylous plants and focuses on garden experiments in which he looks at seed set of different distylous Primula. Darwin names the two floral morphs S- and L-morph, moving away from the vernacular names, Pin (for L-morph) and Thrum (for S-morph), which he states were initially assigned by florist.
Distylous species have been identified in 28 families of Angiosperm, likely evolving independently in each family. This means, the system has evolved at least 28 times, though it has been suggested the system has evolved multiple times within some families. Since distyly has evolved more than once, it is considered a case of convergent evolution.
Recip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTLAB | INTLAB (INTerval LABoratory) is an interval arithmetic library using MATLAB and GNU Octave, available in Windows and Linux, macOS. It was developed by S.M. Rump from Hamburg University of Technology. INTLAB was used to develop other MATLAB-based libraries such as VERSOFT and INTSOLVER, and it was used to solve some problems in the Hundred-dollar, Hundred-digit Challenge problems.
Version history
12/30/1998 Version 1
03/06/1999 Version 2
11/16/1999 Version 3
03/07/2002 Version 3.1
12/08/2002 Version 4
12/27/2002 Version 4.1
01/22/2003 Version 4.1.1
11/18/2003 Version 4.1.2
04/04/2004 Version 5
06/04/2005 Version 5.1
12/20/2005 Version 5.2
05/26/2006 Version 5.3
05/31/2007 Version 5.4
11/05/2008 Version 5.5
05/08/2009 Version 6
12/12/2012 Version 7
06/24/2013 Version 7.1
05/10/2014 Version 8
01/22/2015 Version 9
12/07/2016 Version 9.1
05/29/2017 Version 10
07/24/2017 Version 10.1
12/15/2017 Version 10.2
01/07/2019 Version 11
03/06/2020 Version 12
Functionality
INTLAB can help users to solve the following mathematical/numerical problems with interval arithmetic.
Works cited by INTLAB
INTLAB is based on the previous studies of the main author, including his works with co-authors.
External links
See also
List of numerical analysis software
Comparison of linear algebra libraries
References
Numerical analysis
Numerical software
Computational science
Computer arithmetic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANRS | MANRS ("Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security") is an Internet Society-supported activity aimed at securing global Internet routing. Its main participants are Internet Service Providers (ISPs), cloud providers, Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) and content delivery networks (CDNs).
Members of MANRS include:
Network Operators like Workonline Communications, Telcom Internet, Backspace Technologiers (and more).
Internet Exchange Points like France IX, NIX.CZ, NAPAfrica (and more).
CDNs and Cloud Providers like Amazon, Cloudflare, Facebook, Google, and Netflix.
MANRS also operates the MANRS Observatory, a service that monitors the Internet for routing problems.
In May 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, MANRS announced that more than 500 autonomous systems had joined the initiative.
References
External links
Internet security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%E2%80%93Thurston%20map | In mathematics, a Cannon–Thurston map is any of a number of continuous group-equivariant maps between the boundaries of two hyperbolic metric spaces extending a discrete isometric actions of the group on those spaces.
The notion originated from a seminal 1980s preprint of James Cannon and William Thurston "Group-invariant Peano curves" (eventually published in 2007) about fibered hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Cannon–Thurston maps provide many natural geometric examples of space-filling curves.
History
The Cannon–Thurston map first appeared in a mid-1980s preprint of James W. Cannon and William Thurston called "Group-invariant Peano curves". The preprint remained unpublished until 2007, but in the meantime had generated numerous follow-up works by other researchers.
In their paper Cannon and Thurston considered the following situation. Let M be a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold that fibers over the circle with fiber S. Then S itself is a closed hyperbolic surface, and its universal cover can be identified with the hyperbolic plane . Similarly, the universal cover of M can be identified with the hyperbolic 3-space . The inclusion lifts to a -invariant inclusion . This inclusion is highly distorted because the action of on
is not geometrically finite.
Nevertheless, Cannon and Thurston proved that this distorted inclusion extends to a continuous -equivariant map
,
where and . Moreover, in this case the map j is surjective, so that it provides a continuous onto function from the circle onto the 2-sphere, that is, a space-filling curve.
Cannon and Thurston also explicitly described the map , via collapsing stable and unstable laminations of the monodromy pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism of S for this fibration of M. In particular, this description implies that the map j is uniformly finite-to-one, with the pre-image of every point of having cardinality at most 2g, where g is the genus of S.
After the paper of Cannon and Thurston generated a large amount of follow-up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20Network%20Virtualization%20Encapsulation | Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (Geneve) is a network encapsulation protocol created by the IETF in order to unify the efforts made by other initiatives like VXLAN and NVGRE, with the intent to eliminate the wild growth of encapsulation protocols.
Open vSwitch is an example of a software-based virtual network switch that supports Geneve overlay networks. It is also supported by AWS Gateway Load Balancers.
References
Telecommunications engineering
Network architecture
Telecommunications infrastructure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleport%20%28software%29 | Teleport is an open-source tool for providing zero trust access to servers and cloud applications using SSH, Kubernetes and HTTPS. It can eliminate the need for VPNs by providing a single gateway to access computing infrastructure via SSH, Kubernetes clusters, and cloud applications via a built-in proxy.
Teleport started as an open source library used by the Gravity project to enable secure software deployments into restricted and regulated environments. Teleport was open sourced as a standalone tool by Gravitational Inc. in 2016. It is currently deployed in production by Samsung, NASDAQ, IBM, Ticketmaster, Epic Games and others. It has been publicly audited by technology security companies like Cure 53 and Doyensec.
Alternatives to Teleport include a bastion host and strongDM.
History
Teleport was built by Gravitational Inc, a company that specializes in Kubernetes-based application deployment and compliance. The security gateway protocol that became Teleport originated within a remote application management platform also built by Gravitational, called Gravity. Gravitational was a member of the 2015 Y Combinator cohort, and Teleport was originally released in June 2016.
Teleport 3.0 was released in October 2018 and introduced Kubernetes integration. Version 4.0 was released in 2019 and included support for IoT infrastructure and products.
The open-source version of Teleport is known as Teleport Community and is available for download on GitHub. Gravitational Inc also offers a commercial version of Teleport (Teleport Enterprise) that includes features like role-based access control (RBAC).
Features
Teleport provides the following features, as detailed on GitHub:
Access Proxy
Teleport proxy provides SSH and HTTPs access to servers, applications, and Kubernetes clusters across multiple data centers, cloud providers, and edge devices. Teleport proxy is identity-aware, i.e. it only allows certificate-based authentication by integrating with an identity manag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2014 | iOS 14 is the fourteenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for their iPhone and iPod Touch lines. Announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 22, 2020 as the successor to iOS 13, it was released to the public on September 16, 2020. It was succeeded by iOS 15 on September 20, 2021.
System features
App Clips
App Clips are a new feature expanding on the functionality of the App Store. Intended as a dynamic feature rather than a permanently installed app, App Clips are extremely pared-back with very few OS permissions. At the time of the announcement, only the use of Apple Pay and Sign in with Apple were shown.
App Clips may be discovered in person via NFC tags (iPhone 7 or newer) or QR codes with App Clips branding. They may also be shared via Messages, or placed on websites or Maps.
CarPlay
CarPlay was updated to allow users to set a built-in wallpaper. Route management in Apple Maps was extended with features alerting the user to available stops, such as parking and food ordering. Additionally, route planning for electric vehicles now considers the location of charging stations.
Car keys
Car keys allow an iPhone to act as a virtual car key using NFC technology with compatible cars. The first compatible car showcased by Apple at the WWDC 2020 was the 2021 BMW 5 Series. Keys are accessible from the Wallet app. Keys may be shared; sharing may be temporary or given restrictions. In the event the iPhone is out of battery, car keys can still be accessed via the power reserve of the iPhone for about five hours. Car keys require an iPhone released in 2018 or later.
Home screen
Unlike previous versions, in which icons on the home screen were rearranged in order and corresponded directly to apps, users may add app icons and newly-introduced app widgets; pages may be added or deleted at will. This allows users to hide infrequently used apps and avoid clutter.
Widgets
To the left of the first page, the Today V |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%20Phi%20Journal | Sci Phi Journal is a quarterly online magazine (formerly monthly, with a print option) devoted to publishing science fiction stories and essays "at the intersection between speculative philosophy", anthropology and other humanities, with a particular focus on "fictional non-fiction". The first issue was published in October 2014. Jason Rennie founded and helmed the publication with Ben Zwycky until mid-2017. The quarterly was then briefly managed by Ray Blank, and has been edited by Adam Gerencser and Mariano Martin Rodriguez since January 2019, the pair having relaunched the magazine as a "European project".
In November 2014, a short story by Lou Antonelli featured in the magazine's second issue was nominated for the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. In 2016, the journal was a finalist for the Hugo Award, and nominated for the Locus Award. At the 2022 EuroCon held in Luxembourg, Sci Phi Journal won the European SF Award for Best Magazine. Cover art and non-fiction essays featured in the magazine were also finalists for the 2022 Utopia Awards.
Notable authors
Notable authors published in the magazine include:
Lou Antonelli
Michael F. Flynn
Andrew Fraknoi
Sean Patrick Hazlett
L. Jagi Lamplighter
Edward M. Lerner
Paul Levinson
Brian Niemeier
Benjamin Rosenbaum
Luís Filipe Silva
Shweta Taneja
Ian Watson
References
External links
Official site
Science fiction magazines
Science fiction magazines established in the 2010s
Online magazines
Science fiction webzines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mathematics%20of%20Games%20and%20Gambling | The Mathematics of Games and Gambling is a book on probability theory and its application to games of chance. It was written by Edward Packel, and published in 1981 by the Mathematical Association of America as volume 28 of their New Mathematical Library series, with a second edition in 2006.
Topics
The book has seven chapters. Its first gives a survey of the history of gambling games in western culture, including brief biographies of two famous gamblers, Gerolamo Cardano and Fyodor Dostoevsky, and a review of the games of chance found in Dostoevsky's novel The Gambler. The next four chapters introduce the basic concepts of probability theory, including expectation, binomial distributions and compound distributions, and conditional probability, through games including roulette, keno, craps, chuck-a-luck, backgammon, and blackjack.
The sixth chapter of the book moves from probability theory to game theory, including material on tic-tac-toe, matrix representations of zero-sum games, nonzero-sum games such as the prisoner's dilemma, the concept of a Nash equilibrium, game trees, and the minimax method used by computers to play two-player strategy games.
A final chapter, "Odds and ends", includes analyses of bluffing in poker, horse racing, and lotteries.
The second edition adds material on online gambling systems, casino poker machines, and Texas hold 'em poker.
It also adds links to online versions of the games, and expands the material on game theory.
Audience and reception
The book is aimed at students, written for a general audience, and does not require any background in mathematics beyond high school algebra. However, many of its chapters include exercises, making it suitable for teaching high school or undergraduate-level courses using it. It is also suitable for readers interested in recreational mathematics. Although it could also be used to improve readers' ability at games of chance, it is not intended for that, as its overall message is that gambling ga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20medicine | A living medicine is a type of biologic that consists of a living organism that is used to treat a disease. This usually takes the form of a cell (animal, bacterial, or fungal) or a virus that has been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. Perhaps the oldest use of a living medicine is the use of leeches for bloodletting, though living medicines have advanced tremendously since that time.
Examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics), phage therapeutics, and bacterial therapeutics, a subset of the latter being probiotics.
Development of living medicines
Development of living medicines is an extremely active research area in the fields of synthetic biology and microbiology. Currently, there is a large focus on: 1) identifying microbes that naturally produce therapeutic effects (for example, probiotic bacteria), and 2) genetically programming organisms to produce therapeutic effects.
Applications
Cancer therapy
There is tremendous interest in using bacteria as a therapy to treat tumors. In particular, tumor-homing bacteria that thrive in hypoxic environments are particularly attractive for this purpose, as they will tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other bacteria that would be quickly cleared by the immune system.
References
Bacteria and humans
Biological engineering
Biotechnology
Biotechnology products
Biopharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical industry
Life sciences industry
Specialty drugs
Pharmacy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20therapy | Bacterial therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteria to treat diseases. Bacterial therapeutics are living medicines, and may be wild type bacteria (often in the form of probiotics) or bacteria that have been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient.
Other examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics), activators of anti-tumor immunity, or synergizing with existing tools and approaches. and phage therapeutics, or as delivery vehicles for treatment, diagnosis, or imaging, complementing or synergizing with existing tools and approaches.
Development
Development of bacterial therapeutics is an extremely active research area in the fields of synthetic biology and microbiology. Currently, there is a large focus on: 1) identifying bacteria that naturally produce therapeutic effects (for example, probiotic bacteria), and 2) genetically programming bacteria to produce therapeutic effects.
Design
Several aspects require consideration during the design of an engineered bacterial therapeutic. The selection of a chassis organism can be guided by the desired site of activity and pharmacokinetic properties of the chassis, as well as manufacturing feasibility. The design of genetic circuits may also be influenced by the circuit's effectors, pragmatic concerns regarding inducer compounds, and the genetic stability of regulatory circuits. Critically, the design of an engineered bacterial drug may also be constrained by considerations for the needs of patients.
Optimal strain design often requires a balance between strain suitability for function in the target microenvironment and concerns for feasibility of manufacturing and clinical development.
The development workflow should incorporate technologies for optimizing strain potency, as well as predictive in vitro and in vivo assays, as well quantitative pharmacology models, to maximize translational potential for patient populations.
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15.ai | 15.ai is a non-commercial freeware artificial intelligence web application that generates natural emotive high-fidelity text-to-speech voices from an assortment of fictional characters from a variety of media sources. Developed by a pseudonymous MIT researcher under the name 15, the project uses a combination of audio synthesis algorithms, speech synthesis deep neural networks, and sentiment analysis models to generate and serve emotive character voices faster than real-time, particularly those with a very small amount of trainable data.
Launched in early 2020, 15.ai began as a proof of concept of the democratization of voice acting and dubbing using technology. Its gratis and non-commercial nature (with the only stipulation being that the project be properly credited when used), ease of use, no user account registration requirement, and substantial improvements to current text-to-speech implementations have been lauded by users; however, some critics and voice actors have questioned the legality and ethicality of leaving such technology publicly available and readily accessible.
Credited as the impetus behind the popularization of AI voice cloning (also known as audio deepfakes) in content creation and as the first publicly available AI vocal synthesis project to involve the use of existing popular fictional characters, 15.ai has had a significant impact on multiple Internet fandoms, most notably the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Team Fortress 2, and SpongeBob SquarePants fandoms. Furthermore, 15.ai has inspired the use of 4chan's Pony Preservation Project in other generative artificial intelligence projects.
Several commercial alternatives have spawned with the rising popularity of 15.ai, leading to cases of misattribution and theft. In January 2022, it was discovered that Voiceverse NFT, a company that voice actor Troy Baker announced his partnership with, had plagiarized 15.ai's work as part of their platform.
On September 8, 2022, 15.ai was temporari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrable%20algorithm | Integrable algorithms are numerical algorithms that rely on basic ideas from the mathematical theory of integrable systems.
Background
The theory of integrable systems has advanced with the connection between numerical analysis. For example, the discovery of solitons came from the numerical experiments to the KdV equation by Norman Zabusky and Martin David Kruskal. Today, various relations between numerical analysis and integrable systems have been found (Toda lattice and numerical linear algebra, discrete soliton equations and series acceleration), and studies to apply integrable systems to numerical computation are rapidly advancing.
Integrable difference schemes
Generally, it is hard to accurately compute the solutions of nonlinear differential equations due to its non-linearity. In order to overcome this difficulty, R. Hirota has made discrete versions of integrable systems with the viewpoint of "Preserve mathematical structures of integrable systems in the discrete versions".
