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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense%20irregular%20connective%20tissue | Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue.
Dense irregular connective tissue consists of mostly collagen fibers. It has less ground substance than loose connective tissue. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type, scattered sparsely across the tissue.
Function
This type of connective tissue is found mostly in the reticular layer (or deep layer) of the dermis. It is also in the sclera and in the deeper skin layers. Due to high portions of collagenous fibers, dense irregular connective tissue provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue also makes up submucosa of the digestive tract, lymph nodes, and some types of fascia. Other examples include periosteum and perichondrium of bones, and the tunica albuginea of testis. In the submucosa layer, the fiber bundles course in varying planes allowing the organ to resist excessive stretching and distension. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxosome | The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugation process by cutting at the nic site via transesterification. This nicking results in a DNA-Protein complex with the relaxosome bound to a single strand of the plasmid DNA and an exposed 3' hydroxyl group. Relaxase also unwinds the plasmid being conjugated with its helicase properties. The relaxosome interacts with integration host factors within the oriT.
Other genes that code for relaxosome components include TraH, which stabilizes the relaxosome's structural formation, TraI, which encodes for the relaxase protein, TraJ, which recruits the complex to the oriT site, TraK, which increases the 'nicked' state of the target plasmid, and TraY, which imparts single-stranded DNA character on the oriT site. TraM plays a particularly important role in relaxase interaction by stimulating 'relaxed' DNA formation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraA | The traA gene codes for relaxase, which is an enzyme that initiates plasmid DNA transfer during bacterial conjugation. Relaxase forms a relaxosome complex with auxiliary proteins to initiate conjugation. Relaxosome binds to the origin of transfer (oriT) sequence and cleaves the DNA strand that will be transferred (the T strand).
The TraA gene is usually found on megaplasmids in bacteria, and it is somewhat conserved among different bacterial species. Thirty-one percent and 29 percent of Rhodococcus erthypolis TraA residues are identical to Gordonia westfalica TraA and Arthrobacter aurescens TraA, respectively (Yang et al. 2006).
Among actinomycetales, it is common to find that the traA gene codes for both relaxase and helicase. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Symposium%20on%20Graph%20Drawing | The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics.
Significance
The Graph Drawing symposia have been central to the growth and development of graph drawing as a research area: as Herman et al. write, "the Graph Drawing community grew around the yearly Symposia." Nguyen lists Graph Drawing as one of "several good conferences which directly or indirectly concern with information visualization", and Wong et al. report that its proceedings "provide a wealth of information". In a 2003 study the symposium was among the top 30% of computer science research publication venues, ranked by impact factor.
History
The first symposium was held in Marino, near Rome, Italy, in 1992, organized by Giuseppe Di Battista, Peter Eades, Pierre Rosenstiehl, and Roberto Tamassia. The first two symposia did not publish proceedings, but reports are available online. Since 1994, the proceedings of the symposia have been published by Springer-Verlag's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.
Countries in which the conference has been held include Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany (twice), Greece, Ireland, Italy (three times), and the United States (five times).
Citation data and its analysis
A citation graph having vertices representing the papers in the 1994–2000 Graph Drawing symposia and having edges representing citations between these papers was made available as part of the graph drawing contest associated with the 2001 symposium.
The largest connected component of this graph consists of 249 vertices and 642 edges; clustering analysis reveals several prominent subtopics within graph drawing that are more tightly connected, including three-dimensional graph drawing and orthogonal graph drawing.
See also
The list of computer science conferences contains other ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20Channel%20frame | In computer networking, a Fibre Channel frame is the frame of the Fibre Channel protocol. The basic building blocks of an FC connection are the frames. They contain the information to be transmitted (payload), the address of the source and destination ports and link control information. Frames are broadly categorized as
Data frames
Link_control frames
Data frames may be used as Link_Data frames and Device_Data frames, link control frames are classified as Acknowledge (ACK) and Link_Response (Busy and Reject) frames. The primary function of the Fabric is to receive the frames from the source port and route them to the destination port. It is the FC-2 layer's responsibility to break the data to be transmitted into frame size, and reassemble the frames.
Each frame begins and ends with a frame delimiter. The frame header immediately follows the Start of Frame (SOF) delimiter. The frame header is used to control link applications, control device protocol transfers, and detect missing or out of order frames. Optional headers may contain further link control information. A maximum 2048 byte long field (payload) contains the information to be transferred from a source N_Port to a destination N_Port. The 4 byte Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) precedes the End of Frame (EOF) delimiter. The CRC is used to detect transmission errors. The maximum total frame length is 2148 bytes.
Between successive frames a sequence of (at least) six primitives must be transmitted, sometimes called interframe gap. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinlin | Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.), a plant growing in Yunnan province of China. There are four homologues. Mabinlin-2 was first isolated in 1983 and characterised in 1993, and is the most extensively studied of the four. The other variants of mabinlin-1, -3 and -4 were discovered and characterised in 1994.
Protein structures
The 4 mabinlins are very similar in their amino acids sequences (see below).
Chain A
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
Chain B
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
''Amino acid sequence of Mabinlins homologues are adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein.
The molecular weights of Mabinlin-1, Mabinlin-3 and Mabinlin-4 are 12.3 kDa, 12.3 kDa and 11.9 kDa, respectively.
With a molecular weight of 10.4kDa, mabinlin-2 is lighter than mabinlin-1. It is a heterodimer consisting of two different chains A and B produced by post-translational cleavage. The A chain is composed of 33 amino acid residues and the B chain is composed of 72 amino acid residues. The B chain contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds and is connected to the A chain through two intermolecular disulfide bridges.
Mabinlin-2 is the sweet-tasting protein with the highest known thermostability, which is due to the presence of the four disulfide bridges. It has been suggested also that the difference in the heat stability of the different mabinlin homologues is due to the presence of an arginine residue (heat-stable homologue) or a glutamine (heat-unstable homologue) at position 47 in the B-chain.
The sequences of Mabilins cluster with Napins ().
Sweetness properties
Mabinlins sweetness were estimated to be about 100-400 times that of sucrose on molar basis, 10 times sucrose on a weight basis, which make them less sweet than thaumatin (3000 times) but elicit a similar sweetness profile.
The sweetness of mabinlin-2 is unchanged after 48 hours incubation at 80 °C.
Mabinlin-3 and -4 sweetness stayed unchanged after 1 ho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynoxylin | Polynoxylin (trade name Anaflex in Egypt) is an antiseptic for local treatment of the skin and the mouth. It is a formaldehyde releasing antimicrobial polymer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20lactate | Magnesium lactate, the magnesium salt of lactic acid, is a mineral supplement to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood.
As a food additive, it is has the E number E329 and is used in food and beverages as an acidity regulator. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20gluconate | Potassium gluconate is the potassium salt of the conjugate base of gluconic acid. It is also referred to as 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycaproic acid potassium salt, D-gluconic acid potassium salt, or potassium D-gluconate.
It contains 16.69% potassium by mass. Thus 5.99 g of potassium gluconate contains 1 g of potassium.
It has a density of 1.73 g/cm3.
Dietary uses
Potassium gluconate is used as a mineral supplement and sequestrant. It is sold over-the-counter as tablets or capsules providing up to 593 mg of potassium gluconate, thereby containing 99 mg or 2.53 milliequivalents of elemental potassium. This is the permissible upper limit for each tablet or capsule of over-the-counter potassium supplements sold in the US. Potassium gluconate is also sold over-the-counter as bulk powder.
As a food additive, potassium gluconate is used as an acidity regulator and yeast food. It is known as E number reference E577.
Safety
Its oral median lethal dose (LD50) in rats is 10.38 g/kg. This is not an indicator of a safe oral daily dose in rats or humans. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20gene | Transfer genes or tra genes (also transfer operons or tra operons), are some genes necessary for non-sexual transfer of genetic material in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The tra locus includes the pilin gene and regulatory genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F-bacteria and initiate the conjugation. The existence of the tra region of a plasmid genome was first discovered in 1979 by David H. Figurski and Donald R. Helinski In the course of their work, Figurski and Helinski also discovered a second key fact about the tra region – that it can act in trans to the mobilization marker which it affects.
This finding suggested that there were two basic aspects necessary for a plasmid to move from one cell to another:
An origin of transfer – A plasmid with no origin of transfer is non-mobilizable.
The transfer genes – Though a functioning set of tra genes is necessary for plasmid transfer, they may be located in a variety of places including the plasmid in question, another plasmid in the same host cell, or even in the bacterial genome.
The tra genes encode proteins which are useful for the propagation of the plasmid from the host cell to a compatible donor cell or maintenance of the plasmid. Not all transfer operons are the same. Some genes are only found in a few species or a single genus of bacteria while others (such as traL) are found in very similar forms in many bacterial species. Many of the transfer systems are incompatible. For example, oriT and bom are two origins of transfer which interact with different sets of transfer genes. A plasmid with a mob site (like many found in Rhodococcus species) cannot be transferred via transfer genes which normally interact with the oriT site (which is common in E. coli)
Each of the individual genes in the tra operon codes for a different protein product. These products may perform a number of tasks including interactio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20cloning | Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification. In this assay, a genomic or cDNA library is screened to identify the genetic sequence of a protein of interest. Expression cDNA libraries may be screened with antibodies specific for the protein of interest or may rely on selection via the protein function. Historically, the amino acid sequence of a protein was used to prepare degenerate oligonucleotides which were then probed against the library to identify the gene encoding the protein of interest. Once candidate clones carrying the gene of interest are identified, they are sequenced and their identity is confirmed. This method of cloning allows researchers to screen entire genomes without prior knowledge of the location of the gene or the genetic sequence.
This technique can be used to identify genes that encode similar proteins from one organism to another. Similarly, this technique can be paired with metagenomic libraries to identify novel genes and proteins that perform similar functions, such as the identification of novel antibiotics by screening for beta-lactamase activity or selecting for growth in the presence of penicillin.
Experimental workflow
The workflow of a functional cloning experiment varies depending on the source of genetic material, the extent of prior knowledge of the protein or gene of interest and the ability to screen for the protein function. In general, a functional cloning experiment consists of four steps: 1) sample collection, 2) library preparation, 3) screening or selection and 4) sequencing.
Sample collection
Genetic material is collected from a particular cell type, organism or environmental sample relevant to the biological question. In functional cloning, mRNA is commonly isolated and cDNA is prepared from the isolated mRNA (RNA extraction). In certain circumstances genomic DNA may be isolated, particularly when environm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Kofler | Edward Kofler (November 16, 1911 – April 22, 2007) was a mathematician who made important contributions to game theory and fuzzy logic by working out the theory of linear partial information.
Biography
Kofler was born in Brzeżany, Austrian-Hungarian empire (now western Ukraine) and graduated as a disciple of among others Hugo Steinhaus and Stefan Banach from the University of Lwów Poland (now Ukraine) and the University of Cracow, having studied game theory. After graduation in 1939 Kofler returned to his family in Kolomyia (today Kolomea in Ukraine), where he taught mathematics in a Polish high school. After German attack on the town 1 July 1941 he succeeded to escape to Kazakhstan together with his wife. At Alma-Ata he managed a Polish school with orphanage in exile and worked there as mathematics teacher. After World War II ended he returned home with the orphanage. He was accompanied by his wife and their baby son. The family settled in Poland. From 1959 he accepted the position of lecturer at the University of Warsaw in the faculty of economics. In 1962 he gained a Ph.D. with his thesis Economic Decisions, Applying Game Theory. Then in 1962 he became assistant professor at the faculty of social science in the same university, specializing in econometrics.
In 1969 he migrated to Zürich, Switzerland, where he was employed at the Institute for Empirical Research in Economics at the University of Zürich and scientific advisor at the Swiss National Science Foundation (Schweizerische Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung). In Zürich in 1970 Kofler developed his linear partial information (LPI) theory allowing qualified decisions to be made on the basis of fuzzy logic: incomplete or fuzzy a priori information.
Kofler was visiting professor at the University of St Petersburg (former Leningrad, Russia), University of Heidelberg (Germany), McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) and University of Leeds (England). He collaborated with m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECIS | PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies, pronounced pray-sea) is developed at the Hadley Centre at the UK Met Office, PRECIS is a regional climate modelling system designed to run on a Linux-based PC. PRECIS can be applied to any area of the globe to generate detailed climate change projections.
Background
PRECIS is a regional climate model (RCM) ported to run on a Linux PC with a simple user interface, so that experiments can easily be set up over any region of the globe. PRECIS is designed for researchers (with a focus on developing countries) to construct high-resolution climate change scenarios for their region of interest. These scenarios can be used in impact, vulnerability and adaptation studies, and to aid in the preparation of National Communications, as required under Articles 4.1 and 4.8 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
PRECIS has been developed at the Hadley Centre at the Met Office with funding from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).
PRECIS is made available at workshops that are run regularly by Hadley Centre staff which are provided to address the many issues involved in its application. Support and follow up is provided through the PRECIS website and an email based help line.
The model
PRECIS contains two regional climate models; HadRM3P and the HadRM3Q0 regional model used in the QUMP project. HadRM3P is a regional model based on the UK Met Office's HadCM3 General Circulation Model.
PRECIS workshops
PRECIS is made available at workshops run regularly by Met Office Hadley Centre staff, generally in the region where it is to be used. Workshops are provided to give scientific and technical training necessary to use PRECIS and address the many issues involve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal%20lymph%20nodes | The intercostal lymph nodes (intercostal glands) occupy the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces, in relation to the intercostal vessels.
They receive the deep lymphatics from the postero-lateral aspect of the chest; some of these vessels are interrupted by small lateral intercostal glands.
The efferents of the glands in the lower four or five spaces unite to form a trunk, which descends and opens either into the cisterna chyli or into the commencement of the thoracic duct.
The efferents of the glands in the upper spaces of the left side end in the thoracic duct; those of the corresponding right spaces, in the right lymphatic duct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved%20lemon | Preserved lemon or lemon pickle is a condiment that is common in the cuisines of Indian subcontinent and Morocco. It was also found in 18th-century English cuisine.
