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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20and%20Infinite%20Games | Finite and Infinite Games is a book by religious scholar James P. Carse.
Summary
Finite vs. infinite games
Carse summarizes his argument, "There are at least two kinds of games: finite and infinite. A finite game is played for the purpose of winning, an infinite game for the purpose of continuing the play. Finite games are those instrumental activities - from sports to politics to wars - in which the participants obey rules, recognize boundaries and announce winners and losers. The infinite game - there is only one - includes any authentic interaction, from touching to culture, that changes rules, plays with boundaries and exists solely for the purpose of continuing the game. A finite player seeks power; the infinite one displays self-sufficient strength. Finite games are theatrical, necessitating an audience; infinite ones are dramatic, involving participants..."
Theatrical vs. Dramatic
Carse continues these conceptualizations across all major spheres of human affairs. He extends his themes broadly over several intellectual arenas that are largely otherwise disparate disciplines. He describes human pursuits as either dramatic (enacted in the present) or theatrical (performed according to a script of some kind). This distinction hinges on an agent's decision to engage in one state of affairs or another. If motherhood is a requirement and a duty, there are rules to be obeyed and goals to be achieved. This is motherhood as theatrical role. If motherhood is a choice and a process, it becomes a living drama. Carse spans objective and subjective realms and bridges many gaps among different scholarly traditions.
Reception
Finite and Infinite Games received mixed reviews. Howard A. Paul suggested that the book would be valuable in the education of therapists, whereas Francis Kane of the New York Times was critical of the book's premise and logic. Meanwhile technologist Kevin Kelly praised it for "alter[ing] my thinking about life, the universe, and everything." Revie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayNET | PlayNet (or PlayNET) was an American online service for Commodore 64 personal computers that operated from 1984 to 1987. It was operated by the PlayNet, Inc of Troy, New York.
History
PlayNet was founded in 1983 by two former GE Global Research employees, Dave Panzl and Howard Goldberg, as the first person-to-person, online communication and game network to feature home computer based graphics.
The founders launched the business initially with their own money. They then raised over $2.5 million from a variety of investors, including the venture capital funds of the Town of North Greenbush NY, Key Bank, Alan Patricof & Associates, and the New York State Science and Technology Foundation, and a group of individual investors through a limited R&D partnership led by McGinn Smith.
In 1985, PlayNet licensed their system to Control Video Corporation (CVC, later renamed Quantum Computer Services), which in October 1991 changed its name to America Online. The modified version of the PlayNet software (Quantum Link or Q-Link) was ported by Quantum to the PC to create the first version of the AOL software. As recently as 2005, some aspects of the original PlayNet communication protocols still appeared to be used by AOL.
The PlayNet offices were initially located in the J Building on Peoples Avenue in Troy, NY part of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute incubator program. It subsequently moved to RPI's Technology Park in North Greenbush NY.
PlayNet declared bankruptcy in March, 1986 and ceased operations in 1988 after Quantum stopped paying royalties.
The service had two membership options: an $8/month service charge plus $2.75/hour connect time charge, or no service charge and $3.75 per hour connection charge. File downloads were charged a flat rate of $0.50 each
The second season of Halt and Catch Fire (TV series) is believed to be based on PlayNet.
Software details
PlayNet was originally designed around online interactive games which allowed chatting while playin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARIACHI | MARIACHI, the Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization, is an apparatus for the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) via bi-static radar interferometry using VHF transmitters.
MARIACHI is also the name of the research project created and directed by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) on Long Island, New York, initially intended to verify the concept that VHF signals can be reflected off the ionization patch produced by a cosmic ray shower. Project emphasis subsequently shifted to the attempted detection of radio wave reflections from a high energy ionization beam apparatus located at BNL's NASA Space Radiation Laboratory.
Its inventors hope the MARIACHI apparatus will detect UHECR over much larger areas than previously possible, and that it will also detect ultra-high-energy neutrino flux. The ground array detectors are scintillator arrays that are built and operated by high school students and teachers.
The MARIACHI project, being in essence a public outreach project for high school and undergraduate students more than a full-scale science experiment, has continued in a sporadic fashion since its conception in the late 2000s. For example, a high school in New York continued MARIACHI measurements for over 8-year period between 2008 and 2016; the results of these measurements were published 2016. Measurements have been performed by other instances (high schools, community colleges,...) also.
The main researcher behind MARIACHI is Helio Takai (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, as of 2019 Pratt Institute). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20mathematics | Integrated mathematics is the term used in the United States to describe the style of mathematics education which integrates many topics or strands of mathematics throughout each year of secondary school. Each math course in secondary school covers topics in algebra, geometry, trigonometry and functions. Nearly all countries throughout the world, except the United States, follow this type of curriculum.
In the United States, topics are usually integrated throughout elementary school up to the seventh or sometimes eighth grade. Beginning with high school level courses, topics are usually separated so that one year a student focuses entirely on algebra (if it was not already taken in the eighth grade), the next year entirely on geometry, then another year of algebra (sometimes with trigonometry), and later an optional fourth year of precalculus or calculus. Precalculus is the exception to the rule, as it usually integrates algebra, trigonometry, and geometry topics. Statistics may be integrated into all the courses or presented as a separate course.
New York State began using integrated math curricula in the 1980s, but recently returned to a traditional curriculum. A few other localities in the United States have also tried such integrated curricula, including Georgia, which mandated them in 2008 but subsequently made them optional. More recently, a few other states have mandated that all districts change to integrated curricula, including North Carolina, Illinois, West Virginia and Utah. Some districts in other states, including California, have either switched or are considering switching to an integrated curriculum.
Under the Common Core Standards adopted by most states in 2012, high school mathematics may be taught using either a traditional American approach or an integrated curriculum. The only difference would be the order in which the topics are taught. Supporters of using integrated curricula in the United States believe that students will be able to see t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Metric%20America | A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come was a 1971 book by the United States National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) printed by the Government Printing Office.
In 1968, in the Metric Study Act (Pub. L. 90-472, August 9, 1968, 82 Stat. 693), Congress authorized a three-year study of systems of measurement in the U.S., with particular emphasis on the feasibility of adopting the SI. This detailed U.S. Metric Study was conducted by the Department of Commerce. A 45-member advisory panel consulted with and took testimony from hundreds of consumers, business organizations, labor groups, manufacturers, and state and local officials.
A Metric America: "A Decision Whose Time Has Come" – For Real (NISTIR 4858) was a June 1992 follow-up to this book.
See also
Metrication in the United States
External links
A Metric America; A Decision Whose Time Has Come
1971 non-fiction books
Metrication in the United States
Mathematics books
Books about the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20recognition%20complex | In molecular biology, origin recognition complex (ORC) is a multi-subunit DNA binding complex (6 subunits) that binds in all eukaryotes and archaea in an ATP-dependent manner to origins of replication. The subunits of this complex are encoded by the ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6 genes. ORC is a central component for eukaryotic DNA replication, and remains bound to chromatin at replication origins throughout the cell cycle.
ORC directs DNA replication throughout the genome and is required for its initiation. ORC and Noc3p bound at replication origins serve as the foundation for assembly of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which includes Cdc6, Tah11 (a.k.a. Cdt1), and the Mcm2-Mcm7 complex. Pre-RC assembly during G1 is required for replication licensing of chromosomes prior to DNA synthesis during S phase. Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of Orc2, Orc6, Cdc6, and MCM by the cyclin-dependent protein kinase Cdc28 regulates initiation of DNA replication, including blocking reinitiation in G2/M phase.
The ORC is present throughout the cell cycle bound to replication origins, but is only active in late mitosis and early G1.
In yeast, ORC also plays a role in the establishment of silencing at the mating-type loci Hidden MAT Left (HML) and Hidden MAT Right (HMR). ORC participates in the assembly of transcriptionally silent chromatin at HML and HMR by recruiting the Sir1 silencing protein to the HML and HMR silencers.
Both Orc1 and Orc5 bind ATP, though only Orc1 has ATPase activity. The binding of ATP by Orc1 is required for ORC binding to DNA and is essential for cell viability. The ATPase activity of Orc1 is involved in formation of the pre-RC. ATP binding by Orc5 is crucial for the stability of ORC as a whole. Only the Orc1-5 subunits are required for origin binding; Orc6 is essential for maintenance of pre-RCs once formed. Interactions within ORC suggest that Orc2-3-6 may form a core complex. A 2020 report suggests that budding yeast ORC dimerizes in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%20%28puzzle%29 | Bag (also called Corral or Cave) is a binary-determination logic puzzle published by Nikoli.
Rules
Bag is played on a rectangular grid, usually of dashed lines, in which numbers appear in some of the cells.
The object is to draw a single, continuous loop along the lines of the grid that contains all the numbers on the grid. Each number indicates the total number of cells visible in any orthogonal direction before a line of the loop is reached, plus the cell itself. For example, a 2-cell will have one cell adjacent to it, followed by a wall of the loop.
Solution methods
The easiest starting place is to find a "maximum cell"; that is, a numbered cell which if the walls are not at the maximum distance possible, the number is not satisfied. For example, in a 10x10 grid which has not started to be solved, a 19-cell is a maximum cell, since if the four walls are not at the edges of the grid, the number of cells visible wouldn't be enough. After making some progress, "minimum cells" appear, where if the walls are not at the minimum distance possible, the number is not satisfied.
Many of the solution methods for Bag are very similar to those used for Kuromasu, as the rules are also very similar. The most notable difference is the use of the loop as a part of the solution, as opposed to shaded cells.
Computational complexity
Decision question (Friedman, 2002): Does a given instance of Corral Puzzle have a solution?
This decision question is NP-complete. This is proven by reducing the decision problem of deciding the 3-colorability of a planar graph, which is known to be NP-complete, to a Corral Puzzle.
See also
List of Nikoli puzzle types
:Category:Logic puzzles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content%20format | A content format is an encoded format for converting a specific type of data to displayable information. Content formats are used in recording and transmission to prepare data for observation or interpretation. This includes both analog and digitized content. Content formats may be recorded and read by either natural or manufactured tools and mechanisms.
In addition to converting data to information, a content format may include the encryption and/or scrambling of that information. Multiple content formats may be contained within a single section of a storage medium (e.g. track, disk sector, computer file, document, page, column) or transmitted via a single channel (e.g. wire, carrier wave) of a transmission medium. With multimedia, multiple tracks containing multiple content formats are presented simultaneously. Content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format (e.g. digital audio, digital video) or recorded in the primary format (e.g. spectrogram, pictogram).
Observable data is often known as raw data, or raw content. A primary raw content format may be directly observable (e.g. image, sound, motion, smell, sensation) or physical data which only requires hardware to display it, such as a phonographic needle and diaphragm or a projector lamp and magnifying glass.
There has been a countless number of content formats throughout history. The following are examples of some common content formats and content format categories (covering: sensory experience, model, and language used for encoding information):
See also
Communication
Representation (arts)
Content carrier signals
Content multiplexing format
Signal transmission
Wireless content transmission
Data storage device
Recording format
Data compression
Analog television: NTSC, PAL and SECAM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20code | The Hadamard code is an error-correcting code named after Jacques Hadamard that is used for error detection and correction when transmitting messages over very noisy or unreliable channels. In 1971, the code was used to transmit photos of Mars back to Earth from the NASA space probe Mariner 9. Because of its unique mathematical properties, the Hadamard code is not only used by engineers, but also intensely studied in coding theory, mathematics, and theoretical computer science.
The Hadamard code is also known under the names Walsh code, Walsh family, and Walsh–Hadamard code in recognition of the American mathematician Joseph Leonard Walsh.
The Hadamard code is an example of a linear code of length over a binary alphabet.
Unfortunately, this term is somewhat ambiguous as some references assume a message length while others assume a message length of .
In this article, the first case is called the Hadamard code while the second is called the augmented Hadamard code.
The Hadamard code is unique in that each non-zero codeword has a Hamming weight of exactly , which implies that the distance of the code is also .
In standard coding theory notation for block codes, the Hadamard code is a -code, that is, it is a linear code over a binary alphabet, has block length , message length (or dimension) , and minimum distance .
The block length is very large compared to the message length, but on the other hand, errors can be corrected even in extremely noisy conditions.
The augmented Hadamard code is a slightly improved version of the Hadamard code; it is a -code and thus has a slightly better rate while maintaining the relative distance of , and is thus preferred in practical applications.
In communication theory, this is simply called the Hadamard code and it is the same as the first order Reed–Muller code over the binary alphabet.
Normally, Hadamard codes are based on Sylvester's construction of Hadamard matrices, but the term “Hadamard code” is also used to refer to cod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20spectral%20density | In communications, noise spectral density (NSD), noise power density, noise power spectral density, or simply noise density (N0) is the power spectral density of noise or the noise power per unit of bandwidth. It has dimension of power over frequency, whose SI unit is watt per hertz (equivalent to watt-second or joule).
It is commonly used in link budgets as the denominator of the important figure-of-merit ratios, such as carrier-to-noise-density ratio as well as Eb/N0 and Es/N0.
If the noise is one-sided white noise, i.e., constant with frequency, then the total noise power N integrated over a bandwidth B is N = BN0 (for double-sided white noise, the bandwidth is doubled, so N is BN0/2). This is utilized in signal-to-noise ratio calculations.
For thermal noise, its spectral density is given by N0 = kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant in joules per kelvin, and T is the receiver system noise temperature in kelvins.
The noise amplitude spectral density is the square root of the noise power spectral density, and is given in units such as .
See also
Noise-equivalent bandwidth
Spectral density estimation
Welch's method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuehneromyces%20mutabilis | Kuehneromyces mutabilis (synonym: Pholiota mutabilis), commonly known as the sheathed woodtuft, is an edible mushroom that grows in clumps on tree stumps or other dead wood. A few other species have been described in the genus Kuehneromyces, but K. mutabilis is by far the most common and best known.
Description
The clustered shiny convex caps are 6–8 cm in diameter. They are very hygrophanous; in a damp state they are shiny and greasy with a deep orange-brown colour towards the rim; often there is a disc of lighter (less sodden) flesh in the middle. In a dry state they are cinnamon-coloured.