At the same time, Mark J. Ablowitz and others have not only made discrete soliton equations with discrete Lax pair but also compared numerical results between integrable difference schemes and ordinary methods. As a result of their experiments, they have found that the accuracy can be improved with integrable difference schemes at some cases.
References
See also
Soliton
Integrable system
Numerical analysis
Computational science
Applied mathematics
Partial differential equations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonk%20meteorite | Tonk is a small carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that fell near Tonk, India in 1911. Despite its small size, it is often included in studies due to its compositional similarity to the early solar system.
Composition and classification
The meteorite consists of fragments that together weigh and fell near the city of Tonk in India near midday on 22 January 1911. It is one of five known meteorites belonging to the CI chondrite group. This group is remarkable for having an elemental distribution that has the strongest similarity to that of the solar nebula. Except for certain volatile elements, like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and the noble gases, which are not present in the meteorite, the ratios of the elements are very similar. Notably though, the meteor is highly enriched in volatile mercury which is undetectable in the solar photosphere, and this is a major driver of the "mercury paradox" that mercury abundances in meteors do not follow its volatile nature and isotopic ratios based expected behaviour in the solar nebula. These features mean that it is often, despite its small size, included in meteorological studies. The meteorite contains dolomite, magnesite, magnetite, pentlandite and pyrrhotite.
Alternative names
The meteorite is also known as Chhabra and Jhalrapatan.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
Astrobiology
Meteorites found in India
Geology of Rajasthan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alais%20meteorite | Alais or Allais is the first carbonaceous chondrite meteorite identified. It fell near Alès in 1806 in multiple fragments which together weighed , although only remains. The meteorite contains a number of elements in similar proportions to the Solar System in its primordial state. It also contains organic compounds and water. It has proved to be one of the most important meteorites discovered in France.
History
At 17:00 on 15 March 1806, two detonations were heard near Alès in Gard, France. Shortly afterwards, two soft black stones were discovered in the villages of Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm and Castelnau-Valence, weighing and respectively. The fragments were collected by people who observed the impact and given to two scientists that lived locally. The meteorite was analysed by Louis Jacques Thénard, who published a study in 1807, showing that it had a high carbon content. It was initially doubted that the fragments were of non-terrestrial origins as their attributes were markedly different to existing meteorites. However, it was increasingly realised that this was a new, albeit rare, type of meteorite. The meteorite is also known as Valence.
Curation and distribution
As an early fall (soon after the consensus that meteorites were real, extraterrestrial phenomenon), Alais has largely been dispersed. Few samples have been preserved, less than Orgueil, but more than Tonk and particularly Revelstoke.
Source: Grady, M. M. Catalogue of Meteorites, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press
Description
Overview
The Alais meteorite is one of the most important meteorites in France. It is black with loose friable textures with a low density of less than . Originally consisting of fragments that together weighed , it has been subject to substantial scientific examination and currently only remains. A fragment, weighing is held by the National Museum of Natural History, France.
Composition and classification
The meteorite is one of five known meteorites belonging to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhat%20Mishra | Prabhat Mishra is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering and a UF Research Foundation Professor at the University of Florida. Prof. Mishra's research interests are in hardware security, quantum computing, embedded systems, system-on-chip validation, formal verification, and machine learning.
Biography
Born and raised in India, Mishra received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of California at Irvine in 2004. He received a B.E. in Computer Science from the Jadavpur University, India in 1994, and M.Tech. in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 1995. In 2004, he joined University of Florida as an Assistant Professor. In 2010, he was promoted to an Associate Professor and by 2016 he became a Professor at the same institution. He currently lives in Gainesville, Florida with his family.
Academic Life
His research has been recognized by Best Paper Awards and Best Paper Award Nominations at several international conferences. Dr. Mishra currently serves as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems and ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. In 2015, he was selected as an ACM Distinguished Scientist. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2021 for contributions to system-on-chip validation and design automation of embedded systems. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2023 .
Awards
AAAS Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023.
IEEE Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021.
UF Research Foundation Professor, University of Florida, 2020.
IET Outstanding Editor Award, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019.
ISQED Best Paper Award, International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, 2016.
ACM Distinguished Scientist, Association for Computing Machinery, 2015.
IBM Faculty Award, 2015.
VL |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahta%20Moghaddam | Mahta Moghaddam is an Iranian-American electrical and computer engineer and William M. Hogue Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering. Moghaddam is also the president of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society and is known for developing sensor systems and algorithms for high-resolution characterization of the environment to quantify the effects of climate change. She also has developed innovative tools using microwave technology to visualize biological structures and target them in real-time with high-power focused microwave ablation.
Early life and education
Moghaddam grew up in Iran with her sister, Bita Moghaddam, and her parents. Moghaddam then moved to the United States in 1982 to start her undergraduate education at the University of Kansas. She graduated with a Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1986 with the Highest Distinction. Continuing on in engineering and academia, Moghaddam pursued an M.S. in Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where she worked under the mentorship of Weng Cho Chew. Her thesis work explored the response of an eccentric dipole in cylindrical layered media.
After completing her master's degree in 1989, Moghaddam continued on under the mentorship of Weng Cho Chew at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and completed a PhD in Electrical Engineering. For her dissertation, Moghaddam designed a method to solve the 2 and ½ dimensional electromagnetic forward scattering problems in the time domain and used this method to develop a realistic model of the subsurface interface radar. Her thesis was titled “Forward and Inverse Scattering Problems in the Time Domain”.
Career and research
Work at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
After completing her PhD in 1991, Moghaddam began a position as a Senior Engineer in the Radar Science and Engineering Sect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Circle%20Packing | Introduction to Circle Packing: The Theory of Discrete Analytic Functions is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press.
Topics
Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.
The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles that change in predictable ways when the conditions under which they are formed (their patterns of adjacency) change. The second part concerns the proof of the circle packing theorem itself, and of the associated rigidity theorem: every maximal planar graph can be associated with a circle packing that is unique up to Möbius transformations of the plane. More generally the same result holds for any triangulated manifold, with a circle packing on a topologically equivalent Riemann surface that is unique up to conformal equivalence.
The third part of the book concerns the degrees of freedom that arise when the pattern of adjacencies is not fully triangulated (it is a planar graph, but not a maximal planar graph). In this case, diff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS%20Labruna | AS Labruna is an Italian marine engine manufacturer and dealer of engines for road transport and aircraft based in Monopoli (Apulia).
Company
AS Labruna is a company founded in 1971 and produces and markets marine diesel engines, marine generators, marine propulsion systems and marine cranes.
Marine is the unit that manufactures and markets marine diesel engines, marine generators, marine propulsion systems and marine cranes; Power is the section dedicated to the design and marketing of industrial diesel engines, vehicles and generators; The Loading sector deals with the marketing and installation of cranes, truck loaders and aerial platforms. In addition to its product line, AS Labruna is an official distributor for other companies.
Distribution
AS Labruna is an official distributor for the following companies:
FPT (FIAT Powertrain Technologies formerly IVECO Aifo) for diesel engines and generators
Ing. Bonfiglioli for cranes
FNM Marine Diesel Engine
VM Motori
See also
FNM Marine
Inboard motor
Labruna
References
Propulsion
Marine engineering
Italian brands
Companies based in Apulia
Engine manufacturers of Italy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Cinader%20Award | The Bernhard Cinader Award is awarded annually by the Canadian Society for Immunology (CSI). It is presented to an immunologist who is an exceptional researcher working in Canada, a full member of CSI and who has an additional activity in which they excel.
This award was inaugurated at the first meeting of the CSI in 1987 and is named in honor of Dr. Bernhard "Hardy" Cinader. The recipient presents the keynote lecture at the annual CSI meeting.
Recipients
The Bernhard Cinader award lectureship is given to a Canadian scientist who exemplifies distinguished scientific leadership and accomplishments in Immunology.
References
Biomedical awards
Cinader award |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20lemma | In the geometry of circle packings in the Euclidean plane, the ring lemma gives a lower bound on the sizes of adjacent circles in a circle packing.
Statement
The lemma states: Let be any integer greater than or equal to three. Suppose that the unit circle is surrounded by a ring of interior-disjoint circles, all tangent to it, with consecutive circles in the ring tangent to each other. Then the minimum radius of any circle in the ring is at least the unit fraction
where is the th Fibonacci number.
The sequence of minimum radii, from , begins
Generalizations to three-dimensional space are also known.
Construction
An infinite sequence of circles can be constructed, containing rings for each that exactly meet the bound of the ring lemma, showing that it is tight. The construction allows halfplanes to be considered as degenerate circles with infinite radius, and includes additional tangencies between the circles beyond those required in the statement of the lemma. It begins by sandwiching the unit circle between two parallel halfplanes; in the geometry of circles, these are considered to be tangent to each other at the point at infinity. Each successive circle after these first two is tangent to the central unit circle and to the two most recently added circles; see the illustration for the first six circles (including the two halfplanes) constructed in this way. The first circles of this construction form a ring, whose minimum radius can be calculated by Descartes' theorem to be the same as the radius specified in the ring lemma. This construction can be perturbed to a ring of finite circles, without additional tangencies, whose minimum radius is arbitrarily close to this bound.
History
A version of the ring lemma with a weaker bound was first proven by Burton Rodin and Dennis Sullivan as part of their proof of William Thurston's conjecture that circle packings can be used to approximate conformal maps. Lowell Hansen gave a recurrence relation for the tight |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2027019 | ISO/IEC TR 27019 is a security standard, part of the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards. It was published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under the joint ISO and IEC subcommittee, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27.
It is based on ISO/IEC 27002, but it is applied for energy management (to control generation, transmission, storage and distribution of electric power) and for the control of associated supporting processes. It is not applied to the process control of nuclear facilities and it is not applied to telecommunication systems and components used in the process control environment. ISO/IEC TR 27019 first version was published on July 2013. and its latest version was published on November 27 of 2017.
Versions
That standard has two versions:
ISO/IEC 27019:2013
ISO/IEC 27019:2017
References
External links
ISO Website
Computer security standards
Information assurance standards
27019 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiRa%20Consortium | The FiRa Consortium (FiRa) is a non-profit organization that promotes the use of Ultra-wideband technology for use cases such as access control, location-based services, and device-to-device services. UWB offers fine ranging and secure capabilities and operates in the available 6–9 GHz spectrum. Founded on August 1, 2019, by ASSA ABLOY, Bosch, HID Global, NXP Semiconductors, and Samsung, the consortium aims to certify UWB products for conformity to defined standards of interoperability. In June 2020, the FiRa Consortium and the UWB Alliance announced their formal liaison to "accelerate the development and adoption of UWB technology".
Association with IEEE 802.15.4
The FiRa Consortium builds on to the IEEE 802.15.4/4z and future iterations and enhancements High Rate PHY (HRP) with an interoperable HRP standard that includes performance requirements, test methods and procedures, and a certification program based on the IEEE’s profiled features. An additional application layer is designed to discover UWB devices and services and configure them in an interoperable manner . Furthermore, FiRa plans to develop service-specific protocols for multiple verticals that leverage access control, location-based services, and device-to-device services.
Members
FiRa’s key stakeholders include chip manufacturers, device manufacturers, system integrators, service providers, technology provider, test tool developers, and test labs. Following the initial sponsor members, the ASSA ABLOY Group (HID Global), NXP Semiconductors, Samsung Electronics, and Bosch, the FiRa Consortium counts more than 100 members in seven different membership categories.
FiRa Certification
In May 2020, the FiRa Consortium has released their first technical requirement specifications for the UWB PHY and MAC layers. Both specifications are based on the High Rate Pulse (HRP) portion of the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 technical specification and 802.15.4z/D8 draft amendment for fine-ranging UWB technology. The UWB MAC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIoTy | mioty is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocol. It is using telegram splitting, a standardized LPWAN technology in the license-free spectrum. This technology splits a data telegram into multiple sub packets and sends them after applying error correcting codes, in a partly predefined time and frequency pattern. This makes a transmission robust to interferences and packet collisions. It is standardised in the TS 103 357 ETSI. Its uplink operates at the 868 MHz band, license free in Europe, and 916MHz band in North America. It requires a bandwidth of 200 kHz for two channels (e.g. up- and downlink).
Technology attributes
Long range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
Low power: Optimized for power consumption, LPWAN transceivers can run on small, inexpensive batteries for up to 20 years.
Telegram splitting: (or TSMA, telegram splitting multiple access) Splits the packets of data under transport in small sub-packets at the sensor level. The small packets getting then transmitted over variable frequency and time.
More than a million packets a day.
Serving moving clients. It can serve data from clients moving at up to 120 km/h.
Applications
It is intended to be used for monitoring devices in large areas.
See also
Internet of Things
References
Wide area networks
Wireless networking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards%27%20theorem | Richards' theorem is a mathematical result due to Paul I. Richards in 1947. The theorem states that for,
if is a positive-real function (PRF) then is a PRF for all real, positive values of .
The theorem has applications in electrical network synthesis. The PRF property of an impedance function determines whether or not a passive network can be realised having that impedance. Richards' theorem led to a new method of realising such networks in the 1940s.
Proof
where is a PRF, is a positive real constant, and is the complex frequency variable, can be written as,
where,
Since is PRF then
is also PRF. The zeroes of this function are the poles of . Since a PRF can have no zeroes in the right-half s-plane, then can have no poles in the right-half s-plane and hence is analytic in the right-half s-plane.
Let
Then the magnitude of is given by,
Since the PRF condition requires that for all then for all . The maximum magnitude of occurs on the axis because is analytic in the right-half s-plane. Thus for .
Let , then the real part of is given by,
Because for then for and consequently must be a PRF.
Richards' theorem can also be derived from Schwarz's lemma.
Uses
The theorem was introduced by Paul I. Richards as part of his investigation into the properties of PRFs. The term PRF was coined by Otto Brune who proved that the PRF property was a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be realisable as a passive electrical network, an important result in network synthesis. Richards gave the theorem in his 1947 paper in the reduced form,
that is, the special case where
The theorem (with the more general casse of being able to take on any value) formed the basis of the network synthesis technique presented by Raoul Bott and Richard Duffin in 1949. In the Bott-Duffin synthesis, represents the electrical network to be synthesised and is another (unknown) network incorporated within it ( is unitless, but has units of impe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulas%20in%20signal%20processing | A copula is a mathematical function that provides a relationship between marginal distributions of random variables and their joint distributions. Copulas are important because it represents a dependence structure without using marginal distributions. Copulas have been widely used in the field of finance, but their use in signal processing is relatively new. Copulas have been employed in the field of wireless communication for classifying radar signals, change detection in remote sensing applications, and EEG signal processing in medicine. In this article, a short introduction to copulas is presented, followed by a mathematical derivation to obtain copula density functions, and then a section with a list of copula density functions with applications in signal processing.
Introduction
Using Sklar's theorem, a copula can be described as a cumulative distribution function (CDF) on a unit-space with uniform marginal distributions on the interval (0, 1). The CDF of a random variable X is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x when evaluated at x itself. A copula can represent a dependence structure without using marginal distributions. Therefore, it is simple to transform the uniformly distributed variables of copula (u, v, and so on) into the marginal variables (x, y, and so on) by the inverse marginal cumulative distribution function. Using the chain rule, copula distribution function can be partially differentiated with respect to the uniformly distributed variables of copula, and it is possible to express the multivariate probability density function (PDF) as a product of a multivariate copula density function and marginal PDF''s. The mathematics for converting a copula distribution function into a copula density function is shown for a bivariate case, and a family of copulas used in signal processing are listed in a TABLE 1.
Mathematical derivation
For any two random variables X and Y, the continuous joint probability distribution functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal%20translation | Archaeal translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in archaea. Not much is known on this subject, but on the protein level it seems to resemble eukaryotic translation.
