source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT2 | Kv7.2 (KvLQT2) is a voltage- and lipid-gated potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ2.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.
Function
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and a related protein encoded by the KCNQ3 gene, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 1 (BFNC), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 1 (EBN1). At least five transcript variants encoding five different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Ligands
ICA-069673: channel opener at KCNQ2/Q3, 20-fold selective over KCNQ3/Q5, no measurable activity against a panel of cardiac ion channels (hERG, Nav1.5, L type channels, and KCNQ1) and no activity on GABAA gated channels at 10 μM. A range of related benzamides exhibited activity, of which compound number 40 is shown here.
ML252: channel inhibitor, IC50 = 70nM.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT3 | Kv7.3 (KvLQT3) is a potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ3.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and one of two related proteins encoded by the KCNQ2 and KCNQ5 genes, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 2 (BFNC2), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 2 (EBN2).
Interactions
KvLQT3 has been shown to interact with KCNQ5. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenated%20starch%20hydrolysates | Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs), also known as polyglycitol syrup (INS 964), are mixtures of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute). Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates were developed by the Swedish company Lyckeby Starch in the 1960s. The HSH family of polyols is an approved food ingredient in Canada, Japan, and Australia. HSH sweeteners provide 40 to 90% sweetness relative to table sugar.
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are produced by the partial hydrolysis of starch – most often corn starch, but also potato starch or wheat starch. This creates dextrins (glucose and short glucose chains). The hydrolyzed starch (dextrin) then undergoes hydrogenation to convert the dextrins to sugar alcohols.
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are similar to sorbitol: if the starch is completely hydrolyzed so that only single glucose molecules remain, then after hydrogenation the result is sorbitol. Because in HSHs the starch is not completely hydrolyzed, a mixture of sorbitol, maltitol, and longer chain hydrogenated saccharides (such as maltotriitol) is produced. When no single polyol is dominant in the mix, the generic name hydrogenated starch hydrolysates is used. However, if 50% or more of the polyols in the mixture are of one type, it can be labeled as "sorbitol syrup", or "maltitol syrup", etc.
Uses
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are used commercially in the same way as other common sugar alcohols. They are often used as both a sweetener and as a humectant (moisture-retaining ingredient). As a crystallization modifier, they can prevent syrups from forming crystals of sugar. It is used to add bulk, body, texture, and viscosity to mixtures, and can protect against damage from freezing and drying. HSH products are generally blended with other sweeteners, both caloric and artificial.
Health and safety
Similar to xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are not readily fermented by oral bacteria and are used to formulate sugarless products that do not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20Macintyre | Angus John Macintyre FRS, FRSE (born 1941) is a British mathematician and logician who is a leading figure in model theory, logic, and their applications in algebra, algebraic geometry, and number theory. He is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics, at Queen Mary University of London.
Education
After undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge, he completed his PhD at Stanford University under the supervision of Dana Scott in 1968.
Career and research
From 1973 to 1985, he was Professor of Mathematics at Yale University. From 1985 to 1999, he was Professor of Mathematical Logic at Merton College at the University of Oxford. In 1999, Macintyre moved to the University of Edinburgh, where he was Professor of Mathematics until 2002, when he moved to Queen Mary College, University of London. Macintyre was the first Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) in Edinburgh.
Macintyre is known for many important results. These include classification of aleph-one categorical theories of groups and fields in 1971, which was very influential in the development of geometric stability theory. In 1976, he proved a result on quantifier elimination for p-adic fields from which a theory of semi-algebraic and subanalytic geometry for p-adic fields follows (in analogy with that for the real field) as shown by Jan Denef and Lou van den Dries and others. This quantifier elimination theorem was used by Jan Denef in 1984 to prove a conjecture of Jean-Pierre Serre on rationality of various p-adic Poincaré series, and subsequently these methods have been applied to prove rationality of a wide range of generating functions in group theory (e.g. subgroup growth) and number theory by various authors, notably Dan Segal and Marcus du Sautoy. Macintyre worked with Zoé Chatzidakis and Lou van den Dries on definable sets over finite fields generalising the estimates of Serge Lang and André Weil to definable sets an revisiting the work of James Ax on the lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20broadcast | In fault-tolerant distributed computing, an atomic broadcast or total order broadcast is a broadcast where all correct processes in a system of multiple processes receive the same set of messages in the same order; that is, the same sequence of messages. The broadcast is termed "atomic" because it either eventually completes correctly at all participants, or all participants abort without side effects. Atomic broadcasts are an important distributed computing primitive.
Properties
The following properties are usually required from an atomic broadcast protocol:
Validity: if a correct participant broadcasts a message, then all correct participants will eventually receive it.
Uniform Agreement: if one correct participant receives a message, then all correct participants will eventually receive that message.
Uniform Integrity: a message is received by each participant at most once, and only if it was previously broadcast.
Uniform Total Order: the messages are totally ordered in the mathematical sense; that is, if any correct participant receives message 1 first and message 2 second, then every other correct participant must receive message 1 before message 2.
Rodrigues and Raynal and Schiper et al. define the integrity and validity properties of atomic broadcast slightly differently.
Note that total order is not equivalent to FIFO order, which requires that if a process sent message 1 before it sent message 2, then all participants must receive message 1 before receiving message 2. It is also not equivalent to "causal order", where if message 2 "depends on" or "occurs after" message 1 then all participants must receive message 2 after receiving message 1. While a strong and useful condition, total order requires only that all participants receive the messages in the same order, but does not place other constraints on that order.
Fault tolerance
Designing an algorithm for atomic broadcasts is relatively easy if it can be assumed that computers will not fail. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea%20exploration | Deep-sea exploration is the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological conditions on the ocean waters and sea bed beyond the continental shelf, for scientific or commercial purposes. Deep-sea exploration is an aspect of underwater exploration and is considered a relatively recent human activity compared to the other areas of geophysical research, as the deeper depths of the sea have been investigated only during comparatively recent years. The ocean depths still remain a largely unexplored part of the Earth, and form a relatively undiscovered domain.
Scientific deep-sea exploration can be said to have begun when French scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace investigated the average depth of the Atlantic ocean by observing tidal motions registered on Brazilian and African coasts. He calculated the depth to be , a value later proven quite accurate by echo-sounding measurement techniques. Later on, due to increasing demand for the installment of submarine cables, accurate measurements of the sea floor depth were required and the first investigations of the sea bottom were undertaken. The first deep-sea life forms were discovered in 1864 when Norwegian researchers Michael Sars and Georg Ossian Sars obtained a sample of a stalked crinoid at a depth of .
From 1872 to 1876, a landmark ocean study was carried out by British scientists aboard HMS Challenger, a screw corvette that was converted into a survey ship in 1872. The Challenger expedition covered , and shipboard scientists collected hundreds of samples and hydrographic measurements, discovering more than 4,700 new species of marine life, including deep-sea organisms. They are also credited with providing the first real view of major seafloor features such as the deep ocean basins.
The first instrument used for deep-sea investigation was the sounding weight, used by British explorer Sir James Clark Ross. With this instrument, he reached a depth of in 1840. The Challenger expedition used similar instruments calle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct%20in%20the%20wild | A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as known only by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.
Examples
Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include (In alphabetical order):
Alagoas curassow (last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994)
Beloribitsa
La Palma pupfish (last seen in 1994, listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
Christmas Island blue-tailed skink (listed extinct in the wild since 2014)
Dabry's sturgeon (listed extinct in the wild since 2022)
Escarpment cycad (listed extinct in the wild since 2006)
Franklinia (last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998)
Golden skiffia (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
Guam kingfisher (listed extinct in the wild since 1986)
Hawaiian crow or ʻalalā (last seen in 2002, listed as extinct in the wild since 2004) Small groups have since been released in 2017 and 2018.
Kihansi spray toad (listed extinct in the wild since 2009)
Lister's gecko (listed extinct in the wild since 2014)
Oahu deceptor bush cricket (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
Panamanian golden frog (possibly extinct in the wild)
Père David's deer (listed extinct in the wild since 2008. However, reintroduction from captive populations began in 1985, with 53 wild herds of varying sizes being recorded in 2003)
Rose-tipped Partula Snail (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)
Scimitar oryx (listed extinct in the wild since 2000. A herd of 21 was successfully released into the wild in Chad in 2016, producing the first offspring born in the wild in over 20 years in 2017)
Socorro dove (listed extinct in the wild since 1994)
Socorro isopod (last seen in 1988, listed as extinct in the wild since August 1996)
South China tiger (since 2008 IUCN Red List lists as critically endangered; possibly extinct in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camargue%20red%20rice | Camargue red rice is a variety of red rice cultivated in the wetlands of the Camargue region of southern France.
History
Red wild rice had traditionally grown in the marshes of the Camargue.
Shortly after World War II vast swaths of salt marshes were desalinated. To boost the local economy, the previous production of salt was replaced by agriculture. Production of white rice was at its peak in the 1960s.
By the 1980s this white rice had cross-pollinated with red wild rice, giving birth to the current breed of Camargue red rice.
Description
Once the husk is removed, the bran is a brownish-red colour. It has an intense somewhat nutty taste and a naturally chewy texture. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM3875 | LM3875 was a 56 watt amplifier chip made by Texas Instruments (previously National Semiconductor). It was very popular in the DIY audio community for its low parts count and its high-performance audio capabilities. It was the main chip inside many gainclone amplifiers which are based on the Gaincard amplifier.
This part has become obsolete and an EOL notice has been issued for it. The functional equivalent IC, the LM3886, has two additional signals that must be addressed before it can be substituted, the mute function and a virtual gnd pin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20viable%20count | Total viable count (TVC), gives a quantitative estimate of the concentration of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast or mould spores in a sample. The count represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating serial tenfold dilutions of the sample until between 30 and 300 colonies can be counted on a single plate. The reported count is the number of colonies counted multiplied by the dilution used for the counted plate
A high TVC count indicates a high concentration of micro-organisms which may indicate poor quality for drinking water or foodstuff.
In food microbiology it is used as a benchmark for the evaluation of the shelf-life of foodstuffs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flags%20of%20Latvia | The following is a list of flags of Latvia.
National flag and State flag
Governmental standards
Military flags
Military pendants
Administrative divisions
Cities / State Cities
Towns and smaller settlements
Historical flags
Political flags
Ethnic groups flags
Proposed flags
House flags
See also
Armorial of Latvia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimiter%20Skordev | Dimiter Skordev () (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Sofia. Chairman of the department in 1972-2000. Doyen and pioneer of mathematical logic research in Bulgaria who developed a Bulgarian school in the theory of computability, namely the algebraic (or axiomatic) recursion theory. He was the 1981 winner of Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics, bestowed for his monograph Combinatory Spaces and Recursiveness in Them.
Skordev's field of scientific interests include computability and complexity in analysis, mathematical logic, generalized recursion theory, and theory of programs and computation.
Skordev has more than 45 years of lecturing experience in calculus, mathematical logic, logic programming, discrete mathematics, and computer science. He has authored about 90 scientific publications including two monographs, and was one of the authors of the new Bulgarian phonetic keyboard layout proposed (but rejected) to become a state standard in 2006.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectrode | A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue (they were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921). Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor. When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative compared to the extracellular solution. There are also microelectrodes made with insulated metal wires, made from inert metals with high Young modulus such as tungsten, stainless steel, or platinum-iridium alloy and coated with glass or polymer insulator with exposed conductive tips. These are mostly used for recording from the external side of the cell membrane. More recent advances in lithography have produced silicon-based microelectrodes.
See also
Single-unit recording
Microelectrode array |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20System%20of%20Quantities | The International System of Quantities (ISQ) consists of the quantities used in physics and in modern science in general, starting with basic quantities such as length and mass, and the relationships between those quantities. This system underlies the International System of Units (SI) but does not itself determine the units of measurement used for the quantities.
The system is formally described in a multi-part ISO standard ISO/IEC 80000 (which also defines many other quantities used in science and technology), first completed in 2009 and subsequently revised and expanded.
Base quantities
The base quantities of a given system of physical quantities is a subset of those quantities, where no base quantity can be expressed in terms of the others, but where every quantity in the system can be expressed in terms of the base quantities. Within this constraint, the set of base quantities is chosen by convention. There are seven ISQ base quantities. The symbols for them, as for other quantities, are written in italics.
The dimension of a physical quantity does not include magnitude or units. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper-case letter in roman (upright) sans-serif type.
Derived quantities
A derived quantity is a quantity in a system of quantities that is defined in terms of only the base quantities of that system. The ISQ defines many derived quantities and corresponding derived units.
Dimensional expression of derived quantities
The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity is denoted by , where the dimensional exponents are positive, negative, or zero. The dimension symbol may be omitted if its exponent is zero. For example, in the ISQ, the quantity dimension of velocity is denoted . The following table lists some quantiti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20system%20emulators | This article lists software and hardware that emulates computing platforms.
The host in this article is the system running the emulator, and the guest is the system being emulated.
The list is organized by guest operating system (the system being emulated), grouped by word length. Each section contains a list of emulators capable of emulating the specified guest, details of the range of guest systems able to be emulated, and the required host environment and licensing.
64-bit guest systems
ARM aarch64
AlphaServer
IBM
Silicon Graphics
UltraSPARC
x86-64 platforms (64-bit PC and compatible hardware)
60-bit guest systems
60-bit CDC 6000 series and Cyber mainframe
48-bit guest systems
English Electric KDF9
36-bit guest systems
DEC PDP-10
GE-600 series / Honeywell 6000 series
IBM 7094
32-bit guest systems
Acorn Archimedes, A7000, RiscPC, Phoebe
While the ARM processor in the Acorn Archimedes is a 32-bit chip, it only had 26-bit addressing making an ARM/Archimedes emulator, such as Aemulor or others below, necessary for 26-bit compatibility, for later ARM processors have mostly dropped it.