The gills are initially light and later cinnamon brown, and are sometimes somewhat decurrent (running down the stem).
The stipe is 8–10 cm long by about 0.5–1 cm in diameter with a ring which separates the bare, smooth light cinnamon upper part from the darker brown shaggily scaly lower part. This type of stem is sometimes described as "booted".
This species always grows on wood, generally on stumps of broad-leaved trees (especially beech, birch and alder), and rarely on conifers.
It is found from April to late October, and also in the remaining winter months where conditions are mild. It is often seen at times when there are few other fungi in evidence.
Range
Kuehneromyces mutabilis is found in Australia, Asia (in the Caucuses, Siberia, and Japan), North America, and Europe. In Europe, it can be found from Southern Europe to Iceland and Scandinavia.
Warning about consumption
K. mutabilis cannot be recommended for consumption as it could be confused with the deadly poisonous Galerina marginata, even by people who are quite knowledgeable. Although a typical K. mutabilis is easily distinguished from a typical G. marginata by the "booted" stipe which is shaggy below the ring (see photos), this character is not reliable and G. marginata can also have scales. The main differences are:
While they are both hygrophanous, K. mutabilis dries from the centre outwards (so havi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20dipole%20approximation | Discrete dipole approximation (DDA), also known as coupled dipole approximation, is a method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape and by periodic structures. Given a target of arbitrary geometry, one seeks to calculate its scattering and absorption properties by an approximation of the continuum target by a finite array of small polarizable dipoles. This technique is used in a variety of applications including nanophotonics, radar scattering, aerosol physics and astrophysics.
Basic concepts
The basic idea of the DDA was introduced in 1964 by DeVoe who applied it to study the optical properties of molecular aggregates; retardation effects were not included, so DeVoe's treatment was limited to aggregates that were small compared with the wavelength. The DDA, including retardation effects, was proposed in 1973 by Purcell and Pennypacker
who used it to study interstellar dust grains. Simply stated, the DDA is an approximation of the continuum target by a finite array of polarizable points. The points acquire dipole moments in response to the local electric field. The dipoles interact with one another via their electric fields, so the DDA is also sometimes referred to as the coupled dipole approximation.
Nature provides the physical inspiration for the DDA - in 1909 Lorentz
showed that the dielectric properties of a substance could be directly related to the polarizabilities of the individual atoms of which it was composed, with a particularly simple and exact relationship, the Clausius-Mossotti relation (or Lorentz-Lorenz), when the atoms are located on a cubical lattice. We may expect that, just as a continuum representation of a solid is appropriate on length scales that are large compared with the interatomic spacing, an array of polarizable points can accurately approximate the response of a continuum target on length scales that are large compared with the interdipole separation.
For a finite array of point dipoles the scatterin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20biophysics | Molecular biophysics is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary area of research that combines concepts in physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and biology. It seeks to understand biomolecular systems and explain biological function in terms of molecular structure, structural organization, and dynamic behaviour at various levels of complexity (from single molecules to supramolecular structures, viruses and small living systems). This discipline covers topics such as the measurement of molecular forces, molecular associations, allosteric interactions, Brownian motion, and cable theory. Additional areas of study can be found on Outline of Biophysics. The discipline has required development of specialized equipment and procedures capable of imaging and manipulating minute living structures, as well as novel experimental approaches.
Overview
Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis, as well as how these interactions are regulated. A great variety of techniques are used to answer these questions.
Fluorescent imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle scattering (SAS) both with X-rays and neutrons (SAXS/SANS) are often used to visualize structures of biological significance. Protein dynamics can be observed by neutron spin echo spectroscopy. Conformational change in structure can be measured using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry, circular dichroism, SAXS and SANS. Direct manipulation of molecules using optical tweezers or AFM, can also be used to monitor biological events where forces and distances are at the nano |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermeta | Kermeta is a modeling and programming language for metamodel engineering.
History
The Kermeta language was initiated by Franck Fleurey in 2005 within the Triskell team of IRISA (gathering researchers of the INRIA, CNRS, INSA and the University of Rennes 1).
The Kermeta language borrows concepts from languages such as MOF, OCL and QVT, but also from BasicMTL, a model transformation language implemented in 2004 in the Triskell team by D. Vojtisek and F. Fondement. It is also inspired by the previous experience on MTL, the first transformation language created by Triskell, and by the Xion action language for UML.
The name Kermeta is an abbreviation for "Kernel Metamodeling" and reflects the fact that the language is conceived as a core for (meta-)modeling. The Breton language consonance of this name is an intentional reflection of the Triskell team's location in Brittany.
Kermeta, and its execution platform under Eclipse is currently available under its version 2.0.4 released in 2012. It is open-source, under the Eclipse Public License.
Philosophy
Kermeta is a modeling and aspect oriented programming language. Its underlying metamodel conforms to the EMOF standard. It is designed to write programs which are also models, to write transformations of models (programs that transform a model into another), to write constraints on these models, and to execute them. The goal of this model approach is to bring an additional level of abstraction on top of the "object" level and thus to see a given system like a set of concepts (and instances of concepts) that form an explicitly coherent whole, which one will call a model.
Kermeta thus brings:
all the concepts of EMOF used for the specifications of a model.
a real concept of model, more precisely of model type (Jim Steel).
a concrete syntax that fits well to model and metamodel writing.
two paradigms: the object, and the model.
a bridge towards the Eclipse ECore formalism
Characteristics
The main characterist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Dance | James Cyril Aubrey George Dance (5 May 1907 – 16 March 1971) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was educated at Eton College and was in the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) during World War II. He was an insurance underwriter for Lloyd's of London.
Dance was elected as Member of Parliament for Bromsgrove at the 1955 general election. He was the parliamentary private secretary to George Ward during Ward's time as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty and Secretary of State for Air. Dance remained an MP until he died in office on 16 March 1971, at the age of 63. The resulting by-election was won by the Labour Party's Terry Davis.
Dance was married to Charlotte Strutt until her death; they had one child. He then remarried, to Anne Walker, and they had three children. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20capacitor%20memory | Regenerative capacitor memory is a type of computer memory that uses the electrical property of capacitance to store the bits of data. Because the stored charge slowly leaks away, these memories must be periodically regenerated (i.e. read and rewritten, also called refreshed) to prevent data loss.
Other types of computer memory exist that use the electrical property of capacitance to store the data, but do not require regeneration. Traditionally these have either been somewhat impractical (e.g., the Selectron tube) or are considered to be suitable only as read-only memory (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM/Flash memory) since writing data takes significantly longer than reading.
History
The first regenerative capacitor memory built was the rotating capacitor drum memory of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (1942). Each of its two drums stored thirty 50-bit binary numbers (1500 bits each), rotated at 60 rpm and was regenerated every rotation (1 Hz refresh rate).
The first random access regenerative capacitor memory was the Williams tube (1947). As fitted to the first practical programmable digital computer, a single Williams tube held a total of 2560 bits, arranged in two 'pages'. One page was an array of thirty two 40-bit binary numbers, the capacity of a basic Williams-Kilburn Tube. The refresh rate required varied depending on the type of CRT used.
The modern DRAM (1966) is a regenerative capacitor memory.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period%20%28algebraic%20geometry%29 | In algebraic geometry, a period is a number that can be expressed as an integral of an algebraic function over an algebraic domain. Sums and products of periods remain periods, such that the periods form a ring.
Maxim Kontsevich and Don Zagier gave a survey of periods and introduced some conjectures about them. Periods also arise in computing the integrals that arise from Feynman diagrams, and there has been intensive work trying to understand the connections.
Definition
A real number is a period if it is of the form
where is a polynomial and a rational function on with rational coefficients. A complex number is a period if its real and imaginary parts are periods.
An alternative definition allows and to be algebraic functions; this looks more general, but is equivalent. The coefficients of the rational functions and polynomials can also be generalised to algebraic numbers because irrational algebraic numbers are expressible in terms of areas of suitable domains.
In the other direction, can be restricted to be the constant function or , by replacing the integrand with an integral of over a region defined by a polynomial in additional variables. In other words, a (nonnegative) period is the volume of a region in defined by a polynomial inequality.
Examples
Besides the algebraic numbers, the following numbers are known to be periods:
The natural logarithm of any positive algebraic number a, which is
Elliptic integrals with rational arguments
All zeta constants (the Riemann zeta function of an integer) and multiple zeta values
Special values of hypergeometric functions at algebraic arguments
Γ(p/q)q for natural numbers p and q.
An example of a real number that is not a period is given by Chaitin's constant Ω. Any other non-computable number also gives an example of a real number that is not a period. Currently there are no natural examples of computable numbers that have been proved not to be periods, however it is possible to construct artif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20activation%20and%20competition%20networks | Interactive activation and competition (IAC) networks are artificial neural networks used to model memory and intuitive generalizations. They are made up of nodes or artificial neurons which are arrayed and activated in ways that emulate the behaviors of human memory.
The IAC model is used by the parallel distributed processing (PDP) Group and is associated with James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart; it is described in detail in their book Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing: A Handbook of Models, Programs, and Exercises. This model does not contradict any currently known biological data or theories, and its performance is close enough to human performance as to warrant further investigation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20labelling | Pulse labelling is a biochemistry technique of identifying the presence of a target molecule by labeling a sample with a radioactive compound. This is mainly done to identify the stage at which the messenger RNA is being produced in a cell. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desem | Desem (pronounced DAY-zum) (Dutch for "leaven") is both a type of sourdough starter made from whole wheat flour, spelt flour or other flours (such as kamut, durum and tritordeum) and water, and the resulting bread.
Desem starter is traditionally used in Belgium to make healthy, nutrient-rich bread. The starter is grown in a bed of flour at cool temperatures until it reaches sufficient maturity. The starter is not exposed to outside bacteria and yeasts, but achieves its leavening power from organisms present in the whole wheat flour itself. For this reason, desem starter is best made with grains free of chemicals (i.e. organically grown without herbicides, pesticides or dessicants) and water that does not contain chlorine or fluoride. The leavening power of desem starter may be stronger than that of typical sourdough starters.
The term "desem" also describes the loaf made with this starter. Desem bread made from a mature desem is characterized by a strong rise, and a light texture, with a nutty taste. When made properly desem bread is less sour than German or San Francisco sourdough breads. The loaf is similar in process to the French "pain au levain", but made with whole wheat flour and starter instead of white flour. Desem bread is considered to be a "naturally leavened" bread, rather than a "yeasted" bread. It keeps well and digests comfortably.
Desem bread has a strong following in the natural foods community, where it was largely popularized by vegetarian cookbook author Laurel Robertson.
Preparation
Starter
Unlike sourdough starters which are exposed to outside air, the desem starter is grown in a bed of flour (3-4 inches of flour surrounding the ball of dough made from fresh wheat flour and pure water). Keeping the flour cool (approx. 50-65°F, or 10-18°C) during the initial incubation period is important as higher temperatures may make the desem starter sour. The cool incubation environment is particularly important for desem. While getting a desem start |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colicin | A colicin is a type of bacteriocin produced by and toxic to some strains of Escherichia coli. Colicins are released into the environment to reduce competition from other bacterial strains. Colicins bind to outer membrane receptors, using them to translocate to the cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane, where they exert their cytotoxic effect, including depolarisation of the cytoplasmic membrane, DNase activity, RNase activity, or inhibition of murein synthesis.
Structure
Channel-forming colicins (colicins A, B, E1, Ia, Ib, and N) are transmembrane proteins that depolarize the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to dissipation of cellular energy. These colicins contain at least three domains: an N-terminal translocation domain responsible for movement across the outer membrane and periplasmic space (T domain); a central domain responsible for receptor recognition (R domain); and a C-terminal cytotoxic domain responsible for channel formation in the cytoplasmic membrane (C domain). R domain regulates the target and binds to the receptor on the sensitive cell. T domain is involved in translocation, co-opting the machinery of the target cell. The C domain is the 'killing' domain and may produce a pore in the target cell membrane, or act as a nuclease to chop up the DNA or RNA of the target cell.
Translocation
Most colicins are able to translocate the outer membrane by a two-receptor system, where one receptor is used for the initial binding and the second for translocation. The initial binding is to cell surface receptors such as the outer membrane proteins OmpF, FepA, BtuB, Cir and FhuA; colicins have been classified according to which receptors they bind to. The presence of specific periplasmic proteins, such as TolA, TolB, TolC, or TonB, are required for translocation across the membrane. Cloacin DF13 is a bacteriocin that inactivates ribosomes by hydrolysing 16S RNA in 30S ribosomes at a specific site.
Resistance
Because they target specific receptors and use specific tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-gamma%20function | In q-analog theory, the -gamma function, or basic gamma function, is a generalization of the ordinary gamma function closely related to the double gamma function. It was introduced by . It is given by
when , and
if . Here is the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol. The -gamma function satisfies the functional equation
In addition, the -gamma function satisfies the q-analog of the Bohr–Mollerup theorem, which was found by Richard Askey ().
For non-negative integers n,
where is the q-factorial function. Thus the -gamma function can be considered as an extension of the q-factorial function to the real numbers.
The relation to the ordinary gamma function is made explicit in the limit
There is a simple proof of this limit by Gosper. See the appendix of ().
Transformation properties
The -gamma function satisfies the q-analog of the Gauss multiplication formula ():
Integral representation
The -gamma function has the following integral representation ():
Stirling formula
Moak obtained the following q-analogue of the Stirling formula (see ):
where , denotes the Heaviside step function, stands for the Bernoulli number, is the dilogarithm, and is a polynomial of degree satisfying
Raabe-type formulas
Due to I. Mező, the q-analogue of the Raabe formula exists, at least if we use the q-gamma function when . With this restriction
El Bachraoui considered the case and proved that
Special values
The following special values are known.
These are the analogues of the classical formula .
Moreover, the following analogues of the familiar identity hold true:
Matrix Version
Let be a complex square matrix and Positive-definite matrix. Then a q-gamma matrix function can be defined by q-integral:
where is the q-exponential function.
