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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20raid%20on%20La%20Caine%20%281944%29 | The RAF raid on La Caine (1944) was an attack on 10 June 1944 by aircraft of the Royal Air Force against the headquarters of during Operation Overlord the Allied invasion of France, which led the German Panzer divisions in France and Belgium. The headquarters had recently taken over the château at La Caine, about to the south-west of the city of Caen, north of Thury-Harcourt.
Squadrons of North American B-25 Mitchell medium bombers and Hawker Typhoon fighter bombers of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force attacked the château and its grounds with bombs and air-to-ground rockets. Eighteen staff officers were killed in the attack and the commander, Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg was wounded.
A German armoured counter-offensive by against the Allied beachhead was postponed and then cancelled after the destruction of the headquarters. Command of Panzer divisions in the area was transferred to the headquarters; the remnants of the HQ was withdrawn to Paris and did not return to action until 28 June.
Background
(Field Marshal) Gerd von Rundstedt, ( the commander of German forces in western Europe) established , (commanded by Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg from 19 November 1943 to 4 July 1944) as a headquarters for the administration and training of the seven Panzer divisions based in northern France and Belgium. The organisation was also to command the Panzer divisions as a strategic reserve during the anticipated Allied invasion from Britain. On 9 June 1944, three days after the beginning of Operation Overlord, the invasion of France by the Western Allies, Erwin Rommel, commander of (Army Group B) with responsibility for the defence of northern France, drove to the HQ of and gave orders for a counter-offensive against the Allied landings in Normandy.
Allied monitoring of German communications
The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) code-breaking organisation at Bletchley Park read German radio signals encrypted by the Enigma cypher machine and was part of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBrick | BioBrick parts are DNA sequences which conform to a restriction-enzyme assembly standard. These building blocks are used to design and assemble larger synthetic biological circuits from individual parts and combinations of parts with defined functions, which would then be incorporated into living cells such as Escherichia coli cells to construct new biological systems. Examples of BioBrick parts include promoters, ribosomal binding sites (RBS), coding sequences and terminators.
Overview
The BioBrick parts are used by applying engineering principles of abstraction and modularization. BioBrick parts form the base of the hierarchical system on which synthetic biology is based. There are three levels to the hierarchy:
Parts: Pieces of DNA that form a functional unit (for example promoter, RBS, etc.)
Device: Collection set of parts with defined function. In simple terms, a set of complementary BioBrick parts put together forms a device.
System: Combination of a set of devices that performs high-level tasks.
The development of standardized biological parts allows for the rapid assembly of sequences. The ability to test individual parts and devices to be independently tested and characterized also improves the reliability of higher-order systems.
History
The first attempt to create a list of standard biological parts was in 1996, by Rebatchouk et al. This team introduced a cloning strategy for the assembly of short DNA fragments. However, this early attempt was not widely recognised by the scientific research community at the time. In 1999, Arkin and Endy realized that the heterogeneous elements that made up a genetic circuit were lacking standards, so they proposed a list of standard biological parts. BioBricks were described and introduced by Tom Knight at MIT in 2003. Since then, various research groups have utilized the BioBrick standard parts to engineer novel biological devices and systems.
BioBricks Foundation
The BioBricks Foundation was formed in 2006 by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotextile | Biotextiles are structures composed of textile fibers designed for use in specific biological environments where their performance depends on biocompatibility and biostability with cells and biological fluids. Biotextiles include implantable devices such as surgical sutures, hernia repair fabrics, arterial grafts, artificial skin and parts of artificial hearts.
They were first created 30 years ago by Dr. Martin W. King, a professor in North Carolina State University’s College of Textiles.
Medical textiles are a broader group which also includes bandages, wound dressings, hospital linen, preventive clothing etc. Antiseptic biotextiles are textiles used in fighting against cutaneous bacterial proliferation. Zeolite and triclosan are at the present time the most used molecules. This original property allows to fightinhibits the development of odours or bacterial proliferation in the diabetic foot.
New developments
In the new paradigm of tissue engineering, professionals are trying to develop new textiles so that the body can form new tissue around these devices so it’s not relying solely on synthetic foreign implanted material. Graduate student Jessica Gluck has demonstrated that viable and functioning liver cells can be grown on textile scaffolds.
See also
Technical textiles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured%20neuronal%20network | A cultured neuronal network is a cell culture of neurons that is used as a model to study the central nervous system, especially the brain. Often, cultured neuronal networks are connected to an input/output device such as a multi-electrode array (MEA), thus allowing two-way communication between the researcher and the network. This model has proved to be an invaluable tool to scientists studying the underlying principles behind neuronal learning, memory, plasticity, connectivity, and information processing.
Cultured neurons are often connected via computer to a real or simulated robotic component, creating a hybrot or animat, respectively. Researchers can then thoroughly study learning and plasticity in a realistic context, where the neuronal networks are able to interact with their environment and receive at least some artificial sensory feedback. One example of this can be seen in the Multielectrode Array Art (MEART) system developed by the Potter Research Group at the Georgia Institute of Technology in collaboration with SymbioticA, The Centre for Excellence in Biological Art, at the University of Western Australia. Another example can be seen in the neurally controlled animat.
Use as a model
Advantages
The use of cultured neuronal networks as a model for their in vivo counterparts has been an indispensable resource for decades. It allows researchers to investigate neuronal activity in a much more controlled environment than would be possible in a live organism. Through this mechanism researchers have gleaned important information about the mechanisms behind learning and memory.
A cultured neuronal network allows researchers to observe neuronal activity from several vantage points. Electrophysiological recording and stimulation can take place either across the network or locally via an MEA, and the network development can be visually observed using microscopy techniques. Moreover, chemical analysis of the neurons and their environment is more easily accomplis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathic%20effect | Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to replicate. Both of these effects occur due to CPEs. If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell, it is said to be cytopathogenic. Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell, fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia, and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
CPEs and other changes in cell morphology are only a few of the many effects by cytocidal viruses. When a cytocidal virus infects a permissive cell, the viruses kill the host cell through changes in cell morphology, in cell physiology, and the biosynthetic events that follow. These changes are necessary for efficient virus replication but at the expense of the host cell.
Diagnostics
CPEs are important aspects of a viral infection in diagnostics. Many CPEs can be seen in unfixed, unstained cells under the low power of an optical microscope, with the condenser down and the iris diaphragm partly closed. However, with some CPEs, namely inclusion bodies, the cells must be fixed and stained then viewed under light microscopy. Some viruses' CPEs are characteristic and therefore can be an important tool for virologists in diagnosing an infected animal or human. The rate of CPE appearance is also an important characteristic that virologists may use to identify virus type. If CPE appears after 4 to 5 days in vitro at low multiplicity of infection, then the virus is considered slow. If the CPE appears after 1 to 2 days in vitro at low multiplicity of infection, then the virus is thought to be rapid. Inoculations always occur at low multiplicity of infection because at high multiplicity of infection, all CPEs occur rapidly.
Typically, the first sign of viral infections is the rounding of cells. Inclusion bodies often t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization%20for%20Tropical%20Studies | The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), founded in 1963, is a non-profit consortium of over 50 universities and research institutions based in the United States, Latin America, and South Africa. OTS manages a network of ecological research stations in Costa Rica and South Africa. The North American Office is located on the Duke University campus in Durham, North Carolina. OTS offers a variety of courses in Spanish and English for high school, university, graduate students and professionals. Most of the coursework and research conducted at OTS stations focuses on tropical ecology, and the three research stations in Costa Rica are located in distinct ecoregions. OTS provides housing and a cafeteria for students researchers, and sometime ecotourists. OTS is involved in the policy related to tropical biology through courses, hosting meetings and conferences and managing conservation related projects
Along with Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Manu Learning Centre in Peru, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the OTS research stations in general (and La Selva in particular) provide some of the most important and productive sites of original research on neotropical ecology.
OTS research stations in Costa Rica:
· La Selva Biological Station: lowland tropical rainforest on the Caribbean lowlands
· Palo Verde Biological Station: tropical dry forest and seasonal freshwater wetlands on north western
· Las Cruces Biological Station: montane rainforest (including higher elevation cloud forest) and site of the Wilson Botanical Garden
OTS research station in South Africa:
· Skukuza Science Leadership Centre: Kruger National Park
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RediRipe | RediRipe is a technology created at the University of Arizona which detects the production of ethylene, a natural ripening hormone, and displaying that detection by means of a color-changing sticker that changes from white to blue.
The technology was created in the lab of Mark Riley at the University of Arizona. In conjunction with the Eller College of Management's McGuire Center for Entrepreneurship, the technology was being developed into a viable business that will assist the apple and pear industries in their efforts to improve their efficiency by integrating technology into their age-old processes. Additionally, this technology has potential on other climacteric fruits which emit ethylene as they ripen. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula%20Martin | Ursula Hilda Mary Martin (born 3 August 1953) is a British computer scientist, with research interests in theoretical computer science and formal methods. She is also known for her activities aimed at encouraging women in the fields of computing and mathematics. Since 2019, she has served as a professor at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.
From 20142018, Martin was a Professor of Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Oxford, and holds an EPSRC Established Career Fellowship. Prior to this she held a chair of Computer Science in the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science at Queen Mary, University of London, where she was Vice-Principal of Science and Engineering, 20052009.
Education
Martin was born in London on 3 August 1953 to Anne Louise (née Priestman) and Captain Geoffrey Richard Martin. She was educated at Abbey College at Malvern Wells. In 1975 she graduated with an MA from Girton College, Cambridge, and in 1979 with a PhD from the University of Warwick, both in mathematics.
Career and research
Martin began in mathematics working in group theory, later moving into string rewriting systems. She has held academic posts at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Manchester and Royal Holloway, University of London. She has made sabbatical visits to Massachusetts Institute of Technology and SRI International (Menlo Park). In 2004 she was a visiting fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute.
From 1992 to 2002, Martin was Professor of Computer Science at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. She was the first female professor at the University since its foundation in 1411.
From 2003 to 2005, Martin was seconded to the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory part-time and served as the director of the Women@CL project to lead local, national and international initiatives for women in computing, supported by Microsoft Research and Intel Cambridge Research. She was a F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Cruces%20Biological%20Station | The Las Cruces Biological Station / Wilson Botanical Garden is located in the southern Puntarenas province of Costa Rica, and is the newest of the three research stations operated by the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). Las Cruces includes a biological research station, tourist facilities, and the botanical gardens started by Robert and Catherine Wilson, and bequeathed to OTS.
Las Cruces is located in a mountainous region at an elevation of approximately 1,000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). Surrounded mostly by pastures, coffee plantations and other agricultural areas, Las Cruces includes a relatively small 270 Ha forest fragment that ranges from 900–1300 m.a.s.l. As such, much of the research conducted here focuses on agroecology or studies of forest fragmentation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Number%20Theory%20Seminar | The New York Number Theory Seminar is a research seminar devoted to the theory of numbers and related parts of mathematics and physics.
The seminar began in 1982 under the founding organizers Harvey Cohn, David and Gregory Chudnovsky, and Melvyn B. Nathanson. It is held at the Graduate Center, CUNY.
Overview
The New York Number Theory Seminar began in January 1982 and was originally organized by number theorists Harvey Cohn, David and Gregory Chudnovsky ,and Melvyn B. Nathanson. Since the retirement of Cohn, Nathanson is the sole organizer. The seminar also organizes an annual Workshop on Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory (CANT) at the Graduate Center, CUNY.
Publications
Four volumes of the collected lecture notes of the seminar were published in the Lecture Notes in Mathematics series by Springer-Verlag. These volumes covered the seminar from 1982 to 1988. Three additional stand-alone books were published by Springer-Verlag under the title Number Theory, covering the seminar between 1989 and 2003.
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline%20nuclear%20group | The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) is a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei:
paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis)
nucleus reuniens
rhomboid nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis)
subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis)
The midline nuclei are often called "nonspecific" in that they project widely to the cortex and elsewhere. This has led to the assumption that they may be involved in general functions such as alerting. However, anatomical connections might suggest more specific functions, with the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei involved in viscero-limbic functions, and the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei involved in multimodal sensory processing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite%20Rex | Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creatures is a nonfiction book by Carl Zimmer that was published by Free Press in 2000. The book discusses the history of parasites on Earth and how the field and study of parasitology formed, along with a look at the most dangerous parasites ever found in nature. A special paperback edition was released in March 2011 for the tenth anniversary of the book's publishing, including a new epilogue written by Zimmer. Signed bookplates were also given to fans that sent in a photo of themselves with a copy of the special edition.
The cover of Parasite Rex includes a scanning electron microscope image of a tick as the focus, along with illustrations in the centerfold of parasites and topics discussed in the book.
Content
The book begins by discussing the history of parasites in human knowledge, from the earliest writings about them in ancient cultures, up through modern times. The focus comes to rest extensively on the views and experiments conducted by scientists in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, such as those done by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Japetus Steenstrup, Friedrich Küchenmeister, and Ray Lankester. Among them, Leeuwenhoek was the first to ever physically view cells through a microscope, Steenstrup was the first to explain and confirm the multiple stages and life cycles of parasites that are different from most other living organisms, and Küchenmeister, through his religious beliefs and his views on every creature having a place in the natural order, denied the ideas of his time and proved that all parasites are a part of active evolutionary niches and not biological dead ends by conducting morally ambiguous experiments on prisoners. Lankester is given a specific focus and repeated discussion throughout the book due to his belief that parasites are examples of degenerative evolution, especially in regards to Sacculina, and Zimmer's repeated refutation of this idea.
Several chapters are taken to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylfentanyl | 3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent opioids, estimated to be between 400 and 6000 times stronger than morphine, depending on which isomer is used (with the cis isomers being the more potent ones).
Overview and history
was first discovered in 1974 and subsequently appeared on the street as an alternative to the clandestinely produced fentanyl analog α-methylfentanyl. However, it quickly became apparent that was much more potent than α-methylfentanyl, and correspondingly more dangerous.
While was initially sold on the black market for only a short time between 1984 and 1985, its high potency made it an attractive target to clandestine drug producers, as racemic is 10–15 times more potent than fentanyl, and so correspondingly larger amounts of cut product for street sales can be produced for an equivalent amount of effort as for producing fentanyl itself; one gram of might be sufficient to produce several thousand dosage units once diluted for sale. has thus reappeared several times, at various places around the world.
The only country in the world with significant (200+ deaths a year, more than 10,000 addicts) abuse of this chemical is Estonia, where a dose of costs 10 €, and other opiates are not generally available since the end of the 2000s. Approximately 1100 deaths from fentanyl and abuse were recorded in Estonia between 2005–2013, compared to approximately 450 deaths in Sweden, Germany, UK, Finland and Greece combined during the same period.
Other opioid analogs even more potent still than are known, such as carfentanil and ohmefentanyl, but these are significantly more difficult to manufacture than . Since 2016 fentanyl seizures in Estonia contains mostly carfentanil or cyclopropylfentanyl.
has similar effects to fentanyl, but is far more potent due to increased binding affinity to its target site. Since fentanyl itself is already highly potent, is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review%20of%20Scientific%20Instruments | Review of Scientific Instruments is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics. Its area of interest is scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.587. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s%20Old%20Measurement | Builder's Old Measurement (BOM, bm, OM, and o.m.) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship based on length and maximum beam. It is expressed in "tons burden" (, ), and abbreviated "tons bm".
The formula is:
where:
Length is the length, in feet, from the stem to the sternpost;
Beam is the maximum beam, in feet.
The Builder's Old Measurement formula remained in effect until the advent of steam propulsion. Steamships required a different method of estimating tonnage, because the ratio of length to beam was larger and a significant volume of internal space was used for boilers and machinery. In 1849, the Moorsom System was created in the United Kingdom. The Moorsom system calculates the cargo-carrying capacity in cubic feet, another method of volumetric measurement. The capacity in cubic feet is then divided by 100 cubic feet of capacity per gross ton, resulting in a tonnage expressed in tons.