Amiga
Android
BlueStacks
Genymotion
LeapDroid
App Inventor for Android
Android Studio
MEmu
Android-x86
Nox App Player
Windows Subsystem for Android
Apple iOS
touchHLE
Apple Lisa
Apple Macintosh with 680x0 CPU
Macintosh with PowerPC CPU
Atari ST/STE/Falcon
AT&T UNIX PC
Cobalt Qube
Corel NetWinder
DEC VAX
DECstation
IBM mainframe (32-bit)
Motorola 88000
Sharp X68000
Sinclair QL
SPARCstation
x86 platforms (32-bit PC and compatible hardware)
24-bit guest systems
ICL 1900
SDS 900-series
20-bit guest systems
GE-200 series
PERQ
18-bit guest systems
DEC PDP-1
DEC PDP-4/7/9/15
16-bit guest systems
Apple IIGS
NEC PC-9800 series
DEC PDP-11
Mera 400
Polish minicomputer Mera 400. Also in development hardware emulator in FPGA.
TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A
Texas Instruments TI-980
Texas Instruments TI-990
Varian Data Machines
x86-16 IBM PC/XT/AT comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20video%20game%20console%20emulators | The following is a list of notable video game console emulators.
Arcade
Visual Pinball
Atari
Atari 2600
Stella
Nintendo
Home consoles
Nintendo Entertainment System
FCEUX
NESticle
Nestopia
Super NES
Snes9x
ZSNES
Nintendo 64
Mupen64Plus
Project64
Project Unreality
UltraHLE
GameCube/Wii
Dolphin
Wii U
Cemu
Handhelds
Game Boy
Wzonka-Lad
Game Boy Advance
VisualBoyAdvance (Also supports Game Boy and Game Boy Color)
VisualBoyAdvance-M
Nintendo 3DS
Citra
Hybrid
Nintendo Switch
Yuzu
SNK
Neo Geo CD
NeoCD
Sony
Home consoles
PlayStation
AdriPSX
bleem!
bleemcast!
Connectix Virtual Game Station
ePSXe
PCSX-Reloaded
PlayStation 2
PCSX2
PlayStation 3
RPCS3
PlayStation 4
, PlayStation 4 emulators remain experimental. A website promoting a supposed PS4 emulator, "PCSX4", is a scam.
Handhelds
PlayStation Portable
PPSSPP
Frontends
RetroArch
Multi-system emulators
Multi-system emulators are capable of emulating the functionality of multiple systems.
higan
MAME (Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator)
Mednafen
MESS (Multi Emulator Super System), formerly a stand-alone application and now part of MAME
OpenEmu
See also
Emulator
List of computer system emulators
List of emulators
Video game console emulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20development | The development of fishes is unique in some specific aspects compared to the development of other animals.
Cleavage
Most bony fish eggs are referred to as telolecithal which means that most of the egg cell cytoplasm is yolk. The yolky end of the egg (the vegetal pole) remains homogenous while the other end (the animal pole) undergoes cell division. Cleavage, or initial cell division, can only occur in a region called the blastodisc, a yolk free region located at the animal pole of the egg. The fish zygote is meroblastic, meaning the early cell divisions are not complete. This type of meroblastic cleavage is called discoidal because only the blastodisc becomes the embryo. In fish, waves of calcium released direct the process of cell division by coordinating the mitotic apparatus with the actin cytoskeleton, propagating cell division along the surface, assists in deepening the cleavage furrow, and finally heals the membrane after separation of blastomeres.
The fate of the first cells, called blastomeres, is determined by its location. This contrasts with the situation in some other animals, such as mammals, in which each blastomere can develop into any part of the organism. Fish embryos go through a process called mid-blastula transition which is observed around the tenth cell division in some fish species. Once zygotic gene transcription starts, slow cell division begins and cell movements are observable. During this time three cell populations become distinguished. The first population is the yolk syncytial layer. This layer forms when the cells at the vegetal pole of the blastoderm combine with the yolk cell underneath it. Later in development the yolk syncytial layer will be important in directing cell movements of gastrulation. The second cell population is the enveloping layer which is made of superficial cells from the blastoderm that eventually form a single epithelial cell layer. This layer functions in protection by allowing the embryo to develop in a hyp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguishing%20attack | In cryptography, a distinguishing attack is any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. Modern symmetric-key ciphers are specifically designed to be immune to such an attack. In other words, modern encryption schemes are pseudorandom permutations and are designed to have ciphertext indistinguishability. If an algorithm is found that can distinguish the output from random faster than a brute force search, then that is considered a break of the cipher.
A similar concept is the known-key distinguishing attack, whereby an attacker knows the key and can find a structural property in the cipher, where the transformation from plaintext to ciphertext is not random.
Overview
To prove that a cryptographic function is safe, it is often compared to a random oracle. If a function were a random oracle, then an attacker is not able to predict any of the output of the function. If a function is distinguishable from a random oracle, it has non-random properties. That is, there exists a relation between different outputs, or between input and output, which can be used by an attacker for example to find (a part of) the input.
Example
Let T be a sequence of random bits, generated by a random oracle and S be a sequence generated by a pseudo-random bit generator. Two parties use one encryption system to encrypt a message M of length n as the bitwise XOR of M and the next n bits of T or S respectively. The output of the encryption using T is truly random. Now, if the sequence S cannot be distinguished from T, the output of the encryption with S will appear random as well. If the sequence S is distinguishable, then the encryption of M with S may reveal information of M.
Two systems S and T are said to be indistinguishable if there exists no algorithm D, connected to either S or T, able to decide whether it is connected to S or T.
A distinguishing attack is given by such an algorithm D. It is bro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomic%20rescue | Trisomic rescue (also known as trisomy rescue or trisomy zygote rescue) is a genetic phenomenon in which a fertilized ovum containing three copies of a chromosome loses one of these chromosomes (anaphase lag) to form a diploid chromosome complement. If both of the retained chromosomes come from the same parent, then uniparental disomy results. If the retained chromosomes come from different parents (that is, one copy from each) then there are no phenotypic or genotypic anomalies. The mechanism of trisomic rescue has been well confirmed in vivo, and alternative mechanisms that occur in trisomies are rare in comparison.
Many trisomic conditions result in stillborn infants (major exceptions include trisomies 13, 18, 21). Trisomic rescue may be a natural means to keep a fetus as viable as possible (though uniparental disomy may occur and result in syndromes such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes due to genetic imprinting). Indeed, spontaneous trisomic rescue has been observed in vitro. Similarly, monosomic rescue may also be a natural means to keep fetal viability via restoration of a disomic zygote. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luopan | The luopan or geomantic compass is a Chinese magnetic compass, also known as a feng shui compass. It is used by a feng shui practitioner to determine the precise direction of a structure, place or item. Luo Pan contains a lot of information and formulas regarding its functions. The needle points towards the south magnetic pole.
Form and function
Like a conventional compass, a luopan is a direction finder. However, a luopan differs from a compass in several important ways. The most obvious difference is the feng shui formulas embedded in up to 40 concentric rings on the surface. This is a metal or wooden plate known as the heaven dial. The circular metal or wooden plate typically sits on a wooden base known as the earth plate. The heaven dial rotates freely on the earth plate.
A red wire or thread that crosses the earth plate and heaven dial at 90-degree angles is the Heaven Center Cross Line, or Red Cross Grid Line. This line is used to find the direction and note position on the rings.
A conventional compass has markings for four or eight directions, while a luopan typically contains markings for 24 directions. This translates to 15 degrees per direction. The Sun takes approximately 15.2 days to traverse a solar term, a series of 24 points on the ecliptic. Since there are 360 degrees on the luopan and approximately 365.25 days in a mean solar year, each degree on a luopan approximates a terrestrial day.
Unlike a typical compass, a luopan does not point to the north magnetic pole of Earth. The needle of a luopan points to the south magnetic pole (it does not point to the geographic south pole). The Chinese word for compass, (zhinan zhen in Mandarin), translates to “south-pointing needle.”
Types
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, three types of luopan have been popular. They have some formula rings in common, such as the 24 directions and the early and later heaven arrangements.
San He
This luopan was said to have been used in the Tang dynasty. The San He cont |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teixeira%20Mendes | Raimundo Teixeira Mendes (5 January 1855 – 28 June 1927) was a Brazilian philosopher and mathematician. He is credited with creating the national motto, "Order and Progress", as well as the national flag on which it appears.
Teixeira Mendes was born in Caxias, Maranhão.
Comtean Positivism
Teixeira Mendes was heavily influenced by Comtism and is classed as a "Humanity Apostle" by Brazil's Religion of Humanity, which is called "Igreja Positivista do Brasil" or in English "Positivist Church of Brazil." In life he led the Positivist Church after 1903. For him the Positivist viewpoint meant he opposed most wars and believed in the eventual disappearance of nations. He also opposed Christian missionary work toward the indigenous Brazilians and instead favored a policy based on protection and gradual assimilation. He deemed their societies "fetishistic", but believed a gradual non-coercive assimilation was the way to turn them into Positivists.
He died in Rio de Janeiro, aged 72. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Zero%20Configuration | Wireless Zero Configuration (WZC), also known as Wireless Auto Configuration, or WLAN AutoConfig, is a wireless connection management utility included with Microsoft Windows XP and later operating systems as a service that dynamically selects a wireless network to connect to based on a user's preferences and various default settings. This can be used instead of, or in the absence of, a wireless network utility from the manufacturer of a computer's wireless networking device. The drivers for the wireless adapter query the NDIS Object IDs and pass the available network names (SSIDs) to the service. The service then lists them in the user interface on the Wireless Networks tab in the connection's Properties or in the Wireless Network Connection dialog box accessible from the notification area. A checked (debug) build version of the WZC service can be used by developers to obtain additional diagnostic and tracing information logged by the service.
Overview
Wireless Zero Configuration was first introduced with Windows XP. In Windows Vista and Windows 7, the service that provides equivalent functionality is called "WLAN AutoConfig". It is based on the Native Wi-Fi architecture introduced in Windows Vista.
Initially, there was no Wireless LAN API in Windows XP for developers to create wireless client programs and manage profiles and connections. After the release of Windows Vista, Microsoft released KB918997, which includes a Wireless LAN API for Windows XP SP2. It was later integrated into Windows XP Service Pack 3.
See also
List of Microsoft Windows components
Wireless connection management utility
Wireless LAN client comparison |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Estonian%20flags | The national flag of Estonia is a tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white. The normal size is 105 × 165 cm. In Estonian it is colloquially called the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white"), after the colours of the bands. The flag became associated with Estonian nationalism in the beginning of the 20th century and was used as the national flag (riigilipp) when the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued on 24 February 1918. The flag was formally adopted on 21 November 1918. On 12 December 1918 the flag was raised for the first time as the national symbol atop of the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn.
The following is a list of flags of Estonia.
National flag
Standards
Head of state
Ministers
Military flags
Army
Navy
Air Force
Defence League
Government flags
Sporting flags
Postal flag
County flags
Each county of Estonia has adopted a flag, each of them conforming to a pattern: a white half at the top bearing the county's coat of arms in the middle, and a green half at the bottom.
History
Municipal flags
Political flags
Flags of ethnic groups
Historical flags
Proposed flags
Other flags
See also
Flag of Estonia
National symbols of Estonia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20geodesic | In mathematics, a complex geodesic is a generalization of the notion of geodesic to complex spaces.
Definition
Let (X, || ||) be a complex Banach space and let B be the open unit ball in X. Let Δ denote the open unit disc in the complex plane C, thought of as the Poincaré disc model for 2-dimensional real/1-dimensional complex hyperbolic geometry. Let the Poincaré metric ρ on Δ be given by
and denote the corresponding Carathéodory metric on B by d. Then a holomorphic function f : Δ → B is said to be a complex geodesic if
for all points w and z in Δ.
Properties and examples of complex geodesics
Given u ∈ X with ||u|| = 1, the map f : Δ → B given by f(z) = zu is a complex geodesic.
Geodesics can be reparametrized: if f is a complex geodesic and g ∈ Aut(Δ) is a bi-holomorphic automorphism of the disc Δ, then f o g is also a complex geodesic. In fact, any complex geodesic f1 with the same image as f (i.e., f1(Δ) = f(Δ)) arises as such a reparametrization of f.
If
for some z ≠ 0, then f is a complex geodesic.
If
where α denotes the Caratheodory length of a tangent vector, then f is a complex geodesic. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20sky%20catastrophe | The blue sky catastrophe is a form of orbital indeterminacy, and an element of bifurcation theory.
Orbital dynamics
Blue sky catastrophe is a type of bifurcation of a periodic orbit. In other words, it describes a sort of behaviour stable solutions of a set of differential equations can undergo as the equations are gradually changed. This type of bifurcation is characterised by both the period and length of the orbit approaching infinity as the control parameter approaches a finite bifurcation value, but with the orbit still remaining within a bounded part of the phase space, and without loss of stability before the bifurcation point. In other words, the orbit vanishes into the blue sky.
Applications of blue sky catastrophe in other fields
The bifurcation has found application in, amongst other places, slow-fast models of computational neuroscience. The possibility of the phenomenon was raised by David Ruelle and Floris Takens in 1971, and explored by R.L. Devaney and others in the following decade. More compelling analysis was not performed until the 1990s.
This bifurcation has also been found in the context of fluid dynamics, namely in double-diffusive convection of a small Prandtl number fluid. Double diffusive convection occurs when convection of the fluid is driven by both thermal and concentration gradients, and the temperature and concentration diffusivities take different values. The bifurcation is found in an orbit that is born in a global saddle-loop bifurcation, becomes chaotic in a period doubling cascade, and disappears in the blue sky catastrophe. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hericium%20coralloides | Hericium coralloides is a saprotrophic fungus, commonly known as coral tooth fungus or comb coral mushroom. It grows on dead hardwood trees. The species is edible and good when young, but as it ages the branches and hanging spines become brittle and turn a light shade of yellowish brown.
Found September 23, 1997 in Vilas County, Wisconsin near water, high in the wound of a living tree. The dried specimen lives at the UWSP Herbarium. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93queue%E2%80%93client | A client–queue–client or passive queue system is a client–server computer network in which the server is a data queue for the clients. Instead of communicating with each other directly, clients exchange data with one another by storing it in a repository (the queue) on a server.
Like peer-to-peer, the client–queue–client system empowers hosts on the network to serve data to other hosts.