Other q-gamma functions
For other q-gamma functions, see Yamasaki 2006.
Numerical computation
An iterative algorithm to compute the q-gamma function was proposed by Gabutti and Allasia.
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian%20Globster | The Tasmanian Globster was a large unidentified carcass that washed ashore north of Interview River in western Tasmania, in August 1960. It measured by and was estimated to weigh between 5 and 10 tons. The mass lacked eyes and in place of a mouth, had "soft, tusk-like protuberances". It had a spine, six soft, fleshy 'arms' and stiff, white bristles covering its body.
The carcass was identified as a whale by L.E. Wall in the journal Tasmanian Naturalist in 1981, and a later electron microscopy analysis of the collagen fibers confirmed this.
The term globster was coined in 1962 by Ivan T. Sanderson to describe this carcass, and another journalist dubbed the corpse Sea Santa that same year. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Globster | A whale carcass, initially unidentified due to decomposition, was found washed ashore at Muriwai Beach, 42 kilometres from the centre of Auckland in New Zealand, in March 1965. At some point in time it was dubbed a "globster", after the Tasmanian Globster, a whale carcass found in Australia a few years earlier.
Contemporary reports
The Auckland Star reported the find on its front page of 23 March 1965. At that time the carcass was long. It had a tough 1/4 inch thick hide, under which was a thin layer of what appeared to be fat, then solid meat. It was covered in what appeared to be "sand-matted grey hair four to six inches long". A Marine Department officer who had seen it more than a week earlier, said it had then been long by about . The carcass was 15 miles from the southern end of the beach, and the article included two photographs of it. Shown photographs, John Morton, head of the zoology department at the University of Auckland, said, "You can rule out whales because of the hair, and you can rule out sea elephants and sea cows because of its size. I can't think of anything it resembles." The article said that theories on the object ranged from "a sea monster" to "an unusual elephant which had died at sea", without indicating who raised these theories.
The following day, 24 March 1965, the Auckland Star reported that "Laboratory tests by Auckland University zoology specialists on parts of the 'hairy' mass washed up on Muriwai Beach today identified it as the 'very decomposed' remains of a whale." Senior students had visited the carcass the previous evening and cut a sizeable chunk from it. "Senior zoology lecturer Miss J. Robb said today the skin and most of the blubber had been scoured or eaten off the huge mound of flesh, leaving a fibrous tissue which had been so uniformly shredded it looked like hair. 'We are positive of our identification,' said Miss Robb. 'It is a very dead, very smelly whale.'" Neither article in the Auckland Star mentioned the term |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Blob | Bermuda Blob is the name given to two globsters that washed ashore on Bermuda in 1988 and 1997. Originally thought to be the remains of a cryptid, analysis proved the blobs to be the remains of whales.
1988
The first Bermuda Blob was found by Teddy Tucker, a fisherman and treasure hunter, in Mangrove Bay in May 1988. Tucker described the blob as "2½ to 3 feet thick ... very white and fibrous ... with five 'arms or legs,' rather like a disfigured star." Samples of the specimen were analysed in 1995 and it was suggested that these were from a poikilothermic sea creature, either a large teleost (bony fish) or an elasmobranch (shark or ray). Subsequent reanalysis of this specimen by the same team, however, using advanced genetic techniques not previously available, confirmed that it was actually the remains of a whale.
1997
Bermuda Blob 2 was found in January 1997. Analysis of samples in 2004 suggests that Bermuda Blob 2 was a large mass of adipose tissue from a whale. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Thirring | Walter Eduard Thirring (29 April 1927 – 19 August 2014) was an Austrian physicist after whom the Thirring model in quantum field theory is named. He was the son of the physicist Hans Thirring.
Life and career
Walter Thirring was born in Vienna, Austria, where he earned his Doctor of Physics degree in 1949 at the age of 22. In 1959 he became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Vienna, and from 1968 to 1971 he was head of the Theory Division and director at CERN.
Besides pioneering work in quantum field theory, Walter Thirring devoted his scientific life to mathematical physics. He is the author of one of the first textbooks on quantum electrodynamics as well as of a four-volume course in mathematical physics.
In 2000, he received the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics.
Walter Thirring authored Cosmic Impressions, Templeton Press, Philadelphia and London, in 2007, and in that book he sums up his feelings about the scientific discoveries made by modern cosmology:In the last decades, new worlds have been unveiled that our great teachers wouldn’t have even dreamed of. The panorama of cosmic evolution now enables deep insights into the blueprint of creation… Human beings recognize the blueprints, and understand the language of the Creator… These realizations do not make science the enemy of religion, but glorify the book of Genesis in the Bible.
His memoirs were published in 2010 as The Joy of Discovery: Great Encounters Along the Way by World Scientific Publishing Company. He recollects encounters with scientists like Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli and others as well as his collaborations with Murray Gell-Mann and Elliott Lieb.
Honours and awards
Eötvös Medal (1967)
Erwin Schrödinger Prize (1969)
Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society (1978)
Prize of the city of Vienna (1978)
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1993)
Honorary Medal of the Aus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Cate%20Prescott%20Award | The Samuel Cate Prescott Award has been awarded since 1964 by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in Chicago, Illinois. It is awarded to food science or technology researchers who are under 36 years of age or who earned their highest degree within ten years before July 1 of the year the award is presented. This award is named for Samuel Cate Prescott (1872-1962), a food science professor from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was also the first president of IFT.
Award winners receive a plaque from IFT and a USD 3,000 honorarium.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20convergence | In mathematics compact convergence (or uniform convergence on compact sets) is a type of convergence that generalizes the idea of uniform convergence. It is associated with the compact-open topology.
Definition
Let be a topological space and be a metric space. A sequence of functions
,
is said to converge compactly as to some function if, for every compact set ,
uniformly on as . This means that for all compact ,
Examples
If and with their usual topologies, with , then converges compactly to the constant function with value 0, but not uniformly.
If , and , then converges pointwise to the function that is zero on and one at , but the sequence does not converge compactly.
A very powerful tool for showing compact convergence is the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem. There are several versions of this theorem, roughly speaking it states that every sequence of equicontinuous and uniformly bounded maps has a subsequence that converges compactly to some continuous map.
Properties
If uniformly, then compactly.
If is a compact space and compactly, then uniformly.
If is a locally compact space, then compactly if and only if locally uniformly.
If is a compactly generated space, compactly, and each is continuous, then is continuous.
See also
Modes of convergence (annotated index)
Montel's theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket%20Blob | The Nantucket Blob was a globster that washed ashore on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, in November 1996. Analysis of samples in 2004 suggests that the Nantucket Blob was a large mass of adipose tissue from a whale. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20V.%20Cruess%20Award | The William V. Cruess Award has been awarded every year since 1970. It is awarded for excellence in teaching in food science and technology and is the only award in which student members in the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) can nominate. This award is named after William V. Cruess (1886-1968), a food science professor at the University of California, Berkeley and later at the University of California, Davis who was also the first ever IFT Award winner when he won the Nicholas Appert Award in 1942.
Award winners receive a bronze medal showing a side view of Cruess from the Northern California Section of IFT and a USD 3000 honorarium from the IFT office in Chicago, Illinois.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20neuroimaging%20software | Neuroimaging software is used to study the structure and function of the brain. To see an NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research funded clearinghouse of many of these software applications, as well as hardware, etc. go to the NITRC web site.
3D Slicer Extensible, free open source multi-purpose software for visualization and analysis.
Amira 3D visualization and analysis software
Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI)
Analyze developed by the Biomedical Imaging Resource (BIR) at Mayo Clinic.
Brain Image Analysis Package
CamBA
Caret Van Essen Lab, Washington University in St. Louis
CONN (functional connectivity toolbox)
Diffusion Imaging in Python (DIPY)
DL+DiReCT
EEGLAB
FMRIB Software Library (FSL)
FreeSurfer
Imaris Imaris for Neuroscientists
ISAS (Ictal-Interictal SPECT Analysis by SPM)
LONI Pipeline, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC
Mango
NITRC The Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse. An NIH funded database of neuroimaging tools
NeuroKit, a Python open source toolbox for physiological signal processing
Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox
PyNets: A Reproducible Workflow for Structural and Functional Connectome Ensemble Learning (PyNets)
Seed-based d mapping (previously signed differential mapping, SDM): a method for conducting meta-analyses of voxel-based neuroimaging studies.
The Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT) is the first comprehensive and open-source software for processing MR images of the spinal cord.
Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20R.%20Fellers%20Award | The Carl R. Fellers Award has been awarded every year since 1984. It is awarded to members of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) who are also members of Phi Tau Sigma, the honorary society of food science and technology, who have brought honor and recognition to food science through achievements in areas other than research, development, education, and technology transfer. The award is named after Carl R. Fellers, a food science professor who chaired the food technology department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and when the first Phi Tau Sigma chapter was founded in 1953.
Award winners receive a plaque from IFT and a USD 3000 honorarium from Phi Tau Sigma.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venereology | Venereology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The name derives from Roman goddess Venus, associated with love, beauty and fertility. A physician specializing in venereology is called a venereologist. In many areas of the world, the specialty is usually combined with dermatology.
The venereal diseases include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Some of the important diseases are HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, herpes simplex, human papillomavirus infection, and genital scabies. Other sexually transmitted infections studied in the field include chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus infection.
In India, formal training of venereologists started in 1910, prompting microscopy and serology to come into general use throughout the Empire. Before this, many cases of early syphilis were either diagnosed as chancroid or missed altogether. To come to a diagnosis, doubtful atypical cases were at times left untreated to see whether they developed secondary syphilis.
Five classical venereal diseases
In the early part of the twentieth century, the medical science of venereology encompassed only the five classical venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). The history of virology shows that, in the first decade of the 20th century, viruses were not well understood. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead%20water | Dead water is the nautical term for a phenomenon which can occur when there is strong vertical density stratification due to salinity or temperature or both. It is common where a layer of fresh or brackish water rests on top of denser salt water, without the two layers mixing. The phenomenon is frequently, but not exclusively, observed in fjords where glacier runoff flows into salt water without much mixing. The phenomenon is a result of energy producing internal waves that have an effect on the vessel. The effect can also be found at density boundaries between sub surface layers.
In the better known surface phenomenon a ship traveling in a fresh water layer with a depth approximately equal to the vessel's draft will expend energy creating and maintaining internal waves between the layers. The vessel may be hard to maneuver or can even slow down almost to a standstill and "stick". An increase in speed by a few knots can overcome the effect. Experiments have shown the effect can be even more pronounced in the case of submersibles encountering such stratification at depth.
The phenomenon, long considered sailor's yarns, was first described for science by Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian Arctic explorer. Nansen wrote the following from his ship Fram in August 1893 in the Nordenskiöld Archipelago near the Taymyr Peninsula:
"When caught in dead water Fram appeared to be held back, as if by some mysterious force, and she did not always answer the helm. In calm weather, with a light cargo, Fram was capable of 6 to 7 knots. When in dead water she was unable to make 1.5 knots. We made loops in our course, turned sometimes right around, tried all sorts of antics to get clear of it, but to very little purpose."
Nansen's experience led him to request physicist and meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes to study it scientifically. Bjerknes had his student, Vagn Walfrid Ekman, investigate. Ekman, who later described the effect now bearing his name as the Ekman spiral, demonstrated the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert%20L.%20Willey%20Award | The Calvert L. Willey Award has been awarded every year since 1989. It is awarded to a member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) who displayed meritorious and imaginative service to IFT. The award is named for Calvert L. Willey (1920-1994) who served as Executive Secretary and later Executive Director from 1961 until his retirement in 1987. Willey was given a distinguished service award by IFT at the 1987 Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada. This distinguished service award would be named in his honor and presented for the first time as an annual award at the 1989 Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois. It was the first IFT Award to be named for a living person.
Award winners receive an USD 3000 honorarium and a plaque from IFT.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbeck%20granules | Birbeck granules, also known as Birbeck bodies, are rod shaped or "tennis-racket" cytoplasmic organelles with a central linear density and a striated appearance. First described in 1961 (where they were simply termed "characteristic granules"), they are solely found in Langerhans cells. Although part of normal Langerhans cell histology, they also provide a mechanism to differentiate Langerhans cell histiocytoses (which are a group of rare conditions collectively known as histiocytoses) from proliferative disorders caused by other cell lines.
Formation is induced by langerin.
Function
The function of Birbeck granules is debated, but one theory is that they migrate to the periphery of the Langerhans cells and release their contents into the extracellular matrix. Another theory is that the Birbeck granule functions in receptor-mediated endocytosis, similar to clathrin-coated pits.
History
Birbeck granules were discovered by Michael Stanley Clive Birbeck (1925–2005), a British scientist and electron microscopist who worked at the Chester Beatty Cancer Research Institute or Institute of Cancer Research, London from 1950 until 1981. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-pair%20copulation | Extra-pair copulation (EPC) is a mating behaviour in monogamous species. Monogamy is the practice of having only one sexual partner at any one time, forming a long-term bond and combining efforts to raise offspring together; mating outside this pairing is extra-pair copulation. Across the animal kingdom, extra-pair copulation is common in monogamous species, and only a very few pair-bonded species are thought to be exclusively sexually monogamous. EPC in the animal kingdom has mostly been studied in birds and mammals. Possible benefits of EPC can be investigated within non-human species, such as birds.
For males, a number of theories are proposed to explain extra-pair copulations. One such hypothesis is that males maximise their reproductive success by copulating with as many females as possible outside of a pair bond relationship because their parental investment is lower, meaning they can copulate and leave the female with minimum risk to themselves. Females, on the other hand, have to invest a lot more in their offspring; extra-pair copulations produce a greater cost because they put the resources that their mate can offer at risk by copulating outside the relationship. Despite this, females do seek out extra pair copulations, and, because of the risk, there is more debate about the evolutionary benefits for females.
