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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Programming%20Specialist%20Group | The Advanced Programming Specialist Group (APSG) is a Specialist Group (SG) of the British Computer Society (BCS). It held its first meeting, when it was referred to as "BCS Study Group No. 5", at Bishop's House, High Holborn, London WC1, England on 17 December 1959. It has met continuously in London since then, generally on the second Thursday of the months from October to May each year.
APSG seeks to explore new developments in programming languages, runtime environments, programming tools, multicore processors, mobile platforms and end user interfaces which are important to today's real world applications.
Past chairmen of the Group were Ewart Willey (first chairman 1959–1974), Prof. Peter King (1974–1980), Peter Prowse (1980–1982), Prof. John Florentin (1982–2010), Prof. Geoff Sharman (2010-2014), and Rob Packwood (2014-2016). The current chairman is Prof Algirdas Pakštas.
From time to time, the Group holds joint meetings with other BCS SGs and Branches, for example:
February 2013, with Enterprise Architecture SG, What is Enterprise Architecture?
January 2013, with Formal Aspects SG (BCS-FACS), Industrial Uses of Formal Methods
May 2010, with Fortran SG, Parallel Programming in Fortran with Coarrays
January 2010 with Computer Conservation Society, The 50th Anniversary of the publication of the Algol 60 Report
October 2006, with Computer Conservation Society, The first 35+ years of IBM Hursley software
November 2005, with Formal Aspects SG (BCS-FACS), Separation Logic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomer | In structural biology, a protomer is the structural unit of an oligomeric protein. It is the smallest unit composed of at least two different protein chains that form a larger hetero-oligomer by association of two or more copies of this unit.
The term was introduced by Chetverin to make nomenclature in the Na/K-ATPase enzyme unambiguous. This enzyme is composed of two subunits: a large, catalytic α subunit, and a smaller glycoprotein β subunit (plus a proteolipid, called γ-subunit). At the time it was unclear how many of each work together. In addition, when people spoke of a dimer, it was unclear whether they were referring to αβ or to (αβ)2. Chetverin suggested to call αβ a protomer and (αβ)2 a diprotomer.
Protomers usually arrange in cyclic symmetry to form closed point group symmetries.
In chemistry, a so-called protomer is a molecule which displays tautomerism due to position of a proton.
Examples
Hemoglobin is a heterotetramer consisting of four subunits (two α and two β). However, structurally and functionally hemoglobin is described better as (αβ)2, so we call it a dimer of two αβ-protomers, that is, a diprotomer.
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase has a α6β6 subunit composition. The six αβ-protomers are arranged in D3 symmetry.
Viral capsid are often composed of protomers.
Examples in chemistry include tyrosine and 4-aminobenzoic acid. The former may be deprotonated to form the carboxylate and phenoxide anions, and the later may be protonated at the amino or carboxyl groups. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine%20bond | The carbon–fluorine bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and fluorine that is a component of all organofluorine compounds. It is one of the strongest single bonds in chemistry (after the B–F single bond, Si–F single bond, and H–F single bond), and relatively short, due to its partial ionic character. The bond also strengthens and shortens as more fluorines are added to the same carbon on a chemical compound. As such, fluoroalkanes like tetrafluoromethane (carbon tetrafluoride) are some of the most unreactive organic compounds.
Electronegativity and bond strength
The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine bond a significant polarity or dipole moment. The electron density is concentrated around the fluorine, leaving the carbon relatively electron poor. This introduces ionic character to the bond through partial charges (Cδ+—Fδ−). The partial charges on the fluorine and carbon are attractive, contributing to the unusual bond strength of the carbon–fluorine bond. The bond is labeled as "the strongest in organic chemistry," because fluorine forms the strongest single bond to carbon. Carbon–fluorine bonds can have a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of up to 130 kcal/mol. The BDE (strength of the bond) of C–F is higher than other carbon–halogen and carbon–hydrogen bonds. For example, the BDEs of the C–X bond within a CH3–X molecule is 115, 104.9, 83.7, 72.1, and 57.6 kcal/mol for X = fluorine, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, respectively.
Bond length
The carbon–fluorine bond length is typically about 1.35 ångström (1.39 Å in fluoromethane). It is shorter than any other carbon–halogen bond, and shorter than single carbon–nitrogen and carbon–oxygen bonds. The short length of the bond can also be attributed to the ionic character of the bond (the electrostatic attractions between the partial charges on the carbon and the fluorine). The carbon–fluorine bond length varies by several hundredths of an ån |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarity%20%28physics%29 | In quantum physics, unitarity is (or a unitary process has) the condition that the time evolution of a quantum state according to the Schrödinger equation is mathematically represented by a unitary operator. This is typically taken as an axiom or basic postulate of quantum mechanics, while generalizations of or departures from unitarity are part of speculations about theories that may go beyond quantum mechanics. A unitarity bound is any inequality that follows from the unitarity of the evolution operator, i.e. from the statement that time evolution preserves inner products in Hilbert space.
Hamiltonian evolution
Time evolution described by a time-independent Hamiltonian is represented by a one-parameter family of unitary operators, for which the Hamiltonian is a generator: .
In the Schrödinger picture, the unitary operators are taken to act upon the system's quantum state, whereas in the Heisenberg picture, the time dependence is incorporated into the observables instead.
Implications of unitarity on measurement results
In quantum mechanics, every state is described as a vector in Hilbert space. When a measurement is performed, it is convenient to describe this space using a vector basis in which every basis vector has a defined result of the measurement – e.g., a vector basis of defined momentum in case momentum is measured. The measurement operator is diagonal in this basis.
The probability to get a particular measured result depends on the probability amplitude, given by the inner product of the physical state with the basis vectors that diagonalize the measurement operator. For a physical state that is measured after it has evolved in time, the probability amplitude can be described either by the inner product of the physical state after time evolution with the relevant basis vectors, or equivalently by the inner product of the physical state with the basis vectors that are evolved backwards in time. Using the time evolution operator , we have:
But by d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20of%20enterocyte%20effacement | The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a moderately conserved pathogenicity island consisting of 35,000 base pairs in the bacteria Escherichia coli genome. The LEE encodes the Type III secretion system and associated chaperones and effector proteins responsible for attaching and effacing (AE) lesions in the large intestine. These proteins include intimin, Tir, EspC, EspF, EspH, and Map protein. The LEE has a 38% G+C ratio.
See also
Locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20trap | Bass traps are acoustic energy absorbers which are designed to damp low frequency sound energy with the goal of attaining a flatter low frequency (LF) room response by reducing LF resonances in rooms. They are commonly used in recording studios, mastering rooms, home theatres and other rooms built to provide a critical listening environment. Like all acoustically absorptive devices, they function by turning sound energy into heat through friction.
General description—types
There are generally two types of bass traps: resonant absorbers and porous absorbers. Resonant absorbers are further divided into panel absorbers and Helmholtz resonators.
Both types are effective, but whereas a resonant absorber needs to be mechanically tuned to resonate in sympathy with the frequencies being absorbed, a porous absorber does not resonate and need not be tuned.
Porous absorbers tend to be smaller in size and are easier to design and build, as well as less expensive overall than resonant absorbers. However, the deep bass attenuation of a porous absorber is generally inferior, so its usefulness for attenuating lower frequency room resonances is more limited.
Resonating absorbers tend to absorb a narrower spectrum and porous absorbers tend to absorb a broader spectrum. The spectrum of both types can be either narrowed or broadened by design but the generalized difference in bandwidth and tunability dominates their respective performance.
Examples of resonating type bass traps include a rigid container with one or more portholes or slots (i.e. Helmholtz resonator), or a rigid container with a flexible diaphragm (i.e. membrane absorber). Resonating type bass trap achieves absorption of sound by sympathetic vibration of some free element of the device with the air volume of the room.
Resonating absorbers vary in construction, with one type of membrane absorber using a springy sheet of wood that attaches to the enclosure only along the edges/corners, and another using a more flopp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20derivative | In the context of Lagrangian mechanics, the fiber derivative is used to convert between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian forms. In particular, if is the configuration manifold then the Lagrangian is defined on the tangent bundle , and the Hamiltonian is defined on the cotangent bundle —the fiber derivative is a map such that
,
where and are vectors from the same tangent space. When restricted to a particular point, the fiber derivative is a Legendre transformation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMF | In cryptography, CDMF (Commercial Data Masking Facility) is an algorithm developed at IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from DES, CDMF constitutes a key generation algorithm, called key shortening. It is one of the cryptographic algorithms supported by S-HTTP.
Algorithm
Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used.
The algorithm consists of the following steps:
Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does).
XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE.
Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64.
Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.
The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 240 possible keys. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%E2%80%93sink%20dynamics | Source–sink dynamics is a theoretical model used by ecologists to describe how variation in habitat quality may affect the population growth or decline of organisms.
Since quality is likely to vary among patches of habitat, it is important to consider how a low quality patch might affect a population. In this model, organisms occupy two patches of habitat. One patch, the source, is a high quality habitat that on average allows the population to increase. The second patch, the sink, is a very low quality habitat that, on its own, would not be able to support a population. However, if the excess of individuals produced in the source frequently moves to the sink, the sink population can persist indefinitely. Organisms are generally assumed to be able to distinguish between high and low quality habitat, and to prefer high quality habitat. However, ecological trap theory describes the reasons why organisms may actually prefer sink patches over source patches. Finally, the source–sink model implies that some habitat patches may be more important to the long-term survival of the population, and considering the presence of source–sink dynamics will help inform conservation decisions.
Theory development
Although the seeds of a source–sink model had been planted earlier, Pulliam is often recognized as the first to present a fully developed source–sink model. He defined source and sink patches in terms of their demographic parameters, or BIDE rates (birth, immigration, death, and emigration rates). In the source patch, birth rates were greater than death rates, causing the population to grow. The excess individuals were expected to leave the patch, so that emigration rates were greater than immigration rates. In other words, sources were a net exporter of individuals. In contrast, in a sink patch, death rates were greater than birth rates, resulting in a population decline toward extinction unless enough individuals emigrated from the source patch. Immigration ra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20tracer | A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track the flow velocity (i.e., flow magnitude and direction) and circulation patterns. Tracers can be chemical properties, such as radioactive material, or chemical compounds, physical properties, such as density, temperature, salinity, or dyes, and can be natural or artificially induced. Flow tracers are used in many fields, such as physics, hydrology, limnology, oceanography, environmental studies and atmospheric studies.
Conservative tracers remain constant following fluid parcels, whereas reactive tracers (such as compounds undergoing a mutual chemical reaction) grow or decay with time. Active tracers dynamically alter the flow of the fluid by changing fluid properties which appear in the equation of motion such as density or viscosity, while passive tracers have no influence on flow.
Uses in oceanography
Ocean tracers are used to deduce small scale flow patterns, large-scale ocean circulation, water mass formation and changes, "dating" of water masses, and carbon dioxide storage and uptake.
Temperature, salinity, density, and other conservative tracers are often used to track currents, circulation and water mass mixing. An interesting example was when 28,000 plastic ducks fell over board from a container ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The following twelve years oceanographers recorded where the ducks washed ashore, some thousands of miles from the spill site, and this data was used to calibrate and verify the circulation patterns of the North Pacific Gyre.
Transient tracers change over time, such as radioactive material (Tritium and Cesium-137) and chemical concentrations (CFCs and SF6), which are used to date water masses and can also track mixing. In the mid-1900s, Nuclear weapons testing and chemical production released tons of compounds that are not naturally found in the environment. While extremely unfortunate, scientists were able to use the concentrations of anthropogenic compounds and half-liv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, folding is the process by which a molecule assumes its shape or conformation. The process can also be described as intramolecular self-assembly, a type of molecular self-assembly, where the molecule is directed to form a specific shape through noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions, and/or electrostatic effects.
The most active area of interest in the folding of molecules is the process of protein folding, which is the shape that is assumed by a specific sequence of amino acids in a protein. The shape of the folded protein can be used to understand its function and design drugs to influence the processes that it is involved in.
There is also a great deal of interest in the construction of artificial folding molecules or foldamers. They are studied as models of biological molecules and potential application to the development of new functional materials.
See also
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Circuit topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Grape%20Genome%20Program | The International Grape Genomics Program (IGGP) is a collaborative genome project dedicated to determining the genome sequence of the grapevine Vitis vinifera. It is a multinational project involving research centers in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the United States.
The project was established on the premise that whereas the Vitis family provides the world's most economically important fruit, its biology is still poorly understood. Many centuries of viticulture have provided many well-informed wine-producing centres throughout the world, yet exactly how a grapevine plant responds and interacts with the physical environment and deals with abiotic stresses, pests and diseases is currently unknown.
Agricultural technology surrounding Vitis has been traditionally based upon specific genotypes, which in the main have relied on "vegetative multiplication" and control of growing conditions to improve quality and yield. While advances in quality have certainly been achieved, it has involved increased costs and is in danger of incurring unsustainable environmental overheads. The argument is that the relatively unknown biology of Vitis is capable of delivering desired viticultural improvements without the associated ongoing costs, and establishing its genome sequence will examine the role individual genes play in viticulture, improving grape characteristics and quality in a predictable way.
Initial discoveries
As of March 2007, the project has mapped over half of the grapevine genome. In the course of their research, the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture (CRCV), based at the CSIRO Plant Industry Horticulture Unit in Adelaide, Australia (one of the IGGP collaborating centres) discovered that white grapes only exist today as a result of a rare genetic mutation which took place thousands of years ago. White grapes are believed to have arisen due to the extremely rare and independent mutation of two similar and adjace |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran%20biota | The Ediacaran (; formerly Vendian) biota is a taxonomic period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the Ediacaran Period (). These were enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile, organisms. Trace fossils of these organisms have been found worldwide, and represent the earliest known complex multicellular organisms. The term "Ediacara biota" has received criticism from some scientists due to its alleged inconsistency, arbitrary exclusion of certain fossils, and inability to be precisely defined.
The Ediacaran biota may have undergone evolutionary radiation in a proposed event called the Avalon explosion, . This was after the Earth had thawed from the Cryogenian period's extensive glaciation. This biota largely disappeared with the rapid increase in biodiversity known as the Cambrian explosion. Most of the currently existing body plans of animals first appeared in the fossil record of the Cambrian rather than the Ediacaran. For macroorganisms, the Cambrian biota appears to have almost completely replaced the organisms that dominated the Ediacaran fossil record, although relationships are still a matter of debate.
The organisms of the Ediacaran Period first appeared around and flourished until the cusp of the Cambrian , when the characteristic communities of fossils vanished. A diverse Ediacaran community was discovered in 1995 in Sonora, Mexico, and is approximately 555 million years in age, roughly coeval with Ediacaran fossils of the Ediacara Hills in South Australia and the White Sea on the coast of Russia. While rare fossils that may represent survivors have been found as late as the Middle Cambrian (510–500 Mya), the earlier fossil communities disappear from the record at the end of the Ediacaran leaving only curious fragments of once-thriving ecosystems. Multiple hypotheses exist to explain the disappearance of this biota, including preservation bias, a changing environment, the advent of predators and compe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic%20context-free%20grammar | In formal grammar theory, the deterministic context-free grammars (DCFGs) are a proper subset of the context-free grammars. They are the subset of context-free grammars that can be derived from deterministic pushdown automata, and they generate the deterministic context-free languages. DCFGs are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous CFGs; there are non-deterministic unambiguous CFGs, however.
DCFGs are of great practical interest, as they can be parsed in linear time and in fact a parser can be automatically generated from the grammar by a parser generator. They are thus widely used throughout computer science. Various restricted forms of DCFGs can be parsed by simpler, less resource-intensive parsers, and thus are often used. These grammar classes are referred to by the type of parser that parses them, and important examples are LALR, SLR, and LL.
