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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightstreamer | Lightstreamer is a web-based asynchronous messaging project, implementing the WebSocket protocol, the Comet model, the push technology paradigm, and the real-time web practices.
Origin
The first version of Lightstreamer was created at the end of 2000, as one of the first attempts to implement real-time data push to HTML pages without employing Java applets. The application domain driving most of the interest in push technology at that time was market data distribution for the financial services industry. In the following years, Lightstreamer was used within other application domains too, including aerospace telemetry, where NASA chose Lightstreamer to push live telemetry data for the International Space Station.
Architecture
The Lightstreamer Server is a high-performance engine that manages all the connections with the clients through the Internet. It integrates with the backend systems via custom adapters. The Data Adapter receives the real-time data flow from the data feed and injects it into the Lightstreamer Server. The Metadata Adapter has control over authentication, authorization, and quality of service.
Lightstreamer Server is made up of three logical layers:
Web Transport. Lightstreamer implements a bi-directional transport based on standard Web protocols. This means it uses several underlying techniques (WebSocket, Comet, HTTP streaming, etc.) to provide the upper layers with a channel over which data can be exchanged in real-time with any client connected through the Web, even if protected by firewalls and proxies.
Messaging. Lightstreamer implements a publish–subscribe pattern, suitable for both one-to-many fan-out scenarios and one-to-one messaging needs. It takes care of routing each message to the right recipients, multiplexing the flow of events on the top of each connection with the clients.
Semantics+QoS+Security. It implements data semantics (tables, schema, metadata, conflation, etc.), network optimization (dynamic throttling, bandwidth co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1ora%20Juanita | Señora Juanita (diminutive of Juana) is a name used for the average Chilean, and specially the older women from the countryside (in the manner of Britishman John Bull). A typical usage is: "How would you explain that to Señora Juanita?" (¿Cómo le diría eso a la Señora Juanita?). An example of the name used in this generic way can be seen in the title of this paper from the Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile: Estimando la demanda residencial por electricidad en Chile: a doña Juanita le importa el precio (Calculating the residential demand for electricity in Chile: Mrs. Jones does care about the price).
President Ricardo Lagos used the name during his May 21 speech in 2004.
See also
Donna Juanita
Juan Bimba
Huaso
Roto
Brother Jonathan
Uncle Sam
John Bull |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20justice | Economic justice intersects with economic prosperity as if all members of society can earn wages then they are contributing to the economic growth. These wages are then turned into the buying of goods which works to drive the economy, but it only works if everyone can "provide for themselves and maintain discretionary income."
Justice in economics is a subcategory of social justice and welfare economics. It is a "set of moral and ethical principles for building economic institutions". Economic justice aims to create opportunities for every person to have a dignified, productive and creative life that extends beyond simple economics.
Models of economic justice frequently represent the ethical-social requirements of a given theory, whether "in the large", as of a just social order, or "in the small", as in the equity of "how institutions distribute specific benefits and burdens". That theory may or may not elicit acceptance. In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes 'justice' is scrolled to at JEL: D63, wedged on the same line between 'Equity' and 'Inequality' along with 'Other Normative Criteria and Measurement'. Categories above and below the line are Externalities and Altruism.
Some ideas about justice and ethics overlap with the origins of economic thought, often as to distributive justice and sometimes as to Marxian analysis. The subject is a topic of normative economics and philosophy and economics. In early welfare economics, where mentioned, 'justice' was little distinguished from maximization of all individual utility functions or a social welfare function. As to the latter, Paul Samuelson (1947), expanding on work of Abram Bergson, represents a social welfare function in general terms as any ethical belief system required to order any (hypothetically feasible) social states for the entire society as "better than", "worse than", or "indifferent to" each other. Kenneth Arrow (1963) showed a difficulty of trying to extend a social welf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecanoid%20pathway | The octadecanoid pathway is a biosynthetic pathway for the production of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), an important hormone for induction of defense genes. JA is synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid, which can be released from the plasma membrane by certain lipase enzymes. For example, in the wound defense response, phospholipase C will cause the release of alpha-linolenic acid for JA synthesis.
In the first step, alpha-linolenic acid is oxidized by the enzyme lipoxygenase. This forms 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, which is then modified by a dehydrase and undergoes cyclization by allene oxide cyclase to form 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. This undergoes reduction and three rounds of beta oxidation to form jasmonic acid.
Footnotes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Tijdeman | Robert Tijdeman (born 30 July 1943 in Oostzaan, North Holland) is a Dutch mathematician. Specializing in number theory, he is best known for his Tijdeman's theorem. He is a professor of mathematics at the Leiden University since 1975, and was chairman of the department of mathematics and computer science at Leiden from 1991 to 1993. He was also president of the Dutch Mathematical Society from 1984 to 1986.
Tijdeman received his PhD in 1969 from the University of Amsterdam, and received an honorary doctorate from Kossuth Lajos University in 1999. In 1987 he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack%20patterns | In computer science, attack patterns are a group of rigorous methods for finding bugs or errors in code related to computer security.
Attack patterns are often used for testing purposes and are very important for ensuring that potential vulnerabilities are prevented. The attack patterns themselves can be used to highlight areas which need to be considered for security hardening in a software application. They also provide, either physically or in reference, the common solution pattern for preventing the attack. Such a practice can be termed defensive coding patterns.
Attack patterns define a series of repeatable steps that can be applied to simulate an attack against the security of a system.
Categories
There are several different ways to categorize attack patterns. One way is to group them into general categories, such as: Architectural, Physical, and External (see details below). Another way of categorizing attack patterns is to group them by a specific technology or type of technology (e.g. database attack patterns, web application attack patterns, network attack patterns, etc. or SQL Server attack patterns, Oracle Attack Patterns, .Net attack patterns, Java attack patterns, etc.)
Using general categories
Architectural attack patterns are used to attack flaws in the architectural design of the system. These are things like weaknesses in protocols, authentication strategies, and system modularization. These are more logic-based attacks than actual bit-manipulation attacks.
Physical attack patterns are targeted at the code itself. These are things such as SQL injection attacks, buffer overflows, race conditions, and some of the more common forms of attacks that have become popular in the news.
External attack patterns include attacks such as trojan horse attacks, viruses, and worms. These are not generally solvable by software-design approaches because they operate relatively independently from the attacked program. However, vulnerabilities in a pie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP%20genotyping | SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species. It is a form of genotyping, which is the measurement of more general genetic variation. SNPs are one of the most common types of genetic variation. An SNP is a single base pair mutation at a specific locus, usually consisting of two alleles (where the rare allele frequency is > 1%). SNPs are found to be involved in the etiology of many human diseases and are becoming of particular interest in pharmacogenetics. Because SNPs are conserved during evolution, they have been proposed as markers for use in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and in association studies in place of microsatellites. The use of SNPs is being extended in the HapMap project, which aims to provide the minimal set of SNPs needed to genotype the human genome. SNPs can also provide a genetic fingerprint for use in identity testing. The increase of interest in SNPs has been reflected by the furious development of a diverse range of SNP genotyping methods.
Hybridization-based methods
Several applications have been developed that interrogate SNPs by hybridizing complementary DNA probes to the SNP site. The challenge of this approach is reducing cross-hybridization between the allele-specific probes. This challenge is generally overcome by manipulating the hybridization stringency conditions.
Dynamic allele-specific hybridization
Dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) genotyping takes advantage of the differences in the melting temperature in DNA that results from the instability of mismatched base pairs. The process can be vastly automated and encompasses a few simple principles.
In the first step, a genomic segment is amplified and attached to a bead through a PCR reaction with a biotinylated primer. In the second step, the amplified product is attached to a streptavidin column and washed with NaOH to remove the unbiotinylated strand. An allele-specific oligon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn%20Scale | The Cockburn Scale, also known as the Project Classification Scale, is a method of describing how much formal process a software project requires. The scale was described in Alistair Cockburn's book Agile Software Development. According to the author, the scale can be applied to other types of project, not only those that employ Agile methodologies.
Definition
The Cockburn Scale categorizes projects according to "criticality" and "size".
Process criticality is defined as the worst probable effect of an unremedied defect:
Loss of Life (L)
Loss of Essential Money (E)
Loss of Discretionary Money (D)
Loss of Comfort (C)
Process size is defined as the size of the project's development staff. It is an open-ended scale, but the most commonly used values are 6, 20, 40, 100, and 200.
A project is described by a pair of criticality and size indicators: for example, a two-person, life-critical project is categorized as a L6, while a 50-person project that, if it fails, could jeopardize the profits of an organization but not the organization's continued existence is categorized as a D100.
Application of the Scale
The criticality and size of a project can be juxtaposed on a grid:
Project classes further from the bottom left corner of the table require a more formal process than project classes closer to the bottom left corner. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2080000 | ISO 80000 or IEC 80000, Quantities and units, is an international standard describing the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
It was developed and promulgated jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
It serves as a style guide for using physical quantities and units of measurement, formulas involving them, and their corresponding units, in scientific and educational documents for worldwide use.
The ISO/IEC 80000 family of standards was completed with the publication of Part 1 in November 2009.
Overview
By 2021, ISO/IEC 80000 comprised 13 parts, two of which (parts 6 and 13) were developed by IEC and the remaining 11 were developed by ISO, with a further three parts (15, 16 and 17) under development. Part 14 was withdrawn.
Subject areas
By 2021 the 80000 standard had 13 published parts.
Part 1: General
ISO 80000-1:2009 replaced ISO 31-0:1992 and ISO 1000:1992.
It gives general information and definitions concerning quantities, systems of quantities, units, quantity and unit symbols, and coherent unit systems, especially the International System of Quantities (ISQ) and the International System of Units (SI).
The text of the informative sections of this document is publicly available.
ISO 80000-1:2009 has been withdrawn and is superseded by 80000-1:2022.
Part 2: Mathematics
ISO 80000-2:2019 revised ISO 80000-2:2009, which superseded ISO 31-11.
It specifies mathematical symbols, explains their meanings, and gives verbal equivalents and applications. The text of the informative sections of this document is publicly available.
Part 3: Space and time
ISO 80000-3:2019 revised ISO 80000-3:2006, which supersedes ISO 31-1 and ISO 31-2.
It gives names, symbols, definitions and units for quantities of space and time.
The text of this document is publicly available.
A definition of the decibel, included in the original 2006 publication, was omitted in the 2019 revision, leaving |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Kirwan | Dame Frances Clare Kirwan, (born 21 August 1959) is a British mathematician, currently Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford. Her fields of specialisation are algebraic and symplectic geometry.
Education
Kirwan was educated at Oxford High School, and studied maths as an undergraduate at Clare College in the University of Cambridge. She took a D.Phil at Oxford in 1984, with the dissertation title The Cohomology of Quotients in Symplectic and Algebraic Geometry, which was supervised by Michael Atiyah.
Research
Kirwan's research interests include moduli spaces in algebraic geometry, geometric invariant theory (GIT), and in the link between GIT and moment maps in symplectic geometry. Her work endeavours to understand the structure of geometric objects by investigation of their algebraic and topological properties. She introduced the Kirwan map.
From 1983 to 1985 she held a junior fellowship at Harvard. From 1983 to 1986 she held a Fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, before becoming a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. She is an honorary fellow of Clare College, Cambridge and also at Magdalen College.
In 1996, she was awarded the Title of Distinction of Professor of Mathematics. From 2004 to 2006 she was president of the London Mathematical Society, the second-youngest president in the society's history and only the second woman to be president. In 2005, she received a five-year EPSRC Senior Research Fellowship, to support her research on the moduli spaces of complex algebraic curves.
In 2017, she was elected Savilian Professor of Geometry, becoming the first woman to hold the post. While this entailed a move to New College, Oxford she was elected an emeritus fellow at Balliol. She was the convenor of the 2008–9 meeting of European Women in Mathematics and deputy convenor of the following meeting in 2010–11.
Prizes, awards and scholarships
London Mathematical Society Whitehead Prize, 1989
Fellow of the Royal Society, 2001
President, Lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20thalamostriate%20vein | The superior thalamostriate vein or terminal vein commences in the groove between the corpus striatum and thalamus, receives numerous veins from both of these parts, and unites behind the crus of the fornix with the superior choroid vein to form each of the internal cerebral veins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcomp | Calcomp Technology, Inc., often referred to as Calcomp or CalComp, was a company best known for its Calcomp plotters.
History
It was founded as California Computer Products, Inc in 1959, located in Anaheim, California.
Sanders Associates, Inc., purchased Calcomp in 1980. In 1986, Sanders Associates was purchased by the Lockheed Corporation, and merged into Lockheed's Information Systems Group. Lockheed kept CalComp as a brand name.
Shutdown
Calcomp Technology shut down its operations in 1999, and transferred different product lines to various other companies, some of whom continue to use the "Calcomp" or other "Cal-" trademarks:
Technical Services and spare parts: CalGraph Technology Services, Inc.
TechJet 5500 Large Format Inkjet Plotter / Printer Information: CalComp Graphics.
Digitizer, Tablets and scanners: GTCO CalComp, Inc.
Film Imaging Systems: EcoPro Imaging (now part of OYO Instruments)
Cutter and sign maker products: Westcomp
Products
It produced a wide range of plotters (both drum and flat-bed), digitizers, thermal transfer color printers, thermal plotters (InfoWorld June 13, 1994 p. 40) and other graphic input/output devices. In 1969, it produced about 80% of all plotters worldwide.
It also produced IBM plug compatible (PCM) disk and tape products. The disk products ranged from 2311 (CD-1,5, 17, 18, 24, 25) through 3350 equivalents. The tape product was a 3420 equivalent.
Calcomp acquired Talos and Summagraphics, which had acquired Houston Instruments.
Houston Instruments
Houston Instruments was another manufacturer of pen plotters. They used the DMPL plotting control language. They competed with Hewlett Packard plotters such as the HP 7470.
They were purchased by Summagraphics.
DMP-29
DMP-40, DMP-41, DMP-42
DMP-50, DMP-51, DMP-51MP, DMP-52, DMP-52MP, DMP-55, DMP-56
DMP-60, DMP-61, DMP-61DL, DMP-62, DMP-62DL, DMP-63, DMP-64, DMP-65C
DMP-161, DMP-162, DMP-162R
Computer division
In 1987, CalComp sold its computer division to a company th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depsipeptide | A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR-. Many depsipeptides have both peptide and ester linkages. Elimination of the N–H group in a peptide structure results in a decrease of H-bonding capability, which is responsible for secondary structure and folding patterns of peptides, thus inducing structural deformation of the helix and β-sheet structures. Because of decreased resonance delocalization in esters relative to amides, depsipeptides have lower rotational barriers for cis-trans isomerization and therefore they have more flexible structures than their native analogs. They are mainly found in marine and microbial natural products.
Depsipeptide natural products
Several depsipeptides have been found to exhibit anti-cancer properties.
A depsipeptide enzyme inhibitor includes romidepsin, a member of the bicyclic peptide class, a known histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). It was first isolated as a fermentation product from Chromobacterium violaceum by the Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company.
Etamycin was shown in preliminary data in 2010 to have potent activity against MRSA in a mouse model. Several depsipeptides from Streptomyces exhibit antimicrobial activity. These form a new, potential class of antibiotics known as acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs). ADEPs target and activate the casein lytic protease (ClpP) to initiate uncontrolled peptide and unfolded protein degradation, killing many Gram-positive bacteria.
Depsipeptides can be formed through a Passerini reaction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20P%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup P is a descendant of Haplogroup R.
