source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean%20torpedo | Tetronarce tremens, commonly known as the Chilean torpedo, is a species of fish in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is open seas. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean%20round%20stingray | The Chilean round stingray (Urobatis marmoratus), is a species of round ray, family Urolophidae. Virtually nothing is known about it, as it is only known from a single specimen described by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1893. The specimen measured 38.5 cm long and was collected off Quintero, Chile. It had the nearly circular pectoral fin disc typical of the round rays, with the front margins straight. The distance between the eyes was more than two-thirds the distance between the eyes and the tip of the snout. The body was very thick for a ray, and completely smooth. The tail was shorter than the length of the disc. The coloration was distinctive, consisting of numerous small white spots on a dark background. It is likely benthic. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Ireland%20stingaree | The New Ireland stingaree (Spinilophus armatus) or black-spotted stingaree, is a species of stingray in the family Urolophidae, known only from a single juvenile male long, collected in the Bismarck Archipelago. This species has an oval pectoral fin disc with tiny eyes and a rectangular curtain of skin between the nostrils. Its tail is fairly long and terminates in a leaf-shaped caudal fin, and lacks a dorsal fin. Uniquely among stingarees, it has rows of sharp spinules on the posterior portion of its back and the base of its tail. Its dorsal coloration is brown with dark spots. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this ray as Data Deficient, pending more information.
Taxonomy
The only known specimen of the New Ireland stingaree is a juvenile male collected by René Primevère Lesson and Prosper Garnot, during the 1822–25 expedition of the French frigate La Coquille. It was first referenced as Urolophus armatus by Achille Valenciennes, and furnished with a description by Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle (who are thus considered the species authorities) in their 1838–41 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Its specific epithet means "armed" in Latin, referring to its denticles.
Distribution and habitat
The sole specimen was collected off the island of New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago, northeast of Papua New Guinea, though the depth and habitat was not recorded. No other specimens have been found since, suggesting that it occurs only in a very restricted geographic and depth range.
Description
Superficially, the New Ireland stingaree resembles a much smaller deepwater stingray (Plesiobatis daviesi). Its pectoral fin disc is oval in shape and wider than long, with evenly rounded outer margins. The leading margins of the disc become slightly concave as they converge on the protruding, pointed snout. The eyes are tiny and immediately followed by slightly larger spiracles. The nostrils are short and oval, with a nearly recta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20stingaree | The Java stingaree (Urolophus javanicus) is a species of stingray in the family Urolophidae, known only from a single female specimen long caught off Jakarta, Indonesia. This species is characterized by an oval-shaped pectoral fin disc longer than wide, and a tail with a dorsal fin in front of the stinging spine and a caudal fin. It is brown above, with darker and lighter spots. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the Java stingaree as Critically Endangered; it has not been recorded since its discovery over 150 years ago, and its range is subject to heavy fishing pressure and habitat degradation.
Taxonomy
In July 1862, German zoologist Eduard von Martens purchased the sole known specimen of the Java stingaree at a fish market in Jakarta. He described it as Trygonoptera javanica in an 1864 volume of the scientific journal Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin (Monthly Report of the Academy of Sciences, Berlin). Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus Urolophus.
Distribution and habitat
The Java stingaree has only been found off Java, perhaps in the vicinity of Jakarta. Its exact range, and depth and habitat preferences, are unknown but probably very restricted.
Description
The Java stingaree has an oval pectoral fin disc slightly longer than wide; the leading margins are gently convex and converge at a blunt angle on the snout. The eyes are followed by larger, comma-shaped spiracles. The nostrils are crescent-like, and between them is a curtain of skin with a minutely fringed posterior margin. The mouth is bow-shaped, and contains three papillae (nipple-like structures) on the floor. The teeth are closely arranged with a quincunx pattern; each is small with a transverse ridge on the crown. The five pairs of gill slits are short. The pelvic fins are almost square, with rounded corners. The tail is shorter than the disc and bears a prominent dorsal fin about halfway along its length; immediately posterior to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAP%20stain | In histology, the GFAP stain is done to determine whether cells contain glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein found in glial cells.
It is useful for determining whether a tumour is of glial origin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausena%20lansium | Clausena lansium, also known as wampee or wampi (from Cantonese ), is a species of strongly scented evergreen trees 3–8 m tall, in the family Rutaceae, native to southeast Asia.
Its leaves are smooth and dark green. White flowers in late March are white, with four or five petals, about 3–4 mm in diameter. The fruit is oval, about 3 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, and contains two to five seeds that occupy ~40-50% of the fruit volume. The tree reaches a maximum height of 20 meters. It grows well in tropical or subtropical conditions, and is susceptible to cold. Wampee trees grow well in a wide range of soil, but will grow best in rich loam.
The wampee is cultivated for its fruit, which is a grape-sized, fragrant citrus. Its skin and seeds are often eaten alongside the pulp, much like kumquat. The tree is popular in China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Less frequently, it is grown in India, Sri Lanka, and Queensland; occasionally, it is cultivated even in Florida and Hawaii.
It is grown extensively in the New Territories of Hong Kong, and is a popular fruit among the indigenous Hakka villagers.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulonocara%20auditor | Aulonocara auditor is a species of haplochromine cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi. It was known only from the holotype collected in northern Lake Malawi near Vua, Malawi. The IUCN state that this species may possibly be extinct due to beach seining within its limited range but there are claims that it was observed in 1989 and was quite numerous, although this was later retracted and it was stated that these observations referred to Aulonocara aquilonium. Following an examination of the holotype, this examination also suggests that A. auditor may not be a species of Aulonocara and that more material needs to be collected and studied. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20sieve | Lehmer sieves are mechanical devices that implement sieves in number theory. Lehmer sieves are named for Derrick Norman Lehmer and his son Derrick Henry Lehmer. The father was a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley at the time, and his son followed in his footsteps as a number theorist and professor at Berkeley.
A sieve in general is intended to find the numbers which are remainders when a set of numbers are divided by a second set. Generally, they are used in finding solutions of Diophantine equations or to factor numbers. A Lehmer sieve will signal that such solutions are found in a variety of ways depending on the particular construction.
Construction
The first Lehmer sieve in 1926 was made using bicycle chains of varying length, with rods at appropriate points in the chains. As the chains turned, the rods would close electrical switches, and when all the switches were closed simultaneously, creating a complete electrical circuit, a solution had been found. Lehmer sieves were very fast, in one particular case factoring
in 3 seconds.
Built in 1932, a device using gears was shown at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. These had gears representing numbers, just as the chains had before, with holes. Holes left open were the remainders sought. When the holes lined up, a light at one end of the device shone on a photocell at the other, which could stop the machine allowing for the observation of a solution. This incarnation allowed checking of five thousand combinations a second.
In 1936, a version was built using 16 mm film instead of chains, with holes in the film instead of rods. Brushes against the rollers would make electrical contact when the hole reached the top. Again, a full sequence of holes created a complete circuit, indicating a solution.
Several Lehmer sieves are on display at the Computer History Museum. Since then, the same basic idea has been used to design sieves in integrated circuits or software.
See a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoblast | In amniote embryology, the hypoblast is one of two distinct layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst, or from the blastodisc in reptiles and birds. The hypoblast gives rise to the yolk sac, which in turn gives rise to the chorion.
The hypoblast is a layer of cells in fish and amniote embryos. The hypoblast helps determine the embryo's body axes, and its migration determines the cell movements that accompany the formation of the primitive streak, and helps to orient the embryo, and create bilateral symmetry.
The other layer of the inner cell mass, the epiblast, differentiates into the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Structure
The hypoblast lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. The hypoblast in fish (but not in birds and mammals) contains the precursors of both the endoderm and mesoderm. In birds and mammals, it contains precursors to the extraembryonic endoderm of the yolk sac.
In chick embryos, early cleavage forms an area opaca and an area pellucida, and the region between these is called the marginal zone. Area opaca is the blastoderm's peripheral part where the cells remain unseparated from the yolk. It is a white area that transmits light.
Function
Although the hypoblast does not contribute to the embryo, it influences the orientation of the embryo. The hypoblast also inhibits primitive streak formation. The absence of hypoblast results in multiple primitive streaks in chicken embryos. The primitive endoderm derived yolk sac ensures the proper organogenesis of the fetus and the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Hypoblast cells also provide chemical signals that specify the migration of epiblast cells.
Amniotes
Birds
In birds, the primitive streak formation is generated by a thickening of the epiblast called the Koller's sickle
The Koller's sickle is created at the posterior edge of the area pellucida while the rest of the cells of the area pellucida remain at th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20lifetime | A definition in semiconductor physics, carrier lifetime is defined as the average time it takes for a minority carrier to recombine. The process through which this is done is typically known as minority carrier recombination.
The energy released due to recombination can be either thermal, thereby heating up the semiconductor (thermal recombination or non-radiative recombination, one of the sources of waste heat in semiconductors), or released as photons (optical recombination, used in LEDs and semiconductor lasers). The carrier lifetime can vary significantly depending on the materials and construction of the semiconductor.
Carrier lifetime plays an important role in bipolar transistors and solar cells.
In indirect band gap semiconductors, the carrier lifetime strongly depends on the concentration of recombination centers. Gold atoms act as highly efficient recombination centers, silicon for some high switching speed diodes and transistors is therefore alloyed with a small amount of gold. Many other atoms, e.g. iron or nickel, have similar effect.
Overview
In practical applications, the electronic band structure of a semiconductor is typically found in a non-equilibrium state. Therefore, processes that tend towards thermal equilibrium, namely mechanisms of carrier recombination, always play a role.
Additionally, semiconductors used in devices are very rarely pure semiconductors. Oftentimes, a dopant is used, giving an excess of electrons (in so-called n-type doping) or holes (in so-called p-type doping) within the band structure. This introduces a majority carrier and a minority carrier. As a result of this, the carrier lifetime plays a vital role in many semiconductor devices that have dopants.
Recombination mechanisms
There are several mechanisms by which minority carriers can recombine, each of which subtract from the carrier lifetime. The main mechanisms that play a role in modern devices are band-to-band recombination and stimulated emission, which are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20A.%20Philbrick | George A. Philbrick was responsible, through his company George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R), for the 1953 commercialization and wide adoption of operational amplifiers, a now-ubiquitous component of analog electronic systems, and the invention and commercialization of electronic analog computers based on the operational amplifier principle. He also created the first electronic training simulator, the Polyphemus. The invention, or co-invention, of the operational amplifier has also been credited to a number of other people, including a war-needs driven Bell Labs team led by Clarence A. Lovell (C. A. Lovell et al., 1940 ff.) and Loebe Julie.
The actual naming of the operational amplifier likely occurred in the classic 1947 paper by John Ragazzini, et al. However analog computations using op amps as we know them today began with the work of the Clarence Lovell-led war needs group at Bell Labs, around 1940 (acknowledged generally in John Ragazzini's paper). In 1952, George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R) introduces the K2-W, considered the “Model T” of op amps.
See also
Bob Pease
Bob Widlar
External links
The Philbrick Archive
EEtimes.com: Unsung hero pioneered op amp
Bibliography
Lovell, C.A., et al., "Artillery Predictor," US Patent 2,404,081, filed May 1, 1941, issued September 24, 1946. (The mathematics of analog computer system using op amps for functions of repeating, inverting and summing amplifiers, plus differentiation).
Lovell, C.A., et al., "Electrical Computing System," US Patent 2,404,387, filed May 1, 1941, issued July 23, 1946. (An analog computer system using op amps for control).
Lovell, C. A. "Continuous Electrical Computation," Bell Laboratories Record, 25, March, 1947, pp. 1 14–118. (An overview of various fire-control analog computational circuits of the T10 and M9 systems, many illustrating uses of op amps).
Nyquist, H. “Regeneration theory,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 11, pp. 126–147, Jan. 1932.
Black, H.S. “Stabili |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20Klein | Willem Klein (4 December 1912 – 1 August 1986), also known as Wim Klein or under his stage names Pascal and Willy Wortel, was a Dutch mathematician of Jewish ancestry, famous for being able to carry out very complicated calculations in his head very fast. On 27 August 1976, he calculated the 73rd root of a 500-digit number in 2 minutes and 43 seconds. This feat was recorded by the Guinness Book of Records.
Background
Wim Klein was born in Amsterdam on 4 December 1912 to Henry Klein, GP, and Emma Cohen. Klein had a rough childhood because his father wanted him to become a Doctor (as his father was), even though he was quite opposed to the idea. In addition to this pressure, his mother also committed suicide in 1929. In 1932, when Klein finished High School, despite wanting badly to pursue his love of mathematics, he gave in to his father's demands and enrolled at the University of Amsterdam for Medicine; he succeeded in getting his bachelor's degree in 1935. His father died in 1937, and though he passed the first part of his doctoral exam, he eventually gave up. It was around this time that he discovered his homosexuality. Both Klein and his older brother Leo were regularly examined by a neurologist in Amsterdam for their incredible computing capabilities. Stokvis labeled Wim as a "auditory calculator," and his brother Leo as a "visual calculator."
When the Germans invaded in May 1940, Klein began working in a Jewish hospital and continued with his doctoral studies in 1941. In 1942, though, he had to hide; his brother was captured and taken to the Sobibór extermination camp, where he died. After the war, Klein returned to his doctoral studies, but he also worked in circuses in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, performing fast calculations as an act, often under the stage name 'Pascal'. He lived a fairly nomadic lifestyle and performed in such shows until 1952.
In 1952, Klein was hired by the Mathematisch Centrum (English: Mathematical Center) in Amsterdam as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Elephant | Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forests to provide financial and technical support to wildlife management efforts by states for their free-ranging populations of wild Asian Elephants. The project aims to ensure the long-term survival of the population of elephants in their natural habitats by protecting them, their habitats and migration corridors. Other goals of Project Elephant are supporting the research of the ecology and management of elephants, creating awareness of conservation among local people, and providing improved veterinary care for captive elephants.
Aims
Project Elephant (PE) was launched by the Government of India in the year 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with following objectives:
To protect elephants, their habitat and corridors.
To address issues of man-animal conflict.
Welfare of captive elephants
to promote not to harm elephants for their tusks.
Monitoring elephant
Financial support is being provided to major elephant bearing States in the country. The Project is being mainly implemented in 16 States / UTs, viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Main activities under the Project are as follows:
Ecological restoration of existing natural habitats and migratory routes of elephants are built better than before;
Development of scientific and planned management for conservation of elephant habitats and viable population of Wild Asiatic elephants in India;
Promotion of measures for mitigation of man-elephant conflict in crucial habitats and moderating pressures of human and domestic stock activities in crucial elephant habitats;
Strengthening of measures for the protection of Wild elephants from poachers and unnatural causes of death;
Research on Elephant management related issues;
Public education and awareness pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Advanced%20Study%2C%20Tsinghua%20University | The Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University (CASTU; ) is a research institute established in Beijing in 1997. Modelled after the Princeton-based Institute for Advanced Study, albeit in a university setting, it is engaged in theoretical studies in physics, computer science and biology. Its honorary director is the Nobel Laureate professor Chen Ning Yang, who has provided guidance and support to CASTU since its inception, and current director is professor Gu Binglin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptor%20%28semiconductors%29 | In semiconductor physics, an acceptor is a dopant atom that when substituted into a semiconductor lattice forms a p-type region.
When silicon (Si), having four valence electrons, is doped with elements from group III of the periodic table, such as boron (B) and aluminium (Al), both having three valence electrons, a p-type semiconductor is formed. These dopant elements represent trivalent impurities. Other trivalent dopants include indium (In) and gallium (Ga).