History
In the 1960s, theoretical research in computer science on regular expressions and finite automata led to the discovery that context-free grammars are equivalent to nondeterministic pushdown automata. These grammars were thought to capture the syntax of computer programming languages. The first high-level computer programming languages were under development at the time (see History of programming languages) and writing compilers was difficult. But using context-free grammars to help automate the parsing part of the compiler simplified the task. Deterministic context-free grammars were particularly useful because they could be parsed sequentially by a deterministic pushdown automaton, which was a requirement due to computer memory constraints. In 1965, Donald Knuth invented the LR(k) parser and proved that there exists an LR(k) grammar for every deterministic context-free language. This parser still required a lot of memory. In 1969 Frank DeRemer invented the LALR and Simple LR parsers, both based on the LR parser and having greatly reduced memory requirements at the cost of less langu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotriangle | In Euclidean plane geometry, a pseudotriangle (pseudo-triangle) is the simply connected subset of the plane that lies between any three mutually tangent convex sets. A pseudotriangulation (pseudo-triangulations) is a partition of a region of the plane into pseudotriangles, and a pointed pseudotriangulation is a pseudotriangulation in which at each vertex the incident edges span an angle of less than π.
Although the words "pseudotriangle" and "pseudotriangulation" have been used with various meanings in mathematics for much longer, the terms as used here were introduced in 1993 by Michel Pocchiola and Gert Vegter in connection with the computation of visibility relations and bitangents among convex obstacles in the plane. Pointed pseudotriangulations were first considered by Ileana Streinu (2000, 2005) as part of her solution to the carpenter's ruler problem, a proof that any simple polygonal path in the plane can be straightened out by a sequence of continuous motions. Pseudotriangulations have also been used for collision detection among moving objects and for dynamic graph drawing and shape morphing. Pointed pseudotriangulations arise in rigidity theory as examples of minimally rigid planar graphs, and in methods for placing guards in connection with the art gallery theorem. The shelling antimatroid of a planar point set gives rise to pointed pseudotriangulations, although not all pointed pseudotriangulations can arise in this way.
For a detailed survey of much of the material discussed here, see Rote, Santos, and Streinu (2008).
Pseudotriangles
Pocchiola and Vegter (1996a,b,c) originally defined a pseudotriangle to be a simply-connected region of the plane bounded by three smooth convex curves that are tangent at their endpoints. However, subsequent work has settled on a broader definition that applies more generally to polygons as well as to regions bounded by smooth curves, and that allows nonzero angles at the three vertices. In this broader definition, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-polynomial | In mathematics, a quasi-polynomial (pseudo-polynomial) is a generalization of polynomials. While the coefficients of a polynomial come from a ring, the coefficients of quasi-polynomials are instead periodic functions with integral period. Quasi-polynomials appear throughout much of combinatorics as the enumerators for various objects.
A quasi-polynomial can be written as , where is a periodic function with integral period. If is not identically zero, then the degree of is . Equivalently, a function is a quasi-polynomial if there exist polynomials such that when . The polynomials are called the constituents of .
Examples
Given a -dimensional polytope with rational vertices , define to be the convex hull of . The function is a quasi-polynomial in of degree . In this case, is a function . This is known as the Ehrhart quasi-polynomial, named after Eugène Ehrhart.
Given two quasi-polynomials and , the convolution of and is
which is a quasi-polynomial with degree
See also
Ehrhart polynomial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20tides | The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun).
History
Australian Aboriginal astronomy
The Yolngu people of northeastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia identified a link between the Moon and the tides, which they mythically attributed to the Moon filling with water and emptying out again.
Classical era
The tides received relatively little attention in the civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea, as the tides there are relatively small, and the areas that experience tides do so unreliably. A number of theories were advanced, however, from comparing the movements to breathing or blood flow to theories involving whirlpools or river cycles. A similar "breathing earth" idea was considered by some Asian thinkers. Plato reportedly believed that the tides were caused by water flowing in and out of undersea caverns. Crates of Mallus attributied the tides to "the counter-movement (ἀντισπασμός) of the sea” and Apollodorus of Corcyra to "the refluxes from the Ocean". An ancient Indian Purana text dated to 400-300 BC refers to the ocean rising and falling because of heat expansion from the light of the Moon.
Ultimately the link between the Moon (and Sun) and the tides became known to the Greeks, although the exact date of discovery is unclear; references to it are made in sources such as Pytheas of Massilia in 325 BC and Pliny the Elder's Natural History in 77 AD. Although the schedule of the tides and the link to lunar and solar movements was known, the exact mechanism that connected them was unclear. Classicists Thomas Little Heath claimed that both Pytheas and Posidonius connected the tides with the moon, "the former directly, the latter through the setting up of winds". Seneca mentions in De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonextensive%20entropy | Entropy is considered to be an extensive property, i.e., that its value depends on the amount of material present. Constantino Tsallis has proposed a nonextensive entropy (Tsallis entropy), which is a generalization of the traditional Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy.
The rationale behind the theory is that Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy leads to systems that have a strong dependence on initial conditions. In reality most materials behave quite independently of initial conditions.
Nonextensive entropy leads to nonextensive statistical mechanics, whose typical functions are power laws, instead of the traditional exponentials.
See also
Tsallis entropy
Statistical mechanics
Entropy and information
Thermodynamic entropy
Information theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminth%20protein | A helminth protein, or helminthic antigen, is a protein derived from a parasitic worm that causes an immune reaction. When secreted, these proteins may modify the host's immune response in order to promote longevity of the parasite. Helminth proteins can result in a deregulated response to infection, and are implicated in reduced reactivity to other antigens. Other helminth proteins promote parasite survival in other ways, particularly since parasites must depend on hosts for the supply of essential nutrients. Despite their pathogenic properties, helminth proteins have potential to be co-opted to treat a number of other human diseases.
Immunoregulation
Helminth proteins modulate the immune response of their hosts, but do not suppress it entirely. A number of proteins are able to induce production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-10 is partially responsible for reducing expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 on macrophages. CD86 is one of the proteins which interact with CD28 to activate T helper cells; without it, T helper cell response is mitigated. Schistosome proteins also contain abundant proteases which and cleave IgE antibodies. Alpha-1, a protein released by schistosome eggs, can also be a chemokine binding protein, preventing the recruitment of other immune cells like neutrophils. T. canis C-type lectins are additionally able to bind to mammalian carbohydrates, suggesting that they may promote evasion of the host’s immune system by preventing the migration of host immune cells.
A number of helminth species also secrete high levels of antioxidants to avoid phagocytosis; those antioxidants are needed because phagocytes like macrophages frequently produce reactive oxygen species like oxygen radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide to attack parasites. Additionally, many nematodes residing in the gut may secrete acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine to terminate neuronal signals. Acetylchol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Livestock%20Conservancy | The Livestock Conservancy, formerly known as the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC) and prior to that, the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, is a nonprofit organization focused on preserving and promoting rare breeds, also known as "heritage breeds" of livestock. Founded in 1977, through the efforts of livestock breed enthusiasts concerned about the disappearance of many of the US's heritage livestock breeds, The Livestock Conservancy was the pioneer livestock preservation organization in the United States, and remains a leading organization in that field. It has initiated programs that have saved multiple breeds from extinction, and works closely with similar organizations in other countries, including Rare Breeds Canada. With 3,000 members, a staff of eleven and a 19-member board of directors, the organization has an operating budget of over a million dollars.
The Livestock Conservancy maintains a conservation priority list that divides endangered breeds of horses, asses, sheep, goats, cattle, rabbits, pigs and poultry into five categories based on population numbers and historical interest. The organization has published several books, and works with breed registries and other groups on several aspects of breed preservation, including genetic testing, historical documentation, animal rescue and marketing. Preservation of genetic material is of special interest to the Conservancy, and for a period of time it maintained a gene bank that was later transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture. It has also developed and published several heritage definitions, including parameters for heritage breeds of cattle and poultry.
In large part due to the efforts of the organization, heritage turkey populations have increased more than tenfold in little over a decade, and several breeds that once stood on the brink of extinction now maintain healthy populations. The organization also sustains programs that deal with preserving and promoting endangere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Anderson's theorem is a result in real analysis and geometry which says that the integral of an integrable, symmetric, unimodal, non-negative function f over an n-dimensional convex body K does not decrease if K is translated inwards towards the origin. This is a natural statement, since the graph of f can be thought of as a hill with a single peak over the origin; however, for n ≥ 2, the proof is not entirely obvious, as there may be points x of the body K where the value f(x) is larger than at the corresponding translate of x.
Anderson's theorem, named after Theodore Wilbur Anderson, also has an interesting application to probability theory.
Statement of the theorem
Let K be a convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn that is symmetric with respect to reflection in the origin, i.e. K = −K. Let f : Rn → R be a non-negative, symmetric, globally integrable function; i.e.
f(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ Rn;
f(x) = f(−x) for all x ∈ Rn;
Suppose also that the super-level sets L(f, t) of f, defined by
are convex subsets of Rn for every t ≥ 0. (This property is sometimes referred to as being unimodal.) Then, for any 0 ≤ c ≤ 1 and y ∈ Rn,
Application to probability theory
Given a probability space (Ω, Σ, Pr), suppose that X : Ω → Rn is an Rn-valued random variable with probability density function f : Rn → [0, +∞) and that Y : Ω → Rn is an independent random variable. The probability density functions of many well-known probability distributions are p-concave for some p, and hence unimodal. If they are also symmetric (e.g. the Laplace and normal distributions), then Anderson's theorem applies, in which case
for any origin-symmetric convex body K ⊆ Rn. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shephard%27s%20problem | In mathematics, Shephard's problem, is the following geometrical question asked by Geoffrey Colin Shephard in 1964: if K and L are centrally symmetric convex bodies in n-dimensional Euclidean space such that whenever K and L are projected onto a hyperplane, the volume of the projection of K is smaller than the volume of the projection of L, then does it follow that the volume of K is smaller than that of L?
In this case, "centrally symmetric" means that the reflection of K in the origin, −K, is a translate of K, and similarly for L. If k : Rn → Πk is a projection of Rn onto some k-dimensional hyperplane Πk (not necessarily a coordinate hyperplane) and Vk denotes k-dimensional volume, Shephard's problem is to determine the truth or falsity of the implication
Vk(k(K)) is sometimes known as the brightness of K and the function Vk o k as a (k-dimensional) brightness function.
In dimensions n = 1 and 2, the answer to Shephard's problem is "yes". In 1967, however, Petty and Schneider showed that the answer is "no" for every n ≥ 3. The solution of Shephard's problem requires Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies and the notion of projection bodies of convex bodies.
See also
Busemann–Petty problem
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s%20first%20inequality%20for%20convex%20bodies | In mathematics, Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies is a geometrical result due to the German mathematician Hermann Minkowski. The inequality is closely related to the Brunn–Minkowski inequality and the isoperimetric inequality.
Statement of the inequality
Let K and L be two n-dimensional convex bodies in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn. Define a quantity V1(K, L) by
where V denotes the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure and + denotes the Minkowski sum. Then
with equality if and only if K and L are homothetic, i.e. are equal up to translation and dilation.
Remarks
V1 is just one example of a class of quantities known as mixed volumes.
If L is the n-dimensional unit ball B, then n V1(K, B) is the (n − 1)-dimensional surface measure of K, denoted S(K).
Connection to other inequalities
The Brunn–Minkowski inequality
One can show that the Brunn–Minkowski inequality for convex bodies in Rn implies Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies in Rn, and that equality in the Brunn–Minkowski inequality implies equality in Minkowski's first inequality.
The isoperimetric inequality
By taking L = B, the n-dimensional unit ball, in Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies, one obtains the isoperimetric inequality for convex bodies in Rn: if K is a convex body in Rn, then
with equality if and only if K is a ball of some radius. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophagy | Paedophagy (literally meaning the "consumption of children") in its general form is the feeding behaviour of fish or other animals whose diet is partially, or primarily the eggs or larvae of other animals. However, P. H. Greenwood, who was the first to describe paedophagia, defines it to be a feeding behaviour evolved among cichlid fishes.
Location
Paedophagy is found in fishes from Lake Victoria in Africa which in total has 200-300 species, but in regards to paedophages it is known to contain 8 species. Lake Malawi in Africa has in total 500-1000 species, but in paedophages contains only several species. Other lakes which contain paegophages include Lake Edward and Lake George, both in Africa, and each contain only one species of paedophage. From Lake Malawi there are various species of cichlid fish that exhibit paedophagia, they include fishes from the genera Caprichromis, Hemitaeniochromis, and Naevochromis. In Lake Tanganyika species of the genus Haplotaxodon and Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi may also carry out this sort of feeding strategy.
Mouth brooding
Mouth brooding is the most common form of parental care in African cichlids, and has thought to have evolved from the ancestral mode of care known as substrate-guarding. As mouth brooding is so well known in cichlids, one of the main approaches of paedophages is to steal the brood directly from the mouth of a mother. Upon hatching, development occurs in the mouth until juveniles are well-formed fry, the fry then develop further in the mouth until ready in which they are the released. Typically followed by a phase of parental guarding. Since the young are kept inside the mothers mouth for an extensive amount of their juvenile life it creates a great opportunity for paedophages, as there is a high probability of a female cichlid to possess young in her mouth.
Behaviour
There are three main methods or behaviours that the predators use to obtain the eggs or young. The first method is voluntary jettisoning of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA%20plot | Within computational biology, an MA plot is an application of a Bland–Altman plot for visual representation of genomic data. The plot visualizes the differences between measurements taken in two samples, by transforming the data onto M (log ratio) and A (mean average) scales, then plotting these values. Though originally applied in the context of two channel DNA microarray gene expression data, MA plots are also used to visualise high-throughput sequencing analysis.
Explanation
Microarray data is often normalized within arrays to control for systematic biases in dye coupling and hybridization efficiencies, as well as other technical biases in the DNA probes and the print tip used to spot the array. By minimizing these systematic variations, true biological differences can be found. To determine whether normalization is needed, one can plot Cy5 (R) intensities against Cy3 (G) intensities and see whether the slope of the line is around 1. An improved method, which is basically a scaled, 45 degree rotation of the R vs. G plot is an MA-plot. The MA-plot is a plot of the distribution of the red/green intensity ratio ('M') plotted by the average intensity ('A'). M and A are defined by the following equations.
M is, therefore, the binary logarithm of the intensity ratio (or difference between log intensities) and A is the average log intensity for a dot in the plot. MA plots are then used to visualize intensity-dependent ratio of raw microarray data (microarrays typically show a bias here, with higher A resulting in higher |M|, i.e. the brighter the spot the more likely an observed difference between sample and control). The MA plot puts the variable M on the y-axis and A on the x-axis and gives a quick overview of the distribution of the data.
In many microarray gene expression experiments, an underlying assumption is that most of the genes would not see any change in their expression; therefore, the majority of the points on the y-axis (M) would be located at 0, since |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidophagy | Lepidophagy is a specialised feeding behaviour in fish that involves eating the scales of other fish. Lepidophagy is widespread, having evolved independently in at least five freshwater families and seven marine families. A related feeding behavior among fish is pterygophagy: feeding on the fins of other fish.
Species
Lepidophagy, or scale-eating, has been reported in a range of fish, including: Chanda nama (family Ambassidae), Plagiotremus (family Blenniidae), Terapon jarbua (family Terapontidae), a few Ariopsis and Neoarius species (family Ariidae), Pachypterus khavalchor (family Pachypteridae), Macrorhamphoides uradoi (family Triacanthodidae), several pencil catfish (family Trichomycteridae), some piranha, Exodon paradoxus, Probolodus, Roeboides and Roeboexodon species (order Characiformes), Cyprinodon desquamator (family Cyprinodontidae), along with both Perissodus species, all four Plecodus species, Xenochromis, Haplochromis welcommei, Docimodus, Corematodus and Genyochromis mento (family Cichlidae from the African Great Lakes).