Distribution
Today, P is most commonly found in Oceania, especially in Papuans, Melanesians, indigenous Australians, It's 1.4% in mainstream Filipinos but 1.13% in Luzon, 1.78% in Visayas, 1.43% in Mindanao. It is much higher in Sub-Filipinos groups, 6.67% in Bugkalot and 11.2% in Maranao. It was found in the Philippines Negrito Aeta of Bataan at 40%. It is also found in the Malaysians at 0.9%, including Indonesians.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup P subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
P
(16176)
P1
P1d
P1d1
P2'10
P2
P10
P8
P3
P3a
P3b
P3b1
P4
P4a
P4a1
P4b
P4b1
P5
P6
P7
P9
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographolide | Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid that has been isolated from the stem and leaves of Andrographis paniculata. Andrographolide is an extremely bitter substance.
Andrographolide has been studied for its effects on cell signaling, immunomodulation, and stroke. Study has shown that andrographolide may bind to a spectrum of protein targets including NF-κB and actin by covalent modification.
Biosynthesis
While andrographolide is a relatively simple diterpene lactone, the biosynthesis by Andrographis paniculata was determined in the 2010s. Andrographolide is a member of the isoprenoid family of natural products. The precursors to isoprenoid biosynthesis, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), can be synthesized through either the mevalonic acid pathway (MVA) or deoxyxylulose pathway (DXP). Through selective C13 labeling of the precursors to both the MVA and DXP pathways, it was determined that the majority of the andrographolide precursors are synthesized through the DXP pathway. There are a small portion of andrographolide precursors synthesized through the MVA pathway. The biosynthesis of andrographolide begins with the addition of IPP to DMAPP, which forms geranyl pyrophosphate. Another molecule of IPP is then added, yielding farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). The final IPP molecule is added to the FPP to complete the backbone of the diterpene. The double bond originating from DMAPP is oxidized to an epoxide prior to the ring closing cascade that forms two six-membered rings. A series of oxidations form a five-membered lactone in addition to adding on the alcohol groups. The order of these post-synthetic modifications is not entirely known.
See also
Xiyanping WINDOSE-Tablet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20of%20Astronomy%20%28Heidelberg%20University%29 | The Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (Center for Astronomy of Heidelberg University) in Heidelberg, Germany, founded in 2005, is an association of three, formerly state-run research institutes: the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, the Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik (Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics) and the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory).
External links
Homepage of the Center for Astronomy
Heidelberg University
Astronomy institutes and departments
Research institutes in Germany
Astrophysics research institutes
2005 establishments in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTAS%20reduction | In computational complexity theory, a PTAS reduction is an approximation-preserving reduction that is often used to perform reductions between solutions to optimization problems. It preserves the property that a problem has a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) and is used to define completeness for certain classes of optimization problems such as APX. Notationally, if there is a PTAS reduction from a problem A to a problem B, we write .
With ordinary polynomial-time many-one reductions, if we can describe a reduction from a problem A to a problem B, then any polynomial-time solution for B can be composed with that reduction to obtain a polynomial-time solution for the problem A. Similarly, our goal in defining PTAS reductions is so that given a PTAS reduction from an optimization problem A to a problem B, a PTAS for B can be composed with the reduction to obtain a PTAS for the problem A.
Definition
Formally, we define a PTAS reduction from A to B using three polynomial-time computable functions, f, g, and α, with the following properties:
f maps instances of problem A to instances of problem B.
g takes an instance x of problem A, an approximate solution to the corresponding problem in B, and an error parameter ε and produces an approximate solution to x.
α maps error parameters for solutions to instances of problem A to error parameters for solutions to problem B.
If the solution y to (an instance of problem B) is at most times worse than the optimal solution, then the corresponding solution to x (an instance of problem A) is at most times worse than the optimal solution.
Properties
From the definition it is straightforward to show that:
and
and
L-reductions imply PTAS reductions. As a result, one may show the existence of a PTAS reduction via a L-reduction instead.
PTAS reductions are used to define completeness in APX, the class of optimization problems with constant-factor approximation algorithms.
See also
Approximation-preserv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Electro-Mechanics | Samsung Electro-Mechanics (SEM, Korean: 삼성전기) is a multinational electronic component company headquartered in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It is a subsidiary of the Samsung Group. The company produces chip parts such as MLCCs, , camera modules, network modules and printed circuit boards.
Established in 1973 as Samsung Sanyo Parts, the name was changed to Samsung Electric Parts the following year.
The name was again changed to Samsung Electronics Parts in 1977, and then to Samsung Electro-Mechanics in 1987.
The company is headquartered in Suwon, South Korea, with additional manufacturing facilities in Sejong and Busan.This company works on semiconductor components.
Products
MLCC (Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor)
Camera Modules
Organic Semiconductor Substrate
Rigid-Flex PCBs
Governance
As of January 2020, Samsung Electro-Mechanics’ Board of Directors is composed of 3 internal directors and 4 outside directors, and there are 5 sub committees within the Board of Director. These committees are the Compensation Committee, Management Committee, Audit Committee, Outside Director Nomination Committee, and the Internal Trading Committee. Currently, an outside director is serving as Chairman of the Board for Samsung Electro-Mechanics.
Environment management
Greenhouse gas
In the results of the evaluation of CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project) Korea Committee in 2016, Samsung Electro-Mechanics has been selected in CDP Korea Hall of Fame for three consecutive years in 2014.
Energy
In the 34th Energy-Saving Promotion conference awarding a prize to person who contributed to the improvement of energy efficiency and overcoming the power supply crisis, Chi-joon Choi, CEO of Samsung Electro-Mechanics was awarded the Silver Tower Industry medal with best honor
In 2005, Samsung Electro-Mechanics started to provide free artificial joint surgery for low income families as part of the company's medical support policy, and as of 2016, 514 beneficiaries from Gyeonggi-do, Chun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsizygus%20tessulatus | Hypsizygus tessulatus, the beech mushroom, is an edible mushroom native to East Asia. It is cultivated locally in temperate climates in Europe, North America and Australia and sold fresh in super markets. In nature, these are gilled mushrooms that grow on wood. Most often the mushroom is found on beech trees, hence the common name. Cultivated versions are often small and thin in appearance and popular in many nations across the world.
Two commercial variations, both originating from Japan, are known:
Buna-shimeji (:ja:ブナシメジ), wild type brown coloration. Known as brown beech mushroom, beech mushroom, brown clamshell mushroom;
Bunapi-shimeji (:ja:ブナピー) is a white UV-induced mutant of the former, known as white beech mushroom, white clamshell mushroom. The original strain is registered by Hokto Corporation.
This fungus may be confused with Hypsizygus ulmarius, which grows on elm. A radical alternative view based on ITS DNA barcoding is that all members of the genus are the same species.
Morphology
Cooking
Being tough when raw, the Shimeji should be cooked, having a bitter taste when raw which disappears completely upon cooking. The cooked mushroom has a firm, slightly crunchy texture and a nutty flavor. Preparation makes the mushroom easier to digest. It is often eaten with stir-fried foods including wild game and seafood. It is used in soups, stews and sauces. When prepared alone, Shimeji mushrooms can be sautéed as a whole, including the stem or stalk (only the very end cut off), using a higher temperature; or, they can be slow roasted on a low temperature with a small amount of butter or cooking oil. Shimeji is used in soups, nabe and takikomi gohan.
Gallery
See also
List of Japanese ingredients
Medicinal mushrooms
Shimeji
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Molecular%20Pathology%20and%20Immunology%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Porto | The Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, best known by its acronym IPATIMUP (), is a Portuguese non-profit institution of public utility dedicated to the health sciences research. An associate laboratory of the University of Porto, Porto, starting on November 23, 2000, it has been headed by Portuguese researcher Manuel Sobrinho Simões who was empowered with the task of founding it.
IPATIMUP's major lines of action are the prevention and early diagnosis of stomach cancer or precocious lesions, and diagnosis quality improvement of malignant neoplasia and pre-malignant lesions. The numerous published papers and important results related to gastric and esophagical cancer make this one of the (if not the) top-level cancer-related research institutions in Portugal and in Europe. But as a scientific teaching-associated institution, its main goals also are:
Research in human pathology, specifically oncobiology (cancer);
Training of graduate students, technicians, residents and specialists in Pathology;
Share of scientific knowledge and teaching of undergraduate students;
Providing sophisticated diagnostic expertise in the covered research fields covered - Pathology, Oncobiology and Population Genetics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20adduct | In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a carcinogen. The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal.
DNA adducts are researched in laboratory settings. A typical experimental design for studying DNA adducts is to induce them with known carcinogens. A scientific journal will often incorporate the name of the carcinogen with their experimental design. For example, the term "DMBA-DNA adduct" in a scientific journal refers to a piece of DNA that has DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) attached to it.
Carcinogens' impact
Several diseases, including cancer, develop from mutated DNA. These mutations are caused by carcinogens through external and internal factors. Carcinogens are chemical or physical agents that cause DNA damage, which may later develop into cancer. They can initiate mutagenesis in DNA by interfering with the replication process. These interactions typically cause chemical adducts to form in the cell. This allows for DNA adducts to serve as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens from the environment. They are attractive biomarkers because they are stable, abundant, and easily characterizable. Exposure to them can directly or indirectly cause DNA damage. In the direct case, a carcinogen can bind to DNA and cause it to distort or become cross-linked. Although DNA repair happens under normal circumstances, sometimes the DNA will not repair itself. This could be the start of a mutation, or mutagenesis. Repeated mutations can lead to carcinogenesis – the beginnings of cancer.
The presence of endogenous carcinogens contributes to levels of DNA adducts in a patient. This |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo%20Telescope | The Arecibo Telescope was a spherical reflector radio telescope built into a natural sinkhole at the Arecibo Observatory located near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. A cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals were mounted above the dish. Completed in November 1963, the Arecibo Telescope was the world's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years, until it was surpassed in July 2016 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in Guizhou, China.
The Arecibo Telescope was primarily used for research in radio astronomy, atmospheric science, and radar astronomy, as well as for programs that search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Scientists wanting to use the observatory submitted proposals that were evaluated by independent scientific referees. NASA also used the telescope for near-Earth object detection programs. The observatory, funded primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF) with partial support from NASA, was managed by Cornell University from its completion in 1963 until 2011, after which it was transferred to a partnership led by SRI International. In 2018, a consortium led by the University of Central Florida assumed operation of the facility.
The telescope's unique and futuristic design led to several appearances in film, gaming and television productions, such as for the climactic fight scene in the James Bond film GoldenEye (1995). It is one of the 116 pictures included in the Voyager Golden Record. It has been listed on the US National Register of Historic Places since 2008. The telescope was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.
The NSF reduced its funding commitment to the observatory from 2006, leading academics to push for additional funding support to continue its programs. The telescope was damaged by Hurricane Maria in 2017 and was affected by earthquakes in 2019 and 2020. Two cable breaks, one in August 2020 and a second in November 2020, threatened the structural integrity of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoreceptor%20tyrosine-based%20activation%20motif | An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, cell-surface proteins found mainly on immune cells. Its major role is being an integral component for the initiation of a variety of signaling pathway and subsequently the activation of immune cells, although different functions have been described, for example an osteoclast maturation.
Structure
The motif contains a tyrosine separated from a leucine or isoleucine by any two other amino acids, giving the signature YxxL/I. Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). However, it is worth noting that in various sources, this consensus sequence differs, mainly in the number of amino acids between individual signatures. Apart from ITAMs which have the structure described above, there is also a variety of proteins containing ITAM-like motifs, which have a very similar structure and function (for example in Dectin-1 protein).
Function
ITAMs are important for signal transduction, mainly in immune cells. They are found in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors such as the CD3 and ζ-chains of the T cell receptor complex, the CD79-alpha and -beta chains of the B cell receptor complex, and certain Fc receptors. The tyrosine residues within these motifs become phosphorylated by Src family kinases following interaction of the receptor molecules with their ligands. Phosphorylated ITAMs serve as docking sites for other proteins containing a SH2 domain, usually two domains in tandem, inducing a signaling cascade mediated by Syk family kinases (which are the primary proteins that bind to phosphorylated ITAMs), namely either Syk or ZAP-70, resulting mostly in the activation of given cell. Paradoxically, in some cases, ITAMs and ITAM-like motifs do n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-pixel%20resolution | In digital image processing, sub-pixel resolution can be obtained in images constructed from sources with information exceeding the nominal pixel resolution of said images.
Aliasing
When an object with a certain resolution is represented on a display with lower resolution, the imperfections due to the loss of information are known as aliasing.
This can happen with geometric objects, vector graphics, vector fonts or 3D graphics.
The most common kind of visual aliasing is when a smooth object such as a line appears jagged because the pixels are large enough to be easily distinguished by the naked eye.
These effects can be reduced by anti-aliasing techniques, e.g. adjusting the colour or transparency of a pixel according to how much of it is covered by the object (sub-pixel rendering).
Example
For example, if the image of a ship of length , viewed side-on, is 500 pixels long, the nominal resolution (pixel size) on the side of the ship facing the camera is . Now sub-pixel resolution of well resolved features can measure ship movements which are an order of magnitude (10×) smaller. Movement is specifically mentioned here because measuring absolute positions requires an accurate lens model and known reference points within the image to achieve sub-pixel position accuracy. Small movements can however be measured (down to 1 cm) with simple calibration procedures. Specific fit functions often suffer specific bias with respect to image pixel boundaries. Users should therefore take care to avoid these "pixel locking" (or "peak locking") effects.
Determining feasibility
Whether features in a digital image are sharp enough to achieve sub-pixel resolution can be quantified by measuring the point spread function (PSF) of an isolated point in the image. If the image does not contain isolated points, similar methods can be applied to edges in the image. It is also important when attempting sub-pixel resolution to keep image noise to a minimum. This, in the case of a stationary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20sheet | Alpha sheet (also known as alpha pleated sheet or polar pleated sheet) is an atypical secondary structure in proteins, first proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. The hydrogen bonding pattern in an alpha sheet is similar to that of a beta sheet, but the orientation of the carbonyl and amino groups in the peptide bond units is distinctive; in a single strand, all the carbonyl groups are oriented in the same direction on one side of the pleat, and all the amino groups are oriented in the same direction on the opposite side of the sheet. Thus the alpha sheet accumulates an inherent separation of electrostatic charge, with one edge of the sheet exposing negatively charged carbonyl groups and the opposite edge exposing positively charged amino groups. Unlike the alpha helix and beta sheet, the alpha sheet configuration does not require all component amino acid residues to lie within a single region of dihedral angles; instead, the alpha sheet contains residues of alternating dihedrals in the traditional right-handed (αR) and left-handed (αL) helical regions of Ramachandran space. Although the alpha sheet is only rarely observed in natural protein structures, it has been speculated to play a role in amyloid disease and it was found to be a stable form for amyloidogenic proteins in molecular dynamics simulations. Alpha sheets have also been observed in X-ray crystallography structures of designed peptides.
The regular formation of alpha-sheet by unfolded proteins inevitably involves many L amino acid residues readily adopting the alphaL conformation, which appears at first sight to go against textbook chemistry, which is that, of the 20 amino acids, it is glycine that strongly favours this conformation. The conundrum is resolved by realizing that the alphaL region comprises two overlapping areas, here called γL and αL, which should be considered separately. It turns out that, while the γL conformation is adopted, almost exclusively, by glycine, the αL confo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20diffusion | Error diffusion is a type of halftoning in which the quantization residual is distributed to neighboring pixels that have not yet been processed. Its main use is to convert a multi-level image into a binary image, though it has other applications.
Unlike many other halftoning methods, error diffusion is classified as an area operation, because what the algorithm does at one location influences what happens at other locations. This means buffering is required, and complicates parallel processing. Point operations, such as ordered dither, do not have these complications.
Error diffusion has the tendency to enhance edges in an image. This can make text in images more readable than in other halftoning techniques.