It is also known as "country lemon" and leems. Diced, quartered, halved, or whole lemons are pickled in a brine of water, lemon juice, and salt; occasionally spices are included as well. The pickle is allowed to ferment at room temperature for weeks or months before it is used. The pulp of the preserved lemon can be used in stews and sauces, but it is the peel (zest and pith together) that is most valued. The flavor is mildly tart but intensely lemony.
Usage
Pieces of pickled lemon may be washed before using to remove any surface salt, or blanched to remove more of the salt and bring out the natural mild sweetness. They may then be sliced, chopped, or minced as needed for the texture of the dish. The rind may be used with or without the pulp.
Preserved lemon is the key ingredient in many Moroccan dishes such as tagines. In Cambodian cuisine, it is used in dishes such as ngam nguv, a chicken soup with whole preserved lemons. They are often combined in various ways with olives, artichokes, seafood, veal, chicken, and rice.
The pickled pulp and liquid can be used in Bloody Marys and other beverages where lemon and salt are used. The flavor also combines well with horseradish, as in American-style cocktail sauce.
In Ayurvedic cuisine, lemon pickle is a home remedy for stomach disorders, and its value is said to increase as it matures. In East African folk medicine, lemon pickle is given for excessive growth of the spleen.
Variations
Lime and grapefruit also are pickled in this manner.
History
Historically, pickling was an affordable and practical method of preserving lemons for use long after their season and far away from where they are grown. Early 19th-century English, American, and (in translation) Indian cookbooks give recipes for lemon pickle and mention its use in sauces for salmon, v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ferns%20of%20Great%20Britain%20and%20Ireland | The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland was a book published in 1855 that featured 51 plates of nature printing by Henry Bradbury.
Description
The text was a scientific description of all the varieties of ferns found in the British Isles. The author of this work was the botanist Thomas Moore, the editor was John Lindley.
The book was released at a time of so-called "pteridomania" in Britain. Along with William Grosart Johnstone and Alexander Croall's Nature-Printed British Sea-Weeds (London, 1859–1860), the book featured Bradbury's innovative nature printing process. The publisher of the work was Bradbury and Evans. Bradbury patented the process after seeing the invention of Alois Auer - though the identity of its inventor grew to be a subject of debate.
The technique was briefly in vogue, but did not persist in printing. Bradbury, along with Auer, believed the technique to be an enormous advance in printing. However, the plants and other subjects that could be successfully printed in this way were few. Ferns were one of the few plants with a form that could be replicated, the shape of the fronds being largely two-dimensional.
In this work the ferns, a plant highly suited to the process, were impressed upon soft lead plates. These were electroplated to become the printing plate, the details of the fronds and stem were hand-coloured at this stage. The resulting image was in two colours and provided a highly detailed and realistic depiction of the species.
See also
Pteridomania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20norm | In functional analysis, the dual norm is a measure of size for a continuous linear function defined on a normed vector space.
Definition
Let be a normed vector space with norm and let denote its continuous dual space. The dual norm of a continuous linear functional belonging to is the non-negative real number defined by any of the following equivalent formulas:
where and denote the supremum and infimum, respectively.
The constant map is the origin of the vector space and it always has norm
If then the only linear functional on is the constant map and moreover, the sets in the last two rows will both be empty and consequently, their supremums will equal instead of the correct value of
Importantly, a linear function is not, in general, guaranteed to achieve its norm on the closed unit ball meaning that there might not exist any vector of norm such that (if such a vector does exist and if then would necessarily have unit norm ).
R.C. James proved James's theorem in 1964, which states that a Banach space is reflexive if and only if every bounded linear function achieves its norm on the closed unit ball.
It follows, in particular, that every non-reflexive Banach space has some bounded linear functional that does not achieve its norm on the closed unit ball.
However, the Bishop–Phelps theorem guarantees that the set of bounded linear functionals that achieve their norm on the unit sphere of a Banach space is a norm-dense subset of the continuous dual space.
The map defines a norm on (See Theorems 1 and 2 below.)
The dual norm is a special case of the operator norm defined for each (bounded) linear map between normed vector spaces.
Since the ground field of ( or ) is complete, is a Banach space.
The topology on induced by turns out to be stronger than the weak-* topology on
The double dual of a normed linear space
The double dual (or second dual) of is the dual of the normed vector space . There is a natural map . Indeed, fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20test%20software | Enterprise test software (ETS) is a type of software that electronics and other manufacturers use to standardize product testing enterprise-wide, rather than simply in the test engineering department. It is designed to integrate and synchronize test systems to other enterprise functions such as research and development (R&D), new product introduction (NPI), manufacturing, and supply chain, overseeing the collaborative test processes between engineers and managers in their respective departments.
Details
Like most enterprise software subcategories, ETS represents an evolution away from custom-made, in-house software development by original equipment manufacturers (OEM). It typically replaces a cumbersome, unsophisticated, test management infrastructure that manufacturers have to redesign for every new product launch. Some large companies, such as Alcatel, Cisco, and Nortel, develop ETS systems internally to standardize and accelerate their test engineering activities, while others such as Harris Corporation and Freescale Semiconductor choose commercial off-the-shelf ETS options for advantages that include test data management and report generation. This need results from the extensive characterization efforts associated with IC design, characterization, validation, and verification. ETS accelerates design improvements through test system management and version control.
ETS supports test system development and can be interconnected with manufacturing execution systems (MES), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and product lifecycle management (PLM) software packages to eliminate double-data entry and enable real-time information sharing throughout all company departments.
Enterprise-wide test applications
ETS covers five major enterprise-wide test applications.
Test and automation—By using ETS in conjunction with virtual instrumentation programming tools, design and test engineers avoid custom software programming unrelated to device characterization, and can ther |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20WebCenter | Oracle WebCenter is Oracle's portfolio of user engagement software products built on top of the JSF-based Oracle Application Development Framework. There are three main products that make up the WebCenter portfolio, and they can be purchased together as a suite or individually:
Oracle WebCenter Content (includes WebCenter Imaging)
Oracle WebCenter Sites
Oracle WebCenter Portal
Each of these products are in separate but connected markets. WebCenter Content competes in the Enterprise Content Management market. WebCenter Sites competes in the Web Experience Management market, and WebCenter Portal competes in the self-service portal and content delivery market space. Different combinations of these products are frequently used together, so Oracle has bundled them together within the same WebCenter product family.
Oracle WebCenter contains a set of components for building rich web applications, portals, and team collaboration and social sites. Oracle WebCenter is targeted at enterprise and larger accounts that have significant content management requirements and the need to deliver that information with internal or external portals, customer-facing websites or within integrated business applications. Oracle has made a particular effort to integrate WebCenter into its leading business applications such as E-Business Suite, PeopleSoft and JD Edwards so that content can be centrally managed in one location and shared across multiple applications. For the development community and advanced business users, WebCenter provides a development environment that includes WebCenter Framework and WebCenter Services, along with an out-of-the-box application for team collaboration and enterprise social networking. According to Oracle, this is the strategic portal product, eventually replacing Oracle Portal as well as the portal products acquired from BEA.
Versions
WebCenter 12c (12.2.1.4) released Oct 2019
WebCenter 12c (12.2.1.3) released Aug 2017
WebCenter 12c (12.2.1) r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaltMod | SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge (hydrology) in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several cropping rotation schedules.
The water management options include irrigation, drainage, and the use of subsurface drainage water from pipe drains, ditches or wells for irrigation.
Soil salinity models
The majority of the computer models available for water and solute transport in the soil (e.g. Swatre, DrainMod ) are based on Richard's differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil in combination with a differential salinity dispersion equation. The models require input of soil characteristics like the relation between unsaturated soil moisture content, water tension, hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity.
These relations vary to a great extent from place to place and are not easy to measure. The models use short time steps and need at least a daily data base of hydrological phenomena. Altogether this makes model application to a fairly large project the job of a team of specialists with ample facilities.
Simplified salinity model: SaltMod
Literature references (chronological) to case studies after 2000:
Older examples of application can be found in:
Salinity in the Nile Delta
Integration of irrigation and drainage management
Rationale
There is a need for a computer program that is easier to operate and that requires a simpler data structure than most currently available models. Therefore, the SaltModod program was designed keeping in mind a relative simplicity of operation to facilitate the use by field technicians, engineers and project planners instead of specialized geo-hydrologists.
It aims at using input data that are generally available, or that can be estimated with reasonable accura |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20Last%20Theorem%20in%20fiction | The problem in number theory known as "Fermat's Last Theorem" has repeatedly received attention in fiction and popular culture. It was proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994.
Prose fiction
The theorem plays a key role in the 1948 mystery novel Murder by Mathematics by Hector Hawton.
Arthur Porges' short story "The Devil and Simon Flagg" features a mathematician who bargains with the Devil that the latter cannot produce a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem within twenty-four hours. The devil is not successful and is last seen beginning a collaboration with the hero. The story was first published in 1954 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.
In Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach, the statement, "I have discovered a truly remarkable proof of this theorem which this margin is too small to contain" is repeatedly rephrased and satirized, including a pun on "fermata".
In Robert Forward's 1984/1985 science fiction novel Rocheworld, Fermat's Last Theorem is unproved far enough into the future for interstellar explorers to describe it to one of the mathematically inclined natives of another star system, who finds a proof.
In the 2003 book The Oxford Murders by Guillermo Martinez, Wiles's announcement in Cambridge of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem forms a peripheral part of the action.
In Stieg Larsson's 2006 book The Girl Who Played With Fire, the main character Lisbeth Salander is mesmerized by the theorem. Fields medalist Timothy Gowers criticized Larsson's portrayal of the theorem as muddled and confused.
In Jasper Fforde's 2007 book First Among Sequels, 9 year-old Tuesday Next, seeing the equation on the sixth-form's math classroom's chalkboard, and thinking it homework, finds a simple counterexample.
Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl's 2008 novel The Last Theorem tells of the rise to fame and world prominence of a young Sri Lankan mathematician who devises an elegant proof of the theorem.
Television
"The Royale", an episode (first aired 27 March 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositional%20pattern-producing%20network | Compositional pattern-producing networks (CPPNs) are a variation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have an architecture whose evolution is guided by genetic algorithms.
While ANNs often contain only sigmoid functions and sometimes Gaussian functions, CPPNs can include both types of functions and many others. The choice of functions for the canonical set can be biased toward specific types of patterns and regularities. For example, periodic functions such as sine produce segmented patterns with repetitions, while symmetric functions such as Gaussian produce symmetric patterns. Linear functions can be employed to produce linear or fractal-like patterns. Thus, the architect of a CPPN-based genetic art system can bias the types of patterns it generates by deciding the set of canonical functions to include.
Furthermore, unlike typical ANNs, CPPNs are applied across the entire space of possible inputs so that they can represent a complete image. Since they are compositions of functions, CPPNs in effect encode images at infinite resolution and can be sampled for a particular display at whatever resolution is optimal.
CPPNs can be evolved through neuroevolution techniques such as neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (called CPPN-NEAT).
CPPNs have been shown to be a very powerful encoding when evolving the following:
Neural networks, via the HyperNEAT algorithm,
2D images, on "PicBreeder.org",
3D objects, on "EndlessForms.com",
Robot morphologies Rigid Robots Soft Robots.
See also
Evolutionary art
Interactive evolutionary computation
Bibliography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heine%27s%20identity | In mathematical analysis, Heine's identity, named after Heinrich Eduard Heine is a Fourier expansion of a reciprocal square root which Heine presented as
where is a Legendre function of the second kind, which has degree, m − , a half-integer, and argument, z, real and greater than one. This expression can be generalized for arbitrary half-integer powers as follows
where is the Gamma function. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. It is expressed in the retina, in a subset of bipolar cells termed ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with either rods or cones, collecting signals from them. In the dark, the signal arrives in the form of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is detected by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade. Detection of glutamate by the GPCR Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 results in closing of the TRPM1 channel. At the onset of light, glutamate release is halted and mGluR6 is deactivated; this results in opening of the TRPM1 channel, influx of sodium and calcium, and depolarization of the bipolar cell.
In addition to the retina, TRPM1 is also expressed in melanocytes, which are melanin-producing cells in the skin. The expression of TRPM1 is inversely correlated with melanoma aggressiveness, suggesting that it might suppress melanoma metastasis. However, subsequent work showed that a microRNA located in an intron of the TRPM1 gene, rather than the TRPM1 protein itself, is responsible for the tumor suppressor function. The expression of both TRPM1 and the microRNA are regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.
Clinical significance
Mutations in TRPM1 are associated with congenital stationary night blindness in humans and coat spotting patterns in Appaloosa horses.
See also
TRPM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC1 | Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC1 gene.
Function
TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types.
It is a nonspecific cation channel, which means that both sodium and calcium ions can pass through it. TRPC1 is thought to mediate calcium entry in response to depletion of endoplasmic calcium stores or activation of receptors coupled to the phospholipase C system. In HEK293 cells the unitary current-voltage relationship of endogenous TRPC1 channels is almost linear, with a slope conductance of about 17 pS. The extrapolated reversal potential of TRPC1 channels is +30 mV.
The TRPC1 protein is widely expressed throughout the mammalian brain and has a similar corticolimbic expression pattern as TRPC4 and TRPC5.
The highest density of TRPC1 protein is found in the lateral septum, an area with dense TRPC4 expression, and hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas with dense TRPC5 expression.
History
TRPC1 was the first mammalian Transient Receptor Potential channel to be identified. In 1995 it was cloned when the research groups headed by Craig Montell and Lutz Birnbaumer were searching for proteins similar to the TRP channel in Drosophila. Together with TRPC3 they became the founding members of the TRPC ion channel family.
Interactions
TRPC1 has been shown to interact with:
HOMER3,
Polycystic kidney disease 2,
RHOA
TRPC3,
TRPC4, and
TRPC5.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, also known as TRPC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC2 pseudogene. This protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse.