History and derivation
King Edward I levied the first tax on the hire of ships in England in 1303 based on tons burthen. Later, King Edward III levied a tax of 3 shillings on each "tun" of imported wine, equivalent to about £126.30 in 2021. At that time a "tun" was a wine container of 252 wine gallons, approx weighing about , a weight known today as a long ton or imperial ton. In order to estimate the capacity of a ship in terms of 'tun' for tax purposes, an early formula used in England was:
where:
Length is the length (undefined), in feet
Beam is the beam, in feet.
Depth is the depth of the hold, in feet below the main deck.
The numerator yields the ship's volume expressed in cubic feet.
If a "tun" is deemed to be equivalent to 100 cubic feet, then the tonnage is simply the number of such 100 cubic feet 'tun' units of volume.
100 the divisor is unitless, so tonnage would be expressed in 'ft3 of tun'.
In 1678 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamic%20fasciculus | The thalamic fasciculus is a component of the subthalamus. It is synonymous with field H1 of Forel. Nerve fibres form a tract containing cerebellothalamic (crossed) and pallidothalamic (uncrossed) fibres, that is situated between the thalamus and the zona incerta.
The thalamic fasciculus consists of fibers from the ansa lenticularis and from the lenticular fasciculus, coming from different portions of the medial globus pallidus, before they jointly enter the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20DCR-VX1000 | The Sony DCR-VX1000 was a DV tape camcorder released by Sony in 1995, replaced by the DCR-VX2000 in 2000 and the DCR-VX2100 in mid 2003. A VX1000 was used to film the British hidden camera show Trigger Happy TV. It was also used by many skateboarders in the late 90s and early 2000s and therefore is an important part in the history of skateboarding culture. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20DCR-TRV900 | The Sony DCR-TRV900 was a DV tape camcorder released by Sony in 1998, with an MSRP of USD $2699. It was intended as a high-end consumer camera, more portable and less expensive than the top-of-the-line DCR-VX1000. In 2002, Sony replaced the TRV900 with the somewhat less well-received DCR-TRV950.
The camcorder had three 1/4-inch CCDs, which provided an exceptionally high-quality video image for a handheld camcorder of the period. It also had a 3.5-inch LCD screen, a color viewfinder, a 12x optical zoom, a 48x digital zoom, and a manual focus ring. The camcorder included a FireWire port for transferring video to a computer.
At the time, Sony had a pattern of releasing "professional" upgraded versions of their most popular consumer cameras, with the same chassis shape but made from more durable materials and in a darker color. Extra features included XLR inputs and the ability to record in the higher-grade DVCAM format. The TRV900's pro equivalent was the DSR-PD100, released in 2000; the TRV950's was the DSR-PDX10.
Specs
TRV900 vs. TRV950
There are several differences between the two.
Chip Size
The TRV900 has 1/4' chips and the TRV950 has 1/4.7.
CCD Pixels
The TRV950 has substantially smaller CCD Pixels than the 900 with 380k pixels while the 950 has 690k.
LCD Monitor
Both have a 3.5" LCD Monitor.
Zoom
The only difference in zoom between the two is that the 900's digital zoom is 48x while the digital zoom for the TRV950 is 150x. Also the TRV950s zoom rocker is more sensitive.
Low Light
The TRV900 Low Light Rating is 4 lux while the TRV950 is 7 lux.
Progressive Mode
Although progressive mode on the TRV900 has a slow frame rate, the 950 has no explicit progressive mode. Running the "flash" digital effect at the lowest possible setting will simulate a progressive mode.
Audio
The TRV950 has a little more "hiss" than the TRV900. Also, the internal speaker of the TRV950 is smaller than the TRV900 and has less output.
A/D conversion and pass-through
The T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1%20cell | B1 cells are a sub-class of B cell lymphocytes that are involved in the humoral immune response. They are not part of the adaptive immune system, as they have no memory, but otherwise, B1 cells perform many of the same roles as other B cells: making antibodies against antigens and acting as antigen-presenting cells. These B1 cells are commonly found in peripheral sites, but less commonly found in the blood. These cells are involved in antibody response during an infection or vaccination.
There are two types of B1 cells subsets, B1a cells and B1b cells. B1b cells have been shown to be capable of memory responses. B1b cells also can recognize protective antigens in bacteria, which is unique because they are targeting something internal.
Origin
B1 cells are first produced in the fetus and most B1 cells undergo self-renewal in the periphery, unlike conventional B cells (B2 cells) that are produced after birth and replaced in the bone marrow.
Types
Human B1 cells have been found to have marker profile of CD20+CD27+CD43+CD70- and could either be CD5+ or CD5-, which has been debated since. CD5-CD72 is thought to mediate B cell-B cell interaction. What differentiates B1 cells from other B cells is the variable existence of CD5, CD86, IgM and IgD. B-1 B cells, in the mouse, can be further subdivided into B-1a (CD5+) and B-1b (CD5−) subtypes. Unlike B-1a B cells, the B-1b subtype can be generated from precursors in the adult bone marrow. The B1a and B1b precursors have been reported to differ in the expression levels of CD138.
Compared to B1a cells, B1b cells seem to recognize more types of antigens including intracellular antigens. Previously, B1b cell antigen recognition was thought to be random; however, recent research indicated that B1b cells specifically target a variety of protective antigens, also called conserved factors, over other types antigens.
Recent functional studies indicate a further subdivision of labor assigning B1a cells as the producers of natura |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum%20semiovale | In neuroanatomy, the centrum semiovale, semioval center or centrum ovale is the central area of white matter found underneath the cerebral cortex.
The white matter, located in each hemisphere between the cerebral cortex and nuclei, as a whole has a semioval shape. It consists of cortical projection fibers, association fibers and cortical fibers. It continues ventrally as the corona radiata. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar%20part%20of%20pons | The basilar part of pons, also known as basis pontis, is the ventral part of the pons; the dorsal part is known as the pontine tegmentum.
The basilar pons makes up two thirds of the pons within the brainstem. It has a ridged appearance with a shallow groove at the midline. This groove is called the basilar sulcus and is covered by the basilar artery, which feeds into the Circle of Willis and provides blood supply to the brainstem and cerebellum. The basilar pons has this kind of appearance due to the fibers that come out of the pons and enter the cerebellum. This part of the brainstem contains fibers from the corticospinal tract (a descending pathway for neurons to reach other structures in the body), pontine nuclei, and transverse pontine fibers. The corticospinal tract carries neurons from the primary motor cortex in the brain to the spinal cord, aiding in voluntary motor movement of the body. In addition to passing through the basilar pons, corticospinal tract fibers go through other structures of the brainstem, such as the internal capsule and the crus cerebri.
An integral part of the basilar pons is the pontine nuclei. The pontine nuclei are responsible for projecting axons that go to the opposite cerebellar hemisphere through the middle cerebellar peduncle. Doing this makes the axons change into the transverse pontine fibers. The fibers of the pontine nuclei are all important to motor function, including fiber bundles such as the corticospinal fibers and corticopontine-pontocerebellar system. Specifically, the basilar pons contains all the corticofugal fibers, which include the corticospinal, corticobulbar (or corticonuclear), and corticopontine fibers. The basal pontine nuclei provides the most information to the cerebellum. These pontine nuclei are integral in helping the basilar pons carry information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. The basilar pons is able to do this via the corticopontine fibers that it receives. Once the information passes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provider%20edge%20router | A provider edge router (PE router) is a router between one network service provider's area and areas administered by other network providers. A network provider is usually an Internet service provider as well (or only that).
The term PE router covers equipment capable of a broad range of routing protocols, notably:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) (PE to PE or PE to CE communication)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) (PE to CE router communication)
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) (PE to P router communication)
PE routers do not need to be aware of what kind of traffic is coming from the provider's network, as opposed to a P router that functions as a transit within the service provider's network. However, some PE routers also do labelling.
See also
Customer edge router
Provider router |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer%20edge%20router | The customer edge router (CE) is the router at the customer premises that is connected to the provider edge router of a service provider IP/MPLS network. The CE router peers with the provider edge router (PE) and exchanges routes with the corresponding VRF inside the PE. The routing protocol used could be static or dynamic (an interior gateway protocol like OSPF or an exterior gateway protocol like BGP).
The customer edge router can either be owned by the customer or service provider.
See also
Provider edge router
Provider router |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent%20enhancement | Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication. The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease. It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.
Technical description
In ADE, antiviral antibodies promote viral infection of target immune cells by exploiting the phagocytic FcγR or complement pathway. After interaction with a virus, the antibodies bind Fc receptors (FcR) expressed on certain immune cells or complement proteins. FcγRs bind antibodies via their fragment crystallizable region (Fc).
The process of phagocytosis is accompanied by virus degradation, but if the virus is not neutralized (either due to low affinity binding or targeting to a non-neutralizing epitope), antibody binding may result in virus escape and, therefore, more severe infection. Thus, phagocytosis can cause viral replication and the subsequent death of immune cells. Essentially, the virus “deceives” the process of phagocytosis of immune cells and uses the host's antibodies as a Trojan horse.
ADE may occur because of the non-neutralizing characteristic of an antibody, which binds viral epitopes other than those involved in host-cell attachment and entry. It may also happen when antibodies are present at sub-neutralizing concentrations (yielding occupancies on viral epitopes below the threshold for neutralization), or when the strength of antibody-antigen interaction is below a certain threshold. This phenomenon can lead to increased viral infectivity and virulence.
ADE can occur during the development of a primary or secondary viral infection, as well as with a virus challenge after vaccination. It has been observed mainly wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever%20rule | In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (xi) or the mass fraction (wi) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram. It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.
In an alloy or a mixture with two phases, α and β, which themselves contain two elements, A and B, the lever rule states that the mass fraction of the α phase is
where
is the mass fraction of element B in the α phase
is the mass fraction of element B in the β phase
is the mass fraction of element B in the entire alloy or mixture
all at some fixed temperature or pressure.
Derivation
Suppose an alloy at an equilibrium temperature T consists of mass fraction of element B. Suppose also that at temperature T the alloy consists of two phases, α and β, for which the α consists of , and β consists of . Let the mass of the α phase in the alloy be so that the mass of the β phase is , where is the total mass of the alloy.
By definition, then, the mass of element B in the α phase is , while the mass of element B in the β phase is . Together these two quantities sum to the total mass of element B in the alloy, which is given by . Therefore,
By rearranging, one finds that
This final fraction is the mass fraction of the α phase in the alloy.
Calculations
Binary phase diagrams
Before any calculations can be made, a tie line is drawn on the phase diagram to determine the mass fraction of each element; on the phase diagram to the right it is line segment LS. This tie line is drawn horizontally at the composition's temperature from one phase to another (here the liquid to the solid). The mass fraction of element B at the liquidus is given by wBl (represented as wl in this diagram) and the mass fraction of element B at the solidus is given by wBs (represented as ws in this diagram). The mass fraction of solid and liquid can then be calculated us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzby | Buzby was a yellow (later orange) talking cartoon bird, launched in 1976 as part of a marketing campaign by Post Office Telecommunications, which later became British Telecommunications (BT).
Overview
Buzby appeared in a series of television commercials with the catchphrase: "Make someone happy with a phone call". Buzby's voice was provided by Bernard Cribbins, and the character was animated by Charlie Jenkins of Trickfilm Studios, London.
The campaign spawned many marketing items, such as toys, badges, a comic strip in TV Comic, and books, and lasted until well into the 1980s. British Telecom produced and sold a "Buzby" wristwatch with Buzby perched on the second hand; the watch had a blue strap. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label%20switching | Label switching is a technique of network relaying to overcome the problems perceived by traditional IP-table switching (also known as traditional layer 3 hop-by-hop routing). Here, the switching of network packets occurs at a lower level, namely the data link layer rather than the traditional network layer.
Each packet is assigned a label number and the switching takes place after examination of the label assigned to each packet. The switching is much faster than IP-routing. New technologies such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) use label switching. The established ATM protocol also uses label switching at its core.
According to (An Architecture for Differentiated Services, December 1998):
"Examples of the label switching (or virtual circuit) model include Frame Relay, ATM, and MPLS. In this model path forwarding state and traffic management or quality of service (QoS) state is established for traffic streams on each hop along a network path. Traffic aggregates of varying granularity are associated with a label switched path at an ingress node, and packets/cells within each label switched path are marked with a forwarding label that is used to look up the next-hop node, the per-hop forwarding behavior, and the replacement label at each hop. This model permits finer granularity resource allocation to traffic streams, since label values are not globally significant but are only significant on a single link; therefore resources can be reserved for the aggregate of packets/cells received on a link with a particular label, and the label switching semantics govern the next-hop selection, allowing a traffic stream to follow a specially engineered path through the network."
A related topic is "Multilayer Switching," which discusses silicon-based wire-speed routing devices that examine not only layer 3 packet information, but also layer 4 (transport) and layer 7 (application) information. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugmark | Pugmark is the term used to refer to the footprint of most animals (especially megafauna). "Pug" means foot in Hindi (Sanskrit पद् "pad"; Greek πούς "poús"). Every individual animal species has a distinct pugmark and as such this is used for identification.
Wildlife conservationists are known to catalogue pugmarks in the areas where they operate. Pugmarks are also used for tracking rogue animals which may be a danger to mankind or even to themselves because of injuries etc. It is possible to make an accurate identification of species, sex, age and physical condition of an animal by those trained in the field.
Field data collection
In India, ‘Pugmark Tracking’ involves collection of pugmark tracings and plaster casts from the field and analysis of these separately for individual male, female, and cub of tiger and leopard, and their diagnostic track dimensions and spatial distribution.
In order to obtain good pug impressions, PIPs (pug impression pads) are laid along roads, animal tracks and footpaths. To cite an example, during the year 2002, in 71 Census Units of Similipal 8946 PIPs were laid over 1773 km of tracking routes, from which 764 pugmark tracings were collected along with 316 plaster casts.
Field data for each pugmark are collected in specially devised census forms. The plaster casts and tracings along with field information are together analysed with map of the area to remove repetitions and overlaps in pug-evidences collected for the same tiger.
The final result indicates the (a) total numbers of male, female and cub of tiger and leopard, (b) their pugmark dimensions with stride where available, (c) the names of locations where the pugmarks of each tiger have been traced to show the gross movement areas (d) interrelationship among different tigers by linking each male to female and the latter to cubs tracked in the movement area, and finally (e) spatial distribution map.
Benefits as a data collection method
The above approach to pugmark tracking h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20geography | Statistical geography is the study and practice of collecting, analysing and presenting data that has a geographic or areal dimension, such as census or demographics data. It uses techniques from spatial analysis, but also encompasses geographical activities such as the defining and naming of geographical regions for statistical purposes. For example, for the purposes of statistical geography, the Australian Bureau of Statistics uses the Australian Standard Geographical Classification, a hierarchical regionalisation that divides Australia up into states and territories, then statistical divisions, statistical subdivisions, statistical local areas, and finally census collection districts.
Background
Geographers study how and why elements differ from place to place, as well as how spatial patterns change through time. Geographers begin with the question 'Where?', exploring how features are distributed on a physical or cultural landscape, observing spatial patterns and the variation of phenomena. Contemporary geographical analysis has shifted to 'Why?', determining why a specific spatial pattern exists, what spatial or ecological processes may have affected a pattern, and why such processes operate. Only by approaching the 'why?' questions can social scientists begin to appreciate the mechanisms of change, which are infinite in their complexity.
Role of statistics in geography
Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results.
Geographers use statistics in numerous ways:
To describe and summarize spatial data.
To make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns.
To estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location.
To use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial%20of%20Russia | This is a list of the Coats of arms of the Russian Federation and its federal subjects.