Example
Web crawlers on different hosts need to query each other to synchronize an indexed URI. Whereas one approach is to program each crawler to receive and respond to such queries, the client–queue–client approach is to store the indexed content from both crawlers in a passive queue, such as a relational database, on another host. Both web crawlers read and write to the database, but never communicate with each other.
See also
Centralized computing
Decentralized computing
Friend-to-friend
Ontology (information science) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flags%20of%20Lithuania | The following is a list of flags of Lithuania.
National flag and State flag
Government flags
Military flags
Historical flags
Soviet occupation
County flags
Each county of Lithuania has adopted a flag, each of them conforming to a pattern: a blue rectangle, with ten instances of the Cross of Vytis appearing in gold, acts as a fringe to the central feature of the flag, which is chosen by the county itself. Most of the central designs were adapted from the counties' coat of arms.
See also
Flag of Lithuania
Armorial of Lithuania
Flags of Lithuania
Flags
Lists and galleries of flags
Flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level%20windshear%20alert%20system | A low-level windshear alert system (LLWAS) measures average surface wind speed and direction using a network of remote sensor stations, situated near runways and along approach or departure corridors at an airport. Wind shear is the generic term for wind differences over an operationally short distance (in relation to flight) which encompass meteorological phenomena including gust fronts, microbursts, vertical shear, and derechos.
Background
LLWAS compares results over its operating area to determine whether calm, steady winds, wind shifts (in relation to runways), wind gusts, divergent winds, sustained divergent winds (indicative of shear), or strong and sustained divergent winds (indicative of microbursts) are observed. A LLWAS master station polls each remote station every system cycle (nominally every ten seconds) and provides prevailing airport wind averages, runway specific winds, gusts, may set new wind shear alerts or microburst alerts and reset countdown timers of elapsed time since the last alert. By airline rules, pilots must avoid microbursts if warnings are issued by an automated wind shear detection system, and must wait until a safe time interval passes, to assure departure or landing conditions are safe for the performance of the airframe. Pilots may decide whether to land (or conduct a missed approach) after wind shear alerts are issued. LLWAS wind shear alerts are defined as wind speed gain or loss of between 20 and 30 knots aligned with the active runway direction. "Low level" refers to altitudes of or less above ground level (AGL). Arriving aircraft on descent, generally within six nautical miles of touchdown will fly within this low level, maintaining a glide slope and may lack recovery altitude sufficient to avoid a stall or flight-into-terrain if caught unaware by a microburst. LLWAS microburst alerts are issued for greater than 30 knot loss of airspeed at the runway or within three nautical miles of approach or two nautical miles of departu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Icelandic%20flags | The following is a list of Icelandic flags.
National flag and State flag
Governmental flags
Military flag
Historical flags
Unofficial flags
Yacht club flags of Iceland
Political flags
See also
Flag of Iceland
Coat of arms of Iceland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable%20model%20theory | Computable model theory is a branch of model theory which deals with questions of computability as they apply to model-theoretical structures.
Computable model theory introduces the ideas of computable and decidable models and theories and one of the basic problems is discovering whether or not computable or decidable models fulfilling certain model-theoretic conditions can be shown to exist.
Computable model theory was developed almost simultaneously by mathematicians in the West, primarily located in the United States and Australia, and Soviet Russia during the middle of the 20th century. Because of the Cold War there was little communication between these two groups and so a number of important results were discovered independently.
See also
Vaught conjecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix%20hash%20tree | A prefix hash tree (PHT) is a distributed data structure that enables more sophisticated queries over a distributed hash table (DHT). The prefix hash tree uses the lookup interface of a DHT to construct a trie-based data structure that is both efficient (updates are doubly logarithmic in the size of the domain being indexed), and resilient (the failure of any given node in a prefix hash tree does not affect the availability of data stored at other nodes). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20time%20%28rides%29 | In the context of amusement rides, air time, or airtime, refers to the time during which riders of a roller coaster or other ride experience either frictionless or negative G-forces. The negative g-forces that a rider experiences is what creates the sensation the rider feels of floating out of their seat. With roller coasters, air time is usually achieved when the train travels over a hill at speed. There are different sensations a rider will feel depending on the ride being an ejector or floater airtime ride.
In 2001 the Guinness World Records recorded Superman: Escape from Krypton, located at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, one of the fastest roller coaster in the world, where riders experienced a then record 6.5 seconds of 'airtime' or negative G-force. Hypercoasters, such as Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point, Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Superman the Ride at Six Flags New England, Shambhala at PortAventura Park and Goliath at Six Flags Over Georgia, along with many wooden roller coasters, such as Balder at Liseberg, The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, and El Toro at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, are rides known for having a particularly high total air time. Upon opening in 2018 at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Steel Vengeance, the world's tallest and fastest hybrid coaster, set the record for the most airtime on a roller coaster at 27.2 seconds.
Physics
Air time is a result of the effects of the inertia of the train and the riders: as the train goes over a hill transitioning from an ascent into a descent guided by the rails, the inertia of the relatively loosely-attached riders causes them to momentarily continue upwards, resulting in the riders being lifted out of their seats. The duration of air time on a particular hill is dependent on the velocity of the train, gravity, and the radius of the track's transition from ascent to descent. Zero-G (where the net vertical G-force is 0) is achieved when the downw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Chevalley%20decomposition | In mathematics, the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition, named after Camille Jordan and Claude Chevalley, expresses a linear operator as the sum of its commuting semisimple part and its nilpotent part. The multiplicative decomposition expresses an invertible operator as the product of its commuting semisimple and unipotent parts. The decomposition is easy to describe when the Jordan normal form of the operator is given, but it exists under weaker hypotheses than the existence of a Jordan normal form. Analogues of the Jordan-Chevalley decomposition exist for elements of linear algebraic groups, Lie algebras, and Lie groups, and the decomposition is an important tool in the study of these objects.
Decomposition of a linear operator
Consider linear operators on a finite-dimensional vector space over a field. An operator is semisimple if every T-invariant subspace has a complementary T-invariant subspace (if the underlying field is algebraically closed, this is the same as the requirement that the operator be diagonalizable). An operator x is nilpotent if some power xm of it is the zero operator. An operator x is unipotent if x − 1 is nilpotent.
Now, let x be any operator. A Jordan–Chevalley decomposition of x is an expression of it as a sum
x = xs + xn,
where xs is semisimple, xn is nilpotent, and xs and xn commute. Over a perfect field, such a decomposition exists (cf. #Proof of uniqueness and existence), the decomposition is unique, and the xs and xn are polynomials in x with no constant terms. In particular, for any such decomposition over a perfect field, an operator that commutes with x also commutes with xs and xn.
If x is an invertible operator, then a multiplicative Jordan–Chevalley decomposition expresses x as a product
x = xs · xu,
where xs is semisimple, xu is unipotent, and xs and xu commute. Again, over a perfect field, such a decomposition exists, the decomposition is unique, and xs and xu are polynomials in x. The multiplicative version of the decompo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroretinal | Dehydroretinal (3,4-dehydroretinal) is a derivative metabolite of retinal belonging to the group of vitamin A2 as a retinaldehyde form, besides the endogenously present 3,4-dehydroretinol and 3,4-dehydroretinoic acid.
The livers of some freshwater fishes and some fish found in India contain a higher ratio of dehydroretinal to retinal than do other species.
See also
Retinene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20specificity | Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.
Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organisms or constituents of living organisms of being special or doing something special. Each animal or plant species is special. It differs in some way from all other species...biological specificity is the major problem about understanding life."
Biological specificity within Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens has many characteristics that show the biological specificity in the form of behavior and morphological traits.
Morphologically, humans have an enlarged cranial capacity and more gracile features in comparison to other hominins. The reduction of dentition is a feature that allows for the advantage of adaptability in diet and survival. As a species, humans are culture dependent and much of human survival relies on the culture and social relationships. With the evolutionary change of the reduction of the pelvis and enlarged cranial capacity; events like childbirth are dependent on a safe, social setting to assist in the childbirth; a birthing mother will seek others when going into labor. This is a uniquely human experience, as other animals are able to give birth on their own and often choose to isolate themselves to do so to protect their young.
An example of a genetic adaptation unique to humans is the gene apolipoprotein E (APOE4) on chromosome 19. While chimpanzees may have the APOE gene, the study "The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene appears functionally monomorphic in chimpanzees" shows that the diversity of the APOE gene in humans in unique. The polymorphism in APOE is only in humans as they carry alleles APOE2, APOE3, APOE4; APOE4 which allows human to break down fatty protein and eat more protein than their ancestors is also a genomic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
There are many behavioral characteristics that a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral%20limbus | The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiolus%20%28cochlea%29 | The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. The modiolus consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.75 times around the central axis in humans. The cochlear nerve, as well as spiral ganglion is situated inside it. The cochlear nerve conducts impulses from the receptors located within the cochlea.
The picture shows the osseous labyrinth. The modiolus is not labeled; it's at the axis of the spiral of the cochlea.
See also
Modiolus (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20tunnel | The basilar membrane stretches from the tympanic lip of the osseous spiral lamina to the basilar crest and consists of two parts, an inner and an outer. The inner is thin, and is named the inner tunnel (or zona arcuata): it supports the spiral organ of Corti. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses%20sugar | Molasses sugar is a dark brown, almost black, moist granular sugar. It can be used interchangeably with muscovado, but molasses sugar has a stronger taste as compared to muscovado. Its distinctive molasses taste is due to its high content of molasses. Nutritively, it has high iron content. Molasses sugar is often used in chutneys, pickles, and marinades, as well as in Christmas cakes.
See also
Brown sugar
Sucrose
Sources
Waitrose Sugar Glossary
External links
Molasses
Sugars |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echogenicity | Echogenicity (misspelled sometimes as echogenecity) or echogeneity is the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signal in medical ultrasound examinations. In other words, echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncing the sound echo reflects increased sound waves. Tissues that have higher echogenicity are called "hyperechogenic" and are usually represented with lighter colors on images in medical ultrasonography. In contrast, tissues with lower echogenicity are called "hypoechogenic" and are usually represented with darker colors. Areas that lack echogenicity are called "anechogenic" and are usually displayed as completely dark.
Microbubbles
Echogenicity can be increased by intravenously administering gas-filled microbubble contrast agent to the systemic circulation, with the procedure being called contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This is because microbubbles have a high degree of echogenicity. When gas bubbles are caught in an ultrasonic frequency field, they compress, oscillate, and reflect a characteristic echo- this generates the strong and unique sonogram in contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Gas cores can be composed of air, or heavy gases like perfluorocarbon, or nitrogen. Heavy gases are less water-soluble so they are less likely to leak out from the microbubble to impair echogenicity (McCulloch et al., 2000). Therefore, microbubbles with heavy gas cores are likely to last longer in circulation.
Reasons for higher echogenicity
During ultrasound examinations, sometimes echogenicity is higher in certain parts of body. Fatty liver could cause increased echogenicity in the liver, especially if the liver transaminases are elevated.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome may also show an increase in stromal echogenicity.
See also
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Echogenic intracardiac focus
Medical ultrasound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20management%20system | In local telephone networks, a loop management system (LMS) is a kind or a part of network management system intended to maximize local loop control. Sometimes it is referred to as local loop management (LLM) or copper loop management (CLM).
Although local loop unbundling is a standard process for an incumbent (ILEC), issues remain to be solved in the local loop management process. For a CLEC which borrows lines from ILEC for DSL services provisioning process, a local loop is the most critical (and the most weak) point because of reduced management of this vital part of the network.
During the provisioning process, a CLEC can request from its serving ILEC, a new cross-connect. By agreement ILEC must fulfill this request but it's almost impossible to immediately learn a local loop's quality or monitor its activity in real time. Such steps are sometimes mandatory for loop pretesting and qualification in order to validate its good (or bad) condition. Furthermore, testing and validation steps are vital in troubleshooting process.
LMS, sometimes implemented as a part of a major network management system, views the local loop as an active network element. It speeds pre-qualification and reduces fault correction time.
A complete LMS has software and hardware components. The latter is usually a switch fabric connected both to all required lines and line equipment at either side of a line. The functionality is similar to one performed by a main distribution frame or any other distribution frame, so sometimes is referred to as automated main distribution frame. A software component implies implementing management operations.
Network management
Local loop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIN%20%28software%20process%29 | A Software Process Improvement Network (SPIN) is an organization of professionals who are interested in software and systems process improvement. As of a few years ago, there were 116 SPINs in 37 countries worldwide in their individual geographical areas.
Each SPIN is a completely independent organization. The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) previously provided support to the SPINs by creating, maintaining, and distributing the SPIN Directory; connecting those software professionals with emerging or existing SPINs; and distributing the SPINs start-up information.
See also
Software Engineering Institute
ISO 15504
External links
Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
Bangalore, India SPIN
Chicago SPIN
Milwaukee SPIN
Tehran SPIN
Cape Town SPIN
Chennai SPIN, India
Software engineering organizations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Avis | David Michael Avis (born March 20, 1951) is a Canadian and British computer scientist known for his contributions to geometric computations. Avis is a professor in computational geometry and applied mathematics in the School of Computer Science, McGill University, in Montreal. Since 2010, he belongs to Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, School of Informatics, Kyoto University.
Avis received his Ph.D. in 1977 from Stanford University. He has published more than 70 journal papers and articles. Writing with Komei Fukuda, Avis proposed a reverse-search algorithm for the
vertex enumeration problem; their algorithm generates all of the vertices of a convex polytope.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoidin | Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight heterogeneous polymers that are formed when sugars and amino acids combine (through the Maillard reaction) at high temperatures and low water activity. They were discovered by Schmiedeberg in 1897.
Melanoidins are commonly present in foods that have undergone some form of non-enzymatic browning, such as barley malts (Vienna and Munich), bread crust, bakery products and coffee. They are also present in the wastewater of sugar refineries, necessitating treatment in order to avoid contamination around the outflow of these refineries.
Dietary melanoidins themselves produce various effects in the organism: they decrease Phase I liver enzyme activity and promote glycation in vivo, which may contribute to diabetes, reduced vascular compliance and Alzheimer's disease. Some of the melanoidins are metabolized by the intestinal microflora.