When substituting for a silicon atom in the crystal lattice, the three valence electrons of boron form covalent bonds with three of the Si neighbours but the bond with the fourth remains unsatisfied. The initially electro-neutral acceptor becomes negatively charged (ionised). The unsatisfied bond attracts electrons from the neighbouring bonds. At room temperature, an electron from a neighbouring bond can jump to repair the unsatisfied bond thus leaving an electron hole, which is a place where an electron is deficient. The hole, being positively charged, attracts another electron from a neighbouring bond to repair this unsatisfied bond. This chain-like process results in the hole moving around the crystal as a charge carrier. This process can sustain in an electric current useful in electronic circuits.
See also
Donor (semiconductors)
Electron acceptor
Semiconductors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20clock%20manager | A digital clock manager (DCM) is an electronic component available on some field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) (notably ones produced by Xilinx). A digital clock manager is useful for manipulating clock signals inside the FPGA, and to avoid clock skew which would introduce errors in the circuit.
Uses
Digital clock managers have the following applications:
Multiplying or dividing an incoming clock (which can come from outside the FPGA or from a Digital Frequency Synthesizer [DFS]).
Making sure the clock has a steady duty cycle.
Adding a phase shift with the additional use of a delay-locked loop.
Eliminating clock skew within an FPGA design.
See also
Phase-locked loop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor%20%28semiconductors%29 | In semiconductor physics, a donor is a dopant atom that, when added to a semiconductor, can form a n-type region.
For example, when silicon (Si), having four valence electrons, is to be doped as a n-type semiconductor, elements from group V like phosphorus (P) or arsenic (As) can be used because they have five valence electrons. A dopant with five valence electrons is also called a pentavalent impurity. Other pentavalent dopants are antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi).
When substituting a Si atom in the crystal lattice, four of the valence electrons of phosphorus form covalent bonds with the neighbouring Si atoms but the fifth one remains weakly bonded. If that electron is liberated, the initially electro-neutral donor becomes positively charged (ionised). At room temperature, the liberated electron can move around the Si crystal and carry a current, thus acting as a charge carrier.
See also
Acceptor (semiconductors)
Electron donor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28operating%20system%29 | Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, though its most widely used version is primarily developed by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.
At its core, the operating system is known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is free and open-source software (FOSS) primarily licensed under the Apache License. However most devices run on the proprietary Android version developed by Google, which ship with additional proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, most notably Google Mobile Services (GMS) which includes core apps such as Google Chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the associated Google Play Services development platform. Firebase Cloud Messaging is used for push notifications. While AOSP is free, the "Android" name and logo are trademarks of Google, which imposes standards to restrict the use of Android branding by "uncertified" devices outside their ecosystem.
Over 70 percent of smartphones based on Android Open Source Project run Google's ecosystem (which is known simply as Android), some with vendor-customized user interfaces and software suites, such as TouchWiz and later One UI by Samsung and HTC Sense. Competing ecosystems and forks of AOSP include Fire OS (developed by Amazon), ColorOS by Oppo, OriginOS by Vivo, MagicUI by Honor, or custom ROMs such as LineageOS.
The source code has been used to develop variants of Android on a range of other electronics, such as game consoles, digital cameras, portable media players, and PCs, each with a specialized user interface. Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables, both developed by Google. Sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat-free%20days | Meat-free days or veggiedays are declared to discourage or prohibit the consumption of meat on certain days of the week. Mondays and Fridays are the most popular days. There are also movements encouraging people giving up meat on a weekly, monthly, or permanent basis.
History
Abstention from meat, other than fish, was historically done for religious reasons (e.g. the Friday Fast). In the Methodist Church, on Fridays, especially those of Lent, "abstinence from meat one day a week is a universal act of penitence". Anglicans (Episcopalians) and Roman Catholics also traditionally observe Friday as a meat-free day. Historically, Anglican and Catholic countries enforced prohibitions on eating meat, other than fish, on certain days of Lent. In England, for example, "butchers and victuallers were bound by heavy recognizances not to slaughter or sell meat on the weekly 'fish days', Friday and Saturday." In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Wednesdays and Fridays are meat-free days. In the Lutheran Church, Fridays and Saturdays are historically considered meat-free days. In addition to the Fridays of the year, in Western Christianity, Ash Wednesday—the first day of the repentance themed season of Lent—is a traditional day of fasting and abstinence from meat.
Among East Asian Buddhists, vegetarian Buddhist cuisine was eaten on days tied to the phases of the moon known as Uposatha.
Meat-free days have also been observed due to wartime rationing (e.g. Meatless Tuesdays in Canada and the United States—which also observed Wheatless Wednesdays—during World War I) or in states with failing economies.
In the People's Republic of Poland, meat-free days were encouraged by the government due to market forces. They were aimed at limiting meat consumption, primarily in favour of flour-based foods. The meat-free day was traditionally Friday, Monday or Wednesday.
Ecology and society
Attempts to reintroduce meat-free days are part of a campaign to reduce anthropogenic climate change and i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass%20equivalence%20theorem | In geometry, the compass equivalence theorem is an important statement in compass and straightedge constructions. The tool advocated by Plato in these constructions is a divider or collapsing compass, that is, a compass that "collapses" whenever it is lifted from a page, so that it may not be directly used to transfer distances. The modern compass with its fixable aperture can be used to transfer distances directly and so appears to be a more powerful instrument. However, the compass equivalence theorem states that any construction via a "modern compass" may be attained with a collapsing compass. This can be shown by establishing that with a collapsing compass, given a circle in the plane, it is possible to construct another circle of equal radius, centered at any given point on the plane. This theorem is Proposition II of Book I of Euclid's Elements. The proof of this theorem has had a chequered history.
Construction
The following construction and proof of correctness are given by Euclid in his Elements. Although there appear to be several cases in Euclid's treatment, depending upon choices made when interpreting ambiguous instructions, they all lead to the same conclusion, and so, specific choices are given below.
Given points , , and , construct a circle centered at with radius the length of (that is, equivalent to the solid green circle, but centered at ).
Draw a circle centered at and passing through and vice versa (the red circles). They will intersect at point and form the equilateral triangle .
Extend past and find the intersection of and the circle , labeled .
Create a circle centered at and passing through (the blue circle).
Extend past and find the intersection of and the circle , labeled .
Construct a circle centered at and passing through (the dotted green circle)
Because is an equilateral triangle, .
Because and are on a circle around , .
Therefore, .
Because is on the circle , .
Therefore, .
Alternative construction without str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20function | The value function of an optimization problem gives the value attained by the objective function at a solution, while only depending on the parameters of the problem. In a controlled dynamical system, the value function represents the optimal payoff of the system over the interval [t, t1] when started at the time-t state variable x(t)=x. If the objective function represents some cost that is to be minimized, the value function can be interpreted as the cost to finish the optimal program, and is thus referred to as "cost-to-go function." In an economic context, where the objective function usually represents utility, the value function is conceptually equivalent to the indirect utility function.
In a problem of optimal control, the value function is defined as the supremum of the objective function taken over the set of admissible controls. Given , a typical optimal control problem is to
subject to
with initial state variable . The objective function is to be maximized over all admissible controls , where is a Lebesgue measurable function from to some prescribed arbitrary set in . The value function is then defined as
with , where is the "scrap value". If the optimal pair of control and state trajectories is , then . The function that gives the optimal control based on the current state is called a feedback control policy, or simply a policy function.
Bellman's principle of optimality roughly states that any optimal policy at time , taking the current state as "new" initial condition must be optimal for the remaining problem. If the value function happens to be continuously differentiable, this gives rise to an important partial differential equation known as Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation,
where the maximand on the right-hand side can also be re-written as the Hamiltonian, , as
with playing the role of the costate variables. Given this definition, we further have , and after differentiating both sides of the HJB equation with respect to ,
which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20of%20Bojanus | The organs of Bojanus or Bojanus organs are excretory glands that serve the function of kidneys in some of the molluscs. In other words, these are metanephridia that are found in some molluscs, for example in the bivalves. Some other molluscs have another type of organ for excretion called Keber's organ.
The Bojanus organ is named after Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, who first described it. The excretory system of a bivalve consists of a pair of kidneys called the organ of bojanus. These are situated one of each side of the body below the pericardium. Each kidney consist of 2 part (1)- glandular part (2)- a thin walled ciliated urinary bladder. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormyrus | Mormyrus is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Mormyridae. They are weakly electric, enabling them to navigate, to find their prey, and to communicate with other electric fish.
Species
There are currently 22 recognized species in this genus:
Mormyrus bernhardi Pellegrin 1926 (Bernhard's elephant-snout fish)
Mormyrus caballus Boulenger 1898
Mormyrus caballus asinus Boulenger, 1915
Mormyrus caballus bumbanus Boulenger 1909
Mormyrus caballus caballus Boulenger 1898
Mormyrus caballus lualabae Reizer 1964
Mormyrus casalis Vinciguerra 1922 (Somali mormyrid)
Mormyrus caschive Linnaeus 1758 (Eastern bottlenose elephant snout)
Mormyrus cyaneus T. R. Roberts & D. J. Stewart 1976 (Lower Congo River mormyrid)
Mormyrus felixi Pellegrin 1939
Mormyrus goheeni Fowler 1919 (Liberian mormyrid)
Mormyrus hasselquistii Valenciennes 1847 (Elephant snout)
Mormyrus hildebrandti W. K. H. Peters 1882 (Hildebrandt's elephant-snout fish)
Mormyrus iriodes T. R. Roberts & D. J. Stewart 1976 (Inga mormyrid)
Mormyrus kannume Forsskål 1775 (Elephant-snout fish)
Mormyrus lacerda Castelnau 1861 (Western bottlenose mormyrid)
Mormyrus longirostris W. K. H. Peters 1852 (Eastern bottlenose mormyrid)
Mormyrus macrocephalus Worthington 1929 (largehead mormyrid)
Mormyrus macrophthalmus Günther 1866 (Niger mormyrid)
Mormyrus niloticus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider 1801) (Egyptian trunkfish)
Mormyrus ovis Boulenger 1898
Mormyrus rume Valenciennes 1847 (Senegal mormyrid)
Mormyrus rume proboscirostris Boulenger 1898
Mormyrus rume rume Valenciennes 1847
Mormyrus subundulatus T. R. Roberts 1989 (Bandama mormyrid)
Mormyrus tapirus Pappenheim 1905
Mormyrus tenuirostris W. K. H. Peters 1882 (Athi elephant-snout fish)
Mormyrus thomasi Pellegrin 1938 (French Congo mormyrid)
In culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr%20distribution | In probability theory, statistics and econometrics, the Burr Type XII distribution or simply the Burr distribution is a continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable. It is also known as the Singh–Maddala distribution and is one of a number of different distributions sometimes called the "generalized log-logistic distribution".
Definitions
Probability density function
The Burr (Type XII) distribution has probability density function:
The parameter scales the underlying variate and is a positive real.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function is:
Applications
It is most commonly used to model household income, see for example: Household income in the U.S. and compare to magenta graph at right.
Random variate generation
Given a random variable drawn from the uniform distribution in the interval , the random variable
has a Burr Type XII distribution with parameters , and . This follows from the inverse cumulative distribution function given above.
Related distributions
When c = 1, the Burr distribution becomes the Pareto Type II (Lomax) distribution.
When k = 1, the Burr distribution is a log-logistic distribution sometimes referred to as the Fisk distribution, a special case of the Champernowne distribution.
The Burr Type XII distribution is a member of a system of continuous distributions introduced by Irving W. Burr (1942), which comprises 12 distributions.
The Dagum distribution, also known as the inverse Burr distribution, is the distribution of 1 / X, where X has the Burr distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sorcerer%27s%20Apprentice%20%282010%20film%29 | The Sorcerer's Apprentice is a 2010 American action adventure
fantasy film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, directed by Jon Turteltaub, and released by Walt Disney Pictures, the team behind the National Treasure franchise. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Jay Baruchel with Alfred Molina, Teresa Palmer, and Monica Bellucci in supporting roles.
The film is named after a segment in Disney's non-consecutive film pair the 1940 film Fantasia and the 1999 film Fantasia 2000 called The Sorcerer's Apprentice starring Mickey Mouse (with one scene being an extensive reference to it), which in turn is based on the late-1890s symphonic poem by Paul Dukas and the 1797 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ballad. Balthazar Blake (Nicolas Cage), a "Merlinean", is a sorcerer in modern-day Manhattan, fighting against the forces of evil, in particular his nemesis, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina), while searching for the person who will eventually inherit Merlin's powers ("The Prime Merlinean"). This turns out to be Dave Stutler (Jay Baruchel), a physics student, whom Balthazar takes as a reluctant protégé. The sorcerer gives his unwilling apprentice a crash course in the art and science of sorcery, in order to stop Horvath and Morgana le Fay (Alice Krige) from raising the souls of the evil dead sorcerers ("Morganians") and destroying the world.
The Sorcerer's Apprentice made its premiere at the Fantasia Film Festival on July 8, 2010, and was theatrically released by Disney in the United States on July 14. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office disappointment, grossing only $215 million against a $150 million budget.
Plot
In Britain 740 AD, Merlin had three apprentices; Balthazar Blake, Veronica Gorloisen, and Maxim Horvath. Horvath betrays his master by joining forces with the evil sorceress Morgana le Fay. Morgana mortally wounds Merlin before Veronica is able to rip Morgana's soul from her body and absorbs it into her own. As Morgana attempts to kill Veronica from w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary%20anesthesia | Veterinary anesthesia is anesthesia performed on non-human animals by a veterinarian or a Registered Veterinary Technician. Anesthesia is used for a wider range of circumstances in animals than in people, due to animals' inability to cooperate with certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Veterinary anesthesia includes anesthesia of the major species: dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, as well as all other animals requiring veterinary care such as birds, pocket pets, and wildlife.
Specialization in anesthesia
In North America, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia is one of 22 specialty organizations recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association. The ACVAA was recognized by the AVMA in 1975, despite attempts by the AVMA to include anesthesia as a subspecialty of surgery or medicine. As of 2016, there are more than 250 diplomates of the ACVAA. To become an ACVAA board-certified Diplomate, veterinarians must have at least one year of clinical practice experience followed by three years of anesthesia residency training under the supervision of ACVAA Diplomates, have accepted for publication a scientific peer-reviewed research article, and passed both a written and clinical competency examination.
In Europe, the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) is one of 23 specialty organizations recognized by the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation. As of February 2014, there are 147 ECVA Diplomates.
Anesthesia technicians
Anesthesia which is supervised by a qualified technician is safer than anesthesia without a technician. In most private veterinary practices, the technician administers and monitors anesthesia with supervision from the attending veterinarian. In many academic institutions, anesthesia technicians are involved in working with and teaching veterinary students as well as supervising anesthetized cases. The Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia and Analges |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s%20river%20garfish | Allen's river garfish (Zenarchopterus alleni) is a species of viviparous halfbeak endemic to West Papua in Indonesia.
The Allen's river garfish was first discovered in the Mamberamo River in Papua, Indonesia. It is known from only one specimen. The specimen recovered measured SL in length and had 14 dorsal soft rays and 13 anal soft rays. The specific name honours the American ichthyologist Gerald R. Allen. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20Institute%20for%20Astrophysics%20Potsdam | Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) is a German research institute. It is the successor of the Berlin Observatory founded in 1700 and of the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam (AOP) founded in 1874. The latter was the world's first observatory to emphasize explicitly the research area of astrophysics. The AIP was founded in 1992, in a re-structuring following the German reunification.
The AIP is privately funded and member of the Leibniz Association. It is located in Babelsberg in the state of Brandenburg, just west of Berlin, though the Einstein Tower solar observatory and the great refractor telescope on Telegrafenberg in Potsdam belong to the AIP.
The key topics of the AIP are cosmic magnetic fields (magnetohydrodynamics) on various scales and extragalactic astrophysics. Astronomical and astrophysical fields studied at the AIP range from solar and stellar physics to stellar and galactic evolution to cosmology.