Interactions
TRPC2 has been shown to interact with TRPC6.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC3 | Short transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) also known as transient receptor protein 3 (TRP-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC3 gene. The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily are implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, cell growth, proliferation and pathological hypertrophy. These are diacylglycerol-sensitive cation channels known to regulate intracellular calcium via activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway and/or by sensing Ca2+ store depletion. Together, their role in calcium homeostasis has made them potential therapeutic targets for a variety of central and peripheral pathologies.
Function
Non-specific cation conductance elicited by the activation of TrkB by BDNF is TRPC3-dependent in the CNS. TRPC channels are almost always co-localized with mGluR1-expressing cells and likely play a role in mGluR-mediated EPSPs.
The TRPC3 channel has been shown to be preferentially expressed in non-excitable cell types, such as oligodendrocytes. However, evidence suggests that active TRPC3 channels in basal ganglia (BG) output neurons are responsible for maintaining a tonic inward depolarizing current that regulates resting membrane potential and promotes regular neuronal firing. Conversely, inhibiting TRPC3 promotes cellular hyperpolarization, which can lead to slower and more irregular neuronal firing. While it's unclear if TRPC3 channels have equal expression, other members of the TRPC family have been localized to the axon hillock, cell body, and dendritic processes of dopamine-expressing cells.
The neuromodulator, substance P, activates TRPC3/7 channels inducing cellular currents that underlie rhythmic pacemaker activity in the brainstem, enhancing the regularity and frequency of respiratory rhythms, showing homology to the mechanism described in BG neurons. Transgenic cardiomyocytes expressing TRPC3 show prolonged action potential duration when exposed to a TRPC3 agonist. The same cardiomyocytes also increase their firing rate with agonist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4 | The short transient receptor potential channel 4 (TrpC4), also known as Trp-related protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4 gene.
Function
TrpC4 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channels. This protein forms a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel that is activated by Gαi-coupled receptors, Gαq-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases, and plays a role in multiple processes including endothelial permeability, vasodilation, neurotransmitter release and cell proliferation.
Tissue distribution
The nonselective cation channel TrpC4 has been shown to be present in high abundance in the cortico-limbic regions of the brain. In addition, TRPC4 mRNA is present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra.
Roles
Deletion of the trpc4 gene decreases levels of sociability in a social exploration task. These results suggest that TRPC4 may play a role in regulating social anxiety in a number of different disorders. However deletion of the trpc4 gene had no impact on basic or complex strategic learning. Given that the trpc4 gene is expressed in a select population of midbrain dopamine neurons, it has been proposed that it may have an important role in dopamine related processes including addiction and attention.
Clinical significance
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with generalized epilepsy with photosensitivity.
Interactions
TRPC4 has been shown to interact with ITPR1, TRPC1, and TRPC5.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC5 | Short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) also known as transient receptor protein 5 (TRP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC5 gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential ion channels.
Function
TrpC5 is one of the seven mammalian TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) proteins. TrpC5 is a multi-pass membrane protein and is thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. The protein is active alone or as a heteromultimeric assembly with TRPC1, TRPC3, and TRPC4. It also interacts with multiple proteins including calmodulin, CABP1, enkurin, Na+–H+ exchange regulatory factor (NHERF), interferon-induced GTP-binding protein (MX1), ring finger protein 24 (RNF24), and SEC14 domain and spectrin repeat-containing protein 1 (SESTD1).
TRPC4 and TRPC5 have been implicated in the mechanism of mercury toxicity and neurological behavior. It was established in 2021 that TRPC5 is a component of the dental cold sensing system.
Activation
Homomultimeric TRPC5 and heteromultimeric TRPC5-TRPC1 channels are activated by extracellular reduced thioredoxin. This channel has also been found to be involved in the action of anaesthetics such as chloroform, halothane and propofol.
Interactions
TRPC5 has been shown to interact with STMN3, TRPC1, and TRPC4.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2, also known as TRPM2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM2 gene.
Structure
The protein encoded by this gene is a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel and is part of the Transient Receptor Potential ion channel super family. The closest relative is the cold and menthol activated TRPM8 ion channel. While TRPM2 is not cold sensitive it is activated by heat. The TRPM2 ion channel is activated by free intracellular ADP-ribose in synergy with free intracellular calcium. ADP-Ribose is produced to by the enzyme PARP in response to oxidative stress and confers susceptibility to cell death. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.
Function
The TRPM2 gene is highly expressed in the brain and was implicated by both genetic linkage studies in families and then by case control or trio allelic association studies in the genetic aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (Manic Depression).
The physiological role of TRPM2 is not well understood. It was shown to be involved in insulin secretion. In the immune cells it mediates parts of the responses to TNF-alpha. A role has been suggested for TRPM2 in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, the dysregulation of which is strongly associated with a number of auto inflammatory and metabolic diseases, such as gout, obesity and diabetes. In the brain it is involved in the toxicity of amyloid beta, a protein associated with Alzheimer's disease. In 2016, TRPM2 channel was strongly implicated in the detection of non-painful warm stimuli. Chun-Hsiang Tan and Peter McNaughton studied the responses of actual sensory neurons to thermal stimuli, then used an RNA-sequencing strategy to identify TRPM2 as genetically required for warmth detection in the non-noxious range of 33–38 °C.
Clinical significance
TRPM2 expression and function help preserve cancer cell viability. TRPM2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER3 | The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.
History
The Per3 gene was independently cloned by two research groups (Kobe University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School) who both published their discovery in June 1998. The mammalian Per3 was discovered by searching for homologous cDNA sequences to Per2. The amino acid sequence of the mouse PERIOD3 protein (mPER3) is between 37-56% similar to the other two PER proteins.
Function
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes. It is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the SCN continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the SCN. PER1 and PER2 are necessary for molecular timekeeping and light responsiveness in the master circadian clock in the SCN, but little data is shown on the concrete function for PER3. PER3 was found to be important for endogenous timekeeping in specific tissues and those tissue-specific changes in endogenous periods result in internal misalignment of circadian clocks in Per3 double knockout (-/-) mice. PER3 may have a stabilizing effect on PER1 and PER2, and this stabilizing effect may be reduced in the PER3-P415A/H417R polymorphism.
Role in chronobiology
The RNA levels of mPer3 oscillate with a circadian rhythm in both the SCN and in the eyes, as well as in peripheral tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscle, and testis. Unlike Per1 and Per2, of which the mRNA is induced in response to light, Per3 mRNA in the SCN does not respond to light. This suggests that Per3 may be regulated differently than either Per1 or Per2. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1, or The Wasabi Receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 (and in mice and rats by the Trpa1) gene.
TRPA1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of many human and animal cells. This ion channel is best known as a sensor for pain, cold and itch in humans and other mammals, as well as a sensor for environmental irritants giving rise to other protective responses (tears, airway resistance, and cough).
Function
TRPA1 is a member of the transient receptor potential channel family. TRPA1 contains 14 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and is believed to function as a mechanical and chemical stress sensor. One of the specific functions of this protein studies involves a role in the detection, integration and initiation of pain signals in the peripheral nervous system. It can be activated at sites of tissue injury or sites of inflammation directly by endogenous mediators or indirectly as a downstream target via signaling from a number of distinct G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as bradykinin.
Recent studies indicate that TRPA1 is activated by a number of reactive (allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, 4-hydroxynonenal, acrolein, and tear gases) and non-reactive compounds (nicotine, PF-4840154) and is thus considered as a "chemosensor" in the body. TRPA1 is co-expressed with TRPV1 on nociceptive primary afferent C-fibers in humans. This sub-population of peripheral C-fibers is considered important sensors of nociception in humans and their activation will under normal conditions give rise to pain. Indeed, TRPA1 is considered as an attractive pain target. TRPA1 knockout mice showed near complete attenuation of nocifensive behaviors to formalin, tear-gas and other reactive chemicals . TRPA1 antagonists are effective in blocking pain behaviors induced by in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM5 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), also known as long transient receptor potential channel 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM5 gene.
Function
TRPM5 is a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel that induces depolarization upon increases in intracellular calcium, it is a signal mediator in chemosensory cells. Channel activity is initiated by a rise in the intracellular calcium, and the channel permeates monovalent cations as K+ and Na+.
TRPM5 is a key component of taste transduction in the gustatory system of bitter, sweet and umami tastes being activated by high levels of intracellular calcium. It has also been targeted as a possible contributor to fat taste signaling. The calcium dependent opening of TRPM5 produces a depolarizing generator potential which leads to an action potential.
TRPM5 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells where it is involved in the signaling mechanism for insulin secretion. The potentiation of TRPM5 in the β-cells leads to increased insulin secretion and protects against the development of type 2 diabetes in mice. Further expression of TRPM5 can be found in tuft cells, solitary chemosensory cells and several other cell types in the body that have a sensory role.
Drugs modulating TRPM5
The role of TRPM5 in the pancreatic β-cell makes it a target for the development of novel antidiabetic therapies.
Agonists
Steviol glycosides, the sweet compounds in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, potentiate the calcium-induced activity of TRPM5. In this way they stimulate the glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell.
Rutamarin, a phytochemical found in Ruta graveolens has been identified as an activator of several TRP channels, including TRPM5 and TRPV1 and inhibits the activity of TRPM8.
Antagonists
Selective blocking agents of TRPM5 ion channels can be used to identify TRPM5 currents in primary cells. Most identified compounds show, however, a poor select |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV2 gene. TRPV2 is a nonspecific cation channel that is a part of the TRP channel family. This channel allows the cell to communicate with its extracellular environment through the transfer of ions, and responds to noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. It has a structure similar to that of potassium channels, and has similar functions throughout multiple species; recent research has also shown multiple interactions in the human body.
TRP subfamily
The vanilloid TRP subfamily (TRPV) named after the vanilloid receptor 1 consist of six members, four of them (TRPV1-TRPV4) have been related to thermal sensation. TRPV2 shares 50% of its homology with TRPV1. Compared to TRPV1 channels, TRPV2 channels do not open in response to vanilloids like capsaicin or thermal stimuli around 43 °C. This may be due to the composition of the ankyrin repeat domains in TRPV2, which are different than those in TRPV1. However, TRPV2 channels can open by noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. TRPV2 initially was characterized as a noxious heat sensor channel, but more evidence suggest its importance in various osmosensory and mechanosensory mechanisms. The channel can open in response to a variety of stimuli including hormones, growth factors, mechanical stretching, heat, osmotic swelling, lysophospholipids, and cannabinoids. These channels are expressed in medium to large diameter neurons, motor neurons, and other non-neuronal tissues like the heart and lungs, which indicates its versatile function. The channel has an important role for basic cell function including contraction, cell proliferation, and cell death. The same channel can have different functions depending on the type of tissue. Other roles of TRPV2 continue to be explored in an attempt to define the role of translocation of TRPV2 by growth factors. SET2 is a TRPV2 selective antagonist.
Discovery
TRPV2 was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene.
TRPM4 Channel Blocker
9-Phenanthrol
TRPM4-IN-5
See also
TRPM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC7 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7, also known as TRPC7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.
See also
TRPC
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.
The TRPV4 gene encodes TRPV4, initially named "vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channel" (VR-OAC) and "OSM9-like transient receptor potential channel, member 4 (OTRPC4)", a member of the vanilloid subfamily in the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels. The encoded protein is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channel that has been found involved in multiple physiologic functions, dysfunctions and also disease. It functions in the regulation of systemic osmotic pressure by the brain, in vascular function, in liver, intestinal, renal and bladder function, in skin barrier function and response of the skin to ultraviolet-B radiation, in growth and structural integrity of the skeleton, in function of joints, in airway- and lung function, in retinal and inner ear function, and in pain. The channel is activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth). Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation and injury.
The TRPV4 gene has been co-discovered by W. Liedtke et al. and R. Strotmann et al.
Clinical significance
Channelopathy mutations in the TRPV4 gene lead to skeletal dysplasias, premature osteoarthritis, and neurological motor function disorders and are associated with a range of disorders, including brachyolmia type 3, congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy, Familial digital arthropathy-brachydactyly (FDAB), scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy, and subtype 2C of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.
Pharmacology
A number of TRPV4 agonists and antagonists have been identified since its discovery. The discovery of unselective modulators (e.g. antagonist Ruthenium red) was followed by the apparition of more potent (agonist 4aPDD) or selective (antagonist RN-1734) compounds, including some with bioavailability suitable for in vivo pharmac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM8 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM8 gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular transducer of cold somatosensation in humans. In addition, mints can desensitize a region through the activation of TRPM8 receptors (the 'cold'/menthol receptor).
Structure
The TRPM8 channel is a homotetramer, composed of four identical subunits with a transmembrane domain with six helices (S1–6). The first four, S1–4, act as the voltage sensor and allow binding of menthol, icilin and similar channel agonists. S5 and S6 and a connecting loop, also part of the structure, make up the pore, a non-selective cation channel which consists of a highly conserved hydrophobic region. A range of diverse components are required for the high level of specificity in response to cold and menthol stimuli which eventually lead to ion flow through the protein channel.
Function
TRPM8 is an ion channel: upon activation, it allows the entry of Na+ and Ca2+ ions into the cell, which leads to depolarization and the generation of an action potential. The signal is conducted from primary afferents (type C- and A-delta) eventually leading to the sensation of cold and cold pain.
The TRPM8 protein is expressed in sensory neurons, and it is activated by cold temperatures and cooling agents, such as menthol and icilin whereas WS-12 and CPS-369 are the most selective agonists of TRPM8.
TRPM8 is also expressed in the prostate, lungs, and bladder where its function is not well understood.
Role in the nervous system
The transient receptor potential channel (TRP) superfamily, which includes the menthol (TRPM8) and capsaicin receptors (TRPV1), serve a variety of functions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, TRPs respond to stimuli from temperature, pressure, inflammatory agents, and receptor activation. Central |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM3 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM3 gene.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channels that play roles in a wide variety of physiological processes, including calcium signaling, heat and cold sensation, calcium and magnesium homeostasis. TRPMs mediates sodium and calcium entry, which induces depolarization and a cytoplasmic Ca2+ signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been -identified.
TRPM3 was shown to be activated by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate as well as the synthetic compound CIM0216.