Several of these scale-eaters also feed on fins of other fish, and many omnivorous or predatory fish may on occasion nip the fins of other fish. Only a few species are specialized fin-eaters, or pterygophagous; these include Belonophago, Eugnathichthys and Phago (family Distichodontidae), Aspidontus (family Blenniidae), and Smilosicyopus (family Gobiidae). A somewhat related behavior is found in Magosternarchus, which feed on the tails (both fin and connective tissue) of other gymnotiform knifefish.
Physiology
Many species of cichlid fish have evolved specialized teeth and mouth structures that make them better able to feed on the scales of other fish. Other species of fish also have a morphology that is better adapted to scale-eating. Many such species’ oral structures closely resemble each other even though they live in different habitats, and many also have specialized jaw structures. One species of fish in particular, called Ro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola%20Gay%20%28song%29 | "Enola Gay" is an anti-war song by the English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), and the only single taken from their second studio album Organisation (1980). Written by lead vocalist and bassist Andy McCluskey, it addresses the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by the aircraft Enola Gay on 6 August 1945, toward the conclusion of World War II. As is typical of early OMD singles, the song features a melodic synthesizer break instead of a sung chorus.
"Enola Gay" met with largely positive reviews but was seen as unlikely to impact the charts; aside from its subject matter, the song faced some resistance due to its being perceived as a gay anthem. It eventually reached No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's first top 10 entry in their home country. It was also a hit throughout continental Europe, topping the charts in Italy, Portugal and Spain. The track achieved sales in excess of 5 million copies. It has been named as one of the best songs of its era and genre, and, along with 1986's "If You Leave", is regarded as OMD's signature song.
Composition
Arrangement
Typical of early OMD compositions, the track does not feature a vocal chorus, and is recognisable by its strong, distinctive lead synthesizer hook and ambiguous lyrical content. Most of the melodic parts were recorded on a Korg Micro-Preset, and the drum machine sound was "about the last thing to go on" the recording. The song is based on the '50s progression, which repeats throughout the entire song. Speaking to Songwriting Magazine, McCluskey stated, "It’s a typical linear OMD song, it is the same four chords all the way through and it never varies. The verse, the melody, the middle eight, it’s all the same."
Keyboardist Paul Humphreys and OMD manager Paul Collister were not fans of "Enola Gay" (the latter originally threatened to resign if it were released as a single). Collister did, however, believe it was a surefire hit – a view that drummer Malcolm Holmes did not share. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyh%C3%A9rt%20Pal%C3%A1gyi | Menyhért Palágyi, in German Melchior or Meinhert Palagyi (16 or 26 December 1859 in Paks, Hungary – 14 July 1924 in Darmstadt, Germany) was a Hungarian philosopher, mathematician, and physicist of Jewish descent (his original name was Silberstein, it was changed in 1895). He was the elder brother of the Hungarian poet Ludwig Palágyi.
Palágyi presented new theory of space and time (1901), which had a certain similarity with the space-time formalism of Henri Poincaré and Hermann Minkowski in the context of special relativity theory (e.g. Palagyi used the imaginary time coordinate it as the fourth dimension of "space-time"). However, his philosophy had little in common with the physics of relativity theory. Therefore, in 1914 he expressed his criticism of the theories of Albert Einstein and Hermann Minkowski. However, in a subsequent paper Max Born showed that Palagyi's criticism was misguided.
Palagyi's concept of vital fantasy makes him an ancestor of cybernetic anthropology. His theory of virtual movement forms the basis for different movement-therapeutic concepts. Palágyi also engaged in controversy with Edmund Husserl.
Works
Madách Imre élete és költészete (I. Madachs Leben u. Dichtungen. Mit Portr. Von M. P.). Budapest: Athenaeum, 1900.
Neue Theorie des Raumes und der Zeit. Die Grundbegriffe einer Metageometrie. Unveränd. reprogr. Nachdr. d. Ausg. Leipzig, Engelmanns Verlag, 1901. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges., 1967.
Kant und Bolzano: Eine krit. Parallele. Halle a.S.: M. Niemeyer, 1902.
Der Streit der Psychologisten und Formalisten in der modernen Logik. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1902.
Die Relativitätstheorie in der modernen Physik. Vortrag gehalten auf dem 85. Naturforschertag in Wien. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1914.
Zur Weltmechanik. Beiträge zur Metaphysik der Physik. Mit einem Geleitwort von Ernst Gehrcke. Leipzig. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1925
Naturphilosophische Vorlesungen: Über die Grundprobleme des Bewusstseins und des Lebens. Leipzig: Johann Ambr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-domain%20routing | Inter-domain routing is data flow control and interaction between Primary Domain Controller (PDC) computers. This type of computer uses various computer protocols and services to operate. It is most commonly used to multicast between internet domains.
Internet use
An Internet service provider, ISP, is provided with a unique URL access address. This address is a unique number. The number for each ISP is stored within a DNS server. The DNS servers interpret the ISP URL Domain name and provide the appropriate IP address number. The Domain is under the control of a specialized computer, called a PDC, (primary domain controller). This computer holds records of all the user accounts within the domain, their rights to access information, and lists of approved System Operatives. This PDC is backed up by an SDC, (a secondary domain controller), this computer synchronises itself with the PDC and takes over the role in the event of a PDC failure. Multiple replication servers connect to these control computers and they are routed to the Internet backbone to provide the requested data to and from the domain.
Communication protocols
Internet protocols that are focused on inter-domain functions include: Border Gateway Multicast Protocol, Classless Inter-Domain Routing, Multicast Source Discovery Protocol, and Protocol Independent Multicast.
Services
A PDC uses a number of special computer programs to announce its presence to other domain controllers. It uses Windows Internet naming service WINS and Browser services to allow other computers to gain access to digital information that it has control over.
Other
The opposite of inter-domain routing is intra-domain routing, routing within a domain or an autonomous system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambek%E2%80%93Moser%20theorem | The Lambek–Moser theorem is a mathematical description of partitions of the natural numbers into two complementary sets. For instance, it applies to the partition of numbers into even and odd, or into prime and non-prime (one and the composite numbers). There are two parts to the Lambek–Moser theorem. One part states that any two non-decreasing integer functions that are inverse, in a certain sense, can be used to split the natural numbers into two complementary subsets, and the other part states that every complementary partition can be constructed in this way. When a formula is known for the natural number in a set, the Lambek–Moser theorem can be used to obtain a formula for the number not in the set.
The Lambek–Moser theorem belongs to combinatorial number theory. It is named for Joachim Lambek and Leo Moser, who published it in 1954, and should be distinguished from an unrelated theorem of Lambek and Moser, later strengthened by Wild, on the number of primitive Pythagorean triples. It extends Rayleigh's theorem, which describes complementary pairs of Beatty sequences, the sequences of rounded multiples of irrational numbers.
From functions to partitions
Let be any function from positive integers to non-negative integers that is both non-decreasing (each value in the sequence is at least as large as any earlier value) and unbounded (it eventually increases past any fixed value).
The sequence of its values may skip some numbers, so it might not have an inverse function with the same properties. Instead, define a non-decreasing and unbounded integer function that is as close as possible to the inverse in the sense that, for all positive integers ,
Equivalently, may be defined as the number of values for which .
It follows from either of these definitions that . If the two functions and are plotted as histograms, they form mirror images of each other across the diagonal line .
From these two functions and , define two more functions and , from posi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LimeSurvey | LimeSurvey (formerly PHPSurveyor) is a free and open source on-line statistical survey web app written in PHP based on a MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL or MSSQL database, distributed under the GNU General Public License. As a web server-based software it enables users using a web interface to develop and publish on-line surveys, collect responses, create statistics, and export the resulting data to other applications.
History
LimeSurvey was registered as a SourceForge.net project called PHPSurveyor on February 20, 2003 and was originally written by the Australian software developer Jason Cleeland. The first public release, version 0.93, was published on March 5, 2003. The project quickly developed a large audience of users after the development of advanced features such as branching (conditions), token control and templating.
In 2004, during the 2004 U.S. presidential election, PHPSurveyor was used to gather data about voting irregularities. It identified over 13500 incidents in the first 10 hours of voting and was selected as part of their Election Incident Reporting System.
Starting in early 2005, Carsten Schmitz, a German IT project manager, started taking on some of the lead developer responsibilities, with the full project being transferred to him in 2006. On May 17, 2007 the project name was changed from PHPSurveyor to LimeSurvey in order to make software licensing easier by not including PHP in the name.
In late 2008, a LimeSurvey hosting service named LimeService was created by LimeSurvey project leader Carsten Schmitz. It hosts LimeSurvey for users for a small fee per response.
As of June 4, 2008, LimeSurvey was ranked on SourceForge.net with an overall rank of 99 out of over 100,000 projects as of June 4, 2008. It has been downloaded more than 200,000 times and its development status is listed as "5 - Production/Stable, 6 - Mature".
In 2009, LimeSurvey participated in the Google Summer of Code, a program encouraging students older than 18 years old to wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20World%20Wide%20Web%20Conference%20Committee | The International World Wide Web Conference Committee (abbreviated as IW3C2 also written as IW3C2) is a professional non-profit organization registered in Switzerland (Article 60ff of the Swiss Civil Code) that promotes World Wide Web research and development. The IW3C2 organizes and hosts the annual World Wide Web Conference in conjunction with the W3C.
The IW3C2 was founded by Joseph Hardin and Robert Cailliau at a meeting held in Boston, United States, on 14 August 1994 to prepare for the upcoming Second International World Wide Web Conference in Chicago. The IW3C2 formally became an incorporated entity in May 1996 at the fifth conference in Paris, France.
The organization is governed by laws of the Swiss Confederation and the By-laws.
Abbreviation
The abbreviation for the International World Wide Web Conference Committee as IW3C2 is as follow:
I- The I is represents the leading I in International.
W3- The W3 represents the three 3 leading W's in World Wide Web.
C2- The C2 represents the three 2 leading C's in Conference Committee.
Mission
The mission of the IW3C2 is:
To coordinate the organization and planning of the international WWW conference series and ensure that it remains the foremost conference addressing World Wide Web research and development;
To promote a collaborative spirit among conference attendees that is essential to the success of the series;
To ensure the global geographical diversity of conference sites and provide support to local organizers at those sites;
To make sure that all content arising from these conferences and forums is permanently and openly available on the widest possible scale;
To preserve the history of the conference series;
To encourage the global development of the World Wide Web through collaboration with WWW standards organizations;
To provide a permanent, broad-based international body to achieve these purposes.
Conferences
The conferences are organized by the IW3C2 in collaboration with local organizing c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration%20fraction | In renal physiology, the filtration fraction is the ratio of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over the renal plasma flow (RPF).
Filtration Fraction, FF = GFR/RPF, or .
The filtration fraction, therefore, represents the proportion of the fluid reaching the kidneys that passes into the renal tubules. It is normally about 20%.
GFR on its own is the most common and important measure of renal function. However, in conditions such as renal artery stenosis, blood flow to the kidneys is reduced. Filtration fraction must therefore be increased in order to perform the normal functions of the kidney. Loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics decrease filtration fraction.
Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) increase filtration fraction by vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, possibly through activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.
Severe hemorrhage will also result in an increased filtration fraction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescaled%20range | The rescaled range is a statistical measure of the variability of a time series introduced by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst (1880–1978). Its purpose is to provide an assessment of how the apparent variability of a series changes with the length of the time-period being considered.
The rescaled range of time series is calculated from dividing the range of its mean adjusted cumulative deviate series (see the Calculation section below) by the standard deviation of the time series itself. For example, consider a time series {1,3,1,0,2,5}, which has a mean m = 2 and standard deviation S = 1.79. Subtracting m from each value of the series gives mean adjusted series {-1,1,-1,-2,0,3}. To calculate cumulative deviate series we take the first value -1, then sum of the first two values -1+1=0, then sum of the first three values and so on to get {-1,0,-1,-3,-3,0}, range of which is R = 3, so the rescaled range is R/S = 1.68.
If we consider the same time series, but increase the number of observations of it, the rescaled range will generally also increase. The increase of the rescaled range can be characterized by making a plot of the logarithm of R/S vs. the logarithm of the number of samples. The slope of this line gives the Hurst exponent, H. If the time series is generated by a random walk (or a Brownian motion process) it has the value of H =1/2. Many physical phenomena that have a long time series suitable for analysis exhibit a Hurst exponent greater than 1/2. For example, observations of the height of the Nile River measured annually over many years gives a value of H = 0.77.
Several researchers (including Peters, 1991) have found that the prices of many financial instruments (such as currency exchange rates, stock values, etc.) also have H > 1/2. This means that they have a behavior that is distinct from a random walk, and therefore the time series is not generated by a stochastic process that has the nth value independent of all of the values bef |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-boundary%20subsidy | Cross-boundary subsidies are caused by organisms or materials that cross or traverse habitat patch boundaries, subsidizing the resident populations. The transferred organisms and materials may provide additional predators, prey, or nutrients to resident species, which can affect community and food web structure. Cross-boundary subsidies of materials and organisms occur in landscapes composed of different habitat patch types, and so depend on characteristics of those patches and on the boundaries in between them. Human alteration of the landscape, primarily through fragmentation, has the potential to alter important cross-boundary subsidies to increasingly isolated habitat patches. Understanding how processes that occur outside of habitat patches can affect populations within them may be important to habitat management.
Introduction and development of the concept
The concept of cross-boundary subsidies developed out of a merging of ideas from the studies of landscape ecology and food web ecology. The ideas from landscape ecology allow the study of population, community, and food web dynamics to incorporate spatial relationships between landscape elements into an understanding of such dynamics (Polis et al. 1997).
Janzen (1986) first defined cross-boundary subsidies as a process whereby organisms that disperse from one patch into another impact resident organisms by providing increased food resources or opportunities for reproduction, thus serving as a subsidy to the residents. By this definition, only the cross-boundary movement of organisms is considered, but broader definitions of cross-boundary subsidies can also include materials such as nutrients and detritus (i.e. Marburg et al. 2006, Facelli and Pickett 1991).
Cross-boundary subsidies are a subset of the more general process of spatial subsidies (see Polis et al. 1997). Cross-boundary subsidies acknowledge the presence and role of the boundary between different habitat patches in mediating flows of organism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamassan | Agamassan is a porous substrate used to safely absorb acetylene and thus allow the transport, storage and commercial use of the otherwise unstable gas. It was developed and patented by the Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist Gustaf Dalén. Dalén was prominent in developing applications for acetylene.
Acetylene can readily explode when in liquid or solid form or while being pressurized, if it is pure. Dalén himself was blinded in an acetylene explosion.
In 1896, French chemists Georges Claude and Albert Hess discovered that large quantities of acetylene could be dissolved in acetone and rendered nonexplosive. As the liquid was reduced by consumption or cooling, explosive acetylene gas would collect in the space above the liquid's surface. The solution was to compress acetylene in a porous medium.
Before Dalén's work, numerous attempts were made to find a mass sufficiently elastic to withstand shock without crumbling and producing cavities filled with explosive acetylene gas.
Acetylene is shipped and stored in metal cylinders filled with agamassan, which is half-filled with dimethylformamide (DMF) or acetone. The acetylene is dissolved in the DMF or acetone. Such cylinders are safe to transport and use.
In Swedish, the porous filler is known as "AGA-massan", which would translate as "AGA mass", "AGA body", or "AGA compound". AGA was the company Dalén founded. The compound originally consisted of, among other things, asbestos, cement, and coal. The 1930 US patent also mentions kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Vinci%20Systems | da Vinci Systems was an American digital cinema company founded in 1984 in Coral Springs, Florida as a spinoff of Video Tape Associates. It was known for its hardware-based color correction products, GPU-based color grading, digital mastering systems, and film restoration and remastering systems. It was one of the earliest pioneers in post-production products. The company was owned by Dynatech Corporation (Acterna after 2000) for the majority of its lifespan until being bought by JDS Uniphase in 2005 and by Blackmagic Design in 2009.