The institute also develops research technology in the fields of spectroscopy and robotic telescopes. It is a partner of the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, has erected robotic telescopes in Tenerife and the Antarctic, develops astronomical instrumentation for large telescopes such as the VLT of the ESO. Furthermore, work on several e-Science projects are carried out at the AIP.
History
Origin
The history of astronomy in Potsdam really began in Berlin in 1700. Initiated by Gottfried W. Leibniz, on July 11, 1700 the "Brandenburgische Societät" (later called the Prussian Academy of Sciences) was founded by the elector Friedrich III in Berlin. Two months earlier the national calendar monopoly provided the funding for an observatory. By May 18 the first director, Gottfried Kirch, had been appointed. This happened in a hurry, because the profits from the national basic calendar, calculated and sold by the observatory, should have been the financial source for the academy. This kind of financing existed until the beginning of the 19th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin%20210kDa | Nuclear pore glycoprotein-210 (gp210) is an essential trafficking regulator in the eukaryotic nuclear pore complex. Gp-210 anchors the pore complex to the nuclear membrane. and protein tagging reveals its primarily located on the luminal side of double layer membrane at the pore.
A single polypeptide motif of gp210 is responsible for sorting to nuclear membrane, and indicate the carboxyl tail of the protein is oriented toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
Disassembly and Assembly
During eukaryotic mitosis the nuclear envelope disintegrates into vesicles dispersing nuclear lamina proteins and nuclear pore complexes. Nup210 is specifically phosphorylated on the C-terminal (cytoplasmic) domain in mitosis at Ser1880 and is dispersed throughout the endoplasmic reticulum during mitosis as homodimers. Nuclear lamins begin to reassemble around chromosomes at the end of mitosis. Nup210 lags the reassembly process relative to other Nups. and while much of the assembly process can occur without it, the final assembly and dilation of the complexes require Nup210. The replacement of serine at position 1880 with a phosphorylated 'looking' glutamate results in Nup210 complexes that fail to reassemble indicating that dephosphorylation of Nup210 within the final phases of proper assembly is required.
Pathology
Recognized by anti-nuclear antibodies found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) anti-Nup210 antibodies correlate with progression toward end stage liver disease. Nup210 is possibly a destructive autoimmune target of the disease. One idea for the loss of tolerance is the increased or abnormal expression of Nup210 in patients with PBC.
Anti-mitochondrial, anti-centromere and anti-nup62 are also found in PBC. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect%20control%20theory | In control theory, affect control theory proposes that individuals maintain affective meanings through their actions and interpretations of events. The activity of social institutions occurs through maintenance of culturally based affective meanings.
Affective meaning
Besides a denotative meaning, every concept has an affective meaning, or connotation, that varies along three dimensions: evaluation – goodness versus badness, potency – powerfulness versus powerlessness, and activity – liveliness versus torpidity. Affective meanings can be measured with semantic differentials yielding a three-number profile indicating how the concept is positioned on evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA). Osgood demonstrated that an elementary concept conveyed by a word or idiom has a normative affective meaning within a particular culture.
A stable affective meaning derived either from personal experience or from cultural inculcation is called a sentiment, or fundamental affective meaning, in affect control theory. Affect control theory has inspired assembly of dictionaries of EPA sentiments for thousands of concepts involved in social life – identities, behaviours, settings, personal attributes, and emotions. Sentiment dictionaries have been constructed with ratings of respondents from the US, Canada, Northern Ireland, Germany, Japan, China and Taiwan.
Impression formation
Each concept that is in play in a situation has a transient affective meaning in addition to an associated sentiment. The transient corresponds to an impression created by recent events.
Events modify impressions on all three EPA dimensions in complex ways that are described with non-linear equations obtained through empirical studies.
Here are two examples of impression-formation processes.
An actor who behaves disagreeably seems less good, especially if the object of the behavior is innocent and powerless, like a child.
A powerful person seems desperate when performing extremely forceful acts on anoth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20Plateau | The Central Mexican Plateau, also known as the Mexican Altiplano (), is a large arid-to-semiarid plateau that occupies much of northern and central Mexico. Averaging above sea level, it extends from the United States border in the north to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the south, and is bounded by the and to the west and east, respectively.
A low east-west mountain range in the state of Zacatecas divides the plateau into northern and southern sections. These two sections, called the Northern Plateau () and Central Plateau (), are now generally regarded by geographers as sections of one plateau.
The Mexican Plateau is mostly covered by deserts and xeric shrublands, with pine-oak forests covering the surrounding mountain ranges and forming sky islands on some of the interior ranges. The Mexican Altiplano is one of six distinct physiographic sections of the Basin and Range Province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
In phytogeography, the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America, part of the Holarctic Kingdom of the northern Western Hemisphere.
While the plateau stretches from north to south, the southern east-west arc of the Central Mexican Plateau from Jalisco to Veracruz states historically as well as today has served as the population nexus of the Mexican nation, it is home to its biggest metro areas of Guadalajara, León, Querétaro, Morelia, Mexico City, Toluca, Cuernavaca, and Puebla.
Geography
The Mesa del Norte or northern plateau averages in elevation above mean sea level and extends south from the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) through the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí. Various narrow, isolated ridges cross the Mesa del Norte and numerous depressions also dot the region, the largest of which is the Bolsón de Mapimí. The Río Bravo del Norte and its tributary, the Río Conchos, drain portions of the n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHREST | CHREST (Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures) is a symbolic cognitive architecture based on the concepts of limited attention, limited short-term memories, and chunking. The architecture takes into low-level aspects of cognition such as reference perception, long and short-term memory stores, and methodology of problem-solving and high-level aspects such as the use of strategies. Learning, which is essential in the architecture, is modelled as the development of a network of nodes (chunks) which are connected in various ways. This can be contrasted with Soar and ACT-R, two other cognitive architectures, which use productions for representing knowledge. CHREST has often been used to model learning using large corpora of stimuli representative of the domain, such as chess games for the simulation of chess expertise or child-directed speech for the simulation of children's development of language. In this respect, the simulations carried out with CHREST have a flavour closer to those carried out with connectionist models than with traditional symbolic models.
CHREST stores its memories in a chunking network, a tree-like structure that connects and stores knowledge and information acquired, allowing for greater efficiency in information processing. Figure 1 highlights the links between perceived knowledge, memory, and acquired experiences that are formed based on “familiar patterns” between new and old information.
CHREST is developed by Fernand Gobet at Brunel University and Peter C. Lane at the University of Hertfordshire. It is the successor of EPAM, a cognitive model originally developed by Herbert A. Simon and Edward Feigenbaum.
Architecture
The architecture contains a number of capacity parameters (e.g., capacity of visual short-term memory, set at three chunks) and time parameters (e.g., time to learn a chunk or time to put information into short-term memory). This makes it possible to derive precise and quantitative predictions about human behaviour.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal%20rearrangement | In genetics, a chromosomal rearrangement is a mutation that is a type of chromosome abnormality involving a change in the structure of the native chromosome. Such changes may involve several different classes of events, like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Usually, these events are caused by a breakage in the DNA double helices at two different locations, followed by a rejoining of the broken ends to produce a new chromosomal arrangement of genes, different from the gene order of the chromosomes before they were broken. Structural chromosomal abnormalities are estimated to occur in around 0.5% of newborn infants.
Some chromosomal regions are more prone to rearrangement than others and thus are the source of genetic diseases and cancer. This instability is usually due to the propensity of these regions to misalign during DNA repair, exacerbated by defects of the appearance of replication proteins (like FEN1 or Pol δ) that ubiquitously affect the integrity of the genome.
Complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) are rarely seen in the general population and are defined as structural chromosomal rearrangements with at least three breakpoints with exchange of genetic material between two or more chromosomes. Some forms of campomelic dysplasia, for example, result from CCRs.
Heng and Gorelick and Heng reviewed evidence that sexual reproduction helps preserve species identity by acting as a coarse filter, weeding out chromosomal rearrangements, but permitting minor variation, such as changes at the nucleotide or gene level (that are often neutral) to pass through the sexual sieve.
In the liver of mice, genome rearrangements do not increase with age until after 27 months when they increase rapidly. In mouse brain the frequency of genome rearrangements is lower than in liver and this frequency does not increase with age.
It is possible that speciation frequently occurs when a population becomes fixed for one or more chromosomal rearrangements th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20George%20Houthem%20Gell | Philip George Houthem Gell (20 October 1914 – 3 May 2001) was a British immunologist working in postwar Britain.
Together with Robin Coombs, he developed the Gell–Coombs classification of hypersensitivity. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20%28set%20theory%29 | In the mathematical field of set theory, an ideal is a partially ordered collection of sets that are considered to be "small" or "negligible". Every subset of an element of the ideal must also be in the ideal (this codifies the idea that an ideal is a notion of smallness), and the union of any two elements of the ideal must also be in the ideal.
More formally, given a set an ideal on is a nonempty subset of the powerset of such that:
if and then and
if then
Some authors add a fourth condition that itself is not in ; ideals with this extra property are called .
Ideals in the set-theoretic sense are exactly ideals in the order-theoretic sense, where the relevant order is set inclusion. Also, they are exactly ideals in the ring-theoretic sense on the Boolean ring formed by the powerset of the underlying set. The dual notion of an ideal is a filter.
Terminology
An element of an ideal is said to be or , or simply or if the ideal is understood from context. If is an ideal on then a subset of is said to be (or just ) if it is an element of The collection of all -positive subsets of is denoted
If is a proper ideal on and for every either or then is a .
Examples of ideals
General examples
For any set and any arbitrarily chosen subset the subsets of form an ideal on For finite all ideals are of this form.
The finite subsets of any set form an ideal on
For any measure space, subsets of sets of measure zero.
For any measure space, sets of finite measure. This encompasses finite subsets (using counting measure) and small sets below.
A bornology on a set is an ideal that covers
A non-empty family of subsets of is a proper ideal on if and only if its in which is denoted and defined by is a proper filter on (a filter is if it is not equal to ). The dual of the power set is itself; that is, Thus a non-empty family is an ideal on if and only if its dual is a dual ideal on (which by definition is either the power |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernaculum%20%28zoology%29 | A hibernaculum (plural form: hibernacula) (Latin, "tent for winter quarters") is a place in which an animal seeks refuge, such as a bear using a cave to overwinter. The word can be used to describe a variety of shelters used by many kinds of animals, including insects, toads, lizards, snakes, bats, rodents, and primates of various species.
Insects
Insects range in their size, structure, and general appearance but most use hibernacula. All insects are primarily exothermic. For this reason, extremely cold temperatures, such as those experienced in the winter, outside of tropical locations, cause their metabolic systems to shut down; long exposure may lead to death. Insects survive colder winters through the process of overwintering, which occurs at all stages of development and may include migration or hibernation for different insects, the latter of which must be done in hibernacula. Insects that do not migrate must halt their growth to avoid freezing to death, in a process called diapause. Insects prepare to overwinter through a variety of mechanisms, such as using anti-freeze proteins or cryoprotectants in freeze-avoidant insects, like soybean aphids. Cryoprotectants are toxic, with high concentrations only tolerated at low temperatures. Thus, hibernacula are used to avoid sporadic warming and the risk of death due high concentrations of cryoprotectants at warmer temperatures. Freeze-tolerant insects, like second-generation corn-borers, can survive being frozen and therefore, undergo inoculative freezing. Hibernacula range in size and structure depending on the insects using them.
However, insect hibernacula are generally required to be:
Well-insulated from extreme temperature changes
Protected from weather
Dry (except for freeze-tolerant insects)
Lady bugs
Some insects, like convergent lady bugs, reuse the same hibernacula, year after year. They converge with other lady beetles and migrate to hibernacula used by prior generations. They are able to find o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media-embedded%20processor | A media-embedded processor (MeP) is a configurable 32-bit processor design from Toshiba Semiconductor for embedded media processing applications. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20estimation | Structural estimation is a technique for estimating deep "structural" parameters of theoretical economic models. The term is inherited from the simultaneous equations model. Structural estimation is extensively using the equations from the economics theory, and in this sense is contrasted with "reduced form estimation" and other nonstructural estimations that study the statistical relationships between the observed variables while utilizing the economics theory very lightly (mostly to distinguish between the exogenous and endogenous variables, so called "descriptive models"). The idea of combining statistical and economic models dates to mid-20th century and work of the Cowles Commission.
The difference between a structural parameter and a reduced-form parameter was formalized in the work of the Cowles Foundation. A structural parameter is also said to be "policy invariant" whereas the value of reduced-form parameter can depend on exogenously determined parameters set by public policy makers. The distinction between structural and reduced-form estimation within "microeconometrics" is related to the Lucas critique of reduced-form macroeconomic policy predictions.
Structured and reduced form models
When the Cowles Commission introduced the term "reduced form" it was used to define a set of equations where the "left-hand" dependent variables never appeared on the right-hand of the equations, as opposed to the simultaneous equations, where the dependent variable of an equation can appear as an input in other formulas.
The original distinction between structure and reduced-form was between the underlying system and the direct relationship between observables implied by the system.
Different combinations of structural parameters can imply the same reduced-form parameters, so structural estimation must go beyond the direct relationship between variables.
Many economists now use the term "reduced form" to mean statistical estimation without reference to a specific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylthiouracil | Benzylthiouracil (BTU) is an antithyroid preparation. It is a thioamide, closely related to propylthiouracil.
Adverse effects
Benzylthiouracil has been associated with severe adverse effects, notably vasculitis and subsequent ANCA-positive glomerulonephritis, as well as isolated reports of lung damage. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylthiouracil | Methylthiouracil is an organosulfur compound that is used antithyroid preparation. It is a thioamide, closely related to propylthiouracil. Methylthiouracil is not used clinically in the United States, it has a similar mechanism of action and side effect to that of propylthiouricil. The drug acts to decrease the formation of stored thyroid hormone, as thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. The clinical effects of the drug to treat the hyperthyroid state can have a lag period of up to two weeks, depending on the stores of thyroglobulin and other factors.
Synthesis
Methylthiouracil is prepared quite simply by condensation of ethyl acetoacetate with thiourea.
Further work in this series shows that better activity was obtained by incorporation of a lipophilic side chain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy%20linear%20hybrid%20automaton | Lazy linear hybrid automata model the discrete time behavior of control systems containing finite-precision sensors and actuators interacting with their environment under bounded inertial delays. The model permits only linear flow constraints but the invariants and guards can be any computable function.
This computational model was proposed by Manindra Agrawal and P. S. Thiagarajan. This model is more realistic and also computationally amenable than the currently popular modeling paradigm of linear hybrid automaton.
External links
Formalization and theory behind the model
Reachability Analysis of Lazy Linear Hybrid Automata Research
Automata (computation)
Models of computation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaigrette | Vinaigrette ( , ) is made by mixing an oil with a mild acid such as vinegar or lemon juice (citric acid). The mixture can be enhanced with salt, herbs and/or spices. It is used most commonly as a salad dressing, but can also be used as a marinade. Traditionally, a vinaigrette consists of 3 parts oil and 1 part vinegar mixed into a stable emulsion, but the term is also applied to mixtures with different proportions and to unstable emulsions which last only a short time before separating into layered oil and vinegar phases.
Name
is the diminutive form of the French word ("vinegar"). It was commonly known as "French dressing" in the 19th century.
Preparation
In general, vinaigrette consists of 3 parts of oil to 1 part of vinegar whisked into an emulsion. Salt and pepper are often added. Herbs and shallots, too, are often added, especially when it is used for cooked vegetables or grains. Sometimes mustard is used as an emulsifier and to add flavour.
Varieties
Vinaigrette may be made with a variety of oils and vinegars. Olive oil and neutral vegetable oils such as soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, or grape seed oil are all common.