Current coats of arms
Federation
Republics
Oblasts
Krais
Autonomous oblasts
Autonomous okrugs
Federal cities
Institutions
Former subjects
Historical coats of arms
1882–1917
1917–1923
1923–1993
Adygea
Altai
Bashkortostan
Buryatia
Chechnya
Chuvashia
Dagestan
Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkaria
Kalmykia
Karachay-Cherkessia
Karelia
Khakassia
Komi
Mari El
Mordovia
North Ossetia–Alania
Sakha
Tatarstan
Tuva
Udmurtia
Amur Oblast
Arkhangelsk Oblast
Astrakhan Oblast
Belgorod Oblast
Bryansk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast
Ivanovo Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaluga Oblast
Kemerovo Oblast
Kirov Oblast
Kostroma Oblast
Kurgan Oblast
Kursk Oblast
Leningrad Oblast
Lipetsk Oblast
Magadan Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Murmansk oblast
Nizhny Novgorod oblast
Novgorod Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast
Omsk Oblast
Orenburg Oblast
Oryol Oblast
Penza Oblast
Pskov Oblast
Rostov Oblast
Ryazan Oblast
Sakhalin Oblast
Samara Oblast
Saratov Oblast
Smolensk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Tambov Oblast
Tomsk Oblast
Tver Oblast
Tula Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Ulyanovsk Oblast
Vladimir Oblast
Volgograd Oblast
Vologda Oblast
Voronezh Oblast
Yaroslavl Oblast
Altai Krai
Kamchatka Krai
Khabarovsk Krai
Krasnodar Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Perm Krai
Primorsky Krai
Stavropol Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Other
Notes
See also
Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
Coat of arms of Russia
Emblems of the Soviet Republics
Russia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseophilin | Roseophilin is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseoviridis shown to have antitumor activity. The chemical structure can be considered in terms of two components, a macrotricyclic segment and a heterocyclic side-chain. Several laboratory syntheses of roseophilin (e.g., those of Trost, Fürstner, Salamone) are based upon the Paal-Knorr synthesis, and two others are based on the Nazarov cyclization reaction (those of Tius, Frontier). The compound is related to the prodiginines. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostomy%20system | An ostomy pouching system is a prosthetic medical device that provides a means for the collection of waste from a surgically diverted biological system (colon, ileum, bladder) and the creation of a stoma. Pouching systems are most commonly associated with colostomies, ileostomies, and urostomies.
Pouching systems usually consist of a collection pouch, a barrier on the skin, and connect with the stoma itself, which is the part of the body that has been diverted to the skin. The system may be a one-piece system consisting only of a bag or, in some instances involve a device placed on the skin with a collection pouch that is attached mechanically or with an adhesive in an airtight seal, known as a two-piece system.
The system used varies between individuals and is often based on the medical reason, personal preference and lifestyle.
Uses
Ostomy pouching systems collect waste that is output from a stoma. The pouching system allows the stoma to drain into a sealed collection pouch, while protecting the surrounding skin from contamination. They are used to maintain independence, so that a wearer can continue to lead an active lifestyle that can include all forms of sports and recreation.
Surface barriers
Ostomy barriers sit on the skin and separate the ostomy pouch from the internal conduit. They are not always present. These barriers, also called flanges, wafers, or baseplates are manufactured using pectin or similar organic material and are available in a wide variety of sizes to accommodate a person's particular anatomy.
The internal opening must be the correct size to accommodate the individual's stoma while protecting the skin from contact with waste. The methods for sizing this opening vary depending on the type of wafer/baseplate; some pre-cut sizes are available, some users customize the opening using scissors. Manufacturers have recently introduced moldable wafers than can be shaped by hand without the need for scissors.
Skin adhesion for modern wafers/b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuron | Immuron is a biotechnology company based in Melbourne, Australia. In 2008, the company changed its name to Immuron Limited, having previously operated as Anadis Limited.
Immuron is focused on antigen-primed and dairy-derived health products. Its proprietary technologies allow for rapid development of polyclonal antibody and other proteins-based solutions for a range of diseases.. The company specialises in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic technology products for conditions such as oral and GI mucositis, avian influenza, E. coli travellers' diarrhoea (TD) and Anthrax containment.
In 2005, Anadis signed an agreement with Quebec's Baralex Inc. and Valeo Pharma Inc. for the distribution of Travelan, a product made by Anadis for the Canadian market.
External links
Official website |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20study%20of%20energy%20data | Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or renewable energy sources (biomass, geothermal, wind or solar energy), when they are used for the energy they contain. Energy is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do work or produce heat. Some energy commodities, called fuels, release their energy content as heat when they burn. This heat could be used to run an internal or external combustion engine.
The need to have statistics on energy commodities became obvious during the 1973 oil crisis that brought tenfold increase in petroleum prices. Before the crisis, to have accurate data on global energy supply and demand was not deemed critical. Another concern of energy statistics today is a huge gap in energy use between developed and developing countries. As the gap narrows (see picture), the pressure on energy supply increases tremendously.
The data on energy and electricity come from three principal sources:
Energy industry
Other industries ("self-producers")
Consumers
The flows of and trade in energy commodities are measured both in physical units (e.g., metric tons), and, when energy balances are calculated, in energy units (e.g., terajoules or tons of oil equivalent). What makes energy statistics specific and different from other fields of economic statistics is the fact that energy commodities undergo greater number of transformations (flows) than other commodities. In these transformations energy is conserved, as defined by and within the limitations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
See also
Energy system
World energy resources and consumption
External links
Statistical Energy Database Review: Enerdata Yearbook 2012
International Energy Agency: Statistics
United Nations: Energy Statistics
The Oslo Group on Energy Statistics
DOE Energy Information Administration
Year of Ener |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconjugation | Bioconjugation is a chemical strategy to form a stable covalent link between two molecules, at least one of which is a biomolecule.
Overview
Function
Recent advances in the understanding of biomolecules enabled their application to numerous fields like medicine and materials. Synthetically modified biomolecules can have diverse functionalities, such as tracking cellular events, revealing enzyme function, determining protein biodistribution, imaging specific biomarkers, and delivering drugs to targeted cells. Bioconjugation is a crucial strategy that links these modified biomolecules with different substrates. Besides applications in biomedical research, bioconjugation has recently also gained importance in nanotechnology such as bioconjugated quantum dots.
Types of Conjugated Molecules
The most common types of bioconjugation include coupling of a small molecule (such as biotin or a fluorescent dye) to a protein. Antibody-drug conjugates such as Brentuximab vedotin and Gemtuzumab ozogamicin are examples falling into this category.
Protein-protein conjugations, such as the coupling of an antibody to an enzyme, is also common in bioconjugations.
Other less common molecules used in bioconjugation are oligosaccharides, nucleic acids, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, and carbon nanotubes.
Common Bioconjugation Reactions
Synthesis of bioconjugates involves a variety of challenges, ranging from the simple and nonspecific use of a fluorescent dye marker to the complex design of antibody drug conjugates. Various bioconjugation reactions have been developed to chemically modify proteins. Common types of bioconjugation reactions on proteins are coupling of lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine amino acid residues, as well as modification of tryptophan residues and of the N- and C- terminus.
However, these reactions often lack chemoselectivity and efficiency, because they depend on the presence of native amino acids, which are present in large quantities that h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory%20culture | Participatory culture, an opposing concept to consumer culture, is a culture in which private individuals (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers). The term is most often applied to the production or creation of some type of published media.
Overview
Recent advances in technologies (mostly personal computers and the Internet) have enabled private persons to create and publish such media, usually through the Internet. Since the technology now enables new forms of expression and engagement in public discourse, participatory culture not only supports individual creation but also informal relationships that pair novices with experts. This new culture, as it relates to the Internet, has been described as Web 2.0. In participatory culture, "young people creatively respond to a plethora of electronic signals and cultural commodities in ways that surprise their makers, finding meanings and identities never meant to be there and defying simple nostrums that bewail the manipulation or passivity of "consumers."
The increasing access to the Internet has come to play an integral part in the expansion of participatory culture because it increasingly enables people to work collaboratively, generate and disseminate news, ideas, and creative works, and connect with people who share similar goals and interests (see affinity groups). The potential of participatory culture for civic engagement and creative expression has been investigated by media scholar Henry Jenkins. In 2009, Jenkins and co-authors Ravi Purushotma, Katie Clinton, Margaret Weigel and Alice Robison authored a white paper entitled Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. This paper describes a participatory culture as one:
With relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement
With strong support for creating and sharing one's creations with others
With some type of informal mentorship whereby |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh%20map | The Karnaugh map (KM or K-map) is a method of simplifying Boolean algebra expressions. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 as a refinement of Edward W. Veitch's 1952 Veitch chart, which was a rediscovery of Allan Marquand's 1881 logical diagram aka Marquand diagram but with a focus now set on its utility for switching circuits. Veitch charts are also known as Marquand–Veitch diagrams or, rarely, as Svoboda charts, and Karnaugh maps as Karnaugh–Veitch maps (KV maps).
The Karnaugh map reduces the need for extensive calculations by taking advantage of humans' pattern-recognition capability. It also permits the rapid identification and elimination of potential race conditions.
The required Boolean results are transferred from a truth table onto a two-dimensional grid where, in Karnaugh maps, the cells are ordered in Gray code, and each cell position represents one combination of input conditions. Cells are also known as minterms, while each cell value represents the corresponding output value of the boolean function. Optimal groups of 1s or 0s are identified, which represent the terms of a canonical form of the logic in the original truth table. These terms can be used to write a minimal Boolean expression representing the required logic.
Karnaugh maps are used to simplify real-world logic requirements so that they can be implemented using a minimum number of logic gates. A sum-of-products expression (SOP) can always be implemented using AND gates feeding into an OR gate, and a product-of-sums expression (POS) leads to OR gates feeding an AND gate. The POS expression gives a complement of the function (if F is the function so its complement will be F'). Karnaugh maps can also be used to simplify logic expressions in software design. Boolean conditions, as used for example in conditional statements, can get very complicated, which makes the code difficult to read and to maintain. Once minimised, canonical sum-of-products and product-of-sums expressions can be imple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocultural%20anthropology | Biocultural anthropology can be defined in numerous ways. It is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. "Instead of looking for the underlying biological roots of human behavior, biocultural anthropology attempts to understand how culture affects our biological capacities and limitations."
History
Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology. The shift towards understanding the role of culture to human biology led to the development of Dual inheritance theory in the 1960s. In relation to, and following the development of Dual-inheritance theory, biocultural evolution was introduced and first used in the 1970s.
Key research
Biocultural approaches to human biology have been utilized since at least 1958 when American Biological Anthropologist Frank B. Livingstone contributed early research explaining the linkages among population growth, subsistence strategy, and the distribution of the sickle cell gene in Liberia.
Human adaptability research in the 1960s focused on two biocultural approaches to fatigue: functional differentiation of skeletal muscles associated with various movements, and human adaptability to modern living involving different work types.
"What's Cultural about Biocultural Research," Written by William W. Dressler, connects the cultural perspective of biocultural anthropology to "cultural consonance" which is defined as "a model to assess the approximation of an individuals behavior compared to the guiding awareness of his or her culture. This research has been used to examine outcomes in blood pressure, depressive symptoms, body composition, and dietary habits.
Dr. Romendro Khongsdier's approach to th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%20crop | A trap crop is a plant that attracts agricultural pests, usually insects, away from nearby crops. This form of companion planting can save the main crop from decimation by pests without the use of pesticides.[1] A trap crop is used for attracting the insect and pests away from the field.[1] Many trap crops have successfully diverted pests from focal crops in small scale greenhouse, garden and field experiments; a small portion of these plants have been shown to reduce pest damage at larger commercial scales. A common explanation for reported trap cropping failures, is that attractive trap plants only protect nearby plants if the insects do not move back into the main crop. In a review of 100 trap cropping examples in 2006, only 10 trap crops were classified as successful at a commercial scale, and in all successful cases, trap cropping was supplemented with management practices that specifically limited insect dispersal from the trap crop back into the main crop.
Examples
Examples of trap crops include:
Alfalfa planted in strips among cotton, to draw away lygus bugs, while castor beans surround the field, or tobacco planted in strips among it, to protect from the budworm Heliothis.
Rose enthusiasts often plant Pelargonium geraniums among their rosebushes because Japanese beetles are drawn to the geraniums, which are toxic to them.
Chervil is used by gardeners to protect vegetable plants from slugs.
Rye, sesbania, and sicklepod are used to protect soybeans from corn seeding maggots, stink bugs, and velvet green caterpillars, respectively.
Mustard and alfalfa planted near strawberries to attract lygus bugs, a method pioneered by Jim Cochran.
Blue Hubbard squash is planted near cucurbit crops to attract squash vine borer, squash bugs, and both spotted and striped Cucumber beetle.
In push-pull agricultural pest management, napier grass or signal grass (Brachiaria brizantha) are used as trap crops to attract stemboring moths such as Chilo partellus.
Trap crop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druglikeness | Druglikeness is a qualitative concept used in drug design for how "druglike" a substance is with respect to factors like bioavailability. It is estimated from the molecular structure before the substance is even synthesized and tested. A druglike molecule has properties such as:
Solubility in both water and fat, as an orally administered drug needs to pass through the intestinal lining after it is consumed, be carried in aqueous blood and penetrate the lipid-based cell membrane to reach the inside of a cell. A model compound for the lipophilic cellular membrane is 1-octanol (a lipophilic medium-chain fatty alcohol), so the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient, known as LogP, is used to predict the solubility of a potential oral drug. This coefficient can be experimentally measured or predicted computationally, in which case it is sometimes called "cLogP". As the lipophilicity of ionizable compounds is strongly dependent of pH, the distribution coefficient logD, or a logP vs pH curve may be used instead.
Potency at the biological target. High potency (high value of pIC50) is a desirable attribute in drug candidates, as it reduces the risk of non-specific, off-target pharmacology at a given concentration. When associated with low clearance, high potency also allows for low total dose, which lowers the risk of idiosyncratic drug reactions.
Ligand efficiency and lipophilic efficiency.
Molecular weight: The smaller the better, because diffusion is directly affected. The great majority of drugs on the market have molecular weights between 200 and 600 Daltons, and particularly <500; they belong to the group of small molecules.
A traditional method to evaluate druglikeness is to check compliance of Lipinski's Rule of Five, which covers the numbers of hydrophilic groups, molecular weight and hydrophobicity.
Since the drug is transported in aqueous media like blood and intracellular fluid, it has to be sufficiently water-soluble in the absolute sense (i.e. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat-selection%20hypothesis | Habitat selection hypothesis is one of several hypotheses that attempt to explain the mechanisms of brood parasite host selection in cuckoos. Cuckoos are not the only brood parasites, however the behavior is more rare in other groups of birds, including ducks, weavers, and cowbirds.
Brood parasites and their favored host species are known to coevolve, which means both are likely to possess specific adaptations and counteradaptations. An example of such an evolutionary arms race between a brood parasite and its host, is the phenomenon of egg rejection and egg mimicry, its counteradaptation. Cuckoo eggs have been found in the nests of over 100 different species, of which 11 have been identified as primary host species and a similar number as secondary. Egg patterns and coloring differs greatly between these host species, and the cuckoo eggs vary accordingly. Thus it is important for a female cuckoo to deposit her eggs in a nest corresponding to the same species as her foster parents, because if she were to select a different host species, that would likely entail a higher risk of egg rejection.
According to the habitat selection hypothesis, host selection occurs through the means of habitat imprinting in early post-natal development. A female cuckoo retains recognition of certain stimuli, like vegetation, from experience with her natal habitat. Habitats might be defined as dry or wet, shrubby or forested, lakeside, etc. This process has been termed natal habitat preference induction (NHPI) and has been found in many species across different taxa, such as insects (Hopkins’ host selection principle), fish, amphibians, mammals and birds of course. This imprinting of the habitat type in which the female cuckoo was reared may cause her to subsequently return to this habitat type in order to lay eggs and therefore increases the likelihood of encountering the suitable host species, as most host species are known to be habitat specific. Thus, habitat selection is thought to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Cohen%20%28statistician%29 | Jacob Cohen (April 20, 1923 – January 20, 1998) was an American psychologist and statistician best known for his work on statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical meta-analysis and the methods of estimation statistics. He gave his name to such measures as Cohen's kappa, Cohen's d, and Cohen's h.