Coffee is one of the main sources of melanoidins in the human diet, yet coffee consumption is associated with some health benefits and antiglycative action. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description%20Definition%20Language | DDL (Description Definition Language) is part of the MPEG-7 standard. It gives an important set of tools for the users to create their own Description Schemes (DSs) and Descriptors (Ds). DDL defines the syntax rules to define, combine, extend and modify Description Schemes and Descriptors.
Introduction
DDL is not a modeling language, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML), but a schematic language to represent the audiovisual data results, which must conform to the descriptors, the description schemes and the MPEG-7 descriptions.
MPEG-7 DDL Must:
Be able to express relationships of elements within a DS or between two DS, whether they are structural, spatial, temporal, conceptual or hierarchical.
Give a rich set of unions and references between one or more descriptions and the data they describe.
Be application and platform independent.
Be able to specify the descriptors data type, whether they are primary (integers, text, time, ...) or derived (enumerated, ...).
History
In 1999, the team in charge of MPEG-7 DDL was comparing and evaluating proposals in the MPEG-7 AHG Test And Evaluation Meeting held in Lancaster. The main agreement was that DDL had to use the XML syntax, support object-oriented semantics, as well as being able to validate structural, relational and data typing constraints.
Although no proposal satisfied the requirements the DSTC proposal was used as a starting point, extending it with the additions of ideas and components from other proposals and contributors. Moreover, the strategy was to keep tracking and influencing the W3C community, specially the XML Schema, XLink, XPath and XPointer working groups.
At the 51st MPEG meeting, the adoption of the XML Schema syntax with specific MPEG-7 extensions was decided.
Requirements
As defined in the MPEG-7 requirements document:
Compositional capabilities: DDL shall allow new DSs and Ds to be created and existing DSs to be modified or extended.
Unique Identification: A unique identifier should be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Hill%20%28artist%29 | Anthony Hill (23 April 1930 – 13 October 2020) was an English artist, painter and relief-maker, originally a member of the post-World War II British art movement termed the Constructionist Group whose work was essentially in the international constructivist tradition.
Biography
His fellow members in this group were Victor Pasmore, Adrian Heath, John Ernest, Kenneth Martin, Mary Martin, Gillian Wise (artist) and Stephen Gilbert. He was born on 23 April 1930 in London, and studied at the St Martin's and the Central Schools of Art 1948–51. He began painting in the style of Dada and Surrealism in 1948 but quickly moved on to geometric abstract idioms. He made his first relief in 1954 and abandoned painting for relief-making in 1956. One feature of these reliefs has been the use of non-traditional materials such as industrial aluminium and Perspex. His first one-man show of reliefs was held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1958. He has participated in exhibitions of abstract and constructivist art in the UK, Paris, Germany, Holland, Poland, Switzerland and the USA. In 1978 he exhibited in the Arts Council's exhibition, Constructive Context, alongside a number if artists such as Jeffrey Steele and Peter Lowe who had begun working in a systematised constructive mode in the mid to late 1960s and came together in the Systems Group in December 1969. Hill, however, along with the Martins, declined membership of this group. In 1983 the Hayward Gallery held a major retrospective exhibition of Anthony Hill's constructivist work.
Anthony Hill has had a lifelong fascination with mathematics, and there are many mathematicians among his circle of acquaintances. Together with his colleague John Ernest he made contributions to graph theory (crossing number) and in 1979, in recognition of a number of his mathematical papers, he was elected a member of the London Mathematical Society and made a visiting research associate in the Department of Mathematics at University College, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Bellingham | Katherine Bellingham (born 1963) is an English engineer and television presenter known for her role presenting the BBC1 science show Tomorrow's World from 1990–1994. Following a period pursuing other interests and raising children, she resumed her broadcasting career in 2010.
Early life
Bellingham was born in Buckrose, East Riding of Yorkshire, and educated at the independent Mount School in York, followed by the Oxford University, where she studied Physics. She graduated in 1984. She earned her MSc in Electronic Communications Systems Engineering from University of Hertfordshire.
Career
Broadcasting
Bellingham was a BBC radio engineer working in the BBC Broadcasting House in 1988 when she was selected to co-host the annual Faraday Lecture sponsored by the Institution of Electrical Engineers – a tour of live shows for school pupils around the UK. A BBC Schools producer saw her perform and she was offered a presenting role on a new Design and Technology programme called Techno.
She returned to her engineering training, but then applied for Tomorrow's World and joined the team of presenters working on the show in 1990 for four years.
Programmes she has presented include:
Radio Five Live – The Acid Test from 1994–7 and Splitting the Difference in 1996
BBC School Radio
Radio 4 – Testing Times (four-part series in November 1999)
BBC2 – Working in Engineering in 1999
The Open University
Children's ITV – The Big Bang from 1996–2004
After around five years of regular television work, hosting numerous live events and presenting corporate video programmes, Bellingham decided to focus first on her young family and then to follow her core professional interest by returning to university to secure an MSc in Electronics.
Promotion of engineering (especially for women)
She trained and then worked as a maths teacher until July 2007, but has returned to media work, and to promoting STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) to general public audiences, particular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne%20Bay%20Marine%20Station | Bonne Bay Marine Station is a marine ecology research and teaching facility on Bonne Bay along Newfoundland's west coast. It offers services to students, researchers, educators and the general public. The station is within Gros Morne National Park, a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site. The aquarium portion of the facility is open to visitors. Interactive aquariums tours are provided to walk-ins, as well as school and community groups. The tour offers exhibits the latest research while showcasing marine flora and fauna in the station's aquaria and touch tank.
Officially opened on 6 Sept, 2002, the Bonne Bay Marine Station is operated by Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Gros Morne Co-operating Association. Funding was provided by Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA) and the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial
Government.
Mandate
To provide an infrastructure and environment that is supportive of first-class teaching and research in marine science.
To support significant activities in public education and regional economic development via its interpretive components, gift area and other programs operated in its facilities.
Facility
Modern teaching and research laboratories
Library and computer resource center
Accommodations wing (up to 31 people)
Kitchen/Dining Area
Fully equipped 60 seat theatre
Full range of physical and biological oceanographic equipment, including:
Several small boats
Scuba Equipment
Plankton nets
Niskin bottles
Bottom grabs
Beach seine
CTD
Submarine digital Amphibico/Sony video system
Assorted collecting pots and nets
Salinity/Temperature meters
Flow through seawater aquaria for public displays
Flow through seawater aquaria for research
Public aquarium displays
Marine touch tank
Gift area
Research
The Bonne Bay Marine Station provides oceanographers, biologists and other scientists with a facility for marine ecosystem research.
The Bonne Bay area accesses biodiversity in icy fjords basins, salm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial%20cervical%20fascia | Superficial cervical fascia is a thin layer of subcutaneous connective tissue that lies between the dermis of the skin and the deep cervical fascia. It contains the platysma, cutaneous nerves from the cervical plexus, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. It also contains a varying amount of fat, which is its distinguishing characteristic. It is considered by some to be a part of the panniculus adiposus, and not true fascia. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20P.%20H.%20Bromwell | Henry Pelham Holmes Bromwell (August 26, 1823 – January 9, 1903) was an American lawyer, politician from Illinois, and prominent Freemason. He was a lawyer and judge who served as a U.S. representative from Illinois from 1865–1869 and continued to practice law when he moved to Colorado in 1870 where he was appointed to compile the state's statutes. Bromwell was initiated into freemasonry in 1854, and he became the Grand Master of Illinois in 1864. When he moved to Colorado he became that state's first Honorary Grand Master. He developed the Free, and Accepted Architects, a new rite for Freemasonry which sought to teach its initiates the lost work of the craft embodied in Bromwell's Geometrical system. After his death, the Grand Lodge of Colorado published his work on the esoteric nature of Sacred geometry in the book Restorations of Masonic Geometry and Symbolry.
Family and education
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Bromwell moved with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1824, and thence to Cumberland County, Illinois, in 1836.
He attended private schools in Ohio and Illinois, including Marshall Academy (Marshall, Illinois), becoming an instructor in that academy in 1844. In 1867 he obtained an honorary degree of Master of Arts from McKendree College for his wide reputation for scholarship.
On June 20, 1858, Bromwell married Emily E. Payne. They had three children together, Emma M. Bromwell (1864–1865), Henry Pelham Payne Bromwell (1862–1881), and Henrietta Elizabeth Bromwell (1859–1946). Emma died around the same time as his wife in February 1865. Henry Jr. caught typhoid fever and died in Denver at the age of nineteen; he was studying law at the time.
After twenty years fighting sickness, Bromwell died in Denver, Colorado, January 9, 1903. He was interred in Riverside Cemetery.
Law and politics
In 1848 the family moved to Vandalia, Illinois, where Bromwell worked for his father's newspaper, The Age of Steam, and studied law. Bromwell was admitted to the bar in 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interactive%20zero-knowledge%20proof | Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover, without revealing any of the specific information beyond the validity of the statement itself. This function of encryption makes direct communication between the prover and verifier unnecessary, effectively removing any intermediaries. The core trustless cryptography "proofing" involves a hash function generation of a random number, constrained within mathematical parameters (primarily to modulate hashing difficulties) determined by the prover and verifier.
The key advantage of non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs is that they can be used in situations where there is no possibility of interaction between the prover and verifier, such as in online transactions where the two parties are not able to communicate in real time. This makes non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs particularly useful in decentralized systems like blockchains, where transactions are verified by a network of nodes and there is no central authority to oversee the verification process.
Most non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are based on mathematical constructs like elliptic curve cryptography or pairing-based cryptography, which allow for the creation of short and easily verifiable proofs of the truth of a statement. Unlike interactive zero-knowledge proofs, which require multiple rounds of interaction between the prover and verifier, non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are designed to be efficient and can be used to verify a large number of statements simultaneously.
History
Blum, Feldman, and Micali showed in 1988 that a common reference string shared between the prover and the verifier is sufficient to achieve computational zero-knowledge without requiring interaction. Goldreich and Oren gave impossibility results for one shot zero-knowledge protocols in the standard model. In 2003, Shafi Goldwasser and Yael Tauman Kalai published |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal%20floating%20point | Decimal floating-point (DFP) arithmetic refers to both a representation and operations on decimal floating-point numbers. Working directly with decimal (base-10) fractions can avoid the rounding errors that otherwise typically occur when converting between decimal fractions (common in human-entered data, such as measurements or financial information) and binary (base-2) fractions.
The advantage of decimal floating-point representation over decimal fixed-point and integer representation is that it supports a much wider range of values. For example, while a fixed-point representation that allocates 8 decimal digits and 2 decimal places can represent the numbers 123456.78, 8765.43, 123.00, and so on, a floating-point representation with 8 decimal digits could also represent 1.2345678, 1234567.8, 0.000012345678, 12345678000000000, and so on. This wider range can dramatically slow the accumulation of rounding errors during successive calculations; for example, the Kahan summation algorithm can be used in floating point to add many numbers with no asymptotic accumulation of rounding error.
Implementations
Early mechanical uses of decimal floating point are evident in the abacus, slide rule, the Smallwood calculator, and some other calculators that support entries in scientific notation. In the case of the mechanical calculators, the exponent is often treated as side information that is accounted for separately.
The IBM 650 computer supported an 8-digit decimal floating-point format in 1953. The otherwise binary Wang VS machine supported a 64-bit decimal floating-point format in 1977. The floating-point support library for the Motorola 68040 processor provided a 96-bit decimal floating-point storage format in 1990.
Some computer languages have implementations of decimal floating-point arithmetic, including PL/I, C#, Java with BigDecimal, emacs with calc, and Python's decimal module.
In 1987, the IEEE released IEEE 854, a standard for computing with decimal floating po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch%20dynamics | Patch dynamics is an ecological perspective that the structure, function, and dynamics of ecological systems can be understood through studying their interactive patches. Patch dynamics, as a term, may also refer to the spatiotemporal changes within and among patches that make up a landscape. Patch dynamics is ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic systems across organizational levels and spatial scales. From a patch dynamics perspective, populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes may all be studied effectively as mosaics of patches that differ in size, shape, composition, history, and boundary characteristics.
The idea of patch dynamics dates back to the 1940s when plant ecologists studied the structure and dynamics of vegetation in terms of the interactive patches that it comprises. A mathematical theory of patch dynamics was developed by Simon Levin and Robert Paine in the 1970s, originally to describe the pattern and dynamics of an intertidal community as a patch mosaic created and maintained by tidal disturbances. Patch dynamics became a dominant theme in ecology between the late 1970s and the 1990s.
Patch dynamics is a conceptual approach to ecosystem and habitat analysis that emphasizes dynamics of heterogeneity within a system (i.e. that each area of an ecosystem is made up of a mosaic of small 'sub-ecosystems').
Diverse patches of habitat created by natural disturbance regimes are seen as critical to the maintenance of this diversity (ecology). A habitat patch is any discrete area with a definite shape, spatial and configuration used by a species for breeding or obtaining other resources. Mosaics are the patterns within landscapes that are composed of smaller elements, such as individual forest stands, shrubland patches, highways, farms, or towns.
Patches and mosaics
Historically, due to the short time scale of human observation, mosaic landscapes were perceived to be static patterns of human population mosaics. This focus centered o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Elastic%20Compute%20Cloud | Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a part of Amazon.com's cloud-computing platform, Amazon Web Services (AWS), that allows users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications. EC2 encourages scalable deployment of applications by providing a web service through which a user can boot an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to configure a virtual machine, which Amazon calls an "instance", containing any software desired. A user can create, launch, and terminate server-instances as needed, paying by the second for active servershence the term "elastic". EC2 provides users with control over the geographical location of instances that allows for latency optimization and high levels of redundancy. In November 2010, Amazon switched its own retail website platform to EC2 and AWS.
History
Amazon announced a limited public beta test of EC2 on August 25, 2006, offering access on a first-come, first-served basis.
Amazon added two new instance types (Large and Extra-Large) on October 16, 2007. On May 29, 2008, two more types were added, High-CPU Medium and High-CPU Extra Large. There were twelve types of instances available.