Different vinegars, such as raspberry, create different flavors, and lemon juice or alcohol, such as sherry, may be used instead of vinegar. Balsamic vinaigrette is made by adding a small amount of balsamic vinegar to a simple vinaigrette of olive oil and wine vinegar.
Brazil: A mix between olive oil, alcohol vinegar, tomatoes, onions and sometimes bell peppers is called vinagrete. It is served on Brazilian churrasco, commonly on Sundays. The Brazilian vinagrete is very similar to the Mexican pico de gallo.
China and Japan: A similar salad dressing is made with sesame oil/sesame paste and rice vinegar. In north China, sometimes mustard is added to enhance the flavor and texture of the sauce.
Northern France: It may be made with walnut oil and cider vinegar and used for Belgian endive sal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%27s%20principle | Fisher's principle is an evolutionary model that explains why the sex ratio of most species that produce offspring through sexual reproduction is approximately 1:1 between males and females. A. W. F. Edwards has remarked that it is "probably the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology".
Fisher's principle was outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (but has been incorrectly attributed as original to Fisher). Fisher couched his argument in terms of parental expenditure, and predicted that parental expenditure on both sexes should be equal. Sex ratios that are 1:1 are hence known as "", and those that are not 1:1 are "" or "" and occur because they break the assumptions made in Fisher's model.
Basic explanation
W. D. Hamilton gave the following simple explanation in his 1967 paper on "Extraordinary sex ratios", given the condition that males and females cost equal amounts to produce:
Suppose male births are less common than female.
A newborn male then has better mating prospects than a newborn female, and therefore can expect to have more offspring.
Therefore parents genetically disposed to produce males tend to have more than average numbers of grandchildren born to them.
Therefore the genes for male-producing tendencies spread, and male births become more common.
As the 1:1 sex ratio is approached, the advantage associated with producing males dies away.
The same reasoning holds if females are substituted for males throughout. Therefore 1:1 is the equilibrium ratio.
In modern language, the 1:1 ratio is the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).
Parental investment
Fisher wrote the explanation described by Eric Charnov and James J. Bull as being "characteristically terse" and "cryptic": in Chapter 6: "Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Selection":
Development of the argument
Fisher's principle is an early example of a model in which genes for greater production of either sex become equalized in the populat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin%20transition | The Morin transition (also known as a spin-flop transition) is a magnetic phase transition in α-Fe2O3 hematite where the antiferromagnetic ordering is reorganized from being aligned perpendicular to the c-axis to be aligned parallel to the c-axis below TM.
TM = 260K for Fe3+ in α-Fe2O3.
A change in magnetic properties takes place at the Morin transition temperature.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWM/MAA%20Falconer%20Lecture | The Etta Z. Falconer Lecture is an award and lecture series which honors "women who have made distinguished contributions to the mathematical sciences or mathematics education". It is sponsored by the Association for Women in Mathematics and the Mathematical Association of America. The lectures began in 1996 and were named after the mathematician Etta Z. Falconer in 2004 "in memory of Falconer's profound vision and accomplishments in enhancing the movement of minorities and women into scientific careers". The recipient presents the lecture at MathFest each summer.
Recipients
The Falconer Lecturers have been:
1996 Karen E. Smith, MIT, "Calculus mod p"
1997 Suzanne M. Lenhart, University of Tennessee, "Applications of Optimal Control to Various Population Models"
1998 Margaret H. Wright, Bell Labs, "The Interior-Point Revolution in Constrained Optimization"
1999 Chuu-Lian Terng, Northeastern University, "Geometry and Visualization of Surfaces"
2000 Audrey Terras, University of California at San Diego, "Finite Quantum Chaos"
2001 Pat Shure, University of Michigan, "The Scholarship of Learning and Teaching: A Look Back and a Look Ahead"
2002 Annie Selden, Tennessee Technological University, "Two Research Traditions Separated by a Common Subject: Mathematics and Mathematics Education"
2003 Katherine Puckett Layton, Beverly Hills High School, "What I Learned in Forty Years in Beverly Hills 90212"
2004 Bozenna Pasik-Duncan, University of Kansas "Mathematics Education of Tomorrow"
2005 Fern Hunt, National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Techniques for Visualizing Frequency Patterns in DNA"
2006 Trachette Jackson, University of Michigan, "Cancer Modeling: From the Classical to the Contemporary"
2007 Katherine St. John, City University of New York, "Comparing Evolutionary Trees"
2008 Rebecca Goldin, George Mason University, "The Use and Abuse of Statistics in the Media"
2009 Kathleen Adebola Okikiolu, "The Sum of Squares of Wavelengths of a Closed Sur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan%20Research%20Fellowship | The Sloan Research Fellowships are awarded annually by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation since 1955 to "provide support and recognition to early-career scientists and scholars". This program is one of the oldest of its kind in the United States.
Fellowships were initially awarded in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Awards were later added in neuroscience (1972), economics (1980), computer science (1993), computational and evolutionary molecular biology (2002), and ocean sciences or earth systems sciences (2012). Winners of these two-year fellowships are awarded $75,000, which may be spent on any expense supporting their research. From 2012 through 2020, the foundation awarded 126 research fellowship each year; in 2021, 128 were awarded, and 118 were awarded in 2022.
Eligibility and selection
To be eligible, a candidate must hold a Ph.D. or equivalent degree and must be a member of the faculty of a college, university, or other degree-granting institution in the United States or Canada. The candidate must have teaching responsibilities and must be tenure-track but untenured as of September 15 of the nomination year. Only candidates with letters of nomination from department heads or other senior researchers are considered.
The foundation has been supportive of scientists who are parents by allowing them extra time after their doctorate during which they remain eligible for the award.
An independent committee of distinguished scientists in each field selects the fellows based upon their research accomplishments, creativity, and potential to become leaders in their chosen field.
Since the inaugural class of 1955, 6,144 fellowships have been awarded, with faculty from the top ten universities representing over 35% of all fellows. MIT counts the most fellows at 309, followed by Berkeley at 291, Harvard at 242, Stanford at 237, and Princeton at 236.
Notable award recipients
Since the beginning of the program in 1955, 53 fellows have won a Nobel Prize, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-harmonic%20imaging%20microscopy | Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a nonlinear optical effect known as second-harmonic generation (SHG). SHIM has been established as a viable microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function. A second-harmonic microscope obtains contrasts from variations in a specimen's ability to generate second-harmonic light from the incident light while a conventional optical microscope obtains its contrast by detecting variations in optical density, path length, or refractive index of the specimen. SHG requires intense laser light passing through a material with a noncentrosymmetric molecular structure, either inherent or induced externally, for example by an electric field.
Second-harmonic light emerging from an SHG material is exactly half the wavelength (frequency doubled) of the light entering the material. While two-photon-excited fluorescence (TPEF) is also a two photon process, TPEF loses some energy during the relaxation of the excited state, while SHG is energy conserving. Typically, an inorganic crystal is used to produce SHG light such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP = KTiOPO4), and lithium triborate (LBO = LiB3O5). Though SHG requires a material to have specific molecular orientation in order for the incident light to be frequency doubled, some biological materials can be highly polarizable, and assemble into fairly ordered, large noncentrosymmetric structures. While some biological materials such as collagen, microtubules, and muscle myosin can produce SHG signals, even water can become ordered and produce second-harmonic signal under certain conditions, which allows SH microscopy to image surface potentials without any labeling molecules. The SHG pattern is mainly determined by the phase matching condition. A common setup for an SHG imaging system will have a laser scanning microscope with a titanium sapphire mode-locked laser as the excitation source. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz%203D | Daz Productions, Inc. (commonly known as Daz 3D, stylized Daz3D or DAZ 3D in some logos) is a 3D-content and software company specializing in providing rigged 3D human models, associated accessory content, and software to the hobbyist as well as the prosumer market.
Daz 3D has a library of over 5 million assets for Daz Studio and other applications that allow users to create high-quality exportable 3D renders and animations. Daz 3D has continued to focus on 3D-content development, but has also expanded their own software offerings as well, with purchases of several notable 3D applications:
Bryce, a fractal-based landscape modeler and renderer acquired from Corel by Daz 3D in 2004.
Hexagon, a 3D mesh modeler originally developed by Eovia, acquired by Daz 3D in 2006.
Carrara, a general purpose 3D modeler/animation package also acquired from Eovia in 2006.
Additionally, Daz 3D developed their own scene creator software, Daz Studio, as an alternative to Poser.
History
Originally a part of Zygote Media Group, a general purpose, application-agnostic broker of 3D content, Daz 3D split off as Digital Art Zone in 2000 to focus on supplying content for the Poser market. The company no longer uses that name, and does not treat "Daz" as an acronym for it.
In 2016, Daz 3D spun off Tafi, a 3D-content company intended to focus more on the game developer market.
Free 3D software
In 2012, Daz 3D shifted their strategy from selling 3D software and content to one of giving the software away for free and focusing more on the selling of the content. This began with offering Daz Studio for free in 2012, which gave customers the ability to render images and video, and expanded in 2017 when Daz 3D added Hexagon to the list of their free software products and added the ability to do 3D modeling to that mix.
Figure technology
Daz 3D has had many versions of its human figures and characters, but in 2011 they launched a significant change in the underlying technology. Instead of e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topfield%20Application%20Program | A Topfield Application Program (TAP) is a software application which extends the standard functionality of the Topfield products designed for digital TV. Examples of TAPs are electronic programme guides, digital photo viewers and MP3 players.
Anyone with the necessary computer programming skills may create a TAP to meet their needs. This is possible because Topfield have specified an open (or public) API which allows TAPs to be created using the C or C++ programming languages. They can be installed into most Topfield PVR models.
Some people have created TAPs and made them available for others to download and use, either free of charge or for a small fee. There are several internet forums dedicated to TAPs where information and support can be exchanged.
External links
TAPWorld: The most complete Topfield TAP directory (not currently Active but in the process of coming back online - June 2013)
UK directory of TAPs
Digital video recorders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panomorph | A panomorph lens is a particular type of wide-angle lens specifically designed to improve optical performances in predefined zones of interest, or across the whole image, compared to traditional fisheye lenses. Some examples of improved optical parameters include the number of pixels, the MTF or the relative illumination.
The term panomorph derives from the Greek words pan meaning all, horama meaning view, and morph meaning form.
History
The origin of panomorph technology dates back to 1999 from a French company named ImmerVision now headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Since the first panomorph lenses have been used in video surveillance applications in the early 2000s, panomorph lenses are an improvement on existing wide-angle lenses in a broad range of applications.
Technology
Traditional wide-angle lenses have significant barrel distortion resulting from the compromise of imaging a wide field of view onto a finite, flat image plane; and non-uniform image quality due to the off-axis optical aberrations increasing with the field angle; and significant relative illumination falloff due to the cosine fourth illumination law. To improve the optical performances of the resulting images in predefined zones of interest or in the whole image, panomorph lenses can use one or many strategies at the optical design stage, including:
targeted optical distortion, modulated across the field of view, to vary the magnification and increase the number of pixels in the zone of interest.
optical anamorphosis to create a non-spherical image footprint to better match the sensor anamorphic ratio and increase the total number of imaged pixels in the whole image.
optimally balanced variegated optical parameters (MTF, magnification, relative illumination) to harmonise the image sensor in specific applications and thus equalize the resulting image quality across the whole image.
The zones of interest or whole image improvements resulting from using any of these design strategies in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superose | Superose is a trade name for a collection of FPLC columns which are used in the automated separation of biological molecules. The different columns provided can separate a variety of macromolecules, ranging from small peptides and polysaccharides to DNA strands and entire viruses. The material inside the column is agarose based, meaning that it consists of sugars that are crosslinked to form a gel-like mass. The pores in this material have different sizes, and if a molecule is too big, it does not fit into the pores, meaning that it follows a shorter way to the end of the column.
The columns are placed in a holder, and a computerized pumping system pumps a watery solution, often a buffer through the column. A special injection loop allows the injection of the desired sample.
See also
Size exclusion
Sepharose
Sephadex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20computation%20element | In computer networks, a path computation element (PCE) is a system component, application, or network node that is capable of determining and finding a suitable route for conveying data between a source and a destination.
Description
Routing can be subject to a set of constraints, such as quality of service (QoS), policy, or price. Constraint-based path computation is a strategic component of traffic engineering in MPLS, GMPLS and Segment Routing networks. It is used to determine the path through the network that traffic should follow, and provides the route for each label-switched path (LSP) that is set up.
Path computation has previously been performed either in a management system or at the head end of each LSP. But path computation in large, multi-domain networks may be very complex and may require more computational power and network information than is typically available at a network element, yet may still need to be more dynamic than can be provided by a management system.
Thus, a PCE is an entity capable of computing paths for a single or set of services. A PCE might be a network node, network management station, or dedicated computational platform that is resource-aware and has the ability to consider multiple constraints for sophisticated path computation. PCE applications compute label-switched paths for MPLS and GMPLS traffic engineering. The various components of the PCE architecture are in the process of being standardized by the IETF's PCE Working Group.
PCE represents a vision of networks that separates route computations from the signaling of end-to-end connections and from actual packet forwarding. There is a basic tutorial on PCE as presented at ISOCORE's MPLS2008 conference and a tutorial on advanced PCE as presented at ISOCORE's SDN/MPLS 2014 conference.
Since the early days, the PCE architecture has evolved considerably to encompass more sophisticated concepts and allow application to more complicated network scenarios. This evolution inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin%20safe%20label | Dolphin-safe labels are used to denote compliance with laws or policies designed to minimize dolphin fatalities during fishing for tuna destined for canning.
Some labels impose stricter requirements than others. Dolphin-safe tuna labeling originates in the United States. The term Dolphin Friendly is often used in Europe, and has the same meaning, although, in Latin America, the standards for Dolphin Safe/Dolphin Friendly tuna is different than elsewhere. The labels have become increasingly controversial since their introduction, particularly among sustainability groups in the U.S., but this stems from the fact that Dolphin Safe was never meant to be an indication of tuna sustainability. Many U.S. labels that carry dolphin-safe labels are amongst the least sustainable for oceans, according to Greenpeace's 2017 Shopping Guide.
While the Dolphin Safe label and its standards have legal status in the United States under the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act, a part of the US Marine Mammal Protection Act, tuna companies around the world adhere to the standards on a voluntary basis, managed by the non-governmental organization Earth Island Institute, based in Berkeley, California. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission has promoted an alternative Dolphin Safe label, which requires 100% coverage by independent observers on boats and limits the overall mortality of dolphins in the ocean. This label is mostly used in Latin America.
According to the U.S. Consumers Union, Earth Island and U.S. dolphin safe labels provide no guarantee that dolphins are not harmed during the fishing process because verification is neither universal nor independent. Still, tuna fishing boats and canneries operating under any of the various U.S. labeling standards are subject to surprise inspection and observation. For US import, companies face strict charges of fraud for any violation of the label standards, while Earth Island Institute (EII), an independent environmental orga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked%20objects | Naked objects is an architectural pattern used in software engineering. It is defined by three principles:
The naked object pattern's innovative feature arises by combining the and principles into a principle:
The naked objects pattern was first described formally in Richard Pawson's PhD thesis which includes investigation of antecedents and inspirations for the pattern including, for example, the Morphic user interface.
The first complete open source framework to have implemented the pattern was named Naked Objects. In 2021, Pawson announced that he had subsequently applied the same pattern to the Functional Programming programming paradigm, as an alternative to the object-oriented programming paradigm, creating a variant of the Naked Objects framework called Naked Functions.