Power analysis and significance testing
In addition to being an advocate of power analysis and effect size, Cohen was a critic of reliance on, and lack of understanding of, significance testing procedures used in statistics, especially misunderstandings of null hypothesis significance testing. In particular, he identified the "near universal misinterpretation of p as the probability that H0 is false, the misinterpretation that its complement is the probability of successful replication, and the mistaken assumption that if one rejects H0 one thereby affirms the theory that led to the test". He encouraged instead a recognition of single studies as exploratory and a reliance on replication for support.
Career
A graduate of City College, he received his PhD in clinical psychology at New York University in 1950.
Between 1959 and retirement in 1993 he worked in the psychology department at New York University, latterly as the head of the quantitative psychology group.
He was awarded the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Psychological Association in 1997 and was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association and the American Statistical Association.
Selected works
Below are listed some of Cohen's works. Where multiple authors are present, full names are used to facilitate reader searches for other works by those authors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization%20during%20pregnancy | Immunization during pregnancy is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant individual. This may be done either to protect the individual from disease or to induce an antibody response, such that the antibodies cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the infant after birth. In many countries, including the US, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand, vaccination against influenza, COVID-19 and whooping cough is routinely offered during pregnancy.
Other vaccines may be offered during pregnancy where travel-related or occupational exposure to disease-causing organisms warrant this. However, certain vaccines are contra-indicated in pregnancy. These include vaccines that include live attenuated organisms, such as the MMR and BCG vaccines, since there is a potential risk that these could infect the fetus.
Tetanus and whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy
Newborns are at increased risk of infection, particularly before they receive their first infant vaccinations. For this reason, certain vaccinations are offered during pregnancy in order to induce an antibody response, resulting in the passage of antibody across the placenta and into the fetus: this confers passive immunity on the newborn. As early as 1879, it was noted that infants born following smallpox vaccination in pregnancy were themselves protected against smallpox. However, the original smallpox vaccination was never widely used during pregnancy because, as a live vaccine, its use is contraindicated.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. Newborns can be infected via their unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the umbilical cord is cut with a non-sterile instrument, and suffer a generalised infection. The tetanus toxoid vaccine was first licensed for use in 1938 and, during the 1960s, it was noted that tetanus vaccination in pregnancy could prevent neonatal tetanus. Subsequent trials showed that vaccination of pregnant women reduces infant deaths from tetanus by 94% |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media-independent%20handover | Media Independent Handover (MIH) is a standard being developed by IEEE 802.21 to enable the handover of IP sessions from one layer 2 access technology to another, to achieve mobility of end user devices (MIH).
Importance
The importance of MIH derives from the fact that a diverse range of broadband wireless access technologies is available and in course of development, including GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, Mobile-Fi and WPANs. Multimode wireless devices that incorporate more than one of these wireless interfaces require the ability to switch among them during the course of an IP session, and devices such as laptops with Ethernet and wireless interfaces need to switch similarly between wired and wireless access.
Handover may be required, e.g. because a mobile device experiences a degradation in the radio signal, or because an access point experiences a heavy traffic load.
Functionality
The key functionality provided by MIH is communication among the various wireless layers and between them and the IP layer. The required messages are relayed by the Media Independent Handover Function, MIHF, that is located in the protocol stack between the layer 2 wireless technologies and IP at layer 3. MIH may communicate with various IP protocols including Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for signaling, Mobile IP for mobility management, and DiffServ and IntServ for quality of service (QoS).
When a session is handed off from one access point to another access point using the same technology, the handover can usually be performed within that wireless technology itself without involving MIHF or IP. For instance a VoIP call from a Wi-Fi handset to a Wi-Fi access point can be handed over to another Wi-Fi access point within the same network, e.g. a corporate network, using Wi-Fi standards such as 802.11f and 802.11r. However, if the handover is from a Wi-Fi access point in a corporate network to a public Wi-Fi hotspot, then MIH is required, since the two access points cannot comm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Fertilisation%20and%20Embryology%20Act%201990 | The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority which is in charge of human embryo research, along with monitoring and licensing fertility clinics in the United Kingdom.
The Authority is composed of a chairman, a deputy chairman, and however many members are appointed by the UK Secretary of State. They are in charge of reviewing information about human embryos and subsequent development, provision of treatment services, and activities governed by the Act of 1990. The Authority also offers information and advice to people seeking treatment, and to those who have donated gametes or embryos for purposes or activities covered in the Act of 1990. Some of the subjects under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 are prohibitions in connection with gametes, embryos, and germ cells.
The Act also addresses licensing conditions, code of practice, and procedure of approval involving human embryos. This only concerns human embryos which have reached the two cell zygote stage, at which they are considered "fertilised" in the act. It also governs the keeping and using of human embryos, but only outside a woman's body. The act contains amendments to UK law regarding termination of pregnancy, surrogacy and parental rights.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and stem cell policy
The Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 regulates ex-vivo human embryo creation and the research involving them. This act established the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to regulate treatment and research in the UK involving human embryos. In 2001, an extension of the Act legalized embryo research for the purposes of "increasing knowledge about the development of embryos," "increasing knowledge about serious disease," and "enabling any such knowledge to be applied in developing treatments for serious disease." The HFEA grants licenses and researc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions%20of%20symmetric%20operators | In functional analysis, one is interested in extensions of symmetric operators acting on a Hilbert space. Of particular importance is the existence, and sometimes explicit constructions, of self-adjoint extensions. This problem arises, for example, when one needs to specify domains of self-adjointness for formal expressions of observables in quantum mechanics. Other applications of solutions to this problem can be seen in various moment problems.
This article discusses a few related problems of this type. The unifying theme is that each problem has an operator-theoretic characterization which gives a corresponding parametrization of solutions. More specifically, finding self-adjoint extensions, with various requirements, of symmetric operators is equivalent to finding unitary extensions of suitable partial isometries.
Symmetric operators
Let H be a Hilbert space. A linear operator A acting on H with dense domain Dom(A) is symmetric if
for all x, y in Dom(A).
If Dom(A) = H, the Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem says that A is a bounded operator, in which case A is self-adjoint and the extension problem is trivial. In general, a symmetric operator is self-adjoint if the domain of its adjoint, Dom(A*), lies in Dom(A).
When dealing with unbounded operators, it is often desirable to be able to assume that the operator in question is closed. In the present context, it is a convenient fact that every symmetric operator A is
closable. That is, A has the smallest closed extension, called the closure of A. This can
be shown by invoking the symmetric assumption and Riesz representation theorem. Since A and its closure have the same closed extensions, it can always be assumed that the symmetric operator of interest is closed.
In the sequel, a symmetric operator will be assumed to be densely defined and closed.
Problem Given a densely defined closed symmetric operator A, find its self-adjoint extensions.
This question can be translated to an operator-theoretic one. As a heu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softpedia | Softpedia is a software and tech news website based in Romania. It indexes, reviews and hosts downloadable software and reports news on technology and science topics.
Website
Softpedia features reviews written by its staff. Each review includes a 1- to 5-star rating, and often a public rating to which any of the site's visitors may contribute.
Products are organised in categories which visitors can sort according to most recent updates, number of downloads, or rating. Free software and commercial software (and their free trials) can also be listed separately. Softpedia displays virtual awards for products free of adware, spyware and commercial tie-ins. Products that include these unrelated and/or unanticipated components and offers (which are known as potentially unwanted programs) are marked as such.
Softpedia does not repack software for distribution. It provides direct downloads of software in its original provided form, links to developers's downloads, or both. It hosts some products on its own servers in case they become unavailable from their developers' sites.
The site is owned by SoftNews NET SRL, a Romanian company.
In December 2008, SoftNews NET SRL launched Autoevolution, an automotive news and reference web site.
See also
Internet in Romania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Pillemer | Louis Pillemer (1908 – August 31, 1957) was an American immunologist, an early investigator of the alternative complement pathway (a system of defense not dependent upon antibodies).
Biography
Pillemer was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1908, the son of Lithuanian parents. He was brought to the United States at the age of one year, and was naturalized in 1916. He attended public schools in Catlettsburg and Ashland, Kentucky, and began collegiate work at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, later attending Marshall College at Huntington, West Virginia, and Duke University at Durham, North Carolina. At Duke he received a B.S. degree in 1932, and started studying medicine in the same school, he however quit the course in middle of his third year.
Kentucky at the time encouraged those with medical knowledge to serve patients in areas not normally served by physicians, he passed the examination required and began to travel across the state on horseback, visiting and tending to the sick. He quit this job in 1935 and entered graduate school at Western Reserve University where he would stay rest of his life. He earned an reputation as an excellent biochemist and was the first to purify tetanus and diphtheria toxins which were later used to develop the DPT vaccine.
Pillemer later began to conduct experiments related to the complement system, he was intrigued by experiments at the time which showed that mixing human serum with zymosan resulted in the loss of C3 component of the complement system. This led him to the discovery of properdin in 1954.
By 1957, Pillemer's behaviour started to become erratic and he began abusing alcohol and experimenting with drugs. On 31 August of the same year, Pillemer was found dead at his home in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, at the age of 49 years. He died due to acute barbiturate intoxication. His death which happened soon after the publication of Nelson's objections, was ruled a suicide. He was survived by a wife and four you |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hiram%20Lathrop | John Hiram Lathrop (January 22, 1799 – August 2, 1866) was a well-known American educator during the early 19th century. He served as the first President of both the University of Missouri and the University of Wisconsin as well as president of Indiana University.
Early life
John Lathrop was born in Sherburne, New York in 1799. He attended Yale University, graduating in 1819 and teaching for three years at Farmington, Connecticut. He later became a tutor at his alma mater from 1822 until 1826 when he was admitted to the bar and practiced at Middletown, Connecticut. He also spent some time teaching in Norwich, Vermont and Gardiner, Maine. In 1829 he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York.
He was married to Frances E. student of Sarah Pierce's Litchfield Female Academy. Her mother was a sister to Harvard University president John Thornton Kirkland and daughter of Samuel Kirkland, founder of Hamilton College.
His son is Gardiner Lathrop who was founder of the Kansas City law firm Lathrop & Gage.
Academic career
First term at the University of Missouri
The University of Missouri was founded in 1839 as the first public or state university west of the Mississippi River. Professor Lathrop was chosen as its first president in 1840, a position he held until 1849. He is credited with laying the foundations for the university's first century.
University of Wisconsin
In 1849, Lathrop was elected the first chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. During his tenure as chancellor, he established the academic setting at the university, and he recommended the university's seal and motto, "Numen Lumen." He was nominated for the position of first President of the University of Michigan in 1852 after Henry Barnard declined the job, but Henry Philip Tappan was elected instead. He resigned in 1858 due to problems with the regents and legislature, but remained the acting chancellor until Henry Barnard offici |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20static%20timing%20analysis | Conventional static timing analysis (STA) has been a stock analysis algorithm for the design of digital circuits over the last 30 years. However, in recent years the increased variation in semiconductor devices and interconnect has introduced a number of issues that cannot be handled by traditional (deterministic) STA. This has led to considerable research into statistical static timing analysis, which replaces the normal deterministic timing of gates and interconnects with probability distributions, and gives a distribution of possible circuit outcomes rather than a single outcome.
Comparison with conventional STA
Deterministic STA is popular for good reasons:
It requires no vectors, so it does not miss paths.
The run time is linear in circuit size (for the basic algorithm).
The result is conservative.
It typically uses some fairly simple libraries (typically delay and output slope as a function of input slope and output load).
It is easy to extend to incremental operation for use in optimization.
STA, while very successful, has a number of limitations:
Cannot easily handle within-die correlation, especially if spatial correlation is included.
Needs many corners to handle all possible cases.
If there are significant random variations, then in order to be conservative at all times, it is too pessimistic to result in competitive products.
Changes to address various correlation problems, such as CPPR (Common Path Pessimism Removal) make the basic algorithm slower than linear time, or non-incremental, or both.
SSTA attacks these limitations more or less directly. First, SSTA uses sensitivities to find correlations among delays. Then it uses these correlations when computing how to add statistical distributions of delays.
There is no technical reason why determistic STA could not be enhanced to handle correlation and sensitivities, by keeping a vector of sensitivities with each value as SSTA does. Historically, this seemed like a big burden to add to STA, wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization%20of%20chaos | Synchronization of chaos is a phenomenon that may occur when two or more dissipative chaotic systems are coupled.
Because of the exponential divergence of the nearby trajectories of chaotic systems, having two chaotic systems evolving in synchrony might appear surprising. However, synchronization of coupled or driven chaotic oscillators is a phenomenon well established experimentally and reasonably well-understood theoretically.
The stability of synchronization for coupled systems can be analyzed using master stability. Synchronization of chaos is a rich phenomenon and a multi-disciplinary subject with a broad range of applications.
Synchronization may present a variety of forms depending on the nature of the interacting systems and the type of coupling, and the proximity between the systems.
Identical synchronization
This type of synchronization is also known as complete synchronization. It can be observed for identical chaotic systems.
The systems are said to be completely synchronized when there is a set of initial conditions so that the systems eventually
evolve identically in time. In the simplest case of two diffusively coupled
dynamics is described by
where is the vector field modeling the isolated chaotic dynamics and is the coupling parameter.
The regime defines an invariant subspace of the coupled system, if this subspace is
locally attractive then the coupled system exhibit identical synchronization.
If the coupling vanishes the oscillators are decoupled, and the chaotic behavior leads to a divergence of nearby trajectories. Complete synchronization
occurs due to the interaction, if the coupling parameter is large enough so that the divergence of trajectories of interacting systems due to chaos is suppressed by the diffusive coupling. To find the critical coupling strength we study the behavior of the difference . Assuming that is
small we can expand the vector field in series and obtain a linear differential equation - by neglecting t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JsonML | JsonML, the JSON Markup Language is a lightweight markup language used to map between XML (Extensible Markup Language) and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). It converts an XML document or fragment into a JSON data structure for ease of use within JavaScript environments such as a web browser, allowing manipulation of XML data without the overhead of an XML parser.
JsonML has greatest applicability in Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) web applications. It is used to transport XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) down to the client where it can be deterministically reconstructed into DOM (Document Object Model) elements. Progressive enhancement strategy can be employed during construction to bind dynamic behaviors to otherwise static elements.
JsonML can also be used as underlying structure for creating intricate client-side templates called JBST (JsonML+Browser-Side Templates). Syntactically JBST looks like JSP (JavaServer Pages) or ASP.NET (Active Server Pages .NET) user controls. Interactive examples are available on jsonml.org website.
Syntax
Conversion from XML to JsonML is partially reversible. XML Namespaces are handled by prepending the element name with the namespace prefix, e.g., <myns:myElement/> becomes ["myns:myElement"].
Example Transformation
JsonML allows any XML document to be represented uniquely as a JSON string. The syntax uses:
JSON arrays to represent XML elements;
JSON objects to represent attributes;
JSON strings to represent text nodes.
A “regular” JSON transformation produces a more compact representation, but loses some of the document structural information, in that it does not define whether a key-value pair is an attribute or a node:
{"person": {
"address": {
"city": "Anytown",
"postalCode": "98765-4321",
"state": "CA",
"street": "12345 Sixth Ave",
"type": "home"
},
"created": "2006-11-11T19:23",
"firstName": "Robert",
"lastName": "Smith",
"modified |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduroam | eduroam ( ; education roaming) is an international Wi-Fi internet access roaming service for users in research, higher education and further education. It provides researchers, teachers, and students network access when visiting an institution other than their own. Users are authenticated with credentials from their home institution, regardless of the location of the eduroam access point. Authorization to access the Internet and other resources are handled by the visited institution. Users do not have to pay to use eduroam.