Early history
Richard Howland Ranger received United States patent 1790723 for his invention, "Facsimile system". The patent, which issued in 1931, describes a system for transmitting images over telephone or telegraph lines, or by radio. Ranger's invention permitted continuous-tone photographs to be converted first into black and white, then transmitted to remote locations, which had a pen moving over a piece of paper. To render black, the pen was lowered to the paper; to produce white, the pen was raised. Shades of gray were rendered by intermittently raising and lowering the pen, depending upon the luminance of the gray desired.
Ranger's invention used capacitors to store charges, and vacuum tube comparators to determine when the present luminance, plus any accumulated error, was above a threshold (causing the pen to be raised) or below (causing the pen to be lowered). In this sense, it was an analog version of error diffusion.
Digital era
Floyd and Steinberg described a system for performing error diffusion on digital images based on a simple kernel
where "" denotes a pixel in the current row which has already been processed (hence diffusing error to it would be pointless), and "#" denotes the pixel currently being processed.
Nearly concurrently, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linacre%20Professor%20of%20Zoology | The position of Linacre Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford was founded in 1860, initially as the Linacre Professorship of Physiology and then as the chair of Human and Comparative Anatomy, although its origins can be traced back a further 300 years, to the Linacre Lectureships at Merton College. The post is attached to a fellowship at Merton.
It is named in honour of Thomas Linacre (1460–1524), Physician to Henry VIII and founder of the Royal College of Physicians.
The Linacre Professor is on the Board of Management for the J.W.Jenkinson Memorial Lectureship.
List of Linacre professors
1860–1881 George Rolleston
1881–1891 Henry Nottidge Moseley
1891–1898 Sir Edwin Ray Lankester
1899–1906 Walter F.R. Weldon
1906–1921 Gilbert C. Bourne
1921–1946 Edwin Stephen Goodrich
1946–1961 Sir Alister Hardy
1961–1979 John William Sutton Pringle
1979–1993 Sir Richard Southwood
1993–2000 Sir Roy Anderson
2002– Peter W. H. Holland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20fixture | A virtual fixture is an overlay of augmented sensory information upon a user's perception of a real environment in order to improve human performance in both direct and remotely manipulated tasks. Developed in the early 1990s by Louis Rosenberg at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Virtual Fixtures was a pioneering platform in virtual reality and augmented reality technologies.
History
Virtual Fixtures was first developed by Louis Rosenberg in 1992 at the USAF Armstrong Labs, resulting in the first immersive augmented reality system ever built. Because 3D graphics were too slow in the early 1990s to present a photorealistic and spatially-registered augmented reality, Virtual Fixtures used two real physical robots, controlled by a full upper-body exoskeleton worn by the user. To create the immersive experience for the user, a unique optics configuration was employed that involved a pair of binocular magnifiers aligned so that the user's view of the robot arms were brought forward so as to appear registered in the exact location of the user's real physical arms. The result was a spatially-registered immersive experience in which the user moved his or her arms, while seeing robot arms in the place where his or her arms should be. The system also employed computer-generated virtual overlays in the form of simulated physical barriers, fields, and guides, designed to assist in the user while performing real physical tasks.
Fitts Law performance testing was conducted on batteries of human test subjects, demonstrating for the first time, that a significant enhancement in human performance of real-world dexterous tasks could be achieved by providing immersive augmented reality overlays to users.
Concept
The concept of virtual fixtures was first introduced as an overlay of virtual sensory information on a workspace in order to improve human performance in direct and remotely manipulated tasks. The virtual sensory overlays can be presented as physically reali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeatome | The repeatome can be defined as the complement of repeated sequences in a genome. The eukaryotic repeatomes typically comprise variable amounts of multiple components including transposable elements (TEs) and endogenous viruses, simple sequence repeats, segmental duplications, ribosomal DNA and other ribozymes, multi-copy gene families, pseudogenes, as well as highly conserved and repeated protein domains.
Because of their relative high duplication rate as compared to other genomic components, TEs are typically predominant contributors to eukaryotic repeatomes and the product of their decay is thought to be a major source of genomic dark matter.
See also
Junk DNA
Noncoding DNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20compartment%20of%20thigh | The posterior compartment of the thigh is one of the fascial compartments that contains the knee flexors and hip extensors known as the hamstring muscles, as well as vascular and nervous elements, particularly the sciatic nerve.
Structure
The posterior compartment is a fascial compartment bounded by fascia. It is separated from the anterior compartment by two folds of deep fascia, known as the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular septum.
The muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are the:
biceps femoris muscle, which consists of a short head and a long head.
semitendinosus muscle
semimembranosus muscle
These muscles (or their tendons) apart from the short head of the biceps femoris, are commonly known as the hamstrings. The depression at the back of the knee, or kneepit is the popliteal fossa, colloquially called the ham. The tendons of the above muscles can be felt as prominent cords on both sides of the fossa—the biceps femoris tendon on the lateral side and the semimembranosus and semitendinosus tendons on the medial side. The hamstrings flex the knee, and aided by the gluteus maximus, they extend the hip during walking and running. The semitendinosus is named for its unusually long tendon. The semimembranosus is named for the flat shape of its superior attachment.
Innervation
The hamstrings are innervated by the sciatic nerve, specifically by a main branch of it: the tibial nerve. (The short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the common fibular nerve). The sciatic nerve runs along the longitudinal axis of the compartment, giving the cited terminal branches close to the superior angle of the popliteal fossa.
Blood supply
The arteries that supply the posterior compartment of the thigh arise from the inferior gluteal and the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery, a major collateral branch of the femoral artery and part of the anterior compartment of thigh. The femoral artery itself crosses the adducto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20compartment%20of%20thigh | The medial compartment of thigh is one of the fascial compartments of the thigh and contains the hip adductor muscles and the gracilis muscle.
The obturator nerve is the primary nerve supplying this compartment. The obturator artery is the blood supply to the medial thigh.
The muscles in the compartment are:
gracilis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
The obturator externus muscle is sometimes considered part of this group, and sometimes excluded. (Spatially, it is in this location, but functionally, it is more similar to the other lateral rotator group muscles).
The pectineus is sometimes included in this group, and sometimes excluded. It has the same function as the others in this group, but different innervation – namely, the femoral nerve. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20segregation%20%28astronomy%29 | In astronomy, dynamical mass segregation is the process by which heavier members of a gravitationally bound system, such as a star cluster, tend to move toward the center, while lighter members tend to move farther away from the center.
Equipartition of kinetic energy
During a close encounter of two members of the cluster, the members exchange both energy and momentum. Although energy can be exchanged in either direction, there is a statistical tendency for the kinetic energy of the two members to equalize during an encounter; this statistical phenomenon is called equipartition, and is similar to the fact that the expected kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas are all the same at a given temperature.
Since kinetic energy is proportional to mass times the square of the speed, equipartition requires the less massive members of a cluster to be moving faster. The more massive members will thus tend to sink into lower orbits (that is, orbits closer to the center of the cluster), while the less massive members will tend to rise to higher orbits.
The time it takes for the kinetic energies of the cluster members to roughly equalize is called the relaxation time of the cluster. A relaxation time-scale assuming energy is exchanged through two-body interactions was approximated in the textbook by Binney & Tremaine as
where is the number of stars in the cluster and is the typical time it takes for a star to cross the cluster. This is on the order of 100 million years for a typical globular cluster with radius 10 parsecs consisting of 100 thousand stars. The most massive stars in a cluster can segregate more rapidly than the less massive stars. This time-scale can be approximated using a toy model developed by Lyman Spitzer of a cluster where stars only have two possible masses ( and ). In this case, the more massive stars (mass ) will segregate in the time
Outward segregation of white dwarfs was observed in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae in a HST study of the re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata%20Corporation | Microdata Corporation was an American minicomputer company which created the Reality product line featuring the Pick operating system.
In its history, Microdata
was taken over by its international distributor CMC Leasings (December 1969),
which in turn was taken over in 1983 by McDonnell Douglas Corporation (March 1983),
that division was spun off as McDonnell Douglas Information Systems (1993)
which became part of Northgate Information Solutions (April 2000).
which was acquired by NEC in 2018 and rebranded to NEC Software Solutions UK in 2021.
The company was initially formed as a hardware company.
Independently, TRW, in fulfillment of a mid-1960s US government contract to build software to track inventory, developed a database system named Generalized Information Retrieval Language System (GIRLS). As a public domain item, a developer named Richard Pick was free to use it as the basis of a subsequent work, which eventually became the Pick operating system. The initial version was designed
to work on hardware produced by Microdata, which introduced the combination under the name Reality in 1974.
Since the software part of Reality was based on public domain work, Pick considered himself free to develop versions for other systems. A lawsuit followed: the ruling was that both Microdata and Pick could each consider themselves owners of the software.
McDonnell Douglas bought Microdata but eventually sold it off. Meanwhile, Pick revised his software to make it more portable, resulting in many systems able to run what now was called the Pick Operating System.
Many implementations followed: Prime Computer's Prime INFORMATION was done as far back as 1979 as a combination of FORTRAN and Assembler.
Media appearances
Microdata's headquarters building figures prominently briefly in Godfrey Reggio's 1983 film Koyaanisqatsi.
ENGLISH (programming language)
One way of accessing data under some of the Pick implementations had a number of names:
ENGLISH—The data retrie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSide%20Technologies | BrightSide Technologies Inc. (formerly Sunnybrook Technologies) was a firm spun-out from the Structured Surface Physics Laboratory of the University of British Columbia, developing and commercializing electronic display technologies, specifically high brightness display technology called HDR. The privately held company also developed technology for capturing, processing, and storage of HDR images. BrightSide's headquarters were in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was acquired by Dolby Laboratories, Inc. in April 2007 for US$28 million.
The chief executive officer of BrightSide Technologies Inc. was Richard MacKellar. The chief technology officer was Helge Seetzen, who went on to join Dolby as becoming director of HDR Technology at Dolby (2008 to 2010), before going on to found TandemLaunch, a Montreal-based technology incubator.
The main electronic display technology developed by BrightSide was based on IMLED-LCD which consisted of a LCD with an array of individually modulated LED semiconductors as the backlights, instead of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) that diffuse light in a layer of plastic. Each LED has 256 brightness steps, where step 0 switches the LED off and step 255 switches it to maximum luminance. As a result, the device can display true black and very bright white, with a contrast ratio technically of infinity, where minimal luminance is 0 cd/m2 (the denominator) and maximal luminance is almost 4,000 cd/m2. To address the confusion that may accompany a display with a quoted contrast ratio of infinity, Brightside calculates its quoted contrast ratio using the next-darkest level available on the display to arrive at a contrast ratio of 200,000:1.
BrightSide produced a prototype display to showcase their technology: the DR37-P. Targeted industries include the medical field, CAD, film post-production, geophysical data and satellite imaging.
On April 25, 2007 Dolby Laboratories, Inc. announced that it completed the acquisition of Brights |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20species | In biogeography, a native species is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often popularised as "with no human intervention") during history. The term is equivalent to the concept of indigenous or autochthonous species. A wild organism (as opposed to a domesticated organism) is known as an introduced species within the regions where it was anthropogenically introduced. If an introduced species causes substantial ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage, it may be regarded more specifically as an invasive species.
The notion of nativity is often a blurred concept, as it is a function of both time and political boundaries. Over long periods of time, local conditions and migratory patterns are constantly changing as tectonic plates move, join, and split. Natural climate change (which is much slower than human-caused climate change) changes sea level, ice cover, temperature, and rainfall, driving direct changes in habitability and indirect changes through the presence of predators, competitors, food sources, and even oxygen levels. Species do naturally appear, reproduce, and endure, or become extinct, and their distribution is rarely static or confined to a particular geographic location. Moreover, the distinction between native and non-native as being tied to a local occurrence during historical times has been criticised as lacking perspective, and a case was made for more graded categorisations such as that of prehistoric natives, which occurred in a region during prehistory but have since suffered local extinction there due to human involvement.
A native species in a location is not necessarily also endemic to that location. Endemic species are exclusively found in a particular place. A native species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration. The terms endemic and native also do not imply that an organism necessarily first originated or evolved where i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20branch%20of%20obturator%20nerve | The posterior branch of the obturator nerve pierces the anterior part of the obturator externus, and supplies this muscle; it then passes behind the adductor brevis on the front of the adductor magnus, where it divides into numerous muscular branches which are distributed to the adductor magnus and the adductor brevis.
It usually gives off an articular branch to the knee-joint.
Articular branch for the knee-joint
The articular branch for the knee-joint is sometimes absent; it either perforates the lower part of the adductor magnus, or passes through the opening which transmits the femoral artery, and enters the popliteal fossa; it then descends upon the popliteal artery, as far as the back part of the knee-joint, where it perforates the oblique popliteal ligament, and is distributed to the synovial membrane. It gives filaments to the popliteal artery. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20branch%20of%20obturator%20nerve | The anterior branch of the obturator nerve is a branch of the obturator nerve found in the pelvis and leg.
It leaves the pelvis in front of the obturator externus and descends anterior to the adductor brevis, and posterior to the pectineus and adductor longus; at the lower border of the latter muscle it communicates with the anterior cutaneous and saphenous branches of the femoral nerve, forming a kind of plexus.
It then descends upon the femoral artery, to which it is finally distributed. Near the obturator foramen the nerve gives off an articular branch to the hip joint.
Behind the pectineus, it distributes branches to the adductor longus and gracilis, and usually to the adductor brevis, and in rare cases to the pectineus; it receives a communicating branch from the accessory obturator nerve when that nerve is present. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20obsessions | Sexual obsessions are persistent and unrelenting thoughts about sexual activity. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), these are extremely common, and can become extremely debilitating, making the person ashamed of the symptoms and reluctant to seek help. A preoccupation with sexual matters, however, does not only occur as a symptom of OCD, they may be enjoyable in other contexts (i.e. sexual fantasy).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves unwanted thoughts or images that are unsettling or interfere with an individual's life, followed by actions that temporarily relieve the anxiety caused by the obsessions. Obsessions are involuntary, repetitive, and unwelcome. Attempts to suppress or neutralize obsessions do not work and in fact make the obsessions more severe, as trying to make sense of obsessions only gives them more attention and "fuel".
Typical obsessive themes center on contamination, illness, worries about disaster, and orderliness. However, people with OCD also obsess about violence, religious questions, and sexual experiences. Up to a quarter of people with OCD may experience sexual obsessions, and some OCD sexual obsessions have been linked to childhood sexual abuse of OCD sufferers. Repetitive sexual thoughts are seen in many disorders in addition to OCD, but these disorders bear no relation to OCD. For example, sexual thoughts unrelated to OCD are common to people with paraphilias, post-traumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, or sexual addiction. The recurrent sexual thoughts and feelings in these situations are sometimes referred to as sexual obsessions which may include a person's sexual orientation, doubts and or fears about being homosexual or being viewed by others as homosexual. However, their content, form, and meaning vary depending on the disorder, with OCD sexual obsessions being not only involuntary but also unwanted, and causing great mental distress and suffering for the person with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronucleus%20test | A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds. The assay is now recognized as one of the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens, i.e., carcinogens that act by causing genetic damage and is recommended by the OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. There are two major versions of this test, one in vivo and the other in vitro.
The in vivo test normally uses mouse bone marrow or mouse peripheral blood. When a bone marrow erythroblast develops into a polychromatic erythrocyte, the main nucleus is extruded; any micronucleus that has been formed may remain behind in the otherwise anucleated cytoplasm. Visualisation of micronuclei is facilitated in these cells because they lack a main nucleus. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage.
Micronuclei were first used to quantify chromosomal damage by H.J. Evans et al., in root tips of the Broad Bean, Vicia faba. Subsequently, the in vivo assay was developed independently by W. Schmid and by J.A. Heddle and their colleagues. The mouse peripheral blood assay was developed by J.T. MacGregor and has now been adapted for measurement by flow cytometry by A. Tometsko and colleagues. The first use of micronuclei in cultured cells was by J.A. Heddle and colleagues in human lymphocytes. The assay has been improved by M. Fenech and colleagues for use in lymphocytes and other cells in culture cells.