Company history
In 1982, Video Tape Associates (VTA), a Hollywood, Florida-based production/post-production facility, began developing the Wiz for internal use and introduced it to the public the following year. The Wiz controlled early telecines such as the RCA FR-35 and the Bosch FDL 60 and offered basic primary and secondary color correction. The American post-production facilities company EDITEL Group asked VTA to build multiple Wiz systems for them. Fifteen units were made and subsequently purchased by other post-production facilities across the country. The Wiz served as a major inspiration/prototype for what would become the da Vinci Classic.
In 1984, VTA Technologies, the research and development division of VTA Post, broke away from its parent company to become da Vinci Systems, Inc. One of its four founders was Bob Hemsky. The da Vinci was the only film-to-tape or tape-to-tape color correction system on the market that offered the capability to create a basic rectangular window shape isolating a secondary color correction. In 1986, da Vinci was acquired by Dynatech Corporation and managed within their Utah Scientific business. Two years later, da Vinci Systems, LLC became its own entity as one of roughly eight video manufacturing companies within the Dynatech Video Group. In 1998, da Vinci Academy was formed to provide training to the growing number of aspiring colorists. The following year, da Vinci acquired Nevada-based S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanxin | Hanxin () was an notorious Chinese academic fraudulence case, committed in the name of a digital signal processing (DSP) microchip. Chen Jin, a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University claimed to have developed the chip in 2003. The Hanxin 1 was reportedly the first DSP chip to have been wholly developed in China. However, the chip was later revealed to have been developed by Freescale Semiconductors, a former Motorola subsidiary, with the original identifications sandpapered away.
According to analysts, the case underscores the pressure on Chinese researchers to develop technological innovations which would enable China to bridge the gap with the West. The Hanxin scandal was viewed as a major setback to China's ambition in terms of losses of substantial public funds and the time in a race that China entered late.
Exposure
At the beginning of 2006, an anonymous user posted an article on the Chinese internet forum Tianya Club about the forgery of this DSP chip with very detailed references. Later various Chinese media, including Ming Pao, a Hong Kong newspaper, claims that various ministries of the Chinese government have been investigating the Hanxin, and Chen may have duplicated a Freescale DSP from the West.
On May 12, 2006, the China News Service reported that Chen's research was faked and the Hanxin project had been cancelled.
The government decided to rescind all funds allocated to the Hanxin research, permanently banned Chen from doing any government-funded research, and ordered him to return investment money. He could also face a criminal investigation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section%20%28category%20theory%29 | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a section is a right inverse of some morphism. Dually, a retraction is a left inverse of some morphism.
In other words, if and are morphisms whose composition is the identity morphism on , then is a section of , and is a retraction of .
Every section is a monomorphism (every morphism with a left inverse is left-cancellative), and every retraction is an epimorphism (every morphism with a right inverse is right-cancellative).
In algebra, sections are also called split monomorphisms and retractions are also called split epimorphisms. In an abelian category, if is a split epimorphism with split monomorphism , then is isomorphic to the direct sum of and the kernel of . The synonym coretraction for section is sometimes seen in the literature, although rarely in recent work.
Properties
A section that is also an epimorphism is an isomorphism. Dually a retraction that is also a monomorphism is an isomorphism.
Terminology
The concept of a retraction in category theory comes from the essentially similar notion of a retraction in topology: where is a subspace of is a retraction in the topological sense, if it's a retraction of the inclusion map in the category theory sense. The concept in topology was defined by Karol Borsuk in 1931.
Borsuk's student, Samuel Eilenberg, was with Saunders Mac Lane the founder of category theory, and (as the earliest publications on category theory concerned various topological spaces) one might have expected this term to have initially be used. In fact, their earlier publications, up to, e.g., Mac Lane (1963)'s Homology, used the term right inverse. It was not until 1965 when Eilenberg and John Coleman Moore coined the dual term 'coretraction' that Borsuk's term was lifted to category theory in general. The term coretraction gave way to the term section by the end of the 1960s.
Both use of left/right inverse and section/retraction are commonly seen in the literature: the former use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%20Defence%20Intelligence%20Agency | The Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency (, PVTIEDL; Fenno-Swedish: Försvarsmaktens underrättelsetjänst) is the combined signals (SIGINT), geospatial (GEOINT) and imagery intelligence (IMINT) agency of the Finnish Defence Forces. Operational since 2014, its responsibility is to support the defence of Finland through information gathering and analysis as an intelligence agency, organic to the Intelligence Division of Defence Command.
PVTIEDL's SIGINT history can be traced back to the establishment of Finnish radio intelligence in 1927 by Reino Hallamaa, a Defence Command intelligence officer, while its GEOINT history starts from 1812 with the establishment of the Haapaniemi military surveying school and topographical service. The successes of its predecessors are considered instrumental in key battles of the Winter and Continuation War during 1939–1944, such as intelligence at the largest battle in the history of Nordic countries, the Battle of Tali-Ihantala.
Organization
Function
The Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency is subordinate to the Intelligence Division of Defence Command and its self-stated tasks include analysing military strategies, gathering geospatial and meteorological intelligence, training Defence Forces and partner staff, such as police or border guard, as well as supporting peacekeeping operations, such as Finnish deployments to the War in Afghanistan, with information services. News reports and other independent sources usually describe it as the main SIGINT, GEOINT and IMINT agency of the Finnish military.
It was formed on 1 May 2014 by merging the Finnish Military Intelligence Centre, the Finnish Intelligence Research Establishment and counter-intelligence assets from the Intelligence Division. According to a 2014 interview with Chief of Intelligence, then Brigadier General Harri Ohra-aho, the merger enabled a more comprehensive intelligence overview and enhanced analytical cooperation. The Agency's main elements are situated in Helsinki an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian%20Plant%20Pathology | Australasian Plant Pathology is a peer-reviewed international journal that publishes original research and critical reviews on phytopathology in the Australasian region. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media in cooperation with the Australasian Plant Pathology Society.
The journal began in 1972 as the APPS Newsletter. In 1978 it was renamed A.P.P. Australasian Plant Pathology, and in 1984 it adopted its current name. As of early 2007 there have been 36 volumes, at six issues per year. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.599. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo | A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter.
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using rectifiers (such as vacuum tubes or more recently via solid state technology) is effective and usually economical.
History
Induction with permanent magnets
[[file:Faraday disk generator.jpg|thumb|The Faraday disk was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m (connected to B''') through the external circuit, and back through B to the center of the disk through the axle]]
The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered in the years 1831–1832 by Michael Faraday. The principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux.
He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk, a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage. This was not a dynamo in the current sense, because it did not use a commutator.
This design was inefficient, due to self-cancelling counterflows of current in regions of the disk that were not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm%27s-eye%20view | A worm's-eye view is a view of an object from below, as though the observer were a worm; it is the opposite of a bird's-eye view.
It can be used to look up to something to make an object look tall, strong, and mighty while the viewer feels childlike or powerless.
A worm's eye view commonly uses three-point perspective, with one vanishing point on top, one on the left, and one on the right.
See also
Bird's eye view
Plans (drawings) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramorphix | The Pyramorphix (), also called Pyramorphinx, is a tetrahedral puzzle similar to the Rubik's Cube. It has a total of 8 movable pieces to rearrange, compared to the 20 of the Rubik's Cube. Although it looks like a trivially simple version of the Pyraminx, it is an edge-turning puzzle with the mechanism identical to that of the Pocket Cube.
Description
At first glance, the Pyramorphix appears to be a trivial puzzle. It resembles the Pyraminx, and its appearance would suggest that only the four corners could be rotated. In fact, the puzzle is a specially shaped 2×2×2 cube. Four of the cube's corners are reshaped into pyramids and the other four are reshaped into triangles. The result of this is a puzzle that changes shape as it is turned.
The original name for the Pyramorphix was "The Junior Pyraminx." This was altered to reflect the "Shape Changing" aspect of the puzzle which makes it appear less like the 2×2×2 Cube. "Junior" also made it sound less desirable to an adult customer. The only remaining reference to the name "Junior Pyraminx" is on Uwe Mèffert's website-based solution which still has the title "jpmsol.html".
The purpose of the puzzle is to scramble the colors and the shape, and then restore it to its original state of being a tetrahedron with one color per face.
Number of combinations
The puzzle is available either with stickers or plastic tiles on the faces. Both have a ribbed appearance, giving a visible orientation to the flat pieces. This results in 3,674,160 combinations, the same as the 2×2×2 cube.
However, if there were no means of identifying the orientation of those pieces, the number of combinations would be reduced. There would be 8! ways to arrange the pieces, divided by 24 to account for the lack of center pieces, and there would be 34 ways to rotate the four pyramidal pieces.
The Pyramorphix can be rotated around three axes by multiples of 90°. The corners cannot rotate individually as on the Pyraminx. The Pyramorphix rotates in a way |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiValue%20database | A MultiValue database is a type of NoSQL and multidimensional database, typically considered synonymous with PICK, a database originally developed as the Pick operating system.
MultiValue databases include commercial products from Rocket Software, Revelation, InterSystems, Northgate Information Solutions, ONgroup, and other companies. These databases differ from a relational database in that they have features that support and encourage the use of attributes which can take a list of values, rather than all attributes being single-valued. They are often categorized with MUMPS within the category of post-relational databases, although the data model actually pre-dates the relational model. Unlike SQL-DBMS tools, most MultiValue databases can be accessed both with or without SQL.
History
Don Nelson designed the MultiValue data model in the early to mid-1960s. Dick Pick, a developer at TRW, worked on the first implementation of this model for the US Army in 1965. Pick considered the software to be in the public domain because it was written for the military. This was but the first dispute regarding MultiValue databases that was addressed by the courts.
Ken Simms wrote DataBASIC, sometimes known as S-BASIC, in the mid-1970s. It was based on Dartmouth BASIC, but had enhanced features for data management. Simms played a lot of Star Trek while developing the language, in order to have the language function to his satisfaction.
Three of the implementations of MultiValue - PICK version R77, Microdata Reality 3.x, and Prime Information 1.0 - were very similar. In spite of attempts to standardize, particularly by International Spectrum and the Spectrum Manufacturers Association, who designed a logo for all to use, there are no standards across MultiValue implementations. Subsequently, these flavors diverged, although with some cross-over. These streams of MultiValue database development could be classified as one stemming from PICK R83, one from Microdata Reality, and one |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20%28dinosaur%29 | Sue is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, which is one of the largest, most extensive, and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex specimens ever found, at over 90 percent recovered by bulk. FMNH PR 2081 was discovered on August 12, 1990, by American explorer and fossil collector Sue Hendrickson, and was named after her.
After ownership disputes were settled, the fossil was auctioned in October 1997 for US$8.3million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil until October 7, 2020 when T. rex Stan was auctioned for US$31.8 million.Sue is now a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.
Discovery
During the summer of 1990, a group of workers from the Black Hills Institute, located in Hill City, searched for fossils at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in western South Dakota near the city of Faith. By the end of the summer, the group had discovered Edmontosaurus bones and was ready to leave.
However, a flat tire was discovered on their truck before the group could depart on August 12. While the rest of the group went into town to repair the truck, Sue Hendrickson decided to explore the nearby cliffs that the group had not checked. As she was walking along the base of a cliff, she discovered some small pieces of bone.
She looked above her to see where the bones had originated, and observed larger bones protruding from the wall of the cliff. She returned to camp with two small pieces of the bones and reported the discovery to the president of the Black Hills Institute, Peter Larson. He determined that the bones were from a T. rex by their distinctive contour and texture. Later, closer examination of the site showed many visible bones above the ground and some articulated vertebrae.
The crew ordered extra plaster and, although some of the crew had to depart, Hendrickson and a few other workers began to uncover the bones. The group was excited, as it was evident that much of the dinosaur had been preserved. Previously di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Networks | Berkeley Networks was a leading startup company that built intelligent switches targeted for the enterprise computer networking market segment.
The company was established in 1996. The name of the company comes from the school University of California, Berkeley. The founder and CEO, Dr. Ravi Sethi, received his Ph.D. and MBA from the University of California, Berkeley.
Berkeley Networks was acquired by Pittsburgh-based FORE Systems for US$250 million, and then which later was acquired by London-based GEC (now Marconi Corporation plc) for £2.8 Billion.
See also
Telecommunication
Communications protocols
External links
Intel Capital: The Berkeley Networks Investment
Fore Systems Agrees to Purchase Berkeley Networks
Defunct networking companies
Defunct computer companies of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20markup%20language | A mathematical markup language is a computer notation for representing mathematical formulae, based on mathematical notation. Specialized markup languages are necessary because computers normally deal with linear text and more limited character sets (although increasing support for Unicode is obsoleting very simple uses). A formally standardized syntax also allows a computer to interpret otherwise ambiguous content, for rendering or even evaluating. For computer-interpretable syntaxes, the most popular are TeX/LaTeX, MathML (Mathematical Markup Language), OpenMath and OMDoc.
Notations for human input
Popular languages for input by humans and interpretation by computers include TeX/LaTeX and eqn.
Computer algebra systems such as Macsyma, Mathematica (Wolfram Language), Maple, and MATLAB each have their own syntax.
When the purpose is informal communication with other humans, syntax is often ad hoc, sometimes called "ASCII math notation". Academics sometimes use syntax based on TeX due to familiarity with it from writing papers. Those used to programming languages may also use shorthands like "!" for . Web pages may also use a limited amount of HTML to mark up a small subset, for example superscripting. Ad hoc syntax requires context to interpret ambiguous syntax, for example "<=" could be "is implied by" or "less than or equal to", and "dy/dx" is likely to denote a derivative, but strictly speaking could also mean a finite quantity dy divided by dx.
Unicode improves the support for mathematics, compared to ASCII only.
Examples
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!TeX
!eqn
!ad hoc ASCII
!ad hoc Unicode
!formula
|-
|$a^2$
|a sup 2
|a^2
|a²
|
|-
|$\sum_{k=1}^N k^2 $
|sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }
|sum_{k=1}^N k^2
|Σ_{k=1}^N k²
|
|-
|$\neg (a > 2) \Rightarrow a \le 2$
|neg (a > 2) drarrow a <= 2
|!(a > 2) => a <= 2
|¬(a > 2) ⇒ a ≤ 2
|
|}
Markup languages for computer interchange
Markup languages optimized for computer-to-computer communication include MathML, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing-shape%20optimization | Wing-shape optimization is a software implementation of shape optimization primarily used for aircraft design. This allows for engineers to produce more efficient and cheaper aircraft designs.
History
Shape optimization, as a software process and tool, first appeared as an algorithm in 1995 and as commercial software for the automotive industry by 1998, as noted by F. Muyl. Relative to the age of the automotive and aeronautical companies, this software is very new. The difficulty was not with the science behind the process, but rather the capabilities of computer hardware. In 1998, F. Muyl developed a compromise between exact accuracy and computational time to reduce drag of an automotive. GA phases are the standard genetic algorithm iterations and the BFGS phases are the approximated calculations designed to save time. However, he acknowledged that the computational time required on existing hardware, nearly two weeks for a moderate improvement on an oversimplified proof of concept model, made it unattractive for commercial purposes. He also recognized that improving the modeling implementation to use automatic partial derivatives might improve the computational time, particularly with specialized hardware.
In 2000, after a couple years of computer hardware development, K. Maute introduced a more accurate system that could optimize an aircraft wing quickly enough for commercial use.
Method
Wing-shape optimization is by nature an iterative process. First, a baseline wing design is chosen to begin the process with; this is usually the wing created by aerospace engineers. This wing is assumed to be reasonably close to a best-fit design from the engineers. The next step is to model the wing shape and structure. Once those are mapped out, the software flies the model in a simulated air tunnel using well-developed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) equations. The results of the test give the various performance characteristics of that design. Once that co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Fs%20%28evolution%29 | In evolutionary psychology, people often speak of the four Fs which are said to be the four basic and most primal drives (motivations or instincts) that animals (including humans) are evolutionarily adapted to have, follow, and achieve: fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating (the final word beginning with the letter "M" rather than "F" is a reticent allusion to the cruder synonym "fuck").