In human males
Extra-pair copulation in men has been explained as being partly due to parental investment. Research has suggested that copulation poses more of a risk to future investment for women, as they have the potential of becoming pregnant, and consequently require a large parental investment of the gestation period, and then further rearing of the offspring. Contrastingly, men are able to copulate and then abandon their mate as there is no risk of pregnancy for themselves, meaning there is a smaller risk of parental investment in any possible offspring. It has been suggested that, due to having such low parental investment, it is evolutiona |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield%20Airborne%20Communications%20Node | The Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) is a United States Air Force (USAF) airborne communications relay and gateway system carried by the unmanned EQ-4B and the manned Bombardier E-11A aircraft. BACN enables real-time information flow across the battlespace between similar and dissimilar tactical data link and voice systems through relay, bridging, and data translation in line-of-sight and beyond-line-of-sight situations. Its ability to translate between dissimilar communications systems allows them to interoperate without modification.
Because of its flexible deployment options and ability to operate at high altitudes, BACN can enable air and surface forces to overcome communications difficulties caused by mountains, other rough terrain, or distance. BACN provides critical information to all operational echelons and increases situational awareness by correlating tactical and operational air and ground pictures. For example, an Army unit on the ground currently sees a different picture than an aircrew, but with BACN, both can see the same picture.
On 22 February 2010, the US Air Force and the Northrop Grumman BACN Team received the 2010 Network Centric Warfare Award from the Institute for Defense and Government Advancement.
On 27 January 2020, a USAF E-11A crashed in Afghanistan, killing both crew members on board.
Purpose
Individual tactical data links, such as Link 16 and EPLRS, are part of the larger tactical data link network, encompassing tactical data links, common data links, and weapon data links. Most military platforms or units are equipped with a tactical data link capability tailored to their individual missions. Those tactical data link capabilities are not necessarily interoperable with one another, preventing the digital exchange of information between military units. BACN acts as a universal translator, or gateway, that makes the tactical data links work with one another. BACN also serves as an airborne repeater, connecting tacti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrator%20%28mechanical%29 | A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is often generated by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft.
There are many different types of vibrator. Typically, they are components of larger products such as smartphones, pagers, or video game controllers with a "rumble" feature.
Vibrators as components
When smartphones and pagers vibrate, the vibrating alert is produced by a small component that is built into the phone or pager. Many older, non-electronic buzzers and doorbells contain a component that vibrates for the purpose of producing a sound. Tattoo machines and some types of electric engraving tools contain a mechanism that vibrates a needle or cutting tool. Aircraft stick shakers use a vibrating mechanism attached to the pilots' control yokes to provide a tactile warning of an impending aerodynamic stall.
Industrial vibrators
Vibrators are used in many different industrial applications both as components and as individual pieces of equipment.
Bowl feeders, vibratory feeders and vibrating hoppers are used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries to move and position bulk material or small component parts. The application of vibration working with the force of gravity can often move materials through a process more effectively than other methods. Vibration is often used to position small components so that they can be gripped mechanically by automated equipment as required for assembly etc.
Vibrating screens are used to separate bulk materials in a mixture of different sized particles. For example, sand, gravel, river rock and crushed rock, and other aggregates are often separated by size using vibrating screens.
Vibrating compactors are used for soil compaction especially in foundations for roads, railways, and buildings.
Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess water are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrator%20%28electronic%29 | A vibrator is an electromechanical device that takes a DC electrical supply and converts it into pulses that can be fed into a transformer. It is similar in purpose (although greatly different in operation) to the solid-state power inverter.
Before the development of switch-mode power supplies and the introduction of semiconductor devices operating off low voltage, there was a requirement to generate voltages of about 50 to 250 V DC from a vehicle's battery. A vibrator was used to provide pulsating DC which could be converted to a higher voltage with a transformer, rectified, and filtered to create higher-voltage DC. It is essentially a relay using normally closed contacts to supply power to the relay coil, thus immediately breaking the connection, only to be reconnected very quickly through the normally closed contacts. It happens so rapidly it vibrates, and sounds like a buzzer. This same rapidly pulsing contact applies the rising and falling DC voltage to the transformer which can step it up to a higher voltage.
The primary use for this type of circuit was to operate vacuum tube radios in vehicles, but it also saw use with other mobile electronic devices with a 6 or 12 V accumulator, especially in places with no mains electricity supply such as farms. These vibrator power supplies became popular in the 1940s, replacing more bulky motor-generator systems for the generation of AC voltages for such applications. Vacuum tubes require plate voltages ranging from about 45 volts to 250 volts in electronic devices such as radios. For portable radios, hearing aids and similar equipment, B batteries were manufactured with various voltage ratings. In order to provide the necessary voltage for a radio from the typical 6 or 12 volt DC supply available in a car or from a farm lighting battery, it was necessary to convert the steady DC supply to a pulsating DC and use a transformer to increase the voltage.
Vibrators often experienced mechanical malfunctions, being constantly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20starch | Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant; or as binder in coated paper. They are also used in many other applications.
Starches are modified to enhance their performance in different applications. Starches may be modified to increase their stability against excessive heat, acid, shear, time, cooling, or freezing; to change their texture; to decrease or increase their viscosity; to lengthen or shorten gelatinization time; or to increase their visco-stability.
Modification methods
Acid-treated starch (INS 1401), also called thin boiling starch, is prepared by treating starch or starch granules with inorganic acids, e.g. hydrochloric acid breaking down the starch molecule and thus reducing the viscosity.
Other treatments producing modified starch (with different INS and E-numbers) are:
dextrin (INS 1400), roasted starch with hydrochloric acid
alkaline-modified starch (INS 1402) with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
bleached starch (INS 1403) with hydrogen peroxide
oxidized starch (INS 1404, E1404) with sodium hypochlorite, breaking down viscosity
enzyme-treated starch (INS 1405), maltodextrin, cyclodextrin
monostarch phosphate (INS 1410, E1410) with phosphorous acid or the salts sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, or sodium triphosphate to reduce retrogradation
distarch phosphate (INS 1412, E1412) by esterification with for example sodium trimetaphosphate, crosslinked starch modifying the rheology, the texture
acetylated starch (INS 1420, E1420) esterification with acetic anhydride
hydroxypropylated starch (INS 1440, E1440), starch ether, with propylene oxide, increasing viscosity stability
hydroxyethyl starch, with ethylene oxide
starch sodium octenyl su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoarabinomannan | Lipoarabinomannan, also called LAM, is a glycolipid, and a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. Its primary function is to inactivate macrophages and scavenge oxidative radicals.
The inactivation of macrophages allows for the dissemination of mycobacteria to other parts of the body. The destruction of oxidative radicals allows for the survival of the bacteria, as oxidative free radicals are an important mechanism by which our bodies try to rid ourselves of infection.
Background
Lipoarabinomannan is a lipoglycan and major virulence factor in the bacteria genus Mycobacterium. In addition to serving as a major cell wall component, it is thought to serve as a modulin with immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This allows the bacterium to maintain survival in the human reservoir by undermining host resistance and acquired immune responses. These mechanisms include the inhibition of T-cell proliferation and of macrophage microbicidal activity via diminished IFN-γ response.
Additional functions of Lipoarabinomannan are thought to include the neutralization of cytotoxic oxygen free radicals produced by macrophages, inhibition of protein kinase C, and induction of early response genes.
Structure
Lipoarabinomannan is synthesized via addition of mannose residues to phosphoinositol by a series of mannosyltransferases to produce PIMs and lipomannan (LM). PIM and LM are then glycosylated with arabinan to form LAM. LAM is known to have three primary structural domains. These include a glycosylphosphatidyl anchor which attaches the molecule to the cell wall, a D-mannan core serving as a carbohydrate skeleton, and a terminal D-arabinan, also composing the carbohydrate skeleton. Many arabinofuranosyl side chains branch off the mannose core. It is the covalent modifications to this terminal D-arabinan that creates various LAM structures with their own unique functions to mediate bacterial survival w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mycological%20Society | The New York Mycological Society is a nonprofit organization of people who share an interest in mycology as well as in mycophagy. The present NYMS was reincarnated in 1962 by the composer John Cage and a small group of other mushroom lovers and students, including illustrator Lois Long and noted mycologist Guy Nearing.
The NYMS runs events and mushrooming walks throughout the greater NYC area. The society originated in a class at The New School in 1959. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%20protected%20area | The host protected area (HPA) is an area of a hard drive or solid-state drive that is not normally visible to an operating system. It was first introduced in the ATA-4 standard CXV (T13) in 2001.
How it works
The IDE controller has registers that contain data that can be queried using ATA commands. The data returned gives information about the drive attached to the controller. There are three ATA commands involved in creating and using a host protected area. The commands are:
IDENTIFY DEVICE
SET MAX ADDRESS
READ NATIVE MAX ADDRESS
Operating systems use the IDENTIFY DEVICE command to find out the addressable space of a hard drive. The IDENTIFY DEVICE command queries a particular register on the IDE controller to establish the size of a drive.
This register however can be changed using the SET MAX ADDRESS ATA command. If the value in the register is set to less than the actual hard drive size then effectively a host protected area is created. It is protected because the OS will work with only the value in the register that is returned by the IDENTIFY DEVICE command and thus will normally be unable to address the parts of the drive that lie within the HPA.
The HPA is useful only if other software or firmware (e.g. BIOS or UEFI) is able to use it. Software and firmware that are able to use the HPA are referred to as 'HPA aware'. The ATA command that these entities use is called READ NATIVE MAX ADDRESS. This command accesses a register that contains the true size of the hard drive. To use the area, the controlling HPA-aware program changes the value of the register read by IDENTIFY DEVICE to that found in the register read by READ NATIVE MAX ADDRESS. When its operations are complete, the register read by IDENTIFY DEVICE is returned to its original fake value.
Use
At the time HPA was first implemented on hard-disk firmware, some BIOS had difficulty booting with large hard disks. An initial HPA could then be set (by some jumpers on the hard disk) to limit the n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Pentland | Alex Paul "Sandy" Pentland (born 1951) is an American computer scientist, the Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT, and serial entrepreneur.
Education
Pentland received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and obtained his Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982.
Career
Pentland started as lecturer at Stanford University in both computer science and psychology, and joined the MIT faculty in 1986, where he became Academic Head of the Media Laboratory and received the Toshiba Chair in Media Arts and Sciences, and later joined the faculty of the MIT School of Engineering and the MIT Sloan School. He serves on the Board of the UN Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data, advisory boards of Consumers Union, OECD and Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Lab, and formerly of the American Bar Association, AT&T, and several of the startup companies he has co-founded. He previously co-founded and co-directed the Media Lab Asia laboratories at the Indian Institutes of Technology and Strong Hospital's Center for Future Health.
Pentland is one of the most cited authors in computer science with an h-index of 147, co-led the World Economic Forum discussion in Davos that led to the EU privacy regulation GDPR, and was one of the UN Secretary General's "Data Revolutionaries" that helped forge the transparency and accountability mechanisms in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
Pentland founded and currently directs MIT Connection Science an MIT-wide program which pioneered computational social science, using big data and AI to better understand human society, and the Trust::Data Alliance which is an alliance of companies and nations building open-source software that makes AI and data safe, trusted and secure. He also founded the MIT Media Lab Entrepreneurship Program which creates ventures to take cutting-edge technologies into the real world, co-led the IEEE Council and Extended Intelligence, was Academic Director o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Foods%20Limited | National Foods Limited () is a Pakistani multinational food products company founded in 1970, which started out as a spice company, and is based in Karachi, Pakistan. It is a major food products company in Pakistan.
History
The company was incorporated in Pakistan on 19 February 1970 as a private limited company under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 and subsequently converted into a public limited company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 by a special resolution passed in the extraordinary general meeting held on March 30, 1988. The company is principally engaged in the manufacture and sale of convenience-based food products. The registered office of the company is situated at 12 / CL - 6, Claremont Road, Civil Lines, Karachi.
In 1988, National Foods became the certified vendor of McCormick, United States. In the same year, National Foods, then a Private Limited company was converted into a Public Limited company, traded on all the three stock exchanges of Pakistan. On 11 January 2016, all three former city stock exchanges in Pakistan merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange.
In 2013, as a company National Foods Limited (Pakistan) was listed on the Forbes List of Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion (2013).
In 2017, National Foods Limited acquired a controlling interest in Canadian company A1 Cash & Carry to further expand its operations across the globe. A1 Cash & Carry is a wholesale distributor of foodservice products, disposables, and sanitation/janitorial products in Canada. This company is partially owned by a Canadian-based Pakistani businessman Amjad Pervaiz.
With a range of over 250 food products in over 10 major categories, National Foods is one of the prominent food companies in Pakistan.
Subsidiaries
National Foods DMCC (Dubai)
National Foods Pakistan (UK) Limited
National Epicure Inc, (Canada)
Products
Spices, pickles, tomato ketchup, jams, jellies, sauces, cooking pastes, fruit juices, fruit drinks
Biryanis, curries, barbeque items and kababs ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20folds%20of%20rectum | The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves or the valves of Houston) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum, not the anal canal as that lies below the rectum. Their use seems to be to support the weight of fecal matter, and prevent its urging toward the anus, which would produce a strong urge to defecate. Although the term rectum means straight, these transverse folds overlap each other during the empty state of the intestine to such an extent that, as Houston remarked, they require considerable maneuvering to conduct an instrument along the canal, as often occurs in sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy.
These folds are about 12 mm. in width and are composed of the circular muscle coat of the rectum. They are usually three in number; sometimes a fourth is found, and occasionally only two are present.
One is situated near the commencement of the rectum, on the right side.
A second extends inward from the left side of the tube, opposite the middle of the sacrum.
A third, the largest and most constant, projects backward from the forepart of the rectum, opposite the fundus of the urinary bladder.
When a fourth is present, it is situated nearly 2.5 cm above the anus on the left and posterior wall of the tube.
Transverse folds were first described by Irish anatomist John Houston, curator of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Museum, in 1830. They appear to be peculiar to human physiology: Baur (1863) looked for Houston's valves in a number of mammals, including wolf, bear, rhinoceros, and several Old World primates, but found no evidence. They are formed very early during human development, and may be visible in embryos of as little as 55 mm in length (10 weeks of gestational age.)