Amazon added three new features on March 27, 2008, static IP addresses, availability zones, and user selectable kernels. On August 20, 2008, Amazon added Elastic Block Store (EBS)
This provides persistent storage, a feature that had been lacking since the service was introduced.
Amazon EC2 went into full production when it dropped the beta label on October 23, 2008. On the same day, Amazon announced the following features:
a service level agreement for EC2,
Microsoft Windows in beta form on EC2,
Microsoft SQL Server in beta form on EC2,
plans for an AWS management console, and
plans for load balancing, autoscaling, and cloud monitoring services.
These features were subsequently added on May 18, 2009.
Amazon EC2 was developed mostly by a team in Cape Town, South Africa led by Chris Pinkham. Pinkham provided the initial architec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20droplet%20ejection | Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) uses a pulse of ultrasound to move low volumes of fluids (typically nanoliters or picoliters) without any physical contact. This technology focuses acoustic energy into a fluid sample in order to eject droplets as small as a picoliter. ADE technology is a very gentle process, and it can be used to transfer proteins, high molecular weight DNA and live cells without damage or loss of viability. This feature makes the technology suitable for a wide variety of applications including proteomics and cell-based assays.
History
Acoustic droplet ejection was first reported in 1927 by Robert W. Wood and Alfred Loomis, who noted that when a high-power acoustic generator was immersed in an oil bath, a mound formed on the surface of the oil and, like a “miniature volcano,” ejected a continuous stream of droplets. Ripples that appear in a glass of water placed on a loud speaker show that acoustic energy can be converted to kinetic energy in a fluid. If the sound is turned up enough, droplets will jump from the liquid. This technique was refined in the 1970s and 1980s by Xerox and IBM and other organizations to provide a single droplet on-demand for printing ink onto a page. Two California-based companies, EDC Biosystems Inc. and Labcyte Inc. (both now acquired by Beckman Coulter), exploit acoustic energy for two separate functions: 1) as a liquid transfer device and 2) as a device for liquid auditing.
Ejection mechanism
To eject a droplet, a transducer generates and transfers acoustic energy to a source well. When the acoustic energy is focused near the surface of the liquid, a mound of liquid is formed and a droplet is ejected. [Figure 1] The diameter of the droplet scales inversely with the frequency of the acoustic energy—higher frequencies produce smaller droplets. Unlike other liquid transfer devices, no pipette tips, pin tools, or nozzles touch the source liquid or destination surfaces. Liquid transfer methods that rely on droplet forma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20descriptor | In computer vision, visual descriptors or image descriptors are descriptions of the visual features of the contents in images, videos, or algorithms or applications that produce such descriptions. They describe elementary characteristics such as the shape, the color, the texture or the motion, among others.
Introduction
As a result of the new communication technologies and the massive use of Internet in our society, the amount of audio-visual information available in digital format is increasing considerably. Therefore, it has been necessary to design some systems that allow us to describe the content of several types of multimedia information in order to search and classify them.
The audio-visual descriptors are in charge of the contents description. These descriptors have a good knowledge of the objects and events found in a video, image or audio and they allow the quick and efficient searches of the audio-visual content.
This system can be compared to the search engines for textual contents. Although it is certain, that it is relatively easy to find text with a computer, is much more difficult to find concrete audio and video parts. For instance, imagine somebody searching a scene of a happy person. The happiness is a feeling and it is not evident its shape, color and texture description in images.
The description of the audio-visual content is not a superficial task and it is essential for the effective use of this type of archives. The standardization system that deals with audio-visual descriptors is the MPEG-7 (Motion Picture Expert Group - 7).
Types
Descriptors are the first step to find out the connection between pixels contained in a digital image and what humans recall after having observed an image or a group of images after some minutes.
Visual descriptors are divided in two main groups:
General information descriptors: contain low level descriptors which give a description about color, shape, regions, textures and motion.
Specific domain infor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diose | A diose is a monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms. Because the general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where n is three or greater, it does not meet the formal definition of a monosaccharide. However, since it does fit the formula (C·H2O)n, it is sometimes thought of as the most basic sugar.
There is only one possible diose, glycolaldehyde (2-hydroxyethanal), which is an aldodiose (a ketodiose is not possible since there are only two carbons).
See also
Triose
Tetrose
Pentose
Hexose
Heptose |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Stinson | Douglas Robert Stinson (born 1956 in Guelph, Ontario) is a Canadian mathematician and cryptographer, currently a Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo.
Stinson received his B.Math from the University of Waterloo in 1978, his M.Sc. from Ohio State University in 1980, and his Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo in 1981. He was at the University of Manitoba from 1981 to 1989, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1990 to 1998. In 2011 he was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Stinson is the author of over 300 research publications as well as the mathematics-based cryptography textbook Cryptography: Theory and Practice ().
Selected publications
See also
List of University of Waterloo people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere%20Alberch | Pere Alberch Vie (2 November 1954, Badalona – 13 March 1998, Madrid) was a Spanish naturalist, biologist and embryologist. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1980 to 1989, and director of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. He studied in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree from the University of Kansas (1976) and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley (1980).
Biography
In 1976 he graduated after studying Biology and Environmental Sciences at the University of Kansas. Four years later he obtained a PhD in Zoology at the University of California. Between 1980 and 1989 he worked as both a biology professor at Harvard University and as a curator of herpetology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. He worked as an editor for magazines such as Trends in Ecology and Evolution (since 1993), Biodiversity Letters (since 1992), Journal of Theoretical Biology (since 1985) and Journal of Evolutionary Biology (1986-1991). In 1989 he returned to Spain as a research professor for the Spanish National Research Council and carried out an important role as director of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. In 1998 the Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutional Biology, a new research center located in Valencia, was interested in including Alberch to its staff. He died on March 13, 1998, at the age of 43.
Works |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLD%20resolution | SLD resolution (Selective Linear Definite clause resolution) is the basic inference rule used in logic programming. It is a refinement of resolution, which is both sound and refutation complete for Horn clauses.
The SLD inference rule
Given a goal clause, represented as the negation of a problem to be solved :
with selected literal , and an input definite clause:
whose positive literal (atom) unifies with the atom of the selected literal , SLD resolution derives another goal clause, in which the selected literal is replaced by the negative literals of the input clause and the unifying substitution is applied:
In the simplest case, in propositional logic, the atoms and are identical, and the unifying substitution is vacuous. However, in the more general case, the unifying substitution is necessary to make the two literals identical.
The origin of the name "SLD"
The name "SLD resolution" was given by Maarten van Emden for the unnamed inference rule introduced by Robert Kowalski. Its name is derived from SL resolution, which is both sound and refutation complete for the unrestricted clausal form of logic. "SLD" stands for "SL resolution with Definite clauses".
In both, SL and SLD, "L" stands for the fact that a resolution proof can be restricted to a linear sequence of clauses:
where the "top clause" is an input clause, and every other clause is a resolvent one of whose parents is the previous clause . The proof is a refutation if the last clause is the empty clause.
In SLD, all of the clauses in the sequence are goal clauses, and the other parent is an input clause. In SL resolution, the other parent is either an input clause or an ancestor clause earlier in the sequence.
In both SL and SLD, "S" stands for the fact that the only literal resolved upon in any clause is one that is uniquely selected by a selection rule or selection function. In SL resolution, the selected literal is restricted to one which has been most recently introduced into the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransformation | Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes. Major industries and life-saving technologies depend on biotransformations.
Advantages and disadvantages
Compared to the conventional production of chemicals, biotransformations are often attractive because their selectivities can be high, limiting the coproduction of undesirable coproducts. Generally operating under mild temperatures and pressures in aqueous solutions, many biotransformations are "green". The catalysts, i.e. the enzymes, are amenable to improvement by genetic manipulation.
Biotechnology usually is restrained by substrate scope. Petrochemicals for example are often not amenable to biotransformations, especially on the scale required for some applications, e.g. fuels. Biotransformations can be slow and are often incompatible with high temperatures, which are employed in traditional chemical synthesis to increase rates. Enzymes are generally only stable <100 °C, and usually much lower. Enzymes, like other catalysts are poisonable. In some cases, performance or recyclability can be improved by using immobilized enzymes.
Historical
Wine and beer making are examples of biotransformations that have been practiced since ancient times. Vinegar has long been produced by fermentation, involving the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. Cheesemaking traditionally relies on microbes to convert dairy precursors. Yogurt is produced by inoculating heat-treated milk with microorganisms such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Modern examples
Pharmaceuticals
Beta-lactam antibiotics, e.g., penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by biotransformations in an industry valued several billions of dollars. Processes are conducted in vessels up to 60,000 gal in volum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20tomato | "Pseudomonas tomato" is a Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium that infects a variety of plants. It was once considered a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, but following DNA-relatedness studies, it was recognized as a separate species and several other former P. syringae pathovars were incorporated into it. Since no official name has yet been given, it is referred to by the epithet 'Pseudomonas tomato' .
Pathovars
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. antirrhini attacks snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. apii attacks celery (Apium graveolens).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. berberidis attacks Berberis species.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. delphinii attacks Delphinium species.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. lachrymans attacks cucumbers (Cucumis sativus).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. maculicola attacks members of Brassica and Raphanus.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. morsprunorum attacks plums (Prunus domestica).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. passiflorae attacks passion fruit (Passiflora edulis).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. persicae attacks the plum relative Prunus persica.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. philadelphi attacks the sweet mock-orange (Philadelphus coronarius).
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. primulae attacks Primula species.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. ribicola attacks the golden currant Ribes aureum.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. tomato attacks the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) causing it to fruit less.
"Pseudomonas tomato" pv. viburni attacks Viburnum species.
See also
Plant pathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%21%20LLC | Act! (previously known as Sage ACT! 2010–2013) is a customer relationship management (CRM) software and marketing automation software platform designed for, and used by, small and mid-sized businesses. It has a user base of over 800 thousand registered users.
History
The company Conductor Software was founded 1986 in Dallas, Texas, by Pat Sullivan and Mike Muhney. The original name for the software was Activity Control Technology, then Automated Contact Tracking, before finally just using the acronym. The name of the company was subsequently changed to Contact Software International and it was sold in 1993 to Symantec Corporation, who in 1999 then sold it to SalesLogix (later renamed Interact Commerce). The Sage Group purchased Interact Commerce in 2001 through Best Software, then its North American software division. Swiftpage acquired it in 2013.
Beginning with the 2006 version, the name was styled ACT! by Sage, and in 2010 revised to Sage ACT!.
Following its 2013 acquisition by Swiftpage, it was renamed to Act!. Swiftpage.
In May 2018, Act! was sold to SFW Advisors.
In December 2018, Kuvana, a marketing automation software solution, was acquired by SFW and merged with Act! This add-on is now a complementary service to the core CRM solution.
In December 2019, Act! hired Steve Oriola as President and CEO.
In 2020, Swiftpage changed its company name to Act! LLC.
In March 2023, Act! hired Bruce Reading as President and CEO.
Software
Act! features include contact, company and opportunity management, a calendar, marketing automation and e-marketing tools, reports, interactive dashboards with graphical visualizations, and the ability to track prospective customers.
Act! integrates with Microsoft Word, Excel, Outlook, Google Contacts, Gmail, and other applications via Zapier. For custom integrations, Act! has an in-built API.
Act! can be accessed from Windows desktops (Win7 and later) with local or network shared database; synchronized to laptops or remote off |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20helianthi | "Pseudomonas helianthi" is a Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium that infects a variety of plants. It was once considered a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, but following DNA-relatedness studies, it was recognized as a separate species and P. syringae pv. tagetis was incorporated into it, as well. Since no official name has yet been given, it is referred to by the epithet 'Pseudomonas helianthi' .
Pathovars
"Pseudomonas helianthi" pv. helianthi attacks sunflowers (Helianthus annuus).
"Pseudomonas helianthi" pv. tagetis attacks marigolds (Tagetes erecta). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription%20cascade | Prescription cascade is the process whereby the side effects of drugs are misdiagnosed as symptoms of another problem, resulting in further prescriptions and further side effects and unanticipated drug interactions, which itself may lead to further symptoms and further misdiagnoses. This is a pharmacological example of a feedback loop. Such cascades can be reversed through deprescribing.
Theory
Over the past 20 years, spending on prescription drugs has increased drastically. This can be attributed to several different situations: There is the increased diagnosis of chronic conditions; and the use of numerous medications by the older population; and an increase in the incidence of obesity has meant an increase in chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. As each condition is treated with a specific drug, a correlating side-effect of each drug comes into play. If a doctor fails to acknowledge all the drugs that a patient is taking, an adverse drug reaction may be misinterpreted as a new medical condition. Another drug is prescribed to treat the new condition, and an adverse drug side-effect occurs that is again mistakenly diagnosed as a new medical condition. Thus the patient is at risk of developing additional adverse effects.
The most frequent medical intervention performed by a doctor is the writing of a prescription. Because chronic illness increases with advancing age, older people are more likely to have conditions that require drug treatment, and they are more likely to suffer the effects of a prescription cascade.
A prescriber can do little to modify age-related physiological changes when trying to minimize the likelihood that an older person will develop an adverse drug reaction. However, when assessing a patient who is already taking drugs, a doctor should always consider the development of any new signs and symptoms as a possible consequence of the patient's drug treatment.
Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy is the use of numerous medications at the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%27s%20agar | Eaton's agar is a type of agar media is used to grow Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
One recipe for the cultivation of M. pneumoniae (Eaton's agar) includes (v/v):
70% Difco PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organism) agar or broth base
20% unheated horse serum
10% fresh aqueous extract of baker's yeast
1000 units/ml Penicillin G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%20functor | In mathematics, especially in the field of representation theory, Schur functors (named after Issai Schur) are certain functors from the category of modules over a fixed commutative ring to itself. They generalize the constructions of exterior powers and symmetric powers of a vector space. Schur functors are indexed by Young diagrams in such a way that the horizontal diagram with n cells corresponds to the nth symmetric power functor, and the vertical diagram with n cells corresponds to the nth exterior power functor. If a vector space V is a representation of a group G, then also has a natural action of G for any Schur functor .
