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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer-scale%20integration | Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a rarely used system of building very-large integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") networks from an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Combining large size and reduced packaging, WSI was expected to lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orungo%20virus | Orungo virus (ORUV) is an arbovirus of the genus Orbivirus, the subfamily Sedoreovirinae and the family Reoviridae. There are four known subtypes of Orungo virus designated Orungo-1 (ORUV-1), Orungo-2 (ORUV-2), Orungo-3 (ORUV-3), and Orungo-4 (ORUV-4). It was first isolated by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in En... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadam%20virus | The Kadam virus (or KAD, strain MP6640) is a tick-borne Flavivirus.
Located
The virus was first isolated by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda, after samples were taken from cattle in Karamoja in 1967. The viruses were usually only found from Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma ticks around Kenya and Ugan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%20Biolympiad | The USA Biolympiad (USABO), formerly called the USA Biology Olympiad before January 1, 2020, is a national competition sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education to select the competitors for the International Biology Olympiad. Each year, twenty National Finalists gather at a nationally recognized institution... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaslavskii%20map | The Zaslavskii map is a discrete-time dynamical system introduced by George M. Zaslavsky. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Zaslavskii map takes a point () in the plane and maps it to a new point:
and
where mod is the modulo operator with real arguments. The map depends on ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Yorke%20map | The Kaplan–Yorke map is a discrete-time dynamical system. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Kaplan–Yorke map takes a point (xn, yn ) in the plane and maps it to a new point given by
where mod is the modulo operator with real arguments. The map depends on only the one constan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic%20processor | A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to cool an object to ultra-low temperatures (usually around −300°F / −150°C) at a moderated rate in order to prevent thermal shock to the components being treated. The first commercial unit was developed by Ed Busch in the late 1960s. The development of programmable microproces... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20and%20British%20English%20spelling%20differences | Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country, there are only slight regional variations in English orthography, the two most notable variations being British and American spelling. Many of the differences between American and British/Commonwealth E... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20force | A contact force is any force that occurs as a result of two objects making contact with each other. Contact forces are ubiquitous and are responsible for most visible interactions between macroscopic collections of matter. Pushing a car or kicking a ball are some of the everyday examples where contact forces are at wor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odic%20force | Odic force (also called Od [õd], Odyle, Önd, Odes, Odylic, Odyllic, or Odems) is the name given in the mid-19th century to a hypothetical vital energy or life force by Baron Carl von Reichenbach. Von Reichenbach coined the name from that of the Germanic god Odin in 1845.
History
As von Reichenbach was investigating t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20onset | The age of onset is the age at which an individual acquires, develops, or first experiences a condition or symptoms of a disease or disorder. For instance, the general age of onset for the spinal disease scoliosis is "10-15 years old," meaning that most people develop scoliosis when they are of an age between ten and f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20jar | A Mason jar, also known as a canning jar or fruit jar, is a glass jar used in home canning to preserve food. It was named after American tinsmith John Landis Mason, who patented it in 1858. The jar's mouth has a screw thread on its outer perimeter to accept a metal ring or "band". The band, when screwed down, presses a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hot | In digital circuits and machine learning, a one-hot is a group of bits among which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0). A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes called one-cold. In statistics, dummy variables represe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20by%20exception | Coding by exception is an accidental complexity in a software system in which the program handles specific errors that arise with unique exceptions. When an issue arises in a software system, an error is raised tracing the issue back to where it was caught and then where that problem came from, if applicable. Exception... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnor%20beam | In general relativity, the Bonnor beam is an exact solution which models an infinitely long, straight beam of light. It is an explicit example of a pp-wave spacetime. It is named after William B. Bonnor who first described it.
The Bonnor beam is obtained by matching together two regions:
a uniform plane wave interio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichelburg%E2%80%93Sexl%20ultraboost | In general relativity, the Aichelburg–Sexl ultraboost is an exact solution which models the spacetime of an observer moving towards or away from a spherically symmetric gravitating object at nearly the speed of light. It was introduced by Peter C. Aichelburg and Roman U. Sexl in 1971.