External links
() |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20network%20analysis | In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Description
To direct water to many users, municipal water supplies often route it through a water supply network. A major part of this network will consist of interconnected pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design, with solution methods typically referred to as pipe network analysis. Water utilities generally make use of specialized software to automatically solve these problems. However, many such problems can also be addressed with simpler methods, like a spreadsheet equipped with a solver, or a modern graphing calculator.
Deterministic network analysis
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the network, taking into account the pipe specifications (lengths and diameters), pipe friction properties and known flow rates or head losses.
The steady-state flows on the network must satisfy two conditions:
At any junction, the total flow into a junction equals the total flow out of that junction (law of conservation of mass, or continuity law, or Kirchhoff's first law)
Between any two junctions, the head loss is independent of the path taken (law of conservation of energy, or Kirchhoff's second law). This is equivalent mathematically to the statement that on any closed loop in the network, the head loss around the loop must vanish.
If there are sufficient known flow rates, so that the system of equations given by (1) and (2) abov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour%20state | Colour states is a system used for quickly showing meteorological conditions.
Meteorological colour states are determined by the relevant worst condition from the visibility and significant cloud height. In the US and parts of Europe the lowest significant cloud layer is five or more oktas; in the United Kingdom, Belgium, France and the Netherlands it is three oktas or more. If visibility or cloud height measurements fall on a boundary (e.g. 5000 m visibility or 1500 ft cloud height) the colour state assumes the higher value in this case WHT.
If an airfield runway is unusable for reasons other than clouds or low visibility (e.g. ice or other obstructions) then the word BLACK is written in full and placed immediately before the actual colour state (e.g. BLACKWHT).
The colour state may be appended to a METAR report. A short period forecast called a TREND which covers the following two hours from the observation may also be added, often with reference to the colour state.
Criteria
The following criteria are used to determine the colour state:
See also
Colour code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20carbon%20nanotubes |
1950s
1952 – Radushkevich and Lukyanovich publish a paper in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry showing hollow graphitic carbon fibers that are 50 nanometers in diameter.
1955 – Hofer, Sterling and McCarney observe a growth of tubular carbon filaments, of 10–200 nm in diameter.
1958 – Hillert and Lange observe a growth of nanoscale tubular carbon filaments from n-heptane decomposition on iron at about 1000 °C.
1960s
Roger Bacon grows "graphite wiskers" in an arc-discharge apparatus and use electron microscopy to show that the structure consist of rolled up graphene sheets in concentric cylinders.
Bollmann and Spreadborough discuss friction properties of carbon due to rolling sheets of graphene in Nature. Electron microscope picture clearly shows MWCNT.
1970s
1971 – M.L. Lieberman reports growth of three different graphitic like filaments; tubular, twisted, and balloon like. TEM images and diffraction data shows that the hollow tubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).
1976 – A. Oberlin, Morinobu Endo, and T. Koyama reported CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) growth of nanometer-scale carbon fibers, and they also reported the discovery of carbon nanofibers, including that some were shaped as hollow tubes.
1979 – Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel The Fountains of Paradise popularizes the idea of a space elevator using "a continuous pseudo-one dimensional diamond crystal".
1980s
1982 – The continuous or floating-catalyst process was patented by Japanese researchers T. Koyama and Morinobu Endo.
1985 – Fullerenes discovered.
1987 – Howard G. Tennent of Hyperion Catalysis issued a U.S. patent for graphitic, hollow core "fibrils".
1990s
1991
Nanotubes synthesized hollow carbon molecules and determined their crystal structure for the first time in the soot of arc discharge at NEC, by Japanese researcher Sumio Iijima.
August — Nanotubes discovered in CVD by Al Harrington and Tom Maganas of Maganas Industries, leading to developmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential%20applications%20of%20carbon%20nanotubes | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylinders of one or more layers of graphene (lattice). Diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are typically 0.8 to 2 nm and 5 to 20 nm, respectively, although MWNT diameters can exceed 100 nm. CNT lengths range from less than 100 nm to 0.5 m.
Individual CNT walls can be metallic or semiconducting depending on the orientation of the lattice with respect to the tube axis, which is called chirality. MWNT's cross-sectional area offers an elastic modulus approaching 1 TPa and a tensile strength of 100 GPa, over 10-fold higher than any industrial fiber. MWNTs are typically metallic and can carry currents of up to 109 A cm−2. SWNTs can display thermal conductivity of 3500 W m−1 K−1, exceeding that of diamond.
, carbon nanotube production exceeded several thousand tons per year, used for applications in energy storage, device modelling, automotive parts, boat hulls, sporting goods, water filters, thin-film electronics, coatings, actuators and electromagnetic shields. CNT-related publications more than tripled in the prior decade, while rates of patent issuance also increased. Most output was of unorganized architecture. Organized CNT architectures such as "forests", yarns and regular sheets were produced in much smaller volumes. CNTs have even been proposed as the tether for a purported space elevator.
Recently, several studies have highlighted the prospect of using carbon nanotubes as building blocks to fabricate three-dimensional macroscopic (>1mm in all three dimensions) all-carbon devices. Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricated macroscopic, free-standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks. These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano- structured pores and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn%20leaf%20color | Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of yellow, orange, red, purple, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English.
In some areas of Canada and the United States, "leaf peeping" tourism is a major contribution to economic activity. This tourist activity occurs between the beginning of color changes and the onset of leaf fall, usually around September and October in the Northern Hemisphere and April to May in the Southern Hemisphere.
Chlorophyll and the green/yellow/orange colors
A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, which is inside an organelle called a chloroplast. When abundant in the leaf's cells, as during the growing season, the chlorophyll's green color dominates and masks out the colors of any other pigments that may be present in the leaf. Thus, the leaves of summer are characteristically green.
Chlorophyll has a vital function: it captures solar rays and uses the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plant's food simple sugars which are produced from water and carbon dioxide. These sugars are the basis of the plant's nourishment the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth and development. In their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls break down, thus are continually "used up". During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high and the leaves stay green.
In late summer, with daylight hours shortening and temperatures cooling, the veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off as a layer of special cork cells forms at the base of each leaf. As this cork layer develops, water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epideme | "Epideme" is the seventh episode of science fiction comedy series Red Dwarf VII and the 43rd in the series run. It was first broadcast on the British television channel BBC2 on 28 February 1997. Written by Paul Alexander and Doug Naylor, and directed by Ed Bye, the episode involves Lister contracting an intelligent, but deadly, virus.
Plot
The crew encounters an abandoned ship, the Leviathan, which is buried in the middle of an ice planetoid. In it, they find the frozen body of Caroline Carmen, one of Lister's former crushes. She is taken on board the Starbug, where the crew attempts to thaw her out, but they are unable to melt the ice. That night, Carmen defrosts of her own accord and turns out to be in an advanced state of decomposition. She attacks Lister and spits part of her jaw and tongue down his throat, infecting him with Epideme, an intelligent virus (with an annoying personality) that was supposed to cure nicotine addiction, but in practice kills its victims within 48 hours, then reanimates their corpse to find a new victim to transfer itself to.
Lister tries reasoning with Epideme directly through a communication link, but has no luck in convincing the virus to leave. Kochanski comes up with a drastic plan to save Lister's life: coax the virus to move down toward Lister's hand and then cut off the hand, isolating the virus outside his body. However, they end up cutting off Lister's right arm instead of the left one as he had requested, and they only manage to dispose of part of the Epideme virus, with the result that they only succeed in prolonging Lister's life by an hour. Lister sneaks aboard the Leviathan with some explosives, intending to kill both himself and Epideme, but the virus talks him out of it by revealing that the destination of the Leviathan was Delta VII, a research base that might have a cure.
When Starbug arrives at Delta VII, it turns out that the planet has been destroyed in order to deal with a massive Epideme outbreak – a fact tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensing%20osteitis | Condensing osteitis is a periapical inflammatory disease that results from a reaction to a dental related infection. This causes more bone production rather than bone destruction in the area (most common site is near the root apices of premolars and molars). The lesion appears as a radiopacity in the periapical area hence the sclerotic reaction. The sclerotic reaction results from good patient immunity and a low degree of virulence of the offending bacteria. The associated tooth may be carious or contains a large restoration, and is usually associated with a non-vital tooth. It was described by Dr. Carl Garré in 1893.
Cause
Infection of periapical tissues of a high immunity host by organisms of low virulence which leads to a localized bony reaction to a low grade inflammatory stimulus.
Diagnosis
1- TENDERNESS ON VERTICAL PERCUSSION.
Differential diagnosis
1- Idiopathic osteosclerosis.
2- cementoblastoma.
NOTE: An abnormal result with pulp testing strongly suggests condensing osteitis and tends to rule out osteosclerosis and cementoblastoma.
Treatment
The process is usually asymptomatic and benign, in most cases the tooth will require root canal treatment. endodontic treatment.
The offending tooth should be tested for vitality of the pulp, if inflamed or necrotic, then endodontic treatment is required as soon as possible, while hopeless teeth should be extracted.
Prognosis
The prognosis is excellent, once root canal treatment is completed.
If the offending tooth is extracted, the area of condensing osteitis may remain in the jaws indefinitely, which is termed osteosclerosis or bone scar. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20convergence | In mathematics normal convergence is a type of convergence for series of functions. Like absolute-convergence, it has the useful property that it is preserved when the order of summation is changed.
History
The concept of normal convergence was first introduced by René Baire in 1908 in his book Leçons sur les théories générales de l'analyse.
Definition
Given a set S and functions (or to any normed vector space), the series
is called normally convergent if the series of uniform norms of the terms of the series converges, i.e.,
Distinctions
Normal convergence implies, but should not be confused with, uniform absolute convergence, i.e. uniform convergence of the series of nonnegative functions . To illustrate this, consider
Then the series is uniformly convergent (for any ε take n ≥ 1/ε), but the series of uniform norms is the harmonic series and thus diverges. An example using continuous functions can be made by replacing these functions with bump functions of height 1/n and width 1 centered at each natural number n.
As well, normal convergence of a series is different from norm-topology convergence, i.e. convergence of the partial sum sequence in the topology induced by the uniform norm. Normal convergence implies norm-topology convergence if and only if the space of functions under consideration is complete with respect to the uniform norm. (The converse does not hold even for complete function spaces: for example, consider the harmonic series as a sequence of constant functions).
Generalizations
Local normal convergence
A series can be called "locally normally convergent on X" if each point x in X has a neighborhood U such that the series of functions ƒn restricted to the domain U
is normally convergent, i.e. such that
where the norm is the supremum over the domain U.
Compact normal convergence
A series is said to be "normally convergent on compact subsets of X" or "compactly normally convergent on X" if for every compact subset K of X |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20the%20Americas | All countries in the Americas use codes that start with "5", with these exception of the countries of the North American Numbering Plan, such as Canada, the United States, which use country code 1, and Greenland and Aruba with country codes starting with the digit "2", which mostly is used by countries in Africa.
See also
Telephone numbering plan
National conventions for writing telephone numbers
List of country calling codes
List of international call prefixes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
Area codes in the Caribbean
:Category:Telephone numbers by country
International telecommunications
Telecommunications in Central America
Telecommunications in the Caribbean
Telecommunications in North America
Telecommunications in South America
Telephone numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Oceania | Telephone numbers in Oceania use a variety of area codes to denote their location along with their own area code depending on the country's geographic makeup. They also have other prefixes to denote different types of mobile services and international calls. There are exceptions because of regional variations and time zones.
Australia
Country Code: +61
International Call Prefix: 0011
Trunk Prefix: 0
Telephone numbers in Australia consist of a single-digit area code (prefixed with a '0' when dialing within Australia) and eight-digit local numbers, the first four, five or six of which specify the exchange, and the remaining four, three or two a line at that exchange. (Most exchanges though have several exchange codes.) Within Australia, the area code is only required to call from one area code to another.
Australia is divided geographically into a small number of large area codes, some of which cover more than one state and territory. Prior to the introduction of eight-digit numbers in the early-to-mid-1990s, telephone numbers were seven digits in the major capital cities, with a double-digit area code, and six digits in other areas with a three-digit area code. There were more than sixty such codes by 1990, with numbers running out, thus spurring the reorganization.
Following reorganization of the numbering plan between 1994 and 1998, the following numbering ranges are now used:
00 International and Emergency access
01 Alternative phone services
014 Satellite phones
0163 Pager numbers
0198 Data numbers (e.g. 0198 308 888 is the dial-up PoP number for Telstra)
02 Geographic: Central East region (New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory)
03 Geographic: South-east region (Victoria and Tasmania)
04 Digital Mobile services (3G, 4G, 5G and GSM)
0550 Location Independent Communication Services
07 Geographic: North-east region (Queensland) and Tweed Heads
08 Geographic: Central and West region (South Australia, Northern Territory, Western Australia) and B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Europe | Telephone numbers in Europe are managed by the national telecommunications authorities of each country. Most country codes start with 3 and 4, but some countries that by the Copenhagen criteria are considered part of Europe have country codes starting on numbers most common outside of Europe (e.g. Faroe Islands of Denmark have a code starting on number 2, which is most common in Africa).
The international access code (dial out code) has been standardized as 00, as recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
European Economic Area
Other European countries/territories
† = Disputed state, may not be recognized as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
*A variable dialing plan has different dialing procedures for local and long-distance telephone calls. A call within the same city or within an area is dialed only by the subscriber number, while for calls outside the area, the telephone number must be prefixed with the destination area code. A fixed dialing plan requires to dial all digits of the complete telephone number, including any area codes.
Harmonized service numbers
The following service numbers are harmonized across the European Union:
112 for emergency services
116xxx for (other) harmonized services of social value
Single numbering plan (1996 proposal)
In 1996, the European Commission proposed the introduction of a single telephone numbering plan, in which all European Union member states would use the country code 3. Calls between member states would no longer require the international access code 00. Instead the digit 1 was proposed for these calls, replaced by the country code 3 for calls from outside the EU. Each country would have a two-digit country code after the 1 or the 3. Calls within each country would not be affected.