Most of the initiation, elongation, and termination factors in archaea have homologs in eukaryotes. Shine-Dalgarno sequences only are found in a minority of genes for many phyla, with many leaderless mRNAs probably initiated by scanning. The process of ABCE1 ATPase-based recycling is also shared with eukaryotes.
Being a prokaryote without a nucleus, archaea do perform transcription and translation at the same time like bacteria do.
References
Molecular biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal%20transcription | Archaeal transcription is the process in which a segment of archaeal DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of RNA using the sole Pol II-like RNA polymerase (RNAP). The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of RNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA. A number of transcription factors govern this process with homologs in both bacteria and eukaryotes, with the core machinery more similar to eukaryotic transcription.
Because archaea lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus like bacteria do, transcription and translation can happen at the same time on a newly-generated piece of mRNA. Operons are widespread in archaea.
Initiation
Initiation in archaea is governed by TATA-binding protein (TBP), Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB), and Archaeal transcription factor E (TFE) that are homologous to eukaryotic TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIE respectively. These factors recognize the promoter core sequence (TATA box, B recognition element) upstream of the coding region and recruits the RNAP to form a closed transcription preinitiation complex (PIC).
The PIC is turned into an open state with the local DNA helix "melting" to load the template strand of DNA. The RNAP undergoes "abortive initiation": it makes and releases many short (2-15nt) segments before generating a transcript of significant length. This continues until it moves past the promoter (promoter escape), loosening TBP's grasp on the DNA, and swapping TFE out for elongation factors Spt4/5. How this escape happens exactly remains to be studied.
Elongation
After getting out of the promoter region, the RNAP moves into the elongation state, where it keeps growing the new RNA strand in a processive process. Double stranded DNA that enters from the front of the enzyme is unzipped to avail the template strand for RNA synthesis. For every DNA base pair separated by the advancing polymerase, one hybrid RNA:DNA base pair is immediately formed. DNA s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferulic%20acid%20decarboxylase | Ferulic acid decarboxylases (Fdc) are decarboxylase enzymes capable of the reversible decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids such as ferulic acid and cinnamic acid. Fdc's are fungal homologues of the E.coli UbiD enzyme which is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis. This places Fdc within the wider UbiD enzyme family, representing a distinct clade within the family
Presence of fdc1 and the associated pad1 genes (Pad1 homologous to UbiX in E.coli) were shown to be required for the decarboxylation of phenylacrylic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In 2015 the cofactor prFMN was discovered in the active site of Fdc1 from Aspergillus niger (AnFdc) by crystallography, prior to this genetic studies had led to the assumption that both UbiD and UbiX encoded isofunctional decarboxylases. In actuality UbiX/Pad were found to be flavin preyltransferases supplying the prFMN cofactor to UbiD/Fdc where it is utilised for the reversible decarboxylation of alpha-beta unsaturated carboxylic acid substrates. Since the discovery of prFMN AnFDC has become the most well understood representative of the UbiD enzyme family
AnFDC Mechanism
In the same paper in which the structure of prFMN was deduced in the active site of AnFdc1 there was a proposal for the mechanism by which Fdc1 decarboxylates α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Not all UbiD enzymes decarboxylate acrylic acid substrates and other mechanisms may be at play for alternative substrates. In the case of AnFdc1 it was noted that prFMN displays an azomethine ylide characteristic C4a-N5+=C1’(Figure 1). This is a well-known 1,3-dipole in organic chemistry, positioned in the enzyme active site near to the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid substrate which contains a 1,3-dipolarophile. Thus, it was proposed that a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition mechanism was responsible for the enzymatic decarboxylation. This was confirmed in a later paper.
The mechanism proposed in for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition by Fdc1 is as follows (intermediat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkle%202%20Evo | Sparkle 2 Evo (stylized as The Sparkle² evo or Sparkle 2 EVO) is an indie logic-arcade video game. It is the first title in Forever Entertainment's Sparkle series of video games and the predecessor of the 2015 video game Sparkle 3 Genesis.
Development
Sparkle 2 Evo was developed by Madman Theory Games in collaboration with Plastic Games and published by Polish video game development studio Forever Entertainment on November 29, 2011 for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. On November 2, 2017, the game was ported on Nintendo Switch.
Gameplay
Sparkle 2 Evo takes place underwater. The player controls the title creature, a microorganism. It can eat food which influences how it will evolve. The more it eats, the farther it will evolve. The goal of the game is to evolve as far as possible. There are different levels in which the player can move around and rise up or sink into the depths.
The game features two modes:
The first is about to compete against another microorganism, played by an AI.
The second game mode is an experimental mode in which the player can eat food without competing against another player.
Reception
Sparkle 2 Evo received average reviews, criticizing its simplicity and praising its graphics.
Bonus Stage gave the game 6 out of 10 points and said, "[...] the AI is pretty incompetent" and Sparkle 2 Evo "[...] has a lot of cool design and graphical appeal".
Nintendo Life gave the game 5 out of 10 points, and stated, the game "feels like a proof of concept that isn’t given the push it needs to be something more engaging and impactful."
German online video game magazine ntower gave the game 5 out of 10 points and wrote: "[...] Das Gameplay ist extrem simpel gehalten, wirkliche Herausforderungen gibt es nicht. Visuell ist Sparkle 2 EVO jedoch recht ansprechend und dient vor allem Dingen einem Zweck: Sich zu entspannen. [...]" (" [...] The gameplay is extremely simple, there are no real challenges. Visually, however, Sparkle 2 EVO is quite appeali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuphus%20polythalamius | Kuphus polythalamius is a species of shipworm, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Teredinidae.
Description
The tube of Kuphus polythalamius is known as a crypt and is a calcareous secretion designed to enable the animal to live in its preferred habitat, the mud of mangrove swamps. A typical specimen measures in length and is shaped like a truncated elephant's tusk. The wider, anterior end is closed, has a rounded tip, and is about in diameter. From there the tube tapers to an open, posterior end about in diameter, with a central septum. Siphons project through this end for feeding and respiration. They can be withdrawn inside the tube and the end can be sealed with a set of specialised plates or "pallets". The two small valves of the mollusc are inside the tube along with the mantle, gut and other soft organs. In the intact but otherwise empty tube found on the strandline, they can be seen by X-ray photography.
Longest bivalve
The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) is generally considered to be the largest bivalve mollusc. It is indeed the heaviest species, growing to over and measuring up to in length, but Kuphus polythalamius holds the record for the largest bivalve by length. A specimen owned by Victor Dan in the United States has a length of , which is considerably longer than the largest giant clam.
Distribution
Today, Kuphus polythalamius is found in the western Pacific Ocean, the western and eastern Indian Ocean and the Indo-Malaysian area. The range includes the Philippines, Indonesia and Mozambique. However, the only thoroughly studied natural habitat of the species is in Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat in the Philippines.
Evolution
Marine biologist Ruth Turner studied shipworms and considered that their common ancestor would have been very like Kuphus polythalamius, the most primitive of the teredinids. She believed that the anatomy of the tube was such that the animal would not have been able to burrow in wood as other modern teredinids do, but would ins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Strange%20Logic%20of%20Random%20Graphs | The Strange Logic of Random Graphs is a book on zero-one laws for random graphs. It was written by Joel Spencer and published in 2001 by Springer-Verlag as volume 22 of their book series Algorithms and Combinatorics.
Topics
The random graphs of the book are generated from the Erdős–Rényi–Gilbert model in which vertices are given and a random choice is made whether to connect each pair of vertices by an edge, independently for each pair, with probability of making a connection. A zero-one law is a theorem stating that, for certain properties of graphs, and for certain choices of ,
the probability of generating a graph with the property tends to zero or one in the limit as goes to infinity.
A fundamental result in this area, proved independently by Glebskiĭ et al. and by Ronald Fagin, is that there is a zero-one law for for every property that can be described in the first-order logic of graphs. Moreover, the limiting probability is one if and only if the infinite Rado graph has the property. For instance, a random graph in this model contains a triangle with probability tending to one; it contains a universal vertex with probability tending to zero. For other choices of , other outcomes can occur.
For instance, the limiting probability of containing a triangle is between 0 and 1 when for a constant ; it tends to 0 for smaller choices of and to 1 for larger choices. The function is said to be a threshold for the property of containing a triangle, meaning that it separates the values of with limiting probability 0 from the values with limiting probability 1.
The main result of the book (proved by Spencer with Saharon Shelah) is that irrational powers of are never threshold functions. That is, whenever is an irrational number, there is a zero-one law for the first-order properties of the random graphs . A key tool in the proof is the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game.
Audience and reception
Although it is essentially the proof of a single theorem, aimed at special |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC%20Centre%20of%20Excellence%20for%20Australian%20Biodiversity%20and%20Heritage |
The ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH) is a research centre which focuses on the natural, historic and Indigenous heritage of Australia. Its aim is to increase understanding of the past in order to be able to better adapt and plan for the future.
The facility was opened at Parliament House, Canberra on 22 June 2017, and planned to run for seven years. It is funded by a grant of from the Australian Research Council, million from the New South Wales Government, and million from 20 universities, museums, and organisations, which will pay for about 40 new research positions and over 50 students over the term of its existence.
An outreach program to schools and the broader community has been set up to engage participation and interest in science, and educational facilities to help train new researchers, with a particular focus on nurturing the careers of Indigenous and female researchers. As well as including scholars from STEM disciplines, including earth science, climate science, ecology and genetics, there are researchers from the fields of humanities, arts and social sciences disciplines, such as archaeology, Indigenous studies and museology.
Organisation
, the Director of CABAH is geoscientist Professor Richard "Bert" Roberts, and the University of Wollongong is responsible for administration. Collaborators and partners are:
Australian National University
James Cook University in North Queensland
The University of New South Wales
University of Adelaide
Monash University
University of Tasmania
Queensland Museum
Australian Museum
Scarp Archaeology Pty Ltd
South Australian Museum
State Library of New South Wales
Bioplatforms Australia Ltd
Université Savoie-Mont Blanc (University of Savoy, France)
University of Papua New Guinea
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Natural History Museum of Denmark
Indonesian National Centre for Archaeology
University of Colorado, Boulder, US
Papua New Guinea National Muse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20fluctuation%20complexity | Information fluctuation complexity is an information-theoretic quantity defined as the fluctuation of information about entropy. It is derivable from fluctuations in the predominance of order and chaos in a dynamic system and has been used as a measure of complexity in many diverse fields. It was introduced in a 1993 paper by Bates and Shepard.
Definition
The information fluctuation complexity of a discrete dynamic system is a function of the probability distribution of its states when it is subject to random external input data. The purpose of driving the system with a rich information source such as a random number generator or a white noise signal is to probe the internal dynamics of the system much the same as a frequency-rich impulse is used in signal processing.
If a system has possible states and the state probabilities are known, then its information entropy is
where is the information content of state .
The information fluctuation complexity of the system is defined as the standard deviation or fluctuation of about its mean :
or
The fluctuation of state information is zero in a maximally disordered system with all ; the system simply mimics its random inputs. is also zero when the system is perfectly ordered with just one fixed state , regardless of inputs. is non-zero between these two extremes with a mixture of both higher-probability states and lower-probability states populating state space.
Fluctuation of information allows for memory and computation
As a complex dynamic system evolves in time, how it transitions between states depends on external stimuli in an irregular way. At times it may be more sensitive to external stimuli (unstable) and at other times less sensitive (stable). If a particular state has several possible next-states, external information determines which one will be next and the system gains that information by following a particular trajectory in state space. But if several different states all lead to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum%20%28Unix%29 | Capsicum is an implementation of capability-based security for UNIX and similar systems. Presented at USENIX 2010, the system is part of FreeBSD since its 9.0 release. It has also been adapted to DragonflyBSD in the form of kernel patches.
The system works by chunking the normal permissions up into very small pieces. When a process enters capsicum mode, it loses all permissions normally associated with its controlling user, except "capabilities" it already has in the form of file descriptors. A process can also receive capabilities via Unix sockets. These file descriptors not only control access to the file system, but also to other devices like the network sockets. Flags are also used to control more fine-grained access like reads and writes.
CloudABI
CloudABI is an application binary interface based on capsicum. It keeps the overall capsicum permission model, but uses it to redesign a simplified environment for processes (system calls, C library, etc.) to run on, so that programs become portable to any platform supporting the ABI on the same instruction set architecture. The interface it offers is roughly POSIX minus parts that do not work with capability-based security. , CloudABI is natively a part of FreeBSD, and it can be run on other systems either via a Capsicum-based patch or using a non-secure system call emulator.
As of October 2020, CloudABI has been deprecated in favor of WebAssembly System Interface for lack of interest.
References
External links
Computer security models
Access control
Capability systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor-homing%20bacteria | Tumor-homing bacteria are facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria (capable of producing ATP when oxygen is absent or is destroyed in normal oxygen levels) that are able to target cancerous cells in the body, suppress tumor growth and survive in the body for a long time even after the infection. When this type of bacteria is administered into the body, it migrates to the cancerous tissues and starts to grow, and then deploys distinct mechanisms to destroy solid tumors. Each bacteria species uses a different process to eliminate the tumor. Some common tumor homing bacteria include Salmonella, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Listeria, and Streptococcus. The earliest research of this type of bacteria was highlighted in 1813 when scientists began observing that patients that had gas gangrene, an infection caused by the bacteria Clostridium, were able to have tumor regressions.
Tumor-inhibition mechanisms
Different strains of tumor homing bacteria in distinct environments use unique or similar processes to inhibit or destroy tumor growth.
Unique mechanisms
Salmonella bacteria kill tumor cells by uncontrolled bacterial multiplication that can lead to the bursting of cancerous cells. Moreover, the macrophages and dendritic cells (type of white blood cells) in these Salmonella-colonized tumors secrete IL-1β, a protein responsible for anti-tumor activity.
S. Typhimurium flagellin increases both innate and adaptive immunity (nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms) of the bacteria by stimulating NK cells (Natural Killer cells) to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), an important cytokine (regulatory protein) for this immunity.
Listeria inhibits tumors through NADPH oxidase mediated production (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) of ROS (reactive oxygen species) which is a cell signaling process that activates CD8+ T cells (cells that kill cancerous tissue) which target primary tumors.
Similar mechanisms
Clostridium, S. Typhimurium, Listeria produce e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Jake%20%28horse%29 | Big Jake (March 2001 – June 2021) was a red flaxen Belgian gelding horse noted for his extreme height. He stood at tall and weighed .
According to the Guinness World Records, Big Jake broke the record for the world's tallest living horse when he was measured in 2010, and he held that record for the remainder of his life. After Sampson at (foaled 1846, in Toddington Mills, Bedfordshire, England), he is the second-tallest horse on record.
Big Jake was born in 2001 in the U.S. state of Nebraska, weighing approximately , which is about heavier than is typical for his breed. His parents were normal-sized, and he was tall as a foal, but not exceptionally so. Big Jake was purchased by a relative of his eventual owner Jerry Gilbert, who took ownership when it became apparent that the horse would become very large and require special accommodation. Gilbert kept Big Jake at Smokey Hollow Farm, near Poynette, Wisconsin, feeding him two to three buckets of grain and a whole bale of hay daily. His stall was almost twice the size of that for a regular horse and he was transported in semi-trailers due to his size. Big Jake competed in draft horse showing competitions before retiring in 2013, and made regular appearances at the Wisconsin State Fair. Visitors to the farm were offered barn tours, which included meeting Big Jake.
Big Jake's death was announced by Smokey Hollow Farm on June 27, 2021, with Gilbert's wife stating that the death had taken place approximately two weeks prior but declining to give the media an exact date. Jerry Gilbert hailed Big Jake as a "gentle giant", and stated that he intended to keep his stall empty as a memorial.