Definition
Schur functors are indexed by partitions and are described as follows. Let R be a commutative ring, E an R-module
and λ a partition of a positive integer n. Let T be a Young tableau of shape λ, thus indexing the factors of the n-fold direct product, E × E × ... × E, with the boxes of T. Consider those maps of R-modules satisfying the following conditions
(1) is multilinear,
(2) is alternating in the entries indexed by each column of T,
(3) satisfies an exchange condition stating that if are numbers from column i of T then
where the sum is over n-tuples x' obtained from x by exchanging the elements indexed by I with any elements indexed by the numbers in column (in order).
The universal R-module that extends to a mapping of R-modules is the image of E under the Schur functor indexed by λ.
For an example of the condition (3) placed on
suppose that λ is the partition and the tableau
T is numbered such that its entries are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 when read
top-to-bottom (left-to-right). Taking (i.e.,
the numbers in the second column of T) we have
while if then
Examples
Fix a vector space V over a field of characteristic zero. We identify partitions and the corresponding Young diagrams. The following descriptions hold:
For a partition λ = (n) the Schur functor Sλ(V) = Symn(V).
For a partition λ = (1, ..., 1) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie%27s%20trichrome | Lillie's trichrome is a combination of dyes used in histology.
It is similar to Masson's trichrome stain, but it uses Biebrich scarlet for the plasma stain. It was initially published by Ralph D. Lillie in 1940. It is applied by submerging the fixated sample into the following three solutions: Weigert's iron hematoxylin working solution, Biebrich scarlet solution, and Fast Green FCF solution.
The resulting stains are black cell nuclei, brown cytoplasm, red muscle and myelinated fibers, blue collagen, and scarlet erythrocytes.
Applications
Trichrome stains are normally used to differentiate between collagen and muscle tissues. Some studies that benefit from its application include end stage liver disease (cirrhosis), myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, and tumor analysis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecarin%20clotting%20time | Ecarin clotting time (ECT) is a laboratory test used to monitor anticoagulation during treatment with hirudin, an anticoagulant medication which was originally isolated from leech saliva. Ecarin, the primary reagent in this assay, is derived from the venom of the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus.
In the clinical assay, a known quantity of ecarin is added to the plasma of a patient treated with hirudin. Ecarin activates prothrombin through a specific proteolytic cleavage, which produces meizothrombin, a prothrombin-thrombin intermediate which retains the full molecular weight of prothrombin, but possesses a low level of procoagulant enzymatic activity. Crucially, this activity is inhibited by hirudin and other direct thrombin inhibitors, but not by heparin. The ECT is also unaffected by prior treatment with warfarin or the presence of phospholipid-dependent anticoagulants, such as lupus anticoagulant. Thus, the ECT is prolonged in a specific and linear fashion with increasing concentrations of hirudin. An enhancement of the ECT is the ecarin chromogenic assay (ECA) in which diluted sample is mixed with an excess of purified prothrombin and the generated meizothrombin is measured with a specific chromogenic substrate. This assay shows no interference from prothrombin or fibrinogen in the sample and is suitable for the measurement of all direct thrombin inhibitors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauila | Kauila refers to two species of trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae, that are endemic to Hawaii: Alphitonia ponderosa and Colubrina oppositifolia. Their wood was prized for being extremely hard, and is so dense that it sinks in water. Both occur in dry to mesic forest and are now rare; C. oppositifolia is listed as Endangered.
Also see Metrosideros polymorpha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20functional%20programming | Total functional programming (also known as strong functional programming, to be contrasted with ordinary, or weak functional programming) is a programming paradigm that restricts the range of programs to those that are provably terminating.
Restrictions
Termination is guaranteed by the following restrictions:
A restricted form of recursion, which operates only upon 'reduced' forms of its arguments, such as Walther recursion, substructural recursion, or "strongly normalizing" as proven by abstract interpretation of code.
Every function must be a total (as opposed to partial) function. That is, it must have a definition for everything inside its domain.
There are several possible ways to extend commonly used partial functions such as division to be total: choosing an arbitrary result for inputs on which the function is normally undefined (such as for division); adding another argument to specify the result for those inputs; or excluding them by use of type system features such as refinement types.
These restrictions mean that total functional programming is not Turing-complete. However, the set of algorithms that can be used is still huge. For example, any algorithm for which an asymptotic upper bound can be calculated (by a program that itself only uses Walther recursion) can be trivially transformed into a provably-terminating function by using the upper bound as an extra argument decremented on each iteration or recursion.
For example, quicksort is not trivially shown to be substructural recursive, but it only recurs to a maximum depth of the length of the vector (worst-case time complexity O(n2)). A quicksort implementation on lists (which would be rejected by a substructural recursive checker) is, using Haskell:
import Data.List (partition)
qsort [] = []
qsort [a] = [a]
qsort (a:as) = let (lesser, greater) = partition (<a) as
in qsort lesser ++ [a] ++ qsort greater
To make it substructural recursive using the length of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalli | Tonalli (see also: Tonal) plays a multiplicity of roles; acting as a day sign, body part, and a symbol of the sun's warmth. Ancient Nahua people believed that it was located in the hair and the fontanel area of one's skull, and that the tonalli provided the “vigor and energy for growth and development”. It often overlaps with the force of teyolía which was often considered both an animating force (soul) and the physical heart in various Mesoamerican cultures.
Etymology
The root “tona” acts as a verb to mean "to irradiate or make warm with sun”.
Mythology
In the Ancient Nahua belief, the tonalli is bestowed upon a child in utero by the aged deities known as Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, or the “Lord and Lady of Duality”. The implementation of tonalli is conducted through a process known as Fire Drilling.
It is believed that the old deities, Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl transferred tonalli to human fetuses by “simultaneously breath[ing] the tonalli into the child and ignit[ing] a fire in its chest”. This Fire Drilling process involves an upright wooden piece being twirled rapidly on a flat base. It produces heat through friction, although this seemingly simple instrument requires considerable skill to make anything but smoke. The fire maker blows on an ignited spark to fan it into a vigorous flame, and the breathing (or blowing air) and friction in the chest animate an infant. The Franciscan friars connected this idea of Fire Drilling, namely, the conception of tonalli as breath, to Christianity as the infusion of breath into the body recalls the beginning of Genesis, where God the Father breathes life into Adam.
The human body
The Nahua people of Mesoamerica believed that the soul comprised three entities: Tonalli, Teyolía, and Ihíyotl, three souls in the body. Tonalli is located in fontanel area of the skull. Teyolía is located in the heart and Ihíyotl is in the liver. Each of these souls has its own functions and protective deities. But there are important diff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula%20of%20saccule | The saccule is the smaller sized vestibular sac (the utricle being the other larger size vestibular sac); it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve.
The vestibule is a region of the inner ear which contains the saccule and the utricle, each of which contain a macula to detect linear acceleration. Its function is to detect vertical linear acceleration.
The macula of saccule lies in a nearly vertical position. It is a 2mm by 3mm patch of hair cells. Each hair cell of the macula contains 40 to 70 stereocilia and one true cilia, called a kinocilium. A gelatinous cover called the otolithic membrane envelops the tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium. The otolithic membrane is weighted with small densely packed protein-calcium carbonate granules called statoconica.
The macula of the utricle is in a horizontal position and detects horizontal acceleration. The coordinated sensory perception of acceleration both vertically and horizontally along the vestibular nerve, allow for the perception of linear acceleration in any direction.
In vertical linear acceleration, the weighted otolithic membrane lags behind the stereocilia and kinocilium. This bends the stereocilia, which is interpreted by the brain as vertical linear acceleration. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesk | Plesk is a commercial web hosting and server data center automation software developed for Linux and Windows-based retail hosting service providers.
It was developed by Plesk International GmbH, a company with headquarters in Toronto, Canada, and Schaffhausen, Switzerland, with offices in Barcelona, Spain, Cologne, Germany, Tokyo, Japan, and in the Siberian city of Novosibirsk, Russia, where it was originally created in 2000 by Dimitri Simonenko.
The hosting automation software was initially released by Plesk Inc. and first went live in 2001. In 2003, Plesk was sold to SWSoft, which became Parallels in 2008. In March 2015, Parallels renamed the service provider division to Odin. In December of the same year, Plesk became a separate business entity. In 2017, British Oakley Capital Limited acquired Plesk and it has since been a part of WebPros, a global SaaS platform for server management. Currently, WebPros comprises Plesk, cPanel, WHMCS, XOVI, and SolusVM.
Licenses
Plesk, with latest version Obsidian 18.x, is available in the following license configurations:
Plesk Web Admin Edition: Up to 10 domains. For basic management of simple websites, without the extended tools and features.
Plesk Web Pro Edition: To manage up to 30 domains. It also includes Plesk WordPress Toolkit full-featured.
Plesk Web Host Edition: Unlimited domains. The administrator can also create additional reseller accounts.
The license price also distinguishes whether a license can be used for a dedicated server or a virtualized server. Licenses for dedicated servers are usually slightly more expensive.
Pricing
Plesk sells all three licenses for a monthly or annual price directly. All three editions can also be obtained from official license resellers.
In March 2018, Plesk announced its first price adjustment in 18 years of business, increasing the prices of all Plesk licenses that had versions earlier than 12. The company alleged it was to cover the increasing cost of support and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20integral | A product integral is any product-based counterpart of the usual sum-based integral of calculus. The first product integral (Type I below) was developed by the mathematician Vito Volterra in 1887 to solve systems of linear differential equations. Other examples of product integrals are the geometric integral (Type II below), the bigeometric integral (Type III below), and some other integrals of non-Newtonian calculus.
Product integrals have found use in areas from epidemiology (the Kaplan–Meier estimator) to stochastic population dynamics using multiplication integrals (multigrals), analysis and quantum mechanics. The geometric integral, together with the geometric derivative, is useful in image analysis and in the study of growth/decay phenomena (e.g., in economic growth, bacterial growth, and radioactive decay). The bigeometric integral, together with the bigeometric derivative, is useful in some applications of fractals, and in the theory of elasticity in economics.
This article adopts the "product" notation for product integration instead of the "integral" (usually modified by a superimposed "times" symbol or letter P) favoured by Volterra and others. An arbitrary classification of types is also adopted to impose some order in the field.
Basic definitions
The classical Riemann integral of a function can be defined by the relation
where the limit is taken over all partitions of the interval whose norms approach zero.
Roughly speaking, product integrals are similar, but take the limit of a product instead of the limit of a sum. They can be thought of as "continuous" versions of "discrete" products.
The most popular product integrals are the following:
Type I: Volterra integral
The type I product integral corresponds to Volterra's original definition. The following relationship exists for scalar functions :
which is not a multiplicative operator. (So the concepts of product integral and multiplicative integral are not the same).
The Volterra product |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Rand | Rose Rand (June 14, 1903 – July 28, 1980) was an Austrian-American logician and philosopher. She was a member of the Vienna Circle.
Life and work
Rose (Rozalia) Rand was born in Lemberg in the Austrian crown land of Galicia (today, Lviv, Ukraine). After her family moved to Austria she studied at the Polish Gymnasium in Vienna. In 1924 she enrolled in Vienna University, her teachers included Heinrich Gomperz, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap. She graduated with her first degree in 1928. During her post-graduation years, she remained in contact with Vienna Circle colleagues such as Schlick.
As a PhD candidate, Rand participated regularly in the Vienna Circle discussions, and kept records of these discussions, she was most active in the Vienna Circle from 1930 to 1935. Between 1930 and 1937 she worked, and took part in research, at the Psychiatric-neurological Clinic of the Vienna university. She also earned money by tutoring students, giving adult education classes, and translating Polish articles on logic.
In 1937 her doctoral thesis on Kotarbiński's philosophy was approved and she completed her PhD viva. In 1938, on the same day as she completed her final doctoral exam, she was awarded her PhD. As a Jew however she was barred from her profession.
Rand, unemployed and of Jewish descent, suffered great difficulties in pre-World War II Vienna. In 1939, with the assistance of Susan Stebbing, she finally emigrated to London as a Jew without nationality.
After a period of time in England in which she worked as a nurse she was admitted as "distinguished foreigner" at the faculty of Moral Science at Cambridge University. There she attended the seminars of Ludwig Wittgenstein. In 1943 she lost her privileges and had to work at a metal factory, and teach night classes in German and psychology in the Luton Technical College and Tottenham Technical College. Between 1943 and 1950 she also worked in practical engineering. Karl Popper helped her to get a small research g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycological%20Society%20of%20San%20Francisco | The Mycological Society of San Francisco (MSSF) is an amateur club based in the San Francisco Bay Area, "dedicated to promoting the understanding and enjoyment of fungi." Meetings are held every third Tuesday, and the society newsletter, Mycena News, is published once a month during the mushroom season, from September to May.
Activities
In addition to the general meetings, members hold numerous formal and informal fungi-hunting "forays" throughout the year. The Society also hosts an annual "Fungus Fair" aimed at educating the general public with mushroom displays, identification booths, and fungus-oriented activities.
Community
MSSF members often lend their expertise in mushroom identification to local authorities in possible poisoning cases. Since many of these occur to recent immigrants from countries with edible lookalikes, the Society has also produced a number of posters with pictures and warnings in multiple languages.
In line with their goals of promoting the enjoyment of fungi, members often consult with land management organizations and work to maintain the rights of the general public to collect mushrooms for study and recreational purposes on public lands.
Membership
Membership is open to anyone interested in the study of fungi. Differing rates are offered for general membership, seniors, full-time students, and electronic members, who are not mailed the newsletter and instead download a PDF from the website. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARRA%20%28computer%29 | The ARRA (for "Automatische Relais Rekenmachine Amsterdam", Automatic Relay Calculator Amsterdam) was the first Dutch computer, and was built from relays for the Dutch Mathematical Centre (Dutch: Mathematisch Centrum), which later became the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI).
It was designed and built by Carel Scholten and Bram Loopstra, and was finished in 1952. Because of reliability problems it was soon taken out of commission, and "updated" to the ARRA II, which actually was a completely new design. In December 1953, electronic ARRA II performed its first programs and was completed in 1954.