Benefits
Pawson's thesis claims four benefits for the pattern:
A faster development cycle, because there are fewer layers to develop. In a more conventional design, the developer must define and implement three or more separate layers: the domain object layer, the presentation layer, and the task or process scripts that connect the two. (If the naked objects pattern is combined with object-relational mapping or an object database, then it is possible to create all layers of the system from the domain object definitions alone; however, this does not form part of the naked objects pattern per se.) The thesis includes a case study comparing two different implementations of the same application: one based on a conventional '4-layer' implementation; the other using naked objects.
Greater agility, referring to the ease with which an application may be altered to accommodate future changes in business requirements. In part this arises from the reduction in the number of developed layers that must be kept in synchronisation. However the claim is also made that the enforced 1:1 correspondence between the user presentation and the domain model, forces higher-quality object modelling, which in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20ecoregions%20by%20country |
A
List of ecoregions in Afghanistan
List of ecoregions in Albania
List of ecoregions in Algeria
List of ecoregions in Andorra
List of ecoregions in Angola
List of ecoregions in Argentina
List of ecoregions in Armenia
List of ecoregions in Australia
List of ecoregions in Austria
List of ecoregions in Azerbaijan
B
List of ecoregions in the Bahamas
List of ecoregions in Bangladesh
List of ecoregions in Belarus
List of ecoregions in Belgium
List of ecoregions in Belize
List of ecoregions in Benin
List of ecoregions in Bhutan
List of ecoregions in Bolivia
List of ecoregions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of ecoregions in Botswana
List of ecoregions in Brazil
List of ecoregions in Bulgaria
List of ecoregions in Burkina Faso
List of ecoregions in Burundi
C
List of ecoregions in Cambodia
List of ecoregions in Cameroon
List of ecoregions in Canada (WWF)
Ecozones of Canada
List of ecoregions in Cabo Verde
List of ecoregions in the Central African Republic
List of ecoregions in Chad
List of ecoregions in Chile
List of ecoregions in China
List of ecoregions in Colombia
List of ecoregions in the Comoros
List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
List of ecoregions in the Republic of the Congo
List of ecoregions in the Cook Islands
List of ecoregions in Costa Rica
List of ecoregions in Croatia
List of ecoregions in Cuba
List of ecoregions in Cyprus
List of ecoregions in Czech Republic
D
List of ecoregions in Denmark
List of ecoregions in Djibouti
List of ecoregions in the Dominican Republic
E
List of ecoregions in East Timor
List of ecoregions in Ecuador
List of ecoregions in Egypt
List of ecoregions in El Salvador
List of ecoregions in Equatorial Guinea
List of ecoregions in Eritrea
List of ecoregions in Estonia
List of ecoregions in Eswatini
List of ecoregions in Ethiopia
F
List of ecoregions in Fiji
List of ecoregions in Finland
List of ecoregions in France
List of ecoregions in French Pol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20complements | In economics and game theory, the decisions of two or more players are called strategic complements if they mutually reinforce one another, and they are called strategic substitutes if they mutually offset one another. These terms were originally coined by Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985).
To see what is meant by 'reinforce' or 'offset', consider a situation in which the players all have similar choices to make, as in the paper of Bulow et al., where the players are all imperfectly competitive firms that must each decide how much to produce. Then the production decisions are strategic complements if an increase in the production of one firm increases the marginal revenues of the others, because that gives the others an incentive to produce more too. This tends to be the case if there are sufficiently strong aggregate increasing returns to scale and/or the demand curves for the firms' products have a sufficiently low own-price elasticity. On the other hand, the production decisions are strategic substitutes if an increase in one firm's output decreases the marginal revenues of the others, giving them an incentive to produce less.
According to Russell Cooper and Andrew John, strategic complementarity is the basic property underlying examples of multiple equilibria in coordination games.
Calculus formulation
Mathematically, consider a symmetric game with two players that each have payoff function , where represents the player's own decision, and represents the decision of the other player. Assume is increasing and concave in the player's own strategy . Under these assumptions, the two decisions are strategic complements if an increase in each player's own decision raises the marginal payoff of the other player. In other words, the decisions are strategic complements if the second derivative is positive for . Equivalently, this means that the function is supermodular.
On the other hand, the decisions are strategic substitutes if is negative, that i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications%20of%20prolonged%20standing | The complications of prolonged standing are conditions that may arise after standing, walking, or running for prolonged periods. Many of the complications come from prolonged standing (more than 60% of a work day) that is repeated several times a week. Many jobs require prolonged standing, such as "retail staff, baristas, bartenders, assembly line workers, security staff, engineers, catering staff, library assistants, hair stylists and laboratory technicians".
The basic physiological change that occurs in the body during prolonged standing or sudden stand from supine position is that there will be increased pooling of blood in the legs. This decreases the venous return, and so there will be decreased cardiac output, which ultimately causes systolic blood pressure to fall (hypotension). This hypotension may lead the subject to faint or to have other symptoms of hypotension.
Standing requires about 10% more energy than sitting.
Prevalence
There are no exact measures of how prevalent the complications are. However, European studies report that between one third and one half of all workers spend at least four hours per Working time (for an average workday of eight hours) standing or walking. One estimate from the United Kingdom stated that over 11 million people stand for long periods of time without rest.
Complications
Slouching
Proper posture is often referred to as a "neutral spine"; slouching is an improper posture or a "nonneutral spine".
Slouching is often described as improper posture, movement or rigidity of the spine, especially the cervical and thoracic regions, in relation to other parts of the body.
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted, especially within the legs, ankles and feet of an affected individual.
When standing, gravity pulls the blood downwards to the lower part of the body. Body mechanisms, such as vasoconstriction and valves of the veins, assist in pumping blood upwards. As blood is pumped through t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28set%20theory%29 | In mathematics, a filter on a set is a family of subsets such that:
and
if and , then
If , and , then
A filter on a set may be thought of as representing a "collection of large subsets", one intuitive example being the neighborhood filter. Filters appear in order theory, model theory, and set theory, but can also be found in topology, from which they originate. The dual notion of a filter is an ideal.
Filters were introduced by Henri Cartan in 1937 and as described in the article dedicated to filters in topology, they were subsequently used by Nicolas Bourbaki in their book Topologie Générale as an alternative to the related notion of a net developed in 1922 by E. H. Moore and Herman L. Smith. Order filters are generalizations of filters from sets to arbitrary partially ordered sets. Specifically, a filter on a set is just a proper order filter in the special case where the partially ordered set consists of the power set ordered by set inclusion.
Preliminaries, notation, and basic notions
In this article, upper case Roman letters like denote sets (but not families unless indicated otherwise) and will denote the power set of A subset of a power set is called (or simply, ) where it is if it is a subset of Families of sets will be denoted by upper case calligraphy letters such as
Whenever these assumptions are needed, then it should be assumed that is non–empty and that etc. are families of sets over
The terms "prefilter" and "filter base" are synonyms and will be used interchangeably.
Warning about competing definitions and notation
There are unfortunately several terms in the theory of filters that are defined differently by different authors.
These include some of the most important terms such as "filter".
While different definitions of the same term usually have significant overlap, due to the very technical nature of filters (and point–set topology), these differences in definitions nevertheless often have important consequences.
Wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Library%20of%20Mathematical%20Functions | The Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) is an online project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a database of mathematical reference data for special functions and their applications. It is intended as an update of Abramowitz's and Stegun's Handbook of Mathematical Functions (A&S). It was published online on 7 May 2010, though some chapters appeared earlier. In the same year it appeared at Cambridge University Press under the title NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions.
In contrast to A&S, whose initial print run was done by the U.S. Government Printing Office and was in the public domain, NIST asserts that it holds copyright to the DLMF under Title 17 USC 105 of the U.S. Code.
See also
NIST Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOP%20reagent | BOP (benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate) reagent is a reagent commonly used in the synthesis of peptides. Its use is discouraged because coupling using BOP liberates HMPA which is carcinogenic, although for small scale use in an organic laboratory this is not a great disadvantage as it is in large scale industrial usage.
BOP has been used for peptide coupling, synthesis of esters, esterification of carboxylic acids, or as a catalyst. This reagent is advantageous in peptide coupling to other derived reagents because there are no side reactions from the dehydration of asparagine or glutamine. In peptide coupling the BOP reagent works well because it forms reactive intermediates which allow for the amines to bond together with little energy loss. In the reduction of carboxylic acids, using the BOP reagent with NaBH4 resulted in high percent yields.
See also
PyBOP, a related reagent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20monkey%20theorem%20in%20popular%20culture | The infinite monkey theorem and its associated imagery is considered a popular and proverbial illustration of the mathematics of probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than because of its transmission via the classroom.
However, this popularity as either presented to or taken in the public's mind often oversimplifies or confuses important aspects of the different scales of the concepts involved: infinity, probability, and time—all of these are in measures beyond average human experience and practical comprehension or comparison.
Popularity
The history of the imagery of "typing monkeys" dates back at least as far as Émile Borel's use of the metaphor in his essay in 1913, and this imagery has recurred many times since in a variety of media.
The Hoffmann and Hofmann paper (2001) referenced a collection compiled by Jim Reeds, titled "The Parable of the Monkeys – a.k.a. The Topos of the Monkeys and the Typewriters".
The enduring, widespread and popular nature of the knowledge of the theorem was noted in a 2001 paper, "Monkeys, Typewriters and Networks – the Internet in the Light of the Theory of Accidental Excellence". In their introduction to that paper, Hoffmann and Hofmann stated: "The Internet is home to a vast assortment of quotations and experimental designs concerning monkeys and typewriters. They all expand on the theory […] that if an infinite number of monkeys were left to bang on an infinite number of typewriters, sooner or later they would accidentally reproduce the complete works of William Shakespeare (or even just one of his sonnets)."
In 2002, a Washington Post article said: "Plenty of people have had fun with the famous notion that an infinite number of monkeys with an infinite number of typewriters and an infinite amount of time could eventually write the works of Shakespeare".
In 2003, an Arts Council funded experiment involving real monkeys and a computer keyboard received widespre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%20%28programming%20language%29 | Vala is an object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C code and uses the GObject system.
Vala is syntactically similar to C# and includes notable features such as anonymous functions, signals, properties, generics, assisted memory management, exception handling, type inference, and foreach statements. Its developers, Jürg Billeter and Raffaele Sandrini, wanted to bring these features to the plain C runtime with little overhead and no special runtime support by targeting the GObject object system. Rather than compiling directly to machine code or assembly language, it compiles to a lower-level intermediate language. It source-to-source compiles to C, which is then compiled with a C compiler for a given platform, such as GCC or Clang.
Using functionality from native code libraries requires writing vapi files, defining the library interfaces. Writing these interface definitions is well-documented for C libraries. Bindings are already available for a large number of libraries, including libraries that are not based on GObject such as the multimedia library SDL and OpenGL.
Description
Vala is a programming language that combines the high-level build-time performance of scripting languages with the run-time performance of low-level programming languages. It aims to bring modern programming language features to GNOME developers without imposing any additional runtime requirements and without using a different ABI, compared to applications and libraries written in C. The syntax of Vala is similar to C#, modified to better fit the GObject type system.
History
Vala was conceived by Jürg Billeter and was implemented by him and Raffaele Sandrini, who wished for a higher level alternative for developing GNOME applications instead of C. They did like the syntax and semantics of C# but did not want to use Mono, so they finished a compiler in May 2006. Initially, it was bootstrapped using C, and one year later (with release of version 0.1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty%20detection | Novelty detection is the mechanism by which an intelligent organism is able to identify an incoming sensory pattern as being hitherto unknown. If the pattern is sufficiently salient or associated with a high positive or strong negative utility, it will be given computational resources for effective future processing.
The principle is long known in neurophysiology, with roots in the orienting response research by E. N. Sokolov in the 1950s. The reverse phenomenon is habituation, i.e., the phenomenon that known patterns yield a less marked response. Early neural modeling attempts were by Yehuda Salu. An increasing body of knowledge has been collected concerning the corresponding mechanisms in the brain. In technology, the principle became important for radar detection methods during the Cold War, where unusual aircraft-reflection patterns could indicate an attack by a new type of aircraft. Today, the phenomenon plays an important role in machine learning and data science, where the corresponding methods are known as anomaly detection or outlier detection. An extensive methodological overview is given by Markou and Singh.
See also
Change detection
Outlier
Reward system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemlink | Chemlink is a brand name for wireless video transmission products made by the Chung-Hsin Electric and Machinery Manufacturing Corporation Wireless Communication Division.
Background
The company is on a 5.8 GHz wireless transmission for audio and video. Not only OEM/ODM audio/video senders for many worldwide brand companies, also supply their video transmitter or receiver modules for the remote monitoring systems, wireless cameras or wireless CCTVs makers for professional and surveillance markets.
Wireless solutions make use of the 5.8 GHz range to avoid interference from the increasingly crowded 2.4GHz radio band, which is widely used by WLAN 802.11b/g, Bluetooth devices, Cordless phones and Microwave ovens. Therefore, 5.8 GHz solutions are getting more and more public to use in home video transmission, especially in North America and Australia. In the security and surveillance markets, especially for long range video transmissions, more people are starting to use 5.8 GHz frequency for cleaner bandwidth for better outcome.
In 1956, Chung-Hsin Electric and Machinery Manufacturing Corporation was established. During the early years, the major scope of this company's business was focused on the manufacture of electric motors and generators. In 1970, they stepped into the market of home appliances including air-conditioners. Before long, they took the lead in the production of air conditioners, refrigerators and washing machines in Taiwan. In 1983, operating with Hitachi, Japan, they successfully developed SF6 gas insulated switchgear and gas insulated circuit breakers. Ten years later in 1993, in accordance with Taiwan government's policy, they actively participated in large-scaled, “Turn-Key,” engineering projects of the government. The total contract value was 18 billion NT dollars. The company was transformed again in 2000. Since then, they have been engaged in RF Radio frequency and wireless communication manufacturing business. They started to use Chemlink as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed%20grammar | Indexed grammars are a generalization of context-free grammars in that nonterminals are equipped with lists of flags, or index symbols.
The language produced by an indexed grammar is called an indexed language.
Definition
Modern definition by Hopcroft and Ullman
In contemporary publications following Hopcroft and Ullman (1979),
an indexed grammar is formally defined a 5-tuple G = ⟨N,T,F,P,S⟩ where
N is a set of variables or nonterminal symbols,
T is a set ("alphabet") of terminal symbols,
F is a set of so-called index symbols, or indices,
S ∈ N is the start symbol, and
P is a finite set of productions.
In productions as well as in derivations of indexed grammars, a string ("stack") σ ∈ F* of index symbols is attached to every nonterminal symbol A ∈ N, denoted by A[σ].
Terminal symbols may not be followed by index stacks.
For an index stack σ ∈ F* and a string α ∈ (N ∪ T)* of nonterminal and terminal symbols, α[σ] denotes the result of attaching [σ] to every nonterminal in α; for example if α equals with a,d ∈ T terminal, and nonterminal symbols, then α[σ] denotes
Using this notation, each production in P has to be of the form
A[σ] → α[σ],
A[σ] → B[fσ], or
A[fσ] → α[σ],
where A, B ∈ N are nonterminal symbols, f ∈ F is an index, σ ∈ F* is a string of index symbols, and α ∈ (N ∪ T)* is a string of nonterminal and terminal symbols. Some authors write ".." instead of "σ" for the index stack in production rules; the rule of type 1, 2, and 3 then reads , and , respectively.
Derivations are similar to those in a context-free grammar except for the index stack attached to each nonterminal symbol.
When a production like e.g. A[σ] → B[σ]C[σ] is applied, the index stack of A is copied to both B and C.
Moreover, a rule can push an index symbol onto the stack, or pop its "topmost" (i.e., leftmost) index symbol.