Simple Giemsa staining was originally used for MN scoring. Later, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) method was established, where Cyt-B, an inhibitor of the spindle assembly, was used to prevent cytokinesis occurring after nuclear division. The CBMN method is used for the assessment of chromosomal loss, breakage, and associated apoptosis and necrosis induced by different mutagens.
A micronucleus is the erratic (third) nucleus that is formed during the anap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20polynomial | In mathematics, exponential polynomials are functions on fields, rings, or abelian groups that take the form of polynomials in a variable and an exponential function.
Definition
In fields
An exponential polynomial generally has both a variable x and some kind of exponential function E(x). In the complex numbers there is already a canonical exponential function, the function that maps x to ex. In this setting the term exponential polynomial is often used to mean polynomials of the form P(x, ex) where P ∈ C[x, y] is a polynomial in two variables.
There is nothing particularly special about C here; exponential polynomials may also refer to such a polynomial on any exponential field or exponential ring with its exponential function taking the place of ex above. Similarly, there is no reason to have one variable, and an exponential polynomial in n variables would be of the form P(x1, ..., xn, ex1, ..., exn), where P is a polynomial in 2n variables.
For formal exponential polynomials over a field K we proceed as follows. Let W be a finitely generated Z-submodule of K and consider finite sums of the form
where the fi are polynomials in K[X] and the exp(wi X) are formal symbols indexed by wi in W subject to exp(u + v) = exp(u) exp(v).
In abelian groups
A more general framework where the term 'exponential polynomial' may be found is that of exponential functions on abelian groups. Similarly to how exponential functions on exponential fields are defined, given a topological abelian group G a homomorphism from G to the additive group of the complex numbers is called an additive function, and a homomorphism to the multiplicative group of nonzero complex numbers is called an exponential function, or simply an exponential. A product of additive functions and exponentials is called an exponential monomial, and a linear combination of these is then an exponential polynomial on G.
Properties
Ritt's theorem states that the analogues of unique factorization and the fac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20thread%20experiment | The water thread experiment is a phenomenon that occurs when two containers of deionized water, placed on an insulator, are connected by a thread, then a high-voltage positive electric charge is applied to one container, and a negative charge to the other. At a critical voltage, an unsupported water liquid bridge is formed between the containers, which will remain even when they are separated. The phenomenon was first reported in 1893 in a public lecture by the British engineer William Armstrong.
The bridge as observed in a typical configuration has a diameter of 1–3 mm so the bridge remains intact when pulled as far as , and remains stable up to 45 minutes. The surface temperature also rises from an initial surface temperature of up to before breakdown.
Experiment
In a typical experiment, two 100 mL beakers are filled with deionized water to roughly 3 mm below the edge of the beaker, and the water exposed to 15 kV direct current, with one beaker turning negative, and the other positive. After building up electric charge, the water then spontaneously rises along the thread over the glass walls and forms a "water bridge" between them. When one beaker is slowly pushed away from the other, the structure remains. When the voltage rises to 25 kV, the structure can be pulled apart as far as . If the thread is very short, then the force of the water may be strong enough to push the thread from the positive glass into the negative glass.
The water generally travels from anode to cathode, but the direction may vary due to the different surface charge that builds up at the water bridge surface, which will generate electrical shear stresses of different signs. The bridge breaks into droplets due to capillary action when the beakers are pulled apart at a critical distance, or the voltage is reduced to a critical value.
The bridge needs clean, deionized water to be formed, and its stability is dramatically reduced as ions are introduced into the liquid (by either adding sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20principal%20axes | An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail. The axes are alternatively designated as vertical, lateral (or transverse), and longitudinal respectively. These axes move with the vehicle and rotate relative to the Earth along with the craft. These definitions were analogously applied to spacecraft when the first crewed spacecraft were designed in the late 1950s.
These rotations are produced by torques (or moments) about the principal axes. On an aircraft, these are intentionally produced by means of moving control surfaces, which vary the distribution of the net aerodynamic force about the vehicle's center of gravity. Elevators (moving flaps on the horizontal tail) produce pitch, a rudder on the vertical tail produces yaw, and ailerons (flaps on the wings that move in opposing directions) produce roll. On a spacecraft, the movements are usually produced by a reaction control system consisting of small rocket thrusters used to apply asymmetrical thrust on the vehicle.
Principal axes
Normal axis, or yaw axis — an axis drawn from top to bottom, and perpendicular to the other two axes, parallel to the fuselage station.
Transverse axis, lateral axis, or pitch axis — an axis running from the pilot's left to right in piloted aircraft, and parallel to the wings of a winged aircraft, parallel to the buttock line.
Longitudinal axis, or roll axis — an axis drawn through the body of the vehicle from tail to nose in the normal direction of flight, or the direction the pilot faces, similar to a ship's waterline.
Normally, these axes are represented by the letters X, Y and Z in order to compare them with some reference frame, usually named x, y, z. Normally, this is made in such a way that the X is used for the longitudinal axis, but there are other possibilities to do it.
Vertical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Relativity%20%28book%29 | General Relativity is a graduate textbook and reference on Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity written by the gravitational physicist Robert Wald.
Overview
First published by the University of Chicago Press in 1984, the book, a tome of almost 500 pages, covers many aspects of the general theory of relativity. It is divided into two parts. Part I covers the fundamentals of the subject and Part II the more advanced topics such as causal structure, and quantum effects. The book uses the abstract index notation for tensors. It treats spinors, the variational-principle formulation, the initial-value formulation, (exact) gravitational waves, singularities, Penrose diagrams, Hawking radiation, and black-hole thermodynamics.
It is aimed at beginning graduate students and researchers. To this end, most of the materials in Part I is geared towards an introductory course on the subject while Part II covers a wide range of advanced topics for a second term or further study. The essential mathematical methods for the formulation of general relativity are presented in Chapters 2 and 3 while more advanced techniques are discussed in Appendices A to C. Wald believes that this is the best way forward because putting all the mathematical techniques at the beginning of the book would prove to be a major obstruction for students while developing these mathematical tools as they get used would mean they are too scattered to be useful. While the Hamiltonian formalism is often presented in conjunction with the initial-value formulation, Wald's coverage of the latter is independent of the former, which is thus relegated to the appendix, alongside the Lagrangian formalism.
This book uses the sign convention for reasons of technical convenience. However, there is one important exception. In Chapter 13 – and only in Chapter 13 –, the sign convention is switched to because it is easier to treat spinors this way. Moreover, this is the most common sign convention used in the lite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite%20normal%20form | In linear algebra, the Hermite normal form is an analogue of reduced echelon form for matrices over the integers Z. Just as reduced echelon form can be used to solve problems about the solution to the linear system Ax=b where x is in Rn, the Hermite normal form can solve problems about the solution to the linear system Ax=b where this time x is restricted to have integer coordinates only. Other applications of the Hermite normal form include integer programming, cryptography, and abstract algebra.
Definition
Various authors may prefer to talk about Hermite normal form in either row-style or column-style. They are essentially the same up to transposition.
Row-style Hermite normal form
An m by n matrix A with integer entries has a (row) Hermite normal form H if there is a square unimodular matrix U where H=UA and H has the following restrictions:
H is upper triangular (that is, hij = 0 for i > j), and any rows of zeros are located below any other row.
The leading coefficient (the first nonzero entry from the left, also called the pivot) of a nonzero row is always strictly to the right of the leading coefficient of the row above it; moreover, it is positive.
The elements below pivots are zero and elements above pivots are nonnegative and strictly smaller than the pivot.
The third condition is not standard among authors, for example some sources force non-pivots to be nonpositive or place no sign restriction on them. However, these definitions are equivalent by using a different unimodular matrix U. A unimodular matrix is a square invertible integer matrix whose determinant is 1 or −1.
Column-style Hermite normal form
A m-by-n matrix A with integer entries has a (column) Hermite normal form H if there is a square unimodular matrix U where H=AU and H has the following restrictions:
H is lower triangular, hij = 0 for i < j, and any columns of zeros are located on the right.
The leading coefficient (the first nonzero entry from the top, also called the pivot) of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anytime%20algorithm | In computer science, an anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends. The algorithm is expected to find better and better solutions the longer it keeps running.
Most algorithms run to completion: they provide a single answer after performing some fixed amount of computation. In some cases, however, the user may wish to terminate the algorithm prior to completion. The amount of computation required may be substantial, for example, and computational resources might need to be reallocated. Most algorithms either run to completion or they provide no useful solution information. Anytime algorithms, however, are able to return a partial answer, whose quality depends on the amount of computation they were able to perform. The answer generated by anytime algorithms is an approximation of the correct answer.
Names
An anytime algorithm may be also called an "interruptible algorithm". They are different from contract algorithms, which must declare a time in advance; in an anytime algorithm, a process can just announce that it is terminating.
Goals
The goal of anytime algorithms are to give intelligent systems the ability to make results of better quality in return for turn-around time. They are also supposed to be flexible in time and resources. They are important because artificial intelligence or AI algorithms can take a long time to complete results. This algorithm is designed to complete in a shorter amount of time. Also, these are intended to have a better understanding that the system is dependent and restricted to its agents and how they work cooperatively. An example is the Newton–Raphson iteration applied to finding the square root of a number. Another example that uses anytime algorithms is trajectory problems when you're aiming for a target; the object is moving through space while waiting for the algorithm to finish and even an approximate answer can significantly improve its accuracy i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteryless%20radio | A batteryless radio is a radio receiver which does not require the use of a battery to provide it with electrical power.
Originally this referred to units which could be used directly by AC mains supply (mains radio); it can also refer to units which do not require a power source at all, except for the power that they receive from an ambient radio source, such as radio waves.
History
The line-operated vacuum tube receiver was invented in 1925 by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. The unit operated with 5 Rogers AC vacuum tubes and the Rogers Battery-Eliminator Power Unit (power supply). This unit was later marketed for $120 as "Type 120". He established the Toronto station CFRB (an abbreviation of Canada's First Rogers Batteryless) to promote sales of the product. Batteryless radios were not introduced into the United States until May 1926 and then into Europe in 1927.
Crystal radio receivers are a very simple kind of batteryless radio receiver. They do not need a battery or power source, except for the power that they receive from radio waves using their long outdoor wire antenna. Sharp Electronics' first electrical product was a batteryless crystal radio introduced in 1925. It was Japan's first -- and sold extremely well.
Thermoelectricity was widely used in the remote parts of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to power radios. The equipment comprised some bi-metal rods (thermocouples), one end of which could be inserted into the fireplace to get hot with the other end left out in the cold.
After the Second World War, kerosene radios were made in Moscow for use in rural areas. These all-wave radios were powered by the kerosene lamp hanging above them. A group of thermocouples was heated internally to by the flame. Fins cooled the outside to about . The temperature differential generated enough current to operate the low-drain receiver.
Foot-operated radio or pedal radio was once used in Australia. Other ways of achieving the same function are clockwork radio, hand c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera%20Link | Camera Link is a serial communication protocol standard designed for camera interface applications based on the National Semiconductor interface Channel-link. It was designed for the purpose of standardizing scientific and industrial video products including cameras, cables and frame grabbers. The standard is maintained and administered by the Automated Imaging Association or AIA, the global machine vision industry's trade group.
Transmission protocol
Camera Link uses one to three Channel-link transceiver chips with four links at 7 serial bits each.
At a minimum, Camera Link uses 28 bits to represent up to 24 bits of pixel data and 3 bits for video sync signals, leaving one spare bit.
The video sync bits are Data Valid, Frame Valid, and Line Valid. The data are serialized 7:1, and the four data streams and a dedicated clock are driven over five LVDS pairs. The receiver accepts the four LVDS data streams and LVDS clock, and
then drives the 28 bits and a clock to the board.
The camera link standard calls for these 28 bits to be transmitted over 4 serialized
differential pairs with a serialization factor of 7. The parallel data clock is transmitted
with the data. Typically a 7× clock must be generated by a PLL or SERDES block in
order to transmit or receive the serialized video. To deserialize the data,
a shift register and counter may be employed. The shift register catches each of the serialized bits, one at a time,
then registers the data out into the parallel clock domain - once
the data counter has reached its terminal value.
Variants
Camera Link comes in several variants which differ in the amount of data that can be transferred. Some of them require two cables for transmission.
Base configuration
The "Base" Camera Link configuration carries signals over a single connector/cable. The cable used is a MDR ("Mini D Ribbon") 26-pin Male Plug Connector, optimized by 3M for the LVDS signal. In addition to the 5 LVDS pairs transmitting the serialized video d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerion | is a fixed shooter video game developed and published by Jaleco for arcades in September 1983, and licensed to Taito for manufacture and distribution of the game in North America. The player controls a starship and must fire at enemies on the screen while avoiding projectiles. The game uses a pseudo-3D scrolling background, giving a sense of depth, and the player's ship has a sense of inertia while it is being controlled with the joystick.
Exerion was ported to the MSX, Family Computer, and SG-1000. Two sequels were released.
Gameplay
Exerion features parallax effects and inertia simulation. The player shoots formations of bizarre alien amoeba, egg-throwing birds and Pterosauric creatures, as well as UFOs while flying over the surface of a planet. The player has two types of guns: a slow double shot (unlimited) and a fast single shot (limited).
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Exerion as the top-grossing new table arcade cabinet in November 1983, and then the top-grossing tablet cabinet in December 1983.
Legacy
The Family Computer version of the game is included in the compilation Jaleco Collection Vol. 1 for the PlayStation in 2003, as well as in the Game Boy Advance game JaJaMaru Jr. Denshoki Jaleco Memorial, along with five other Jaleco Family Computer games. The original arcade version was later released for the PlayStation 4 as part of the Arcade Archives label on October 23, 2014 in Japan and on July 7, 2015 in North America and also on the Nintendo Switch in the Nintendo eShop by Hamster Corporation as part of the same series.
Two sequels to the game were released. Exerion II: Zorni was released for the MSX in 1984 alongside a port of the original arcade game. The second, Exerizer, was released for arcades in 1987, which was released in North America by Nichibutsu under the title Sky Fox. The player's ship, the Fighter EX, is a playable character in Jaleco's Game Tengoku series.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria | Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
Humans and most other animals carry vast numbers (approximately 1013 to 1014) of bacteria. Most are in the gut, and there are many on the skin. Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial, particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20plane%20flipping | Peptide plane flipping is a type of conformational change that can occur in proteins by which the dihedral angles of adjacent amino acids undergo large-scale rotations with little displacement of the side chains. The plane flip is defined as a rotation of the dihedral angles φ,ψ at amino acids i and i+1 such that the resulting angles remain in structurally stable regions of Ramachandran space. The key requirement is that the sum of the ψi angle of residue i and the φi+1 angle of residue i+1 remain roughly constant; in effect, the flip is a crankshaft move about the axis defined by the Cα-C¹ and N-Cα bond vectors of the peptide group, which are roughly parallel. As an example, the type I and type II beta turns differ by a simple flip of the central peptide group of the turn.
In protein dynamics
The significance of peptide plane flips in the dynamics of the native state has been inferred in some proteins by comparing crystal structures of the same protein in multiple conformations. For example, peptide flips have been described as significant in the catalytic cycle of flavodoxin and in the formation of amyloid structures, where their ability to provide a low-energy pathway between beta sheet and the so-called alpha sheet conformation is suggested to facilitate the early stages of amyloidogenesis. Peptide plane flipping may also be significant in the early stages of protein folding.