Peripheral heat sensation
TRPM3 is expressed in peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, and they are activated by high temperatures. Genetic deletion of TRPM3 in mice reduces sensitivity to noxious heat, as well as inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Inhibitors of TRPM3 were also shown to reduce noxious heat and inflammatory heat hyperalgesia, as well as reduce heat hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain in nerve injury induced neuropathic pain.
Receptor mediated inhibition
TRPM3 is robustly inhibited by the activation of cell surface receptors that couple to inhibitory heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gi) via direct binding of the Gβγ subunit of the G-protein to the channel. Gβγ was shown to bind to a short α-helical segment of the channel. Receptors that inhibit TRPM3 include opioid receptors and GABAB receptors.
TRPM3 in the brain
Mutations in TRPM3 in humans, were recently shown to cause a intellectual disability and epilepsy. The disease associated mutations were shown to increase the sensitivity of the channel to agonists, and heat.
TRPM3 ligands, activators and modulators
Activators
Heat
Pregnenolone Sulfate
CIM-0216
Channel Blockers
Mefenamic acid
Citrus fruit flavonoids, e.g. naringenin, isosakuranetin and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV3 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name.
The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of processes, including temperature sensation and vasoregulation. The thermosensitive members of this family are expressed in subsets of human sensory neurons that terminate in the skin, and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. This channel is activated at temperatures between 22 and 40 degrees C. The gene lies in close proximity to another family member (TRPV1) gene on chromosome 17, and the two encoded proteins are thought to associate with each other to form heteromeric channels.
Function
The TRPV3 channel has wide tissue expression that is especially high in the skin (keratinocytes) but also in the brain. It functions as a molecular sensor for innocuous warm temperatures. Mice lacking these protein are unable to sense elevated temperatures (>33 °C) but are able to sense cold and noxious heat. In addition to thermosensation TRPV3 channels seem to play a role in hair growth because mutations in the TRPV3 gene cause hair loss in mice. The role of TRPV3 channels in the brain is unclear, but appears to play a role in mood regulation. The protective effects of the natural product, incensole acetate were partially mediated by TRPV3 channels.
Modulation
The TRPV3 channel is directly activated by various natural compounds like carvacrol, thymol and eugenol. Several other monoterpenoids which cause either feeling of warmth or are skin sensitizers can also open the channel. Monoterpenoids also induce agonist-specific desensitization of TRPV3 channels in a calcium-independent manner.
Resolvin E1 (RvE1), RvD2, and 17R-RvD1 (see resolvins) are metabolites of the omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (for RvE1) or docosahexaenoic acid (for RvD2 and 17R-RvD1). These metabolites are members of the specialized pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbarsone | Carbarsone is an organoarsenic compound used as an antiprotozoal drug for treatment of amebiasis and other infections. It was available for amebiasis in the United States as late as 1991. Thereafter, it remained available as a turkey feed additive for increasing weight gain and controlling histomoniasis (blackhead disease).
Carbarsone is one of four arsenical animal drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in poultry and/or swine, along with nitarsone, arsanilic acid, and roxarsone. In September 2013, the FDA announced that Zoetis and Fleming Laboratories would voluntarily withdraw current roxarsone, arsanilic acid, and carbarsone approvals, leaving only nitarsone approvals in place. In 2015 FDA withdrew the approval of using nitarsone in animal feeds. The ban came into effect at the end of 2015. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20type | Constitution type or body type can refer to a number of attempts to classify human body shapes:
Humours (Ayurveda)
Somatotype of William Herbert Sheldon
Paul Carus's character typology
Ernst Kretschmer's character typology
Elliot Abravanel's glandular metabolism typology
Sasang typology by Je-Ma Lee
Bertil Lundman's racial classification system
See also
Female body shape
Enterotype
Habitus (disambiguation)
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Human physiology
Anthropometry
Body shape |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Internet%2C%20nobody%20knows%20you%27re%20a%20dog | "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog" is an adage and Internet meme about Internet anonymity which began as a caption to a cartoon drawn by Peter Steiner, published by The New Yorker on July 5, 1993. The words are those of a large dog sitting on a chair at a desk, with his paw on the keyboard of the computer before him, speaking to a smaller dog sitting on the floor beside him. Steiner had earned between $200,000 and $250,000 by 2013 from its reprinting, by which time it had become the cartoon most reproduced from The New Yorker. The original was sold at auction, and set a record for the highest price ever paid for a comic.
History
Peter Steiner, a cartoonist and contributor to The New Yorker since 1979, has said that although he did have an online account in 1993, he had felt no particular interest in the Internet then. He drew the cartoon only in the manner of a "make-up-a-caption" item, to which he recalled attaching no "profound" meaning, seeing that it had received little attention initially. He later stated that he felt as if he had created the "smiley face" when his cartoon took on a life of its own, and he "can't quite fathom that it's that widely known and recognized".
On October 6, 2023 the original artwork was sold at a Heritage Auctions sale of illustration art for $175,000.
Context
Once the exclusive domain of government engineers and academics, the Internet was by then becoming a subject of discussion in such general interest magazines as The New Yorker. Lotus Software founder and early Internet activist Mitch Kapor commented in a Time magazine article in 1993 that "the true sign that popular interest has reached critical mass came this summer when The New Yorker printed a cartoon showing two computer-savvy canines".
According to Bob Mankoff, then The New Yorker cartoon editor, "The cartoon resonated with our wariness about the facile façade that could be thrown up by anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of html."
Implications
The cartoon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri-Food%20and%20Veterinary%20Authority%20of%20Singapore | The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) was a statutory board under the Ministry of National Development that regulated food safety, safeguarded animal and plant health, and facilitated the agri-food and fisheries trade sectors. AVA was disbanded on 1 April 2019, with duties being transferred to other statutory boards, Singapore Food Agency, National Environment Agency, Health Sciences Authority, and National Parks Board.
History
In June 1959, the agriculture, co-operatives, fisheries, rural development and veterinary divisions of various ministries were reshuffled to form the Primary Production Department, under the new Ministry of National Development. The department was restructured into a statutory board, the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority, on 1 April 2000. The Food Control Division (formerly part of the Ministry of the Environment) was added to the AVA in July 2002. It regulated food safety, safeguarded animal and plant health, and facilitated the agri-food and fisheries trade sectors.
AVA was disbanded on 1 April 2019 with its food related duties absorbed by Singapore Food Agency (SFA) which also absorbed the duties of two other statutory boards namely National Environment Agency (NEA) and Health Sciences Authority (HSA). All non-food plant and animal-related functions of the AVA were transferred to the National Parks Board (NParks) under Animal and Veterinary Service (AVS). SFA is a stat board under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources.
Functions
The components of AVA's food safety system includes:
Review of production systems and practices at source,
Risk assessment and the setting of food safety and food labelling standards,
Tagging of consignments of primary produce to trace sources, and food labelling to facilitate recall,
Inspection of primary produce and processed food at the points of entry into Singapore,
Pre and post-slaughter inspections at local abattoirs,
Inspection and accreditation of source f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulkand | Gulkand (also written gulqand or gulkhand) is a sweet preserve of rose petals originating in the Indian subcontinent. The term is derived from Persian; gul (rose) and qand (sugar/sweet).
Preparation
Traditionally, gulkand has been prepared with Damask roses. Other common types of roses used include China rose, French rose, and Cabbage rose. It is prepared using special pink rose petals and is mixed with sugar. Rose petals are slow-cooked with sugar, which reduces the juices into a thick consistency.
Uses in holistic medicine
Gulkand is used in the Unani system of medicine as a cooling tonic. It is also used in Ayurvedic and Persian medicine to help with bodily imbalances. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20spectrometry%20imaging | Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to visualize the spatial distribution of molecules, as biomarkers, metabolites, peptides or proteins by their molecular masses. After collecting a mass spectrum at one spot, the sample is moved to reach another region, and so on, until the entire sample is scanned. By choosing a peak in the resulting spectra that corresponds to the compound of interest, the MS data is used to map its distribution across the sample. This results in pictures of the spatially resolved distribution of a compound pixel by pixel. Each data set contains a veritable gallery of pictures because any peak in each spectrum can be spatially mapped. Despite the fact that MSI has been generally considered a qualitative method, the signal generated by this technique is proportional to the relative abundance of the analyte. Therefore, quantification is possible, when its challenges are overcome. Although widely used traditional methodologies like radiochemistry and immunohistochemistry achieve the same goal as MSI, they are limited in their abilities to analyze multiple samples at once, and can prove to be lacking if researchers do not have prior knowledge of the samples being studied. Most common ionization technologies in the field of MSI are DESI imaging, MALDI imaging, secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging (SIMS imaging) and Nanoscale SIMS (NanoSIMS).
History
More than 50 years ago, MSI was introduced using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to study semiconductor surfaces by Castaing and Slodzian. However, it was the pioneering work of Richard Caprioli and colleagues in the late 1990s, demonstrating how matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) could be applied to visualize large biomolecules (as proteins and lipids) in cells and tissue to reveal the function of these molecules and how function is changed by diseases like cancer, which led to the widespread use of MSI. Nowadays, different ionization tec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termitomyces | Termitomyces, the termite mushrooms, is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae. All of which are completely dependent on fungus-growing termites, the Macrotermitinae, to survive, and vice versa. They are the food source for these termites, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus similar to that between Atta ants and Attamyces mushrooms. Termitomyces mushrooms are edible, and are highly regarded for their flavor.
Characteristics
Termitomyces includes the largest edible mushroom in the world, Termitomyces titanicus of West Africa and Zambia, whose cap reaches 1 metre (3.28 ft) in diameter. It also includes Termitomyces microcarpus that grows caps of a few centimeters in diameter.
These fungi grow on 'combs' which are formed from the termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody fragments. Termitomyces was described by Roger Heim in 1942.
From 1955 to 1969 Arthur French worked in Uganda (as a hobby) on the subject of fungi and termites. Some scientific literature about these fungal species existed previously, but these texts failed to adequately discuss the relationship between termites and their fungal symbiotes, while the various edible varieties were merely termed "termite mushrooms." French conducted some investigations with the help of the elderly Baganda women who gathered termite mushrooms, and published his findings.
Life as a Termitomyces fungus
Some chamber(s) of the nest each contains a structure, called comb or fungus garden, where the fungus dwells. The termites collect and chew up dead wood, leaf litter and other vegetable debris, depositing their primary faeces as new portions of the fungus garden. The fungus grow through the comb. The termites eat spherules and old combs.
The fungus forms mushrooms for spreading spores. For most species, the fungus grows long pseudorhizas to the surface of the ground, where mushrooms are formed. For T. microcarpus, the mushrooms grow from fragments of fungus garden that are ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlying%20territory | An outlying territory or separate area is a state territory geographically separated from its parent territory and lies beyond Exclusive Economic Zone of its parent territory.
The tables below are lists of outlying territories which are marked by distinct, non-contiguous maritime boundaries or land boundaries:
Outlying geographical regions
Outlying territories outside the continent
Outlying uninhabited dependent territories
Outlying dependent territories and areas of special sovereignty
Notes
1. Enclaves are not included.
2. Disputed outlying territories in the Spratly Islands are not included.
See also
List of sovereign states
List of dependent territories
External links
Maritime boundaries
Countries’ EEZ
Wiktionary-outlying
A European outlying territory
Map of Spratly Islands
Borders
Dependent territories |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteron | Iterons are directly repeated DNA sequences which play an important role in regulation of plasmid copy number in bacterial cells. It is one among the three negative regulatory elements found in plasmids which control its copy number. The others include antisense RNAs and ctRNAs. Iterons complex with cognate replication (Rep) initiator proteins to achieve the required regulatory effect.
Regulation of Replication
Iterons have an important role in plasmid replication. An iteron-containing plasmid origin of replication can be found containing about five iterons about 20 base pairs in length total. These iterons provide a saturation site for initiator receptor proteins and promote replication thus increasing plasmid copy number in a given cell.
Limiting Factors of Initiation
There are 4 main limiting factors leading to no initiation of replication in iterons:
Transcriptional autorepression
Initiator dimerization
Initiator titration
Handcuffing
Transcriptional auto-repression is thought to reduce initiator synthesis by repressing the formation of the Rep proteins. Since these proteins work to promote binding of replication machinery, replication can be halted in this form. Another factor used to stop replication is known as dimerization. It works to dimerize these Rep proteins and as a result monomers of these proteins are no longer in a high enough concentration to initiate replication. Another limiting factor, titration, occurs after replication and works to prevent saturation by distributing monomers to daughter origins so that no are fully saturated. Finally, handcuffing refers to pairing origins leading to inactivation. This is mediated by monomers and inactivation is due to steric hindrance between the origins.
Another less prevalent limitation thought to be present in these iterons is the presence of extra repeats. If a plasmid contains an extra supply of iterons outside of the saturation site it has been shown this can decrease plasmid copy number. In co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancaca | Chancaca is a typical Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian, warm, sweet sauce made of raw unrefined sugar from sugarcane. It is often flavored with orange peel and cinnamon, and is consumed on sopaipillas or picarones.
Chancaca is also a synonym for panela, the unrefined sugar used to make chancaca syrup.
In Colombia, chancacas are a traditional coconut candy.
See also
List of dessert sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20biology | Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.
Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations, and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve chemical reactions, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical processes, such as photosynthesis, olfaction and cellular respiration. Quantum biology may use computations to model biological interactions in light of quantum mechanical effects. Quantum biology is concerned with the influence of non-trivial quantum phenomena, which can be explained by reducing the biological process to fundamental physics, although these effects are difficult to study and can be speculative.
History
Quantum biology is an emerging field, in the sense that most current research is theoretical and subject to questions that require further experimentation. Though the field has only recently received an influx of attention, it has been conceptualized by physicists throughout the 20th century. It has been suggested that quantum biology might play a critical role in the future of the medical world. Early pioneers of quantum physics saw applications of quantum mechanics in biological problems. Erwin Schrödinger's 1944 book What Is Life? discussed applications of quantum mechanics in biology. Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. He further suggested that mutations are introduced by "quantum leaps". Other pioneers Niels Bohr, Pascual Jordan, and Max Delbrück argu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Federation%20for%20Culture%20Collections | The World Federation for Culture Collections is an international body formed under the umbrella of the International Union of Biological Sciences and a Federation within the International Union of Microbiological Societies.