In some countries, Internet access via eduroam is also available at other locations than the participating institutions, e.g. in libraries, public buildings, railway stations, city centres and airports.
History
The eduroam initiative started in 2002 when during the preparations for the creation of TERENA's task force TF-Mobility, Klaas Wierenga of SURFnet shared the idea of combining a RADIUS-based infrastructure with IEEE 802.1X technology to provide roaming network access across research and education networks. Initially, the service was joined by institutions in the Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Portugal, Croatia and the United Kingdom. Later, other NRENs in Europe embraced the idea and started joining the infrastructure, which was then called eduroam. Since 2004, the European Union co-funded further research and development work related to the eduroam service through the GN2 and GN3 projects. From September 2007, the European Union also funded through these projects the continued operation and maintenance of the eduroam service at the European level.
The first non-European country to join eduroam was Australia, in December 2004. In Canada, eduroam started as an initiative of the University of British Columbia, which was later taken over by CANARIE as a service of its Canadian Access Federation. In the United States, eduroam was initially a pilot project between the National Science Foundation and the University of Tennessee (UTK). In 201 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovian%20arrival%20process | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a Markovian arrival process (MAP or MArP) is a mathematical model for the time between job arrivals to a system. The simplest such process is a Poisson process where the time between each arrival is exponentially distributed.
The processes were first suggested by Marcel F. Neuts in 1979.
Definition
A Markov arrival process is defined by two matrices, D0 and D1 where elements of D0 represent hidden transitions and elements of D1 observable transitions. The block matrix Q below is a transition rate matrix for a continuous-time Markov chain.
The simplest example is a Poisson process where D0 = −λ and D1 = λ where there is only one possible transition, it is observable, and occurs at rate λ. For Q to be a valid transition rate matrix, the following restrictions apply to the Di
Special cases
Phase-type renewal process
The phase-type renewal process is a Markov arrival process with phase-type distributed sojourn between arrivals. For example, if an arrival process has an interarrival time distribution PH with an exit vector denoted , the arrival process has generator matrix,
Generalizations
Batch Markov arrival process
The batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP) is a generalisation of the Markovian arrival process by allowing more than one arrival at a time. The homogeneous case has rate matrix,
An arrival of size occurs every time a transition occurs in the sub-matrix . Sub-matrices have elements of , the rate of a Poisson process, such that,
and
Markov-modulated Poisson process
The Markov-modulated Poisson process or MMPP where m Poisson processes are switched between by an underlying continuous-time Markov chain. If each of the m Poisson processes has rate λi and the modulating continuous-time Markov has m × m transition rate matrix R, then the MAP representation is
Fitting
A MAP can be fitted using an expectation–maximization algorithm.
Software
KPC-toolbox a library |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlink%20%28Unix%29 | In Unix-like operating systems, unlink is a system call and a command line utility to delete files. The program directly interfaces the system call, which removes the file name and (but not on GNU systems) directories like rm and rmdir. If the file name was the last hard link to the file, the file itself is deleted as soon as no program has it open.
It also appears in the PHP, Node.js, R, Perl and Python standard libraries in the form of the unlink() built-in function. Like the Unix utility, it is also used to delete files.
Examples
To delete a file named foo, one could type:
% unlink foo
In PHP, one could use the following function to do the same:
unlink("foo");
The Perl syntax is identical to the PHP syntax, save for the parentheses:
unlink "foo";
In Node.js it is almost the same as the others:
fs.unlink("foo", callback);
In R (with the S language compatibility):
unlink("foo")
#Comment: using the inside argument 'recursive = TRUE', directories can be deleted
Similarly in Python:
os.unlink("foo")
See also
List of Unix commands
link (Unix)
ln (Unix) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompensation | In sports science theory, supercompensation refers to the post training period during which the trained function/parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.
Description
Adaptation of load is called supercompensation.
The fitness level of a human body in training can be broken down into four periods: initial fitness, training, recovery, and supercompensation. During the initial fitness period, the target of the training has a base level of fitness (shown by the first time sector in the graph). Upon entering the training period, the target's level of fitness decreases (shown by the second time sector in the graph). After fitness training, the human body enters the recovery period during which level of fitness increases up to the initial fitness level (shown by the third time sector in the graph). Because the human body is an adaptable organism, it will feel the need to adapt itself to a higher level of fitness in anticipation of the next training session. Accordingly, the increase in fitness following a training session does not stop at the initial fitness level. Instead the body enters a period of supercompensation during which fitness surpasses the initial fitness level (shown by the fourth time sector in the graph). If there are no further workouts, this fitness level will slowly decline back towards the initial fitness level (shown by the last time sector in the graph). First put forth by Russian scientist Nikolai N. Yakovlev in 1949–1959, this theory is a basic principle of athletic training.
If the next workout takes place during the recovery period, overtraining may occur. If the next workout takes place during the supercompensation period, the body will advance to a higher level of fitness. If the next workout takes place after the supercompensation period, the body will remain at the base level.
More complex variations are possible; for instance, sometimes a few workouts are intentionally made in the recover |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrifonate | Metrifonate (INN) or trichlorfon (USAN) is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is a prodrug which is activated non-enzymatically into the active agent dichlorvos.
It is used as an insecticide.
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency trichlorfon has been used on golf course turf, home lawns, non-food contact areas of food and meat processing plants, ornamental shrubs and plants, and ornamental and baitfish ponds. Used to control caterpillars, white grubs, mole crickets, cattle lice, sod webworms, leaf miners, stink bugs, flies, ants, cockroaches, earwigs, crickets, diving beetle, water scavenger beetle, water boatman backswimmer, water scorpions, giant water bugs and pillbugs. After reregistration, a number of its uses were voluntarily restricted, and currently, it is used in nonfood areas to control flies, roaches, and ants among other pests. Outdoors it is used on ornamental plants, golf courses, and lawn grass to treat lepidopteran larvae pests, it is also used to treat flies in animal husbandry in areas that are not accessible to animals, it also used to control harvester ants.
It can be used to treat schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium, but is no longer commercially available.
It has been proposed for use in treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but use for that purpose is not currently recommended.
Bans and restrictions
In the United States, trichlorfon/metrifonate may only be used on nonfood and nonfeed sites.
Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in the EU in 2008 (Regulation (EC) 689/2008) and in Brazil in 2010.
Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in Argentina in 2018, noting that trichlorvon converts to dichlorvos by metabolism in plants, as well as by biodegradation of the soil.
Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in New Zealand in 2011.
Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in India from 2020. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noma%20%28restaurant%29 | Noma is a three-Michelin-star restaurant run by chef René Redzepi, and co-founded by Claus Meyer, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The name is a syllabic abbreviation of the two Danish words "" (Nordic) and "" (food). Opened in 2003, the restaurant is known for its focus on foraging, invention and interpretation of New Nordic Cuisine. In 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2014, it was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by Restaurant magazine. In 2021 it won the first spot in the World's 50 Best Restaurants Awards.
History
Noma's original location was at Strandgade 93, in an old warehouse on the waterfront in the Christianshavn neighbourhood in central Copenhagen.
The building is situated by the Greenlandic Trading Square (Danish: Grønlandske Handels Plads), which for 200 years was a centre for trade to and from the Faroe Islands, Finnmark, Iceland, and in particular, Greenland. Dry fish, salted herring, whale oil and skins are among the goods that were stored in and around the warehouse before being sold off to European markets.
In 2003, the warehouse was turned into North Atlantic House, a centre for the art and culture of the North Atlantic region. Noma was opened at the same time by Redzepi and Claus Meyer. The restaurant's interior was designed by Space Copenhagen.
Between 12 and 16 February 2013, 63 of 435 diners became ill after eating at Noma, according to a Danish Food Administration report. The symptoms were attributed to norovirus, which was believed to have been unintentionally spread by an infected kitchen employee.
Redzepi planned to close Noma after 31 December 2016 and reopen it in 2017 as an urban farm near Copenhagen.
Noma reopened on 15 February 2018 after a year hiatus. The restaurant itself also moved from its previous Strandgade location, now housing Restaurant Barr, to its current location at Refshalevej 96.
In May 2020, during the COVID-19 crisis, Noma re-opened as a wine and burger bar, with takeaway options. It is sometimes referred as "Noma 3.0" b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammatone%20filter | A gammatone filter is a linear filter described by an impulse response that is the product of a gamma distribution and sinusoidal tone. It is a widely used model of auditory filters in the auditory system.
A gammatone response was originally proposed in 1972 as a description of revcor functions measured in the cochlear nucleus of cats.
The gammatone impulse response is given by
where
(in Hz) is the center frequency,
(in radians) is the phase of the carrier,
is the amplitude,
is the filter's order,
(in Hz) is the filter's bandwidth,and
(in seconds) is time.
This time-domain impulse response is a sinusoid (a pure tone) with an amplitude envelope which is a scaled gamma distribution function.
Gammatone filterbank cepstral coefficients (GFCCs) are auditory features that have been used first in the speech domain, and later in the field of underwater target recognition.
A bank of gammatone filters is used as an improvement on the triangular filters conventionally used in mel scale filterbanks and MFCC features.
Different ways of motivating the gammatone filter for auditory processing have been presented by
Johannesma,
Patterson et al.,
Hewitt and Meddis,
and Lindeberg and Friberg.
Variations
Variations and improvements of the gammatone model of auditory filtering include the complex gammatone filter, the gammachirp filter, the all-pole and one-zero gammatone filters, the two-sided gammatone filter, and filter-cascade models, and various level-dependent and dynamically nonlinear versions of these. Lindeberg and Friberg define a new family of generalized gammatone filters. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Architecture%20Computing%20Environment | Open Architecture Computing Environment (OACE) was a specification that aimed to provide a standards-based computing environment in order to decouple computing environment from software applications.
It was proposed for the United States Department of Defense in 2004.
See also
Open architecture
Mission Data Interface |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardmask | A hardmask is a material used in semiconductor processing as an etch mask instead of a polymer or other organic "soft" resist material.
Hardmasks are necessary when the material being etched is itself an organic polymer. Anything used to etch this material will also etch the photoresist being used to define its patterning since that is also an organic polymer. This arises, for instance, in the patterning of low-κ dielectric insulation layers used in VLSI fabrication. Polymers tend to be etched easily by oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and other reactive gases used in plasma etching.
Use of a hardmask involves an additional deposition process, and hence additional cost. First, the hardmask material is deposited and etched into the required pattern using a standard photoresist process. Following that the underlying material can be etched through the hardmask. Finally the hardmask is removed with a further etching process.
Hardmask materials can be metal or dielectric. Silicon based masks such as silicon dioxide or silicon carbide are usually used for etching low-κ dielectrics. However, SiOCH (carbon doped hydrogenated silicon oxide), a material used to insulate copper interconnects, requires an etchant that attacks silicon compounds. For this material, metal or amorphous carbon hardmasks are used. The most common metal for hardmasks is titanium nitride, but tantalum nitride has also been used. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipiduria | Lipiduria or lipuria is the presence of lipids in the urine. Lipiduria is most frequently observed in nephrotic syndrome where it is passed as lipoproteins along with other proteins. It has also been reported as a sign following fat embolism.
When lipiduria occurs, epithelial cells or macrophages contain endogenous fats. When filled with numerous fat droplets, such cells are called oval fat bodies. Oval fat bodies exhibit a "Maltese cross" configuration under polarized light microscopy. The Maltese cross appearance occurs because of its liquid-crystalline structure giving it a double refraction (birefringence).
See also
Urostealith |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD58 | CD58, or lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), particularly macrophages, and other tissue cells.
CD58 binds to CD2 (LFA-2) on T cells and is important in strengthening the adhesion and recognition between the T cells and Professional Antigen Presenting Cells, facilitating signal transduction necessary for an immune response. This adhesion occurs as part of the transitory initial encounters between T cells and Antigen Presenting Cells before T cell activation, when T cells are roaming the lymph nodes looking at the surface of APCs for peptide:MHC complexes the T-cell receptors are reactive to.
Polymorphisms in the CD58 gene are associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis. Genomic region containing the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1335532, associated with high risk of multiple sclerosis, has enhancer properties and can significantly boost the CD58 promoter activity in lymphoblast cells. The protective (C) rs1335532 allele creates functional binding site for ASCL2 transcription factor, a target of the Wnt signaling pathway.
CD58 plays a role in the regulation of colorectal tumor-initiating cells (CT-ICs). Thus, cells that express CD58 have become a cell of interest in tumorigenesis. Mutations of CD58 have been linked to immune evasion observed in some lymphomas and studies are underway to analyze how its involvement directly affects classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).
Introduction
CD58, lymphocyte-function antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a glycoprotein that plays a vital role in the body's immune response. The natural ligand to CD58, CD2, is most commonly found on the surfaces of both T cells and Natural Killer cells (T/NK cells). During an immune response, the interactions between the CD2 and CD58 glycoproteins allows for the activation and proliferation of both T and Natural Killer cells (T/NK cells), enhancing cell adhesion. Furthermore, upon activation, a succession of int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav%20Chv%C3%A1tal | Václav (Vašek) Chvátal () is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and a visiting professor at Charles University in Prague. He has published extensively on topics in graph theory, combinatorics, and combinatorial optimization.
Biography
Chvátal was born in 1946 in Prague and educated in mathematics at Charles University in Prague, where he studied under the supervision of Zdeněk Hedrlín. He fled Czechoslovakia in 1968, three days after the Soviet invasion, and completed his Ph.D. in Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, under the supervision of Crispin St. J. A. Nash-Williams, in the fall of 1970. Subsequently, he took positions at McGill University (1971 and 1978–1986), Stanford University (1972 and 1974–1977), the Université de Montréal (1972–1974 and 1977–1978), and Rutgers University (1986-2004) before returning to Montreal for the
Canada Research Chair in Combinatorial Optimization
at Concordia (2004-2011) and the Canada Research Chair in Discrete Mathematics (2011-2014) till his retirement.
Research
Chvátal first learned of graph theory in 1964, on finding a book by Claude Berge in a Pilsen bookstore and much of his research involves graph theory:
His first mathematical publication, at the age of 19, concerned directed graphs that cannot be mapped to themselves by any nontrivial graph homomorphism
Another graph-theoretic result of Chvátal was the 1970 construction of the smallest possible triangle-free graph that is both 4-chromatic and 4-regular, now known as the Chvátal graph.
A 1972 paper relating Hamiltonian cycles to connectivity and maximum independent set size of a graph, earned Chvátal his Erdős number of 1. Specifically, if there exists an s such that a given graph is s-vertex-connected and has no (s + 1)-vertex independent set, the graph must be Hamiltonian. Avis et al. tell the story of Chvátal and Erdős working out this result over the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Berasategui | Martín Berasategui Olazábal is a Spanish chef expert in Basque cuisine and owner of an eponymous restaurant in Lasarte-Oria (Gipuzkoa), Spain. Since 2001 it has been awarded three Michelin stars. He holds twelve stars in total, more than any other Spanish chef.
Biography
At the age of 14, Berasategui began to work in his parents' restaurant, Bodegón Alejandro. When Berasategui began his culinary career, there were no Michelin star restaurants in the Basque Country. He was sent to France to train as a pastry chef when he was 17. At the age of 20 he took over his parents' restaurant, and earned his first Michelin star there by the age of 25.
Berasategui opened his eponymous restaurant in Lasarte-Oria (outside San Sebastián) in 1993. It was awarded a third Michelin star in the 2001 Michelin Guide. The restaurant was voted 29th-best restaurant in the world by Restaurant in both 2008 and 2011, the highest the restaurant has appeared on the list.