In crystallography
In protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography, poor peptide-plane geometry has been described as a common problem; many structures need correction by peptide-plane flips or peptide bond flips. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time%20transcription | Real-time transcription is the general term for transcription by court reporters using real-time text technologies to deliver computer text screens within a few seconds of the words being spoken. Specialist software allows participants in court hearings or depositions to make notes in the text and highlight portions for future reference.
Real-time transcription is also used in the broadcasting environment where it is more commonly termed "captioning."
Career opportunities
Real-time reporting is used in a variety of industries, including entertainment, television, the Internet, and law.
Specific careers include the following:
Judicial reporters use a stenotype to provide instant transcripts on computer screens as a trial or deposition occurs.
Communication access real-time translation (CART) reporters assist the hearing-impaired by transcribing spoken words, giving them personal access to the communications they need day to day.
Television broadcast captioners use real-time reporting technology to allow hard-of-hearing or deaf people to see what is being said on live television broadcasts such as news, emergency broadcasts, sporting events, awards shows, and other programs.
Internet information (or Webcast) reporters provide real-time reporting of sales meetings, press conferences, and other events, while simultaneously transmitting the transcripts to computers worldwide.
Other rapid data entry positions.
History
Before the advent of the stenotype machine, court reporters wrote official trial transcripts by hand using a shorthand system of stenoforms that could later be translated into readable English. It often took eight years of training to learn this manual form of writing at the necessary speed. Walter Heironimus was among the first stenographers to make use of the stenotype machine during his work in the U.S. District Court system in New Jersey in 1935.
A "transcript crisis" arose during the later half of the twentieth century due to the increasing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl%20Praeger | Cheryl Elisabeth Praeger (born 7 September 1948, Toowoomba, Queensland) is an Australian mathematician. Praeger received BSc (1969) and MSc degrees from the University of Queensland (1974), and a doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1973 under direction of Peter M. Neumann. She has published widely and has advised 27 PhD students (as of March 2018). She is currently Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Western Australia. She is best known for her works in group theory, algebraic graph theory and combinatorial designs.
Education
Praeger completed her high school education at Brisbane Girls Grammar School. After graduating high school, Praeger went to the government vocational guidance section to inquire about how she could further study mathematics. The vocational guidance officer she spoke with tried to discourage her from studying mathematics further, suggesting she become a teacher or a nurse because two other girls who came to him wanting to study maths were not able to pass their courses. He reluctantly showed her an engineering course description, but she felt it did not have enough mathematics. So she left without getting much information that day, but did continue on to receive her bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Queensland.
Having met several women on the mathematics staff during her undergraduate studies, the prospect of becoming a mathematician did not seem strange to her. During her first and second years she did honours studies in mathematics and physics, choosing to continue in mathematics after her second year. After completing her education at University of Queensland she was offered a research scholarship at Australian National University (ANU) but chose instead to take the Commonwealth Scholarship to the University of Oxford and attended St Anne's College. At that point she knew she wanted to study algebra.
After earning her doctorate in 1973, she obtained a research fellowship at ANU. She had her |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD/CAM%20dentistry | CAD/CAM dentistry is a field of dentistry and prosthodontics using CAD/CAM (computer-aided-design and computer-aided-manufacturing) to improve the design and creation of dental restorations, especially dental prostheses, including crowns, crown lays, veneers, inlays and onlays, fixed dental prostheses (bridges), dental implant supported restorations, dentures (removable or fixed), and orthodontic appliances. CAD/CAM technology allows the delivery of a well-fitting, aesthetic, and a durable prostheses for the patient. CAD/CAM complements earlier technologies used for these purposes by any combination of increasing the speed of design and creation; increasing the convenience or simplicity of the design, creation, and insertion processes; and making possible restorations and appliances that otherwise would have been infeasible. Other goals include reducing unit cost and making affordable restorations and appliances that otherwise would have been prohibitively expensive. However, to date, chairside CAD/CAM often involves extra time on the part of the dentist, and the fee is often at least two times higher than for conventional restorative treatments using lab services.
Like other CAD/CAM fields, CAD/CAM dentistry uses subtractive processes (such as CNC milling) and additive processes (such as 3D printing) to produce physical instances from 3D models.
Some mentions of "CAD/CAM" and "milling technology" in dental technology have loosely treated those two terms as if they were interchangeable, largely because before the 2010s, most CAD/CAM-directed manufacturing was CNC cutting, not additive manufacturing, so CAD/CAM and CNC were usually coinstantiated; but whereas this loose/imprecise usage was once somewhat close to accurate, it no longer is, as the term "CAD/CAM" does not specify the method of production except that whatever method is used takes input from CAD/CAM, and today additive and subtractive methods are both widely used.
Application of CAD/CAM in dentistry
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenter%20first%20%28software%20approach%29 | Presenter first is a software development approach that combines the ideas of the model–view–presenter (MVP) design pattern, test-driven development, and feature-driven development.
Approach
Presenter first concentrates on transforming each of a customer's requirements into a well tested, working feature as quickly and with as much correlation to the customer's story language (requirement) as possible. The language of the story or requirement is used to directly guide development of the feature – even naming the modules and function calls. As a consequence, the feature implementation tends to closely represent the customer's desire with little extraneous or unneeded functionality. The language of the source code also corresponds closely to the customer's stories.
Presenter first is often applied in graphical user interface applications. It is equally well applied to the development of command-line interfaces. Further, a slight variation of the approach has been used effectively in embedded software; here the integral design pattern is known as model–conductor–hardware and the approach is termed conductor first.
When used in GUI applications, this approach allows the presentation logic and business logic of the application to be developed in a test first manner decoupled from on-screen widgets. Thus, the vast majority of the application programming can be tested via unit tests in an automated test suite. In so doing, the reliance on GUI testing tools to perform extensive system testing can be reduced to verifying basic GUI operation or eliminated entirely.
Implementation
The MVP design pattern decouples on-screen widgets, presentation logic, and business logic. Presenter first starts the development process with the presenter component of an MVP axis. Test-driven development is accomplished by mocking the view and model and writing unit tests for the presenter. Production code for the presenter is then written and revised until the presenter unit tests pass. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper%27s%20self-referential%20formula | Tupper's self-referential formula is a formula that visually represents itself when graphed at a specific location in the (x, y) plane.
History
The formula was defined by Jeff Tupper and appears as an example in Tupper's 2001 SIGGRAPH paper on reliable two-dimensional computer graphing algorithms. This paper discusses methods related to the GrafEq formula-graphing program developed by Tupper.
Although the formula is called "self-referential", Tupper did not name it as such.
Formula
The formula is an inequality defined as:
where denotes the floor function, and mod is the modulo operation.
Plots
Let equal the following 543-digit integer:
960939379918958884971672962127852754715004339660129306651505519271702802395266424689642842174350718121267153782770623355993237280874144307891325963941337723487857735749823926629715517173716995165232890538221612403238855866184013235585136048828693337902491454229288667081096184496091705183454067827731551705405381627380967602565625016981482083418783163849115590225610003652351370343874461848378737238198224849863465033159410054974700593138339226497249461751545728366702369745461014655997933798537483143786841806593422227898388722980000748404719
Graphing the set of points in and , results in the following plot:
The formula is a general-purpose method of decoding a bitmap stored in the constant , and it could be used to draw any other image. When applied to the unbounded positive range , the formula tiles a vertical swath of the plane with a pattern that contains all possible 17-pixel-tall bitmaps. One horizontal slice of that infinite bitmap depicts the drawing formula itself, but this is not remarkable, since other slices depict all other possible formulae that might fit in a 17-pixel-tall bitmap. Tupper has created extended versions of his original formula that rule out all but one slice.
The constant is a simple monochrome bitmap image of the formula treated as a binary number and multiplied by 17. If is divided by 17, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway%20resistance | In respiratory physiology, airway resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation. Airway resistance can be measured using plethysmography.
Definition
Analogously to Ohm's law:
Where:
So:
Where:
= Airway Resistance
= Pressure Difference driving airflow
= Atmospheric Pressure
= Alveolar Pressure
= Volumetric Airflow (not minute ventilation which, confusingly, may be represented by the same symbol)
N.B. PA and change constantly during the respiratory cycle.
Determinants of airway resistance
There are several important determinants of airway resistance including:
The diameter of the airways
Whether airflow is laminar or turbulent
Hagen–Poiseuille equation
In fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. The assumptions of the equation are that the flow is laminar viscous and incompressible and the flow is through a constant circular cross-section that is substantially longer than its diameter. The equation is also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law and Poiseuille equation.
Where:
= Pressure difference between the ends of the pipe
= Length of pipe
= the dynamic viscosity
= the volumetric flow rate (Q is usually used in fluid dynamics, however in respiratory physiology it denotes cardiac output)
= the radius of the pipe
Dividing both sides by and given the above definition shows:-
While the assumptions of the Hagen–Poiseuille equation are not strictly true of the respiratory tract it serves to show that, because of the fourth power, relatively small changes in the radius of the airways causes large changes in airway resistance.
An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than large ones. Therefore, resistance is greatest at the bronchi of intermediate size, in between the fourth and eighth bifurcation.
Laminar f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20fanolesomab | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) fanolesomab}}
Technetium (99mTc) fanolesomab (trade name NeutroSpec, manufactured by Palatin Technologies) is a mouse monoclonal antibody formerly used to aid in the diagnosis of appendicitis. It is labeled with a radioisotope, technetium-99m (99mTc).
History and use
NeutroSpec was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2004 for imaging of patients with symptoms of appendicitis. It consisted of an intact murine (mouse) IgM monoclonal antibody against human CD15, labeled with technetium-99m so as to be visible on a gamma camera image. Since anti-CD15 antibodies bind selectively to white blood cells such as neutrophils, it could be used to localize the site of an infection.
Deaths and associated recall
The FDA received reports from Palatin of 2 deaths and 15 life-threatening adverse events in patients who had received NeutroSpec.
These events occurred within minutes of administration of NeutroSpec and included shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and cardiopulmonary arrest. Affected patients required resuscitation with intravenous fluids, blood pressure support, and oxygen. Most, but not all, of the patients who experienced these events had existing cardiac and/or pulmonary conditions that may have placed them at higher risk for these adverse events. A review of all post-marketing reports showed an additional 46 patients who experienced adverse events that were similar but less severe. All of the reactions occurred immediately after NeutroSpec was administered.
Marketing of the product was suspended in December 2005. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20Calculation%20Institute%20%28Heidelberg%20University%29 | The Astronomical Calculation Institute (; ARI) is a research institute in Heidelberg, Germany, dating from the 1700s. Beginning in 2005, the ARI became part of the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University (, ). Previously, the institute directly belonged to the state of Baden-Württemberg.
Description
The ARI has a rich history. It was founded in 1700 in Berlin-Dahlem by Gottfried Kirch. It had its origin in a patent application by Frederick I of Prussia, who introduced a monopoly on publishing star catalogs in Prussia. In 1945 the Institute was moved by the Americans nearer to the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg. On January 1, 2005 the combined Center for Astronomy institute formed by combining ARI, with the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics (, ITA) and the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl ("Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory", LSW).
The ARI has been responsible among other things for the Gliese catalog of nearby stars, the fundamental catalogs FK5 and FK6, and the annually-published "Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars" (APFS), stellar ephemerides that provide high-precision mean and apparent positions of over three thousand stars for each day.
During 1938–1945, whilst based in Berlin, ARI published the academic journal Astronomical Notes ().
, ARI was not limited to only publishing star catalogs, but has a wider research scope, including gravitational lensing, galaxy evolution, stellar dynamics, and cosmology. ARI is also involved in space astronomy missions including the Gaia mission.
In 2007 professors Eva K. Grebel and Joachim Wambsganß (de) became co-directors of the institute.
Other researchers involved with the institute include Hartmut Jahreiß author of the updated Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars; Eugene Rabe; Lutz D. Schmadel, author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names; Hans Scholl; and Rainer Spurzem working with N-body simulations.
Directors
Between 1700 and 2007 there was a single director of the institute at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20sulesomab | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) sulesomab}}
Technetium (99mTc) sulesomab (trade name LeukoScan) is a radio-pharmaceutical composed of anti-human mouse monoclonal antibody that targets the granulocyte associated NCA-90 cell antigen and a conjugated technetium-99m radionuclide. After intravenous administration, Leukoscan enables sensitive and specific whole body measurement of granulocyte infiltration and activation by gamma camera imaging of 99mTc-antibody bound cells. Total clearance of LeukoScan from blood samples after administration and imaging has been reported at 48 hour time points indicating limited retention of the agent in circulation
It is approved in European markets for the imaging of infections and inflammations in patients with suspected osteomyelitis but has not secured FDA approval for use in American markets. In addition to approved uses, Leukoscan is currently being investigated for other diagnostic purposes like the detection of soft tissue infections, malignant external otitis and prosthetic joint infection. However, the future clinical and investigational use of this agent may be limited as sale of the agent by the parent company Immunomedics was discontinued in 2018. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular%20fold | The vestibular fold (ventricular fold, superior or false vocal cord) is one of two thick folds of mucous membrane, each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue, the vestibular ligament, which is attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, a short distance above the vocal process.
The lower border of this ligament, enclosed in mucous membrane, forms a free crescentic margin, which constitutes the upper boundary of the ventricle of the larynx.
They are lined with respiratory epithelium, while true vocal cords have stratified squamous epithelium.
Function
The vestibular folds of the larynx play a significant role in the maintenance of the laryngeal functions of breathing and preventing food and drink from entering the airway during swallowing. They aid phonation (speech) by suppressing dysphonia. In some ethnic singing and chanting styles, such as in Tuva, Sardinia, Mongolia, South Africa and Tibet (...) the vestibular folds may be used in co-oscillation with the vocal folds, producing very low or high pitched sounds(most of the time, one octave higher).
Conversely, people who have had their epiglottis removed because of cancer do not choke any more than when it was present.
Society and culture
They have a minimal role in normal phonation, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in Tuvan throat singing, as well as in musical screaming and the death growl singing style used in various forms of metal. Simultaneous voicing with the vocal and vestibular folds is diplophonia. Some voice actors occasionally employ small amounts of this phonation for its dark, growling quality while portraying a "villainous" or antagonistic voice.
See also
Vocal folds
Larynx |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafner%E2%80%93Sarnak%E2%80%93McCurley%20constant | The Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant is a mathematical constant representing the probability that the determinants of two randomly chosen square integer matrices will be relatively prime. The probability depends on the matrix size, n, in accordance with the formula
where pk is the kth prime number. The constant is the limit of this expression as n approaches infinity. Its value is roughly 0.3532363719... . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extragalactic%20cosmic%20ray | Extragalactic cosmic rays are very-high-energy particles that flow into the Solar System from beyond the Milky Way galaxy. While at low energies, the majority of cosmic rays originate within the Galaxy (such as from supernova remnants), at high energies the cosmic ray spectrum is dominated by these extragalactic cosmic rays. The exact energy at which the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays occurs is not clear, but it is in the range 1017 to 1018 eV.
Observation
The observation of extragalactic cosmic rays requires detectors with an extremely large surface area, due to the very limited flux. As a result, extragalactic cosmic rays are generally detected with ground-based observatories, by means of the extensive air showers they create. These ground based observatories can be either surface detectors, which observe the air shower particles which reach the ground, or air fluorescence detectors (also called 'fly's eye' detectors), which observe the fluorescence caused by the interaction of the charged air shower particles with the atmosphere. In either case, the ultimate aim is to find the mass and energy of the primary cosmic ray which created the shower. Surface detectors accomplish this by measuring the density of particles at the ground, while fluorescence detectors do so by measuring the depth of shower maximum (the depth from the top of the atmosphere at which the maximum number of particles are present in the shower). The two currently operating high energy cosmic ray observatories, the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, are hybrid detectors which use both of these methods. This hybrid methodology allows for a full three-dimensional reconstruction of the air shower, and gives much better directional information as well as more accurate determination of the type and energy of the primary cosmic ray than either technique on its own.
Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory, located in the Mendoza province in Argent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20panorama | The moving panorama was an innovation on panoramic painting in the mid-nineteenth century. It was among the most popular forms of entertainment in the world, with hundreds of panoramas constantly on tour in the United Kingdom, the United States, and many European countries. Moving panoramas were often seen in melodramatic plays. It became a new visual element to theatre and helped incorporate a more realistic quality. Not only was it a special effect on stage, but it also served as an ancestor and platform to early cinema.
Background
The word “panorama” is derived from the Greek words “to see” and “all.” Robert Barker, an Irish-born scene painter, coined the term with his first panorama of Edinburgh, displayed in a specially built rotunda in Leicester Square in 1791. This attraction was extremely popular amongst the middle and lower classes for the way it was able to offer the illusion of transport for the viewer to a completely different location that they had most likely never seen.
Panoramic paintings and the various offshoots had become so in demand across Europe and America by the early nineteenth century that the enormous paintings had begun to be displayed in less specialized settings, like community halls, churches, and eventually theaters where they evolved into moving panoramas and became essential to theatrical set design. Moving panoramas were achieved by taking the long, continuous painted canvas scene and rolling each end around two large spool-type mechanisms that could be turned, causing the canvas to scroll across the back of a stage, often behind a stationary scenic piece or object like a boat, horse, or vehicle, to create the illusion of movement and travelling through space. The immense spools were scrolled past the audience behind a cut-out drop-scene or proscenium which hid the mechanism from public view. Robert Fulton obtained a patent for the panorama in 1799 in France; he is credited with helping create the spool mechanisms that allowed f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly%20Vershik | Anatoly Moiseevich Vershik (; born on 28 December 1933 in Leningrad) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He is most famous for his joint work with Sergei V. Kerov on representations of infinite symmetric groups and applications to the longest increasing subsequences.
Biography
Vershik studied at Leningrad State University, receiving his doctoral degree in 1974; his advisor was Vladimir Rokhlin.
He works at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics and at Saint Petersburg State University. In 1998–2008, he was the president of the St. Petersburg Mathematical Society.
In 2012, Vershik became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
In 2015, he has been elected a member of Academia Europaea.
His doctoral students include Alexander Barvinok, Dmitri Burago, Anna Erschler, and Sergey Fomin.
See also
Bratteli–Vershik diagram |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20state%20instruments | This is a list of official state instruments. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20cycle | The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth. The production of phosphine gas occurs in only specialized, local conditions. Therefore, the phosphorus cycle should be viewed from whole Earth system and then specifically focused on the cycle in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Living organisms require phosphorus, a vital component of DNA, RNA, ATP, etc, for their proper functioning. Plants assimilate phosphorus as phosphate and incorporate it into organic compounds and in animals, phosphorus is a key component of bones, teeth, etc. On the land, phosphorus gradually becomes less available to plants over thousands of years, since it is slowly lost in runoff. Low concentration of phosphorus in soils reduces plant growth and slows soil microbial growth, as shown in studies of soil microbial biomass. Soil microorganisms act as both sinks and sources of available phosphorus in the biogeochemical cycle. Short-term transformation of phosphorus is chemical, biological, or microbiological. In the long-term global cycle, however, the major transfer is driven by tectonic movement over geologic time.
Humans have caused major changes to the global phosphorus cycle through shipping of phosphorus minerals, and use of phosphorus fertilizer, and also the shipping of food from farms to cities, where it is lost as effluent.
Phosphorus in the environment
Ecological function
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms. Phosphorus forms parts of important life-sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere. Phosphorus does enter the atmosphere in very small |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute%20ventilation | Minute ventilation (or respiratory minute volume or minute volume) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels. It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters. Although minute volume can be viewed as a unit of volume, it is usually treated in practice as a flow rate (given that it represents a volume change over time). Typical units involved are (in metric) 0.5 L × 12 breaths/min = 6 L/min.
Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume. They include (V̇ or V-dot) or Q (which are general symbols for flow rate), MV, and VE.
Determination of minute volume
Minute volume can either be measured directly or calculated from other known parameters.
Measurement of minute volume
Minute volume is the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute. It can be measured by a Wright respirometer or other device capable of cumulatively measuring gas flow, such as mechanical ventilators.
Calculation of minute volume
If both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (ƒ or RR) are known, minute volume can be calculated by multiplying the two values. One must also take care to consider the effect of dead space on alveolar ventilation, as seen below in "Relationship to other physiological rates".
Physiological significance of minute volume
Blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels generally vary inversely with minute volume. For example, a person with increased minute volume (e.g. due to hyperventilation) should demonstrate a lower blood carbon dioxide level. The healthy human body will alter minute volume in an attempt to maintain physiologic homeostasis. A normal minute volume while resting is about 5–8 liters per minute in humans. Minute volume generally decreases when at rest, and increases w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20fryer | A vacuum fryer is a deep-frying device housed inside a vacuum chamber.
Vacuum fryers are fit to process low-quality potatoes that contain higher sugar levels than normal, as they frequently have to be processed in spring and early summer before the potatoes from the new harvest become available. With vacuum frying it is easier to maintain natural colors and flavours of the finished product. Due to the lower temperatures applied (approximately ), the formation of suspected carcinogen acrylamide is significantly lower than in standard atmospheric fryers, where the frying temperature is approximately . The fat absorption of the products is also reported to be lower than in atmospheric fryers. In South East Asia (mainly Philippines, Thailand, China and Indonesia) batch type vacuum fryers are mainly used for the production of fruit chips. However, these machines are only appropriate for relatively small production companies.
Working principle
Vacuum fryer works on the principle of simple physics that as the pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure the boiling point of the water also reduces below 100 degree Celsius. All vacuum fryer are designed to achieve these goal so that heat sensitive foods can be fried at lower than 100 degree celsius which would otherwise have burned in normal deep frying process.
Continuous vacuum fryers
For larger production quantities, continuous vacuum fryers are available. In these installations, the vacuum frying pan is installed in a stainless steel vacuum tube. The infeed of the raw product is carried out through a rotary airlock.
Depending on the application, the frying pan itself is designed to meet the different product specifications. A transport belt takes the finished product out of the fryer and towards the outfeed system. A lock chamber at the exit of the vacuum tube prevents air from entering the vacuum zone, and a belt system takes the product from one zone to another.
The vacuum is created by vacuum pumps, and the whole |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20skin | The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue guarding muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals' skin, and it is very similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless). The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).
Skin plays an important immunity role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discoloured and depigmented.
In humans, skin pigmentation (affected by melanin) varies among populations, and skin type can range from dry to non-dry and from oily to non-oily. Such skin variety provides a rich and diverse habitat for bacteria that number roughly 1000 species from 19 phyla, present on the human skin.
Structure
Human skin shares anatomical, physiological, biochemical and immunological properties with other mammalian lines, especially pig skin. Pig skin shares similar epidermal and dermal thickness ratios to human skin; pig and human skin share similar hair follicle and blood vessel patterns; biochemically the dermal collagen and elastin content is similar in pig and human skin; and pig skin and human skin have similar physical responses to various growth factors.
Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, such as melanin provided by melanocytes, which absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair enzymes that help reverse UV damage, such that people lacking the genes for these enzymes have high rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet%20chicken%20processing%20plant%20fire | On September 3, 1991, an industrial fire caused by a failed improvised repair to a hydraulic line destroyed the Imperial Food Products chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina. Despite three previous fires in 11 years of operation, the plant had never received a safety inspection. The fire killed 25 people and injured 54, many of whom were unable to escape due to locked exits. It was the second deadliest industrial disaster in North Carolina's history.
Imperial Food Products was a corporation owned by Emmett Roe, who acquired the Hamlet facility in 1980 to produce chicken products. The company had a poor safety record at one of its other plants, and the Hamlet building lacked a fire alarm or an operational fire sprinkler system. For reasons that remain disputed, Roe ordered several exterior doors of the plant locked in the summer of 1991—including a labeled fire exit—in violation of federal safety regulations and without notifying most workers. In September, the plant's maintenance workers attempted to replace a leaking hydraulic line, attached to the conveyor belt which fed chicken tenders into a fryer in the processing room, with improvised parts. On September 3 at around 8:15 am, they turned on the conveyor belt after altering the line; it separated from its connection and spewed hydraulic fluid around the room. The fluid vaporized and was ignited by the fryer's flame. Fire engulfed the facility in minutes, severing telephone lines and filling the plant with hydrocarbon-charged smoke and carbon monoxide.
There were 90 workers in the plant at the time. Some were able to escape through the plant's front door, while others could not leave due to locked or obstructed exits. Brad Roe (Emmett's son and the company's operations manager) drove to the local fire station for help since the telephone line had burned; firefighters reached the scene at 8:27 am and sent a mutual aid call to other fire departments. Over 100 medical and emergency service personnel ul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChaNGa | ChaNGa (Charm N-body GrAvity solver) is a computer program to perform collisionless N-body simulations. It can perform cosmological simulations with periodic boundary conditions in comoving coordinates or simulations of isolated stellar systems. It is based on the Barnes–Hut algorithm and uses Ewald summation for periodic forces.
ChaNGa makes use of the Charm++ parallel programming system, including its dynamic load balancing schemes, in order to scale to large processor configurations. Simulation results have been reported on up to 20,000 IBM Bluegene/L processors .
More information
For more information on obtaining, building and running ChaNGa, please see the Wiki documentation at
.
See also
PKDGRAV
GADGET
GRAPE
External links
University of Washington ChaNGa website
Charm++ web page at the Parallel Programming Lab, UIUC
ChaNGa Wiki documentation
Physical cosmology
Cosmological simulation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%E2%80%93Brouwer%20order | In descriptive set theory, the Kleene–Brouwer order or Lusin–Sierpiński order is a linear order on finite sequences over some linearly ordered set , that differs from the more commonly used lexicographic order in how it handles the case when one sequence is a prefix of the other. In the Kleene–Brouwer order, the prefix is later than the longer sequence containing it, rather than earlier.
The Kleene–Brouwer order generalizes the notion of a postorder traversal from finite trees to trees that are not necessarily finite. For trees over a well-ordered set, the Kleene–Brouwer order is itself a well-ordering if and only if the tree has no infinite branch. It is named after Stephen Cole Kleene, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, Nikolai Luzin, and Wacław Sierpiński.
Definition
If and are finite sequences of elements from , we say that when there is an such that either:
and is defined but is undefined (i.e. properly extends ), or
both and are defined, , and .
Here, the notation refers to the prefix of up to but not including .
In simple terms, whenever is a prefix of (i.e. terminates before , and they are equal up to that point) or is to the "left" of on the first place they differ.
Tree interpretation
A tree, in descriptive set theory, is defined as a set of finite sequences that is closed under prefix operations. The parent in the tree of any sequence is the shorter sequence formed by removing its final element. Thus, any set of finite sequences can be augmented to form a tree, and the Kleene–Brouwer order is a natural ordering that may be given to this tree. It is a generalization to potentially-infinite trees of the postorder traversal of a finite tree: at every node of the tree, the child subtrees are given their left to right ordering, and the node itself comes after all its children. The fact that the Kleene–Brouwer order is a linear ordering (that is, that it is transitive as well as being total) follows immediately from this, as any three sequenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertumaxomab | Ertumaxomab (trade name Rexomun) is a rat-murine hybrid monoclonal antibody designed to treat some types of cancer.
It is a trifunctional antibody which works by linking T-lymphocytes and macrophages to the cancer cells.
Phase II clinical trial evaluating the treatment of breast cancer was terminated due to change in Fresenius' development plans. (So they could concentrate on their other product catumaxomab (trade name Removab).) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Approach%20to%20Appraisal | The New Approach to Appraisal (also NATA) was the name given to a multi-criteria decision framework used to appraise transport projects and proposals in the United Kingdom. NATA was built on the well established cost–benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment techniques (such as those contained in the Highways Agency's Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB)) for assessing transport projects and proposals.
In April 2011 the Coalition Government decided that the term NATA would no longer be used. However, the principles and key elements of the NATA framework remain in the Department for Transport's Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG).
History
NATA was introduced by the then Department for Transport, Environment and the Regions as part of the 1998 Integrated Transport White Paper and first used in the 1998 review of trunk road schemes. Its development reflected the new Labour Government's aim of providing a more balanced approach to transport appraisals, in terms of both:
private transport versus public transport; and
the economic impacts compared to environmental impacts.
Accompanying documents to that review list the ASTs for 68 trunk road schemes and provided initial guidance on how NATA was to be applied to transport projects.
A subsequent published study by academics at the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds found that the decisions made by Ministers in respect of the road schemes were statistically significant in terms of how they related to the information about the schemes included on the ASTs. This demonstrated that Ministers were taking account of the information provided on the ASTs in a consistent way.
On 30 October 2007, the DfT published a consultation document – The NATA Refresh: Reviewing the New Approach to Appraisal – alongside, and as part of, its new transport strategy document 'Towards a sustainable transport system: Supporting economic growth in a low carbon economy'. The aim of the NATA Refresh consu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20ears | A dog ear is a folded down corner of a book page. The name refers to the ears of many breeds of domestic dog flapping over. A dog ear can serve as a bookmark. Dog-earing is also commonly used to mark a section or phrase in a book that one finds to be important or of personal meaning. Other names for this practice include page folding and corner turning. The practice is generally frowned upon by those that want to preserve books in their original condition. It is also sometimes used to keep sheets of paper together, in the absence of a stapler or paper clip.
The phrase dates back at least to the 17th century (in the form "dog's ear"):
Although there is a strong consensus among many readers that dog-eared books are mistreated, there are alternative opinions that favor the practice. Some readers attest to the inconvenience of carrying around a bookmark or keeping them on hand; others describe the practice as evidence of attentive scholarship, deep reading, loving attention to a text.
Dog-ears can range in size from the tip of the page to half the page. Although people generally dog-ear the top section of pages (on either side), some also dog-ear on the bottom half of pages. Dog-ears may be unmade by folding it back into its original location and compressing the pages of the book together. Removing dog-ears is not recommended on paper that has yellowed from age, as it may cause the flap to separate from the page. Dog-earing more than one successive page can cause problems, as the flaps (depending on the thickness of the paper and the number of pages) may cause the marked sections to bulge and distort the book. Reference works are most prone to this problem. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger%20complex | The preBötzinger complex, often abbreviated as preBötC, is a functionally and anatomically specialized site in the ventral-lateral region of the lower medulla oblongata (i.e., lower brainstem). The preBötC is part of the ventral respiratory group of respiratory related interneurons. Its foremost function is to generate the inspiratory breathing rhythm in mammals. In addition, the preBötC is widely and paucisynaptically connected to higher brain centers that regulate arousal and excitability more generally such that respiratory brain function is intimately connected with many other rhythmic and cognitive functions of the brain and central nervous system. Further, the preBötC receives mechanical sensory information from the airways that encode lung volume as well as pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide content of circulating blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.
The preBötC is approximately colocated with the hypoglossal (XII) cranial motor nucleus as well as the ‘loop’ portion of the inferior olive in the anterior-posterior axis. The caudal border of the preBötC is slightly caudal to the obex, where the brainstem merges with the cervical spinal cord.
Discovery
The initial description of the preBötC was widely disseminated in a 1991 paper in Science, but its discovery predates that paper by one year. The team was led by Jack L. Feldman and Jeffrey C. Smith at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but the Science paper also included UCLA coauthor Howard Ellenberger, as well as Klaus Ballanyi and Diethelm W. Richter from Göttingen University in Germany. The region derives its name from a neighboring medullary region involved in expiratory breathing rhythm dubbed Bötzinger complex, which was named after the Silvaner (Bötzinger) variety of wine, featured at the conference at which that region was named (click here to hear a BBC interview with Jack Feldman on the topic of Bötzinger / preBötzinger nomenclature).