Explanatory notes
References
2001 animal births
2021 animal deaths
Biological records
Individual draft horses
Individual male horses
Horses in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20History%20of%20Folding%20in%20Mathematics | A History of Folding in Mathematics: Mathematizing the Margins is a book in the history of mathematics on the mathematics of paper folding. It was written by Michael Friedman and published in 2018 by Birkhäuser as volume 59 of their Historical Studies series.
Topics
The book consists of six chapters, the first of which introduces the problem, sets it in the context of the investigation of the mathematical strength of straightedge and compass constructions, and introduces one of the major themes of the book, the relegation of paper folding to recreational mathematics as this sort of investigation fell out of favor among professional mathematicians, and its more recent resurrection as a serious topic of investigation. As a work of history, the book follows Hans-Jörg Rheinberger in making a distinction between epistemic objects, the not-yet-fully-defined subjects of scientific investigation,
and technical objects, the tools used in these investigations, and it links the perceived technicality of folding with its fall from mathematical favor.
The remaining chapters are organized chronologically, beginning in the 16th century and the second chapter. This chapter includes the work of Albrecht Dürer on polyhedral nets, arrangements of polygons in the plane that can be folded to form a given polyhedron, and of Luca Pacioli on the use of folding to replace the compass and straightedge in geometric constructions; it also discusses the history of paper, and paper folding in the context of bookbinding. The third chapter discusses the confluence of Arabic and European mathematics, into the 18th century, with topics including the symmetries of folded objects and the attempted use of folding to prove the parallel postulate. Although Eugenio Beltrami continued to use folded models to investigate non-Euclidean geometry into the 19th century, the fourth chapter of the book argues that other 19th-century uses of folding were more pedagogical, including the use of folded models to de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkle%203%20Genesis | Sparkle 3 Genesis (stylized as The Sparkle³ genesis) is an arcade video game. It is the second title in 's Sparkle series of video games and the successor of the 2011 video game Sparkle 2 Evo and the predecessor of the 2016 video game Sparkle Zero.
Development
Sparkle 3 Genesis was developed by Madman Theory Games in collaboration with Plastic Games and published by Polish video game development studio on April 24, 2015 for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. The game was ported to Nintendo Switch and released on March 15, 2018 in the west and on September 26, 2019 in Japan.
Gameplay
The gameplay of Sparkle 3 Genesis is very similar to that of its predecessor. In the game, the player controls the title creature, a microorganism as it swims through something fluid. It can eat food which influences how it will evolve and attack enemies with its teeth. The more it eats, the farther it will evolve. The goal of the game is to involve as far as possible. New compared to its predecessor are missions the player can do.
Reception
Sparkle 3 Genesis received average reviews, criticizing its simplicity and praising its graphics.German online video game magazine ntower gave the game 5 out of 10 points, and wrote: "[...] Das Gameplay ist extrem simpel gehalten, im Gegensatz zum Vorgänger gibt es jedoch immerhin kleinere Missionen. Visuell ist Sparkle 3 Genesis recht ansprechend und dient vor allem Dingen einem Zweck: Sich zu entspannen. [...]" (" [...] The gameplay is extremely simple, however, in contrast to the predecessor, there are at least small missions. Visually, Sparkle 3 Genesis is quite appealing and serves one purpose above all: to relax. [...]").
Online video game magazine switchplayer.net gave the game 2.5 out of 5 stars, and wrote: "[The game] is a kind of contemplative experience that puts you in control of an ever-evolving creature. Unfortunately, it lacks variety and sounds more like a mini-game stretched out to become longer and, consequently, tedious. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAKTI%20%28microprocessor%29 | SHAKTI is an open-source initiative by the Reconfigurable Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) group at Indian Institute of Technology, Madras to develop the first indigenous Indian industrial-grade processor. The aim of SHAKTI initiative includes building an opensource production-grade processor, complete system on chips (SoCs), development boards and SHAKTI based software platform. The primary focus of the team is architecture research to develop SoCs, which is competitive with commercial offerings in the market concerning area, power and performance. All the source codes for SHAKTI are open-sourced under the Modified BSD License. The project was funded by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeITY), Government of India.
Processors
SHAKTI processors are based on the RISC-V ISA. The processors are designed to have either 22 nm FinFET or 180 nm CMOS technology nodes depending on the manufacturing foundry.
SHAKTI has envisioned a family of processors as part of its road-map, catering to different segments of the market. They have been broadly categorized into "Base Processors", "Multi-Core Processors" and "Experimental Processors".
The E and C-classes core are aimed at Internet of things (IoT), embedded and desktop markets. The processor design is free of any royalty and is open-sourced under the modified BSD License.
E-class and C-class core are both implemented in Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV) language.
The SHAKTI project aims to build 6 variants of processors based on the RISC-V ISA.
Base classes of processors
E-class
The E-class are 32/64 bit microcontrollers capable of supporting all extensions of the RISC-V ISA, aimed at low-power and low computer applications. The E-class is an in-order 3 stage pipeline having an operational frequency of less than 200 MHz on silicon. It is positioned against ARM’s M-class (Cortex-M series) cores. It is capable of running real-time operating systems like FreeRTOS, Zephyr and eChronos. Market segment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciPost | SciPost is a non-profit foundation dedicated to developing, implementing and maintaining innovative forms of electronic scientific communication and publishing. It is notable for operating the scipost.org open-access scientific publishing portal.
The SciPost Foundation
The foundation is headquartered in Amsterdam and registered under Dutch Chamber of Commerce. It was established in 2016. Its chairman is Jean-Sébastien Caux, with Joost van Mameren acting as secretary, and Jasper van Wezel as treasurer.
Open Access publishing activities
SciPost published the 2000th article in 2023, an article in SciPost Physics. The authors included Giorgio Parisi, a Nobel Prize winner.
Journals
Authors are encouraged to make use of preprint servers (for physics, the arXiv e-print archive) but can also submit directly. The recommendation of using preprints leads to SciPost often being thought of as an overlay journals system. This is incorrect since the platform self-hosts all its publishing workflows and results.
Refereeing at SciPost uses an open procedure known as peer-witnessed refereeing. Submitted manuscripts must be picked up for editorial processing by one of the Fellows of an Editorial College. Besides invited referees, registered contributors can also volunteer reports. The contents of the reports are made publicly visible (the referee can choose to remain anonymous or not). Publication decisions are taken by the Editorial College by majority voting.
Publications carry a Creative Commons license. Metadata is deposited at Crossref and at the DOAJ (all journals carry to DOAJ Seal). As a participant in the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC), SciPost makes all its citation data open.
Business model
SciPost is funded through a consortial business model whereby universities and research funding agencies worldwide contribute to pooled resources used to run operations. No article processing charges are levied. Sponsors and further benefitting organizations are publicly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensible%20perspiration | Insensible perspiration is the loss of water through the skin which does not occur as perceivable sweat. Insensible perspiration takes place at an almost constant rate and reflects evaporative loss from the epithelial cells of the skin. Unlike in
sweating, the fluid lost is pure water, i.e. no solutes are lost. For this reason, it can also be referred to as "insensible water loss".
The amount of water lost in this way is deemed to be approximately 400ml per day. Some sources broaden the definition of insensible perspiration to include not only the water lost through the skin, but also the water lost through the epithelium of the respiratory tract, which is also approximately 400ml per day.
Insensible perspiration is the main source of heat loss from the body, with the figure being placed around 480 kCal per day, which is approximately 25% of basal heat production. Insensible perspiration is not under regulatory control.
History
Known in Latin as perspiratio insensibilis, the concept was already known to Galen in ancient Greece and was studied by the Venetian Santorio Santorio, who experimented on himself and observed that a significant part of the weight of what he ate and drank was not excreted in his faeces or urine but was also not being added to his body weight. He was able to measure the loss through a chair that he designed.
References
Excretion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%203-Manifolds | Introduction to 3-Manifolds is a mathematics book on low-dimensional topology. It was written by Jennifer Schultens and published by the American Mathematical Society in 2014 as volume 151 of their book series Graduate Studies in Mathematics.
Topics
A manifold is a space whose topology, near any of its points, is the same as the topology near a point of a Euclidean space; however, its global structure may be non-Euclidean. Familiar examples of two-dimensional manifolds include the sphere, torus, and Klein bottle; this book concentrates on three-dimensional manifolds, and on two-dimensional surfaces within them. A particular focus is a Heegaard splitting, a two-dimensional surface that partitions a 3-manifold into two handlebodies. It aims to present the main ideas of this area, but does not include detailed proofs for many of the results that it states, in many cases because these proofs are long and technical.
The book has seven chapters. The first two are introductory, providing material about manifolds in general, the Hauptvermutung proving the existence and equivalence of triangulations for low-dimensional manifolds, the classification of two-dimensional surfaces, covering spaces, and the mapping class group. The third chapter begins the book's material on 3-manifolds, and
on the decomposition of manifolds into smaller spaces by cutting them along surfaces. For instance, the three-dimensional Schoenflies theorem states that cutting Euclidean space by a sphere can only produce two topological balls; an analogous theorem of J. W. Alexander states that at least one side of any torus in Euclidean space must be a solid torus. However, for more complicated manifolds, cutting along incompressible surfaces can be used to construct the JSJ decomposition of a manifold. This chapter also includes material on Seifert fiber spaces. Chapter four concerns knot theory, knot invariants, thin position, and the relation between knots and their invariants to manifolds via knot c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20Exercises%20in%20Paper%20Folding | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding. It was written by Indian mathematician T. Sundara Row, first published in India in 1893, and later republished in many other editions. Its topics include paper constructions for regular polygons, symmetry, and algebraic curves. According to historian of mathematics Michael Friedman, it became "one of the main engines of the popularization of folding as a mathematical activity".
Publication history
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding was first published by Addison & Co. in Madras in 1893. The book became known in Europe through a remark of Felix Klein in his book Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie (1895) and its translation Famous Problems Of Elementary Geometry (1897). Based on the success of Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding in Germany, the Open Court Press of Chicago published it in the US, with updates by Wooster Woodruff Beman and David Eugene Smith. Although Open Court listed four editions of the book, published in 1901, 1905, 1917, and 1941, the content did not change between these editions. The fourth edition was also published in London by La Salle, and both presses reprinted the fourth edition in 1958.
The contributions of Beman and Smith to the Open Court editions have been described as "translation and adaptation", despite the fact that the original 1893 edition was already in English. Beman and Smith also replaced many footnotes by references to their own work, replaced some of the diagrams by photographs, and removed some remarks specific to India. In 1966, Dover Publications of New York published a reprint of the 1905 edition, and other publishers of out-of-copyright works have also printed editions of the book.
Topics
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding shows how to construct various geometric figures using paper-folding in place of the classical Greek Straightedge and compass constructions.
The book begins by constructing regular polygons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti%20coloration%20genetics | The agouti gene, the Agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is responsible for variations in color in many species. Agouti works with extension to regulate the color of melanin which is produced in hairs. The agouti protein causes red to yellow pheomelanin to be produced, while the competing molecule α-MSH signals production of brown to black eumelanin. In wildtype mice, alternating cycles of agouti and α-MSH production cause agouti coloration. Each hair has bands of yellow which grew during agouti production, and black which grew during α-MSH production. Wildtype mice also have light-colored bellies. The hairs there are a creamy color the whole length because the agouti protein was produced the whole time the hairs were growing.
In mice and other species, loss of function mutations generally cause a darker color, while gain of function mutations cause a yellower coat.
Mice
As of 1979, there were 17 known alleles of agouti in mice.
Lethal yellow Ay causes yellow coloration and obesity. It is dominant to all other alleles in the series. When homozygous, it is lethal early in development.
Viable yellow Avy looks similar to lethal yellow and also causes obesity, but is not lethal when homozygous. Homozygous viable yellow mice can be variable in color from clear yellow through mottled black and yellow to a darker color similar to the agouti color.
Intermediate yellow aiy causes a mottled yellow coloration, which like viable yellow can sometimes resemble agouti.
Sienna yellow Asy heterozygotes are a dark yellow, while homozygotes are generally a clearer yellow.
White-bellied agouti AW mice have agouti coloration, with hairs that are black at the tips, then yellow, then black again, and white to tan bellies.
Agouti A looks like AW but the belly is dark like the back.
Black and tan at causes a black back with a tan belly. A/at heterozygotes look like AW mice.
Nonagouti a mice are almost completely black, with only a few yellow hairs around the ears and the genitals.
Extreme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Hooke | Adrian Hooke (died January 7, 2013) was an aerospace telecommunications engineer, and a cofounder of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.
Biography
Adrian Hooke held a B.Sc in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from the University of Birmingham, England.
He worked on the Apollo program and other NASA programs as a young engineer. In 1982, he cofounded the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), an international consortium of space agencies, and remained active in the organization until 2012. Hooke helped develop standards published by the CCSDS, including the Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS). He was involved in the Interplanetary Internet and Delay Tolerant Networking efforts to bring more computer networking into NASA telecommunications.
Awards
NASA Exceptional Service Medal (twice)
NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
Special CCSDS Lifetime Leader Award, 2012
References
Astronautics
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Telecommunications engineers
Electronics engineers
2013 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Air%20Humidity%20Manipulation | Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) experiment is a large-scale field experiment in Estonia,
FAHM was established by plant biologists (ecophysiologists and applied ecologists) of the University of Tartu to investigate the long term effects of increasing air humidity on tree performance and on the functioning of the deciduous forest ecosystem. The design of the FAHM experiment is based on the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) technology.
FAHM (58°14′N, 27°18′E) is located within the Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest District in the village of Rõka, Tartu county, FAHM infrastructure enables to increase air relative humidity up to 18% unit above ambient level (long-term mean increase 7%).
References
Ecology
Tartu County
Botany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20engine | A ceramic engine is an internal combustion engine made from specially engineered ceramic materials. Ceramic engines allow for the compression and expansion of gases at extremely high temperatures without loss of heat or engine damage. Proof-of-concept ceramic engines were popularized by successful studies in the early 1980s and 1990s. Under controlled laboratory conditions, ceramic engines outperformed traditional metal engines in terms of weight, efficiency, and performance. All-ceramic engines were seen as the next advancement in future engine technology, but have not yet entered the automobile market because of manufacturing and economic problems.
History
Research into more efficient diesel engines occurred after the 1970s energy crisis, resulting in a new market for fuel-efficient vehicles. A newly developed gas turbine engine design promised high thermal efficiency, but needed a material that could withstand temperatures. The high heat did not allow for readily available materials like metals, superalloys, and carbon composites to be used. As a result, government-funded research facilities in the United States, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom experimented with substituting metal for ceramics. Ceramics' high resistance to heat helped pave the way towards the first commercial use of gas turbine engines, the successes of which led to the idea of an all-ceramic engine.
Between 1985 and 1989, Nissan produced the Fairlady Z 200ZR, the world's first production car with a ceramic turbocharger.
Predictions for an adiabatic turbo-compound engine (a theoretical heat-efficient engine) were seen as plausible with the use of technical ceramic material. A 1987 technical paper by Roy Kamo predicted the mass production of such engines to occur in the year 2000. However, these predictions were made with the belief that ceramics would overcome "the design methodology, manufacturing process, machining cost, and mass production quality control needed for high volume pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushrooms%20in%20art | Mushrooms have been found in art traditions around the world, including in western and non-western works. Ranging throughout those cultures, works of art that depict mushrooms can be found in ancient and contemporary times. Often, symbolic associations can also be given to the mushrooms depicted in the works of art. For instance, in Mayan culture, mushroom stones have been found that depict faces in a dreamlike or trance-like expression, which could signify the importance of mushrooms giving hallucinations or trances. Another example of mushrooms in Mayan culture deals with their codices, some of which might have depicted hallucinogenic mushrooms. Other examples of mushroom usage in art from various cultures include the Pegtymel petroglyphs of Russia and Japanese Netsuke figurines.