The original motivation behind ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric%20function | In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Animals | The Master of Animals, Lord of Animals, or Mistress of the Animals is a motif in ancient art showing a human between and grasping two confronted animals. The motif is very widespread in the art of the Ancient Near East and Egypt. The figure may be female or male, it may be a column or a symbol, the animals may be reali... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20room%20correction | Digital room correction (or DRC) is a process in the field of acoustics where digital filters designed to ameliorate unfavorable effects of a room's acoustics are applied to the input of a sound reproduction system. Modern room correction systems produce substantial improvements in the time domain and frequency domai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-echo | In audio signal processing, pre-echo, sometimes called a forward echo, (not to be confused with reverse echo) is a digital audio compression artifact where a sound is heard before it occurs (hence the name). It is most noticeable in impulsive sounds from percussion instruments such as castanets or cymbals.
It occurs i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic%20electromagnetic%20plane%20wave | In general relativity, the monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave spacetime is the analog of the monochromatic plane waves known from Maxwell's theory. The precise definition of the solution is quite complicated but very instructive.
Any exact solution of the Einstein field equation which models an electromagnetic ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Matheson | John Ross Matheson, (November 14, 1917 – December 27, 2013) was a Canadian politician, lawyer, and judge who helped develop both the national flag of Canada and the Order of Canada.
Early life
John Matheson was born in Arundel, Quebec, the son of the Reverend Dr. A. Dawson Matheson and his wife Gertrude Matheson (né... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator%20paradox%20%28physics%29 | The elevator paradox relates to a hydrometer placed on an "elevator" or vertical conveyor that, by moving to different elevations, changes the atmospheric pressure. In this classic demonstration, the floating hydrometer remains at an equilibrium position. Essentially, a hydrometer measures specific gravity of liquids ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration%20white%20finger | Vibration white finger (VWF), also known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) or dead finger, is a secondary form of Raynaud's syndrome, an industrial injury triggered by continuous use of vibrating hand-held machinery. Use of the term vibration white finger has generally been superseded in professional usage by broad... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassy%20carbon | Glass-like carbon, often called glassy carbon or vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing, or nongraphitizable, carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite. The most important properties are high thermal stability, high thermal conductivity, hardness (7 Mohs), low density, low electrical re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromelanin | Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment found in the brain which is structurally related to melanin. It is a polymer of 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers. Neuromelanin is found in large quantities in catecholaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus, giving a dark color to the structures.
Physic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20transmitter | A television transmitter is a transmitter that is used for terrestrial (over-the-air) television broadcasting. It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving images, along with a synchronized audio channel, which is received by television receivers ('televisions' or ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20transmitter | A broadcast transmitter is an electronic device which radiates radio waves modulated with information content intended to be received by the general public. Examples are a radio broadcasting transmitter which transmits audio (sound) to broadcast radio receivers (radios) owned by the public, or a television transmitte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Bioinformatics%20Institute | The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) which, as part of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) family, focuses on research and services in bioinformatics. It is located on the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton near Cambridge, and employs over 600 full-time... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Marine life, sea life, or ocean life is the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet. Marine organisms, mostly microorganisms, produce oxygen and sequester carbon. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widlar%20current%20source | A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.
The Widlar circuit may be used with bipolar transistors, MOS ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20interpolation | In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories. Roughly stated, the theorem says that if a formula φ implies a formula ψ, and the two have at least one atomic variable symbol in common, then there is a formula ρ, called an interpolant, such tha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void%20type | The void type, in several programming languages derived from C and Algol68, is the return type of a function that returns normally, but does not provide a result value to its caller. Usually such functions are called for their side effects, such as performing some task or writing to their output parameters. The usage ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Locator%20Server | An Internet Locator Server (abbreviated ILS) is a server that acts as a directory for Microsoft NetMeeting clients. An ILS is not necessary within a local area network and some wide area networks in the Internet because one participant can type in the IP address of the other participant's host and call them directly. A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20exemption | In patent law, the research exemption or safe harbor exemption is an exemption to the rights conferred by patents, which is especially relevant to drugs. According to this exemption, despite the patent rights, performing research and tests for preparing regulatory approval, for instance by the FDA in the United States,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20Storm | Packet Storm Security is an information security website offering current and historical computer security tools, exploits, and security advisories. It is operated by a group of security enthusiasts that publish new security information and offer tools for educational and testing purposes.