The list of the four activities appears to have been first introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in articles by psychologist Karl H. Pribram, with the fourth entry in the list being known by terms such as "sex" or occasionally "fornicating", although he himself did not use the term "four Fs".
Conventionally, the four Fs were described as adaptations which helped the organism to find food, avoid danger, defend its territory, et cetera. However, in his book The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins argued that adaptive traits do not evolve to benefit individual organisms, but to benefit the passing on of genes.
Four Fs and vertebrates
In the case of vertebrates, this list corresponds to the motivational behaviours that drive the activity in the hypothalamus, namely: fighting, fleeing, feeding and sexual functioning. The hypothalamus responds to these motivations by regulating activity in the endocrine system to release hormones to alter the behaviour of the animal. These hormones include epinephrine (adrenaline) to increase blood flow and heart rate for a sufficient fight-or-flight response, and ghrelin, which is commonly described as "the hunger hormone".
In other animals
Species from other phyla than vertebrates, such as arthropods and sponges, do not possess a hypothalamus. Hormones that influence the behaviour of insects are excreted by neurosecretory cells (NCS) in the corpora cardiaca. Sponges, despite not having a neurosystem, do show signs of behaviour in response to external stimuli, but not much is known about neuro-sensory mechanisms in sponges and whether they possess |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20du%20Val | Patrick du Val (March 26, 1903 – January 22, 1987) was a British mathematician, known for his work on algebraic geometry, differential geometry, and general relativity. The concept of Du Val singularity of an algebraic surface is named after him.
Early life
Du Val was born in Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. He was the son of a cabinet maker, but his parents' marriage broke up. As a child, he suffered ill-health, in particular asthma, and was educated mostly by his mother. He was awarded a first class honours degree from the University of London External Programme in 1926, which he took by correspondence course.
He was a talented linguist, for example teaching himself Norwegian so that he might read Peer Gynt. He also had a strong interest in history but his love of mathematics led him to pursue that as a career. His earliest publications show a leaning towards applied mathematics.
His mother moved to a village near Cambridge and he became acquainted with Henry Baker, Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry. Baker turned his interest towards algebraic geometry, and he entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1927.
Research in geometry
Du Val's early work before becoming a research student was on relativity, including a paper on the De Sitter model of the universe and Grassmann's tensor calculus. His doctorate was on algebraic geometry and in his thesis he generalised a result of Schoute. He worked on algebraic surfaces and later in his career became interested in elliptic functions.
He received his Ph.D. with a thesis entitled 'On Certain Configurations of Algebraic Geometry Having Groups of Self-Transformations Representable by Symmetry Groups of Certain Polygons' under Baker's supervision in 1930. While a research student he had many famous geometers including Hodge as fellow research students, and he formed a particular friendship with Coxeter and Semple. He was elected a fellow of Trinity in 1930 for four years. During that time he travelled extensively, visi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders%20of%20sex%20development | Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are congenital conditions affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.
DSDs are subdivided into groups in which the labels generally emphasize the karyotype's role in diagnosis: 46,XX; 46,XY; sex chromosome; XX, sex reversal; ovotesticular disorder; and XY, sex reversal.
Overview
DSDs are medical conditions encompassing any problem noted at birth where the genitalia are atypical in relation to the chromosomes or gonads. There are several types of DSDs and their effect on the external and internal reproductive organs varies greatly.
A frequently-used social and medical adjective for people with DSDs is "intersex". Urologists were concerned that terms like intersex, hermaphrodite, and pseudohermaphrodite were confusing and pejorative. This led to the Chicago Consensus, recommending a new terminology based on the umbrella term disorders of sex differentiation.
DSDs are divided into following categories, emphasizing the karyotype's role in diagnosis:
46,XX DSD: Genetic Female Sex Chromosomes. Mainly virilized females as a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and girls with aberrant ovarian development.
46,XY DSD: Genetic Male Sex Chromosomes. Individuals with abnormal testicular differentiation, defects in testosterone biosynthesis, and impaired testosterone action.
Sex chromosome DSD: patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy or mosaic sex karyotypes. This includes patients with Turner Syndrome (45,X or 45,X0) and Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) even though they do not generally present with atypical genitals.
XX, Sex reversal: consist of two groups of patients with male phenotypes, the first with translocated SRY and the second with no SRY gene.
Ovotesticular disorder: patients having both ovarian and testicular tissue. In some cases the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20zeta%20function | In mathematics, the prime zeta function is an analogue of the Riemann zeta function, studied by . It is defined as the following infinite series, which converges for :
Properties
The Euler product for the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) implies that
which by Möbius inversion gives
When s goes to 1, we have .
This is used in the definition of Dirichlet density.
This gives the continuation of P(s) to , with an infinite number of logarithmic singularities at points s where ns is a pole (only ns = 1 when n is a squarefree number greater than or equal to 1), or zero of the Riemann zeta function ζ(.). The line is a natural boundary as the singularities cluster near all points of this line.
If one defines a sequence
then
(Exponentiation shows that this is equivalent to Lemma 2.7 by Li.)
The prime zeta function is related to Artin's constant by
where Ln is the nth Lucas number.
Specific values are:
Analysis
Integral
The integral over the prime zeta function is usually anchored at infinity,
because the pole at prohibits defining a nice lower bound
at some finite integer without entering a discussion on branch cuts in the complex plane:
The noteworthy values are again those where the sums converge slowly:
Derivative
The first derivative is
The interesting values are again those where the sums converge slowly:
Generalizations
Almost-prime zeta functions
As the Riemann zeta function is a sum of inverse powers over the integers
and the prime zeta function a sum of inverse powers of the prime numbers,
the k-primes (the integers which are a product of not
necessarily distinct primes) define a sort of intermediate sums:
where is the total number of prime factors.
Each integer in the denominator of the Riemann zeta function
may be classified by its value of the index , which decomposes the Riemann zeta
function into an infinite sum of the :
Since we know that the Dirichlet series (in some formal parameter u) satisfies
we can use formulas for the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Society%20for%20Plant%20Pathology | The British Society for Plant Pathology, or BSPP, is a UK-based organisation of British plant pathologists but accepts members from all countries. It was founded in 1981 and publishes three scientific journals: Plant Pathology, Molecular Plant Pathology and New Disease Reports. The BSPP has links to the International Society for Plant Pathology.
The organisation gives an annual award for the best student paper published in one of society's journals. The P. H. Gregory prize is awarded to the best presenter of an oral paper at the annual presidential meeting.
Like other organisations of its type it arranges conferences and also awards various scholarships and fellowships.
History
The Federation of British Plant Pathologists was founded in 1966 and became the independent British Society for Plant Pathology in 1981. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/321%20kinematic%20structure | 321 kinematic structure is a design method for robotic arms (serial manipulators), invented by Donald L. Pieper and used in most commercially produced robotic arms. The inverse kinematics of serial manipulators with six revolute joints, and with three consecutive joints intersecting, can be solved in closed form, i.e. a set of equations can be written that give the joint positions required to place the end of the arm in a particular position and orientation. An arm design that does not follow these design rules typically requires an iterative algorithm to solve the inverse kinematics problem.
The 321 design is an example of a 6R wrist-partitioned manipulator: the three wrist joints intersect, the two shoulder and elbow joints are parallel, the first joint intersects the first shoulder joint orthogonally (at a right angle). Many other industrial robots, such as the PUMA, have a kinematic structure that deviates a little bit from the 321 structure. The offsets move the singular positions of the robot away from places in the workspace where they are likely to cause problems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelius | Intelius, Inc. is a public records business headquartered in Seattle, Washington, United States. It provides information services, including people and property search, background checks and reverse phone lookup. Users also have the ability to perform reverse address lookups to find people using Intelius’ services and an address. Intelius, founded by former InfoSpace executives, was started in 2003.
History
Intelius was founded in 2003 by six former Infospace executives: Naveen Jain, Kevin Marcus, Niraj Shah, Ed Petersen, Chandan Chauhan and John Arnold. Intelius submitted plans for an initial public offering on January 10, 2008, but withdrew in October 2010.
On December 5, 2006, Intelius acquired Bothell, Washington-based IntelliSense Corporation, a background check, fingerprinting and drug screening company. The acquisition of Intellisense eventually became TalentWise. TalentWise was then spun off to Intelius stockholders in May 2013. On April 30, 2009, Intelius acquired Spock, a people-oriented search engine.
In November 2011, Intelius purchased the Facebook genealogy app Family Builder. In 2012, Intelius was renamed "inome" to serve as the corporate umbrella, and the Intelius name was given to the division focusing on background checks. By 2015, inome was doing business once again as Intelius. On July 1, 2015, Intelius was acquired by private equity firm H.I.G. Capital. As part of the transaction, Abani Heller replaced Jain as the company's CEO. On August 12, 2015, PeopleConnect Holdings Inc., bought the social media business Classmates.com for $30 million. The early social media site Classmates.com was created in 1995 to connect school, work and military colleagues.
Information services
Intelius has created an app available for both Android and iOS that allows users to perform people searches, reverse phone lookups and background check services directly from their mobile device.
Philanthropy
Intelius has supported several charities and non-profits over the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20channel | Membrane channels are a family of biological membrane proteins which allow the passive movement of ions (ion channels), water (aquaporins) or other solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They are studied using a range of channelomics experimental and mathematical techniques. Insights have suggested endocannabinoids (eCBs) as molecules that can regulate the opening of these channels during diverse conditions.
Properties
Hemichannels
A hemichannel is a membrane channel made up of six subunits. A hemichannel is defined as one-half of a gap junction channel. Hemichannels consist of connexins.
Pannexin
Pannexins are involved in the process of purinergic signalling. They release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activate purinergic receptors. On the other hand, purinergic receptor activation can also lead to the opening of the channel, via a positive feedback loop. In addition, P2Y receptors activate inositol trisphosphate, which leads to a transient increase in intracellular calcium, and opens both connexin and pannexin channels, therefore contributing to the propagation of calcium waves across astrocytes and epithelial cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite%20function%20on%20a%20group | In mathematics, and specifically in operator theory, a positive-definite function on a group relates the notions of positivity, in the context of Hilbert spaces, and algebraic groups. It can be viewed as a particular type of positive-definite kernel where the underlying set has the additional group structure.
Definition
Let G be a group, H be a complex Hilbert space, and L(H) be the bounded operators on H.
A positive-definite function on G is a function that satisfies
for every function h: G → H with finite support (h takes non-zero values for only finitely many s).
In other words, a function F: G → L(H) is said to be a positive-definite function if the kernel K: G × G → L(H) defined by K(s, t) = F(s−1t) is a positive-definite kernel.
Unitary representations
A unitary representation is a unital homomorphism Φ: G → L(H) where Φ(s) is a unitary operator for all s. For such Φ, Φ(s−1) = Φ(s)*.
Positive-definite functions on G are intimately related to unitary representations of G. Every unitary representation of G gives rise to a family of positive-definite functions. Conversely, given a positive-definite function, one can define a unitary representation of G in a natural way.
Let Φ: G → L(H) be a unitary representation of G. If P ∈ L(H) is the projection onto a closed subspace H` of H. Then F(s) = P Φ(s) is a positive-definite function on G with values in L(H`). This can be shown readily:
for every h: G → H` with finite support. If G has a topology and Φ is weakly(resp. strongly) continuous, then clearly so is F.
On the other hand, consider now a positive-definite function F on G. A unitary representation of G can be obtained as follows. Let C00(G, H) be the family of functions h: G → H with finite support. The corresponding positive kernel K(s, t) = F(s−1t) defines a (possibly degenerate) inner product on C00(G, H). Let the resulting Hilbert space be denoted by V.
We notice that the "matrix elements" K(s, t) = K(a−1s, a−1t) for all a, s, t in G. So U |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin%20Research%20Center | The Dolphin Research Center (DRC) is a dolphinarium on Grassy Key, Florida. The series of saltwater lagoons is home to several dolphins and California sea lions.
History
Fisherman Milton Santini opened Santini's Porpoise School in 1958, which he operated until 1972.
Santini blasted lagoons into the seashore with dynamite to create deeper pens for the dolphins.
One of Santini's dolphins, Mitzi, starred in the film Flipper.
The property was sold and renamed as Flipper's Sea School in 1972 and operated under this name until 1977.
At this point, it was purchased by Jean Paul Fortom-Gouin.
Fortom-Gouin closed the property to the public, running it as the Institute for Delphinid Research until 1983.
The Dolphin Research Center was founded in 1984 by Armando ("Mandy") and Jayne Rodriguez.
Mandy had earlier been a dolphin trainer at Miami Seaquarium and decided to interact with dolphins in a manner less "circus-y".
Animals
As of 2022, DRC listed 25 dolphins as currently residing at its facilities. Twenty-four of the dolphins are bottlenose dolphins, while the other dolphin is an Atlantic spotted dolphin. Twenty-one of the dolphins were born in captivity. Four of the bottlenose dolphins and the Atlantic spotted dolphins were rescued from the wild.
It is also home to three sea lions, several exotic birds, and two African spurred tortoises.
Guest experience
Visitors to the DRC can come in under general admission to see the dolphins and sea lions demonstrate behaviors, research, training, and other activities in narrated behavior sessions throughout the day. They can also pay to experience a variety of interactive programs either in the water or from a floating dock.
In addition to the general admission price, guests can pay more to interact with dolphins in the water.
DRC also has an "Ultimate Trainer for the Day" program where guests can shadow and participate in activities with trainers and a "Researcher Experience" where they can shadow the DRC research team.
Other gue |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality%20%28computability%20theory%29 | In computability theory, the mortality problem is a decision problem related to the halting problem. For Turing machines, the halting problem can be stated as follows:
Given a Turing machine, and a word, decide whether the machine halts when run on the given word.
In contrast, the mortality problem for Turing machines asks whether all executions of the machine, starting from any configuration, halt.
In the statement above, a configuration specifies both the machine's state (not necessarily its initial state),
its tape position and the contents of the tape. While we usually assume that in the starting configuration all but finitely many cells on the tape are blanks, in the mortality problem the tape can have arbitrary content, including infinitely many non-blank symbols written on it.
Philip K. Hooper proved in 1966 that the mortality problem is undecidable. This is true both for a machine with a tape infinite in both directions, and for a machine with semi-infinite tape. Note that this result does not directly follow from the well-known total function problem (Does a given machine halt for every input?), since the latter problem concerns only valid computations (starting with an initial configuration).
The variant in which only finite configurations are considered is also undecidable, as proved by Herman, who calls it ''the uniform halting problem''. He shows that the problem is not just undecidable, but -complete.
For disambiguation, ''Matrix mortality'' is a different problem, which is also undecidable.
Additional Models
The problem can naturally be rephrased for any computational model in which there are notions of "configuration" and "transition". A member of the model will be mortal if there is no configuration that leads to an infinite chain of transitions. The mortality problem has been proved undecidable for:
Semi-Thue systems and Markov algorithms.
Dynamical systems over or or , for , where the transition function is piecewise linear (here, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge%20Reef%20Project | The Sponge Reef Project is a binational scientific project between Germany and Canada to study the sponge reefs off British Columbia, Canada, reefs formed by sponges of the Hexactinellid family.
The project was started in 1999, following the discovery of the reefs in 1991; earlier, this reef type was thought to have existed mainly in the Jurassic period.
External links
The Sponge Reef Project
B.C.'s Reefs Among Science's Great Finds | Straight.com
Reefs of the Pacific Ocean
Reefs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future%20Internet%20Research%20and%20Experimentation | Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE) is a program funded by the European Union to do research on the Internet, its prospects, and its future, a field known as "future Internet".
History
Some researchers met with government officials in Zurich in March 2007.
The first FIRE projects started in 2008, with a budget of 40 million Euro from the seventh of the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP7).