Functional definition of the preBötC
The first defini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto%20%28restaurant%29 | Moto was a molecular gastronomy restaurant in the Fulton River District of Chicago, Illinois known for creating "high-tech" dishes which incorporate elements such as carbonated fruit, edible paper, lasers, and liquid nitrogen for freezing food.
Moto was run by executive chef Homaro Cantu until his suicide in 2015. Sister restaurant iNG was located next door and served "flavor tripping cuisine" based on "the miracle berry", which makes sour foods taste sweet.
History
In 2003, restaurateur Joseph De Vito, who had previously opened a burger joint and a classical Italian eatery, was looking to open a new restaurant. He wanted it to be unusual and was considering Asian fusion. Chef Homaro Cantu, then sous chef at Charlie Trotter's, applied for the job, pitching something really different. "This guy comes in with these little glasses, he looks like an accountant," De Vito recalled, "and started talking about levitating food. I walked away saying, 'Wow, that's a lot to take in.'" Cantu persuaded De Vito to let him cook a meal for De Vito and his wife. The seven-course meal, which featured an exploding ravioli and a small table-top box that cooked fish before the guest's eyes, won De Vito over. The name Moto, meaning "idea," "taste," or "desire" in Japanese, was chosen for the new venture.
Nestled among warehouses in Chicago's meatpacking district, Moto opened in January 2004. Initially, guests were confused. People would come in looking for sushi and leave when offered a degustation menu instead, De Vito recalled. Enough people braved the menu, however, and soon the restaurant was discovered by foodies. Cantu soon earned a reputation for shocking guests. For example, one feature was synthetic wine squirted into the glass with a medical syringe. An industrial-sized tank of liquid nitrogen was kept outside the restaurant to make hot food cold and give fishes odd shapes.
In the kitchen, Cantu employed unusual devices such as a centrifuge, a hand-held ion part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-compartment%20model | A multi-compartment model is a type of mathematical model used for describing the way materials or energies are transmitted among the compartments of a system. Sometimes, the physical system that we try to model in equations is too complex, so it is much easier to discretize the problem and reduce the number of parameters. Each compartment is assumed to be a homogeneous entity within which the entities being modeled are equivalent. A multi-compartment model is classified as a lumped parameters model. Similar to more general mathematical models, multi-compartment models can treat variables as continuous, such as a differential equation, or as discrete, such as a Markov chain. Depending on the system being modeled, they can be treated as stochastic or deterministic.
Multi-compartment models are used in many fields including pharmacokinetics, epidemiology, biomedicine, systems theory, complexity theory, engineering, physics, information science and social science. The circuits systems can be viewed as a multi-compartment model as well. Most commonly, the mathematics of multi-compartment models is simplified to provide only a single parameter—such as concentration—within a compartment.
In Systems Theory
In systems theory, it involves the description of a network whose components are compartments that represent a population of elements that are equivalent with respect to the manner in which they process input signals to the compartment.
Instant homogeneous distribution of materials or energies within a "compartment."
The exchange rate of materials or energies among the compartments is related to the densities of these compartments.
Usually, it is desirable that the materials do not undergo chemical reactions while transmitting among the compartments.
When concentration of the cell is of interest, typically the volume is assumed to be constant over time, though this may not be totally true in reality.
Single-compartment model
Possibly the simplest application of mul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Institute%20for%20Aquatic%20Biodiversity | The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), is involved in research, education and in applications of its knowledge and research to African fish fauna, for either economic or conservation benefit.
The institute originally established in 1969, was formerly named the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology, in honour of Professor James Leonard Brierley Smith, who named and described the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. The JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology received recognition as a national research entity, renamed as the South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity in 1999.
Situated in Makhanda, Eastern Cape, the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) is an internationally recognised centre for the study of aquatic biodiversity.
As a National Facility of the NRF, SAIAB serves as a major scientific resource for knowledge and understanding the biodiversity and functioning of globally significant aquatic ecosystems. With both marine and freshwater biogeographical boundaries, southern Africa is ideally placed to monitor and document climate change.
From a marine perspective South Africa forms the southern apex of a major continental mass, flanked by very different marine ecosystems on the east and west coasts, and projecting towards the cold southern Ocean large marine ecosystem. SAIAB's scientific leadership and expertise in freshwater aquatic biodiversity is vital to the national interest when dealing with issues arising from exponentially increasing pressures of human population growth and development.
Special Collections
SAIAB is home to the Margaret Smith Library, named in honour of the first Director of the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology
Affiliations
Rhodes University, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%20summation | Ramanujan summation is a technique invented by the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan for assigning a value to divergent infinite series. Although the Ramanujan summation of a divergent series is not a sum in the traditional sense, it has properties that make it mathematically useful in the study of divergent infinite series, for which conventional summation is undefined.
Summation
Since there are no properties of an entire sum, the Ramanujan summation functions as a property of partial sums. If we take the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula together with the correction rule using Bernoulli numbers, we see that:
Ramanujan wrote it for the case p going to infinity, and changing the limits of the integral and the corresponding summation:
where C is a constant specific to the series and its analytic continuation and the limits on the integral were not specified by Ramanujan, but presumably they were as given above. Comparing both formulae and assuming that R tends to 0 as x tends to infinity, we see that, in a general case, for functions f(x) with no divergence at x = 0:
where Ramanujan assumed By taking we normally recover the usual summation for convergent series. For functions f(x) with no divergence at x = 1, we obtain:
C(0) was then proposed to use as the sum of the divergent sequence. It is like a bridge between summation and integration.
The most common application of Ramanujan summation is for the Riemann zeta function , in which the Ramanujan summation of the function has the same value as for all the values of , even for those for which the first function is divergent, which is equivalent to doing analytic continuation or, alternatively, applying smoothed sums.
The convergent version of summation for functions with appropriate growth condition is then:
Ramanujan summation of divergent series
In the following text, indicates "Ramanujan summation". This formula originally appeared in one of Ramanujan's notebooks, without any notation to indic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s%20method | In numerical analysis, Halley's method is a root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative. It is named after its inventor Edmond Halley.
The algorithm is second in the class of Householder's methods, after Newton's method. Like the latter, it iteratively produces a sequence of approximations to the root; their rate of convergence to the root is cubic. Multidimensional versions of this method exist.
Halley's method exactly finds the roots of a linear-over-linear Padé approximation to the function, in contrast to Newton's method or the Secant method which approximate the function linearly, or Muller's method which approximates the function quadratically.
Method
Edmond Halley was an English mathematician who introduced the method now called by his name. Halley's method is a numerical algorithm for solving the nonlinear equation f(x) = 0. In this case, the function f has to be a function of one real variable. The method consists of a sequence of iterations:
beginning with an initial guess x0.
If f is a three times continuously differentiable function and a is a zero of f but not of its derivative, then, in a neighborhood of a, the iterates xn satisfy:
This means that the iterates converge to the zero if the initial guess is sufficiently close, and that the convergence is cubic.
The following alternative formulation shows the similarity between Halley's method and Newton's method. The expression is computed only once, and it is particularly useful when can be simplified:
When the second derivative is very close to zero, the Halley's method iteration is almost the same as the Newton's method iteration.
Derivation
Consider the function
Any root of f which is not a root of its derivative is a root of g; and any root r of g must be a root of f provided the derivative of f at r is not infinite. Applying Newton's method to g gives
with
and the result follows. Notice that if f′ (c) = 0, then one cannot apply thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM%20domain | LIM domains are protein structural domains, composed of two contiguous zinc fingers, separated by a two-amino acid residue hydrophobic linker. The domain name is an acronym of the three genes in which it was first identified (LIN-11, Isl-1 and MEC-3). LIM is a protein interaction domain that is involved in binding to many structurally and functionally diverse partners. The LIM domain appeared in eukaryotes sometime prior to the most recent common ancestor of plants, fungi, amoeba and animals. In animal cells, LIM domain-containing proteins often shuttle between the cell nucleus where they can regulate gene expression, and the cytoplasm where they are usually associated with actin cytoskeletal structures involved in connecting cells together and to the surrounding matrix, such as stress fibers, focal adhesions and adherens junctions.
Discovery
LIM domains are named after their initial discovery in the three homeobox proteins that have the following functions:
Lin-11 – asymmetric division of vulvar blast cells
Isl-1 – motor neuron development of neuroepithelial cells
Mec-3 – differentiation of touch receptor neurons
Sequence and Structure
Humans contain 73 described genes encoding different LIM domain-containing proteins. These LIM domains have divergent amino acid sequences apart from certain key residues involved in zinc binding, which facilitate the formation of a stable protein core and tertiary fold. The sequence variation between different LIM domains may be due to the evolution of novel binding sites for diverse partners on top of the conserved stable core. Additionally, LIM domain proteins are functionally diverse; especially during the early evolution of animals, the LIM domain recombined with a variety of other domain types to create these diverse proteins with new functionality.
The sequence signature of LIM domains is as follows:
[C]-[X]2–4-[C]-[X]13–19-[W]-[H]-[X]2–4-[C]-[F]-[LVI]-[C]-[X]2–4-[C]-[X]13–20-C-[X]2–4-[C]
LIM domains frequently occ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20specification | A functional specification (also, functional spec, specs, functional specifications document (FSD), functional requirements specification) in systems engineering and software development is a document that specifies the functions that a system or component must perform (often part of a requirements specification) (ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765-2010).
The documentation typically describes what is needed by the system user as well as requested properties of inputs and outputs (e.g. of the software system). A functional specification is the more technical response to a matching requirements document, e.g. the Product Requirements Document "PRD". Thus it picks up the results of the requirements analysis stage. On more complex systems multiple levels of functional specifications will typically nest to each other, e.g. on the system level, on the module level and on the level of technical details.
Overview
A functional specification does not define the inner workings of the proposed system; it does not include the specification of how the system function will be implemented.
A functional requirement in a functional specification might state as follows:
When the user clicks the OK button, the dialog is closed and the focus is returned to the main window in the state it was in before this dialog was displayed.
Such a requirement describes an interaction between an external agent (the user) and the software system. When the user provides input to the system by clicking the OK button, the program responds (or should respond) by closing the dialog window containing the OK button.
Functional specification topics
Purpose
There are many purposes for functional specifications. One of the primary purposes on team projects is to achieve some form of team consensus on what the program is to achieve before making the more time-consuming effort of writing source code and test cases, followed by a period of debugging. Typically, such consensus is reached after one or more reviews by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%20Committee%20for%20Physics | The Nobel Committee for Physics is the Nobel Committee responsible for proposing laureates for the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Nobel Committee for Physics is appointed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It usually consists of Swedish professors of physics who are members of the Academy, although the Academy in principle could appoint anyone to the Committee.
The Committee is a working body without decision power, and the final decision to award the Nobel Prize for Physics is taken by the entire Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, after having a first discussion in the Academy's Class for Physics.
Current members
The members of the Committee (as of 2023) are:
Ulf Danielsson (Secretary)
David Haviland
Anders Irbäck
Eva Olsson (Chair)
John Wettlaufer
Ellen Moons
Co-opted members
Mats Larsson
Olle Eriksson
Göran Johansson
Mark Pearce
Secretary
The secretary takes part in the meeting, but cannot cast a vote unless the secretary is also a member of the Committee. Until 1973, the Nobel Committees for Physics and Chemistry had a common secretary.
Wilhelm Palmær, 1900–1926
Arne Westgren, 1926–1943
Arne Ölander, 1943–1965
Arne Magnéli, 1966–1973
Bengt Nagel, 1974–1988
Anders Bárány, 1989–2003
Lars Bergström, 2004–2015
Gunnar Ingelman, 2016–present
Former members
Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson, 1900–1910
Robert Thalén, 1900–1903
Klas Bernhard Hasselberg, 1900–1922
Knut Ångström, 1900–1909
Svante Arrhenius, 1900–1927
Gustaf Granqvist, 1904–1922
Vilhelm Carlheim-Gyllensköld, 1910–1934
Allvar Gullstrand, 1911–1929
Carl Wilhelm Oseen, 1923–1944
Manne Siegbahn, 1923–1961 (chairman ?–1957)
Henning Pleijel, 1928–1947
Erik Hulthén, 1929–1962 (chairman 1958–1962)
Axel E. Lindh, 1935–1960
Ivar Waller, 1945–1972
Gustaf Ising, 1947–1953
Oskar Klein, 1954–1965
Bengt Edlén, 1961–1976
Erik Rudberg, 1963–1972 (chairman 1963–1972)
Kai Siegbahn, 1963–1974 (chairman 1973–1974)
Lamek Hulthén, 1966–1979 (chairman 1975–1979)
Per-Olov Löwd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clab | The Clab, also known as Centralt mellanlager för använt kärnbränsle (Swedish for 'Central holding storage for spent nuclear fuel') is an interim radioactive waste repository located at Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant about 25 km north of Oskarshamn. Clab used to be owned by Oskarshamnsverkets Kraftgrupp AB (OKG) but is now owned by Svensk Kärnbränslehantering Aktiebolag (SKB). It was opened in 1985 for the storage of spent nuclear fuel from all Swedish nuclear power plants. The fuel is stored for 30 to 40 years, in preparation for final storage.
The facility currently contains approximately 7,300 tons of high-level waste, submerged in 8 meters of water, in pools 30 meters below the surface. Contaminated reactor components, such as control rods, are also stored at the facility. Waste produced from Sweden's nuclear power plants will continue be stored at the facility until the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company can complete construction of a more permanent storage site at Forsmark.
The facility contains an in-pool station where passive gamma-measurements can be done on spent nuclear fuel. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombling | In statistics, Wombling is any of a number of techniques used for identifying zones of rapid change, typically in some quantity as it varies across some geographical or Euclidean space. It is named for statistician William H. Womble.
The technique may be applied to gene frequency in a population of organisms, and to evolution of language. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoassociative%20memory | Autoassociative memory, also known as auto-association memory or an autoassociation network, is any type of memory that is able to retrieve a piece of data from only a tiny sample of itself. They are very effective in de-noising or removing interference from the input and can be used to determine whether the given input is “known” or “unknown”.
In artificial neural network, examples include variational autoencoder, denoising autoencoder, Hopfield network.
In reference to computer memory, the idea of associative memory is also referred to as Content-addressable memory (CAM).
The net is said to recognize a “known” vector if the net produces a pattern of activation on the output units which is same as one of the vectors stored in it.
Background
Traditional memory
Traditional memory stores data at a unique address and can recall the data upon presentation of the complete unique address.
Autoassociative memory
Autoassociative memories are capable of retrieving a piece of data upon presentation of only partial information from that piece of data. Hopfield networks have been shown to act as autoassociative memory since they are capable of remembering data by observing a portion of that data.
Iterative Autoassociative Net
In some cases, an auto-associative net does not reproduce a stored pattern the first time around, but if the result of the first showing is input to the net again, the stored pattern is reproduced. They are of 3 further kinds — Recurrent linear auto-associator, Brain-State-in-a-Box net, and Discrete Hopfield net. The Hopfield Network is the most well known example of an autoassociative memory.
Hopfield Network
Hopfield networks serve as content-addressable ("associative") memory systems with binary threshold nodes, and they have been shown to act as autoassociative since they are capable of remembering data by observing a portion of that data.
Heteroassociative memory
Heteroassociative memories, on the other hand, can recall an associated pi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether%20%28cell%20biology%29 | Biological cells which form bonds with a substrate and are at the same time subject to a flow can form long thin membrane cylinders called tethers. These tethers connect the adherent area of the substrate to the main body of the cell. Under physiological conditions, neutrophil tethers can extend to several micrometers.