As of 2013, he holds more Michelin stars than any other Spanish chef. In addition to his three at Restaurante Martín Berasategui, he holds three at Restaurante Lasarte in Barcelona and another two at M.B. in Tenerife (the largest of the Canary Islands). His restaurant M.B. in the Ritz Carlton Abama resort in Tenerife gained its first Michelin star in the 2010 guide. He most recently received one Michelin star for Oria, the sister restaurant of Lasarte that is also located in the Monument Hotel in Barcelona. In addition to his four Michelin-starred restaurants, he owns a further six around the world including two in the Dominican Republic and one in Mexico, and is opening a further restaurant in Costa Rica in 2014.
It was announced in 2013 that the François Rabelais University would be awarding an honorary doctorate to Berasategui in culinary studies. It is the first time that the university has awarded honorary doctorates to chefs, with Mikuni Kiyomi, Philippe Rochat and Pierre Wynants also receiving the awards. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD%20Data%20Communications | RAD (the registered trademark of RAD Data Communications Ltd.) is a privately held corporation, headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel that designs and manufacturers specialized networking equipment.
RAD is a member of the $1.3 billion RAD Group of companies.
History
RAD was founded by brothers Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel in 1981 as a spin-off from Bynet, a networking hardware distribution company founded by Yehuda in 1973. Their goal was to develop their own products; the company was simply named RAD, for Research And Development.
RAD first successful product was a miniature (by 1980s standards) modem for telephone lines that did not require a separate power source. This novel concept quickly became a commercial success, and by 1985, RAD annual revenues reached $5.5 million. This initial product line evolved into RAD Data Communications, the largest company within the RAD Group.
In 2014, RAD opened a new $32 million advanced R&D center for developing NFV and SDN solutions in the southern Israeli city of Beersheba.
The company is active in industry standardization bodies such as the Broadband Forum, ETSI NFV ISG, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF).
One of the 46 copies of Rodin's The Thinker that were made from the original cast after the sculptor's death was acquired by Yehuda Zisapel and placed on permanent exhibit in the lobby of RAD's current Tel Aviv headquarters when the building was opened in 2000.
Products
RAD's research, development and engineering includes hardware virtualization, operations, administration and management (OAM) and performance management; service assurance; traffic management; fault management; synchronization and timing over packet; TDM pseudowire; ASIC and FPGA development; hardware miniaturization; SFP form-factor solutions; and business DSL.
An early RAD modem, the SRM-3, was recognized as the world's smallest in the 1992 Guinness Book of World Records. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20continued%20fraction | In mathematics, an infinite periodic continued fraction is a continued fraction that can be placed in the form
where the initial block of k + 1 partial denominators is followed by a block [ak+1, ak+2,...ak+m] of partial denominators that repeats ad infinitum. For example, can be expanded to a periodic continued fraction, namely as [1,2,2,2,...].
The partial denominators {ai} can in general be any real or complex numbers. That general case is treated in the article convergence problem. The remainder of this article is devoted to the subject of simple continued fractions that are also periodic. In other words, the remainder of this article assumes that all the partial denominators ai (i ≥ 1) are positive integers.
Purely periodic and periodic fractions
Since all the partial numerators in a regular continued fraction are equal to unity we can adopt a shorthand notation in which the continued fraction shown above is written as
where, in the second line, a vinculum marks the repeating block. Some textbooks use the notation
where the repeating block is indicated by dots over its first and last terms.
If the initial non-repeating block is not present – that is, if k = -1, a0 = am and
the regular continued fraction x is said to be purely periodic. For example, the regular continued fraction for the golden ratio φ – given by [1; 1, 1, 1, ...] – is purely periodic, while the regular continued fraction for the square root of two – [1; 2, 2, 2, ...] – is periodic, but not purely periodic.
As unimodular matrices
Such periodic fractions are in one-to-one correspondence with the real quadratic irrationals. The correspondence is explicitly provided by Minkowski's question-mark function. That article also reviews tools that make it easy to work with such continued fractions. Consider first the purely periodic part
This can, in fact, be written as
with the being integers, and satisfying Explicit values can be obtained by writing
which is termed a "shift", so that
an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20physics%20in%20cosmology | Particle physics is the study of the interactions of elementary particles at high energies, whilst physical cosmology studies the universe as a single physical entity. The interface between these two fields is sometimes referred to as particle cosmology. Particle physics must be taken into account in cosmological models of the early universe, when the average energy density was very high. The processes of particle pair production, scattering and decay influence the cosmology.
As a rough approximation, a particle scattering or decay process is important at a particular cosmological epoch if its time scale is shorter than or similar to the time scale of the universe's expansion. The latter quantity is where is the time-dependent Hubble parameter. This is roughly equal to the age of the universe at that time.
For example, the pion has a mean lifetime to decay of about 26 nanoseconds. This means that particle physics processes involving pion decay can be neglected until roughly that much time has passed since the Big Bang.
Cosmological observations of phenomena such as the cosmic microwave background and the cosmic abundance of elements, together with the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, place constraints on the physical conditions in the early universe. The success of the Standard Model at explaining these observations support its validity under conditions beyond those which can be produced in a laboratory. Conversely, phenomena discovered through cosmological observations, such as dark matter and baryon asymmetry, suggest the presence of physics that goes beyond the Standard Model.
Further reading
Bergström, Lars & Goobar, Ariel (2004); Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, 2nd ed. Springer Verlag. .
Branco, G. C., Shafi, Q., & Silva-Marcos, J. I. (2001). Recent developments in particle physics and cosmology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Collins, P. D. B. (2007). Particle physics and cosmology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Kazakov, D. I., |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinobacter | Marinobacter is a genus of bacteria found in sea water. They are also found in a variety of salt lakes.
A number of strains and species can degrade hydrocarbons. The species involved in hydrocarbon degradation include M. alkaliphilus, M. arcticus, M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, M. maritimus, and M. squalenivorans.
There are currently 46 species of Marinobacter that are characterized by Gram-negative rods and salt-tolerance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criegee%20intermediate | A Criegee intermediate (also called a Criegee zwitterion or Criegee biradical) is a carbonyl oxide with two charge centers. These chemicals may react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the earth's atmosphere, and are implicated in the formation of aerosols, which are an important factor in controlling global climate. Criegee intermediates are also an important source of OH (hydroxyl radicals). OH radicals are the most important oxidant in the troposphere, and are important in controlling air quality and pollution.
The formation of this sort of structure was first postulated in the 1950s by Rudolf Criegee, for whom it is named. It was not until 2012 that direct detection of such chemicals was reported. Infrared spectroscopy suggests the electronic structure has a substantially zwitterionic character rather than the biradical character that had previously been proposed.
Formation
Criegee intermediates are formed by the gas-phase reactions of alkenes and ozone in the earth's atmosphere. Ozone adds across the carbon–carbon double bond of the alkene to form a molozonide, which then decomposes to produce a carbonyl (RR'CO) and a carbonyl oxide. The latter is known as the Criegee intermediate.
The alkene ozonolysis reaction is extremely exothermic, releasing about of excess energy. Therefore, the Criegee intermediates are formed with a large amount of internal energy.
Removal
When Criegee intermediates are formed, some portion of them will undergo prompt unimolecular decay, producing OH radicals and other products. However, they may instead become stabilized by interactions with other molecules or react with other chemicals to give different products.
Criegee intermediates may be collisionally stabilized via collisions with other molecules in the atmosphere. These stabilized Criegee intermediates may then undergo thermal unimolecular decay to OH radicals and other products, or may undergo bimolecular reactions with other atmospheric species.
In the o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinobacter%20hydrocarbonoclasticus | Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus is a species of bacteria found in sea water which are able to degrade hydrocarbons. The cells are rod-shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum.
Etymology
‘Hydrocarbonoclastic’ means ‘hydrocarbon dismantling.’ These bacteria were named as such because they can degrade the major components of oil.
History
Both the genus Marinobacter and the species Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus were first identified and described in 1992 by Gauthier et al. Using polymerase chain reaction to analyze by 16sRNA DNA, Gauthier showed that it was a member of the gamma group of the Proteobacteria, with sufficient distance to other described Proteobacteria to warrant the creation of a new genus.
In 2005, Marquez and Ventosa from the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of the University of Sevilla in Spain used “G+C content, fatty acid composition, and DNA-DNA hybridization… to understand the taxonomic positions” of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and Marinobacter aquaeolei. “Marquez suggests that the two species be united under the same name since they are heterotypic synonyms due to phenotypic and phylogenetic traits.”
In 2011, Hamdan & Fuller discovered that Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclastus, die when exposed to the chemical dispersant COREXIT EC9500A used to treat the Deepwater Horizon oilspill.
Genome Structure
The genome of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus has a 52.7% guanine + cytosine content.
Evolution and Phylogeny
Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus are a type of eubacteria. 16sRNA DNA analysis indicates that these organisms are related to the Gammaproteobacteria. Initial 16sRNA phylogenetic analysis did not reveal any close relatives to Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Therefore, the organism was placed in a genus of its own, with scientists believing that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was its closest modern relative.
In 1999, 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus to have a very clo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20organization | The hereditary material i.e. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism is composed of a sequence of four nucleotides in a specific pattern, which encodes information as a function of their order. Genomic organization refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes. "Genome organization" can also refer to the 3D structure of chromosomes and the positioning of DNA sequences within the nucleus.
Description
Organisms have a vast array of ways in which their respective genomes are organized. A comparison of the genomic organization of six major model organisms shows size expansion with the increase of complexity of the organism. There is a more than the 300-fold difference between the genome sizes of yeast and mammals, but only a modest 4- to 5-fold increase in overall gene number (see the figure on the right). However, the ratio of coding to noncoding and repetitive sequences is indicative of the complexity of the genome: The largely "open" genomes of unicellular fungi have relatively little noncoding DNA compared with the highly heterochromatic genomes of multicellular organisms.
In particular, mammals have accumulated considerable repetitive elements and noncoding regions, which account for the majority of their DNA sequences (52% non-coding and 44% repetitive DNA). Only 1.2% of the mammalian genome thus encodes for protein function. This massive expansion of repetitive and noncoding sequences in multicellular organisms is most likely due to the incorporation of invasive elements, such as DNA transposons, retrotransposons, and other repetitive elements. The expansion of repetitive elements (such as Alu sequences) has even infiltrated the transcriptional units of the mammalian genome. This results in transcription units that are frequently much larger (30–200 kb), commonly containing multiple promoters and DNA repeats within untranslated introns.
The vast expansion of the genome with noncoding and repetitive DNA in higher eukaryotes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Siegel | Martha Jochnowitz Siegel is an American applied mathematician, probability theorist and mathematics educator who served as the editor of Mathematics Magazine from 1991 to 1996. In 2017 she won the Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service of the Mathematical Association of America for "her remarkable leadership in guiding the national conversation on undergraduate mathematics curriculum". She was a faculty member in the mathematics department of Towson University from 1971 until 2015, when she became a professor emerita.
Education and career
Siegel grew up in Brooklyn, the daughter of civil engineer Nat Jochnowitz. She became interested in mathematics through her father's interest in mathematical puzzles, and through the calculation of baseball statistics for the Brooklyn Dodgers. She did her undergraduate studies in mathematics at Russell Sage College, a small women's college in Troy, New York, while also taking classes at the nearby men-only Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, as at that time Russell Sage had no mathematics department. At Russell Sage, she was a Kellas honor student, and president of the science club. She completed her Ph.D. in 1969 at the University of Rochester; her dissertation, On Birth and Death Processes, was supervised by Johannes Kemperman. During graduate school and until her 1971 move to Towson, she was on the faculty at Goucher College.
Contributions
At Towson, in 1981, Siegel founded an innovative and still-ongoing undergraduate applied mathematics program involving projects connected to local business and government. She is a co-author of the discrete mathematics and precalculus textbooks Finite Mathematics and Its Applications and Functioning in the Real World. She also served as chair of a committee of the Mathematical Association of America charged with producing the 2015 edition of their MAA Curriculum Guide to Undergraduate Majors in the Mathematical Sciences. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-Dichloropropene | 1,3-Dichloropropene, sold under diverse trade names, is an organochlorine compound. It is colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It is widely used in the US and other countries, but is banned in 34 countries, including the European Union.
Production, chemical properties, biodegradation
It is a byproduct in the chlorination of propene to make allyl chloride.
It is usually obtained as a mixture of the geometric isomers, called (Z)-1,3-dichloropropene, and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene. Although it was first applied in agriculture in the 1950s, at least two biodegradation pathways have evolved. One pathway degrades the chlorocarbon to acetaldehyde via chloroacrylic acid.
Safety
The TLV-TWA for 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) is 1 ppm. It is a contact irritant. A wide range of complications have been reported.
Carcinogenicity
Evidence for the carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropene in humans is inadequate, but results from several cancer bioassays provide adequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. In California, the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene is a carcinogen, and in 2022 established a No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) of 3.7micrograms/day. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The EPA has classified 1,3-dichloropropene as a probable human carcinogen.
Use
1,3-Dichloropropene is used as a pesticide in the following crops:
Contamination
The ATSDR has extensive contamination information available.
Market history
Under the brand name Telone, 1,3-D was one of Dow AgroSciences's products until the merger into DowDuPont. Then it was spun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20Forensic%20Anthropology%20Team | The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (, EAAF) is an Argentine not-for-profit scientific non-governmental organisation. It was created in 1986 at the initiative of various human rights organisations with the aim of developing forensic anthropology techniques to help locate and identify the Argentines who had disappeared during the "Dirty War" period of the 1976–1983 military dictatorship. Since then, the Team's members have conducted field work in 30 other countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Angola, Timor-Leste, French Polynesia, Croatia and South Africa.
In particular, the EAAF acquired additional worldwide renown by identifying the remains of Ernesto "Che" Guevara, found in Bolivia.
Origins
With the restoration of democracy and the creation of the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) in 1983, Argentina embarked on a process of exhumations of the many unmarked graves found in the country, believing that many of them could well contain unidentified victims of forced disappearances — an undertaking in which it soon became apparent that scientific methods were needed.
CONADEP and the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo took the initiative and travelled to the United States, where they were vouchsafed the determined support of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
A genetic database was created at Durand Hospital in Buenos Aires, and a team of forensic anthropologists was created under the leadership of Dr. Clyde Snow.
Those small beginnings were the basis for the creation in 1986 of the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team.
Work
The EAAF's investigation methods were divided into three stages:
Preliminary phase, collecting written and oral accounts of the disappeared.
Analysis phase, studying documents and records in order to identify the possible whereabouts of the remains
Archaeological phase, similar to classical archaeology within a forensic context. This phase also used genetic investigation techniques b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%20transfer%20notation | Register Transfer Notation (or RTN) is a way of specifying the behavior of a digital synchronous circuit. An example of high-level RTN is Verilog, and a low-level example is Register Transfer Language.
RTN may be written as either abstract or concrete. Abstract RTN is a generic notation which does not have any specific machine implementation details. In contrast, concrete RTN is a notation which does implement specifics of the machine for which it is designed.
The possible locations in which transfer of information occurs are:
Memory-location
Processor Register
Registers in I/O device
Hardware description languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenchrus%20clandestinus | The tropical grass species Cenchrus clandestinus (previously Pennisetum clandestinum) is known by several common names, most often Kikuyu grass, as it is native to the highland regions of East Africa that is home to the Kikuyu people. Because of its rapid growth and aggressive nature, it is categorised as a noxious weed in some regions. However, it is also a popular garden lawn species in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the southern region of California in the United States, as it is inexpensive and moderately drought-tolerant. In addition, it is useful as pasture for livestock grazing and serves as a food source for many avian species, including the long-tailed widowbird. The flowering culms are very short and "hidden" amongst the leaves, giving this species its specific epithet (clandestinus).