This was known as "call 2".
In 2010, a second set of projects with a budget of 50 million Euro included technologies such as sensor networks, cloud computing and service-oriented architectures.
A third wave of projects were funded in 2011.
It included a web site and some conferences called a "Network of Excellence in InterNet Science".
A joint project with Brazil called Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe (FIBRE) had an organizational meeting in October 2011 in Poznań, Poland.
In 2012, Call 8, with a budget of 25 million Euro, led to a fourth wave of projects which were expected to start in the Fall. The focus was on federation of FIRE facilities and on experimentation on existing facilities, with innovative applications.
Call 10 of WP2013 was published 10 July 2012 (OJ C202) with deadline of 15 January 2013.
The FIRE project funded a workshop on 21 September 2012 in Brussels called "FIRE in Horizon 2020".
Federation for Future Internet Research and Experimentation
A follow-on project was called the Federation for Future Internet Research and Experimentation (Fed4FIRE). An Integrated Project in the 7th EU Framework Programme funded under grant agreement No 318389, it started in October 2012 and ran until September 2016.
Fed4FIRE+ started in January 2017 and will run for 60 months, until the end of December 2021. The Fed4FIRE+ project is the successor of the Fed4FIRE project.
See also
Future Internet
Named data networking (U.S)
Universal Identifier Network (China) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-tool | A multi-tool (or multitool) is a hand tool that combines several individual functions in a single unit. The smallest are credit-card or key sized units designed for carrying in a wallet or on a keyring, but others are designed to be carried in a trouser pocket or belt-mounted pouch.
History
The idea of incorporating several tools in one unit is very old, dating back at least as far as Middle Roman times. Many of these were used for eating.
Pocket knives
Among the earliest contemporary examples is the Swiss Army knife, as supplied by makers Victorinox and Wenger. The actual version supplied to the Swiss army includes a knife blade, a reamer, a bottle-opener–screwdriver–wire stripper, and a can-opener–screwdriver. Besides Victorinox and Wenger, many other manufacturers now make similar knives.
Other versions may include items like a nail file, tweezers, folding scissors, a tooth pick, a magnifying glass, screwdriver bits and others. There are also versions that have special tools for specific sports or outdoor activities like golf, horseback riding, shooting, hunting or fishing. Versions intended for cyclists may have a selection of allen (hex) keys, a selection of wrenches, screwdrivers, a spoke wrench, and a chain tool.
Folding multi-tools
In 1983 Tim Leatherman sold his first "Pocket Survival Tool", larger and more robust than a pocket-knife-based tool, and incorporating a set of needle-nosed pliers in a butterfly knife-style mechanism. Too large for most pockets, it came with a belt pouch.
Other multi-tools
Other multi-tool functions include a hammer, LED light, lighter, tape measure and an assortment of screwdriver bits.
Multifunction tools may be specialized for use in certain activities. Cyclists may carry a folding tool with screwdriver bits or wrenches to allow adjustment of bicycle fasteners during a ride, or for repairing a broken chain. For sport fishermen, a specialized multitool may combine common functions such as cutting fishing line, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissibility%20%28vibration%29 | Transmissibility is the ratio of output to input.
It is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted to the force applied. Transmitted force implies the one which is being transmitted to the foundation or to the body of a particular system. Applied force is the external agent that cause the force to be generated in the first place and be transmitted.
Transmissibility:
means amplification and maximum amplification occurs when forcing frequency () and natural frequency () of the system coincide.
There is no unit designation for transmissibility, although it may sometimes be referred to as the Q factor.
The transmissibility is used in calculation of passive hon efficiency.
The lesser the transmissibility the better is the damping or the isolation system.
is Desirable,
acts as a rigid body,
is Undesirable
See also
Q factor
Engineering ratios |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20Sensor%20Interface%205 | Peripheral Sensor Interface (PSI5) is a digital interface for sensors.
PSI5 is a two-wire interface, used to connect peripheral sensors to electronic control units in automotive electronics. Both point-to-point and bus configurations with asynchronous and synchronous data transmission are supported.
Functional description
PSI5 is a current interface with modulation of the sending current for the transmission of data on the power supply lines. The relatively high sending current and the use of a Manchester code for bit encoding result in high immunity against interference from radiated emissions. The use of an inexpensive twisted pair cable is thus sufficient for most of the applications, however, in automotive more expensive cabling is employed.
Data words consist of two start bits, 8 to 24 data bits and a single parity bit or optional three bit CRC (cyclic redundancy check). The bitrate is 125 kbit/s or optionally 189 kbit/s.
Standardization
Following the goal of an open interface standard, PSI5 was developed on the basis of existing proprietary implementations of the companies Autoliv, Bosch and Continental. A first common publication was released at the "Sensor" trade fair in Nuremberg in May 2005. Since summer 2006, SiemensVDO also supports the standardization of PSI5. Siemens VDO is now a part of the
Continental group of companies.
IEC EMC standard for Peripheral Sensor Interface 5 (PSI5) IEC62228-6 "Integrated circuit - EMC Evaluation of transceivers - Part 6:PSI5 transceivers" is ongoing.
See also
List of network buses
External links
psi5.org - PSI5
psi5-forum.com - PSI5-Forum
Serial buses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble%20Observatory%20for%20Sciences%20of%20the%20Universe | The Grenoble Observatory for Sciences of the Universe (OSUG) () is an astronomical observatory in France that is attached to CNRS-INSU and Grenoble Alpes University.
OSUG engages in scientific studies related to all aspects of the universe, the earth and environmental systems. The OSUG federates 1100 personals in 6 research Units, 5 Associated Research Teams and 2 joint service units federated, mostly located on the Saint-Martin d'Hères Campus near Grenoble.
OSUG was created on 26 November by governmental decree n° 85-1243.
Research fields and Observation services
OSUG federates six research units (ISTerre, IPAG, IGE, LEGI, LECA, Irstea Grenoble), five associated research teams (FAME/ESRF, CEN/CNRM, Environnements/PACTE, SigmaPhy/Gipsa-Lab, LAME/LIPhy) and two joint service units (UMS OSUG, SAJF). OSUG engages in scientific studies in astrophysics, planetary science, geophysics, geology, climatology, hydrology, glaciology and ecology.
OSUG manages a number of key Observing systems, which contribute to national and international databases. Finally, OSUG, within the University of Grenoble, plays a major role in defining and running higher education programs and provides initial and continuing education in Earth Sciences, sciences of the Universe and environmental sciences.
Outreach
In 2003, the OSUG created the planetary path of the Arboretum Robert Ruffier-Lanche on the university domain of Grenoble.
In 2010, at the request of the city of Grenoble, OSUG designed and illustrated a geological trail along the Saint-Laurent de la Bastille pedestrian climb.
The OSUG permanent exhibition, which highlights its geological collections and the scientific observations of the establishment since its beginnings, opened in 2016).
Directors
2021 - : Nathalie Cotte
2016 - 2020: Michel Dietrich
2011 - 2015: Michel Fily
2007 - 2010: Henri-Claude Nataf
2002 - 2006: Jean-Pierre Gratier
1997 - 2001: Guy Perrier
1991 - 1996: Claude Bertout
1985 - 1990: Alain Omont |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader%20election | In distributed computing, leader election is the process of designating a single process as the organizer of some task distributed among several computers (nodes). Before the task has begun, all network nodes are either unaware which node will serve as the "leader" (or coordinator) of the task, or unable to communicate with the current coordinator. After a leader election algorithm has been run, however, each node throughout the network recognizes a particular, unique node as the task leader.
The network nodes communicate among themselves in order to decide which of them will get into the "leader" state. For that, they need some method in order to break the symmetry among them. For example, if each node has unique and comparable identities, then the nodes can compare their identities, and decide that the node with the highest identity is the leader.
The definition of this problem is often attributed to LeLann, who formalized it as a method to create a new token in a token ring network in which the token has been lost.
Leader election algorithms are designed to be economical in terms of total bytes transmitted, and time. The algorithm suggested by Gallager, Humblet, and Spira for general undirected graphs has had a strong impact on the design of distributed algorithms in general, and won the Dijkstra Prize for an influential paper in distributed computing.
Many other algorithms have been suggested for different kinds of network graphs, such as undirected rings, unidirectional rings, complete graphs, grids, directed Euler graphs, and others. A general method that decouples the issue of the graph family from the design of the leader election algorithm was suggested by Korach, Kutten, and Moran.
Definition
The problem of leader election is for each processor eventually to decide whether it is a leader or not, subject to the constraint that exactly one processor decides that it is the leader. An algorithm solves the leader election problem if:
States of processors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Literature%20and%20Environment | The Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), also known as ASLE-USA, is the principal professional association for American and international scholars of ecocriticism and environmental humanities. It was founded in 1992 at a special session of the Western Literature Association conference in Reno, Nevada for the purpose of "sharing of facts, ideas, and texts concerning the study of literature and the environment."
The association hosts a biennial conference since 1995, alternating with symposia in non-conference years.
ASLE's journal is Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE), a quarterly published by Oxford University Press, in which the most current scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of environmental humanities can often be found.
ASLE Presidents, Conferences and Symposia
This is a list of people who have served as presidents of ASLE since its inception in 1992. The biennial conferences/symposia held during their tenure are given along.
See also
Ecocriticism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulder%27s%20sign | Mulder's sign is a physical exam finding associated with Morton's neuroma, which may be elicited while the patient is in the supine position on the examination table. The pain of the neuroma, as well as a click, can be produced by squeezing the two metatarsal heads together with one hand, while concomitantly putting pressure on the interdigital space with the other hand. With this technique, the pain of the Morton's neuroma will be localized strictly to the plantar surface of the involved interspace, with paresthesias radiating into the affected toes.
Eponym
It is named after the Dutch surgeon and podiatrist, Jacob D. Mulder (1901–1965).
Footnotes
Anatomical pathology
Medical signs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Interface%20North%20America | Open Interface North America (OINA) was a privately owned embedded Bluetooth software provider based in Seattle, Washington and was incorporated in 2000 as a division of the Japanese company Open Interface, Inc., which had formed in 1992. Akemi Sagawa, a Microsoft product manager at the time, was hired to run it. Another former Microsoft employee, Greg Burns, was brought in as chief technology officer.
OINA created and sold Bluetooth software stack products to chip companies with a focus on mobile devices; OINA products were included in Apple’s iPhone, Motorola’s Razr LG’s Chocolate music phone, and Logitech's FreePulse headphones. The Logitech deal was based on OINA's product, SOUNDabout Lossless, a lossless audio codec for bluetooth; SOUNDabout had very little lag and high fidelity, supported multi-channel streaming, and allowed headphone manufacturers to avoid decoding MP3 or AAC, which would have required them to pay royalties on those decompression software packages.
In 2004, OINA had a change in ownership. According to Dashlight Systems, which was founded by Tom Nault in 2003 to develop Bluetooth technology and intellectual property, Dashlight acquired a controlling interest in OINA in May 2004 and Nault became Chairman of the Board of OINA at that time.
Nault became CEO in April 2006 and Sagawa became the company president.
OINA was acquired by Qualcomm in December 2007 under an agreement signed by OINA, Qualcomm, Osprey Acquisition Corporation, and Dashlight; the deal terms were not disclosed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxarsone | Roxarsone is an organoarsenic compound that has been used in poultry production as a feed additive to increase weight gain and improve feed efficiency, and as a coccidiostat. As of June 2011, it was approved for chicken feed in the United States, Canada, Australia, and 12 other countries. The drug was also approved in the United States and elsewhere for use in pigs.
Its use in the United States was voluntarily ended by the manufacturers in June 2011 and has been illegal since 2013. Its use was immediately suspended in Malaysia. It was banned in Canada in August 2011. In Australia, its use in chicken feed was discontinued in 2012. Roxarsone has been banned in the European Union since 1999.
Production and applications
Roxarsone is a derivative of phenylarsonic acid (C6H5As(O)(OH)2). It was first reported in a 1923 British patent that described the nitration and diazotization of arsanilic acid. When blended with calcite powder, it is used in poultry feed premixes in some parts of the world. Where available, it can be purchased in 5%, 20% and 50% concentrations.
Roxarsone was marketed as 3-Nitro by Zoetis, a former subsidiary of Pfizer now a publicly traded company. In 2006, approximately one million kilograms of roxarsone were produced in the U.S.
Marketing approval in the United States
Roxarsone is one of four arsenical animal drugs that had been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in poultry and swine, along with nitarsone, arsanilic acid, and carbarsone. In September 2013, the FDA announced that Zoetis and Fleming Laboratories would voluntarily withdraw current roxarsone, arsanilic acid, and carbarsone approvals, leaving only nitarsone approvals in place. In 2015, the FDA withdrew the approval of using nitarsone in animal feeds. The ban came into effect at the end of 2015.
Controversy
Roxarsone has attracted attention as a source of arsenic contamination of poultry and other foods. In June 2011, the manufacturers suspended sales of r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Toshiba%20IBM%20Center%20of%20Competence%20for%20the%20Cell%20Processor | The Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor is the first Center of Competence dedicated to the promotion and development of Sony Toshiba IBM's Cell microprocessor, an eight-core multiprocessor designed using principles of parallelism and memory latency. The center is part of the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing and is headed by David A. Bader.
According to IBM, the center is intended "to build a community of programmers and broaden industry support for the Cell BE processor." So far, the program has resulted in two workshops that involved detailed lectures on and training with various basic cell programming concepts, and has deployed a cluster of 28 IBM BladeCenter QS20 Servers (14 blades) for student and faculty use. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisio%20Generum%20Plantarum | Revisio Generum Plantarum, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Revis. Gen. Pl., is a botanic treatise by Otto Kuntze. It was published in three volumes; the first two of these appeared in 1891, and the third was published in two parts in 1893 and 1898.
In the first two volumes, Kuntze described his entire collection of specimens from his voyage around the world, comprising around 7,700 specimens. In doing so, however, he took the opportunity to introduce his novel approach to plant nomenclature, completely revising the nomenclature of many plant taxa. This came as a surprise to most botanists, who rejected or deliberately ignored the work. His third volume replied to much of the criticism leveled against his novel system, but it was still not accepted, and Kuntze remained in dispute with the botanical community over it for the rest of this life. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Sandiego%20%28character%29 | Carmen Isabella Sandiego is a fictional character featured in a long-running edutainment video games series of the same name created by the American software company Broderbund. As an international lady thief, a criminal mastermind, and the elusive nemesis of the ACME Detective Agency, Carmen Sandiego is the principal character of the video game series and the head of ACME's rival organization, V.I.L.E. She is depicted as an extremely intelligent, stylish, fashionable woman whose signature look features a red, matching fedora and trenchcoat. Many of her crimes depicted in the games involve spectacular and often impossible cases of monument theft, which are used as a pretext to teach children geography via the simulated process of tracking down the character, the stolen monuments, and her accomplices all over the world.
Carmen Sandiegos authors were Gene Portwood, Lauren Elliott, and Dane Bigham. Writer David Siefkin, who wrote the first script of the project and invented the character's name, left before the first game was released in 1985. The character's identity as a Hispanic woman has remained a consistent and integral part of her character, and visually, she was partly influenced by the Brazilian singer and actress Carmen Miranda. Her last name alludes to the city of San Diego, California. Carmen Sandiego is referred to by such epithets as The Miss of Misdemeanor, Vicious & Cruel, The Queen of Crime, and The World's Greatest Thief.
Character overview
There are numerous discrepancies in the various media depicting Carmen Sandiego, and no official or correct canon has been designated or established. However, the following seems to have remained consistent throughout all Carmen Sandiego media created since around the mid-1980s:
In most Carmen Sandiego media, it is stated or implied that Carmen is a lady thief in that she steals only for the challenge of it, although some of her V.I.L.E. minions are more traditionally motivated. She often describes her schemes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation%20of%20the%20Navier%E2%80%93Stokes%20equations | The intent of this article is to highlight the important points of the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as its application and formulation for different families of fluids.