In biochemistry, a tether is a molecule that carries one or two carbon intermediates from one active site to another. They are commonly used in lipid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA via PDH complex. Common tethers are lipoate -lysine residue complex associated with dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, which is used for carrying hydroxyethyl from hydroxyethyl TPP. This compound forms Acetyl- CoA, a convergent molecule in metabolic pathways.
Another tether is biotin-lysine residue complex associated with pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme which plays an important role in gluconeogenesis. It is involved in the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate.
One of the biological tethers used in the synthesis of fats is a β- mercaptoethylamine-pantothenate complex associated with an acyl carrier protein.
Biochemistry
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20predicates | Design predicates are a method invented by Thomas McCabe, to quantify the complexity of the integration of two units of software. Each of the four types of design predicates have an associated integration complexity rating. For pieces of code that apply more than one design predicate, integration complexity ratings can be combined.
The sum of the integration complexity for a unit of code, plus one, is the maximum number of test cases necessary to exercise the integration fully. Though a test engineer can typically reduce this by covering as many previously uncovered design predicates as possible with each new test. Also, some combinations of design predicates might be logically impossible.
Types of Calls
Unconditional Call
Unit A always calls unit B. This has an integration complexity of 0. For example:
unitA::functionA() {
unitB->functionB();
}
Conditional Call
Unit A may or may not call unit B. This integration has a complexity of 1, and needs two tests: one that calls B, and one that doesn't.
unitA::functionA() {
if (condition)
unitB->functionB();
}
Mutually Exclusive Conditional Call
This is like a programming language's switch statement. Unit A calls exactly one of several possible units. Integration complexity is n - 1, where n is the number of possible units to call.
unitA::functionA() {
switch (condition) {
case 1:
unitB->functionB();
break;
case 2:
unitC->functionC();
break;
...
default:
unitN->functionN();
break;
}
}
Iterative Call
In an iterative call, unit A calls unit B at least once, but maybe more. This integration has a complexity of 1. It also requires two tests: one that calls unit B once, and one test that calls it more than once.
unitA::functionA() {
do {
unitB->functionB();
} while (condition);
}
Combining Calls
Any particular integration can combine several types of calls. For example, unit A may or m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulin | Patulin is an organic compound classified as a polyketide. It is a white powder soluble in acidic water and in organic solvents. It is a lactone that is heat-stable, so it is not destroyed by pasteurization or thermal denaturation. However, stability following fermentation is lessened. It is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, in particular, Aspergillus and Penicillium and Byssochlamys. Most commonly found in rotting apples, the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production. In addition, patulin has been found in other foods such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Its presence is highly regulated.
Biosynthesis, synthesis, and reactivity
The immediate precursor is 6-Methylsalicylic acid.
Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH) is an important enzyme in the multi-step biosynthesis of patulin. Its gene is present in other fungi that may potentially produce the toxin. It is reactive with sulfur dioxide, so antioxidant and antimicrobial agents may be useful to destroy it. Levels of nitrogen, manganese, and pH as well as abundance of necessary enzymes regulate the biosynthetic pathway of patulin.
Uses
Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but after several toxicity reports, it is no longer used for that purpose. Isolated by Nancy Atkinson in 1943, it was specifically trialed to be used against the common cold. Patulin is used as a potassium-uptake inhibitor in laboratory applications. Kashif Jilani and co-workers reported that patulin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death under physiological concentrations.
Sources of exposure
Frequently, patulin is found in apples and apple products such as juices, jams, and ciders. It has also been detected in other fruits including cherries, blueberries, plums, bananas, strawberries, and grapes. Fungal growth leading to patulin production is most common on damaged fruits. Patulin has also been detecte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity%20number | A vanity number is a local or toll-free telephone number for which a subscriber requests an easily remembered sequence of numbers for marketing purposes.
While many of these are phonewords (such as 1-800-Flowers, 313-DETROIT, 1-800-Taxicab or 1-800-Battery), occasionally all-numeric vanity phone numbers are used.
Numbers ending with repeated digits (such as -1111) are heavily advertised by taxi and food delivery companies; the Pizza Pizza chain has trademarked 967-1111, a Toronto local number. A memorable repeated sequence is also valuable to hotel chain franchisors such as Super 8 Motels, which advertises 1-800-800-8000.
A broadcaster may match a local telephone number to a station frequency (an AM 1010 radio call-in programme may use 872-1010 or a TV channel 13 studio may adopt 224-13-13.). An eye clinic may choose a number terminating in 20/20.
Other possible numeric indicators which convey specific meanings are 24/7 (twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week) or 2-4-1 (two for the price of one); the latter is used by 241 Pizza by advertising local number 241-0-241 or a variant.
See also
Phoneword
SMS/800 and RespOrg and Toll-free telephone number#Vanity numbering
Vanity domain
Vanity plate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Centre%20for%20Excellence%20in%20the%20Teaching%20of%20Mathematics | The National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) is an institution set up in the wake of the Smith Report to improve mathematics teaching in England.
It provides strategic leadership for mathematics-specific CPD and aims to raise the professional status of all those engaged in the teaching of mathematics so that the mathematical potential of learners will be fully realised.
Structure
Its Director until March 2013 was Dame Celia Hoyles, Professor of Mathematics Education at the Institute of Education, University of London and former chief adviser on mathematics education for the government. She was succeeded by the current Director, Charlie Stripp.
An innovative NCETM development is the MatheMaPedia project, masterminded by John Mason, which is a "maths teaching wiki".
Initially headquartered in London, it is headquartered in the south of Sheffield city centre; it is the headquarters of Tribal Education.
It is run by Mathematics in Education and Industry (MEI) and Tribal Education.
Online discussions
Special online events have included the world’s first online discussion of proof.
See also
Centre for Industry Education Collaboration and National Centre for Computing Education, also at York
Count On - maths education initiative
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
International Congress on Mathematical Education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Trim | Z-Trim was originally developed as a fat substitute by the U.S. Department of Agriculture made of natural dietary fibers. It is currently licensed for manufacture to Z-Trim Holdings.
This product was created as a health and diet aid; it has no calories since it consists of dietary fiber which cannot be digested by the human body, is natural, and can greatly reduce the fat in foods "with little or no change in flavor or texture," according to a review by Consumer Reports. Some schools have begun to use the product in their cafeterias, where it has been popular with students. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-adaptive%20variable-length%20coding | Context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) is a form of entropy coding used in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video encoding. It is an inherently lossless compression technique, like almost all entropy-coders. In H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, it is used to encode residual, zig-zag order, blocks of transform coefficients. It is an alternative to context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). CAVLC requires considerably less processing to decode than CABAC, although it does not compress the data quite as effectively. CAVLC is supported in all H.264 profiles, unlike CABAC which is not supported in Baseline and Extended profiles.
CAVLC is used to encode residual, zig-zag ordered 4×4 (and 2×2) blocks of transform coefficients. CAVLC is designed to take advantage of several characteristics of quantized 4×4 blocks:
After prediction, transformation and quantization, blocks are typically sparse (containing mostly zeros).
The highest non-zero coefficients after zig-zag scan are often sequences of +/− 1. CAVLC signals the number of high-frequency +/−1 coefficients in a compact way.
The number of non-zero coefficients in neighbouring blocks is correlated. The number of coefficients is encoded using a look-up table; the choice of look-up table depends on the number of non-zero coefficients in neighbouring blocks.
The level (magnitude) of non-zero coefficients tends to be higher at the start of the reordered array (near the DC coefficient) and lower towards the higher frequencies. CAVLC takes advantage of this by adapting the choice of VLC look-up table for the “level” parameter depending on recently coded level magnitudes.
Coded elements
Parameters that required to be encoded and transmitted include the following table:
CAVLC examples
In all following examples, we assume that table Num-VLC0 is used to encode coeff_token.
0, 3, 0, 1, −1, −1, 0, 1, 0…
TotalCoeffs = 5 (indexed from highest frequency [4] to lowest frequency [0])
TotalZeros = 3
T1s = 3 (in fact there are 4 trailing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar%20display | A radar display is an electronic device that presents radar data to the operator. The radar system transmits pulses or continuous waves of electromagnetic radiation, a small portion of which backscatter off targets (intended or otherwise) and return to the radar system. The receiver converts all received electromagnetic radiation into a continuous electronic analog signal of varying (or oscillating) voltage that can be converted then to a screen display.
Modern systems typically use some sort of raster scan display to produce a map-like image. Early in radar development, however, numerous circumstances made such displays difficult to produce. People developed several different display types.
Oscilloscopes
Early radar displays used adapted oscilloscopes with various inputs. An oscilloscope generally receives three channels of varying (or oscillating) voltage as input and displays this information on a cathode ray tube. The oscilloscope amplifies the input voltages and sends them into two deflection magnets and to the electron gun producing a spot on the screen. One magnet displaces the spot horizontally, the other vertically, and the input to the gun increases or decreases the brightness of the spot. A bias voltage source for each of the three channels allows the operator to set a zero point.
In a radar display, the output signal from the radar receiver is fed into one of three input channels in the oscilloscope. Early displays generally sent this information to either X channel or Y channel to displace the spot on the screen to indicate a return. More modern radars typically used a rotating or otherwise moving antenna to cover a greater area of the sky, and in these cases, electronics, slaved to the mechanical motion of the antenna, typically moved the X and Y channels, with the radar signal being fed into the brightness channel.
A-Scope
The original radar display, the A-scope or A-display, shows only the range, not the direction, to targets. These are sometim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20blot | A zoo blot or garden blot is a type of Southern blot that demonstrates the similarity between specific, usually protein-coding, DNA sequences of different species. A zoo blot compares animal species while a garden blot compares plant species. The purpose of the zoo blot is to detect the conservation of the gene(s) of interest throughout the evolution of different species.
In order to understand the degree to which a particular gene is similar from species to species, DNA extracts from a set of species are isolated and spread over a surface. Then, a gene probe specific to one of the species is labeled and allowed to hybridize to the prepared DNA. Usually, the probe is marked with a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. Following the hybridization, autoradiography or other imaging techniques are used to identify successfully hybridized probes, proof of similarity between species' genomes.
The hybridization between a probe and a segment of DNA will happen even when the strands are similar but not identical. As a result, zoo blotting is used to detect similar or exact relationships between the DNA in question and other organisms. It can also help establish the locations of introns and exons, as the latter will be far more conserved than the former.
See also
Southern blot
Fluorescent in situ hybridization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-chase%20analysis | In biochemistry and molecular biology, a pulse-chase analysis is a method for examining a cellular process occurring over time by successively exposing the cells to a labeled compound (pulse) and then to the same compound in an unlabeled form (chase).
Mechanism
A selected cell or a group of cells is first exposed to a labeled compound (the pulse) that is to be incorporated into a molecule or system that is studied (also see pulse labeling). The compound then goes through the metabolic pathways and is used in the synthesis of the product studied. For example, a radioactively labeled form of leucine (3H-leucine) can be supplied to a group of pancreatic beta cells, which then uses this amino acid in insulin synthesis.
Shortly after introduction of the labeled compound (usually about 5 minutes, but the actual time needed is dependent on the object studied), excess of the same, but unlabeled, substance (the chase) is introduced into the environment. Following the previous example, the production of insulin would continue, but it would no longer contain the radioactive leucine introduced in the pulse phase and would not be visible using radioactive detection methods. However, the movement of the labeled insulin produced during the pulse period could still be tracked within the cell.
Uses
This method is useful for determining the activity of certain cells over a prolonged period of time. The method has been used to study protein kinase C, ubiquitin, and many other proteins. The method was also used to prove the existence and function of Okazaki fragments. George Palade used pulse-chase of radioactive amino acids to elucidate the secretory pathway. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyophorbe%20amaricaulis | Hyophorbe amaricaulis (also known as the "loneliest palm") is a species of palm tree of the order Arecales, family Arecaceae, subfamily Arecoideae, tribe Chamaedoreeae. It is found exclusively on the island of Mauritius, and only a single surviving specimen has been documented in the Curepipe Botanic Gardens in Curepipe. Thus, it is classified as an endling.
Distribution
This species is one of nine species of palm which are indigenous to Mauritius, and one of the seven palms which are also endemic.
In the 1700s, this palm species was described from specimens taken from the mountain Pieter Both, where it seems to have been widespread at the time.
Currently, only the single specimen exists in Curepipe Botanic Gardens, and it is not known if this specimen was planted here, or was a survivor from the area's wild population that became included when the gardens were established.
Description
The palm is about high with a relatively thin gray trunk with a waxy crown shank.
It is related to the bottle palm and spindle palm. It is said to resemble the green variety of H. indica – another Hyophorbe palm species which also does not develop a swollen trunk.
It is reported to have white to cream-colored flowers on an inflorescence with three-ordered branching. Its fruits are long and a dull red colour, but years and years of efforts have not resulted in fertile offspring. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen%20Gmehling | Jürgen Gmehling (born January 13, 1946, in Duisburg) is a retired German professor of technical and industrial chemistry at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg.
Biography
His career started with an apprenticeship as a laboratory assistant at the Duisburg copper works before he studied chemical engineering at the engineering school in Essen and then chemistry in Dortmund and Clausthal. He received his diploma from the University of Dortmund in 1970 and his PhD (Dr. rer. nat., inorganic chemistry) in 1973. After this he worked as a scientific coworker in Dortmund before he became a private lecturer and, after his habilitation, an assistant professor.
Gmehling was appointed a full professor for technical chemistry at the University of Oldenburg in 1989 and retired in 2011.
Fields of research
Gmehling's main focus is the process development. This includes the development of software for process synthesis and process simulation as well as measurement, collection, and estimation of thermophysical properties of pure components and component mixtures. The following list summarizes fields of his scientific work but is in no way complete.
Measurements
Phase equilibrium data (vapor-liquid equilibria, liquid-liquid equilibria, solid–liquid equilibria, gas solubilities, heats of mixing, activity coefficients and more)
Data collection
Gmehling began in the 1970s with the systematic evaluation of the scientific literature, aiming to build a data bank for vapor-liquid equilibria. These data were needed for the development of a new method for the prediction of activity coefficients named UNIFAC. This data bank is still named the Dortmund Data Bank.
Development of estimation and correlation models
Gmehling developed with colleagues models for the estimation of several thermodynamic and thermophysical properties:
Activity coefficient models like UNIFAC (see also group contribution method) and extensions. For the further development of these widely used methods Gmeh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20Tycoon%3A%20Venture%20Africa | Wildlife Tycoon: Venture Africa is a simulation video game set in Africa. Players create and control African animals such as lions, elephants, zebras in this strategy game. To succeed, the player must discover the unique behaviors of each species and build food and water sources to suit them. They must plan their ecosystem well so that it can help both predator and prey achieve balance in the wild. The player can also select any animal and teach it about far away food sources, or select a predator to take down a herbivore.
Venture Africa was published by casual game publisher, MumboJumbo, and is also sold online from the Pocketwatch Games website as well as a number of other gaming portals.
The title was developed in 10 months for a total of USD$8,000, and sold about 65,000 copies. Andy Schatz, CEO and founder of Pocketwatch Games, designed, programmed, produced and contributed art to the game. A team of seven remote contractors provided the rest of the art and media for the game.
Awards and reception
Independent Games Festival 2006
Grand Prize Finalist
Slamdance Guerilla Gamemaker Competition 2006
Grand Prize Finalist
Indie Games Con 2005
Most Innovative Runner Up
Best Overall Runner Up
Hyper Tim Henderson commends the game for its "simple interface" as well as "great life and death balance". However, he criticises the game for its "tutorial [which] is a little vague and no camera rotation".
Sequels
Venture Africa spawned a sequel called Venture Arctic. Venture Arctic was released on the 26 May 2007 and has approximately double the number of animals compared to Venture Africa. Venture Dinosauria was cancelled before its 2009 release date. |
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