Description and habitat
Cenchrus clandestinus is a rhizomatous grass with matted roots and a grass-like or herbaceous habit. The leaves are green, flattened or upwardly folded along the midrib, long, and wide. The apex of the leaf blade is obtuse.
It occurs in sandy soil and reaches a height of between . The species favours moist areas and frequently becomes naturalised from introduction as a cultivated alien. Rooted nodes send up bunches of grass blades. It is native to the low-elevation tropics of Kenya and environs, where it grows best in humid heat, such as the wet coastal areas.
The description of this species was published by Emilio Chiovenda in 1903, and acknowledges an earlier, invalid, description made by C. F. Hochstetter.
As an invasive species
It has been introduced across Africa, Asia, Australia, the Americas, and the Pacific, where it is subject to eradication through management practices. The ease of cultivation, and the thickly matting habit, have made this species desirable for use as a lawn. In southern California in the United States, the grass is commonly used on golf courses since it is drought resistant and creates challenging rough. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Kavanagh | Karen L. Kavanagh is a professor of physics at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, where she heads the Kavanagh Lab, a research lab working on semiconductor nanoscience.
Education
Kavanagh obtained a BSc in Chemical-Physics from Queen's University in 1978, followed by 3 years at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa in their Advanced Technology Laboratory. She received her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering in 1987 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Career
After post doctoral work at IBM and MIT, Kavanagh accepted a faculty position in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. at the University of California, San Diego. She has been at Simon Fraser University since 2000.
Her main field of interest is electronic materials science – studying the effects of defects on the properties of semiconductor materials and devices. She has worked on strain relaxation in lattice-mismatched semiconductor heterostructures, diffusion barriers and electrical contacts for silicon and III-V semiconductor based devices, epitaxial growth and nucleation, and electron transport through thin films and interfaces. Her work on characterization tools including electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, x-ray diffraction, and scanning probe microscopy.
She is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and is the author of over 200 journal papers and conference proceedings, as shown on ORCID.
Awards
Vancouver YWCA Women of Distinction Award (2006)
NSERC University Faculty Awardee (1999)
NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award (1991) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Schmalhausen | Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (; April 23, 1884 – October 7, 1963) was a Ukrainian, Russian and later Soviet zoologist and evolutionary biologist of German descent. He developed the theory of stabilizing selection, and took part in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
He is remembered, among other things, for Schmalhausen's law, which states that a population at its limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect.
Early life and education
Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen was born in Kyiv, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) on April 23, 1884, to Luise Schmalhausen (Luisa Ludwigovna Schmalhausen) and Johannes Theodor Schmalhausen (1849–1894). His father was one of the founders of Russian paleobotany.
In 1901, Schmalhausen graduated from the and enrolled at Kyiv University, but was expelled a year later after taking a part in student disturbances. In 1902 he resumed his university studies at Kyiv in the faculty of biological science. Around 1902 he became acquainted with the founder of the Russian school of evolutionary morphology, Alexey Severtsov (1866–1936).
In 1904, Schmalhausen, under the guidance of Severtsov, completed his first scientific work on the embryonic development of lungs in the grass snake. He graduated from the university in 1909.
In 1910, he married Lydia Kozlova, a French language teacher at Kyiv Women Gymnasium.
Career
In 1912 Schmalhausen became a professor of zoology in Kyiv University. From 1920–1930 he was head of the Department of Vertebrate Zoology. During 1930–1941 Schmalhausen was director of Institute of Zoology in Kyiv, at the same during 1936–1948 he was director of Institute of Evolutionary Morphology in Moscow and during 1939–1948 - also a head to the Department of Darwinism in Moscow University. The Institute of Zoology in Kyiv was later named in his honour the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology.
He published his most well known bool his most renowned book, Faktory Evolyutsii i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian%20range%20expansion | Avian range expansion describes how birds expand their habitat. Because of the activities of birdwatchers, these range expansions are well documented.
Throughout the last century a number of birds have expanded their range. Birds that were once thought to be only located on the West Coast of have moved eastward all the way to the East Coast, an example would be the Brewer's blackbird. Since the 1950s the Brewer's blackbird, a relative of the red-winged blackbird, has been moving eastward first from the West Coast of Oregon and California to the Great Lakes Region and then towards the East Coast, with the range expanding from Coast to Coast according to the Audubon's 2005 Christmas Bird Count. The Inca dove first arrived as a native of Mexico and has slowly expanded Northward into Kansas and Arkansas. Great tailed grackles have also moved in similar fashion northward.
Another region with documented range expansions is South Africa, where a number of birds have expanded westwards into the Western Cape province from other provinces due to habitat modification by humans and introductions. Examples of these include the Helmeted Guineafowl (introduced) and the Hadeda Ibis (natural expansion).
Range expansion may be explained by several different reasons.
Reasons for range expansion
The largest reason for a bird to expand its range is to draw greater resources. Once resources for food, nesting, and potential mates become scarce in a particular area, birds and other animals move out of those areas to find new resources. Range expansion is a crucial component of evolution; however expansions are presently occurring at an alarming rate. One of the reasons for increased expansion is due to human alteration. Human causes such as changing of habitat and global climate change are leading factors in avian range expansion. Species that were previously adapted to the old niche are often replaced by species that are more adapted for newly created niche. For example, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20distribution%20in%20wireless%20sensor%20networks | Key distribution is an important issue in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. WSNs are networks of small, battery-powered, memory-constraint devices named sensor nodes, which have the capability of wireless communication over a restricted area. Due to memory and power constraints, they need to be well arranged to build a fully functional network.
Key distribution schemes
Key predistribution is the method of distribution of keys onto nodes before deployment. Therefore, the nodes build up the network using their secret keys after deployment, that is, when they reach their target position.
Key predistribution schemes are various methods that have been developed by academicians for a better maintenance of PEA management in WSNs. Basically a key predistribution scheme has 3 phases:
Key distribution
Shared key discovery
Path-key establishment
During these phases, secret keys are generated, placed in sensor nodes, and each sensor node searches the area in its communication range to find another node to communicate. A secure link is established when two nodes discover one or more common keys (this differs in each scheme), and communication is done on that link between those two nodes. Afterwards, paths are established connecting these links, to create a connected graph. The result is a wireless communication network functioning in its own way, according to the key predistribution scheme used in creation.
There are a number of aspects of WSNs on which key predistribution schemes are competing to achieve a better result. The most critical ones are: local and global connectivity, and resiliency.
Local connectivity means the probability that any two sensor nodes have a common key with which they can establish a secure link to communicate.
Global connectivity is the fraction of nodes that are in the largest connected graph over the number of all nodes.
Resiliency is the number of links that cannot be compromised when a number of nodes(therefore keys in them) are compr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20data%20graph%20execution | Explicit data graph execution, or EDGE, is a type of instruction set architecture (ISA) which intends to improve computing performance compared to common processors like the Intel x86 line. EDGE combines many individual instructions into a larger group known as a "hyperblock". Hyperblocks are designed to be able to easily run in parallel.
Parallelism of modern CPU designs generally starts to plateau at about eight internal units and from one to four "cores", EDGE designs intend to support hundreds of internal units and offer processing speeds hundreds of times greater than existing designs. Major development of the EDGE concept had been led by the University of Texas at Austin under DARPA's Polymorphous Computing Architectures program, with the stated goal of producing a single-chip CPU design with 1 TFLOPS performance by 2012, which has yet to be realized as of 2018.
Traditional designs
Almost all computer programs consist of a series of instructions that convert data from one form to another. Most instructions require several internal steps to complete an operation. Over time, the relative performance and cost of the different steps have changed dramatically, resulting in several major shifts in ISA design.
CISC to RISC
In the 1960s memory was relatively expensive, and CPU designers produced instruction sets that densely encoded instructions and data in order to better utilize this resource. For instance, the add A to B to produce C instruction would be provided in many different forms that would gather A and B from different places; main memory, indexes, or registers. Providing these different instructions allowed the programmer to select the instruction that took up the least possible room in memory, reducing the program's needs and leaving more room for data.
Actually making these instructions work required circuitry in the CPU, which was a significant limitation in early designs and required designers to select just those instructions that were really nee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozine | Eurozine is a network of European cultural magazines based in Vienna, linking up more than 90 partner journals and just as many associated magazines and institutions from nearly all European countries. Eurozine is also an online magazine which publishes original articles and selected articles from its partner journals with additional translations into one of the major European languages.
By providing a Europe-wide overview of current themes and discussions, Eurozine offers information for an international readership and facilitates communication and exchange between authors and intellectuals from Europe and worldwide. Eurozine is a non-profit institution, its office is based in Vienna and headed by managing director Filip Zielinski. Since November 2018 Réka Kinga Papp is Editor-in-chief.
History
Eurozine emerged from an informal network dating back to 1983. Since that time, editors of various European cultural magazines have met once a year in European cities to exchange ideas and experiences.
In 1995, the meeting took place in Vienna. The success of this meeting, in which numerous eastern European magazines participated for the first time, and the rapid development of the Internet, encouraged the editors to reinforce the existing loose network with a virtual but more systematic one. Eurozine was established in 1998.
Today, Eurozine hosts the "European Meeting of Cultural Journals" each year together with one or more of its partners.
The magazines Kritika & Kontext (Bratislava), Mittelweg 36 (Hamburg), Ord&Bild (Gothenburg), Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais (Coimbra), Transit - Europäische Revue (Vienna), and Wespennest (Vienna) are Eurozine'''s founders.
Partner journals (by countries, as of February 2016)'' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbacteriaceae | Microbacteriaceae is a family of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales. They are Gram-positive soil organisms.
Genera
The family Microbacteriaceae comprises the following genera:
Agreia Evtushenko et al. 2001
Agrococcus Groth et al. 1996
Agromyces Gledhill and Casida 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
Allohumibacter Kim et al. 2016
Alpinimonas Schumann et al. 2012
Amnibacterium Kim and Lee 2011
Arenivirga Hamada et al. 2017
Aurantimicrobium Nakai et al. 2015
Canibacter Aravena-Román et al. 2014
Clavibacter Davis et al. 1984
Cnuibacter Zhou et al. 2016
Compostimonas Kim et al. 2012
Conyzicola Kim et al. 2014
"Crocebacterium" Rogers & Doran-Peterson 2006
Cryobacterium Suzuki et al. 1997
"Cryocola" Gavrish et al. 2003
Curtobacterium Yamada and Komagata 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
Diaminobutyricibacter Kim et al. 2014
Diaminobutyricimonas Jang et al. 2013
Frigoribacterium Kämpfer et al. 2000
Frondihabitans Greene et al. 2009
Galbitalea Kim et al. 2014
Glaciibacter Katayama et al. 2009
Glaciihabitans Li et al. 2014
Gryllotalpicola Kim et al. 2012
Gulosibacter Manaia et al. 2004
Herbiconiux Behrendt et al. 2011
Homoserinibacter Kim et al. 2014
Homoserinimonas Kim et al. 2012
Huakuichenia Zhang et al. 2016
Humibacter Vaz-Moreira et al. 2008
Klugiella Cook et al. 2008
Labedella Lee 2007
Lacisediminihabitans Zhuo et al. 2020
Leifsonia Evtushenko et al. 2000
Leucobacter Takeuchi et al. 1996
"Luethyella" O'Neal et al. 2017
Lysinibacter Tuo et al. 2015
Lysinimonas Jang et al. 2013
"Marinisubtilis" Qin et al. 2021
Marisediminicola Li et al. 2010
Microbacterium Orla-Jensen 1919 (Approved Lists 1980)
Microcella Tiago et al. 2005
Microterricola Matsumoto et al. 2008
Mycetocola Tsukamoto et al. 2001
Naasia Weon et al. 2013
Okibacterium Evtushenko et al. 2002
Parafrigoribacterium Kong et al. 2016
Planctomonas Liu et al. 2019
"Candidatus Planktoluna" Hahn 2009
Plantibacter Behrendt et al. 2002
Pontimonas Jang et al. 2013
Protaetiiba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavibacter%20michiganensis | Clavibacter michiganensis is an aerobic non-sporulating Gram-positive plant pathogenic actinomycete of the genus Clavibacter. Clavibacter michiganensis has several subspecies. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causes substantial economic losses worldwide by damaging tomatoes and potatoes.
Context
Clavibacter michiganensis, also known as Ring Rot, is an unusual genus of phytopathogenic bacteria in that it is gram-positive and does not have a type three secretion system. All Clavibacter species and subspecies have a type B2γ cell wall crosslinked at a diaminobutyrate residue. Clavibacter is an aerobic bacterium with a coryneform morphology. There is no mycelium and no spores are produced.
Clavibacter michiganensis infects the primary host in one of three ways: wounds, hydathodes, or by contaminated seed. If the bacteria reach a suitable quorum, the result is a systemic vascular infection. In the first stages of invasion, C. michiganensis resides as a biotrophic pathogen in the xylem vessels.
Clavibacter has a complex history of taxonomical names. For a long time, there was only one recognized species within the genus Clavibacter. There are nine subspecies within the michiganensis species. Recently, some strains have been reclassified into other genera. This complex history stems from the difficulty in characterizing bacteria. Unlike fungi, the morphology of bacteria is not very sufficient for taxonomical purposes. To this end, strains of a phytopathogenic bacteria, called pathovars, are distinguished by cultural (selective media), physiological, biochemical (e.g. secreted enzymes the chemical responses of the plant), or pathological characteristics (including the range of susceptible hosts).
Recently, two strains of this bacteria – subsp. sepidonicum and subsp. michiganensis – have had their genomes sequenced and annotated. There is still much to discover about this pathogen-host interaction but now that the genome has been sequenced, the rate of di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathayibacter | Rathayibacter is a genus of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales which are gram-positive soil organisms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathayibacter%20tritici | Rathayibacter tritici is a Gram-positive soil bacterium. It is a plant pathogen and causes spike blight in wheat. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublecortin | Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, also known as doublin or lissencephalin-X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCX gene.
Function
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons in embryonic and adult cortical structures. Neuronal precursor cells begin to express DCX while actively dividing, and their neuronal daughter cells continue to express DCX for 2–3 weeks as the cells mature into neurons. Downregulation of DCX begins after 2 weeks, and occurs at the same time that these cells begin to express NeuN, a neuronal marker.
Due to the nearly exclusive expression of DCX in developing neurons, this protein has been used increasingly as a marker for neurogenesis. Indeed, levels of DCX expression increase in response to exercise, and that increase occurs in parallel with increased BrdU labeling, which is currently a "gold standard" in measuring neurogenesis.
Doublecortin was found to bind to the microtubule cytoskeleton. In vivo and in vitro assays show that Doublecortin stabilizes microtubules and causes bundling. Doublecortin is a basic protein with an iso-electric point of 10 typical of microtubule-binding proteins.
Knock out mouse
In mice where the Doublecortin gene has been knocked out, cortical layers are still correctly formed. However, the hippocampi of these mice show disorganisation in the CA3 region. The normally single layer of pyramidal cells in mutants is seen as a double layer. These mice also have different behavior than their wild type littermates and are epileptic.
Structure
The detailed sequence analysis of Doublecortin and Doublecortin-like proteins allowed the identification of a tandem repeat of evolutionarily conserved Doublecortin (DC) domains. These domains are found in the N terminus of proteins and consists of tandemly repeated copies of an around 80 amino acids region. It has been suggested that the first DC domain of Doublecortin binds tubulin and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adtran | Adtran, Inc. is an American Fiber Networking and Telecommunications company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. It was founded in 1985.
History
Adtran was founded in 1985 by Mark C. Smith and Lonnie S. McMillian, and began operations in 1986, following the AT&T divestiture of the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs). It supplied network equipment to both the RBOCs and independent telephone companies in the United States.
In 2011, Adtran acquired Bluesocket, a maker of enterprise Wi-Fi equipment based in Burlington, Massachusetts.