This proposal would have required states such as Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark and others, whose country codes began with the digit '4', to return these to the International T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20comfort | Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55). The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort. Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.
Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal comfort are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed and relative humidity. Psychological parameters, such as individual expectations, also affect thermal comfort. The thermal comfort temperature may vary greatly between individuals and depending on factors such as activity level, clothing, and humidity.
The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under steady state conditions. The adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment. Occupants control their thermal environment by means of clothing, operable windows, fans, personal heaters, and sun shades. The PMV model can be applied to air-conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Asia | Telephone numbers in Asia have the most possible prefixes of any continent on Earth: 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9. Below is a list of country calling codes for various states and territories in Asia.
States and territories with country calling codes
States and territories without a separate country calling code
See also
Telephone numbering plan
National conventions for writing telephone numbers
List of country calling codes
List of international call prefixes
Communications in Asia
International telecommunications
Telecommunications in Asia
Telephone numbers
Asia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Africa | The following are country calling codes in Africa.
States and territories with country calling codes
west Africa
States and territories without a country calling code
See also
Telephone numbering plan
List of country calling codes
List of international call prefixes
:Category:Telephone numbers by country |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20object%20%28algebra%29 | In algebra, the zero object of a given algebraic structure is, in the sense explained below, the simplest object of such structure. As a set it is a singleton, and as a magma has a trivial structure, which is also an abelian group. The aforementioned abelian group structure is usually identified as addition, and the only element is called zero, so the object itself is typically denoted as . One often refers to the trivial object (of a specified category) since every trivial object is isomorphic to any other (under a unique isomorphism).
Instances of the zero object include, but are not limited to the following:
As a group, the zero group or trivial group.
As a ring, the zero ring or trivial ring.
As an algebra over a field or algebra over a ring, the trivial algebra.
As a module (over a ring ), the zero module. The term trivial module is also used, although it may be ambiguous, as a trivial G-module is a G-module with a trivial action.
As a vector space (over a field ), the zero vector space, zero-dimensional vector space or just zero space.
These objects are described jointly not only based on the common singleton and trivial group structure, but also because of shared category-theoretical properties.
In the last three cases the scalar multiplication by an element of the base ring (or field) is defined as:
, where .
The most general of them, the zero module, is a finitely-generated module with an empty generating set.
For structures requiring the multiplication structure inside the zero object, such as the trivial ring, there is only one possible, , because there are no non-zero elements. This structure is associative and commutative. A ring which has both an additive and multiplicative identity is trivial if and only if , since this equality implies that for all within ,
In this case it is possible to define division by zero, since the single element is its own multiplicative inverse. Some properties of depend on exact definition of the multiplicati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakewalk%20%28sequencer%29 | Cakewalk was a sequencer first developed by Twelve Tone Systems, Inc. (the company later known as Cakewalk, Inc.).
Originally for DOS, starting with version Cakewalk 1.0 in 1987, and, beginning in 1991, for Windows 3.0. Cakewalk, until version 4.0 required an MPU-401 MIDI interface card operating in intelligent mode, while 4.0 and later versions relied on the dumb UART mode only. Cakewalk was delivered in two versions, Cakewalk Pro and Cakewalk Express.
The latter was a lite version limited to 25 tracks and 1 MIDI output port. The Express version was sometimes bundled with hardware such as a sound card. Cakewalk was a purely MIDI based sequencer: Although it could trigger WAV files at certain points, more comprehensive audio support was not incorporated until the advent of Cakewalk Pro Audio when true support for digitized audio was added.
Features
The last version of the product featured a piano roll editor, support for limited music notation and a built-in scripting language called CAL (Cakewalk Application Language). Cakewalk was a predecessor of SONAR which had nearly all of the same features, including support for CAL, and was the only major DAW on the market supporting a scripting language.
Cakewalk had piano roll and CAL support since the Windows 16-bit Version 3.01.
See also
Cakewalk (company)
List of music software
Cakewalk Sonar
Cakewalk by BandLab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20optimization | Logic optimization is a process of finding an equivalent representation of the specified logic circuit under one or more specified constraints. This process is a part of a logic synthesis applied in digital electronics and integrated circuit design.
Generally, the circuit is constrained to a minimum chip area meeting a predefined response delay. The goal of logic optimization of a given circuit is to obtain the smallest logic circuit that evaluates to the same values as the original one. Usually, the smaller circuit with the same function is cheaper, takes less space, consumes less power, has shorter latency, and minimizes risks of unexpected cross-talk, hazard of delayed signal processing, and other issues present at the nano-scale level of metallic structures on an integrated circuit.
In terms of Boolean algebra, the optimization of a complex boolean expression is a process of finding a simpler one, which would upon evaluation ultimately produce the same results as the original one.
Motivation
The problem with having a complicated circuit (i.e. one with many elements, such as logic gates) is that each element takes up physical space and costs time and money to produce. Circuit minimization may be one form of logic optimization used to reduce the area of complex logic in integrated circuits.
With the advent of logic synthesis, one of the biggest challenges faced by the electronic design automation (EDA) industry was to find the most simple circuit representation of the given design description. While two-level logic optimization had long existed in the form of the Quine–McCluskey algorithm, later followed by the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer, the rapidly improving chip densities, and the wide adoption of Hardware description languages for circuit description, formalized the logic optimization domain as it exists today, including Logic Friday (graphical interface), Minilog, and ESPRESSO-IISOJS (many-valued logic).
Methods
The methods of logic circuit sim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%3A%20Making%20a%20New%20Science | Chaos: Making a New Science is a debut non-fiction book by James Gleick that initially introduced the principles and early development of the chaos theory to the public. It was a finalist for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize in 1987, and was shortlisted for the Science Book Prize in 1989. The book was published on October 29, 1987 by Viking Books.
Overview
Chaos: Making a New Science was the first popular book about chaos theory. It describes the Mandelbrot set, Julia sets, and Lorenz attractors without using complicated mathematics. It portrays the efforts of dozens of scientists whose separate work contributed to the developing field. The text remains in print and is widely used as an introduction to the topic for the mathematical layperson. The book approaches the history of chaos theory chronologically, starting with Edward Norton Lorenz and the butterfly effect, through Mitchell Feigenbaum, and ending with more modern applications.
The book covers chaos theory under the lens of four themes: sensitive dependence on initial conditions, self-similarity, universality, and nonlinearity.
An enhanced ebook edition was released by Open Road Media in 2011, adding embedded video and hyperlinked notes.
Reception
Robert Sapolsky said, "Chaos is the first book since Baby Beluga where I've gotten to the last page and immediately started reading it over again from the front: I've found this to be the most influential book in my thinking about science since college."
Freeman Dyson praised the book for its popular account but critiqued the omitting of the earlier work of Dame Mary L. Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood in forming the foundation of chaos theory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20finance | Statistical finance, is the application of econophysics to financial markets. Instead of the normative roots of finance, it uses a positivist framework. It includes exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. Empirically observed stylized facts are the starting point for this approach to understanding financial markets.
Stylized facts
Stock markets are characterised by bursts of price volatility.
Price changes are less volatile in bull markets and more volatile in bear markets.
Price change correlations are stronger with higher volatility, and their auto-correlations die out quickly.
Almost all real data have more extreme events than suspected.
Volatility correlations decay slowly.
Trading volumes have memory the same way that volatilities do.
Past price changes are negatively correlated with future volatilities.
Research objectives
Statistical finance is focused on three areas:
Empirical studies focused on the discovery of interesting statistical features of financial time-series data aimed at extending and consolidating the known stylized facts.
The use of these discoveries to build and implement models that better price derivatives and anticipate stock price movement with an emphasis on non-Gaussian methods and models.
The study of collective and emergent behaviour in simulated and real markets to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the observed stylized facts with an emphasis on agent-based models.
Financial econometrics also has a focus on the first two of these three areas. However, there is almost no overlap or interaction between the community of statistical finance researchers (who typically publish in physics journals) and the community of financial econometrics researchers (who typically publish in economics journals).
Behavioral finance and statistical finance
Behavioural finance attempts to explain price anomalies in terms of the biased behaviour of individuals, m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biasing | In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is called bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.
The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q-point, is the DC voltage or current at a specified terminal of an active device (a transistor or vacuum tube) with no input signal applied. A bias circuit is a portion of the device's circuit that supplies this steady current or voltage.
Overview
In electronics, 'biasing' usually refers to a fixed DC voltage or current applied to a terminal of an electronic component such as a diode, transistor or vacuum tube in a circuit in which AC signals are also present, in order to establish proper operating conditions for the component. For example, a bias voltage is applied to a transistor in an electronic amplifier to allow the transistor to operate in a particular region of its transconductance curve. For vacuum tubes, a grid bias voltage is often applied to the grid electrodes for the same reason.
In magnetic tape recording, the term bias is also used for a high-frequency signal added to the audio signal and applied to the recording head, to improve the quality of the recording on the tape. This is called tape bias.
Importance in linear circuits
Linear circuits involving transistors typically require specific DC voltages and currents for correct operation, which can be achieved using a biasing circuit. As an example of the need for careful biasing, consider a transistor amplifier. In linear amplifiers, a small input signal gives a larger output signal without any change in shape (low distortion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Advanced%20Biotechnology%20and%20Medicine | The Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM) is located on Busch Campus in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was established in 1985 to advance knowledge in the life sciences for the improvement of human health. It is administered by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. The building was completed in 1990, and has of lab and office space. It now is part of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences campus that was created following the merger of UMDNJ.
Affiliated staff
Aaron D. Milstein, PhD, Director of CABM Bioinformatics Program
Anat Kreimer, PhD, Computational Functional Genomics Lab
Mani Subramanian, Scientific Computing Specialist
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry faculty
Steven J. Brill, PhD
Samuel Bunting, PhD |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensor | Suspensors are anatomical structures found in certain fungi and plants.
Fungi
In fungi, suspensors are filamentous structural formations having the function of holding a zygospore between two strains of hyphae.
Plants
In plants, suspensors are found in zygotes in angiosperms, connecting the endosperm to an embryo. Usually in dicots the suspensor cells divide transversally a few times to form a filamentous suspensor of 6-10 cells. The suspensor helps in pushing the embryo into the endosperm. The first cell of the suspensor towards the micropylar end becomes swollen and functions as a haustorium. The haustorium has wall ingrowths similar to those of a transfer cell. The last of the suspensors at the end of the embryo is known as hypophysis. Hypophysis later gives rise to the radicle and root cap. During embryo development in angiosperm seeds, normal development involves asymmetrical division of the unicellular embryo, inducing polarity. The smaller terminal cell divides to become the proembryo while the larger basal cell divides laterally to form the suspensor. The suspensor is analogous to a placental mammalian's umbilical cord. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20fair%20queueing | Weighted fair queueing (WFQ) is a network scheduling algorithm. WFQ is both a packet-based implementation of the generalized processor sharing (GPS) policy, and a natural extension of fair queuing (FQ). Whereas FQ shares the link's capacity in equal subparts, WFQ allows schedulers to specify, for each flow, which fraction of the capacity will be given.
Weighted fair queuing is also known as packet-by-packet GPS (PGPS or P-GPS) since it approximates generalized processor sharing "to within one packet transmission time, regardless of the arrival patterns."
Parametrization and fairness
Like other GPS-like scheduling algorithms, the choice of the weights is left to the network administrator. There is no unique definition of what is "fair" (see for further discussion).
By regulating the WFQ weights dynamically, WFQ can be utilized for controlling the quality of service, for example, to achieve guaranteed data rate.
Proportionally fair behavior can be achieved by setting the weights to , where is the cost per data bit of data flow . For example, in CDMA spread spectrum cellular networks, the cost may be the required energy (the interference level), and in dynamic channel allocation systems, the cost may be the number of nearby base station sites that can not use the same frequency channel, in view to avoid co-channel interference.
Algorithm
In WFQ, a scheduler handling flows is configured with one weight for each flow. Then, the flow of number will achieve an average data rate of , where is the link rate. A WFQ scheduler where all weights are equal is a FQ scheduler.
Like all fair-queuing schedulers, each flow is protected from the others, and it can be proved that if a data flow is leaky bucket constrained, an end-to-end delay bound can be guaranteed.
The algorithm of WFQ is very similar to the one of FQ. For each packet, a virtual theoretical departure date will be computed, defined as the departure date if the scheduler was a perfect GPS scheduler. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20S.%20Chang%20Award%20for%20Lipid%20or%20Flavor%20Science | The Stephen S. Chang Award for Lipid or Flavor Science has been awarded every year since 1993. It is awarded to a member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) who has made significant contributions to lipid or flavor science. This award is named for Stephen S. Chang (1918-1996), a Chinese-born food scientist who later became a food science professor at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey specializing in lipid and flavor research. It was the second IFT award to be named for a living person.
Award winners receive a USD 3000 honorarium and a Steuben crystal from the Stephen S. Chang Endowment Fund supported by the Taiwan Food Industries (SSC).
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsporangial%20vesicle | A subsporangial vesicle is a vesicle which is below the sporangium on a fungus.
Is often used in the turgor-building and release to launch the sporangium from the stalk of the fungus using this spore-dispersal method.
An example of this is the subsporangial vesicle in Pilobolus, which fills with fluid creating turgor pressure that is then released, launching the sporangium out towards the light, with the purpose of landing on a plant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten%20Thomassen%20%28mathematician%29 | Carsten Thomassen (born August 22, 1948 in Grindsted) is a Danish mathematician. He has been a Professor of Mathematics at the Technical University of Denmark since 1981, and since 1990 a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. His research concerns discrete mathematics and more specifically graph theory.
Thomassen received his Ph.D. in 1976 from the University of Waterloo.
He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Graph Theory and the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, and editor of Combinatorica, the Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B, Discrete Mathematics, and the European Journal of Combinatorics.
He was awarded the Dedicatory Award of the 6th International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Graphs by the Western Michigan University in May 1988, the Lester R. Ford Award by the Mathematical Association of America in 1993, and the Faculty of Mathematics Alumni Achievement Medal by the University of Waterloo in 2005. In 1990 he was an invited speaker (Graphs, random walks and electric networks) at the ICM in Kyōto. He was included on the ISI Web of Knowledge list of the 250 most cited mathematicians.