Formally, the relation ⇒ ("direct derivation") is defined on the set (N[F*]∪T)* of "sentential forms" as follows:
If A[σ] → α[σ] is a production of ty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20structure%20tree | A program structure tree (PST) is a hierarchical diagram that displays the nesting relationship of single-entry single-exit (SESE) fragments/regions, showing the organization of a computer program. Nodes in this tree represent SESE regions of the program, while edges represent nesting regions. The PST is defined for all control flow graphs.
Bibliographical notes
These notes list important works which fueled research on parsing of programs and/or (work)flow graphs (adapted from Section 3.5 in ).
The connectivity properties are the basic properties of graphs and are useful when testing whether a graph is planar or when determining if two graphs are isomorphic. John Hopcroft and Robert Endre Tarjan (1973) developed an optimal (to within a constant factor) algorithm for dividing a graph into triconnected components. The algorithm is based on the depth-first search of graphs and requires time and space to examine a graph with vertices and edges.
Robert Endre Tarjan and Jacobo Valdes (1980) used triconnected components for structural analysis of biconnected flow graphs. The triconnected components of the undirected version of a flow graph are shown to be useful for discovering structural information of directed flow graphs. The triconnected components can be discovered efficiently and form a hierarchy of SESE fragments of a flow graph.
Giuseppe Di Battista and Roberto Tamassia (1990) introduced SPQR-trees - a data structure which represents decomposition of a biconnected graph with respect to its triconnected components. Essentially, SPQR-trees are the parse trees of Tarjan and Valdes. The authors showed the usefulness of SPQR-trees for various on-line graph algorithms, e.g., transitive closure, planarity testing, and minimum spanning tree. In particular, the authors proposed an efficient solution to the problem of on-line maintenance of the triconnected components of a graph.
Richard C. Johnson et al. (1994) proposed a program structure tree (PST), a hierarchical r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URBI | Urbi is an open-source cross-platform software computing platform written in C++ used to develop applications for robotics and complex systems. Urbi is based on the UObject distributed C++ component architecture. It also includes the urbiscript orchestration language which is a parallel and event-driven script language. UObject components can be plugged into urbiscript and appear as native objects that can be scripted to specify their interactions and data exchanges. UObjects can be linked to the urbiscript interpreter, or executed as autonomous processes in "remote" mode.
The urbiscript language
The urbiscript language was created in 2003 by Jean-Christophe Baillie in the Cognitive Robotics Lab of ENSTA, Paris. It has been actively and further developed in the industry through the Gostai company founded in 2006. It is now an open source project, with a BSD license, available on GitHub.
The urbiscript language can be best described as an orchestration script language: like Lua in video games, urbiscript can be used to glue together C++ components into a functional behavior, the CPU-intensive algorithmic part being left to C++ and the behavior scripting part being left to the script language which is more flexible, easy to maintain and allows dynamic interaction during program execution. As an orchestration language, urbiscript also brings some useful abstractions to a program by having parallelism and event-based programming as part of the language semantics. The scripting of parallel behaviors and reactions to events are core requirements of most robotic and complex AI applications, therefore urbiscript (and the whole Urbi platform) is well suited to such applications.
Language attributes
Parallelism and event-based programming
Prototype-based programming
C++ like syntax
Java and C++ based component architecture (UObject) with possibility to link objects or run them remotely
Client–server model architecture
Cross platform: Linux, Macintosh, Windows, other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine%20pentaphosphate | (p)ppGpp, guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate, also known as the "magic spot" nucleotides, are alarmones involved in the stringent response in bacteria that cause the inhibition of RNA synthesis when there is a shortage of amino acids. This inhibition by (p)ppGpp decreases translation in the cell, conserving amino acids present. Furthermore, ppGpp and pppGpp cause the up-regulation of many other genes involved in stress response such as the genes for amino acid uptake (from surrounding media) and biosynthesis.
Discovery
ppGpp and pppGpp were first identified by Michael Cashel in 1969. These nucleotides were found to accumulate rapidly in Escherichia coli cells starved for amino acids and inhibit synthesis of ribosomal and transfer RNAs. It is now known that (p)ppGpp is also produced in response to other stressors including carbon and phosphate starvation. Historically, literature surrounding (p)ppGpp have given conflicting findings and information on its role in bacterial stress responses.
Absence of (p)ppGpp
E.coli are shown to be more sensitive to accumulations of guanosine tetraphosphate than guanosine pentaphosphate. A complete absence of (p)ppGpp causes multiple amino acid requirements, poor survival of aged cultures, aberrant cell division, morphology, and immotility, as well as being locked in a growth mode during entry into starvation.
Synthesis and degradation of (p)ppGpp
The synthesis and degradation of (p)ppGpp have been most extensively characterized in the bacterial model organism Escherichia coli.
RelA's Role in (p)ppGpp Synthesis
(p)ppGpp is created via pppGpp synthase, also known as RelA, and is converted from pppGpp to ppGpp via pppGpp phosphohydrolase. RelA is associated with about every one in two hundred ribosomes and it becomes activated when an uncharged transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule enters the A site of the ribosome, due to the shortage of amino acid required by the tRNA. If a mutant bacterium is relA− it is said to be relaxed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20semantic%20traceability | Reverse semantic traceability (RST) is a quality control method for verification improvement that helps to insure high quality of artifacts by backward translation at each stage of the software development process.
Brief introduction
Each stage of development process can be treated as a series of “translations” from one language to another. At the very beginning a project team deals with customer’s requirements and expectations expressed in natural language. These customer requirements sometimes might be incomplete, vague or even contradictory to each other. The first step is specification and formalization of customer expectations, transition (“translation”) of them into a formal requirement document for the future system. Then requirements are translated into system architecture and step by step the project team generates code written in a very formal programming language. There is always a threat of inserting mistakes, misinterpreting or losing something during the translation. Even a small defect in requirement or design specifications can cause huge amounts of defects at the late stages of the project. Sometimes such misunderstandings can lead to project failure or complete customer dissatisfaction.
The highest usage scenarios of Reverse Semantic Traceability method can be:
Validating UML models: quality engineers restore a textual description of a domain, original and restored descriptions are compared.
Validating model changes for a new requirement: given an original and changed versions of a model, quality engineers restore the textual description of the requirement, original and restored descriptions are compared.
Validating a bug fix: given an original and modified source code, quality engineers restore a textual description of the bug that was fixed, original and restored descriptions are compared.
Integrating new software engineer into a team: a new team member gets an assignment to do Reverse Semantic Traceability for the key artifacts from the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Phelippes | Thomas Phelippes (1556–1625), also known as Thomas Phillips was a linguist, who was employed as a forger and intelligence gatherer. He served mainly under Sir Francis Walsingham, in the time of Elizabeth I, and most notably deciphered the coded letters of Babington Plot conspirators.
Life and education
Little is known about Phelippes family background except that he was the son of a cloth merchant. Despite his humble origins, it is believed that he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1569 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1574. Phelippes was a linguist who could speak French, Italian, Spanish, Latin and German. His education helped him to master cipher skills and be an excellent cryptographer of high reputation. Therefore, he was employed by Sir Francis Walsingham, the principal secretary to Queen Elizabeth I.
The physical and intellectual stature of Phelippes was described as "a small, lean, yellow-haired, short-sighted man, with pock-marked face, an excellent linguist, and, above all, a person with a positive genius for deciphering letters."
Babington Plot
He is most remembered for his postscript to the "bloody letter" sent by Mary, Queen of Scots, to Anthony Babington regarding the Babington plot. When he sent Walsingham the letter proving Mary, Queen of Scots's complicity in the plot Phelippes had drawn a gallows on the envelope. According to historian Neville Williams, the notes were smuggled to Mary via empty barrels from a brewer in Burton upon Trent who supplied the house at Chartley Manor where she was being held prisoner in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet. Phelippes was kept busy with a backlog of correspondence requested by Her Majesty whose letters contained day to day matters as well as those of a more sensitive type. Walsingham had to wait a whole seven months before he got what he wanted. This postscript asked Babington for the names of the plotters involved in the planned assassination of Queen Elizabeth I, and hence Francis Walsingham |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%282%2C3%2C7%29%20triangle%20group | In the theory of Riemann surfaces and hyperbolic geometry, the triangle group (2,3,7) is particularly important for its connection to Hurwitz surfaces, namely Riemann surfaces of genus g with the largest possible order, 84(g − 1), of its automorphism group.
The term "(2,3,7) triangle group" most often refers not to the full triangle group Δ(2,3,7) (the Coxeter group with Schwarz triangle (2,3,7) or a realization as a hyperbolic reflection group), but rather to the ordinary triangle group (the von Dyck group) D(2,3,7) of orientation-preserving maps (the rotation group), which is index 2.
Torsion-free normal subgroups of the (2,3,7) triangle group are Fuchsian groups associated with Hurwitz surfaces, such as the Klein quartic, Macbeath surface and First Hurwitz triplet.
Constructions
Hyperbolic construction
To construct the triangle group, start with a hyperbolic triangle with angles π/2, π/3, and π/7. This triangle, the smallest hyperbolic Schwarz triangle, tiles the plane by reflections in its sides. Consider then the group generated by reflections in the sides of the triangle, which (since the triangle tiles) is a non-Euclidean crystallographic group (a discrete subgroup of hyperbolic isometries) with this triangle for fundamental domain; the associated tiling is the order-3 bisected heptagonal tiling. The (2,3,7) triangle group is defined as the index 2 subgroups consisting of the orientation-preserving isometries, which is a Fuchsian group (orientation-preserving NEC group).
Group presentation
It has a presentation in terms of a pair of generators, g2, g3, modulo the following relations:
Geometrically, these correspond to rotations by , and about the vertices of the Schwarz triangle.
Quaternion algebra
The (2,3,7) triangle group admits a presentation in terms of the group of quaternions of norm 1 in a suitable order in a quaternion algebra. More specifically, the triangle group is the quotient of the group of quaternions by its center ±1.
Let η = 2co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Kluv%C3%A1nek | Igor Kluvánek (27 January 1931 – 24 July 1993) was a Slovak-Australian mathematician.
Academic career
Igor Kluvánek obtained his first degree in electrical engineering from the Slovak Polytechnic University, Bratislava, in 1953. His first appointment was in the Department of Mathematics of the same institution. At the same time he worked for his C.Sc. degree obtained from the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In the early 60's he joined the Department of Mathematical Analysis of the University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice. During 1967–68 he held a visiting position at The Flinders University of South Australia. The events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia made it impossible for him and his family to return to their homeland. The Flinders University of South Australia was able to create a chair in applied mathematics to which he was appointed in January 1969 and occupied until his resignation in 1986.
Early years
Kluvánek graduated in 1953 from the Slovak Polytechnic University with a degree in electrical engineering specialising in vacuum technology. That year, he married a former classmate from the gymnasium at Rimavská Sobota. To support himself, he became a part-time tutor/lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, where he remained after completing his studies. At the same time, he worked for his C.Sc. degree obtained from the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
In 1961, it became known at the polytechnic that he was a practising Catholic, which was deemed to be incompatible with the position of a socialist teacher. At that time, an attempt was made to minimise ideological confrontations in the interests of economic development. The affair blew over when he joined the Department of Mathematical Analysis of ŠafárikUniversity in his birthplace, Košice.
To Australia
With the approval of the Czechoslovak authorities, he arrived with his wife and five children in Adelaide in March 1967 to take up a two-year visiting position at the newly es |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented%20user%20interface | In computing, an object-oriented user interface (OOUI) is a type of user interface based on an object-oriented programming metaphor, and describes most modern operating systems ("object-oriented operating systems") such as MacOS and Windows. In an OOUI, the user interacts explicitly with objects that represent entities in the domain that the application is concerned with. Many vector drawing applications, for example, have an OOUI – the objects being lines, circles and canvases. The user may explicitly select an object, alter its properties (such as size or colour), or invoke other actions upon it (such as to move, copy, or re-align it). If a business application has any OOUI, the user may be selecting and/or invoking actions on objects representing entities in the business domain such as customers, products or orders.
Jakob Nielsen defines the OOUI in contrast to function-oriented interfaces: "Object-oriented interfaces are sometimes described as turning the application inside-out as compared to function-oriented interfaces. The main focus of the interaction changes to become the users' data and other information objects that are typically represented graphically on the screen as icons or in windows."
Dave Collins defines an OOUI as demonstrating three characteristics:
Users perceive and act on objects
Users can classify objects based on how they behave
In the context of what users are trying to do, all the user interface objects fit together into a coherent overall representation.
Jef Raskin suggests that the most important characteristic of an OOUI is that it adopts a 'noun-verb', rather than a 'verb-noun' style of interaction, and that this has several advantages in terms of usability.
Relationship to other user interface ideas
There is a great deal of potential synergy between the OOUI concept and other important ideas in user interface design including:
graphical user interface (GUI).
direct manipulation interface
interface metaphor
Many futuri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVI-738 | The Spectravideo SVI-738 X'Press is an MSX1 compatible home computer manufactured by Spectravideo from 1985. Although compatible with the MSX 1.0 standard, it incorporates several extensions to the standard (80-column display, serial RS-232, built-in 3.5" floppy drive); many are hardware-compatible with the MSX 2.0 standard but the system as a whole is not, leading to it being referred to as an "MSX 1.5" computer.
Along with the Sony HB-101, Canon V-8, Casio MX-10 and Hitachi MB-H1, it was a portable computer based on the MSX standard, hence the title "X'Press". It came packaged with its own carrying bag in addition to the manuals, booklets and software (CP/M 2.2 and MSX-DOS 1.0) a disk containing a special demonstration program featuring an astronaut flying about on the screen, demonstrating the computer's graphic capabilities and listing facts about the computer's ROM and RAM sizes.
Along with the disk drive and integrated serial port, what stood out the most was the use of the graphics chip specified by the MSX-2 standard, although the use of only 16 KB of VRAM allowed you to add only an 80 column mode. This, together with bugs in the first model's design (Konami SCC-sound based cartridges do not work or have bad sound) are among the reasons for the "MSX 1.5" moniker.
It ran Microsoft Disk BASIC 1.0 from ROM when turned on if no disk or a non-autoexecutable disk was inserted.
Marketing
The computer was marketed mainly in Europe, Australasia and the Middle East. In Poland, 2000 units were marketed in 1986 by Centralna Składnica Harcerska at a price of 440 000 PLZ (the average salary for 18 months at that time). This was the only MSX computer to be sold in official network in communist Poland. This version of the SVI-738 was equipped with an altered keyboard and ROM in order to provide Polish-specific characters. It could also be found in schools in Finland . In Spain, it was initially distributed by Indescomp until the creation of a Spanish subsidiary. In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20isotope%20diet | A heavy isotope diet is one in that contains nutrients in which some atoms are replaced with their heavier non-radioactive isotopes, such as deuterium 2H or heavy carbon 13C. Biomolecules that incorporate heavier isotopes give rise to more stable molecular structures, which is hypothesized to increase resistance to damage associated with ageing or diseases.
Medicines with some hydrogen atoms substituted with deuterium are called deuterated drugs, while substances that are essential nutrients can be used as food constituents, making this food "isotopic". Consumed with food, these nutrients become building material for the body. The examples are deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential aminoacids, DNA bases such as cytosine, or heavy water and glucose.
Suggested mechanism
One of the most pernicious and irreparable types of oxidative damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon biomolecules involves the carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage (hydrogen abstraction). Intriguingly, the biomolecules most damageable by this type of damage belong to the group of essential nutrients (10 out of 20 amino acids; nucleosides at certain conditions (conditionally essential); all polyunsaturated fatty acids). In theory, replacing hydrogen with deuterium "reinforces" the bond due to the kinetic isotope effect, and such reinforced biomolecules taken up by the body will be more resistant to ROS.