Examples of mushrooms being depicted in contemporary art are also prevalent. For example, a contemporary Japanese piece depicts baskets of matsutake mushrooms laid atop bank notes, signifying the association of mushrooms and prosperity. Other examples of contemporary art depicting fungi include Anselm Kiefer's Über Deutschland and Sonja Bäumel's Objects not static and silent but alive and talking. These contemporary works often outline themes greatly undercurrent in modern times, themes such as sustainable living, new materials, and ethical considerations associated with the science of fungi and biotechnologies. In fact, working with fungi allows contemporary artists to create art that is interactive and performative.
Mushroom symbolism has also appeared in Christian paintings. The panel painting by Hieronymus Bosch, The Haywain Triptych, is considered the first depiction of mushroom in modern art. Another triptych by Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, depicts scenes very similar to those experienced under the effects of psychoactive mushrooms. In fact, when considering the mushroom of Amanita muscaria, artistic representations throughout the ages show the association it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%20of%20residues%20formula | In mathematics, the residue formula says that the sum of the residues of a meromorphic differential form on a smooth proper algebraic curve vanishes.
Statement
In this article, X denotes a proper smooth algebraic curve over a field k. A meromorphic (algebraic) differential form has, at each closed point x in X, a residue which is denoted . Since has poles only at finitely many points, in particular the residue vanishes for all but finitely many points. The residue formula states:
Proofs
A geometric way of proving the theorem is by reducing the theorem to the case when X is the projective line, and proving it by explicit computations in this case, for example in .
proves the theorem using a notion of traces for certain endomorphisms of infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The residue of a differential form can be expressed in terms of traces of endomorphisms on the fraction field of the completed local rings which leads to a conceptual proof of the formula. A more recent exposition along similar lines, using more explicitly the notion of Tate vector spaces, is given by .
References
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic curves
Differential forms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20hitchhiking | Cultural hitchhiking is a hypothesized gene-culture coevolutionary process through which cultural selection, sexual selection based on cultural preference, limits the diversity at genetically neutral loci being transmitted in parallel to selective cultural traits. The process is thought to account for exceptionally low diversity in neutral loci such as control regions of the mitochondrial genome unaccounted for by any other selective forces. Simply put, selection for certain learned social and cultural behaviors can manifest in specific shaping of a population’s genetic makeup. While the notion that culture plays a significant role in shaping community genetics is widely accepted in the context of human populations it had not been considered or documented in non-human organisms until the late 1990s. The term was coined by the cetologist Hal Whitehead who studies the cultures and population genetics of matrilineal whale communities.
Cultural hitchhiking has been proposed as a cause for reduced genetic diversity at certain loci in prehistoric Homo sapiens, dolphins, killer whales, and sperm whales.
Cultural hitchhiking is a significant hypothesis because it investigates the relationship between population genetics and culture. By understanding how social behavior can shape the genetic makeup of communities scientists are better able to explain why certain communities have genetic traits distinct from the larger population.
In whales
The process was initially proposed by Whitehead in a 1998 paper as an explanation for the low genetic diversity in matrilineal whale species. In these communities, female individuals remain grouped together with their mothers and other female relatives. They appear to select mates from outside their immediate community based on culturally valued social traits and aptitude. Sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of individuals within these communities revealed them to have a significantly reduced diversity in certain control loci compa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatrope | A chromatrope is a type of magic lantern slide that produces dazzling, colorful geometrical patterns set in motion by rotating two painted glass discs in opposite directions, originally with a double pulley mechanism but later usually with a rackwork mechanism.
The chromatrope was probably invented in the year 1841 (or slightly earlier) by English glass painter and showman Henry Langdon Childe, by which year it was listed in the Royal Polytechnic Institution catalogue. It was added as a novelty to the program of the Royal Polytechnic Institution, which had previously included many other types of magic lantern shows with moving images, such as phantasmagoria and dissolving views.
The principle and the effect of the chromatrope is similar to that of the feux pyriques that had gained some popularity in rich North European households at the end of the 18th century. The resulting abstract and everchanging image is also very similar to that of the kaleidoscope, which had caused an enormous international craze in 1818.
References
Optical toys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateman-Mukai%20method | In genetics, the Bateman–Mukai method, sometimes referred to as the Bateman–Mukai technique, is a traditional method used for describing the mutation rates for genes through the observation of physical traits (phenotype) of a living organism. The method involves the maintenance of many mutation accumulation lineages of the organism studied, and it is therefore labor intensive.
Origin
The foundational papers from which this method gets its name were conducted by geneticists A. J. Bateman in 1959 and T. Mukai in 1964. Bateman used an early form of this method to understand how radiation affects the survival of chromosomes due to radiation induced mutations. Mukai’s experimental design largely followed the design of Bateman’s study, but rather than inducing mutations via any external factor, the study aimed to describe the spontaneous naturally occurring deleterious mutation rate of the common fruit fly.
Procedure
The method requires the establishment of many mutation accumulation lineages using within line breeding of diploid organisms. These lines are maintained in a favorable environment for deleterious mutations to accumulate so that they are not to be purged by natural selection: excess food and other resources are kept available to eliminate competition, and the parents of the next generation are chosen at random without any regards to fitness. Importantly, in this way, mutation accumulation experiments attempt to describe the true mutation rates that would be observed in the absence of natural selection.
Asexually reproducing organisms can simply have a single parent selected as the parent for the next generation of each line. In sexually reproducing organisms, measures must be taken such that researchers can be sure that mutations are inherited in by future generations of the mutation accumulation lines. The use of a balancer gene can be implemented towards this end. In the Mukai experiment, male flies homozygous for the wild type chromosome 2 were always |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation%20accumulation%20experiments | A mutation accumulation (MA) experiment is a genetic experiment in which isolated and inbred lines of organisms (so-called MA lines) are maintained such that the effect of natural selection is minimized, with the aim of quantitatively estimating the rates at which spontaneous mutations (mutations not caused by exogenous mutagens) occur in the studied organism. Spontaneous mutation rates may be directly estimated using molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing, or indirectly estimated using phenotypic assays (observing how an organism’s phenotype changes as mutations accumulate).
The earliest mutation accumulation experiments were performed by American geneticist Hermann Joseph Muller in the 1920s, using Drosophila melanogaster.
Principles and procedures
All MA lines used in a MA experiment are bred from a single common ancestor, and are often propagated by single-progeny descent, where a single offspring is randomly selected to sire the next generation of organisms. This serves to prevent the loss of mutant alleles through sexual reproduction. Notably, single-progeny descent is only possible if the organism being studied is capable of asexual reproduction or self-fertilization.
A control line is maintained parallel to the MA lines and under the same conditions, except organisms are allowed to reproduce sexually (they are not constrained to single-progeny descent). The assumption underlying this procedure is that the larger, sexually reproducing population of the control line will cause all spontaneous mutations to be ‘weeded out’ by sexual reproduction. Mutations that arise in MA lines are heterozygous at first, and can become fixed or lost at random in subsequent generations. Thus, the control line will be relatively free of mutations, and can be compared with the MA lines to assess the impact of the mutations that have accumulated therein. Both the MA lines and the control line are maintained under relaxed natural selection, to minimize the strain that n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Fraser | Christophe Fraser is a professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Big Data Institute, part of the Nuffield Department of Medicine at the University of Oxford.
Fraser's PhD and initial postdoctoral research were in theoretical particle physics. He converted to infectious disease epidemiology in 1998, based first at the University of Oxford then at Imperial College London, where he became Chair of Theoretical Epidemiology and served as deputy director of the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling under director Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist).
He returned to the University of Oxford in 2016 as Senior Group Leader in Pathogen Dynamics at the Big Data Institute.
In 2022 he was appointed Moh Family Foundation Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology as part of the University of Oxford's newly created Pandemic Sciences Institute.
Research on HIV
Fraser and colleagues were among the first to hypothesise that the large variability in virulence observed between individuals living with HIV could be partly due to genetic variation in the virus.
In other words they hypothesised that virulence, considered as a phenotype of the virus, has appreciable heritability.
They and others later provided evidence for this.
Fraser was principal investigator of the BEEHIVE project to investigate the mechanism of this heritability, which discovered the 'VB variant': a highly virulent strain within the B subtype of HIV found in 107 individuals living with HIV in the Netherlands. UNAIDS stated that the discovery "provides evidence of urgency to halt the pandemic and reach all with testing and treatment".
Research on the COVID-19 pandemic
In March 2020 Fraser and his research group published epidemiological modelling supporting 'digital contact tracing' using COVID-19 apps to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Fraser provided advice to the British government and more broadly about implementing such apps.
Fraser's team developed the OpenABM-Covid-19 agent-based model, used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Holocaust%20Research%20Infrastructure | The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) is an international digital infrastructure and community. It is a joint undertaking of Holocaust historians, archivists, and specialists in digital humanities. Through the development of heritage archives into research infrastructures and by connecting the knowledge of heritage archives and making that knowledge relevant for research, EHRI aims to support Holocaust research, commemoration and education. EHRI is coordinated by the Netherlands-based NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, and is directed by Reto Speck and Karel Berkhoff.
Objective
EHRI’s objective is to support the Holocaust research community by building a digital infrastructure and facilitating human networks. The infrastructure deals with the wide dispersal of sources and expertise across many institutions by connecting sources, institutions and people. EHRI provides access to information about dispersed Holocaust-related sources through its Online Portal, as well as tools and methods that enable researchers and archivists to work collaboratively. Together with over twenty other organizations, EHRI digitalizes Holocaust research to preserve it for indefinite future reference. It aims to have as many institutions as possible join in via standardized digital connections.
EHRI's Vision: Integration of Holocaust archives and research.
EHRI's Mission: Securing trans-national Holocaust research, commemoration and education.
Projects
EHRI-1: 2010-2015
The EHRI-1 project ran from October 2010 until March 2015. It received funding from the European Union under the Seventh Framework (FP7) Programme. Together with 19 partners from 13 countries and numerous associate partners, the EHRI-1 project aimed to support the European Holocaust research community. The project delivered the EHRI Portal, an online environment that can be used by both scholars and the general public to search Holocaust-related archival material. The por |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy%203000 | The Tandy 3000 is a personal computer introduced by Radio Shack in 1986 based on the 16-bit 8 MHz Intel 80286 microprocessor.
Description
The Tandy 3000 is functionally a clone of the IBM PC-AT, the first PC by a major manufacturer using the fully 16-bit Intel 286 processor. As such, it departed from Tandy's two previous PC workalikes (the Tandy 2000 in 1983 and the Tandy 1000 in 1985) in that it was built without proprietary technology. The motherboard contains no built-in circuitry for its disk controller or video display. Owners could outfit the computer, and upgrade it, with standard PC components sold by Tandy or available from third-party suppliers. Since the hardware is industry-standard throughout, there were no compatibility issues such as there were with the previous models 2000 and 1000. More accurately, any compatibility troubles that might arise were no fault of the computer, but rather, any third-party hardware installed or with the AT architecture upon which the computer was engineered.
The operating system was an extra-cost item; the purchaser could choose MS-DOS 3.2 or Xenix V. Xenix and the extra memory it demanded was expensive but permitted up to six remote terminals to run programs on a single Tandy 3000 simultaneously. Microsoft's BASIC interpreter, bundled with Tandy's Deskmate productivity suite, was offered at extra cost. Digital Research's CP/M-86 was an option available from other software vendors. Later, others available for generic AT clones such as the Tandy 3000 included IBM's PC DOS, Digital Research's DR-DOS and GEM, and 16-bit versions of Microsoft's Windows (up to version 3.x). Still later IBM's graphical multitasking OS/2 was an option for machines equipped with enough memory and capable graphics display hardware.
Base memory was 512 KB, expandable to 640 KB on the motherboard. RAM was expandable to a maximum of 12 MB using cards in the expansion slots.
The Tandy 3000 has ten expansion slots: seven 16-bit AT compatible, two 8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoof%20surface%20plasmon | Spoof surface plasmons, also known as spoof surface plasmon polaritons and designer surface plasmons, are surface electromagnetic waves in microwave and terahertz regimes that propagate along planar interfaces with sign-changing permittivities. Spoof surface plasmons are a type of surface plasmon polariton, which ordinarily propagate along metal and dielectric interfaces in infrared and visible frequencies. Since surface plasmon polaritons cannot exist naturally in microwave and terahertz frequencies due to dispersion properties of metals, spoof surface plasmons necessitate the use of artificially-engineered metamaterials.
Spoof surface plasmons share the natural properties of surface plasmon polaritons, such as dispersion characteristics and subwavelength field confinement. They were first theorized by John Pendry et al.
Theory
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) result from the coupling of delocalized electron oscillations ("surface plasmon") to electromagnetic waves ("polariton"). SPPs propagate along the interface between a positive- and a negative-permittivity material. These waves decay perpendicularly from the interface ("evanescent field"). For a plasmonic medium that is stratified along the z-direction in Cartesian coordinates, dispersion relation for SPPs can be obtained from solving Maxwell's equations:
where
is the wave vector that is parallel to the interface. It is in the direction of propagation.
is the angular frequency.
is the speed of light.
and are the relative permittivies for metal and the dielectric.
Per this relation, SPPs have shorter wavelengths than light in free space for a frequency band below surface plasmon frequency; this property, as well as subwavelength confinement, enables new applications in subwavelength optics and systems beyond the diffraction-limit. Nevertheless, for lower frequency bands such as microwave and terahertz, surface plasmon polariton modes are not supported; metals function approximately as perfect electric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-little-big%20lemma | In the mathematics of paper folding, the big-little-big lemma is a necessary condition for a crease pattern with specified mountain folds and valley folds to be able to be folded flat. It differs from Kawasaki's theorem, which characterizes the flat-foldable crease patterns in which a mountain-valley assignment has not yet been made. Together with Maekawa's theorem on the total number of folds of each type, the big-little-big lemma is one of the two main conditions used to characterize the flat-foldability of mountain-valley assignments for crease patterns that meet the conditions of Kawasaki's theorem. Mathematical origami expert Tom Hull calls the big-little-big lemma "one of the most basic rules" for flat foldability of crease patterns.
Statement
The lemma concerns the angles made by consecutive pairs of creases at a single vertex of the crease pattern. It states that if any one of these angles is a local minimum (that is, smaller than the two angles on either side of it), then exactly one of the two creases bounding the angle must be a mountain fold and exactly one must be a valley fold.
Generalization and applications
A generalized version of the lemma holds for a sequence of equal angles at a single vertex, surrounded on both sides by a larger angle. For such a sequence, the number of mountain and valley folds bounding any of these angles must either be equal, or differ by one. It can be used as part of a linear time algorithm that tests whether a folding pattern with a single vertex can be folded flat, by repeatedly looking for sequences of angles that obey the lemma and pinching them off, until either getting stuck or reducing the input to two equal angles bounded by two creases of the same type as each other.
History
In their book Geometric Folding Algorithms, Erik Demaine and Joe O'Rourke credit the lemma to publications of Toshikazu Kawasaki in 1989, and Jacques Justin in 1994.
References
Paper folding
Lemmas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20operator | In mathematics, nuclear operators are an important class of linear operators introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his doctoral dissertation. Nuclear operators are intimately tied to the projective tensor product of two topological vector spaces (TVSs).
Preliminaries and notation
Throughout let X,Y, and Z be topological vector spaces (TVSs) and L : X → Y be a linear operator (no assumption of continuity is made unless otherwise stated).