Selected works
with Bojan Mohar: Graphs on surfaces, Johns Hopkins University Press 2001
5-choosability of planar graphs (see List coloring)
works on Hypohamiltonian graphs
Hamilton connectivity of Tournaments (see Tournament (graph theory)) and of 4-connected planar graphs
his proof of Gr%C3%B6tzsch%27s theorem
See also
List of University of Waterloo people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFT%20Industrial%20Scientist%20Award | The IFT Industrial Scientist Award was awarded by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) for scientists who made significant technical contributions to advancing the food industry. It was first awarded in 1994, but was not necessarily awarded every year. In 2019, the IFT reorganized its awards program, and no longer offered this award.
Award winners received a USD 3000 honorarium and a plaque from IFT.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating%20type | Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinct sexes. They also occur in macro-organisms such as fungi.
Definition
Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sex in higher organisms and occur in isogamous and anisogamous species. Depending on the group, different mating types are often referred to by numbers, letters, or simply "+" and "−" instead of "male" and "female", which refer to "sexes" or differences in size between gametes. Syngamy can only take place between gametes carrying different mating types.
Occurrence
Reproduction by mating types is especially prevalent in fungi. Filamentous ascomycetes usually have two mating types referred to as "MAT1-1" and "MAT1-2", following the yeast mating-type locus (MAT). Under standard nomenclature, MAT1-1 (which may informally be called MAT1) encodes for a regulatory protein with an alpha box motif, while MAT1-2 (informally called MAT2) encodes for a protein with a high motility-group (HMG) DNA-binding motif, as in the yeast mating type MATα1. The corresponding mating types in yeast, a non-filamentous ascomycete, are referred to as MATa and MATα.
Mating type genes in ascomycetes are called idiomorphs rather than alleles due to the uncertainty of the origin by common descent. The proteins they encode are transcription factors which regulate both the early and late stages of the sexual cycle. Heterothallic ascomycetes produce gametes, which present a single Mat idiomorph, and syngamy will only be possible between gametes carrying complementary mating types. On the other hand, homothallic ascomycetes produce gametes that can fuse with every other gamete in the population (including its own mitotic descendants) most often because each haploid contains the two alternate forms of the Mat locus in its genome.
Basidiomycetes can have thousands of different mating types.
In the ascomycete Neurospora crassa matings are restricted to intera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting%20spore | A resting spore is a resistant cell, used to survive adverse environmental conditions. Resting spore is a term commonly applied to both diatoms and fungi.
In fungi
A resting spore can be a spore created by fungi which is thickly encysted (has a thick cell wall) in order to survive through stressful times, such as drought. It protects the spore from biotic (microbial, fungal viral), as well as abiotic (wind, heat, xeric conditions) factors. Resting spores of a particular fungus are known create the phenomenon known as late potato blight. They can lie dormant within the soil of a field for decades until the right conditions occur for viability (plant host present, rain, fire etc.).
In diatoms
A similar resting spore life stage is also present in diatoms, and in such case, is also often referred to as the hypnospore. Importantly, the resting spore of marine diatoms is not an obligate stage of the life cycle, except in the minority of studied taxa, where spore production immediately follows the first cellular product of sexual reproduction, the auxospore. Generally, resting spore formation in diatoms is primarily considered a survival tactic for adverse conditions by producing dense spores with thick silica frustules that can sink cells out of the surface, typically high in light and temperature, into the cooler, darker and nutrient rich depths. Spores have been observed to last decades in such conditions that reduce metabolic demand, awaiting mixing events that may carry them back into favorable environmental conditions where they may germinate.
Formation, morphology and germination
The formation of resting spores is considered to be the consequence of environmental stress. Spore formation has been described immediately proceeding bloom formation although there are a variety of potential causes for spore formation in blooms. Studies of resting spore formation in diatoms have found that nitrogen limitation, temperature, and light limitation are all capable drivers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgametogenesis | Microgametogenesis is the process in plant reproduction where a microgametophyte develops in a pollen grain to the three-celled stage of its development. In flowering plants it occurs with a microspore mother cell inside the anther of the plant.
When the microgametophyte is first formed inside the pollen grain four sets of fertile cells called sporogenous cells are apparent. These cells are surrounded by a wall of sterile cells called the tapetum, which supplies food to the cell and eventually becomes the cell wall for the pollen grain. These sets of sporogenous cells eventually develop into diploid microspore mother cells. These microspore mother cells, also called microsporocytes, then undergo meiosis and become four microspore haploid cells. These new microspore cells then undergo mitosis and form a tube cell and a generative cell. The generative cell then undergoes mitosis one more time to form two male gametes, also called sperm.
See also
Gametogenesis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megagametogenesis | Megagametogenesis is the process of maturation of the female gametophyte, or megagametophyte, in plants During the process of megagametogenesis, the megaspore, which arises from megasporogenesis, develops into the embryo sac, which is where the female gamete is housed. These megaspores then develop into the haploid female gametophytes. This occurs within the ovule, which is housed inside the ovary.
The Process
Prior to megagametogenesis, a developing embryo undergoes meiosis during a process called megasporogenesis. Next, three out of four megaspores disintegrate, leaving only the megaspore that will undergo the megagametogenesis. The following steps are shown in Figure 1, and detailed below.
The remaining megaspore undergoes a round of mitosis. This results in a structure with two nuclei, also called a binucleate embryo sac.
The two nuclei migrate to opposite sides of the embryo sac.
Each haploid nucleus then undergoes two rounds of mitosis which creates 4 haploid nuclei on each end of the embryo sac.
One nucleus from each set of 4 migrates to the center of the embryo sac. These form the binucleate endosperm mother cell. This leaves three remaining nuclei on the micropylar end and three remaining nuclei on the antipodal end. The nuclei on the micropylar end is composed of an egg cell, two synergid cells, and the micropyle, an opening that allows the pollen tube to enter the structure. The nuclei on the antipodal end are simply known as the antipodal cells. These cells are involved with nourishing the embryo, but often undergo programmed cell death before fertilization occurs.
Cell plates form around the antipodal nuclei, egg ell, and synergid cells.
Variations
Plants exhibit three main types of megagametogenesis. The number of haploid nuclei in the functional megaspore that is involved in megagametogenesis is the main difference between these three types.
Monosporic
The most common type of megagametogenesis, monosporic megagametogenesis, is outlined a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arum%20type | Arum-type refers to the morphology of fungal hyphae living in, or around plant root cells.
Forms in arbuscular or tree-like fashion, branching off dichotomously at predetermined junctions.
This is a type of mycorrhizal infection whereby the fungus in question invaginates the cell membrane of a plant cell, and branches in arbuscular manner.
Arum-type growth of hyphae is used in endomycorrhizal symbiosis with a plant.
Often, but not always, accompanied by intercellular hyphal growth.
See also
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Paris type |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soddy%27s%20hexlet | In geometry, Soddy's hexlet is a chain of six spheres (shown in grey in Figure 1), each of which is tangent to both of its neighbors and also to three mutually tangent given spheres. In Figure 1, the three spheres are the red inner sphere and two spheres (not shown) above and below the plane the centers of the hexlet spheres lie on. In addition, the hexlet spheres are tangent to a fourth sphere (the blue outer sphere in Figure 1), which is not tangent to the three others.
According to a theorem published by Frederick Soddy in 1937, it is always possible to find a hexlet for any choice of mutually tangent spheres A, B and C. Indeed, there is an infinite family of hexlets related by rotation and scaling of the hexlet spheres (Figure 1); in this, Soddy's hexlet is the spherical analog of a Steiner chain of six circles. Consistent with Steiner chains, the centers of the hexlet spheres lie in a single plane, on an ellipse. Soddy's hexlet was also discovered independently in Japan, as shown by Sangaku tablets from 1822 in Kanagawa prefecture.
Definition
Soddy's hexlet is a chain of six spheres, labeled S1–S6, each of which is tangent to three given spheres, A, B and C, that are themselves mutually tangent at three distinct points. (For consistency throughout the article, the hexlet spheres will always be depicted in grey, spheres A and B in green, and sphere C in blue.) The hexlet spheres are also tangent to a fourth fixed sphere D (always shown in red) that is not tangent to the three others, A, B and C.
Each sphere of Soddy's hexlet is also tangent to its neighbors in the chain; for example, sphere S4 is tangent to S3 and S5. The chain is closed, meaning that every sphere in the chain has two tangent neighbors; in particular, the initial and final spheres, S1 and S6, are tangent to one another.
Annular hexlet
The annular Soddy's hexlet is a special case (Figure 2), in which the three mutually tangent spheres consist of a single sphere of radius r (blue) sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC%20applications | Microprocessors belonging to the PowerPC/Power ISA architecture family have been used in numerous applications.
Personal Computers
Apple Computer was the dominant player in the market of personal computers based on PowerPC processors until 2006 when it switched to Intel-based processors. Apple used PowerPC processors in the Power Mac, iMac, eMac, PowerBook, iBook, Mac mini, and Xserve. Classic Macintosh accelerator boards using PowerPCs were made by DayStar Digital, Newer Technology, Sonnet Technologies, and TotalImpact.
There have been several attempts to create PowerPC reference platforms for computers by IBM and others: The IBM PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform) is a system standard intended to ensure compatibility among PowerPC-based systems built by different companies; IBM POP (PowerPC Open Platform) is an open and free standard and design of PowerPC motherboards. Pegasos Open Desktop Workstation (ODW) is an open and free standard and design of PowerPC motherboards based on Marvell Discovery II (MV64361) chipset; PReP standard specifies the PCI bus, but will also support ISA, MicroChannel, and PCMCIA. PReP-compliant systems will be able to run OS/2, AIX, Solaris, Taligent, and Windows NT; and the CHRP (Common Hardware Reference Platform) is an open platform agreed on by Apple, IBM, and Motorola. All CHRP systems will be able to run Mac OS, OS/2-PPC, Windows NT, AIX, Solaris, Novell Netware. CHRP is a superset of PReP and the PowerMac platforms.
Power.org has defined the Power Architecture Platform Reference (PAPR) that provides the foundation for development of computers based on the Linux operating system.
List of computers based on PowerPC:
Amiga accelerator boards:
Phase5 Blizzard PPC.
Phase5 CyberStorm PPC.
Apple
iMac
PowerMac
Xserve
Mac mini
iBook
PowerBook
Eyetech
AmigaOne
Genesi
Pegasos Open Desktop Workstation (ODW).
EFIKA
IBM
RS/6000 AIX workstations
ACube Systems Srl
Sam440 (Samantha)
Sam460ex (Samantha)
Servers
Apple
Xse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20Advanced%20Study%20Institute | The Theoretical Advanced Study Institute or TASI is a four-week summer school in high-energy physics or astrophysics held yearly at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The school is meant primarily for advanced graduate students and consists of a series of pedagogical lectures on selected topics given by active researchers in the field. TASI is the most common summer school attended by high-energy physics graduate students in the United States.
Writeups of the TASI lectures are traditionally collected into a published volume each year, creating a valuable resource for students hoping to learn about current research topics in an accessible way. The writeups are typically also posted by the lecturers on arXiv.org, providing freely-accessible web-based sources on various physics topics. Since 2007, TASI has also posted video recordings of the lectures online.
Recent TASI schools
History
The first TASI was held in 1984 at the University of Michigan. Subsequent TASIs were held at Yale (1985), Santa Cruz (1986), Santa Fe (1987), and Brown (1988). Since 1989 TASI has been located in Boulder.
External links
Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics (TASI)
TASI lecture writeups on INSPIRE-HEP
TASI Lectures on strings, branes, M-theory, quantum gravity, and related topics
University of Colorado Boulder
Physics education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20type | Paris type is a pattern of mycorrhizal infection which is coil-like in morphology.
These have direct intracellular growth to new cells.
The mycoheterotrophic plants use this to their advantage, as well as in many tree species, such as acer.
See also
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Arum type |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygospore | Azygospore is an asexually formed zygospore in fungi.
Also known as parthenogenically formed from a gamete without gametic fusion.
Sometimes, gametangia fail to fuse. Gametangia become surrounded by a thick wall resulting in the formation of azygospore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutylgermane | Isobutylgermane (IBGe, Chemical formula: (CH3)2CHCH2GeH3, is an organogermanium compound. It is a colourless, volatile liquid that is used in MOVPE (Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) as an alternative to germane. IBGe is used in the deposition of Ge films and Ge-containing thin semiconductor films such as SiGe in strained silicon application, and GeSbTe in NAND Flash applications.
Properties
IBGe is a non-pyrophoric liquid source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of semiconductors. It possesses very high vapor pressure and is considerably less hazardous than germane gas. IBGe also offers lower decomposition temperature (the onset of decomposition at ca. 325-350 °C)., coupled with advantages of low carbon incorporation and reduced main group elemental impurities in epitaxially grown germanium comprising layers such as Ge, SiGe, SiGeC, strained silicon, GeSb, and GeSbTe.
Uses
Rohm and Haas (now part of The Dow Chemical Company), IMEM, and CNRS have developed a process to grow germanium films on germanium at low temperatures in a Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor using isobutylgermane. The research targets Ge/III-V hetero devices. It has been demonstrated that the growth of high quality germanium films at temperatures as low as 350 °C can be achieved. The low growth temperature of 350 °C achievable with this new precursor has eliminated the memory effect of germanium in III-V materials. Recently IBGe is used to deposit Ge epitaxial films on a Si or Ge substrate, followed by the MOVPE deposition of InGaP and InGaAs layers with no memory effect, to enable triple-junction solar cells and integration of III-V compounds with Silicon and Germanium.