In December 2011 Adtran announced a plan to buy the Broadband part from Nokia Siemens Networks. In 2012 Adtran’s closing of acquisition of the Nokia Siemens Networks Broadband division was finished.
In 2012, Adtran acquired Nokia Siemens Networks’ Broadband Access Business based in Germany.
In 2016, Adtran acquired CommScope's active fiber business.
In 2018, Adtran acquired connected home software provider SmartRG, a Vancouver, WA, based company that develops and provides carrier-oriented, open-source connected home platforms and cloud services for broadband service providers.
In 2021, Adtran entered into a business combination with ADVA Optical Networks SE, a cloud and mobile services networking company based in Munich and Meiningen in Germany.
In 2022, Adtran acquired the remaining shares of Cambridge Communication Systems (CCS) Limited, a developer of wireless backhaul and transport systems for small cells. It offers an mmWave Gigabit fiber extension system along with web-based management software for planning, configuring and monitoring networks.
Locations
Adtran's corporate headquarters is located in Huntsville, Alabama, in Cummings Research Park. It has international offices located in:
Melbourne, Australia
Berlin and Greifswald, Germany
Hyderabad, India
Tel Aviv, Israel
Milan, Italy
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Bratislava, Slovakia
Tunis, Tunisia
Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Adastral Park, Ipswich, Unit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtobacterium%20flaccumfaciens | Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes disease on a variety of plants. Gram-positive bacteria characteristics include small irregular rods, lateral flagella, the ability to persist in aerobic environments, and cells containing catalase. In the interest of studying pathogenicity in plants, this species is broken down further into pathovars, which help to better describe the pathogen.
Genomics
C. flaccumfaciens is a relatively young species, diverging only 172,000 years ago.
Hosts and symptoms
Curtobacterium flaccumfacien is a bacterial wilt pathogen. The hallmark symptoms of bacterial wilt are leaf and petiole wilting. Chlorosis of the leaf and tissue occurs due to the lack of water transport. C. flaccumfaciens has a wide host range not limited to kidney beans, soybeans, tulips, and tomatoes. The species is separated into pathovars based on host range and symptoms.
One of the economically important pathovars is . This pathovar produces a bacterial wilt and its primary host range is the genus Phaseolus (beans), but the pathogen can infect many other species of the same family (Fabaceae). In beans, the symptoms can be devastating to the crop yield. These beans have severe foliage wilting and chlorosis.
One ornamental example is . The primary host are plants from the genus Tulipa (tulips). Although the host range differs, the symptoms are relatively similar. During flowering, typical symptoms of dehydration are observed. Similarly to beans, the tulips get wilt. In severe cases, the plant eventually fails to recover from wilting and dies.
Disease cycle
Survival
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens can overwinter in plant debris, diseased plants, wild hosts, seeds, or vegetative propagative organs. The bacteria can survive only a couple of weeks as free bacteria in soil. Multiple factors go into survival of a bacterial population, including temperature, humidity, and soil characteristics. Infected seeds cannot be used for susceptible bean |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw%20palmetto%20extract | Saw palmetto extract is an extract of the fruit of the saw palmetto. It is marketed as a dietary supplement that may help with benign prostatic hyperplasia, but there is no clinical evidence that it is effective for this purpose.
Uses and research
Saw palmetto extract is commonly sold as a dietary supplement intended to improve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)—also called prostate gland enlargement—which is a common condition among men as they age. An enlarged prostate may cause increased frequency or urgency of urination, difficulty initiating urination, weak urine stream or a stream that stops and starts, dribbling at the end of urination, and inability to completely empty the bladder.
Saw palmetto extract has been studied in clinical trials as a possible treatment for people with prostate cancer and for men with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH. , there is insufficient scientific evidence that saw palmetto extract is effective for treating cancer or BPH and its symptoms.
One 2016 review of clinical studies with a standardized extract of saw palmetto (called Permixon) found that the extract was safe and may be effective for relieving BPH-induced urinary symptoms compared with a placebo.
Folk medicine
Saw palmetto was used in folk medicine to treat coughs or other disorders.
Precautions and contraindications
Children
The use of saw palmetto extract is not recommended in children under 12 years old because it may affect the metabolism of androgen and estrogen hormones.
Pregnancy and lactation
Saw palmetto extract should not be used during pregnancy because it may affect androgen and estrogen metabolism. As there is no rationale for using saw palmetto during pregnancy, it should be avoided when pregnant or while breastfeeding.
PSA test interference
Saw palmetto has been shown to reduce the levels of PSA in the blood, a hormone produced by the prostate and used as a marker by healthcare providers to evaluate the presence of pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatium | Chromatium is a genus of photoautotrophic Gram-negative bacteria which are found in water. The cells are straight rod-shaped or slightly curved. They belong to the purple sulfur bacteria and oxidize sulfide to produce sulfur which is deposited in intracellular granules of the cytoplasm. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsite%20%28ecology%29 | A microsite is a term used in ecology to describe a pocket within an environment with unique features, conditions or characteristics. Classifying different microsites may depend on temperature, humidity, sunlight, nutrient availability, soil physical characteristics, vegetation cover, etc. Being a
sub environment within an environment, we will examine the qualities that differentiate a microsite from another within an environment in this piece.
Microsite features
Microsites being a subset of the environment can be identified with its own:
Temperature
It refers to the temperature of the surrounding environment measured in degree Fahrenheit. The temperature of one microsite may not necessarily be the same with another one even if they are closely related in terms of location.
Humidity
It refers to the relative amount of moisture that could be held in the air. The more saturated the air is with water vapor in a microsite the more relative it is in humidity.
Sunlight
Plants uses energy from the sunlight to carry on photosynthesis. The possibility of sunlight to reach a microsite is another distinguishing characteristic which creates differences between microsites. There are some areas that the sunlight doesn’t reach which creates a different environmental condition than those that the sun reaches thus making some plants to have more fitness than others.
Availability of nutrients
Some microsites are rich in nutrients while some are not. This is a great difference because seeds germinate more in microsites that have more nutrients it needs than those that lack them. This is because plants and other autotrophs get nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and Sulphur) they need from soil and water available in their microsite.
Soil physical characteristics
Plants obtain hydrogen from water found in the soil. Animals are influence by the soil physical characteristics for example where a fish will survive is not the same like that of a came |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne%27s%20laws | Mersenne's laws are laws describing the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string or monochord, useful in musical tuning and musical instrument construction.
Overview
The equation was first proposed by French mathematician and music theorist Marin Mersenne in his 1636 work Harmonie universelle. Mersenne's laws govern the construction and operation of string instruments, such as pianos and harps, which must accommodate the total tension force required to keep the strings at the proper pitch. Lower strings are thicker, thus having a greater mass per length. They typically have lower tension. Guitars are a familiar exception to this: string tensions are similar, for playability, so lower string pitch is largely achieved with increased mass per length. Higher-pitched strings typically are thinner, have higher tension, and may be shorter. "This result does not differ substantially from Galileo's, yet it is rightly known as Mersenne's law," because Mersenne physically proved their truth through experiments (while Galileo considered their proof impossible). "Mersenne investigated and refined these relationships by experiment but did not himself originate them". Though his theories are correct, his measurements are not very exact, and his calculations were greatly improved by Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716) through the use of acoustic beats and metronomes.
Equations
The natural frequency is:
a) Inversely proportional to the length of the string (the law of Pythagoras),
b) Proportional to the square root of the stretching force, and
c) Inversely proportional to the square root of the mass per length.
(equation 26)
(equation 27)
(equation 28)
Thus, for example, all other properties of the string being equal, to make the note one octave higher (2/1) one would need either to decrease its length by half (1/2), to increase the tension to the square (4), or to decrease its mass per length by the inverse square (1/4).
These laws are derived from Mersenne's equation 22:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoscopic%20physics | Mesoscopic physics is a subdiscipline of condensed matter physics that deals with materials of an intermediate size. These materials range in size between the nanoscale for a quantity of atoms (such as a molecule) and of materials measuring micrometres. The lower limit can also be defined as being the size of individual atoms. At the microscopic scale are bulk materials. Both mesoscopic and macroscopic objects contain many atoms. Whereas average properties derived from constituent materials describe macroscopic objects, as they usually obey the laws of classical mechanics, a mesoscopic object, by contrast, is affected by thermal fluctuations around the average, and its electronic behavior may require modeling at the level of quantum mechanics.
A macroscopic electronic device, when scaled down to a meso-size, starts revealing quantum mechanical properties. For example, at the macroscopic level the conductance of a wire increases continuously with its diameter. However, at the mesoscopic level, the wire's conductance is quantized: the increases occur in discrete, or individual, whole steps. During research, mesoscopic devices are constructed, measured and observed experimentally and theoretically in order to advance understanding of the physics of insulators, semiconductors, metals, and superconductors. The applied science of mesoscopic physics deals with the potential of building nanodevices.
Mesoscopic physics also addresses fundamental practical problems which occur when a macroscopic object is miniaturized, as with the miniaturization of transistors in semiconductor electronics. The mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale, where the percentage of atoms at the surface of the material becomes significant. For bulk materials larger than one micrometre, the percentage of atoms at the surface is insignificant in relation to the number of atoms in the entire material. The subdiscipline has dealt primar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeutrAvidin | NeutrAvidin protein is a deglycosylated version of chicken avidin, with a mass of approximately 60,000 daltons. As a result of carbohydrate removal, lectin binding is reduced to undetectable levels, yet biotin binding affinity is retained because the carbohydrate is not necessary for this activity. Avidin has a high pI but NeutrAvidin has a near-neutral pI (pH 6.3), minimizing non-specific interactions with the negatively-charged cell surface or with DNA/RNA. Neutravidin still has lysine residues that remain available for derivatization or conjugation.
Like avidin itself, NeutrAvidin is a tetramer with a strong affinity for biotin (Kd = 10−15 M). In biochemical applications, streptavidin, which also binds very tightly to biotin, may be used interchangeably with NeutrAvidin.
Avidin immobilized onto solid supports is also used as purification media to capture biotin-labelled protein or nucleic acid molecules. For example, cell surface proteins can be specifically labelled with membrane-impermeable biotin reagent, then specifically captured using a NeutrAvidin support. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Highlands | The Northern Highlands are a mountainous biogeographical region of northern Madagascar. The region includes the Tsaratanana Massif (with the highest mountain of Madagascar, Maromokotro) and smaller nearby massifs such as Marojejy, Anjanaharibe-Sud, and Manongarivo. The Mandritsara Window separates the Northern from the Central Highlands and apparently acts as a barrier to dispersal between the two highlands, leading to species pairs such as Voalavo gymnocaudus (Northern Highlands) and Voalavo antsahabensis (Central Highlands). None of the montane endemics of Tsaratanana are shared with the major massifs of the Central Highlands. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS%20architecture | TRIPS was a microprocessor architecture designed by a team at the University of Texas at Austin in conjunction with IBM, Intel, and Sun Microsystems. TRIPS uses an instruction set architecture designed to be easily broken down into large groups of instructions (Graphs) that can be run on independent processing elements. The design collects related data into the graphs, attempting to avoid expensive data reads and writes and keeping the data in high speed memory close to the processing elements. The prototype TRIPS processor contains 16 such elements. TRIPS hoped to reach 1 TFLOP on a single processor, as papers were published from 2003 to 2006.
Background
Computer programs consist of a series of instructions stored in memory. A processor runs a program by fetching these instructions from memory, examining them, and performing the actions the instruction calls for.
In early machines, the speed of main memory was generally in the same order of time as a basic operation within the processor. For instance, an instruction that adds two numbers might take three or four instruction cycles, while fetching the numbers from memory might take one or two cycles. In these machines, there was no penalty for data being in main memory, and the instruction set architectures were generally designed to allow direct access, for instance, an add instruction might take a value from one location in memory, add it to the value from another, and then store the result in a third location.
The introduction of increasingly fast microprocessors and cheap-but-slower dynamic RAM changed this equation dramatically. In modern machines, fetching a value from main memory might take the equivalent of thousands of cycles. One of the key advances in the RISC concept was to include more processor registers than earlier designs, typically several dozen rather than two or three. Instructions that formerly were provided memory locations were eliminated, replaced by ones that worked only on registers. Loa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevibacterium | Brevibacterium is a genus of bacteria of the order Micrococcales. They are Gram-positive soil organisms.
Species
Brevibacterium comprises the following species:
B. album Tang et al. 2008
B. ammoniilyticum Kim et al. 2013
B. anseongense Jung et al. 2019
B. antiquum Gavrish et al. 2005
B. atlanticum Pei et al. 2022
B. aurantiacum Gavrish et al. 2005
"B. aureum" Seghal Kiran et al. 2010
B. avium Pascual and Collins 1999
B. casei Collins et al. 1983
B. celere Ivanova et al. 2004
B. daeguense Cui et al. 2013
B. epidermidis Collins et al. 1983
B. hankyongi Choi et al. 2018
"B. ihuae" Valles et al. 2018
B. iodinum (ex Davis 1939) Collins et al. 1981
B. jeotgali Choi et al. 2013
"B. ketoglutamicum" Stackebrandt and Woese 1981
B. limosum Pei et al. 2022
B. linens (Wolff 1910) Breed 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)
B. luteolum corrig. Wauters et al. 2003
B. marinum Lee 2008
B. mcbrellneri McBride et al. 1994
"B. metallicus" Roman-Ponce et al. 2015
"B. methylicum" Nesvera et al. 1991
B. oceani Bhadra et al. 2008
B. otitidis Pascual et al. 1996
B. paucivorans Wauters et al. 2001
B. permense Gavrish et al. 2005
B. picturae Heyrman et al. 2004
"B. pigmentatum" Pei et al. 2021
B. pityocampae Kati et al. 2010
B. profundi Pei et al. 2020
B. ravenspurgense Mages et al. 2009
"B. renqingii" Yan et al. 2021
B. rongguiense Deng et al. 2020
B. salitolerans Guan et al. 2010
B. samyangense Lee 2006
B. sandarakinum Kämpfer et al. 2010
B. sanguinis Wauters et al. 2004
B. sediminis Chen et al. 2016
B. senegalense Kokcha et al. 2013
B. siliguriense Kumar et al. 2013
B. yomogidense Tonouchi et al. 2013
Further reading
Mimura, Haruo (September 2014). "Growth Enhancement of the Halotolerant "Brevibacterium" sp JCM 6894 by Methionine Externally Added to a Chemically Defined Medium". Biocontrol Science 19 (3): 151–155. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology%20%28Ismailism%29 | Numerology is an element of Ismailis belief; the idea that numbers have religious meanings. The number seven plays a general role in the theology of the Ismā'īliyya, including mystical speculations that there are seven heavens, seven continents, seven orifices in the skull, seven days in a week, seven prophets, and so forth.
Position of the Imam
Old Ismaili doctrine holds that divine revelation had been given in six periods (daur) entrusted to six prophets, also called Natiq (Speaker), who were commissioned to preach a religious law to their respective communities.
For instance, Nasir Khusraw argues that the world of religion was created in six cycles, corresponding to the six days of the week. The seventh day, corresponding to the Sabbath, is the cycle in which the world comes out of darkness and ignorance and “into the light of her Lord” (Quran 39:69), and the people who “laboured in fulfilment of (the Prophets’) command” are rewarded.
While the Natiq was concerned with the rites and outward shape of religion and life, the inner meaning was entrusted to a Wasi (Representative), who would know the secret meaning of all rites and rules and would reveal them to a small circles of initiates.
The Natiq and Wasi are in turn succeeded by a line of seven Imams, who would guard what they received. The seventh and last Imam in any period would then be the Natiq of the next period. The last Imam of the sixth period however would not bring about a new religion or law but would abrogate the law and introduce din Adama al-awwal ("the original religion of Adam"), as practised by Adam and the Angels in paradise before the fall. This would be without cult or law but would consist in all creatures praising the creator and recognizing his unity. This final stage was called Qiyamah. |
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