Overview
The site was origin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf | In information retrieval, tf–idf (also TF*IDF, TFIDF, TF–IDF, or Tf–idf), short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to a document in a collection or corpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. It was often used as a weighting factor i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Reed%20%28politician%29 | Joseph Reed (August 27, 1741March 5, 1785) was a Founding Father of the United States and a lawyer, military officer, and statesman of the American Revolutionary Era who lived the majority of his life in Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and, while in Congress, signed the Articles of Con... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20polynomial | In the context of the characteristic polynomial of a differential equation or difference equation, a polynomial is said to be stable if either:
all its roots lie in the open left half-plane, or
all its roots lie in the open unit disk.
The first condition provides stability for continuous-time linear systems, and th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematical logic, an (induced) substructure or (induced) subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure, and whose functions and relations are restricted to the substructure's domain. Some examples of subalgebras are subgroups, submonoids, subrings, subfields, subalgebras of algeb... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICMG | PICMG, or PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group, is a consortium of over 140 companies. Founded in 1994, the group was originally formed to adapt PCI technology for use in high-performance telecommunications, military, and industrial computing applications, but its work has grown to include newer technologies. PI... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelf | Twelf is an implementation of the logical framework LF developed by Frank Pfenning and Carsten Schürmann at Carnegie Mellon University. It is used for logic programming and for the formalization of programming language theory.
Introduction
At its simplest, a Twelf program (called a "signature") is a collection of dec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT%201301 | The ICT 1301 and its smaller derivative ICT 1300 were early business computers from International Computers and Tabulators. Typical of mid-sized machines of the era, they used core memory, drum storage and punched cards, but they were unusual in that they were based on decimal logic instead of binary.
Description
The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planula | A planula is the free-swimming, flattened, ciliated, bilaterally symmetric larval form of various cnidarian species and also in some species of Ctenophores. Some groups of Nemerteans also produce larvae that are very similar to the planula, which are called planuliform larva.
Development
The planula forms either from... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-algebra | Prealgebra is a common name for a course in middle school mathematics in the United States, usually taught in the 7th grade or 8th grade. The objective of it is to prepare students for the study of algebra. Usually, algebra is taught in the 8th and 9th grade.
As an intermediate stage after arithmetic, prealgebra helps... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Degrees%3A%20The%20Science%20of%20a%20Connected%20Age | Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (2004 in paperback, and 2003 in hardcover, ) is a popular science book by Duncan J. Watts covering the application of network theory to sociology.
The book covers Watts' own work on small-world networks, and continues on to cover scale-free networks, network searching, epid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20community%20metaphor | In computer science, the scientific community metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities. The first publications on the scientific community metaphor in 1981 and 1982 involved the development of a programming language named Ether that invoked procedural plans to process goals and assertion... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMA%20%28verification%20service%29 | SIGMA is an electronic verification service offered by Nielsen Media Research and is generally used for commercials, infomercials, video news releases, public service announcements, satellite media tours, and electronic press kits.
It operates by encoding the SIGMA encoder ID, date of encoding, and time of encoding i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20set%20theory%20topics | This page is a list of articles related to set theory.
Articles on individual set theory topics
Lists related to set theory
Glossary of set theory
List of large cardinal properties
List of properties of sets of reals
List of set identities and relations
Set theorists
Societies and organizations
Associati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20soil%20crust | Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate, plant community, microhabitats, and disturbance regimes. Biological soil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-function | In mathematics, the -function, typically denoted K(z), is a generalization of the hyperfactorial to complex numbers, similar to the generalization of the factorial to the gamma function.
Definition
Formally, the -function is defined as
It can also be given in closed form as
where denotes the derivative of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes%20G-function | In mathematics, the Barnes G-function G(z) is a function that is an extension of superfactorials to the complex numbers. It is related to the gamma function, the K-function and the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant, and was named after mathematician Ernest William Barnes. It can be written in terms of the double gamma functio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche%20%28P2P%29 | Avalanche is the name of a proposed peer-to-peer (P2P) network created by Pablo Rodriguez and Christos Gkantsidis at Microsoft, which claims to offer improved scalability and bandwidth efficiency compared to existing P2P systems.
The proposed system works in a similar way to BitTorrent, but aims to improve some of its... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair%20by%20association | In relation to psychology, pair by association is the action of associating a stimulus with an arbitrary idea or object, eliciting a response, usually emotional. This is done by repeatedly pairing the stimulus with the arbitrary object.