Basic assumptions
The Navier–Stokes equations are based on the assumption that the fluid, at the scale of interest, is a continuum – a continuous substance rather than discrete particles. Another necessary assumption is that all the fields of interest including pressure, flow velocity, density, and temperature are at least weakly differentiable.
The equations are derived from the basic principles of continuity of mass, conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy. Sometimes it is necessary to consider a finite arbitrary volume, called a control volume, over which these principles can be applied. This finite volume is denoted by and its bounding surface . The control volume can remain fixed in space or can move with the fluid.
The material derivative
Changes in properties of a moving fluid can be measured in two different ways. One can measure a given property by either carrying out the measurement on a fixed point in space as particles of the fluid pass by, or by following a parcel of fluid along its streamline. The derivative of a field with respect to a fixed position in space is called the Eulerian derivative, while the derivative following a moving parcel is called the advective or material (or Lagrangian) derivative.
The material derivative is defined as the nonlinear operator:
where is the flow velocity. The first term on the right-hand side of the equation is the ordinary Eulerian derivative (the derivative on a fixed reference frame, representing changes at a point with respect to time) whereas the second term represents changes of a quantity with respect to position (see advection). This "special" derivative is in fact the ordinary derivative of a function of many variables along a path following the fluid motion; it may be derived through application of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sinclair%20QL%20software | This is a list of software titles produced for the Sinclair QL personal computer.
Notation: Program name (purpose), publisher, first release
Utilities
#
3D Precision, High-Precision Imaging System, Digital Precision
A
Abacus (Spreadsheet), Psion (Sinclair), 1984
APL Interpreter
ArcED, coWo
Archive (Database), Psion (Sinclair), 1984
Archivist database (Std and MP), A.R.K. (Richard Howe), 1984
Assembler and Linker, Computer One
Assembler, GST Computer Systems
Assembler, Metacomco
Assembler Workbench, Talent
B
Banks of Plants, Toby Hodd, 1986
BASIC TO CPORT, Translator from SuperBASIC to Kernighan & Ritchie C, Digital Precision
BCPL Compiler, Metacomco
Beule Tools, Peter Beule
C
C Compiler (Small C), GST
C Compiler (Lattice C), Metacomco c68
Cad Pak, Datalink
Cardfile database (128K and 256K), A.R.K. (Richard Howe), 1986
Cartridge Doctor, Talent
Cosmos, Talent
CST Disk Utilities (Backup, Convert, Filed, Disced, Ramdrive), Cambridge Systems Technology
D
Data Design (Database), The Progs
Desktop Publisher, Digital Precision
Desktop Publisher Special Edition, Digital Precision
Digital C (Small C), Digital Precision
Digital C Special Edition (~~K&R C), Digital Precision
DISA (Intelligent Disassembler), JO
Disk Mate 5, PM data (Pål Monstad)
Disktool & Quickdisk, Ultrasoft (Martin Berndt)
DJ Toolkit (DJTK)
E
Easel (Business Graphics), Psion (Sinclair), 1984
EasyPTR, Albin Hessler
Eye-Q, Graphics System, Digital Precision
Eye-Q Special Edition, Graphics System, Digital Precision
F
Ferret (File Search Utility), Sector Software
Fibu (Accounting), eTo soft
Flashback (Database), Sector Software
Forth, Computer One
Fortran 77, Prospero
Front Page, (Desktop Publisher), GAP Software
G
Giga-BASIC, Giga-Soft (ABC Electronic)
Giga-Chroma, Giga-Soft (ABC Electronic)
Giga-Disassembler with Monitor, Giga-Soft (ABC Electronic)
Grafix III, Digital Precision
Graphics Toolkit, Ultrasoft (Martin Berndt)
GraphiQL, Talent
GST Assem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20chickens | Chickens have been widely used as national symbols, and as mascots for clubs, businesses, and other associations.
The chicken is a national symbol of France and is used as an (unofficial) national mascot, in particular for sports teams. See also: Gallic rooster.
The Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) independent party ZANU party used a chicken as a symbol, since a majority of Rhodesian citizens (mostly native African black) were analphabetic due to lack of school funding for the poor, so they use symbol or mascot to identify their political party.
The standard of Sir Robin from Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a chicken.
The town of Denizli in Republic of Turkey is symbolized by a chicken.
The town of Gallarate in Italy has two roosters in its coat of arms (in Italian, the word "gallo" is used both for "Gallic" and for "rooster"). Other neighboring towns have a similar coat of arms, but without roosters (e.g. Busto Arsizio).
The mascot of the English Premiership team Tottenham Hotspur is a cockerel.
Sydney Roosters Australian rugby league team
The North Adelaide Football Club are also nicknamed the Roosters.
The Rhode Island Red is the state bird of Rhode Island.
Pathé corporate logo
The athletic teams of the University of South Carolina "The USC" (the original USC) use the Gamecock (the fighting cock) as mascot and use the "Gamecocks" as their moniker.
Clube Atlético Mineiro, a soccer team in the Brazilian League has a rooster for mascot and is nicknamed "Galo" (Rooster).
Fighting Cock brand of Bourbon uses a mean rooster as their trademark.
The State Bird of Delaware is the Blue Hen, as well being the Mascot for the University of Delaware sports teams.
Packets of the popular cereal Cornflakes from Kellogg's prominently feature a cockerel.
The Big Chicken of Marietta, Georgia houses a Kentucky Fried Chicken location, and is used as a navigational aid for local military pilots.
Hector Chicken is the eponymous bird who gives his name to the fast food restaurant chain in Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facet%20theory | Facet theory is a metatheory for the multivariate behavioral sciences that posits that scientific theories and measurements can be advanced by discovering relationships between conceptual classifications of research variables and empirical partitions of data-representation spaces. For this purpose, facet theory proposes procedures for (1) Constructing or selecting variables for observation, using the mapping sentence technique (a formal definitional framework for a system of observations), and (2) Analyzing multivariate data, using data representation spaces, notably those depicting similarity measures (e.g., correlations), or partially ordered sets, derived from the data.
Facet theory is characterized by its direct concern with the entire content-universe under study, containing many, possibly infinitely many, variables. Observed variables are regarded just as a sample of statistical units from the multitude of variables that make up the investigated attribute (the content-universe). Hence, Facet theory proposes techniques for sampling variables for observation from the entire content universe; and for making inferences from the sample of observed variables to the entire content universe. The sampling of variables is done with the aid of the mapping sentence technique (see Section 1); and inferences from the sample of observed variables to the entire content universe are made with respect to correspondences between conceptual classifications (of attribute-variables or of population-members) and partitions of empirical geometric representation spaces obtained in data analysis (see Sections 2 & 3).
Of the many types of representation spaces that have been proposed, two stand out as especially fruitful: Faceted-SSA (Faceted Smallest Space Analysis) for structuring the investigated attribute (see Section 2); and POSAC (Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by base Coordinates) for multiple scaling measurements of the investigated attribute (see Section 3).
Inasmuch as o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater%20Triangle | The Bridgewater Triangle is an area of about within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States, claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFOs to poltergeists, and other spectral phenomena, various bigfoot-like sightings, giant snakes and thunderbirds. The term was coined by New England based cryptozoologist Loren Coleman.
Location
Specific boundaries of the Bridgewater Triangle were first described by cryptozoologist Loren Coleman who coined the term in the 1970s, and later in his book Mysterious America.
Historic places and landmarks
Freetown-Fall River State Forest - The Freetown-Fall River State Forest has reportedly been the site of various cult activity including animal sacrifice, ritualistic murders committed by admitted Satanists, as well as a number of gangland murders and a number of suicides.
Profile Rock - The supposed site of where Wampanoag historical figure Anawan received the lost wampum belt from Philip, legend has it the ghost of a man can be seen sitting on the rock with his legs crossed or with outstretched arms. Located within the Freetown-Fall River State Forest.
Solitude Stone - An inscribed stone located near Forest Street in West Bridgewater which was found near a missing person's body. Also known as "suicide stone," the rock was found with the inscription: "All ye, who in future days, Walk by Nunckatessett stream Love not him who hummed his lay Cheerful to the parting beam, But the beauty that he wooed."
Bridgewater State University - Several buildings and rooms on campus are alleged to be haunted by ghosts and other paranormal phenomena.
Taunton State Hospital - Some visitors have claimed that they had strange paranormal experiences in the hospital including being touched and pulled in certain areas of the hospital. It is also claimed that the hospital was used by satanic cults during the 1960s and 70s.
Hornbine School - The one-room schoolhouse was built during the 1840s and remained in active use until |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger%27s%20Code%20of%20Conduct | The Blogger's Code of Conduct was a proposal by Tim O'Reilly for bloggers to adopt a uniform policy for moderation of comments. It was proposed in 2007, in response to controversy involving threats made to blogger Kathy Sierra. The idea of the code was first reported by BBC News, who quoted O'Reilly saying, "I do think we need some code of conduct around what is acceptable behaviour, I would hope that it doesn't come through any kind of regulation it would come through self-regulation.".
In Ireland, a proposal for a code was raised in an article in Sunday Business Post in 2009 by Simon Palmer, a radio presenter and PR consultant in Dublin, after false details in relation to a client had appeared on Irish blogs Time To Raise Above Blog Standard. After his comments he was subjected to sustained on line abuse from Irish bloggers and anonymous trolls and even received death threats.
In Nepal, 10 prominent bloggers signed a Code of Ethics for Bloggers, first proposed by Ujjwal Acharya and finalized after discussion among bloggers, on July 27, 2011.
According to The New York Times, O'Reilly and others based their preliminary list on one developed by the BlogHer women's blogging support network and, working with others, came up with a list of seven proposed ideas:
Take responsibility not just for your own words, but for the comments you allow on your blog.
Label your tolerance level for abusive comments.
Consider eliminating anonymous comments.
Don't feed the trolls.
Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary who can do so.
If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so.
Don't say anything online that you wouldn't say in person.
Reception
Reaction to the proposal was internationally widespread among bloggers and media writers. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, the blogosphere described it as "excessive, unworkable and an open door to censorship." Author Bruce Brown approved of the code, reproducing in his book on bloggi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda3D | Panda3D is a game engine that includes graphics, audio, I/O, collision detection, and other abilities relevant to the creation of 3D games. Panda3D is free, open-source software under the revised BSD license.
Panda3D's intended game-development language is Python. The engine itself is written in C++ and utilizes an automatic wrapper-generator to expose the complete functionality of the engine in a Python interface. This approach gives a developer the advantages of Python development, such as rapid development and advanced memory management, but keeps the performance of a compiled language in the engine core. For instance, the engine is integrated with Python's garbage collector, and engine structures are automatically managed.
The manual and the sample programs use Python by default, with C++ available as an alternate. Both languages are fully supported. Python is the most commonly used language by developers, but C++ is also common.
The users of Panda3D include the developers of several large commercial games, a few open source projects, and a number of university courses that leverage Panda3D's short learning curve.
History
The Disney VR studio is a branch of Disney that was created to build 3D attractions for Disney theme parks. They built an attraction called "Aladdin's Magic Carpet," and the engine they created for that eventually became Panda3D. The engine in its current form bears little resemblance to those early years. Over time, Panda3D was used for additional VR rides at Disney theme parks, and was eventually used in the creation of Toontown Online, an online game set in a cartoon world, and later for the second MMORPG, Pirates of the Caribbean Online.
In 2002, the engine was released as open source. According to the authors, this was so that they "could more easily work with universities on Virtual Reality research projects." However, it took some time for Panda3D to take off as an open-source project. From the article:
The system, although quite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide%20synthesis | Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not have this limitation, although it is most often carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA or BNA.
To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. Products are often isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity. Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15–25 bases in length.
Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penney%27s%20game | Penney's game, named after its inventor Walter Penney, is a binary (head/tail) sequence generating game between two players. Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player whose sequence appears first wins.
Provided sequences of at least length three are used, the second player (B) has an edge over the starting player (A). This is because the game is nontransitive such that for any given sequence of length three or longer one can find another sequence that has higher probability of occurring first.
Analysis of the three-bit game
For the three-bit sequence game, the second player can optimize their odds by choosing sequences according to:
An easy way to remember the sequence is for the second player to start with the opposite of the middle choice of the first player, then follow it with the first player's first two choices.
So for the first player's choice of 1-2-3
the second player must choose (not-2)-1-2
where (not-2) is the opposite of the second choice of the first player.
An intuitive explanation for this result is that in any case that the sequence is not immediately the first player's choice, the chances for the first player getting their sequence-beginning, the opening two choices, are usually the chance that the second player will be getting their full sequence. So the second player will most likely "finish before" the first player.
Strategy for more than three bits
The optimal strategy for the first player (for any length of the sequence no less than 4) was found by J.A. Csirik (See References). It is to choose HTTTT.....TTTHH ( T's) in which case the second player's maximal odds of winning is .
Variation with playing cards
One suggested variation on Penney' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20quantum-mechanical%20potentials | This is a list of potential energy functions that are frequently used in quantum mechanics and have any meaning.
One-dimensional potentials
Rectangular potential barrier
Delta potential (aka "contact potential")
Double delta potential
Step potential
Periodic potential
Barrier potential
Gaussian potential
Eckart potential
Wells
Quantum well
Potential well
Finite potential well
Infinite potential well
Double-well potential
Semicircular potential well
Circular potential well
Spherical potential well
Triangular potential well
Interatomic potentials
Interatomic potential
Bond order potential
EAM potential
Coulomb potential
Buckingham potential
Lennard-Jones potential
Morse potential
Morse/Long-range potential
Rosen–Morse potential
Trigonometric Rosen–Morse potential
Stockmayer potential
Pöschl–Teller potential
Axilrod–Teller potential
Mie potential
Oscillators
Harmonic potential (harmonic oscillator)
Morse potential (morse oscillator)
Morse/Long-range potential (Morse/Long-range oscillator)
Kratzer potential (Kratzer oscillator)
Quantum Field theory
Yukawa potential
Coleman–Weinberg potential
Uehling potential
Woods–Saxon potential
Miscellaneous
Quantum potential
Pseudopotential
Superpotential
Kolos–Wolniewicz potential
See also
List of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions
List of integrable models
Science-related lists
Quantum mechanical potentials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelial%20cord | Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs (literally, "root-forms"). As well as growing underground or on the surface of trees and other plants, some fungi make mycelial cords which hang in the air from vegetation.
Mycelial cords are capable of conducting nutrients over long distances. For instance, they can transfer nutrients to a developing fruiting body, or enable wood-rotting fungi to grow through soil from an established food base in search of new food sources. For parasitic fungi, they can help spread infection by growing from established clusters to uninfected parts. The cords of some wood-rotting fungi (like Serpula lacrymans) may be capable of penetrating masonry.
The mechanism of the cord formation is not yet precisely understood. Mathematical models suggest that some fields or gradients of signalling chemicals, parallel to the cord axis, may be involved.
Rhizomorphs can grow up to in length and in diameter.
Rhizomorph
Rhizomorphs are a special morphological adaptation root-like structures found in fungi. These root-like structures are composed of parallel-oriented hyphae that can be found in several species of wood-decay and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete as well as ascomycete fungi. Rhizomorphs can facilitate the colonization of some dry-rot fungi such as Serpula lacrymans and Meruliporia incrassata and cause damage to homes in Europe and North America, respectively, by decaying wood. Another genus that is very well studied for their abundance of rhizomorphs production is Armillaria, with some species being pathogens and others saprotrophs of trees and shrubs.
Known for their role in facilitating the spread and colonization of fungi in the environment, rhizomorphs are the most complex organs produced b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treethanol | Treethanol is an ethanol fuel (more precisely cellulosic ethanol) made from trees.
Summary
The biofuel is a contender in the race to find an energy alternative to fossil fuels. Proponents of Treethanol claim that its energy yield is higher compared to the energy required for production when compared with more common sources of ethanol i.e. sugar cane and corn.