The projective tensor product of two locally convex TVSs X and Y is denoted by and the completion of this space will be denoted by .
L : X → Y is a topological homomorphism or homomorphism, if it is linear, continuous, and is an open map, where , the image of L, has the subspace topology induced by Y.
If S is a subspace of X then both the quotient map X → X/S and the canonical injection S → X are homomorphisms.
The set of continuous linear maps X → Z (resp. continuous bilinear maps ) will be denoted by L(X, Z) (resp. B(X, Y; Z)) where if Z is the underlying scalar field then we may instead write L(X) (resp. B(X, Y)).
Any linear map can be canonically decomposed as follows: where defines a bijection called the canonical bijection associated with L.
X* or will denote the continuous dual space of X.
To increase the clarity of the exposition, we use the common convention of writing elements of with a prime following the symbol (e.g. denotes an element of and not, say, a derivative and the variables x and need not be related in any way).
will denote the algebraic dual space of X (which is the vector space of all linear functionals on X, whether continuous or not).
A linear map L : H → H from a Hilbert space into itself is called positive if for every . In this case, there is a unique positive map r : H → H, called the square-root of L, such that .
If is any continuous linear map between Hilbert spaces, then is always positive. Now let R : H → H denote its positive square-root, which is called the abso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe%27s%20Biggest%20Dance%20Show | Europe's Biggest Dance Show is an annual multinational dance music simulcast hosted by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom, in collaboration with several European radio stations, all of which are owned by public broadcasters which are members of the European Broadcasting Union. The show reaches several millions of listeners all over Europe.
Background
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) announced on 27 September 2019 that it would join radio stations from seven other countries, and a potential audience of 18 million listeners, in hosting a one-off dance music simulcast on 11 October.
The first simulcast began at 19:00 BST and ended at 02:00 BST on 12 October, with Annie Mac introducing for BBC Radio 1 in London. Seven radio stations across Europe joined the simulcast: 1LIVE, Fritz, Mouv', NPO 3FM, RTÉ 2FM, SR P3 and Studio Brussel. Each radio station contributed an hour of dance music from their respective countries, except in the case of 1LIVE and Fritz, who contributed 30 minutes each from Cologne and Berlin respectively. Some stations chose to feature at least one live DJ set as part of their contribution.
Each radio station sent their feeds to Broadcasting House in London, where they were mixed by BBC senior technical producer Dan Morris before being sent back to the radio stations for broadcast.
Despite the simulcast being billed as a one-off event, two subsequent editions of the simulcast were presented in May and October 2020 respectively, before it became an annual event, with new editions presented in the following years and more radio stations joining the simulcast. Since the 2021 edition, each participating radio station, including 1LIVE and Fritz, has contributed 30 minutes of dance music from their respective countries instead of an hour.
Participating broadcasters
The following table lists the countries, broadcasters and radio stations that have participated in Europe's Biggest Dance Show as of 2023.
Editions
The following table lists the ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogravitational%20cycle | A thermogravitational cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle using the gravitational works of weight and buoyancy to respectively compress and expand a working fluid.
Theoretical framework
Consider a column filled with a transporting medium and a balloon filled with a working fluid. Due to the hydrostatic pressure of the transporting medium, the pressure inside the column increases along the z axis (see figure). Initially, the balloon is inflated by the working fluid at temperature TC and pressure P0 and located on top of the column. A thermogravitational cycle is decomposed into four ideal steps:
1→2: Descent of the balloon towards the bottom of the column. The working fluid undergoes adiabatic compression with its temperature increasing and its pressure reaching value Ph at the bottom (Ph>P0).
2→3: While the ballon lays at the bottom, the working fluid receives heat from the hot source at temperature TH and undergoes isobaric expansion at pressure Ph.
3→4: The balloon rises towards the column top. The working fluid undergoes adiabatic expansion with a drop in temperature and reaches pressure P0 after expansion when the balloon is on top.
4→1: Once arrived on top, the working fluid supplies heat to the cold source at temperature TC while undergoing isobaric compression at pressure P0.
For a thermogravitational cycle to occur, the balloon has to be denser than the transporting medium during 1→2 step and less dense during 3→4 step. If these conditions are not naturally satisfied by the working fluid, a weight can be attached to the balloon to increase its effective mass density.
Applications and examples
An experimental device working according to thermogravitational cycle principle was developed in a laboratory of the University of Bordeaux and patented in France. Such thermogravitational electric generator is based on inflation and deflation cycles of an elastic bag made of nitrile elastomer cut from a glove finger. The bag is filled with a volatile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32K%20resolution | 32K resolution refers to a display resolution of approximately 32,000 pixels horizontally. A resolution of 30720 × 17280 for an aspect ratio of 16:9 is speculated to be standardized. This doubles the pixel count of 16K in each dimension, for a total of 530.8 megapixels (530,841,600 pixels), 4x as many pixels than 16K resolution. It has 16 times as many pixels as 8K resolution, 64 times as many pixels as 4K resolution, and 256 times the pixels as 1080p resolution.
There are plans from different groups to start implementing 32K technology. While there are a few cameras that can shoot in 32K resolution, 8K still does not have as widespread usage as 1080p and 4K do. There are less than 3% of televisions using 8K, and virtually none using 16K.
Two limiting factors in 32K are display resolution and CPU/GPU capability.
History
Development
In 2018, Sony installed a 16K screen into the front of a cosmetics store in Yokohama, south of Tokyo. The widescreen display is believed to be the largest 16K screen yet. Sony has plans to make the product available, in custom sizes, for wealthy consumers. They are currently working on developing a 32K display.
Currently, it is possible to run 32K resolutions using multi-monitor setups with AMD Eyefinity or Nvidia Surround using 16 8K TVs or monitors. However, this type of setup is costly and difficult to implement. No displays or monitors singly capable of displaying a 32K resolution are available to the consumer market yet.
Technology
Cameras in development
Zabriskie Point in 32K Resolution
The Linea HS 32K
Cameras
Dalsa 32K Super Resolution CLHS Camera
Gaming
Gaming at 32K is very unlikely to be possible in the near future. To achieve the resolution, sixteen 8K televisions or monitors in a multi-monitor setups with AMD Eyefinity or Nvidia Surround would be required.
Editing
Currently, only Blackmagic Design's DaVinci Resolve 17 supports editing at 32K resolution.
See also
4K resolution digital video formats wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20Chains%20and%20Mixing%20Times | Markov Chains and Mixing Times is a book on Markov chain mixing times. The second edition was written by David A. Levin, and Yuval Peres. Elizabeth Wilmer was a co-author on the first edition and is credited as a contributor to the second edition. The first edition was published in 2009 by the American Mathematical Society, with an expanded second edition in 2017.
Background
A Markov chain is a stochastic process defined by a set of states and, for each state, a probability distribution on the states. Starting from an initial state, it follows a sequence of states where each state in the sequence is chosen randomly from the distribution associated with the previous state.
In that sense, it is "memoryless": each random choice depends only on the current state, and not on the past history of states. Under mild restrictions, a Markov chain with a finite set of states will have a stationary distribution that it converges to, meaning that, after a sufficiently large number of steps, the probability of being in each state will close to that of the stationary distribution, regardless of the initial state or of the exact number of steps. The mixing time of a Markov chain is the number of steps needed for this convergence to happen, to a suitable degree of accuracy. A family of Markov chains is said to be rapidly mixing if the mixing time is a polynomial function of some size parameter of the Markov chain, and slowly mixing otherwise. This book is about finite Markov chains, their stationary distributions and mixing times, and methods for determining whether Markov chains are rapidly or slowly mixing.
A classical and familiar example of this phenomenon involves shuffling decks of cards: starting from a non-random initial deck of cards, how many shuffles does it take to reach a nearly-random permutation? This can be modeled as a Markov chain whose states are orderings of the card deck and whose state-to-state transition probabilities are given by some mathematical model of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive%20tensor%20product | The finest locally convex topological vector space (TVS) topology on the tensor product of two locally convex TVSs, making the canonical map (defined by sending to ) continuous is called the inductive topology or the -topology. When is endowed with this topology then it is denoted by and called the inductive tensor product of and
Preliminaries
Throughout let and be locally convex topological vector spaces and be a linear map.
is a topological homomorphism or homomorphism, if it is linear, continuous, and is an open map, where the image of has the subspace topology induced by
If is a subspace of then both the quotient map and the canonical injection are homomorphisms. In particular, any linear map can be canonically decomposed as follows: where defines a bijection.
The set of continuous linear maps (resp. continuous bilinear maps ) will be denoted by (resp. ) where if is the scalar field then we may instead write (resp. ).
We will denote the continuous dual space of by and the algebraic dual space (which is the vector space of all linear functionals on whether continuous or not) by
To increase the clarity of the exposition, we use the common convention of writing elements of with a prime following the symbol (e.g. denotes an element of and not, say, a derivative and the variables and need not be related in any way).
A linear map from a Hilbert space into itself is called positive if for every In this case, there is a unique positive map called the square-root of such that
If is any continuous linear map between Hilbert spaces, then is always positive. Now let denote its positive square-root, which is called the absolute value of Define first on by setting for and extending continuously to and then define on by setting for and extend this map linearly to all of The map is a surjective isometry and
A linear map is called compact or completely continuous if there is a neighborhood of the origi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factba.se | Factba.se is a website that hosts a publicly available, searchable database intended to document statements, speeches, Tweets, and press interviews from former US President Donald Trump and current US President Joe Biden. It was founded in January 2017 by the Virginia-based husband-and-wife duo of Bill Frischling and Jennifer Canty. In June 2017, it incorporated as FactSquared and announced a round of funding led by Mark Walsh, the former CEO of VerticalNet. These events coincided with Frischling's intent to broaden the site's focus from Trump to the broader realms of politics and business. He also planned to structure the site so that anyone could search its archives of information for free, but there would also be a paid tier for users who wanted to use its proprietary data analysis tools. The site has also developed the $0.99 Trump Feed iPhone app, which compiles a digest of statements made by Trump administration officials. Frischling said in 2017 that almost half of all traffic to Factba.se came from newsrooms, and that CNN, the New York Times, and the Associated Press were "consistently in the top ten domains in terms of traffic" to the site.
In January 2021, DC-based publisher FiscalNote announced that it had acquired Factba.se parent company FactSquared.
References
External links
Internet properties established in 2017
Online databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudboil | Mudboils are volcano-like cones of fine sand and silt that range from several inches to several feet high and from several inches to more than 30 feet in diameter. Active mudboils are dynamic ebb-and-flow features that can erupt and form a large cone in several days, then cease flowing, or they may discharge continuously for several years. They have been observed in the Tully Valley in Onondaga County, in central New York State, since the late 1890s.
See also
Mudpot
Frost boils, also sometimes known as mud boils
References
Volcanic landforms
Geothermal areas in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk%20Tea%20Alliance | The Milk Tea Alliance is an online democracy and human rights movement consisting mainly of netizens from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). It originally started as an internet meme, created in response to the increased presence of Chinese nationalist commentators on social media and has evolved into a dynamic multinational protest movement against authoritarianism and advocating democracy. Aside from the four main countries mentioned, the movement has also established a significant presence in the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Belarus and Iran.
The Diplomat describes the Milk Tea Alliance, despite it not being institutionalised, as a pro-democracy alternative to ASEAN. In Myanmar's case especially, The Diplomat considers it to be "a central force in shaping the way Myanmar's youth understand the current battle between pro-democracy protesters and their vastly better armed opponents, a predicament faced by other youth in neighboring countries."
Name
Milk tea is a popular drink in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand, the original three countries and territories included in the movement. Netizens from Myanmar and India who later joined also share their own variations of tea with milk. Taiwanese bubble tea, Hong Kong-style milk tea, Thai tea and Burmese milk tea are all local variations of milk tea with strong similarities.
History
Origin
During 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, which is resisting Chinese oppression, along with Taiwan, which is under military and economic coercion, collaborated with Thai pro-democracy groups. Through Twitter platform users from Hong Kong and Taiwan joined Thai users, and the criticism of China has become anti-authoritarian.
In 2020, a foreign Thai actor Vachirawit Chivaaree, inadvertently reposted an image on Twitter which listed Hong Kong as a "country", It is considered as an opposed to a special administrative region of China. His post led to negative reactions from Chinese netizens, who attacked him. Vachi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee%20of%20a%20curve | In mathematics, a knee of a curve (or elbow of a curve) is a point where the curve visibly bends, specifically from high slope to low slope (flat or close to flat), or in the other direction. This is particularly used in optimization, where a knee point is the optimum point for some decision, for example when there is an increasing function and a trade-off between the benefit (vertical y axis) and the cost (horizontal x axis): the knee is where the benefit is no longer increasing rapidly, and is no longer worth the cost of further increases – a cutoff point of diminishing returns.
In heuristic use, the term may be used informally, and a knee point identified visually, but in more formal use an explicit objective function is used, and depends on the particular optimization problem. A knee may also be defined purely geometrically, in terms of the curvature or the second derivative.
Definitions
The knee of a curve can be defined as a vertex of the graph. This corresponds with the graphical intuition (it is where the curvature has a maximum), but depends on the choice of scale.
The term "knee" as applied to curves dates at least to the 1910s,
and is found more commonly by the 1940s, being common enough to draw criticism. The unabridged Webster's Dictionary (1971 edition) gives definition 3h of knee as:
Criticism
Graphical notions of a "knee" of a curve, based on curvature, are criticized due to their dependence on the coordinate scale: different choices of scale result in different points being the "knee". This criticism dates at least to the 1940s, being found in , who criticize:
Applications
Elbow method
Maximum power point tracking
References
Curvature (mathematics)
Mathematical optimization
Operations research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday%20Night%20Seder | The Saturday Night Seder was a Passover Seder held on April 11, 2020 by StoryCourse in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; to provide relief and support to the public in an effort to combat the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The seder was sponsored by BuzzFeed and aired on their Tasty YouTube channel.
Overview
The seder was hosted by Jason Alexander on the fourth night of Passover. The Saturday Seder coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in many physical seders being canceled throughout the world. The seder aimed to raise funds to benefit the CDC Foundation's Coronavirus Emergency Response Fund. In total, the seder raised more than $2.9 million for charity.
The seder covered the story of the Jewish Exodus from Egypt in a humorous light. It featured both Jews and non-Jews.
Participants
Appearances
Pamela Adlon
Julie Klausner
Fran Drescher
David Wolpe*
Kendell Pinkney
Mayim Bialik
Dana Benson*
Ilana and Eliot Glazer
Debra Messing
Richard Kind
Judith Light
Amichai Lau-Lavie*
Michael Solomonov
Dan Levy
Andy Cohen
Nick Kroll
Finn Wolfhard
Joshua Malina
Judy Gold
Michael Zegen
Jimmy Wolk
D'Arcy Carden
Billy Eichner
Reza Aslan
Tan France
Beanie Feldstein
Isaac Mizrahi
Sarah Hurwitz
Jessica Chaffin (as Ronna Glickman)
Chuck Schumer
Nina West
Mordechai Lightstone*
Alex Edelman
Sharon Brous*
Sarah Silverman
Bette Midler
Harvey Fierstein
Whoopi Goldberg
Dulcé Sloan
Liz Feldman
Adam Kantor
Camryn Manheim
Milo Manheim
Busy Philipps
Seth Rudetsky
Ari Shapiro
Leigh Silverman
* Rabbis who appeared in the seder.
Performances
Broadcast
The Saturday Night Seder could be seen on BuzzFeed's Tasty YouTube Channel and was simulcasted on Saturday Night Seder's website and the CDC Foundation's website. In total, more than 1 million people watched the Saturday Night Seder.