Deuterated omega-6 fatty acids for humans with degenerative diseases
The company Retrotope pioneered the development a source of deuterated omega-6 fatty acid di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester (RT001) as a food additive for potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Friedreich’s ataxia and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. FDA has granted it an orphan drug designation and it passed the Phase I/II clinical trials (as of 2018).
See also
Deuterated drug
Heavy water
RT001 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerocallis%20lilioasphodelus | Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus (syn. Hemerocallis flava, known as lemon daylily, lemon lily, yellow daylily, and other names) is a plant of the genus Hemerocallis. It is found across China, in Europe in N.E. Italy and Slovenia and is one of the first daylilies used for breeding new daylily cultivars.
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus grows in big, spreading clumps, and its leaves grow to 75 cm (30 in) long. Its scapes each bear from 3 through 9 sweetly fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers.
Culinary use
The flowers of some daylillies, including Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus are edible and are used in Chinese and Japanese cuisine.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20MSX | The Dragon MSX MSX 1 home computer was designed by Radofin (the creators of the Mattel Aquarius) for Dragon Data, which were well known for their Dragon 64 home computer, a clone of the TRS-80 Color Computer. Only a few prototypes were ever built.
Tech information
BIOS (16 KB)
MSX BASIC V1.0 (16 KB)
Video Display Processor: TMS9918 with a Video RAM of 16 KB and this BASIC modes :
SCREEN 0 : text 40 × 24 characters, 2 colors
SCREEN 1 : text 32 × 24 characters, 16 colors
SCREEN 2 : graphics 256 × 192, 16 colors
SCREEN 3 : graphics 64 × 48, 16 colors
Sprites: 32, 1 colour, max 4 per horizontal line
External links
El Museo de los 8 Bits
Tromax happy proprietary of the prototype #37
Dragon Data Archive
Dragon Data
MSX microcomputer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips%20VG-8020 | The VG-8020 was Philips' third MSX computer introduced in 1984, after the VG-8000 and the VG-8010 computers.
With a price of 2990 Fr, the machine was MSX1 standard compatible, had a real keyboard (instead of a chiclet keyboard like its predecessors) and a printer port (missing on the previous models).
The VG-8020 was manufactured by Kyocera and featured a Zilog Z80A microprocessor clocked at 3.56 MHz, 64KB of RAM, 16KB of VRAM, two cartridge slots and two joystick ports.
The machine came with MSX BASIC 1.0 in ROM and graphics were provided by a Texas Instruments TMS9929A, with RF and composite video outputs. Sound was generated by a General Instruments AY-3-8910 chip.
It was replaced by the VG-8220, a MSX2 compatible machine.
Models
The computer was marketed in several variants:
Philips VG-8020/00 (PAL, QWERTY keyboard, 1984)
Philips VG-8020/19 (SECAM, AZERTY keyboard, RGB out, black case, France, 1985)
Philips VG-8020/20 (PAL, QWERTY keyboard layout, revised motherboard, 1986)
Philips VG-8020/29 (Germany, 1986)
Philips VG-8020/40 (revised motherboard)
Phonola VG 8020 (Italy)
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMS-8250 | NMS-8250, (NMS is short for "New Media Systems") was a professional MSX2 home computer for the high end market, with two built in floppy disk drives in a "pizza box" configuration, released in 1986. The machine was in fact manufactured by Sanyo and it is basically the MPC-25FS with a different color.
It featured professional video output possibilities, such as SCART for a better picture quality, and a detachable keyboard.
Technical specifications
Processor: Zilog Z80A with a clock speed of 3,56 MHz.
Memory: ROM: 64 kB (MSX 2: 48 kB, Disk BASIC: 16 kB), RAM: 256 kB (VRAM: 128 kB, main memory: 128 kB).
Display: VDP Yamaha YM9938 (80×24, 40×24 and 32×24 character text in four colors - two foreground colors and two background colors; resolution of 512×212 pixels (with 16 from 512 colors) or 256×212 (with 256 from 512 colors).
Controller chip: MSX-Engine (S-3527, real-time clock with rechargeable battery).
Sound: PSG (S-3527, 3 sound channels, one noise channel)
Floppy drive: 3,5 inch, 720 kB double sided.
Connectors: mains cable, RF-output, CVBS monitor, luminance video output connector (for monochrome monitors), tulip (RCA) connector audio output, SCART audio/video-output using RGB, data recorder, Centronics compatible parallel printer port, detachable keyboard connector, two joysticks, two cartridge slots.
Gallery
MSX2 microcomputer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Loedel%20Palumbo | Enrique Loedel Palumbo (Montevideo Uruguay, June 29, 1901 – La Plata Argentina, July 31, 1962) was an Uruguayan physicist.
Loedel Palumbo was born in Montevideo, Uruguay and studied at the University of La Plata in Argentina. His doctoral advisor was the German physicist of Jewish origin Richard Gans. Loedel wrote his Ph.D. thesis in December 1925 on optical and electrical constants of sugar cane. An extract of the thesis was published in German in Annalen der Physik in 1926. He then began his career as professor in La Plata.
During Einstein's visit to Argentina in 1925 they had a conversation about the differential equation of a point-source gravitational field, which resulted in a paper published by Loedel in Physikalische Zeitschrift. It is claimed that this is the first research paper on relativity ever published by a Latin American scientist.
Loedel Palumbo then spent some time in Germany working with Erwin Schrödinger and Max Planck. He returned to Argentina in 1930 and from there on concentrated on teaching. He published several scientific papers during his career in international journals and wrote several books (in Spanish).
Loedel diagram
Max Born (1920) and systematically Paul Gruner (1921) introduced symmetric Minkowski diagrams in German and French papers, where the ct'-axis is perpendicular to the x-axis, as well as the ct-axis perpendicular to the x'-axis (for sources and historical details, see Loedel diagram).
In 1948 and in subsequent papers, Loedel independently rediscovered such diagrams. They were again rediscovered in 1955 by Henri Amar, who subsequently wrote in 1957 in American Journal of Physics: "I regret my unfamiliarity with South American literature and wish to acknowledge the priority of Professor Loedel's work", along with a note by Loedel Palumbo citing his publications on the geometrical representation of Lorentz transformations. Those diagrams are therefore called "Loedel diagrams", and have been cited by some textbook authors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance%20relationship | In ecology, the occupancy–abundance (O–A) relationship is the relationship between the abundance of species and the size of their ranges within a region. This relationship is perhaps one of the most well-documented relationships in macroecology, and applies both intra- and interspecifically (within and among species). In most cases, the O–A relationship is a positive relationship. Although an O–A relationship would be expected, given that a species colonizing a region must pass through the origin (zero abundance, zero occupancy) and could reach some theoretical maximum abundance and distribution (that is, occupancy and abundance can be expected to co-vary), the relationship described here is somewhat more substantial, in that observed changes in range are associated with greater-than-proportional changes in abundance. Although this relationship appears to be pervasive (e.g. Gaston 1996 and references therein), and has important implications for the conservation of endangered species, the mechanism(s) underlying it remain poorly understood
Important terms
Range – means the total area occupied by the species of interest in the region under study (see below 'Measures of species geographic range')
Abundance – means the average density of the species of interest across all occupied patches (i.e. average abundance does not include the area of unoccupied patches)
Intraspecific occupancy–abundance relationship – means the relationship between abundance and range size within a single species generated using time series data
Interspecific occupancy–abundance relationship – means the relationship between relative abundance and range size of an assemblage of closely related species at a specific point in time (or averaged across a short time period). The interspecific O-A relationship may arise from the combination of the intraspecific O–A relationships within the region
Measures of species geographic range
In the discussion of relationships with range size, it is impo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaling%20pattern%20of%20occupancy | In spatial ecology and macroecology, scaling pattern of occupancy (SPO), also known as the area-of-occupancy (AOO) is the way in which species distribution changes across spatial scales. In physical geography and image analysis, it is similar to the modifiable areal unit problem. Simon A. Levin (1992) states that the problem of relating phenomena across scales is the central problem in biology and in all of science. Understanding the SPO is thus one central theme in ecology.
Pattern description
This pattern is often plotted as log-transformed grain (cell size) versus log-transformed occupancy. Kunin (1998) presented a log-log linear SPO and suggested a fractal nature for species distributions. It has since been shown to follow a logistic shape, reflecting a percolation process. Furthermore, the SPO is closely related to the intraspecific occupancy-abundance relationship. For instance, if individuals are randomly distributed in space, the number of individuals in an α-size cell follows a Poisson distribution, with the occupancy being Pα = 1 − exp(−μα), where μ is the density. Clearly, Pα in this Poisson model for randomly distributed individuals is also the SPO. Other probability distributions, such as the negative binomial distribution, can also be applied for describing the SPO and the occupancy-abundance relationship for non-randomly distributed individuals.
Other occupancy-abundance models that can be used to describe the SPO includes Nachman's exponential model, Hanski and Gyllenberg's metapopulation model, He and Gaston's improved negative binomial model by applying Taylor's power law between the mean and variance of species distribution, and Hui and McGeoch's droopy-tail percolation model. One important application of the SPO in ecology is to estimate species abundance based on presence-absence data, or occupancy alone. This is appealing because obtaining presence-absence data is often cost-efficient. Using a dipswitch test consisting of 5 subtests and 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20compatibility%20list | A hardware compatibility list (HCL) is a list of computer hardware (typically including many types of peripheral devices) that is compatible with a particular operating system or device management software. The list contains both whole computer systems and specific hardware elements including motherboards, sound cards, and video cards. In today's world, there is a vast amount of computer hardware in circulation, and many operating systems too. A hardware compatibility list is a database of hardware models and their compatibility with a certain operating system.
HCLs can be centrally controlled (one person or team keeps the list of hardware maintained) or user-driven (users submit reviews on hardware they have used).
There are many HCLs. Usually, each operating system will have an official HCL on its website.
See also
System requirements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX-Engine | An MSX-ENGINE chip is a specially developed integrated circuit for home computers that are built according to the MSX specifications.
Generally, such a chip combines the functions of many separate, older/simpler chips into one. This is done to reduce required circuit board space, power consumption, and (most importantly) production costs for complete systems.
The first MSX-Engine chip, the T7775 operated next to a standard Zilog Z80-clone chip, the main CPU of the system, but most later versions of the engine also included the Z80 (clone) CPU in a same single chip package. The S-1990, is a special case, as it's not really an MSX-Engine, but a chip that was used as "glue logic" between the MSX-engine and an external R800 CPU.
The T9769 is used in MSX 2 computers, while in MSX 1 computers mostly the T7775 and T7937 are used. You can also find the S-1985 and S-3527 in these systems. After the MSX 2 generation (from MSX2+ onwards) Toshiba took over the complete production of MSX engine chips. The last generation of MSX, the Turbo-R used the NEC S-1990 "TurboR bus controller" together with a R800 CPU.
MSX engine chips from Yamaha were mostly used in MSX-computers from Sony and Philips, while the Toshiba chips were mostly used in computers from Sanyo and Matsushita (Panasonic/National).
Overview
Here is a short overview of MSX-Engine chips.
MSX 1
Yamaha S3527
a Yamaha YM2149 PSG-sound chip, compatible with a General Instrument AY-3-8910
parallel I/O chip: backward compatible with the Intel i8255
standard MSX1 functions: DRAM control, slot selection, joystick ports, cassette/printer interface etc.
100 pins
Note that this IC is also used in many MSX2 computers, but does not include any MSX2-specific functions. In such machines, these are implemented using additional IC's
Sony MB64H131
Intel i8255
printer port
Toshiba T7775
CMOS-chip with all MSX 1 functions.
Toshiba T7937(A)
main CPU, a Zilog Z80 (clone) with a clock speed of 3,58 MHz.
PSG-sound chip, co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minco%20Products | Minco is a privately owned company with over 650 employees worldwide. Based in Fridley, Minnesota, the company designs and manufactures flexible printed circuit boards and interconnects, RTD based temperature sensors and assemblies, and thermal solutions for medical, defense, aerospace, industrial, and food service applications.
Company history
Minco Products, Inc was founded by Karl Schurr on October 2, 1956, as an engineering firm, designing and building precision electromechanical devices on a subcontract basis. In 1958, the company decided to concentrate on the development of proprietary products. One of the first efforts was flexible wire-wound temperature sensors for aerospace guidance systems, which led to the development of flexible heaters, introduced by Minco in 1960.
Also during the 1960s & 1970s, the temperature sensor line was expanded to include industrial RTD probes, bearing sensors, and RTD stator sensors to which the company supplied to large rotating apparatus (generators) manufacturers (GE, Westinghouse, Reliance Electric, Brown Boveri) and energy management system contractors. The company’s heater product line also expanded into commercial, aerospace and medical applications. Minco's combination etched foil heater-platinum wire sensors were used on many NASA projects including the 1976 Viking Lander (heated soil samples) and Skylab (Inertial Guidance System). Of note, NASA investigated Minco due to the erratic gyros on Skylab causing spacewalks to replace the IGS. The heater-sensor was found not to be the problem. Minco also manufactured one of the first etched foil heaters for early "wet" copy machines made by 3M. They opened their second manufacturing facility for this production.
In 1974, the company adapted its precision etching and laminating expertise to the manufacture of flexible printed circuits. These first circuits served as interconnects in cardiac pacemakers. Temperature instruments (transmitters, meters, controllers, and al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20limit | In mathematics, the Laplace limit is the maximum value of the eccentricity for which a solution to Kepler's equation, in terms of a power series in the eccentricity, converges. It is approximately
0.66274 34193 49181 58097 47420 97109 25290.
Kepler's equation M = E − ε sin E relates the mean anomaly M with the eccentric anomaly E for a body moving in an ellipse with eccentricity ε. This equation cannot be solved for E in terms of elementary functions, but the Lagrange reversion theorem gives the solution as a power series in ε:
or in general
Laplace realized that this series converges for small values of the eccentricity, but diverges for any value of M other than a multiple of π if the eccentricity exceeds a certain value that does not depend on M. The Laplace limit is this value. It is the radius of convergence of the power series.
It is given by the solution to the transcendental equation
No closed-form expression or infinite series is known for the Laplace limit.
History
Laplace calculated the value 0.66195 in 1827. The Italian astronomer Francesco Carlini found the limit 0.66 five years before Laplace. Cauchy in the 1829 gave the precise value 0.66274.
See also
Orbital eccentricity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20filter | A line filter (aka EMC filter, EMI filter, RFI filter) is an electronic filter that is placed between the mains electricity input and internal circuitry of electronic equipment to attenuate conducted radio frequencies radio frequency interference (RFI), also known as electromagnetic interference (EMI). Often it is either integrated into the power entry module or as a separate module (similar to the photo).
Types of line filters
A line filter may be incorporated in a connector. For example:
An AC line filter may be incorporated in a modular IEC 60320 power inlet connector or power entry module.
A telephone line filter may be incorporated in a modular RJ11 connector.
A line filter may be mounted on a PCB.
An AC line filter may be a stand-alone device, chassis mounted inside the equipment.
A facility AC line filter is mounted inside a room or cabinet, at the point where the AC power comes in.
For DC grids, photovoltaic applications and EV charging applications, DC filters are used.
AC line filters are very commonly used with inverters (aka drives, frequency converters). The switching semiconductors in the inverters cause energetic noise in high frequencies, that can cause EMI.
Characteristics of line filters
A line filter may be used to attenuate EMI in either direction. For example:
Emissions: It may be used to reduce the unintentional conducted emission from the equipment, to a level sufficiently low to pass regulatory limits (such as FCC part 15). For example, in switching power supplies.
Immunity: It may be used to reduce the level of EMI entering the equipment, to a level sufficiently low not to cause any undesired behavior. For example, in equipment used in Radio Transmitter facilities
The attenuation of line filters is measured in two areas:
Common mode - attenuation to signals that appear identically on each of the wires going through the filter.