The WFCC operates as a clearing house for information on collections of microbiological specimens. It supports the development, maintenance and establishment of culture collections. The WFCC bylaws were published in 1972 in the International Journal of Systematic Biology (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 22: 406-409, 1972) and updated several times since.
One of its main activities is the support of the WFCC-MIRCEN World Data Centre for Microorganisms. There are over 2.4 Million cultures and 676 culture collections under the purview of the WFCC.
The WFCC is governed by an executive board and through a series of committees.
Members of the executive board include scientists from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, Germany, India, Japan, Morocco, The Netherlands, the Russian Federation and the United States.
Global significance
The WFCC is the main international body that coordinates the activities of culture collections around the world. Their activities include lobbying for support for collections, preventing the loss of collections, promoting the use of collections, and coordinating international regulations relating to the shipping and use of biological materials.
The WFCC is a Multidisciplinary Commission of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) and a Federation within the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS).
In 1977 the WIPO established the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. There are 42 International Depository Authorities worldwide where microorganisms may be deposited for patent purposes.
The WFCC coordinates the International Congress of Culture Collections. The most recent meeting was the 13th International Conference o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandez%20reaction | The Fernandez reaction is a reaction that occurs to signal a positive result in the lepromin skin test for leprosy. The reaction occurs in the skin at the site of injection if the body possesses antibodies to the Dharmendra antigen, one of the antigens found in Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. The reaction occurs via a delayed-type hypersensitivity mechanism. This reaction occurs within 48 hours of injection of lepromin and is seen in only tuberculoid forms of leprosy. This represents a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. In contrast, the Mitsuda reaction (delayed granulomatous lesion) occurs 3–4 weeks after injection of lepromin and is only seen in patients with the tuberculoid form of leprosy (not the lepromatous form, in which the body does not mount a strong response against the bacterium). In terms of mechanism of action and appearance, the reaction is similar to the tuberculin reaction of a positive Mantoux test for tuberculosis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20signs%20in%20India | Call signs in India are unique identifiers for telecommunications and broadcasting in India. The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology regulates call signs nationally, and the International Telecommunication Union regulates call signs internationally.
Call sign blocks
The International Telecommunication Union has assigned India the following call signs:
Note: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands come under ITU Zone 49 and CQ Zone 26.
In addition to the above, the base of Maitri and the abandoned station of Dakshin Gangotri, also use the Indian callsigns but come under ITU Zone 67 and CQ Zone 38 respectively.
Defunct callsigns
CR8 – Portuguese India
FN8 – French India
AC3 – the former monarchy of Sikkim, now a state of India
Call signs
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has divided all countries into three regions; India is located in ITU Region 3. These regions are further divided into two competing zones, the ITU and the CQ. Mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands come under ITU Zone 41 and CQ Zone 22, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands under ITU Zone 49 and CQ Zone 26. The ITU has assigned to India call-sign blocks 8TA to 8YZ, VTA to VWZ, and ATA to AWZ. The WPC allots the individual call-signs, or call sign series.
Assignments for amateur radio
Amateur radio or ham radio is practised by more than 16,000 licensed users. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921, and by the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the establishment of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s, which were illegal. The Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC), a division of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, regulates amateur radio in India. The WPC assigns call signs, issues amateur radio licences, conducts exams, allots frequency spectrum, and monitors the radio waves.
See als |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate%20trochoidal%20mass%20spectrometer | A prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer is a chemical analysis instrument in which the ions of different mass-to-charge ratio are separated by means of mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields so that the ions follow a prolate trochoidal path. These devices are sometimes called cycloidal mass spectrometers, although the path is not a cycloid (the prolate trochoid path has loops, the cycloid has cusps).
Applications
The instruments are used for the analysis of gases and in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The trochoidal configuration can also be used as the basis of an electron monochromator. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionics | Radionics—also called electromagnetic therapy (EMT) and the Abrams Method—is a form of alternative medicine that claims that disease can be diagnosed and treated by applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR), such as radio waves, to the body from an electrically powered device. It is similar to magnet therapy, which also applies EMR to the body but uses a magnet that generates a static electromagnetic field.
The concept behind radionics originated with two books published by American physician Albert Abrams in 1909 and 1910. Over the next decade, Abrams became a millionaire by leasing EMT machines, which he designed himself. This so-called treatment contradicts the principles of physics and biology and therefore is widely considered pseudoscientific. The United States Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical use for radionic devices.
Several systematic reviews have shown radionics is no more effective than placebo and falls into the category of pseudoscience.
History
Beginning around 1909, Albert Abrams (1864–1924) began to claim that he could detect "energy frequencies" in his patient's bodies. The idea was that a healthy person will have certain energy frequencies moving through their body that define health, while an unhealthy person will exhibit other, different energy frequencies that define disorders. He said he could cure people by "balancing" their discordant frequencies and claimed that his devices are sensitive enough that he could tell someone's religion by looking at a drop of blood. He developed thirteen devices and became a millionaire leasing his devices, and the American Medical Association described him as the "dean of gadget quacks". His devices were definitively proven useless by an independent investigation commissioned by Scientific American in 1924. He used "frequency" not in its standard meaning, but to describe an imputed energy type, which does not correspond to any property of energy in the scientific sens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation%20line | A political demarcation line is a geopolitical border, often agreed upon as part of an armistice or ceasefire.
Africa
Moroccan Wall, delimiting the Moroccan-controlled part of Western Sahara from the Sahrawi-controlled part
Americas
The Line of Demarcation was one specific line drawn along a meridian in the Atlantic Ocean as part of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those of Spain. This line was drawn in 1493 after Christopher Columbus returned from his maiden voyage to the Americas.
The Mason–Dixon line (or "Mason and Dixon's Line") is a demarcation line between four U.S. states, forming part of the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (then part of Virginia). It was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute between British colonies in Colonial America.
Asia
Middle East
The Blue Line is a border demarcation between Lebanon and Israel published by the United Nations on 7 June 2001 for the purposes of determining whether Israel had fully withdrawn from Lebanon.
The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
The Purple Line was the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria after the 1967 Six-Day War.
The Green Line (Lebanon) refers a line of demarcation in Beirut, Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War from 1975 to 1990. It separated the mainly Muslim factions in West Beirut from the predominantly Christian East Beirut controlled by the Lebanese Front.
South and East Asia
The McMahon Line is a line dividing China and India, drawn on a map attached to the Simla Convention, a treaty negotiated between the British Empire, China, and Tibet in 1914.
The Military Demarcation Line, sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the border between North Korea and South Korea. The Military Demarcati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KickApps | KickApps is a hosted platform for creating social networks and adding social software features, video players and widgets to websites. More than 100,000 sites use KickApps, including major media companies (e.g. NBC Universal, The BBC, H&R Block, and Scripps Networks) and a wide variety of niche websites.
The KickApps company was acquired in January 2011 by KIT digital.
Then, in December 2012, the company was acquired again by Perfect Sense Digital.
Features
KickApps is a hosted platform (SaaS) that provides a range of social media applications to website developers and publishers.
A SaaS platform allows websites to deploy a wide range of user experiences in a variety of ways: REST and SOAP APIs, feeds, programmable widgets and video players, customizable templates and single-sign services.
Members select a username and password (or use their existing site ID) to join your social network
Members can upload videos, photos, and audio
Member profiles contain standard social networking features, including: blogs (video, audio, and plain text), RSS feeds, guest books, friends, multi-media message boards, widgets and groups
Includes online media management, member management, reporting and advertising administration
KickApps is often compared with Brightcove, Flux and Ning.
Founder and Chairman, Eric Alterman, was also founder of MeshNetworks (acquired by Motorola), Military Commercial Technologies, TeraNex, SkyCross, Jed Broadcasting, Quadfore, Centerpoint and Triton Network Systems
In January 2011, KickApps was acquired by KIT digital.
Venture Funding
$7 million Series A round from Spark Capital and also included Prism VentureWorks and Jarl Mohn
$11 million Series B round from SoftBank Capital and a group of previous investors
$14 million Series C round from North Atlantic Capital and all previous investors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrin%27s%20scheme | In numerical analysis, Estrin's scheme (after Gerald Estrin), also known as Estrin's method, is an algorithm for numerical evaluation of polynomials.
Horner's method for evaluation of polynomials is one of the most commonly used algorithms for this purpose, and unlike Estrin's scheme it is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the number of multiplications and additions required to evaluate an arbitrary polynomial. On a modern processor, instructions that do not depend on each other's results may run in parallel. Horner's method contains a series of multiplications and additions that each depend on the previous instruction and so cannot execute in parallel. Estrin's scheme is one method that attempts to overcome this serialization while still being reasonably close to optimal.
Description of the algorithm
Estrin's scheme operates recursively, converting a degree-n polynomial in x (for n≥2) to a degree- polynomial in x2 using independent operations (plus one to compute x2).
Given an arbitrary polynomial P(x) = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 + ⋯ + Cnxn, one can group adjacent terms into sub-expressions of the form (A + Bx) and rewrite it as a polynomial in x2: P(x) = (C0 + C1x) + (C2 + C3x)x2 + (C4 + C5x)x4 + ⋯ = Q(x2).
Each of these sub-expressions, and x2, may be computed in parallel. They may also be evaluated using a native multiply–accumulate instruction on some architectures, an advantage that is shared with Horner's method.
This grouping can then be repeated to get a polynomial in x4: P(x) = Q(x2) = ((C0 + C1x) + (C2 + C3x)x2) + ((C4 + C5x) + (C6 + C7x)x2)x4 + ⋯ = R(x4).
Repeating this +1 times, one arrives at Estrin's scheme for parallel evaluation of a polynomial:
Compute Di = C2i + C2i+1x for all 0 ≤ i ≤ . (If n is even, then Cn+1 = 0 and Dn/2 = Cn.)
If n ≤ 1, the computation is complete and D0 is the final answer.
Otherwise, compute y = x2 (in parallel with the computation of Di).
Evaluate Q(y) = D0 + D1y + D2y2 + ⋯ + Dy using Estrin's scheme.
Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re%20radius | The Molière radius is a characteristic constant of a material giving the scale of the transverse dimension of the fully contained electromagnetic showers initiated by an incident high energy electron or photon. By definition, it is the radius of a cylinder containing on average 90% of the shower's energy deposition. Two Molière radii contain 95% of the shower's energy deposition. It is related to the radiation length by the approximate relation , where is the atomic number. The Molière radius is useful in experimental particle physics in the design of calorimeters: a smaller Molière radius means better shower position resolution, and better shower separation due to a smaller degree of shower overlaps.
The Molière radius is named after German physicist Paul Friederich Gaspard Gert Molière (1909–64).
Molière radii for typical materials used in calorimetry
LYSO crystals: 2.07 cm
Lead tungstate crystals: 2.2 cm
Caesium iodide: 3.5 cm
Liquid krypton: 4.7 cm
Liquid argon: 9.04 cm
Earth's atmosphere at sea level: 79 m
Earth's atmosphere above ground: 91 m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskit | Biskit is an open source software package that facilitates research in structural bioinformatics and molecular modelling. Written in Python, it consists of:
An object-oriented programming library for manipulating and analyzing macromolecular structures, protein complexes and molecular dynamics trajectories
A set of programs for solving specific tasks, such as automatic prediction of protein structures by homology modeling, and possible prediction of protein complex structures through flexible protein-protein docking
The library delegates many calculations to more specialized third-party software. It currently utilizes 15 external applications, including X-PLOR, Hex, T-Coffee, DSSP and MODELLER.
The latest Biskit version, 2.4.0, was released on 4 Mar 2012. It was originally developed at the Pasteur Institute. The name "Biskit" refers to the research group's name, Unité de BioInformatique Structurale.
External links
Structural bioinformatics software
Molecular modelling
Physics software
Computational chemistry software
Free science software
Free software programmed in Python
Molecular dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO | In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) () is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). More recently, MIMO has been applied to power-line communication for three-wire installations as part of the ITU G.hn standard and of the HomePlug AV2 specification.
At one time, in wireless the term "MIMO" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. In modern usage, "MIMO" specifically refers to a class of techniques for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting the difference in signal propagation between different antennas (e.g. due to multipath propagation). Additionally, modern MIMO usage often refers to multiple data signals sent to different receivers (with one or more receive antennas) though this is more accurately termed multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO).
History
Early research
MIMO is often traced back to 1970s research papers concerning multi-channel digital transmission systems and interference (crosstalk) between wire pairs in a cable bundle: AR Kaye and DA George (1970), Branderburg and Wyner (1974), and W. van Etten (1975, 1976). Although these are not examples of exploiting multipath propagation to send multiple information streams, some of the mathematical techniques for dealing with mutual interference proved useful to MIMO development. In the mid-1980s Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories took this research a step further, investigating multi-user systems operating over "mutually cross-coupled linear networks with additive noise sources" such as time-division multiplexing and dually-polarized radio systems.
Methods were developed to improve the performance of cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%20Van%C3%AD%C4%8Dek | Petr Vaníček (born 18 July 1935) is a Czech Canadian geodesist and theoretical geophysicist who has made important breakthroughs in theory of spectrum analysis and geoid computation.
Main contributions
Research
One of Vaníček's main contributions of general relevance is least-squares spectral analysis, also called the Vaníček method and the Gauss-Vaniček method — a frequency spectrum computation method published in 1969 and 1971. It is based on a least-squares fit of sinusoids to the data samples, and mitigates the drawbacks of applying Fourier analysis for analyzing long incomplete data records such as most natural datasets. Unlike with Fourier analysis, data need not be equally spaced to use Vaníček analysis.
His discoveries in theoretical geophysics, the "precise geoid solution" in particular, enable millimetre-to-centimetre accuracy in geoid computation, an-order-of-magnitude improvement from previous solutions.
Service
Vaníček initiated the establishing of the Canadian Geophysical Union in 1974, and served as the Union's president between 1987 and 1989.