See also
Other computers designed and built at the Mathematical Centre:
ARRA II (computer)
FERTA (computer)
ARMAC (computer), 1956
Other very early Dutch computers:
P3 (computer)
PASCAL (computer)
PETER (computer)
PTERA (computer), 1953
STEVIN (computer)
Testudo (computer)
X1 (computer)
X2 (computer)
X4 (computer)
X8 (computer)
ZEBRA (computer)
ZERO (computer) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Lawlor | Robert Lawlor (August 11, 1938 – November 29, 2022) was an American mythographer, symbologist and New Age author of several books.
Life and career
Robert Lawlor was born in Schenectady, New York on August 11, 1938.
After training as a painter and a sculptor, he became a yoga student of Sri Aurobindo and lived for many years in Puducherry, where he was a founding member of Auroville. In India, he discovered the works of the French Egyptologist and esotericist, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, which led him to explore the principles and practices of ancient sacred science.
Between 1965 and 1968, Robert met his wife, Deborah Lawlor. In 1972, they left Auroville for a year so Robert could study sacred geometry and read Sri Aurobindo. They came back to Auroville in 1973 until 1975.
In 1979, Lawlor (then living in Tasmania) participated in the Lindisfarne Fellows Conference, held at Zen Center's Green Gulch Farm, with Keith Critchlow from London. In 1980, Lawlor met together with William Irwin Thompson and Rachel Fletcher to teach in the Lindisfarne Institute's Summer Program in Sacred Architecture, which provided the context for the design and building of the Lindisfarne Chapel. Critchlow's Twelve Criteria for Sacred Architecture derives from a lecture given at this time. In 1981, a gathering of about 50 members of the Lindisfarne Association met in Crestone, Colorado under the name, Homage to Pythagoras, which included Lawlor, Thompson, Fletcher, Critchlow, Christopher Bamford, Arthur Zajonc, Anne Macaulay, Kathleen Raine, Robert Bly, Joscelyn Godwin, John Michell, and Ernest McClain.
Robert Lawlor died on King Island, Tasmania on November 29, 2022, at the age of 84. His is buried alongside his third wife, author Johanna Lambert.
Published works
The Temple in Man, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (translated by Robert and Deborah Lawlor), Inner Traditions, 1977, (1982)
Symbol and the Symbolic: Ancient Egypt, Science, and the Evolution of Consciousness, R. A. Schwaller de Lu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Yaglom | Isaak Moiseevich Yaglom (; 6 March 1921 – 17 April 1988) was a Soviet mathematician and author of popular mathematics books, some with his twin Akiva Yaglom.
Yaglom received a Ph.D. from Moscow State University in 1945 as student of Veniamin Kagan. As the author of several books, translated into English, that have become academic standards of reference, he has an international stature. His attention to the necessities of learning (pedagogy) make his books pleasing experiences for students. The seven authors of his Russian obituary recount "…the breadth of his interests was truly extraordinary: he was seriously interested in history and philosophy, passionately loved and had a good knowledge of literature and art, often came forward with reports and lectures on the most diverse topics (for example, on Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, and the Dutch painter M. C. Escher), actively took part in the work of the cinema club in Yaroslavl and the music club at the House of Composers in Moscow, and was a continual participant of conferences on mathematical linguistics and on semiotics."
University life
Yaglom started his higher education at Moscow State University in 1938. During World War II he volunteered, but due to myopia he was deferred from military service. In the evacuation of Moscow he went with his family to Sverdlovsk in the Ural Mountains. He studied at Sverdlovsk State University, graduated in 1942, and when the usual Moscow faculty assembled in Sverdlovsk during the war, he took up graduate study. Under the geometer Veniamin Kagan he developed his Ph.D. thesis which he defended in Moscow in 1945. It is reported that this thesis "was devoted to projective metrics on a plane and their connections with different types of complex numbers (where , or , or else )."
Institutes and titles
During his career, Yaglom was affiliated with these institutions:
Moscow Energy Institute (1946) – lecturer in mathematics
Moscow State University (1946 – 49) – lecturer, depar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%A9%20table | In complex analysis, a Padé table is an array, possibly of infinite extent, of the rational Padé approximants
Rm, n
to a given complex formal power series. Certain sequences of approximants lying within a Padé table can often be shown to correspond with successive convergents of a continued fraction representation of a holomorphic or meromorphic function.
History
Although earlier mathematicians had obtained sporadic results involving sequences of rational approximations to transcendental functions, Frobenius (in 1881) was apparently the first to organize the approximants in the form of a table. Henri Padé further expanded this notion in his doctoral thesis Sur la representation approchee d'une fonction par des fractions rationelles, in 1892. Over the ensuing 16 years Padé published 28 additional papers exploring the properties of his table, and relating the table to analytic continued fractions.
Modern interest in Padé tables was revived by H. S. Wall and Oskar Perron, who were primarily interested in the connections between the tables and certain classes of continued fractions. Daniel Shanks and Peter Wynn published influential papers about 1955, and W. B. Gragg obtained far-reaching convergence results during the '70s. More recently, the widespread use of electronic computers has stimulated a great deal of additional interest in the subject.
Notation
A function f(z) is represented by a formal power series:
where c0 ≠ 0, by convention. The (m, n)th entry Rm, n in the Padé table for f(z) is then given by
where Pm(z) and Qn(z) are polynomials of degrees not more than m and n, respectively. The coefficients {ai} and {bi} can always be found by considering the expression
and equating coefficients of like powers of z up through m + n. For the coefficients of powers m + 1 to m + n, the right hand side is 0 and the resulting system of linear equations contains a homogeneous system of n equations in the n + 1 unknowns bi, and so admits of infinitely many solutions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robinson%20%28sculptor%29 | John Robinson (4 May 1935 – 6 April 2007) was a British sculptor and co-founder of the Bradshaw Foundation. Accounts of his work may be seen at the Robinson estate website, the website of the Centre for the Popularisation of Mathematics and the June and July 2007, issues of Hyperseeing. Among other distinctions, he was the Official Sculptor for the British Olympic Committee in 1988, and a University of Wales Honorary Fellow, 1992.
Sculpture
Figurative sculptures
Robinson first made a name for himself with representational pieces. His figurative bronzes ranged in scope and scale from life-size commissioned sculptures of children to athletic sculptures, and included a commissioned bust of Queen Elizabeth and another of the Queen Mother. His representational sports figure Acrobats (1980, 5 metres) was first mounted at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Maui, Hawaii. There are another 7 examples around the world, one of which is located outside the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, Australia.
Another of his athletic sculptures, Hammer Thrower, may be seen outside the Bowring Building in Tower Hill, London, at the United States Sports Academy, Daphne, Alabama, and in Melbourne, Australia. Robinson was Official Sculptor for the British Olympic Committee in 1988. His Gymnast is at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, donated by the Australian Olympic Committee.
Abstract symbolic sculptures and tapestries
In 1975, after listening to a Mozart violin concerto, an abstract form came into his mind, which he then translated into a sculpture. This Adagio was the first of his non-figurative sculptures. Robinson then embarked on a series of abstract sculptures with the aim of symbolizing human values and our concepts of the dynamic processes which shape our lives. In this 'Universe Series' of symbolic sculptures and tapestries, which comprises over 100 works, he combined scientific and mathematical principles with artistic aesthetic. One example is Joy of Living (1993), a curvi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%20lift | A tail lift (term used in the UK, also called a "liftgate" in North America) is a mechanical device permanently installed on the rear of a work truck, van, or lorry, and is designed to facilitate the handling of goods from ground level or a loading dock to the level of the vehicle bed, or vice versa.
The majority of tail lifts are hydraulic or pneumatic in operation, although they can be mechanical, and are controlled by an operator using an electric relay switch.
Using a tail lift can make it unnecessary to use machinery such as a forklift truck to load heavy items on to a vehicle. A tail lift can also bridge the difference in height between a loading dock and the vehicle load bed.
Tail lifts are available for many sizes of vehicle, from standard vans to articulated lorries, and standard models can lift anywhere up to 2500kg.
Types
Tail lifts are most often categorized by design type. Tail lift design types include Parallel Arm, Railgate, Column, Cantilever, Tuckunder, and Slider.
Parallel Arm
Parallel Arm lifts support lower lifting capacities and are commonly installed on pickup trucks and service truck bodies. The parallel "arms" attach to both sides of the lifting platform and guide the platform out and away from the liftgate mainframe. Parallel Arm designs can either feature two hydraulic cylinders applying force directly to the lifting platform or a single hydraulic cylinder using some version of a cable-pulley system.
Railgate
Railgate lifts are very similar in design to Column Lifts but (generally) support lower lifting capacities. Railgate lifts get their name from the "outrails" which install directly to the vehicle body and serve as the guides for the liftgate platform. Platforms on railgates are larger than those of parallel arm lifts and, like column lifts, fix at a 90° angle from the outrails and lift completely vertically.
Column
Column lifts are "beefier" versions of railgates, supporting some of the highest lifting capacities of any ty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Transverse%20Mercator | Irish Transverse Mercator (ITM) is the geographic coordinate system for Ireland. It was implemented jointly by the Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi) and the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland (OSNI) in 2001. The name is derived from the Transverse Mercator projection it uses and the fact that it is optimised for the island of Ireland.
History
The older Irish grid reference system required GPS measurements to be "translated" (using co-ordinate transformations). The more precise the GPS measurements were, the more the translation process introduced inaccuracies.
While the existing UTM co-ordinate system partly fulfilled the requirement for direct GPS compatibility it had some drawbacks, including varying levels of distortion across the island due to the central meridian being at the west coast of Ireland.
The new system needed to satisfy various criteria: GPS compatibility, map distortion for the whole island of Ireland had to be minimal, it was to be conformal and backward compatible with existing mapping. A customised Transverse Mercator projection was chosen.
ITM and the older more established Irish Grid will (initially at least) be used in parallel. As a result ITM coordinates had to be obviously different so users would not confuse the two. This was done by shifting the ITM false origin further into the Atlantic and thereby creating substantially different co-ordinate numbers for any given location.
While OSi and OSNI intend to supply map information in the older Irish Grid format into the future, the Irish Institution of Surveyors has recommended that ITM be adopted as soon as possible as the preferred official co-ordinate system for Ireland.
Examples
An ITM co-ordinate is generally given as a pair of two six-digit numbers (excluding any digits behind a decimal point which may be used in very precise surveying). The first number is always the easting and the second is the northing. The easting and northing are in metres from the false origin.
The ITM co-ord |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil%20Composition%20of%20Matter | Mobil Composition of Matter (MCM) is the initial name given for a series of mesoporous materials that were first synthesized by Mobil's researchers in 1992. MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) and MCM-48 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 48) are two of the most popular mesoporous molecular sieves that are keenly studied by researchers.
The most striking fact about the MCM-41 and MCM-48 is that, although composed of amorphous silica wall, they possess long range ordered framework with uniform mesopores. These materials also possess large surface area, which can be up to more than 1000 m2g−1. Moreover, the pore diameter of these materials can be nicely controlled within mesoporous range between 1.5 and 20 nm by adjusting the synthesis conditions and/or by employing surfactants with different chain lengths in their preparation.
MCM-41 and MCM-48 have been applied as catalysts for various chemical reactions, as a support for drug delivery system and as adsorbent in waste water treatment.
MCM-41 is a material similar to FSM-16. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20finite%20collection | A collection of subsets of a topological space is said to be locally finite if each point in the space has a neighbourhood that intersects only finitely many of the sets in the collection.
In the mathematical field of topology, local finiteness is a property of collections of subsets of a topological space. It is fundamental in the study of paracompactness and topological dimension.
Note that the term locally finite has different meanings in other mathematical fields.
Examples and properties
A finite collection of subsets of a topological space is locally finite. Infinite collections can also be locally finite: for example, the collection of all subsets of of the form for an integer . A countable collection of subsets need not be locally finite, as shown by the collection of all subsets of of the form for a natural number n.
If a collection of sets is locally finite, the collection of all closures of these sets is also locally finite. The reason for this is that if an open set containing a point intersects the closure of a set, it necessarily intersects the set itself, hence a neighborhood can intersect at most the same number of closures (it may intersect fewer, since two distinct, indeed disjoint, sets can have the same closure). The converse, however, can fail if the closures of the sets are not distinct. For example, in the finite complement topology on the collection of all open sets is not locally finite, but the collection of all closures of these sets is locally finite (since the only closures are and the empty set).
Compact spaces
Every locally finite collection of subsets of a compact space must be finite. Indeed, let be a locally finite family of subsets of a compact space . For each point , choose an open neighbourhood that intersects a finite number of the subsets in . Clearly the family of sets: is an open cover of , and therefore has a finite subcover: . Since each intersects only a finite number of subsets in , the union of all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal-Marine%20Automated%20Network | The Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) is a meteorological observation network along the coastal United States. Consisting of about sixty stations installed on lighthouses, at capes and beaches, on near shore islands, and on offshore platforms, the stations record atmospheric pressure, wind direction, speed and gust, and air temperature; however, some C-MAN stations are designed to also measure sea surface temperature, water level, waves, relative humidity, precipitation, and visibility.
The network is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) of the National Weather Service (NWS), which is part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and data is ingested into numerical weather prediction computer models. It was created in the early 1980s to maintain observations that were about to be discontinued by other programs. Data is processed and transmitted similarly to the moored buoy system.
In 2002, C-MAN was added to the NOAA Observing System Architecture (NOSA).
See also
List of cabled observatories
Shipping Forecast
External links
National Data Buoy Center C-MAN site
C-MAN on NOSA
Meteorological data and networks
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Oceanographic instrumentation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial%20code | Most real world data sets consist of data vectors whose individual components are not statistically independent. In other words, knowing the value of an element will provide information about the value of elements in the data vector. When this occurs, it can be desirable to create a factorial code of the data, i.e., a new vector-valued representation of each data vector such that it gets uniquely encoded by the resulting code vector (loss-free coding), but the code components are statistically independent.
Later supervised learning usually works much better when the raw input data is first translated into such a factorial code. For example, suppose the final goal is to classify images with highly redundant pixels. A naive Bayes classifier will assume the pixels are statistically independent random variables and therefore fail to produce good results. If the data are first encoded in a factorial way, however, then the naive Bayes classifier will achieve its optimal performance (compare Schmidhuber et al. 1996).