Performance of "When You Believe"
Following its broadcast, the program became notable for Cynthia Erivo and Shoshana Bean's performance of "When You Believe" from the DreamWorks film The Prince of Eg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder%20Lake | Alder Lake is Intel's codename for the 12th generation of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture utilizing Golden Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, previously referred to as Intel 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF). The 10ESF has a 10%-15% boost in performance over the 10SF used in the mobile Tiger Lake processors. Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core CPUs on October 27, 2021. Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core mobile CPUs and non-K series desktop CPUs on January 4, 2022. Intel officially announced the launch of Alder Lake-P and -U series on February 23, 2022, and Alder Lake-HX series on May 10, 2022.
History
Fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, which was previously referred to as Intel 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF), Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core CPUs on October 27, 2021. Intel then officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core mobile CPUs and non-K series desktop CPUs on January 4, 2022.
It further was announced in January 2022 that Intel Alder Lake would use a hybrid architecture combining performance and efficiency cores, similar to ARM big.LITTLE. This was the second Intel's hybrid architecture, after the mobile-only Lakefield released in June 2020. While the desktop Alder Lake processors were already on the market by January 2022, the mobile processors were not, although release was expected early that year. Starting cost were USD $289 for the Core i5-12600K. Gracemont was the name given to the efficiency cores, while Golden Cove cores were set for tasks such as gaming and video processing. First laptop tests were performed later that month, with PCMag positively reviewing the Core i9-12900HK, stating the H series represented "Intel's enthusiast line," with "the same hybrid designs" also in the P-series and U-series chips to come out later that year.
In April 2022, press reported on "hints" that Intel was working on Alder Lake-X. Intel of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Banach%E2%80%93Tarski%20Paradox%20%28book%29 | The Banach–Tarski Paradox is a book in mathematics on the Banach–Tarski paradox, the fact that a unit ball can be partitioned into a finite number of subsets and reassembled to form two unit balls. It was written by Stan Wagon and published in 1985 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 24 of their Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications book series. A second printing in 1986 added two pages as an addendum, and a 1993 paperback printing added a new preface.
In 2016 the Cambridge University Press published a second edition, adding Grzegorz Tomkowicz as a co-author, as volume 163 of the same series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
The Banach–Tarski paradox, proved by Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski in 1924, states that it is possible to partition a three-dimensional unit ball into finitely many pieces and reassemble them into two unit balls, a single ball of larger or smaller area, or any other bounded set with a non-empty interior. Although it is a mathematical theorem, it is called a paradox because it is so counter-intuitive; in the preface to the book, Jan Mycielski calls it the most surprising result in mathematics. It is closely related to measure theory and the non-existence of a measure on all subsets of three-dimensional space, invariant under all congruences of space, and to the theory of paradoxical sets in free groups and the representation of these groups by three-dimensional rotations, used in the proof of the paradox. The topic of the book is the Banach–Tarski paradox, its proof, and the many related results that have since become known.
The book is divided into two parts, the first on the existence of paradoxical decompositions and the second on conditions that prevent their existence. After two chapters of background material, the first part proves the Banach–Tarski paradox itself, considers higher-dimensional spaces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-space | In the field of functional analysis, DF-spaces, also written (DF)-spaces are locally convex topological vector space having a property that is shared by locally convex metrizable topological vector spaces. They play a considerable part in the theory of topological tensor products.
DF-spaces were first defined by Alexander Grothendieck and studied in detail by him in .
Grothendieck was led to introduce these spaces by the following property of strong duals of metrizable spaces: If is a metrizable locally convex space and is a sequence of convex 0-neighborhoods in such that absorbs every strongly bounded set, then is a 0-neighborhood in (where is the continuous dual space of endowed with the strong dual topology).
Definition
A locally convex topological vector space (TVS) is a DF-space, also written (DF)-space, if
is a countably quasi-barrelled space (i.e. every strongly bounded countable union of equicontinuous subsets of is equicontinuous), and
possesses a fundamental sequence of bounded (i.e. there exists a countable sequence of bounded subsets such that every bounded subset of is contained in some ).
Properties
Let be a DF-space and let be a convex balanced subset of Then is a neighborhood of the origin if and only if for every convex, balanced, bounded subset is a neighborhood of the origin in Consequently, a linear map from a DF-space into a locally convex space is continuous if its restriction to each bounded subset of the domain is continuous.
The strong dual space of a DF-space is a Fréchet space.
Every infinite-dimensional Montel DF-space is a sequential space but a Fréchet–Urysohn space.
Suppose is either a DF-space or an LM-space. If is a sequential space then it is either metrizable or else a Montel space DF-space.
Every quasi-complete DF-space is complete.
If is a complete nuclear DF-space then is a Montel space.
Sufficient conditions
The strong dual space of a Fréchet space is a DF-space.
The strong dual of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Babbage%20Premium | The Charles Babbage Premium was an annual award "for an outstanding paper on the design or use of electronic computers".
The award was established in 1959. It was initiated by the British Institution of Radio Engineers, which became the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers. In 1988, it merged with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), which later became the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) in 2006. Winners have been announced in journals such as Nuclear Power, Electronic Engineering, British Communications and Electronics, and the Software Engineering Journal.
The Premium was named after the mathematician Charles Babbage FRS (1791–1871), inventor of the Analytical Engine, a design for an early mechanical computer.
The IET now makes separate Premium Awards for papers in each of its journals, named after the journal itself. This includes the IET Software Premium Award, the nearest equivalent to the Charles Babbage Premium Award.
References
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Awards established in 1959
Awards disestablished in 1988
Awards for scholarly publications
British awards
Computer science awards
Institution of Engineering and Technology
Premium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie%20P.%20Lacour | Stéphanie P. Lacour (born 1975) is a French neurotechnologist and full professor holding the Foundation Bertarelli Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). Lacour is a pioneer in the field of stretchable electronics and directs a laboratory at EPFL which specializes in the development of Soft BioElectronic Interfaces to enable seamless integration of neuroprosthetic devices into human tissues. Lacour is also a co-founding member and director of the Center for Neuroprosthetics at the EPFL Satellite Campus in Geneva, Switzerland.
Early life and education
Lacour was born around 1975 and grew up in France. She completed her M.Sc. in Integrated Electronic Devices at the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) in Lyon, France, in 1998. After completing her master's degree, Lacour remained at INSA and conducted her graduate studies in Electrical Engineering from 1998 to 2001. In 2001, Lacour moved to the United States to work under the mentorship of Dr. Sigurd Wagner as postdoctoral researcher at Princeton University. During her time at Princeton, Lacour made significant advancements in developing stretchable electronics that could be implemented in biological systems more easily than typical electronic hardware. Lacour finished her postdoctoral work in 2005 and began further postdoctoral work at the University of Cambridge under the mentorship of Dr. James Fawcett where she began to explore the therapeutic potential of her technologies in repairing nerves after injury. In 2007, Lacour received the University Research Fellowship from the Royal Society and became a Research Project Manager and head of the Stretchable Bioelectronics group at the Nanoscience Centre in Cambridge, UK.
Stretchable integrated circuits
In 2003, Lacour published a paper looking at implementing thin gold stripes onto elastomeric substances to make electronic skins more flexible and stretchable. She found that inducing micromet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat%20Chance%3A%20Probability%20from%200%20to%201 | Fat Chance: Probability from 0 to 1 is an introductory undergraduate-level textbook on probability theory, centered on the metaphor of games of chance. It was written by Benedict Gross, Joe Harris, and Emily Riehl, based on a course for non-mathematicians taught to Harvard University undergraduates, and published by the Cambridge University Press in 2019. An associated online course has been offered to the public by Harvard.
Topics
Unusually for a probability theory book, this book does not use the phrase "random variable", instead referring to random processes as games. The first five chapters of the book concern counting problems, and include material on the exponential function, binomial coefficients, factorials, games of cards, dice, and coins, and the birthday paradox. After an interlude involving the binomial theorem, Pascal's triangle, and the Catalan numbers, the second part of the book concerns probability more directly. Its chapters concern the expected value, conditional probability and Bayes' theorem, events with unequal probabilities (biased coins and loaded dice), geometric probability, the law of large numbers, and normal distributions. The third part moves from probability to statistics, with topics including the central limit theorem and the meaning of false positives and false negatives in medical testing.
Audience and reception
Although the main purpose of the book is to be a textbook for college courses aimed at non-mathematicians, it can also be read independently by those interested in the topic. Reviewer Ludwig Paditz recommends the book to "readers without deeper knowledge in elementary statistics and probability". Reviewer Massimo Nespolo recommends as well that its readers take advantage of the associated online course offering.
References
Probability theory
Mathematics textbooks
2019 non-fiction books
Cambridge University Press books
Textbooks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20motivation%20%28artificial%20intelligence%29 | Intrinsic motivation in the study of artificial intelligence and robotics is a mechanism for enabling artificial agents (including robots) to exhibit inherently rewarding behaviours such as exploration and curiosity, grouped under the same term in the study of psychology. Psychologists consider intrinsic motivation in humans to be the drive to perform an activity for inherent satisfaction – just for the fun or challenge of it.
Definition
An intelligent agent is intrinsically motivated to act if the information content alone, or the experience resulting from the action, is the motivating factor.
Information content in this context is measured in the information-theoretic sense of quantifying uncertainty. A typical intrinsic motivation is to search for unusual, surprising situations (exploration), in contrast to a typical extrinsic motivation such as the search for food (homeostasis). Extrinsic motivations are typically described in artificial intelligence as task-dependent or goal-directed.
Origins in psychology
The study of intrinsic motivation in psychology and neuroscience began in the 1950s with some psychologists explaining exploration through drives to manipulate and explore, however, this homeostatic view was criticised by White. An alternative explanation from Berlyne in 1960 was the pursuit of an optimal balance between novelty and familiarity. Festinger described the difference between internal and external view of the world as dissonance that organisms are motivated to reduce. A similar view was expressed in the '70s by Kagan as the desire to reduce the incompatibility between cognitive structure and experience. In contrast to the idea of optimal incongruity, Deci and Ryan identified in the mid 80's an intrinsic motivation based on competence and self-determination.
Computational models
An influential early computational approach to implement artificial curiosity in the early 1990s by Schmidhuber, has since been developed into a "Formal theory of cr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly-clip%20System | Poly-clip System is a German family-owned company based in Hattersheim near Frankfurt am Main. Poly-clip System is the largest provider of clip closure systems worldwide and the world market leader and hidden champion in this sector of the food industry and packaging industry.
Company history
The founding of the Oswald Niedecker Metallwarenfabrik oHG in Frankfurt/Main dates back to 1 March 1922. The company initially manufactured tools for the processing and forming of sheet metal. From 1932 onwards, Niedecker has been a successful lead seal manufacturer in Germany and has already gained experience with closure systems; the basis of today's clip closure. In 1948, after the death of her husband, Elisabeth Niedecker took over the management of the company. From 1950, punched and formed parts, mainly parts for brakes for the automotive industry are produced. In 1952, Herbert Niedecker, the son of the founder, takes charge of the company and its 50 employees. During an exhibition in 1957, the idea of closing sausages with metal clips was born. The trademark poly-clip was registered in 1958. The parent company of today's Poly-clip System, Niedecker Verschlußtechnik GmbH (NVT), was then founded in 1959. In 1962, the company participated for the first time in the industry's leading exhibition IFFA in Frankfurt. For reasons of capacity, the production of clips was moved to Gedern in 1970. In 1972, the registered trade mark poly-clip was announced worldwide. In 1990, Frank Niedecker takes over the management and pushes the internationalization of the company. From 1991, the company appears under the brand name Poly-clip System. In 2003, Joachim Meyrahn was appointed President/CEO. In 2011, the company moved to its new headquarters in Hattersheim am Main.
Developments and patents
In 1933, Oswald Niedecker received the Patent for his security seal.() This closure can be applied without the use of tools and is tamper-proof, as the seal is destroyed when opened. In 1957, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions%20of%20First%20Order%20Logic | Extensions of First Order Logic is a book on mathematical logic. It was written by María Manzano, and published in 1996 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 19 of their book series Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science.
Topics
The book concerns forms of logic that go beyond first-order logic, and in particular (following the work of Leon Henkin) the project of unifying them by translating all of these extensions into a specific form of logic, many-sorted logic. Beyond many-sorted logic, its topics include second-order logic (including its incompleteness and relation with Peano arithmetic), second-order arithmetic, type theory (in relational, functional, and equational forms), modal logic, and dynamic logic.
It is organized into seven chapters. The first concerns second-order logic in its standard form, and it proves several foundational results for this logic. The second chapter introduces the sequent calculus, a method of making sound deductions in second-order logic, and its incompleteness. The third continues the topic of second-order logic, showing how to formulate Peano arithmetic in it, and using Gödel's first incompleteness theorem to provide a second proof of incompleteness of second-order logic. Chapter four formulates a non-standard semantics for second-order logic (from Henkin), in which quantification over relations is limited to only the definable relations. It defines this semantics in terms of "second-order frames" and "general structures", constructions that will be used to formulate second-order concepts within many-sorted logic. In the fifth chapter, the same concepts are used to give a non-standard semantics to type theory. After these chapters on other types of logic, the final two chapters introduce many-sorted logic, prove its soundness, completeness, and compactness, and describe how to translate the other forms of logic into it.
Audience and reception
Although the book is intended as a textbook for advanced undergraduates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted%20power%20series | In algebra, the ring of restricted power series is the subring of a formal power series ring that consists of power series whose coefficients approach zero as degree goes to infinity. Over a non-archimedean complete field, the ring is also called a Tate algebra. Quotient rings of the ring are used in the study of a formal algebraic space as well as rigid analysis, the latter over non-archimedean complete fields.
Over a discrete topological ring, the ring of restricted power series coincides with a polynomial ring; thus, in this sense, the notion of "restricted power series" is a generalization of a polynomial.
Definition
Let A be a linearly topologized ring, separated and complete and the fundamental system of open ideals. Then the ring of restricted power series is defined as the projective limit of the polynomial rings over :
.
In other words, it is the completion of the polynomial ring with respect to the filtration . Sometimes this ring of restricted power series is also denoted by .
Clearly, the ring can be identified with the subring of the formal power series ring that consists of series with coefficients ; i.e., each contains all but finitely many coefficients .
Also, the ring satisfies (and in fact is characterized by) the universal property: for (1) each continuous ring homomorphism to a linearly topologized ring , separated and complete and (2) each elements in , there exists a unique continuous ring homomorphism
extending .
Tate algebra
In rigid analysis, when the base ring A is the valuation ring of a complete non-archimedean field , the ring of restricted power series tensored with ,
is called a Tate algebra, named for John Tate. It is equivalently the subring of formal power series which consists of series convergent on , where is the valuation ring in the algebraic closure .
The maximal spectrum of is then a rigid-analytic space that models an affine space in rigid geometry.
Define the Gauss norm of in by
This makes a Banach |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS%2014 | iPadOS 14 is the second major release of the iPadOS operating system developed by Apple for their iPad line of tablet computers. It was announced on June 22, 2020 at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) as the successor to iPadOS 13, making it the second version of the iPadOS fork from iOS. It was released to the public on September 16, 2020. It was succeeded by iPadOS 15 on September 20, 2021.
Features
Home screen
Widgets
To the left of the first page, the Today View now has new redesigned widgets. Widgets may be added, with options for small, medium, or large widgets, but the widgets can no longer collapse or expand. Widgets of the same size may be stacked over each other and swiped between for convenience; a Smart Stack may be placed which automatically show the most relevant widget to the user based on the time of day. Unlike in iOS 14, widgets cannot be placed directly on to the home screen in iPadOS 14; this was only allowed starting in iPadOS 15.