He was the first chairperson of the United Nations committee for Geodetic Aspects of the Law of the Sea (GALOS), founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) in 1989.
This and other activities led to creation of the technical supplement to the Law of the Sea, TALOS (Manual on Technical Aspects of the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea) in 1982, which is on a regular re-issuing schedule by the UN. The Geodetic Commentary to the TALOS Manual, largely prepared by Vaníček and published by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1996, was incorporated into the Manual.
The book Geodesy: The Concepts, by Vaníček and Krakiwsky, now translated into several languages, is a standard text for both undergraduate and graduate courses in geodesy worldwide.
Vaníček also served as editor-in-chief and peer-reviewer for several scientific journals as well as on num |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity%20escape%20velocity | In the life extension movement, longevity escape velocity (LEV), actuarial escape velocity or biological escape velocity is a hypothetical situation in which one's remaining life expectancy (not life expectancy at birth) is extended longer than the time that is passing. For example, in a given year in which longevity escape velocity would be maintained, technological advances would increase people's remaining life expectancy more than the year that just went by. The term is meant as an analogy to the concept of escape velocity in physics, which is the minimum speed required for an object to indefinitely move away from a gravitational body despite the gravitational force pulling the object towards the body.
Origins of the idea
For many years in the past, life expectancy at each age has increased slightly every year as treatment strategies and technologies have improved. At present, more than one year of research is required for each additional year of expected life. Longevity escape velocity occurs when this ratio reverses, so that life expectancy increases faster than one year per one year of research, as long as that rate of advance is sustainable.
Mouse lifespan research has been the most contributive to conclusive evidence on the matter, since mice require only a few years before research results can be concluded.
The term "longevity escape velocity" was coined by biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey in a 2004 paper, but the concept has been present in the life extension community since at least the 1970s, such as in Robert Anton Wilson's essay Next Stop, Immortality. The concept is also part of the fictional history leading to multi-century youthful lifespans in the science fiction series The Mars Trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson. More recent proponents include David Gobel, co-founder of the Methuselah Foundation and futurist, and technologist Ray Kurzweil, who named one of his books, Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever, after the concept. The last |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G%20MIMO | 3G MIMO describes MIMO techniques which have been considered as 3G standard techniques.
MIMO, as the state of the art of intelligent antenna (IA), improves the performance of radio systems by embedding electronics intelligence into the spatial processing unit. Spatial processing includes spatial precoding at the transmitter and spatial postcoding at the receiver, which are dual each other from information signal processing theoretic point of view. Intelligent antenna is technology which represents smart antenna, multiple antenna (MIMO), self-tracking directional antenna, cooperative virtual antenna and so on.
Technology
Spatial precoding of intelligent antenna includes spatial beamforming and spatial coding. In wireless communications, spatial precoding has been developing for high reliability, high rate and lower interference as shown in the following table.
Summary of 3G MIMO
The table summarizes the history of 3G MIMO techniques candidated for 3G standards. Although the table additionally contains the future part but the contents are not clearly filled out since the future is not precisely predictable.
IA in ad hoc networking
IA technology enables client terminals, which have either multiple antennas or a self-tracking directional antenna, to communicate to each other with as high as possible signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR). Assume that there is a source terminal, a destination terminal, and some candidate interference terminals. Compared to conventional approaches, an advanced IA based terminal will perform spatial precoding (spatial beamforming and/or spatial coding) not only to enhance the signal power at the destination terminal but also to diminish the interfering power at interference terminals. As a human does, the advanced IA terminal is given to know that occurring high interference to other terminals will eventually degrade the performance of the associated wireless network.
Principal Issues of Research
The following items list |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsthal%20number | In mathematics, the Jacobsthal numbers are an integer sequence named after the German mathematician Ernst Jacobsthal. Like the related Fibonacci numbers, they are a specific type of Lucas sequence for which P = 1, and Q = −2—and are defined by a similar recurrence relation: in simple terms, the sequence starts with 0 and 1, then each following number is found by adding the number before it to twice the number before that. The first Jacobsthal numbers are:
0, 1, 1, 3, 5, 11, 21, 43, 85, 171, 341, 683, 1365, 2731, 5461, 10923, 21845, 43691, 87381, 174763, 349525, …
A Jacobsthal prime is a Jacobsthal number that is also prime. The first Jacobsthal primes are:
3, 5, 11, 43, 683, 2731, 43691, 174763, 2796203, 715827883, 2932031007403, 768614336404564651, 201487636602438195784363, 845100400152152934331135470251, 56713727820156410577229101238628035243, …
Jacobsthal numbers
Jacobsthal numbers are defined by the recurrence relation:
The next Jacobsthal number is also given by the recursion formula
or by
The second recursion formula above is also satisfied by the powers of 2.
The Jacobsthal number at a specific point in the sequence may be calculated directly using the closed-form equation:
The generating function for the Jacobsthal numbers is
The sum of the reciprocals of the Jacobsthal numbers is approximately 2.7186, slightly larger than e.
The Jacobsthal numbers can be extended to negative indices using the recurrence relation or the explicit formula, giving
(see )
The following identity holds
(see )
Jacobsthal–Lucas numbers
Jacobsthal–Lucas numbers represent the complementary Lucas sequence . They satisfy the same recurrence relation as Jacobsthal numbers but have different initial values:
The following Jacobsthal–Lucas number also satisfies:
The Jacobsthal–Lucas number at a specific point in the sequence may be calculated directly using the closed-form equation:
The first Jacobsthal–Lucas numbers are:
2, 1, 5, 7, 17, 31, 65, 127, 257, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden%20graph%20characterization | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, many important families of graphs can be described by a finite set of individual graphs that do not belong to the family and further exclude all graphs from the family which contain any of these forbidden graphs as (induced) subgraph or minor.
A prototypical example of this phenomenon is Kuratowski's theorem, which states that a graph is planar (can be drawn without crossings in the plane) if and only if it does not contain either of two forbidden graphs, the complete graph and the complete bipartite graph . For Kuratowski's theorem, the notion of containment is that of graph homeomorphism, in which a subdivision of one graph appears as a subgraph of the other. Thus, every graph either has a planar drawing (in which case it belongs to the family of planar graphs) or it has a subdivision of at least one of these two graphs as a subgraph (in which case it does not belong to the planar graphs).
Definition
More generally, a forbidden graph characterization is a method of specifying a family of graph, or hypergraph, structures, by specifying substructures that are forbidden to exist within any graph in the family. Different families vary in the nature of what is forbidden. In general, a structure G is a member of a family if and only if a forbidden substructure is not contained in G. The forbidden substructure might be one of:
subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained from subsets of the vertices and edges of a larger graph,
induced subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained by selecting a subset of the vertices and using all edges with both endpoints in that subset,
homeomorphic subgraphs (also called topological minors), smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by collapsing paths of degree-two vertices to single edges, or
graph minors, smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by arbitrary edge contractions.
The set of structures that are forbidden from belonging to a given graph family can also be called an obstruction set for that fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20Procrustes%20problem | The orthogonal Procrustes problem is a matrix approximation problem in linear algebra. In its classical form, one is given two matrices and and asked to find an orthogonal matrix which most closely maps to . Specifically, the orthogonal Procrustes problem is an optimization problem given by
where denotes the Frobenius norm. This is a special case of Wahba's problem (with identical weights; instead of considering two matrices, in Wahba's problem the columns of the matrices are considered as individual vectors). Another difference is, that Wahba's problem tries to find a proper rotation matrix, instead of just an orthogonal one.
The name Procrustes refers to a bandit from Greek mythology who made his victims fit his bed by either stretching their limbs or cutting them off.
Solution
This problem was originally solved by Peter Schönemann in a 1964 thesis, and shortly after appeared in the journal Psychometrika.
This problem is equivalent to finding the nearest orthogonal matrix to a given matrix , i.e. solving the closest orthogonal approximation problem
.
To find matrix , one uses the singular value decomposition (for which the entries of are non-negative)
to write
Proof of Solution
One proof depends on basic properties of the Frobenius inner product that induces the Frobenius norm:
This quantity is an orthogonal matrix (as it is a product of orthogonal matrices) and thus the expression is maximised when equals the identity matrix . Thus
where is the solution for the optimal value of that minimizes the norm squared .
Generalized/constrained Procrustes problems
There are a number of related problems to the classical orthogonal Procrustes problem. One might generalize it by seeking the closest matrix in which the columns are orthogonal, but not necessarily orthonormal.
Alternately, one might constrain it by only allowing rotation matrices (i.e. orthogonal matrices with determinant 1, also known as special orthogonal matrices). In this case, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20T-Kernel | μT-Kernel is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for 16- and 8-bit microcontrollers. μT-Kernel was standardized by T-Engine Forum and later by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) as the basis of IEEE 2050-2018.
An article comparing 9 RTOSs among which Micro T-Kernel was evaluated and given favorable remarks appeared in IEEE publication.
See also
T-Kernel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-border%20region | A cross-border region is a territorial entity that is made of several local or regional authorities that are co-located yet belong to different nation states. Cross-border regions exist to take advantage of geographical conditions to strengthen their competitiveness.
Cross-border regions in Europe
In Europe, there are a large number of cross-border regions. Some of them are often referred to as 'Euroregions' although this is an imprecise concept that is used for a number of different arrangements. European cross-border regions are most commonly constituted through co-operation among border municipalities, districts or regions.
Many cross-border regions receive financial support from the European Commission via its Interreg programme. They vary in their legal and administrative set-up but have in common that they are not 'regions' in an administrative-constitutional sense. Many cross-border regions are based on some sort of civil-law agreements among the participating authorities. For instance, the classical form of a Euroregion is the ‘twin association’: On each side of the border, municipalities and districts form an association according to a legal form suitable within their own national legal systems. In a second step, the associations then join each other on the basis of a civil-law cross-border agreement to establish the cross-border entity. Many Euroregions along the Germany-Benelux border are established according to this model, following the initiatives by the EUREGIO.
History
The first European cross-border region, the EUREGIO, was established in 1958 on the Dutch-German border, in the area of Enschede (NL) and Gronau (DE). Since then, Euroregions and other forms of cross-border co-operation have developed throughout Europe.
For local and regional authorities, engaging in cross-border regions meant they entered a field long reserved for central state actors. For dealing with issues such as local cross-cross-border spatial planning or transport poli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mexican%20flags | The following is a list of flags that are used in the United Mexican States and its predecessor states.
National flag
Presidential flags
Historical
State flags
Municipality flags
Military flags
Annexation
Political flags
Native American flags
Other flags
See also
Coat of arms of Mexico
Himno Nacional Mexicano
Flags of North America |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLARION%20%28cognitive%20architecture%29 | Connectionist Learning with Adaptive Rule Induction On-line (CLARION) is a computational cognitive architecture that has been used to simulate many domains and tasks in cognitive psychology and social psychology, as well as implementing intelligent systems in artificial intelligence applications. An important feature of CLARION is the distinction between implicit and explicit processes and focusing on capturing the interaction between these two types of processes. The system was created by the research group led by Ron Sun.
Overview
CLARION is an integrative cognitive architecture, it is used to explain and simulate cognitive-psychological phenomena, which could potentially lead to an unified explanation of psychological phenomena. There are three layers to the CLARION theory, the first layer is the core theory of mind. The main theories consists of a number of distinct subsystems, which are the essential structures of CLARION, with a dual representational structure in each subsystem (implicit versus explicit representations; Sun et al., 2005). Its subsystems include the action-centered subsystem, the non-action-centered subsystem, the motivational subsystem, and the meta-cognitive subsystem. The second layer consists of the computational models that implements the basic theory, it is more detailed than the first level theory but is still general. The third layer consists of the specific implemented models and simulations of the psychological processes or phenomena. The models of this layer arise from the basic theory and the general computational models.
Dual Representational Structure
The distinction between implicit and explicit processes is fundamental to the Clarion cognitive architecture. This distinction is primarily motivated by evidence supporting implicit memory and implicit learning. Clarion captures the implicit-explicit distinction independently from the distinction between procedural memory and declarative memory. To capture the implicit-explicit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic%20phenomena | Electroacoustic phenomena arise when ultrasound propagates through a fluid containing ions. The associated particle motion generates electric signals because ions have electric charge. This coupling between ultrasound and electric field is called electroacoustic phenomena. The fluid might be a simple Newtonian liquid, or complex heterogeneous dispersion, emulsion or even a porous body. There are several different electroacoustic effects depending on the nature of the fluid.
Ion vibration current (IVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Streaming vibration current (SVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a porous body in which the pores are filled with fluid.
Colloid vibration current (CVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when ultrasound propagates through a heterogeneous fluid, such as a dispersion or emulsion.
Electric sonic amplitude (ESA), the inverse of the CVI effect, in which an acoustic field arises when an electric field propagates through a heterogeneous fluid.
Ion vibration current
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic effect. It was predicted by Debye in 1933.
Streaming vibration current
The streaming vibration current was experimentally observed in 1948 by Williams. A theoretical model was developed some 30 years later by Dukhin and others. This effect opens another possibility for characterizing the electric properties of the surfaces in porous bodies. A similar effect can be observed at a non-porous surface, when sound is bounced off at an oblique angle. The incident and reflected waves superimpose to cause oscillatory fluid motion in the plane of the interface, thereby generating an AC streaming current at the frequency of the sound waves.
Double layer compression
The electrical double layer can be regarded as behaving like a parallel plate capacitor with a compressible dielectric filling. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiconazole | Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide, also known as a DMI, or demethylation inhibiting fungicide due to its binding with and inhibiting the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme from demethylating a precursor to ergosterol. Without this demethylation step, the ergosterols are not incorporated into the growing fungal cell membranes, and cellular growth is stopped.