To create factorial codes, Horace Barlow and co-workers suggested to minimize the sum of the bit entropies of the code components of binary codes (1989). Jürgen Schmidhuber (1992) re-formulated the problem in terms of predictors and binary feature detectors, each receiving the raw data as an input. For each detector there is a predictor that sees the other detectors and learns to predict the output of its own detector in response to the various input vectors or images. But each detector uses a machine learning algorithm to become as unpredictable as possible. The global optimum of this objective function corresponds to a factorial code represented in a distributed fashion across the outputs of the feature detectors.
Painsky, Rosset and Feder (2016, 2017) further studied this problem in the context of independent component analysis over finite alphabet sizes. Through a series of theorems they show that the factorial coding problem can be accurately solved |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20Macroblock%20Ordering | Flexible Macroblock Ordering or FMO is one of several error resilience tools defined in the Baseline profile of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard.
Description
One of the characteristics of the H.264/AVC standard is the possibility of dividing an image into regions called slices, each of which contains a sequence of macroblocks and can be decoded independently of other slices. These macroblocks are processed in a scan order, normally left to right, beginning at the top. A frame can be composed of a single slice, or multiple slices for parallel processing and error-resilience, because errors in a slice only propagate within that slice.
Flexible Macroblock Ordering enhances this by allowing macroblocks to be grouped and sent in any direction and order, and can be used to create shaped and non-contiguous slice groups. This way, FMO allows more flexibly deciding what slice macroblocks belong to, in order to spread out errors and keep errors in one part of the frame from compromising another part of the frame. FMO builds on top of another error-resilience tool, Arbitrary slice ordering, because each slice group can be sent in any order and can optionally be decoded in order of receipt, instead of in the usual scan order.
Individual slices still have to be continuous horizontal regions of macroblocks, but with FMO's slice groups, motion compensation can take place within any contiguous macroblocks through the entire group; effectively, each slice group is treated as one or more contiguous shaped slices for the purposes of motion compensation.
Nearly all video codecs allow Region of Interest coding, in which specific macroblocks are targeted to receive more or less quality, the canonical example being a newscaster's head being given a higher ratio of bits than the background. FMO's primary benefit when combined with RoI coding is the ability to prevent errors in one region from propagating into another region. For example, if a background slice is lost, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20informatics | Predictive informatics (PI) is the combination of predictive modeling and informatics applied to healthcare, pharmaceutical, life sciences and business industries.
Predictive informatics enables researchers, analysts, physicians and decision-makers to aggregate and analyze disparate types of data, recognize patterns and trends within that data, and make more informed decisions in an effort to preemptively alter future outcomes.
Current uses of PI
Healthcare
Over the past decade the increased usage of electronic health records has produced vast amounts of clinical data that is now computable. Predictive informatics integrates this data with other datasets (e.g., genotypic, phenotypic) in centralized and standardized data repositories upon which predictive analytics may be conducted.
Pharmaceuticals
The biopharmaceutical industry uses predictive informatics (a superset of chemoinformatics) to integrate information resources to transform data into knowledge in order to make better decisions faster in the area of drug lead identification and optimization.
Systems biology
Scientists involved in systems biology employ predictive informatics to integrate complex data about the interactions in biological systems from diverse experimental sources.
Other uses
Predictive informatics and analytics are also used in financial services, insurance, telecommunications, retail, and travel industries.
See also
Predictive analytics
Informatics (academic field)
Predictive modeling
Biomedical informatics
Chemoinformatics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20bottle | A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from high-density or low density plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink. The size ranges from very small bottles to large carboys. Consumer blow molded containers often have integral handles or are shaped to facilitate grasping.
Plastic was invented in the 19th century and was originally used to replace common materials such as ivory, rubber, and shellac. Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947, but remained relatively expensive until the early 1950s when high-density polyethylene was introduced. They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers because compared to glass bottles, plastic bottles are lighter, cheaper and easier to transport. However, the biggest advantage plastic bottles have over their glass counterparts is their superior resistance to breakage, in both production and transportation. Except for wine and beer, the food industry has largely replaced glass bottles with plastic bottles.
Production
The materials used in the manufacture of plastic bottles vary by application.
Petrochemical resins
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles. This material is economical, impact resistant, and provides a good moisture barrier. HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents. It is supplied in FDA-approved food grade. HDPE is naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color will make HDPE opaque, but not glossy. HDPE lends itself to silk screen decoration. While HDPE provides good protection at below freezing temperatures, it cannot be used with products filled above or products requiring a hermetic (vacuum) seal.
Fluorine-treated HDPE
These bottles are exposed to fluorine gas in a secondary operation, are similar in appearance to HDPE, and serve as a barrier to h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySecureCyberspace | MySecureCyberspace began in 2003 as an initiative by Carnegie Mellon CyLab and the Information Networking Institute to educate the public about computer security, network security and Internet safety. Inspired by the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, the initiative empowers users to secure their part of cyberspace.
The initiative created a web portal at www.MySecureCyberspace.com that customized information to users about cybersecurity threats, in addition to tactical countermeasures and legal, ethical, and privacy issues. For example, using the Secure My Cyberspace tool on the web portal, a user could enter an online activity, such as email, and receive an explanation of common threats and issues associated with that activity, such as spam and phishing scams, and then receive advice on how to resolve those problems. As a web portal, MySecureCyberspace served people of all ages and roles, but certain areas of the web portal contained articles and resources specifically for parents, educators and children.
From 2005 to 2012, MySecureCyberspace provided a Flash-based interactive game designed for elementary school children at www.CarnegieCyberAcademy.com called Carnegie Cadets that reinforced principles of safe and responsible computing. Enriched with content and classroom material that complied with the National Educational Technology Standards, the game could be integrated into fourth and fifth grade curricula. The Carnegie Cyber Academy website and supporting materials remain available, but the game is not compatible with current operating systems.
History
Through a grant from the National Science Foundation, CyLab and the Information Networking Institute launched the web portal in April 2005, which included a prototype of the online Carnegie Cadets game.
Carnegie Cadets:The MySecureCyberspace Game and its companion website officially launched on October 26, 2007 during a demonstration at J.H. Brooks Elementary School in Pittsburgh. PA Attorney General |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyespot%20%28mimicry%29 | An eyespot (sometimes ocellus) is an eye-like marking. They are found in butterflies, reptiles, cats, birds and fish.
Eyespots could be explained in at least three different ways. They may be a form of mimicry in which a spot on the body of an animal resembles an eye of a different animal, to deceive potential predator or prey species. They may be a form of self-mimicry, to draw a predator's attention away from the prey's most vulnerable body parts. Or they may serve to make the prey appear inedible or dangerous. Eyespot markings may play a role in intraspecies communication or courtship; the best-known example is probably the eyespots on a peacock's display feathers.
The pattern-forming biological process (morphogenesis) of eyespots in a wide variety of animals is controlled by a small number of genes active in embryonic development, including the genes called Engrailed, Distal-less, Hedgehog, Antennapedia, and the Notch signaling pathway.
Artificial eyespots have been shown to reduce predation of cattle by lions.
Zoological distribution
In butterflies and moths
The eye-like markings in some butterflies and moths and certain other insects, as well as birds like the sunbittern, serve functions in addition to mimicry; indeed, it is unclear whether they actually mimic eyes. There is evidence that eyespots in butterflies are antipredator adaptations, either in deimatic displays to intimidate predators, or to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. In species such as Hipparchia semele, the conspicuous eyespots are hidden at rest to decrease detectability, and only exposed when they believe potential predators are nearby. Butterfly eyespots can mimic dead leaves for camouflage from predators, as seen in Bicyclus anynana; this is a response to a seasonal fall in temperature, causing a shift in selection towards smaller, less conspicuous eyespots among those individuals developing at that time. Butterfly eyespots may play a role in mate recognition and sexual sel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliospinal%20center | The ciliospinal center (also known as Budge's center) is a cluster of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord at the spinal levels.
It receives afferents from (the posterior part of) the hypothalamus via the (ipsilateral) hypothalamospinal tract which synapse with the center's pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. The efferent, pre-ganglionic axons then leave the spinal cord to enter and ascend in the sympathetic trunk to reach the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) where they synapse with post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. The post-ganglionic neurons of the SCG then join the internal carotid nerve plexus of the internal carotid artery, accompanying first this artery and subsequently its branches to reach the orbit. In the orbit, they join the long ciliary nerves and short ciliary nerves to reach and innervate the dilator pupillae muscle to mediate pupillary dilatation as part of the pupillary reflex.
History
It is associated with a reflex identified by Augustus Volney Waller and Ludwig Julius Budge in 1852.
See also
Horner's syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofting | Lofting is a drafting technique to generate curved lines. It is used in plans for streamlined objects such as aircraft and boats. The lines may be drawn on wood and the wood then cut for advanced woodworking. The technique can be as simple as bending a flexible object, such as a long strip of thin wood or thin plastic so that it passes over three non-linear points, and scribing the resultant curved line; or as elaborate as plotting the line using computers or mathematical tables.
Lofting is particularly useful in boat building, when it is used to draw and cut pieces for hulls and keels. These are usually curved, often in three dimensions. Loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions and details from drawings and plans, and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data. From the early 1970s onward computer-aided design (CAD) became normal for the shipbuilding design and lofting process.
Lofting was also commonly used in aircraft design before the widespread adoption of computer-generated shaping programs.
Basic lofting
As ship design evolved from craft to science, designers learned various ways to produce long curves on a flat surface. Generating and drawing such curves became a part of ship lofting; "lofting" means drawing full-sized patterns, so-called because it was often done in large, lightly constructed mezzanines or lofts above the factory floor. When aircraft design progressed beyond the stick-and-fabric boxes of its first decade of existence, the practice of lofting moved naturally into the aeronautical realm. As the storm clouds of World War II gathered in Europe, a US aircraft company, North American Aviation, took the practice into the purely mathematical realm. One of that war's outstanding warplanes, the North American P-51 Mustang, was designed using mathematical charts and tables rather than lofting tables.
Lofting is the transfer of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyonic%20antitelephone | A tachyonic antitelephone is a hypothetical device in theoretical physics that could be used to send signals into one's own past. Albert Einstein in 1907
presented a thought experiment of how faster-than-light signals can lead to a paradox of causality, which was described by Einstein and Arnold Sommerfeld in 1910 as a means "to telegraph into the past". The same thought experiment was described by Richard Chace Tolman in 1917; thus, it is also known as Tolman's paradox.
A device capable of "telegraphing into the past" was later also called a "tachyonic antitelephone" by Gregory Benford et al. According to current understanding of physics, no such faster-than-light transfer of information is actually possible.
One-way example
Tolman used the following variation of Einstein's thought experiment: Imagine a distance with endpoints and . Let a signal be sent from A propagating with velocity towards B. All of this is measured in an inertial frame where the endpoints are at rest. The arrival at B is given by:
Here, the event at A is the cause of the event at B. However, in the inertial frame moving with relative velocity v, the time of arrival at B is given according to the Lorentz transformation (c is the speed of light):
It can be easily shown that if a > c, then certain values of v can make Δt' negative. In other words, the effect arises before the cause in this frame. Einstein (and similarly Tolman) concluded that this result contains in their view no logical contradiction; he said, however, it contradicts the totality of our experience so that the impossibility of a > c seems to be sufficiently proven.
Two-way example
A more common variation of this thought experiment is to send back the signal to the sender (a similar one was given by David Bohm). If Alice (A) is on a spacecraft moving away from the Earth in the positive x-direction with a speed , and she wants to communicate with Bob (B) back home. Assuming both of them have a device that is capable of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt%20Totaro | Burt James Totaro, FRS (b. 1967), is an American mathematician, currently a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, specializing in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Education and early life
Totaro participated in the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth while in grade school and enrolled at Princeton University at the age of thirteen, becoming the youngest freshman in its history. He scored a perfect 800 on the math portion and a 690 on the verbal portion of the SAT-I exam at the age of 12. He graduated in 1984 and went on to graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, receiving his Ph.D. in 1989.
Career and research
Since 2009, he has been one of three managing editors of the journal Compositio Mathematica; he is also on the editorial boards of Forum of Mathematics, Pi and Sigma, the Journal of the American Mathematical Society, and the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. In 2012, he became a Professor in the UCLA Department of Mathematics.
Totaro's work is influenced by the Hodge conjecture, and is based on the connections and application of topology to algebraic geometry. His work has applications in a number of diverse areas of mathematics, from representation theory to Lie theory and group cohomology.
Selected works
Recognition
In 2000, he was elected Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge. In the same year, he was awarded the Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society.
In 2009, Totaro was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He was included in the 2019 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to algebraic geometry, Lie theory and cohomology and their connections and for service to the profession". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio%20phenomenon | Tullio phenomenon, sound-induced vertigo, dizziness, nausea or eye movement (nystagmus) was first described in 1929 by the Italian biologist Prof. Pietro Tullio. (1881–1941) During his experiments on pigeons, Tullio discovered that by drilling tiny holes in the semicircular canals of his subjects, he could subsequently cause them balance problems when exposed to sound.
The cause is usually a fistula in the middle or inner ear, allowing abnormal sound-synchronized pressure changes in the balance organs. Such an opening may be caused by a barotrauma (e.g. incurred when diving or flying), or may be a side effect of fenestration surgery, syphilis or Lyme disease.
Patients with this disorder may also experience vertigo, imbalance and eye movement set off by changes in pressure, e.g. when nose-blowing, swallowing or when lifting heavy objects.
Tullio phenomenon is also one of the common symptoms of superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS), first diagnosed in 1998 by Dr. Lloyd B. Minor, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology%20%28journal%29 | Paleobiology is a scientific journal promoting the integration of biology and conventional paleontology, with emphasis placed on biological or paleobiological processes and patterns. It attracts papers of interest to more than one discipline, and occasionally publishes research on recent organisms when this is of interest to paleontologists.
Paleontology journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Academic journals established in 1975
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Paleobiology
Cambridge University Press academic journals |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.