Compact UI
A series of changes were made in iPadOS 14 to reduce the visual space taken by previously full-screen interfaces; such interfaces now appear and hover in front of an app, allowing for touch (and therefore multitasking) on the app behind. Voice calling interfaces, including Phone, or other third-party apps such as Skype, are made substantially thinner, taking approximately as much space as a notification. Siri's interface is now also compact.
Search and Siri
Improvements to the Search feature on the home screen were made, including a refined UI, quick launcher for apps, more detailed web search, shortcuts to in-app search, and improved as-you-type search suggestions. The search function now appears and functions more like the Spotlight Search feature of macOS.
In addition to being made compact, Siri can now answer a broader set of questions and translate more languages. Users can also share their ETA with contacts and ask for cycling directions.
Storage
iPadOS 14 gains the ability to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20system | In mathematics, a dual system, dual pair, or duality over a field is a triple consisting of two vector spaces and over and a non-degenerate bilinear map .
Duality theory, the study of dual systems, is part of functional analysis. It is separate and distinct from dual-system theory in psychology.
Definition, notation, and conventions
Pairings
A or pair over a field is a triple which may also be denoted by consisting of two vector spaces and over (which this article assumes is either the real numbers or the complex numbers ) and a bilinear map , called the bilinear map associated with the pairing or simply the pairing's map/bilinear form.
For every , define
and for every define
Every is a linear functional on and every is a linear functional on .
Let
where each of these sets forms a vector space of linear functionals.
It is common practice to write instead of , in which case the pair is often denoted by rather than However, this article will reserve the use of for the canonical evaluation map (defined below) so as to avoid confusion for readers not familiar with this subject.
Dual pairings
A pairing is called a , a , or a over if the bilinear form is non-degenerate, which means that it satisfies the following two separation axioms:
separates/distinguishes points of : if is such that then ; or equivalently, for all non-zero , the map is not identically (i.e. there exists a such that );
separates/distinguishes points of : if is such that then ; or equivalently, for all non-zero the map is not identically (i.e. there exists an such that ).
In this case say that is non-degenerate, say that places and in duality (or in separated duality), and is called the duality pairing of the .
Total subsets
A subset of is called if for every ,
implies
A total subset of is defined analogously (see footnote).
Thus separates points of if and only if is a total subset of , and similarly for .
Orthogonality
The vector |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20Immunity%20Task%20Force | The COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (CITF) is one of the Government of Canada's early efforts to track the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. An external, dedicated secretariat was established in order to maximize the efficiency of the CITF's work.
Task Force membership
The CITF Board is composed of doctors, infectious disease experts, and policy makers.
Leadership Group
Executive Committee
David Naylor, Co-chair
Catherine Hankins, Co-chair
Timothy Evans, Executive Director
Heather Hannah
Mona Nemer
Howard Njoo
Gina Ogilvie
Jutta Preiksaitis
Gail Tomblin Murphy
Paul Van Caeseele
Government of Canada representatives
Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada
Mona Nemer, Chief Science Advisor of Canada
Stephen Lucas, Deputy Minister of Health of Canada
Members
The CCITF leadership group expanded on 2 May 2020. Its additional members as of March 2022 are:
Provincial & Territorial representatives
Shelly Bolotin, Ontario
Marguerite Cameron, Prince Edward Island
Catherine Elliott, Yukon
Richard Garceau, New Brunswick
Heather Hannah, Northwest Territories
Mel Krajden, British Columbia
Christie Lutsiak, Alberta
Richard Massé, Quebec
Jessica Minion, Saskatchewan
Michael Patterson, Nunavut
Gail Tomblin Murphy, Nova Scotia
Paul Van Caeseele, Manitoba
Purpose and goals
The CITF was to use a serology "to survey representative samples of the population for the presence of antibodies to the virus". Trudeau's press release on 23 April 2020, on the initiation of the CCITF listed several goals it would help to achieve notably that it would:
A Vaccine Surveillance Reference Group (VSRG) was also established within the CITF to monitor the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines made available in Canada.
References
External links
Types Of Corona Testing
COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Health Canada
Clinical pathology
Serology
Blood tests
Epidemiology
Immunologic tests
Funding bodies of Canada
Scientific o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%21%20OS | Pop!_OS is a free and open-source Linux distribution, based on Ubuntu, and featuring a customized GNOME desktop environment known as COSMIC. The distribution is developed by American Linux computer manufacturer System76. Pop!_OS is primarily built to be bundled with the computers built by System76, but can also be downloaded and installed on most computers.
Pop!_OS provides full out-of-the-box support for both AMD and Nvidia GPUs. It is regarded as an easy distribution to set up for gaming, mainly due to its built-in GPU support. Pop!_OS provides default disk encryption, streamlined window and workspace management, keyboard shortcuts for navigation as well as built-in power management profiles. The latest releases also have packages that allow for easy setup for TensorFlow and CUDA.
Pop!_OS is maintained primarily by System76, with the release version source code hosted in a GitHub repository. Unlike many other Linux distributions, it is not community-driven, although outside programmers can contribute, view and modify the source code. They can also build custom ISO images and redistribute them under another name.
Features
Pop!_OS primarily uses free software, with some proprietary software used for hardware drivers for Wi-Fi, discrete GPU and media codecs. It comes with a wide range of default software, including LibreOffice, Firefox and Geary. Additional software can be downloaded using the Pop!_Shop package manager.
Pop!_OS uses APT as its package manager and initially did not use Snaps or Flatpak, but Flatpak support was added in version 20.04 LTS. Software packages are available from the Ubuntu repositories, as well as Pop!_OS's own repositories. Pop!_OS features a customized GNOME Shell interface, with a Pop!_OS theme.
There is a GUI toggle in the GNOME system menu for switching between different video modes on dual GPU laptops. There are four display modes: hybrid, discrete, compute and iGPU only.
There is also a power management package developed fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20mutation | A somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic mutations are not usually transmitted to descendants. This distinction is blurred in plants, which lack a dedicated germline, and in those animals that can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, as in members of the cnidarian genus Hydra.
While somatic mutations are not passed down to an organism's offspring, somatic mutations will be present in all descendants of a cell within the same organism. Many cancers are the result of accumulated somatic mutations.
Fraction of cells affected
The term somatic generally refers to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which give rise to the egg or sperm. For example, in mammals, somatic cells make up the internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue.
In most animals, separation of germ cells from somatic cells (germline development) occurs during early stages of development. Once this segregation has occurred in the embryo, any mutation outside of the germline cells can not be passed down to an organism's offspring.
However, somatic mutations are passed down to all the progeny of a mutated cell within the same organism. A major section of an organism therefore might carry the same mutation, especially if that mutation occurs at earlier stages of development. Somatic mutations that occur later in an organism's life can be hard to detect, as they may affect only a single cell - for instance, a post-mitotic neuron; improvements in single cell sequencing are therefore an important tool for the study of somatic mutation. Both the nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA of a cell can accumulate mutations; somatic mitochondrial mutations have been implicated i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Bytes | Magic Bytes is an international video game publishing label. It originated in Germany as the primary computer game brand of micro-partner Software GmbH, already active since 1986 and dedicated to the internal development of some of the games. Initially, Bertelsmann subsidiary Ariolasoft and Gremlin Graphics in the United Kingdom distributed most Magic Bytes games.
History
Micro-Partner was founded by Thomas Meiertoberens, coming from Rainbow Arts of which he was co-founder, in 1986 in Gütersloh, Germany. At that time the initial team was formed by the owner Meiertoberens, the programmer Rolf Lakämper and the graphic designer Bettina Wiedner, all three in their twenties, and made itself known with the success of Mission Elevator, published in different countries of the world, the first German video game to have notable international success. In 1986, Meiertoberens obtained licenses to produce and market video games in Europe of comic characters Clever & Smart, Pink Panther and Tom & Jerry. The Magic Bytes brand was created in 1987 and was subsequently used to publish almost all micro-partner's games. Magic Bytes debut took place in 1987 with the European release of Western Games and Clever & Smart. Most games were adapted for Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore C64 & Amiga, some for MSX, ZX Spectrum and later mostly for PC's.
On May 20, 1988, Meiertoberens founded an US counterpart, Magic Bytes USA Inc., in Tampa and agreed with US company Digitek, also in Tampa, to mutually publish the other company's titles on their continent and micro-partner published Digitek games in Europe under the Magic Bytes label.
In 1991, micro-partner ceased operations due to non-payment of some of their wholesalers and publishing rights for Magic Bytes games changed to Magic Bytes Verlag R. Kleinegräber in German speaking countries and Magic Bytes Verlag started selling video games directly to end-users by mail-order or to Karstadt department stores. Magic Bytes Verlag started publishin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame%20Street%3A%20Elmo%27s%20Playdate | Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate is a 2020 television special which was produced as an extension of Sesame Workshop's Caring for Each Other initiative in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The special follows Elmo and other Sesame Street characters having a virtual playdate, along with a few celebrity guests. HBO and WarnerMedia's parent company, AT&T, was the program's sole sponsor, with United Health Care sponsoring the PBS Kids broadcast.
A second special, Elmo's Playdate: Scavenger Hunt, aired on August 6, 2020.
Synopsis
The television special follows Elmo (with the help of his father Louie) as he has a virtual playdate with Big Bird, Grover, Cookie Monster, Abby Cadabby, and some of his other friends over at Sesame Street via video conferencing, together with a few celebrity guests, figuring out new ways to play together considering the limitations of social distancing. The show also highlights the roles of emergency medical technicians, doctors, and other everyday heroes who are helping people throughout the COVID-19 public health crisis.
Cast
Sesame Street Muppet Performers
Jennifer Barnhart as Zoe
Tyler Bunch as Louie
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph as Abby Cadabby
Frankie Cordero as Rudy
Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Prairie Dawn
Ryan Dillon as Elmo
Eric Jacobson as Bert and Grover
Peter Linz as Ernie
Carmen Osbahr as Rosita
Martin P. Robinson as Telly Monster
David Rudman as Cookie Monster
Matt Vogel as Big Bird and Count von Count
Humans
Alan Muraoka as Alan
Suki Lopez as Nina
Special guest stars
Tracee Ellis Ross as Herself
Lin-Manuel Miranda as Himself
Taye Diggs as Himself (archived performance of "Let's Go Driving" with Elmo)
Anne Hathaway as Herself
Broadcast
The special was broadcast at 7pm EDT on HBO and PBS Kids and was simulcast on WarnerMedia-owned networks: TBS, TNT, truTV, HBO Latino, Cartoon Network, and Boomerang. It also re-aired on select PBS stations across the United States.
In Canada, the special was simulc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20network%20ensembles | A set of networks that satisfies given structural characteristics can be treated as a network ensemble. Brought up by Ginestra Bianconi in 2007, the entropy of a network ensemble measures the level of the order or uncertainty of a network ensemble.
The entropy is the logarithm of the number of graphs. Entropy can also be defined in one network. Basin entropy is the logarithm of the attractors in one Boolean network.
Employing approaches from statistical mechanics, the complexity, uncertainty, and randomness of networks can be described by network ensembles with different types of constraints.
Gibbs and Shannon entropy
By analogy to statistical mechanics, microcanonical ensembles and canonical ensembles of networks are introduced for the implementation. A partition function Z of an ensemble can be defined as:
where is the constraint, and () are the elements in the adjacency matrix, if and only if there is a link between node i and node j. is a step function with if , and if . The auxiliary fields and have been introduced as analogy to the bath in classical mechanics.
For simple undirected networks, the partition function can be simplified as
where , is the index of the weight, and for a simple network .
Microcanonical ensembles and canonical ensembles are demonstrated with simple undirected networks.
For a microcanonical ensemble, the Gibbs entropy is defined by:
where indicates the cardinality of the ensemble, i.e., the total number of networks in the ensemble.
The probability of having a link between nodes i and j, with weight is given by:
For a canonical ensemble, the entropy is presented in the form of a Shannon entropy:
Relation between Gibbs and Shannon entropy
Network ensemble with given number of nodes and links , and its conjugate-canonical ensemble are characterized as microcanonical and canonical ensembles and they have Gibbs entropy and the Shannon entropy S, respectively. The Gibbs entropy in the ensemble is given by:
For |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplodnaviria | Duplodnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all double-stranded DNA viruses that encode the HK97 fold major capsid protein. The HK97 fold major capsid protein (HK97 MCP) is the primary component of the viral capsid, which stores the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Viruses in the realm also share a number of other characteristics, such as an icosahedral capsid, an opening in the viral capsid called a portal, a protease enzyme that empties the inside of the capsid prior to DNA packaging, and a terminase enzyme that packages viral DNA into the capsid.
Duplodnaviria was established in 2019 based on the shared characteristics of viruses in the realm. There are two groups of viruses in Duplodnaviria: tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales, which infect prokaryotes, and herpesviruses of the order Herpesvirales, which infect animals. Tailed bacteriophages are very diverse and ubiquitous worldwide, and they may be the oldest lineage of viruses. Herpesviruses either share a common ancestor with tailed bacteriophages or are a breakaway group from within Caudovirales.
Tailed bacteriophages are important in marine ecology by recycling nutrients in organic material from their hosts and are the focus of much research, and herpesviruses are associated with a variety of diseases in animals, including humans. A common feature among viruses in Duplodnaviria is that many are able to persist in their host for long periods of time without replicating while still being able to resurface in the future. Examples of this include the herpes simplex virus, which causes recurring infections, and the varicella zoster virus, which initially causes chickenpox early in life then shingles later in life.
Etymology
The name Duplodnaviria is a portmanteau of duplo, the Latin word for double, dna, from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), referencing that all members of the realm at founding had double-stranded DNA genomes, and -viria, which is the suffix used for virus realms. Duplodnaviri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequences%20%28book%29 | Sequences is a mathematical monograph on integer sequences. It was written by Heini Halberstam and Klaus Roth, published in 1966 by the Clarendon Press, and republished in 1983 with minor corrections by Springer-Verlag. Although planned to be part of a two-volume set, the second volume was never published.
Topics
The book has five chapters, each largely self-contained and loosely organized around different techniques used to solve problems in this area, with an appendix on the background material in number theory needed for reading the book. Rather than being concerned with specific sequences such as the prime numbers or square numbers, its topic is the mathematical theory of sequences in general.
The first chapter considers the natural density of sequences, and related concepts such as the Schnirelmann density. It proves theorems on the density of sumsets of sequences, including Mann's theorem that the Schnirelmann density of a sumset is at least the sum of the Schnirelmann densities and Kneser's theorem on the structure of sequences whose lower asymptotic density is subadditive. It studies essential components, sequences that when added to another sequence of Schnirelmann density between zero and one, increase their density, proves that additive bases are essential components, and gives examples of essential components that are not additive bases.
The second chapter concerns the number of representations of the integers as sums of a given number of elements from a given sequence, and includes the Erdős–Fuchs theorem according to which this number of representations cannot be close to a linear function. The third chapter continues the study of numbers of representations, using the probabilistic method; it includes the theorem that there exists an additive basis of order two whose number of representations is logarithmic, later strengthened to all orders in the Erdős–Tetali theorem.
After a chapter on sieve theory and the large sieve (unfortunately missing signi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotokuvirae | Shotokuvirae is a kingdom of viruses.
Nomenclature
The kingdom, Shotokuvirae, was named after Japan's Empress Shotoku (718-770 AD), who reigned over Japan twice, first as Empress Koken and later as Empress Shotoku, and who created the world's earliest written record of a plant virus disease, which was a poem to her followers about a geminivirus eupatorium yellow vein virus infection of a eupatorium plant, which she had described as having turned yellow.
Taxonomy
The following phyla are recognized:
Cossaviricota
Cressdnaviricota
References
Viruses |
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