Agriculture
Propiconazole is used agriculturally as a systemic fungicide on turfgrasses grown for seed and aesthetic or athletic value, wheat, mushrooms, corn, wild rice, peanuts, almonds, sorghum, oats, pecans, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, prunes and lemons. It is also used in combination with permethrin in formulations of wood preserver. Propiconazole is a mixture of four stereoisomers and was first developed in 1979 by Janssen Pharmaceutica. Propiconazole exhibits strong anti-feeding properties against the keratin-digesting Australian carpet beetle Anthrenocerus australis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary%20property | In mathematics, a hereditary property is a property of an object that is inherited by all of its subobjects, where the meaning of subobject depends on the context. These properties are particularly considered in topology and graph theory, but also in set theory.
In topology
In topology, a topological property is said to be hereditary if whenever a topological space has that property, then so does every subspace of it. If the latter is true only for closed subspaces, then the property is called weakly hereditary or
closed-hereditary.
For example, second countability and metrisability are hereditary properties. Sequentiality and Hausdorff compactness are weakly hereditary, but not hereditary. Connectivity is not weakly hereditary.
If P is a property of a topological space X and every subspace also has property P, then X is said to be "hereditarily P".
In combinatorics and graph theory
The notion of hereditary properties occurs throughout combinatorics and graph theory, although they are known by a variety of names. For example, in the context of permutation patterns, hereditary properties are typically called permutation classes.
In graph theory, a hereditary property is a property of a graph which also holds for (is "inherited" by) its induced subgraphs. Alternately, a hereditary property is preserved by the removal of vertices. A graph class is called hereditary if it is closed under induced subgraphs. Examples of hereditary graph classes are independent graphs (graphs with no edges), which is a special case (with c = 1) of being c-colorable for some number c, being forests, planar, complete, complete multipartite etc.
In some cases, the term "hereditary" has been defined with reference to graph minors, but this is more properly called a minor-hereditary property. The Robertson–Seymour theorem implies that a minor-hereditary property may be characterized in terms of a finite set of forbidden minors.
The term "hereditary" has been also used for graph prope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudeau%20Institute | The Trudeau Institute is an independent, not-for-profit, biomedical research center located on a campus in Saranac Lake, New York. Its scientific mission is to make breakthrough discoveries that lead to improved human health.
Trudeau scientists work to discover the basic rules governing immunity (the body's natural defense system). The Institute presently employs eight research teams comprising 7 Ph.D.-level scientists, each studying some aspect of immunity. Their studies focus on immune responses to major infectious diseases, such as influenza, sepsis, and tuberculosis, as well as on the role of the immune system in cancer, asthma, allergy, arthritis, colitis, multiple sclerosis and aging.
Trudeau researchers use experimental methodologies and mouse models to conduct their research. Shared facilities include animal, flow cytometry, molecular biology, and microscopy cores, as well as biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) and 3 (BSL-3) containment laboratories.
History
The Institute was founded in 1884 as the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau as a tuberculosis treatment and research facility. Trudeau had trained as a physician after his elder brother succumbed to tuberculosis.
Trudeau himself was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1873. Following the thinking of the time, his physicians and friends urged a change of climate. He went to live in the Adirondack Mountains, initially at Paul Smith's Hotel, spending time outdoors, and regained his health.
In 1876, he moved to Saranac Lake and established a medical practice.
In 1882, Trudeau read about German physician Hermann Brehmer's success treating tuberculosis with a systematic rest cure in cold, clear mountain air. Following this example, Trudeau founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium for the treatment of tuberculosis with the support of several wealthy businessmen.
In 1894, after a fire destroyed his small laboratory, Trudeau built the Saranac Laboratory for the Study o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20confirmation | Behavioral confirmation is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. The phenomenon of belief creating reality is known by several names in literature: self-fulfilling prophecy, expectancy confirmation, and behavioral confirmation, which was first coined by social psychologist Mark Snyder in 1984. Snyder preferred this term because it emphasizes that it is the target's actual behavior that confirms the perceiver's beliefs.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Preconceived beliefs and expectations are used by human beings when they interact with others, as guides to action. Their actions may then guide the interacting partner to behave in a way that confirms the individual's initial beliefs. The self-fulfilling prophecy is essentially the idea that beliefs and expectations can and do create their own reality. Sociologist Robert K. Merton defined a self-fulfilling prophecy as, in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior which makes the originally false conception come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy focuses on the behavior of the perceiver in electing expected behavior from the target, whereas behavioral confirmation focuses on the role of the target's behavior in confirming the perceiver's beliefs.
Research
Research has shown that a person (referred to as a perceiver) who possesses beliefs about another person (referred to as a target) will often act on these beliefs in ways that lead the target to actually behave in ways that confirm the perceiver's original beliefs.
In one demonstration of behavioral confirmation in social interaction, Snyder and colleagues had previously unacquainted male and female partners get acquainted through a telephone-like intercom system. The male participants were referred to as the perceivers, and the female participants were referred to as the targets. Prior to their conversations, the experimenter gave th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20microspectroscopy | Photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS), alternatively known as photothermal temperature fluctuation (PTTF), is derived from two parent instrumental techniques: infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In one particular type of AFM, known as scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), the imaging probe is a sub-miniature temperature sensor, which may be a thermocouple or a resistance thermometer. This same type of detector is employed in a PTMS instrument, enabling it to provide AFM/SThM images: However, the chief additional use of PTMS is to yield infrared spectra from sample regions below a micrometer, as outlined below.
Technique
The AFM is interfaced with an infrared spectrometer. For work using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the spectrometer is equipped with a conventional black body infrared source. A particular region of the sample may first be chosen on the basis of the image obtained using the AFM imaging mode of operation. Then, when material at this location absorbs the electromagnetic radiation, heat is generated, which diffuses, giving rise to a decaying temperature profile. The thermal probe then detects the photothermal response of this region of the sample. The resultant measured temperature fluctuations provide an interferogram that replaces the interferogram obtained by a conventional FTIR setup, e.g., by direct detection of the radiation transmitted by a sample. The temperature profile can be made sharp by modulating the excitation beam. This results in the generation of thermal waves whose diffusion length is inversely proportional to the root of the modulation frequency. An important advantage of the thermal approach is that it permits to obtain depth-sensitive subsurface information from surface measurement, thanks to the dependence of thermal diffusion length on modulation frequency.
Applications
The two particular features of PTMS that have determined its applications so far are 1) spectroscopic mapping may be perform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral%20Interoperability%20Programme | The Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP) is an effort to deliver an assured capability for interoperability of information to support multinational, combined and joint operations. The MIP goal is to support all levels from corps to battalion. MIP's focus is on command and control systems. MIP is a consortium of 29 NATO and Non-NATO nations that meet quarterly to define interoperability specifications for the exchange information between their national Command and Control systems.
Overview
The Multilateral Interoperability Programme referred to as MIP, is an interoperability organisation established by national Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) developers with a requirement to share relevant Command and Control information in a multinational or coalition environment.
As a result of collaboration within the programme, MIP produces a set of specifications which when implemented by the nations, provide the required interoperability capability.
MIP provides a venue for system level interoperability testing of national MIP implementations as well as providing a forum for exchanging information relevant to national implementation and fielding plans to enable synchronization.
MIP is NOT empowered to direct how nations develop their own C2IS.
The MIP meetings are held in Greding, Bavaria, Germany.
The NATO Data Administration Group (NDAG) cooperates with the MIP in building the Joint Consultation, Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model (JC3IEDM).
C2IEDM
The C2IEDM (the predecessor to the JC3IEDM), or Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model, is a data model that is managed by the Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP). It originated with experts from various NATO partners and from the Partnership for Peace nations. This data model is in the process of being submitted to Object Management Group (OMG) for consideration as the standard for Information exchange. It falls under the shared operational picture exchange s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexiScale | FlexiScale is a utility computing platform launched by XCalibre Communications in the summer of 2007, and subsequently acquired by Flexiant. Launched shortly after Amazon's EC2 service, it was Europe's first and the world's second cloud computing platform. Users are able to create, start, and stop servers as they require allowing rapid deployment where needed. Both Windows and Linux are supported on the FlexiScale platform.
FlexiScale uses the open source Xen hypervisor. Backend storage comes from a highly redundant SAN, although the level of redundancy was called into question in August 2008, with more than 2 days of downtime resulting from an engineer mistake. The storage system previously consisted of a dual head NetApp storage array with the disk shelves connected to both heads. This was replaced with the launch of FlexiScale 2.0 in June 2010 with an "Amber Road" based storage solution from Sun Microsystems.
There have been a few revisions of the FlexiScale platform, from publicly available information the first version was based on the Virtual Iron VM management software. The second revision (called FlexiScale v1.5) of the platform was based on a in-house developed VM control system, now known as Extility. The most recent release (called FlexiScale v2.0) contributed an extensively revised User Interface. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular%20distance | In geometry, the perpendicular distance between two objects is the distance from one to the other, measured along a line that is perpendicular to one or both.
The distance from a point to a line is the distance to the nearest point on that line. That is the point at which a segment from it to the given point is perpendicular to the line.
Likewise, the distance from a point to a curve is measured by a line segment that is perpendicular to a tangent line to the curve at the nearest point on the curve.
The distance from a point to a plane is measured as the length from the point along a segment that is perpendicular to the plane, meaning that it is perpendicular to all lines in the plane that pass through the nearest point in the plane to the given point.
Other instances include:
Point on plane closest to origin, for the perpendicular distance from the origin to a plane in three-dimensional space
Nearest distance between skew lines, for the perpendicular distance between two non-parallel lines in three-dimensional space
Perpendicular regression fits a line to data points by minimizing the sum of squared perpendicular distances from the data points to the line.
Other geometric curve fitting methods using perpendicular distance to measure the quality of a fit exist, as in total least squares.
The concept of perpendicular distance may be generalized to
orthogonal distance, between more abstract non-geometric orthogonal objects, as in linear algebra (e.g., principal components analysis);
normal distance, involving a surface normal, between an arbitrary point and its foot on the surface. It can be used for surface fitting and for defining offset surfaces.
See also
Distance between sets
Hypercycle (geometry)
Moment of inertia
Signed distance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%2C%20Form%20and%20Function | Mathematics, Form and Function, a book published in 1986 by Springer-Verlag, is a survey of the whole of mathematics, including its origins and deep structure, by the American mathematician Saunders Mac Lane.
Mathematics and human activities
Throughout his book, and especially in chapter I.11, Mac Lane informally discusses how mathematics is grounded in more ordinary concrete and abstract human activities. The following table is adapted from one given on p. 35 of Mac Lane (1986). The rows are very roughly ordered from most to least fundamental. For a bullet list that can be compared and contrasted with this table, see section 3 of Where Mathematics Comes From.
Also see the related diagrams appearing on the following pages of Mac Lane (1986): 149, 184, 306, 408, 416, 422-28.
Mac Lane (1986) cites a related monograph by Lars Gårding (1977).
Mac Lane's relevance to the philosophy of mathematics
Mac Lane cofounded category theory with Samuel Eilenberg, which enables a unified treatment of mathematical structures and of the relations among them, at the cost of breaking away from their cognitive grounding. Nevertheless, his views—however informal—are a valuable contribution to the philosophy and anthropology of mathematics. His views anticipate, in some respects, the more detailed account of the cognitive basis of mathematics given by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez in their Where Mathematics Comes From. Lakoff and Núñez argue that mathematics emerges via conceptual metaphors grounded in the human body, its motion through space and time, and in human sense perceptions.
See also
1986 in philosophy
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%201 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
Structure
Cdk1 is a small protein (approximately 34 kilodaltons), and is highly conserved. The human homolog of Cdk1, CDK1, shares approximately 63% amino-acid identity with its yeast homolog. Furthermore, human CDK1 is capable of rescuing fission yeast carrying a cdc2 mutation. Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, contains a cleft in which ATP fits. Substrates of Cdk1 bind near the mouth of the cleft, and Cdk1 residues catalyze the covalent bonding of the γ-phosphate to the oxygen of the hydroxyl serine/threonine of the substrate.
In addition to this catalytic core, Cdk1, like other cyclin-dependent kinases, contains a T-loop, which, in the absence of an interacting cyclin, prevents substrate binding to the Cdk1 active site. Cdk1 also contains a PSTAIRE helix, which, upon cyclin binding, moves and rearranges the active site, facilitating Cdk1 kinase activities.
Function
When bound to its cyclin partners, Cdk1 phosphorylation leads to cell cycle progression. Cdk1 activity is best understood in S. cerevisiae, so Cdk1 S. cerevisiae activity is described here.
In the budding yeast, initial cell cycle entry is controlled by two regulatory complexes, SBF (SCB-binding factor) and MBF (MCB-binding factor). These two complexes control G1/S gene transcription; however, they are normally inactive. SBF is inh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20parabolic%20constant | The universal parabolic constant is a mathematical constant.
It is defined as the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum to the focal parameter. The focal parameter is twice the focal length. The ratio is denoted P.
In the diagram, the latus rectum is pictured in blue, the parabolic segment that it forms in red and the focal parameter in green. (The focus of the parabola is the point F and the directrix is the line L.)
The value of P is
. The circle and parabola are unique among conic sections in that they have a universal constant. The analogous ratios for ellipses and hyperbolas depend on their eccentricities. This means that all circles are similar and all parabolas are similar, whereas ellipses and hyperbolas are not.
Derivation
Take as the equation of the parabola. The focal parameter is and the semilatus rectum is .
Properties
P is a transcendental number.
Proof. Suppose that P is algebraic. Then must also be algebraic. However, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, would be transcendental, which is not the case. Hence P is transcendental.
Since P is transcendental, it is also irrational.
Applications
The average distance from a point randomly selected in the unit square to its center is
Proof.
There is also an interesting geometrical reason why this constant appears in unit squares. The average distance between a center of a unit square and a point on the square's boundary is .
If we uniformly sample every point on the perimeter of the square, take line segments (drawn from the center) corresponding to each point, add them together by joining each line segment next to the other, scaling them down, the curve obtained is a parabola. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20zoonosis | A reverse zoonosis, also known as a zooanthroponosis (Greek "animal", "man", "disease") or anthroponosis, is a pathogen reservoired in humans that is capable of being transmitted to non-human animals.