Production
Cellulosic ethanol is produced using the lignocellulose biomass that comprises much of the mass of plants. Essentially at the core of the plant material is cellulose, which can be broken down into simple carbohydrate sugars. After these sugars have been extracted, they can be then be fermented into an alcohol, which is known as ethanol. The most widely used and promising means of creating cellulosic ethanol is called the cellulolysis process. The process consists of hydrolysis on pretreated lignocellulosic materials. Then enzymes are used to break down cellulose into glucose. This glucose is then fermented and distilled. The pretreatment step mentioned above is necessary when processing cellulosic ethanol because the glucose (sugars) are not readily accessible as they are with other ethanol sources such as corn or sugar cane. Rather, the cellulose in wood must be separated from the encapsulating hemicellulose and lignin.
There are three types of pretreatment: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical treatment involves physically reducing wood particle size. This can be accomplished through chipping, grinding, etc. Biological treatments involve the use of microorganisms to break down the wood. This type is considered favorable to physical pretreatments because it consumes far less energy in comparison, but the biological method has not proven to be scalable to an industrial level. The chemical method utilizes an alkaline or otherwise acidic medium to make the cellulose within wood fibers more accessible. This has shown to be the most efficient and has the lowest energy cost.
Forest tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir%20computing | Reservoir computing is a framework for computation derived from recurrent neural network theory that maps input signals into higher dimensional computational spaces through the dynamics of a fixed, non-linear system called a reservoir. After the input signal is fed into the reservoir, which is treated as a "black box," a simple readout mechanism is trained to read the state of the reservoir and map it to the desired output. The first key benefit of this framework is that training is performed only at the readout stage, as the reservoir dynamics are fixed. The second is that the computational power of naturally available systems, both classical and quantum mechanical, can be used to reduce the effective computational cost.
History
The concept of reservoir computing stems from the use of recursive connections within neural networks to create a complex dynamical system. It is a generalisation of earlier neural network architectures such as recurrent neural networks, liquid-state machines and echo-state networks. Reservoir computing also extends to physical systems that are not networks in the classical sense, but rather continuous systems in space and/or time: e.g. a literal "bucket of water" can serve as a reservoir that performs computations on inputs given as perturbations of the surface. The resultant complexity of such recurrent neural networks was found to be useful in solving a variety of problems including language processing and dynamic system modeling. However, training of recurrent neural networks is challenging and computationally expensive. Reservoir computing reduces those training-related challenges by fixing the dynamics of the reservoir and only training the linear output layer.
A large variety of nonlinear dynamical systems can serve as a reservoir that performs computations. In recent years semiconductor lasers have attracted considerable interest as computation can be fast and energy efficient compared to electrical components.
Recent advances i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleste%202 | Aleste 2 (アレスタ２) is a scrolling shooter video game developed and released by Compile for the MSX2 in 1989 exclusively in Japan. It is a sequel to Aleste and is the first game in the Aleste series to feature the recurring series heroine Ellinor who later appeared in Musha Aleste. Aleste 2, along with other Compile shooters, was also released for the now-defunct WOOMB service. In 2009, ProjectEGG released the game digitally for Windows, also in English.
Gameplay
Just like in the first Aleste, the player controls a spaceship the flies across a scrolling land. It features the same gameplay from its predecessor, with multiple weapons which are equipped by picking the corresponding icon, though this time the player can choose its starting secondary weapon before starting the game, with the chosen weapon becoming more powerful.
Plot
The game takes place in the year 2039, two decades after the supercomputer DIA 51 attacked and decimated the Earth. After the long restoration period, Earth is invaded by a race of alien plantlike humanoids called the Vagand, intent on finding a new food source on Earth. In their first attack on Earth, the Vagand destroy an Earth space cruiser commanded by the previous Earth hero, Ray Waizen. Their plan to invade Earth is challenged by the newest version of the Aleste piloted by the daughter of Ray and Yuri Waizen, Ellinor, who has vowed to avenge her father's death and to personally kill the Vagand leader Gaizel.
Development and release
Former Compile members Yuichi Toyama and Kazuyuki Nakashima stated that a prototype of Aleste 2 for Sega Mega Drive was developed but it was ultimately reworked into MUSHA.
Reception
Retro Gamer included it among top ten MSX games. While the three Aleste titles for the MSX computers "all are worth seeking out", they chose Aleste 2 "because it looks superb, allows you to select your weapons at the start of the game, and is the first title in the canon to feature reoccurring protagonist Ellinor".
Adaptatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20art | Microbial art, agar art, or germ art is artwork created by culturing microorganisms in certain patterns. The microbes used can be bacteria, yeast, fungi, or less commonly, protists. The microbes can be chosen for their natural colours or engineered to express fluorescent proteins and viewed under ultraviolet light to make them fluoresce in colour.
Methods
Agar plates are used as a canvas, while pigmented or fluorescent bacteria and yeasts represent paint. In order to preserve a piece of microbial art after a sufficient incubation, the microbe culture is sealed with epoxy.
Microbe species can be artistically chosen for their natural colours to form a palette. Suitable species of bacteria (with their colours) include Bacillus subtilis (cream to brown), Chromobacterium violaceum (violet), Escherichia coli (colourless), Micrococcus luteus (yellow), Micrococcus roseus (pink), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (brown), Pseudomonas fluorescens (naturally blue-green fluorescent with pyoverdine), Serratia marcescens (pink or orange), Staphylococcus aureus (yellow), and Vibrio fischeri (bioluminescent).
Yeast species – which are fungi – used in microbial art include Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yellow–white) Aspergillus flavus (yellow–green spores), Aspergillus ochraceus (yellow), Aureobasidium pullulans (black), Candida albicans (whitish buff), Candida sake, Candida sp. (whitish), Cladosporium herbarum (brown to black), Cladosporium resinae, Epicoccum nigrum (yellow, orange, red, brown, and black), Fusarium sp., Rhodotorula sp., and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.
Protist species used in microbial art include Euglena gracilis (photosynthetic, green) and Physarum polycephalum (yellow–green).
A technique called "bacteriography" involves selectively killing certain areas of a bacterial culture with radiation in order to produce artistic patterns. After incubation, the culture is sealed with acrylic.
The type of medium in the agar plates is also important. Chromagar Cand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Repeat%20Binding%20Factor | C-Repeat Binding Factors (CBFs) are transcription factors in plants involved in response to low temperature.
Also known as Dehydration Response Element Binding factors (DREBs), they are a subfamily of AP2 DNA binding domain transcription factors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20systems%20management%20systems | This is a list of notable systems management systems.
Overview
See also
Configuration management
Comparison of network monitoring systems
Comparison of open source configuration management software
Systems management
Systems management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine%20palmitoyltransferase%20II | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.
Function
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II precursor (CPT2) is a mitochondrial membrane protein which is transported to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CPT2 together with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I oxidizes long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. Defects in this gene are associated with mitochondrial long-chain fatty-acid (LCFA) oxidation disorders and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of CPT2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Cpt2tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping
See also
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchicetus | Kutchicetus is an extinct genus of early whale of the family Remingtonocetidae that lived during Early-Middle Eocene (Lutetian and Ypresian) in what is now the coastal border of Pakistan and India (, paleocoordinates ). It is closely related to Andrewsiphius with which it was synonymized by . proposed a new clade, Andrewsiphiinae, for the two species. Later authors, however, still accept both as separate genera.
Kutchicetus is smaller than other remingtonocetids, and probably is the smallest Eocene cetacean. With its extremely narrow snout, it resembles Remingtonocetus and Dalanistes, but its strong tail distinguishes it from both Remingtonocetus and Andrewsiphius. Its limbs were short.
Kutchicetus' vertebral formula is 7, 15, 8, 4, 20–25. Its four fused sacral vertebrae were probably articulated to the hip bone and the numerous tail vertebrae were robust and elongated in contrast to its short and relatively gracile limb bones. This morphology suggests that the tail played an important role in its locomotion, yet the proportions of the caudal-most vertebrae indicates Kutchicetus did not have flukes.
Kutchicetus vertebral proportions are unlike those of any other cetaceans but similar to those of some land-living or semi-aquatic mammals, such as Pachyaena and otters. Kutchicetus' limbs and sacrum were probably weight-bearing and it probably swam using undulatory movements like modern otters and most likely Ambulocetus. This mode of locomotion represents a transitional stage in whale evolution.
See also
Evolution of cetaceans
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxin-7 | Peroxin-7 is a receptor associated with Refsum's disease and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1.
See also
Peroxin
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Refsum Disease
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20Computing%20Corporation | Secure Computing Corporation (SCC) was a public company that developed and sold computer security appliances and hosted services to protect users and data. McAfee acquired the company in 2008.
The company also developed filtering systems used by governments such as Iran and Saudi Arabia that blocks their citizens from accessing information on the Internet.
Company history
In 1984, a research group called the Secure Computing Technology Center (SCTC) was formed at Honeywell in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The centerpiece of SCTC was its work on security-evaluated operating systems for the NSA. This work included the Secure Ada Target (SAT) and the Logical Coprocessing Kernel (LOCK), both designed to meet the stringent A1 level of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC).
Over the next several years, Secure Computing morphed from a small defense contractor into a commercial product vendor, largely because the investment community was much less interested in purchasing security goods from defense contractors than from commercial product vendors, especially vendors in the growing Internet space.
Secure Computing became a publicly traded company in 1995. Following the pattern of other Internet-related startups, the stock price tripled its first day: it opened at $16 a share and closed at $48. The price peaked around $64 in the next several weeks and then collapsed over the following year or so. It ranged between roughly $3 and $20 afterward until the company was purchased by McAfee.
The company headquarters were moved to San Jose, California, in 1998, though the bulk of the workforce remained in the Twin Cities. The Roseville employees completed a move to St. Paul, Minnesota, in February 2006. Several other sites now exist, largely the result of mergers.
Mergers and acquisitions
Secure Computing consisted of several merged units, one of the oldest being Enigma Logic, Inc., which was started around 1982. Bob Bosen, the founder, claims to have created t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillarin | rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FBL gene.
Function
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA. It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nucleolar RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal repetitive domain that is rich in glycine and arginine residues, like fibrillarins in other species. Its central region resembles an RNA-binding domain and contains an RNP consensus sequence. Antisera from approximately 8% of humans with the autoimmune disease scleroderma recognize fibrillarin.
Fibrillarin is a component of several ribonucleoproteins including a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (SnRNP) and one of the two classes of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). SnRNAs function in RNA splicing while snoRNPs function in ribosomal RNA processing.
Fibrillarin is associated with U3, U8 and U13 small nuclear RNAs in mammals and is similar to the yeast NOP1 protein. Fibrillarin has a well conserved sequence of around 320 amino acids, and contains 3 domains, an N-terminal Gly/Arg-rich region; a central domain resembling other RNA-binding proteins and containing an RNP-2-like consensus sequence; and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain. An evolutionarily related pre-rRNA processing protein, which lacks the Gly/Arg-rich domain, has been found in various archaea.
A study by Schultz et al. indicated that the K-turn binding 15.5-kDa protein (called Snu13 in yeast) interacts with spliceosome proteins hPRP31, hPRP3, hPRP4, CYPH and the small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins NOP56, NOP58, and fibrillarin. The 15.5-kDa protein has sequence similarity to other RNA-binding proteins such as ribosomal proteins S12, L7a, and L30 and the snoRNP protein NHP2. The U4/U6 snRNP contains 15.5-kDa protein. The 15.5-kDa pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile-ITX | Mobile-ITX is the smallest (by 2009) x86 compliant motherboard form factor presented by VIA Technologies in December, 2009. The motherboard size (CPU module) is . There are no computer ports on the CPU module and it is necessary to use an I/O carrier board. The design is intended for medical, transportation and military embedded markets.
History
The Mobile-ITX form factor was announced by VIA Technologies at Computex in June, 2007. The motherboard size of first prototypes was . The design was intended for ultra-mobile computing such as a smartphone or UMPC.
The prototype boards shown to date include a x86-compliant 1 GHz VIA C7-M processor, 256 or 512 megabytes of RAM, a modified version of the VIA CX700 chipset (called the CX700S), an interface for a cellular radio module (demonstration boards contain a CDMA radio), a DC-DC electrical converter, and various connecting interfaces.
At the announcement, an ultra-mobile PC reference design was shown running Windows XP Embedded.
Notes and references
External links
Mobile-ITX Specification
Motherboard form factors
IBM PC compatibles
Mobile computers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Atlantic%20Time-series%20Study | The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) is a long-term oceanographic study by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS). Based on regular (monthly or better) research cruises, it samples an area of the western Atlantic Ocean nominally at the coordinates . The cruise programme routinely samples physical properties such as ocean temperature and salinity, but focuses on variables of biological or biogeochemical interest including: nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicic acid), dissolved inorganic carbon, oxygen, HPLC of pigments, primary production and sediment trap flux. The BATS cruises began in 1988 but are supplemented by biweekly Hydrostation "S" cruises to a neighbouring location () that began in 1954. The data collected by these cruises are available online.
Scientific Findings
Between 1998 and 2013, research conducted at BATS has generated over 450 peer-reviewed articles. Among the findings are measurements showing the gradual acidification of the surface ocean, where surface water pH, carbonate ion concentration, and the saturation state for calcium carbonate minerals, such as aragonite, have all decreased since 1998. Additionally, studies at BATS have shown changes in the Revelle factor, suggesting that the capacity of North Atlantic Ocean surface waters to absorb carbon dioxide has diminished, even as seawater pCO2 has kept pace with increasing atmospheric pCO2.
See also
Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT)
Weather ship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR%20%28selcall%29 | There are many types and formats of CCIR Selcall. For example, CCIR 493-4 is a standard format for HF Selcall for Land Mobile applications. CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio) functions have largely been taken over by ITU-R.
One common type of CCIR selcall used in VHF and UHF FM two-way radio communications, is a 5-tone selective calling system mainly found in some European countries and used by the Swedish Police and the Turkish Police.
The tone duration of a 5 tone CCIR selcall is 100 milliseconds (± 10 ms) and the tones are transmitted sequentially. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent%20Committee%20on%20Place%20Names | The Permanent Committee on Place Names (PCPN) created from the various Australian and New Zealand committees on geographical names.
The PCPN started in 1984 as the Committee for Geographical Names in Australia (CGNA) and it was renamed in 2005.
It was integrated within the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) in 1993. It is also associated with the Geospatial and Earth Monitoring Division of Geoscience Australia.
It contributes to the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.
Annual meetings
Annual meetings followed at:-
Bathurst (NSW) - 1985
Adelaide - 1986
Darwin - 1987
Brisbane - 1988
Hobart - 2010
Adelaide - 2011
Brisbane - 2012
Canberra - 2013
Official authorities
The authorities that work on geographic names and are members of the committee, and the enabling legislation, are as follows:
Australian Capital Territory - National Memorials Committee - National Memorials Ordinance 1928
New South Wales - Geographical Names Board of New South Wales - Geographical Names Act 1966
New Zealand Geographic Board Ng Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa
Northern Territory - Place Names Committee for the Northern Territory - Place Names Act 1978
Queensland - The Department of Geographic information - Queensland Place Names Act 1988
South Australia - Geographical Names Board of South Australia - Geographical Names Act 1969
Tasmania - Nomenclature Board of Tasmania - Survey Co-ordination Act 1944 amendments of 1955 and 1964
Victoria - Place Names Committee - Survey Co-ordination (Place Names) Act 1965, updated to Geographic Place Names Act 1998
Western Australia - Geographic Names Committee - Landgate - Land Administration Act 1997 (was originally the Nomenclature Advisory Committee, appointed in 1936 ); Western Australian Place Names and Addressing
Additional members
Antarctic Names Committee of Australia
Australian Surveying and Land Information Group
Department of Defence - Army
Department of Defence - Navy
See also
Gazetteer of Austr |
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