It was demonstrated that isobutylgermane could be also used for the growth of germanium nanowires using gold as catalyst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20cell | The auxiliary cell is a spore-like structure that form within the fungal family Gigasporaceae (order Gigasporales). Auxiliary cells have thin cell walls, (spiny), papillate, knobby or sometimes smooth surfaces, and are formed from hyphae after spore germination before the formation of mycorrhizae, and then on the extraradical hyphae in the soil. They may not be 'cells' in the biological sense of the word, as they are structures found with coenocytic hyphae belonging to members of the phylum (division) Glomeromycota. Mostly they are known from members of the Gigasporaceae. Currently this family contains Gigaspora, Scutellospora and Racocetra, but there are other generic names that have not been widely accepted (Dentiscutata, Cetraspora, Fuscutata and Quatunica) — all of these form auxiliary cells. Members of the genus Pacispora (another genus in the Diversisporales) are also said to produce a kind of auxiliary cell but this requires further confirmation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amateur%20radio%20modes | The following is a list of the modes of radio communication used in the amateur radio hobby.
Modes of communication
Amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both modulation types and operating protocols.
Morse code
Morse code is called the original digital mode. Radio telegraphy, designed for machine-to-machine communication is the direct on / off keying of a continuous wave carrier by Morse code symbols, often called amplitude-shift keying or ASK, may be considered to be an amplitude modulated mode of communications, and is rightfully considered the first digital data mode. Although more than 140 years old, bandwidth-efficient Morse code, originally developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail in the 1840s, uses techniques that were not more fully understood until much later under the modern terms of source coding or data compression.
Alfred Vail intuitively understood efficient code design: The bandwidth-efficiency of Morse code arises because its encodings are variable length, and Vail assigned the shortest encodings to the most-used symbols, and the longest encodings to the least-used symbols. It was not until one hundred years later that Shannon's modern information theory (1948) described Vail's coding technique for Morse code, giving it a firm footing in a mathematically based theory. Shannon's information theory resulted in similarly efficient data encoding technologies which use bandwidth like Morse code, such as the modern Huffman, Arithmetic, and Lempel-Ziv codes.
Although c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20corresponding%20states | According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle/law of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.
Material constants that vary for each type of material are eliminated, in a recast reduced form of a constitutive equation. The reduced variables are defined in terms of critical variables.
The principle originated with the work of Johannes Diderik van der Waals in about 1873 when he used the critical temperature and critical pressure to derive a universal property of all fluids that follow the van der Waals equation of state. It predicts a value of that is found to be an overestimate when compared to real gases.
Edward A. Guggenheim used the phrase "Principle of Corresponding States" in an opt-cited paper to describe the phenomenon where different systems have very similar behaviors when near a critical point.
There are many examples of non-ideal gas models which satisfy this theorem, such as the van der Waals model, the Dieterici model, and so on, that can be found on the page on real gases.
Compressibility factor at the critical point
The compressibility factor at the critical point, which is defined as , where the subscript indicates physical quantities measured at the critical point, is predicted to be a constant independent of substance by many equations of state.
The table below for a selection of gases uses the following conventions:
: critical temperature [K]
: critical pressure [Pa]
: critical specific volume [m3⋅kg−1]
: gas constant (8.314 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1)
: Molar mass [kg⋅mol−1]
See also
Van der Waals equation
Equation of state
Compressibility factors
Johannes Diderik van der Waals equation
Noro-Frenkel law of corresponding states |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20and%20breathing | When we sleep, our breathing changes due to normal biological processes that affect both our respiratory and muscular systems.
Physiology
Sleep Onset
Breathing changes as we transition from wakefulness to sleep. These changes arise due to biological changes in the processes that regulate our breathing. When we fall asleep, minute ventilation (the amount of air that we breathe per minute) reduces due to decreased metabolism.
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
During NREM sleep, we move through three sleep stages, with each progressively deeper than the last. As our sleep deepens, our minute ventilation continues to decrease, reducing by 13% in the second NREM stage and by 15% in the third. For example, a study of 19 healthy adults revealed that the minute ventilation in NREM sleep was 7.18 liters/minute compared to 7.66 liters/minute when awake.
Ribcage & Abdominal Muscle Contributions
Rib cage contribution to ventilation increases during NREM sleep, mostly by lateral movement, and is detected by an increase in EMG amplitude during breathing. Diaphragm activity is little increased or unchanged and abdominal muscle activity is slightly increased during these sleep stages.
Upper Airway Resistance
Airway resistance increases by about 230% during NREM sleep. Elastic and flow resistive properties of the lung do not change during NREM sleep. The increase in resistance comes primarily from the upper airway in the retro-epiglottic region. Tonic activity of the pharyngeal dilator muscles of the upper airway decreases during the NREM sleep, contributing to the increased resistance, which is reflected in increased esophageal pressure swings during sleep. The other ventilatory muscles compensate for the increased resistance, and so the airflow decreases much less than the increase in resistance.
Arterial Blood Gases
The Arterial blood gasses pCO2 increases by 3-7mmHg, pO2 drops by 3-9mmHg and SaO2 drops by 2% or less. These changes occur despite a reduced metabolic rate, reflected by a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%20tube | A germ tube is an outgrowth produced by spores of spore-releasing fungi during germination.
The germ tube differentiates, grows, and develops by mitosis to create somatic hyphae.
A germ tube test is a diagnostic test in which a sample of fungal spores are suspended in animal serum and examined by microscopy for the detection of any germ tubes. It is particularly indicated for colonies of white or cream color on fungal culture, where a positive germ tube test is strongly indicative of Candida albicans.
See also
Oomycota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor%20massive%20sulfide%20deposits | Seafloor massive sulfide deposits or SMS deposits, are modern equivalents of ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits or VMS deposits. The term has been coined by mineral explorers to differentiate the modern deposit from the ancient.
SMS deposits were first recognized during the exploration of the deep oceans and the mid ocean ridge spreading centers in the early 1960s. Deep ocean research submersibles, bathyspheres and remote operated vehicles have visited and taken samples of black smoker chimneys, and it has been long recognised that such chimneys contain appreciable grades of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au and other trace metals.
SMS deposits form in the deep ocean around submarine volcanic arcs, where hydrothermal vents exhale sulfide-rich mineralising fluids into the ocean.
SMS deposits are laterally extensive and consist of a central vent mound around the area where the hydrothermal circulation exits, with a wide apron of unconsolidated sulfide silt or ooze which precipitates upon the seafloor.
Beginning about 2008, technologies were being developed for deepsea mining of these deposits.
Minerals
Mineralization in submarine magmatic-hydrothermal systems is a product of the chemical and thermal exchange between the ocean, the lithosphere, and the magmas emplaced within it. Different mineral associations precipitate during the typical stages of mineralization that characterize the life span of such systems.
Minerals present in a hydrothermal system or a fossil volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit are deposited passively or reactively. Mineral associations may vary (1) in different mineralized structures, either syngenetic (namely, passive precipitation in chimneys, mounds and stratiform deposits) or epigenetic (structures that correspond to feeder channels, and replacements of host rocks or pre-existing massive sulfide bodies), or structural zonation, (2) from proximal to distal associations with respect to venting areas within the same stratigraphic horizo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Rain%20%28Belinda%20Carlisle%20song%29 | "Summer Rain" is a song written by Robbie Seidman and Maria Vidal, produced by Rick Nowels for Belinda Carlisle's third album Runaway Horses (1989). The power ballad is about a man who goes away to war and leaves his wife, saying that nothing will change—they will be together forever and always. Although the conflict is unidentified, images in the video of a transport aircraft on an airfield and troops parachuting from transport aircraft suggest the man is an airborne soldier. The song is set in the present as his widow sings it, remembering the last time she saw him. It was released around the world in 1990 and was issued as a CD single, 7-inch single and a 12-inch single.
The song had reasonable success on the charts reaching the top 30 in the United States and the United Kingdom. In Australia, it reached the top 10, peaking at number six. It was later covered by artists including Slinkee Minx, whose 2004 cover version charted higher than the original in Australia, reaching number five. Carlisle stated in May 2013 that "Summer Rain" was her favorite song from her recording career.
Release and commercial performance
"Summer Rain" achieved moderate commercial success in North America, where it was released as the second single from Runaway Horses (1989). In January 1990, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100, the main US chart, at number 86. Within seven weeks of its release, it peaked at number 30 and stayed at that position for two weeks. The single spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, six of which were in the top 50. The single was Carlisle's second to last song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. It also peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, where it spent eight weeks on the chart.
In Australia, the song had the most commercial success, where it was released as the album's third single on March 19, 1990. In early April 1990, it debuted at number 42. Within two months of its release, it reached the top 10, where it stayed for f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation%20mark | Quotation marks are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to identify direct speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same glyph. Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media.
History
The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists. Isidore of Seville, in his seventh century encyclopedia, , described their use of the Greek diplé (a chevron):
The double quotation mark derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth-century manuscript annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage. In his edition of the works of Aristotle, which appeared in 1483 or 1484, the Milanese Renaissance humanist Francesco Filelfo marked literal and appropriate quotes with oblique double dashes on the left margin of each line. Until then, literal quotations had been highlighted or not at the author's discretion. were marked on the edge. After the publication of Filelfo's edition, the quotation marks for literal quotations prevailed. During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see under Specific language features below) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.
By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific to each region. In Western Europe the custom became to us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Loncin%20Research%20Prize | The Marcel Loncin Research Prize was established in 1994. It is awarded by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in even-numbered years to fund basic chemistry, physics, and/or engineering research applied to food processing and improving food quality. It is named for Marcel Loncin (1920-1995), a Belgian-born, French chemical engineer who did food engineering research while a professor at the Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches des Industries Alimentaries (CERIA) and afterwards at the Food Engineering Department of the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany. It was the third and final IFT award as of 2006 that has been named for a then-living person.
Award winners receive USD 50,000 in two annual installments and a plaque from the Marcin Loncin Endowment Fund of the IFT.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFT%20Research%20%26%20Development%20Award | The IFT Research & Development Award has been awarded since 1997. It has been awarded by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) to scientists who have made recent and significant research and development contributions to the understanding of food science, food technology, or nutrition.
Award winners receive a USD 3000 honorarium and a plaque from IFT.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fleming%20Stier%20Award | The Elizabeth Fleming Stier Award has been issued every year since 1997. It is awarded to a member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) who has pursued humanitarian ideals and unselfish dedication to the well-being of the food industry, academia, students, or the general public. The award is named for Elizabeth Fleming Stier (1925-1995), a food science professor at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey who became the first female award winner of IFT when she won the William V. Cruess Award in 1974.
Award winners receive a USD 3000 honorarium from the IFT New York Section and a plaque from IFT.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty%20method | Penalty methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems.
A penalty method replaces a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems whose solutions ideally converge to the solution of the original constrained problem. The unconstrained problems are formed by adding a term, called a penalty function, to the objective function that consists of a penalty parameter multiplied by a measure of violation of the constraints. The measure of violation is nonzero when the constraints are violated and is zero in the region where constraints are not violated.
Example
Let us say we are solving the following constrained problem:
subject to
This problem can be solved as a series of unconstrained minimization problems
where
In the above equations, is the exterior penalty function while are the penalty coefficients. In each iteration k of the method, we increase the penalty coefficient (e.g. by a factor of 10), solve the unconstrained problem and use the solution as the initial guess for the next iteration. Solutions of the successive unconstrained problems will asymptotically converge to the solution of the original constrained problem.
Practical application
Image compression optimization algorithms can make use of penalty functions for selecting how best to compress zones of colour to single representative values.
Barrier methods
Barrier methods constitute an alternative class of algorithms for constrained optimization. These methods also add a penalty-like term to the objective function, but in this case the iterates are forced to remain interior to the feasible domain and the barrier is in place to bias the iterates to remain away from the boundary of the feasible region.
See also
Other nonlinear programming algorithms:
Sequential quadratic programming
Successive linear programming
Sequential linear-quadratic programming
Interior point method
Augmented Lagrangian method
Other links:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron%20Solberg%20Award | The Myron Solberg Award has been awarded every year since 2004 by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT). It is awarded for leadership in establishing, successfully developing, and continuing a cooperative organization involving academia, government, and industry. The award is named for Myron Solberg (1930-2001), a food science professor at Rutgers University who founded the institution Center for Advanced Food Technology in 1984 and headed the center until his 2000 retirement.
Award winners received a USD 3000 honorarium and a plaque from the Myron Solberg Endowment Fund of the IFT Foundation.
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulators%20table%20%E2%80%93%203 | This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic solvents (Potassium ferrocyanide).
See also:
Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Ag, Al, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Se, Zn
Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates
! Contaminant || Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight) || Latin name || English name || H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant || Notes || Sources
|-
| Cd || || Athyrium yokoscense || (Japanese false spleenwort?) || Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) || Origin Japan ||
|-
| Cd || >100 || Avena strigosa Schreb. || New-OatLopsided Oat or Bristle Oat || || ||
|-
| Cd || H- || Bacopa monnieri || Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop || Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) || Origin India; aquatic emergent species ||
|-
| Cd || || Brassicaceae || Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family || Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) || Phytoextraction ||
|-
| Cd || A- || Brassica juncea L. || Indian mustard || Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) || cultivated ||
|-
| Cd || H- || Vallisneria americana || Tape Grass || Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) || Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade ||
|-
| Cd || >100 || Crotalaria juncea || Sunn or sunn hemp || || High amounts of total soluble phenolics ||
|-
| Cd || H- || Eichhornia crassipes || Water Hyacinth || Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U and pesticides || Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed' ||
|-
| Cd || || Helianthus annuus || Sunflower || || Phytoextraction & rhizofiltrati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiy%20Shilov | Georgi Evgen'evich Shilov (; 3 February 1917 – 17 January 1975) was a Soviet mathematician and expert in the field of functional analysis, who contributed to the theory of normed rings and generalized functions.
He was born in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. After graduating from Moscow State University in 1938, he served in the army during World War II. He earned a doctorate in physical-mathematical sciences in 1951, also at MSU, and briefly taught at Kyiv University until returning as a professor at MSU in 1954. There, he supervised over 40 graduate students, including Mikhail Agranovich, Valentina Borok, Gregory Eskin, and Arkadi Nemirovski. Shilov often collaborated with colleague Israel Gelfand on research that included generalized functions and partial differential equations. |
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