Terminology
Anthroponosis refers to pathogens sourced from humans and can include human to non-human animal transmission but also human to human transmission. The term zoonosis technically refers to disease transferred between any animal and another animal, human or non-human, without discretion, and also been defined as disease transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Yet because of human-centered medical biases, zoonosis tends to be used in the same manner as anthropozoonosis which specifically refers to pathogens reservoired in non-human animals that are transmissible to humans.
Additional confusion due to frequency of scientists using "anthropozoonosis" and "zooanthroponosis" interchangeably was resolved during a 1967 Joint Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization committee meeting that recommended the use of "zoonosis" to describe the bidirectional interchange of infectious pathogens between animals and humans.
Furthermore, because humans are rarely in direct contact with wild animals and introduce pathogens through "soft contact", the term "sapronotic agents" must be introduced. Sapronoses (Greek "decaying") refers to human diseases that harbor the capacity to grow and replicate (not just survive or contaminate) in abiotic environments such as soil, water, decaying plants, animal corpses, excreta, and other substrata. Additionally, sapro-zoonoses can be characterized as having both a live host and a non-animal developmental site of organic matter, soil, or plants. Obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate outside of cells and are entirely reproductively reliant on entering the cell to use intracellular resources such as viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and Cryptosporidium parvum cannot be sapronotic agents.
Etymological |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary%20virology | Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine.
Rhabdoviruses
Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from plants and insects, to fish and mammals. The Rhaboviridae family consists of six genera, two of which, cytorhabdoviruses and nucleorhabdoviruses, only infect plants. Novirhabdoviruses infect fish, and vesiculovirus, lyssavirus and ephemerovirus infect mammals, fish and invertebrates. The family includes pathogens such as rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and potato yellow dwarf virus that are of public health, veterinary, and agricultural significance.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. It is a non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA virus. FMDV is a highly contagious virus. It enters the body through inhalation.
Pestiviruses
Pestiviruses have a single stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. They cause Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhea(BVD). Mucosal disease is a distinct, chronic persistent infection, whereas BVD is an acute infection.
Arteriviruses
Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV).
Coronaviruses
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. They infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. They are the cause of a wide range of diseases in cats, dog, pigs, rodents, cattle and humans. Transmission is by the faecal-oral route.
Toroviruses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate%20Management%20Protocol | The Certificate Management Protocol (CMP) is an Internet protocol standardized by the IETF used for obtaining X.509 digital certificates in a public key infrastructure (PKI).
CMP is a very feature-rich and flexible protocol, supporting any types of cryptography.
CMP messages are self-contained, which, as opposed to EST, makes the protocol independent of the transport mechanism and provides end-to-end security.
CMP messages are encoded in ASN.1, using the DER method.
CMP is described in . Enrollment request messages employ the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF), described in .
The only other protocol so far using CRMF is Certificate Management over CMS (CMC), described in .
History
An obsolete version of CMP is described in , the respective CRMF version in .
A CMP Update is in preparation as well as a Lightweight CMP Profile focusing on industrial use.
PKI Entities
In a public key infrastructure (PKI), so-called end entities (EEs) act as CMP client, requesting one or more certificates for themselves from a certificate authority (CA), which issues the legal certificates and acts as a CMP server. None or any number of registration authorities (RA), can be used to mediate between the EEs and CAs, having both a downstream CMP server interface and an upstream CMP client interface. Using a "cross-certification request" a CA can get a certificate signed by another CA.
Features
Self-contained messages with protection independent of transfer mechanism - as opposed to related protocols EST and SCEP, this supports end-to-end security.
Full certificate life-cycle support: an end entity can utilize CMP to obtain certificates from a CA, request updates for them, and also get them revoked.
Key pair generation is usually done by the client side, but can also be requested from the server side.
Proof-of-possession is usually done by a self-signature of the requested certificate contents, but CMP supports also other methods.
CMP supports the very important aspect of p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukhin%20number | The Dukhin number () is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin.
Overview
It was introduced by Lyklema in “Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science”. A recent IUPAC Technical Report used this term explicitly and detailed several means of measurement in physical systems.
The Dukhin number is a ratio of the surface conductivity to the fluid bulk electrical conductivity Km multiplied by particle size a:
There is another expression of this number that is valid when the surface conductivity is associated only with ions motion above the slipping plane in the double layer. In this case, the value of the surface conductivity depends on ζ-potential, which leads to the following expression for the Dukhin number for symmetrical electrolyte with equal ions diffusion coefficient:
where the parameter m characterizes the contribution of electro-osmosis into motion of ions within the double layer
F is Faraday constant
T is absolute temperature
R is gas constant
C is ions concentration in bulk
z is ion valency
ζ is electrokinetic potential
ε0 is vacuum dielectric permittivity
εm is fluid dielectric permittivity
η is dynamic viscosity
D is diffusion coefficient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20layer%20%28surface%20science%29 | In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding the object. The first layer, the surface charge (either positive or negative), consists of ions which are adsorbed onto the object due to chemical interactions. The second layer is composed of ions attracted to the surface charge via the Coulomb force, electrically screening the first layer. This second layer is loosely associated with the object. It is made of free ions that move in the fluid under the influence of electric attraction and thermal motion rather than being firmly anchored. It is thus called the "diffuse layer".
Interfacial DLs are most apparent in systems with a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, such as a colloid or porous bodies with particles or pores (respectively) on the scale of micrometres to nanometres. However, DLs are important to other phenomena, such as the electrochemical behaviour of electrodes.
DLs play a fundamental role in many everyday substances. For instance, homogenized milk exists only because fat droplets are covered with a DL that prevents their coagulation into butter. DLs exist in practically all heterogeneous fluid-based systems, such as blood, paint, ink and ceramic and cement slurry.
The DL is closely related to electrokinetic phenomena and electroacoustic phenomena.
Development of the (interfacial) double layer
Helmholtz
When an electronic conductor is brought in contact with a solid or liquid ionic conductor (electrolyte), a common boundary (interface) among the two phases appears. Hermann von Helmholtz was the first to realize that charged electrodes immersed in electrolyte solutions repel the co-ions of the charge while attracting counterions to their surfaces. Two layers of opposite polarity for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4AP | Trpc4-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4AP gene.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TRPC4AP function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Trpc4aptm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. Few homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and thus fewer than expected survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; females had an abnormal anagen phase of the hair cycle.
Interactions
TRPC4AP has been shown to interact with TNFRSF1A.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20communication%20channel | The general communication channel (GCC) was defined by G.709 is an in-band side channel used to carry transmission management and signaling information within optical transport network elements.
Two types of GCC are available:
GCC0 – two bytes within OTUk overhead. GCC0 is terminated at every 3R (re-shaping, re-timing, re-amplification) point and used to carry GMPLS signaling protocol and/or management information.
GCC1/2 – four bytes (each of two bytes) within ODUk overhead. These bytes are used for client end-to-end information and shouldn't be touched by the OTN equipment.
In contrast to SONET/SDH where the data communication channel (DCC) has a constant data rate, GCC data rate depends on the OTN line rate. For example, GCC0 data rate in the case of OTU1 is ~333kbit/s, and for OTU2 its data rate is ~1.3 Mbit/s.
Computer networking
Optical Transport Network |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20efficient%20transformer | In a typical power distribution grid, electric transformer power loss typically contributes to about 40-50% of the total transmission and distribution loss. Energy efficient transformers are therefore an important means to reduce transmission and distribution loss. With the improvement of electrical steel (silicon steel) properties, the losses of a transformer in 2010 can be half that of a similar transformer in the 1970s. With new magnetic materials, it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency. The amorphous metal transformer is a modern example. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometon | Prometon is a herbicide for annual and perennial broad-leaf weed, brush and grass control mainly in non-cropping situations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20state%20toys | State toys are designated by each U.S. state's legislature.
State toys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20telepresence | Autonomous telepresence is a method of offering remote healthcare in a patient's home using robots and videoconferencing systems to provide a consumer-based mobile platform. At present the existing systems have little or no autonomy and rely on remote operators.
See also
Telepresence
Open-source robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK1E | Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm as a monomer and can phosphorylate a variety of proteins, including itself. This protein has been shown to phosphorylate proteins of the Period family of circadian rhythm proteins. A homolog of this mammalian protein can be found in Drosophila melanogaster. Known as doubletime, this protein also plays a role in the phosphorylation of proteins involved in circadian rhythms. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Interactions
CSNK1E has been shown to interact with PER1 and AXIN1.
Inhibitors
Selective
PF-4800567
Non-selective
PF-670462 (also inhibits CK1-δ)
See also
Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon
Casein kinase 1 family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakelocks%20anemone | The snakelocks anemone (Anemonia viridis) is a sea anemone found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The latter population is however sometimes considered a separate species, the Mediterranean snakelocks anemone (Anemonia sulcata).
The tentacles are usually a deep green colour with purple tips, the green colour is often attributed to the presence of symbiotic algae within the tentacles but is actually the result of the presence of Green Fluorescent Protein which is present in corals, sea anemones, and some other cnidarians. The anemone tissue contains a symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which is necessary for the long-term survival of the sea anemone. When the numbers of algae diminish the anemone may appear dull grey in colour. The algae need light to flourish, so Snakelocks Anemones will be found in the sunniest pools. On average the snakelock anemone is 8 cm wide.
Reproduction
Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other Anthozoa) entirely lack the free-swimming medusa stage of the life cycle; the polyp produces eggs and sperm, and the fertilized egg develops into a planula that develops directly into another polyp.
Relationship with other animals
Several species of small animals regularly live in a symbiotic or commensal relationship with the snakelocks anemone, gaining protection from predators by residing among the venomous tentacles. These include the incognito (or anemone) goby (Gobius incognitus), the shrimp Periclimenes aegylios and the Leach's spider crab (Inachus phalangium).
Human uses
This species is widely consumed in southwestern Spain, in the Gulf of Cádiz region, as ortiguillas de mar (literally, "little sea nettles", because it has urticant properties before it is cooked), or simply ortiguillas. The whole animal is marinated in vinegar, coated in a tempura-like batter, and deep-fried in olive oil. Ortiguillas are offered in some coastal Andalusian restaurants as a delicacy. They are similar in appearance and texture to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM7 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7, also known as TRPM7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.
Function
TRPs, mammalian homologs of the Drosophila transient receptor potential (trp) protein, are ion channels that are thought to mediate capacitative calcium entry into the cell. TRP-PLIK is a protein that is both an ion channel and a kinase. As a channel, it conducts calcium and monovalent cations to depolarize cells and increase intracellular calcium. As a kinase, it is capable of phosphorylating itself and other substrates. The kinase activity is necessary for channel function, as shown by its dependence on intracellular ATP and by the kinase mutants.
Interactions
TRPM7 has been shown to interact with PLCB1 and PLCB2.
Clinical relevance
Defects in this gene have been associated with magnesium deficiency in human microvascular endothelial cells.
See also
TRPM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Japanese%20ingredients | The following is a list of ingredients used in Japanese cuisine.
Plant sources
Cereal grain
Rice
Short or medium grain white rice. Regular (non-sticky) rice is called .
Mochi rice (glutinous rice)-sticky rice, sweet rice
(brown rice)
Rice bran () – not usually eaten itself, but used for pickling, and also added to boiling water to parboil tart vegetables
– toasted brown rice grains in and
– Aspergillus cultures
()
(barley)
Flour
starch – an alternative ingredient for potato starch
– soybean flour/meal
– (millet) flour
– starch powder
starch
Rice flour ()
– semi-cooked rice dried and coarsely pulverized; used as alternate breading in deep-fried dish, also used in Kansai-style confection. Medium fine ground types are called and used as breaded crust or for confection. Fine ground are
, – powdery starch made from sticky rice.
flour
Soba flour
starch – substitutes are sold under this name, though authentic starch derives from fern roots. See
Wheat flour
Tempura flour
, , – descending grades of protein content; all purpose, udon flour, cake flour
– name for the starch of rice or wheat. Apparently used for to some extent. In Chinese cuisine, it is used to make the translucent skin of the shrimp .
Noodles
Soba
Ramen
Udon
noodles
Vegetables
Botanic fruits as vegetables
Cucumber ()
Eggplant ()
– mild peppers
– The leaves of the made into are .
– pumpkins, squash
– type of squash/melon.
Cabbage family
– (B. rapa var. perviridis)
- (B. rapa var. nipposinica)
Napa cabbage () – (B. rapa var. glabra)
– (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia or var. of mustard)
– (cultivar of B. rapa var. )
(rapeseed or coleseed flowering-stalks, used like broccoli rabe)
Other leafy vegetables
Spinach ()
Onion family
Vegetables in the onion family are called in Japanese.
– type of chives
– Chinese chives or garlic chive
– formerly thought a variety of scallion, but geneticists discover it to be a cross with the bulb onion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV5 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a calcium channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV5 gene.
Function
The TRPV5 gene is a member of the transient receptor family and the TRPV subfamily. The calcium-selective channel, TRPV5, encoded by this gene has 6 transmembrane-spanning domains, multiple potential phosphorylation sites, an N-linked glycosylation site, and 5 ANK repeats. This protein forms homotetramers or heterotetramers and is activated by a low internal calcium level.
Both TRPV5 and TRPV6 are expressed in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. TRPV5 is mainly expressed in kidney epithelial cells, where it plays an important role in the reabsorption of Ca2+, whereas TRPV6 is mainly expressed in the intestine. The enzyme α-klotho increases kidney calcium reabsorption by stabilizing TPRV5. Klotho is a beta-glucuronidase-like enzyme that activates TRPV5 by removal of sialic acid.
Clinical significance
Normally, about 95% to 98% of Ca2+ filtered from the blood by the kidney is reabsorbed by the kidney's renal tubule, mediated by TRPV5. Genetic deletion of TRPV5 in mice leads to Ca2+ loss in the urine, and consequential hyperparathyroidism, and bone loss.
Inhibitors
Econazole is a weak inhibitor of both TRPV5 and TRPV6, with an IC50 in the micromolar range
ZINC17988990 is a potent and selective inhibitor of TRPV5, with an IC50 of 177nM and good selectivity over TRPV6 and the other TRPV channel subtypes.
Interactions
TRPV5 has been shown to interact with S100A10.
See also
TRPV |
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