Differential mode - attenuation to signals that appear on just one of the lines.
For each Mode, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-limited%20genes | Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and have no penetrance, or are simply 'turned off' in the other. In other words, sex-limited genes cause the two sexes to show different traits or phenotypes, despite having the same genotype. This term is restricted to autosomal traits, and should not be confused with sex-linked characteristics, which have to do with genetic differences on the sex chromosomes (see sex-determination system). Sex-limited genes are also distinguished from sex-influenced genes, where the same gene will show differential expression in each sex. Sex-influenced genes commonly show a dominant/recessive relationship, where the same gene will have a dominant effect in one sex and a recessive effect in the other (for example, male pattern baldness). However, the resulting phenotypes caused by sex-limited genes are present in only one sex and can be seen prominently in various species that typically show high sexual dimorphism.
Sex-limited genes are responsible for sexual dimorphism, which is a phenotypic (directly observable) difference between males and females of the same species regardless of genotype. These differences can be reflected in size, color, behavior (ex: levels of aggression), and morphology. An example of sex-limited genes are genes which control horn development in sheep: while both males and females possess the same genes controlling horn development, they are only expressed in males. Sex-limited genes are also responsible for some female beetles' inability to grow exaggerated mandibles, research that is discussed in detail later in this article.
Sex-limited genes were first hypothesized by Charles Darwin and though he was unsuccessful in distinguishing the previously mentioned sex-linked traits, his hypothesis was the starting point for future study of the subject. His studies on sex-limited traits have been further substantiated and supported over |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags%20of%20the%20provinces%20of%20the%20Philippines | The flags of the provinces of the Philippines are the vexillological devices used by various provincial-level local government units (LGUs) of the country.
Designs
The most common provincial flag design is a plain field of a single color with the provincial seal placed in the center; of this design the most prevalent field color used is white, followed by shades of yellow, of green and of blue. Some of these plain flags have additional text above and/or below the seal, usually involving the province name.
Several provincial flags deviate from the default design: some are horizontal or vertical tribands, usually employing three different colors (i.e., a tricolor); some also use charges derived from elements within provincial seals, instead of using the entire provincial seal.
Usage
Most of the provincial flags, by virtue of bearing the corporate seal of the LGU, are solely intended to represent the provincial government wherever they are displayed, and not meant to be adopted by the public for general use. Such government flags only find usage within provincial government premises (e.g., provincial capitol grounds; provincial government office spaces such as that of the governor; Sangguniang Panlalawigan chambers; or provincially-owned sports or recreational facilities) and are most visible to the public during events involving the provincial government. The designs of many of these government flags can be easily changed between administrations, especially when the provincial seal itself is altered (e.g., Ilocos Norte; Marinduque); at times they reflect the personal preferences of the provincial governor in power (e.g., use of the blue flag for Laguna during the term of Emilio Ejercito from 2010 to 2014; use of "Oriental Negros" in the provincial flag and seal during the term of George Arnaiz from 2004 to 2007).
The flags of some provinces have provincial board (PB) or Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) resolutions or ordinances specifying their designs and specifica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%20qos | mod_qos is a quality of service (QoS) module for the Apache HTTP server implementing control mechanisms that can provide different priority to different requests.
Description
A web server can only serve a limited number of concurrent requests. QoS is used to ensure that important resources stay available under high server load. mod_qos is used to reject requests to unimportant resources while granting access to more important applications. It is also possible to disable access restrictions, for example, for requests to very important resources or for very important users.
Control mechanisms are available at the following levels:
Request level control: mod_qos controls the number of concurrent requests to a name space (URL). It is used to define different priorities to different pages or applications within a web server.
Connection level control: mod_qos controls the number of TCP connections to the web server. This helps limit the connections coming from a single client or from unknown networks, in order to reduce the maximum number of concurrent connections to a virtual server or to implement dynamic HTTP keep-alive settings.
Bandwidth level control: throttles requests/responses to certain URL on the web server.
Generic request line and header filter dropping suspicious request URLs or HTTP headers.
The module can be useful when used in a reverse proxy in order to divide up resources to different webserver.
Use Cases
Slow Application
The first use case shows how mod_qos can avoid service outage of a web server due to slow responses of a single application. In case an application (here /ccc) is very slow, requests wait until a timeout occurs. Due to many waiting requests, the web server runs out of free TCP connections and is not able to process other requests to application /aaa or /bbb. mod_qos limits the concurrent requests to an application in order to assure the availability of other resources.
HTTP keep-alive
The keep-alive extension to HTTP 1.1 allows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ | BenQ Corporation (; ) is a Taiwanese multinational company that sells and markets technology products, consumer electronics, computing and communications devices under the "BenQ" brand name, which stands for the company slogan Bringing Enjoyment N Quality to life. Its principal products include TFT LCD monitors, projectors, interactive displays, speakers, lighting, peripherals, and mobile computing devices.
BenQ's head office is located in Taipei, and the company operates five branch offices in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, China, Latin America and North America, and employs over 1,600 individuals globally. The "BenQ" brand is present in more than 100 countries worldwide.
History
BenQ was originally founded in 1984, then spun off from Acer in 2001 to provide a separate branded channel. In 2006 Acer disposed of its remaining shares in BenQ.
BenQ's first mobile phone was the M775C, which was released in 2003. During Q1 2004, eight new phones were announced, ranging from bar and clamshell phones to Windows Mobile smartphones. A further seven phones, mainly clamshells, such as the BenQ S500, came in 2005.
BenQ Siemens
On 1 October 2005, BenQ Corp. acquired the mobile devices division of Germany's Siemens AG, becoming the sixth-largest company in the mobile phone industry by accumulated market share. The acquisition results in a new business group, BenQ Mobile, of BenQ Corporation entirely dedicated to wireless communications. Mobile phones of the new group are marketed under a new brand, BenQ-Siemens.
In late September 2006, the mobile devices division of BenQ, BenQ Mobile (Germany), announced bankruptcy when BenQ Corp. discontinued its funding. As a result, BenQ Mobile was placed under the supervision of a state-appointed bankruptcy administrator. In February 2007, BenQ Mobile was finally disbanded as a suitable buyer could not be found. An estimated 2000 BenQ Mobile employees lost their jobs. On 24 August 2006 BenQ announced plans to spin off its manufacturing ope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru%20%28disease%29 | Kuru is a rare, incurable, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. Kuru is a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) caused by the transmission of abnormally folded proteins (prions), which leads to symptoms such as tremors and loss of coordination from neurodegeneration.
The term kuru derives from the Fore word kuria or guria ("to shake"), due to the body tremors that are a classic symptom of the disease. Kúru itself means "trembling". It is also known as the "laughing sickness" due to the pathologic bursts of laughter which are a symptom of the disease. It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism. Deceased family members were traditionally cooked and eaten, which was thought to help free the spirit of the dead. Women and children usually consumed the brain, the organ in which infectious prions were most concentrated, thus allowing for transmission of kuru. The disease was therefore more prevalent among women and children.
The epidemic likely started when a villager developed sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and died. When villagers ate the brain, they contracted the disease and then spread it to other villagers who ate their infected brains.
While the Fore people stopped consuming human meat in the early 1960s, when it was first speculated to be transmitted via endocannibalism, the disease lingered due to kuru's long incubation period of anywhere from 10 to over 50 years. The epidemic finally declined sharply after half a century, from 200 deaths per year in 1957 to no deaths from at least 2010 onwards, with sources disagreeing on whether the last known kuru victim died in 2005 or 2009.
Signs and symptoms
Kuru, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is a disease of the nervous system that causes physiological and neurological effects which ultimately lead to death. It is characterized by progr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-lipped%20pebblesnail | The thick-lipped pebblesnail, scientific name Somatogyrus crassilabris, was a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lithoglyphidae. This species was endemic to Baxter County, Arkansas in the United States. Its natural habitat was the north fork of the White River. It is now extinct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott%20scattering | In physics, Mott scattering also referred to as spin-coupling inelastic Coulomb scattering, is the separation of the two spin states of an electron beam by scattering the beam off the Coulomb field of heavy atoms. It is named after Nevill Francis Mott, who first developed the theory. It is mostly used to measure the spin polarization of an electron beam.
In lay terms, Mott scattering is similar to Rutherford scattering but electrons are used instead of alpha particles as they do not interact via the strong interaction (only through weak interaction and electromagnetism), which enable electrons to penetrate the atomic nucleus, giving valuable insight into the nuclear structure.
Description
The electrons are often fired at gold foil because gold has a high atomic number (Z), is non-reactive (does not form an oxide layer), and can be easily made into a thin film (reducing multiple scattering). The presence of a spin-orbit term in the scattering potential introduces a spin dependence in the scattering cross section. Two detectors at exactly the same scattering angle to the left and right of the foil count the number of scattered electrons. The asymmetry A, given by:
is proportional to the degree of spin polarization P according to A = SP, where S is the Sherman function.
The Mott cross section formula is the mathematical description of the scattering of a high energy electron beam from an atomic nucleus-sized positively charged point in space. The Mott scattering is the theoretical diffraction pattern produced by such a mathematical model. It is used as the beginning point in calculations in electron scattering diffraction studies.
The equation for the Mott cross section includes an inelastic scattering term to take into account the recoil of the target proton or nucleus. It also can be corrected for relativistic effects of high energy electrons, and for their magnetic moment.
When an experimentally found diffraction pattern deviates from the mathematically d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcript%20of%20unknown%20function | Transcripts of unknown function (TUFs) is the name that has been suggested for known RNA transcripts of DNA whose function is unclear. Most are probably ncRNAs, such as RNAi or snoRNAs, but could also represent a whole new class of ncRNA. Their DNA sequences reside in the intergenic or intronic regions of the genome, which is often called junk DNA.
Categories
Broadly speaking, TUFs can be classified into three categories:
TUFs that are complementary to sense transcripts of protein-coding genes
TUFs that are novel isoform transcripts of protein-coding genes; this can include expressed pseudogenes
TUFs that reside on the same strand as protein-coding genes in the intronic region or entirely in the intergenic region |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrellus%20porphyrosporus | Porphyrellus porphyrosporus, commonly known as the dusky bolete, is a rare fungus belonging to the family Boletaceae. With its purple-brown cap and stem, P. porphyrosporus is not easy to spot, despite its large size. This summer and autumn species occurs under pines, but can also be found beneath deciduous trees. It is a large (both cap diameter and stem length up to 15 cm) brown bolete. Its most distinctive features are the purple-brown spore print and the blue-green colour of the flesh at the top of the stem and above the hymenium.
This is a widespread species of Europe, especially in the north, but is nowhere particularly common. The fruit bodies appear from late summer to autumn, often in small groups, associated with broad-leaved trees such as beech and oak.
Description
This mushroom has a dark brown cap, usually with a paler margin. Initially convex, caps expand and sometimes become irregularly lobed. It is in diameter when fully expanded, and the caps have soft buff flesh with a vinaceous tinge. The tubes are similar in colour to the cap, and when cut or bruised, turn blue-green.
The stem is tall and in diameter, equal or clavate, tobacco brown and slightly velvety to the touch when young, becoming smooth as the fruit body matures.
The mushroom has an unpleasant sour taste and odour. One guide lists the species as edible, while another considers it "probably edible".
Tylopilus indecisus is a similar species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamenori | , or soybean paper, also referred to as , are thin wrappers used as a substitute for nori in sushi. They are usually made from soybeans, starch such as soy flour, and water, and are frequently colored green, pink, yellow, or other fluorescent shades with turmeric, paprika, spinach, or artificial coloring.
Compared to seaweed-based nori, mamenori are softer, with a similar texture to rice paper wrappers, and have a more mild flavor and neutral scent. Mamenori are also used as spring roll wrappers or as dessert wraps.
See also
List of soy-based foods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20field%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance | Low field NMR spans a range of different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) modalities, going from NMR conducted in permanent magnets, supporting magnetic fields of a few tesla (T), all the way down to zero field NMR, where the Earth's field is carefully shielded such that magnetic fields of nanotesla (nT) are achieved where nuclear spin precession is close to zero. In a broad sense, Low-field NMR is the branch of NMR that is not conducted in superconducting high-field magnets. Low field NMR also includes Earth's field NMR where simply the Earth's magnetic field is exploited to cause nuclear spin-precession which is detected. With magnetic fields on the order of μT and below magnetometers such as SQUIDs or atomic magnetometers (among others) are used as detectors. "Normal" high field NMR relies on the detection of spin-precession with inductive detection with a simple coil.
However, this detection modality becomes less sensitive as the magnetic field and the associated frequencies decrease. Hence the push toward alternative detection methods at very low fields.
Readings
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20splitter | A phase splitter is a device that separates a signal into multiple phases (or polarities).
The term is most often applied to amplifiers that produce two "balanced" voltage outputs: of equal amplitude but opposite polarity (i.e. 180 degrees phase difference), but sometimes is used to refer to the generation of quadrature signals (i.e. differing by 90 degrees). The term is not used for logic circuits producing complementary outputs, nor applied to differential amplifiers that have balanced inputs and outputs.
Methods
using a unity gain inverting amplifier to provide an inverted copy of its input signal;
a split-load amplifier (also known as a "cathodyne" or "concertina phase splitter", especially in the context of vacuum tube implementations); a transistor implementation is shown in the diagram;
a differential pair amplifier can form a phase splitter in two ways:
if the shared emitter (or cathode or source, for triode vacuum tubes or FETs respectively) connection is fed from something approximating a constant current sink (for example, a relatively large value resistor with a significant voltage drop, i.e. a long-tailed pair) then only one input (base, grid or gate) need be driven with signal; the shared connection will vary in voltage with half the amplitude of the input, becoming an input to the second device (which acts as a common-base (or common-grid or common-gate) amplifier). The sum of the currents in each of the collectors (or anodes or drains) will be almost constant, hence an increase in one will be matched by an equal decrease in the other, giving rise to equal, but opposite phase, voltages on the outputs. This technique was first described by O.H. Schmitt.
if the shared emitter (or cathode or source) resistor is relatively small, total current will vary with signal, and the signal will not be evenly split across both outputs, so a fraction of the first device's output will have to be fed to the second device's base or grid or gate to balance the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisync%20monitor | A multiple-sync (multisync) monitor, also known as a multiscan or multimode monitor, is a raster-scan analog video monitor that can properly synchronise with multiple horizontal and vertical scan rates. In contrast, fixed frequency monitors can only synchronise with a specific set of scan rates. They are generally used for computer displays, but sometimes for television, and the terminology is mostly applied to CRT displays although the concept applies to other technologies.
Multiscan computer monitors appeared during the mid 1980s, offering flexibility as computer video hardware shifted from producing a single fixed scan rate to multiple possible scan rates. "MultiSync" specifically was a trademark of one of NEC's first multiple-sync monitors.
Computers
History
Early home computers output video to ordinary televisions or composite monitors, utilizing television display standards such as NTSC, PAL or SECAM. These display standards had fixed scan rates, and only used the vertical and horizontal sync pulses embedded in the video signals to ensure synchronization, not to set the actual scan rates.
Early dedicated computer monitors still often relied on fixed scan rates. IBM's original 1981 PC, for instance, was sold with a choice of two video cards (MDA and CGA) which were intended for use with custom IBM monitors which still used fixed scan rates. The CGA timings were identical to NTSC television, whereas the MDA card used a custom timing for higher resolution to provide better text quality. Early Macintosh monitors also used fixed scan rates.
In 1984, IBM's EGA added a second resolution which necessitated the use of a monitor supporting two scan rates, the original CGA rate as well as a second scan rate for the new video modes. This monitor as well as others that could be manually switched between these two sync rates were known as dual-scan displays.
The NEC Multisync was released in 1985 for use with the IBM PC, supporting a wide range of sync frequencies in |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.