For example, repeatedly pairing images of beautiful women in bathing suits elicits... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20receptor | The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen peptides is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20SSEC | The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was an electromechanical computer built by IBM. Its design was started in late 1944 and it operated from January 1948 to August 1952. It had many of the features of a stored-program computer, and was the first operational machine able to treat its instructions as ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward%20induction | Backward induction is the process of reasoning backwards in time, from the end of a problem or situation, to determine a sequence of optimal actions. It proceeds by examining the last point at which a decision is to be made and then identifying what action would be most optimal at that moment. Using this information, o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Few-body%20systems | In mechanics, a few-body system consists of a small number of well-defined structures or point particles.
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, examples of few-body systems include light nuclear systems (that is, few-nucleon bound and scattering states), small molecules, light atoms (such as helium in an external e... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigram%20tagger | In computational linguistics, a trigram tagger is a statistical method for automatically identifying words as being nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. based on second order Markov models that consider triples of consecutive words. It is trained on a text corpus as a method to predict the next word, taking the pro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima%20glottidis | The rima glottidis is the opening between the two true vocal cords anteriorly, and the two arytenoid cartilages posteriorly. It is part of the larynx.
Anatomy
The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of larynx. It is longer (~23 mm) in males than in females (17-18 mm).
The rima glottidis is an aperture between the t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Voigt%20material | A Kelvin-Voigt material, also called a Voigt material, is the most simple model viscoelastic material showing typical rubbery properties. It is purely elastic on long timescales (slow deformation), but shows additional resistance to fast deformation. It is named after the British physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatitis | Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.
In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional defici... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20vector%20field | A projective vector field (projective) is a smooth vector field on a semi Riemannian manifold (p.ex. spacetime) whose flow preserves the geodesic structure of without necessarily preserving the affine parameter of any geodesic. More intuitively, the flow of the projective maps geodesics smoothly into geodesics witho... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction%20puzzles | Induction puzzles are logic puzzles, which are examples of multi-agent reasoning, where the solution evolves along with the principle of induction.
A puzzle's scenario always involves multiple players with the same reasoning capability, who go through the same reasoning steps. According to the principle of induction, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20optical%20disc%20authoring%20software | This is a list of optical disc authoring software.
Open source
Multi-platform
cdrtools, a comprehensive command line-based set of tools for creating and burning CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays
cdrkit, a fork of cdrtools by the Debian project
cdrdao, open source software for authoring and ripping of CDs in Disk-At-Once mode... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Tauber | Alfred Tauber (5 November 1866 – 26 July 1942) was an Austrian Empire-born Austrian mathematician, known for his contribution to mathematical analysis and to the theory of functions of a complex variable: he is the eponym of an important class of theorems with applications ranging from mathematical and harmonic analysi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupununi | The Rupununi is a region in the south-west of Guyana, bordering the Brazilian Amazon. The Rupununi river, also known by the local indigenous peoples as Raponani, flows through the Rupununi region. The name Rupununi originates from the word rapon in the Makushi language, in which it means the black-bellied whistling du... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic%20vector%20field | In physics, a homothetic vector field (sometimes homothetic collineation or homothety) is a projective vector field which satisfies the condition:
where c is a real constant. Homothetic vector fields find application in the study of singularities in general relativity. They can also be used to generate new solutions f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20vector%20field | An affine vector field (sometimes affine collineation or affine) is a projective vector field preserving geodesics and preserving the affine parameter. Mathematically, this is expressed by the following condition:
See also
Conformal vector field
Curvature collineation
Homothetic vector field
Killing vector field
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffing%20map | The Duffing map (also called as 'Holmes map') is a discrete-time dynamical system. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Duffing map takes a point (xn, yn) in the plane and maps it to a new point given by
The map depends on the two constants a and b. These are usually set to a = 2... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-dimensional%20Einstein%20gravity | Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity is any of various physical theories that attempt to generalise to higher dimensions various results of the well established theory of standard (four-dimensional) Einstein gravity, that is, general relativity. This attempt at generalisation has been strongly influenced in recent decad... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20wave | In elastodynamics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves. The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves (S-waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In sei... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoviridae | Chrysoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Members of the family are called chrysoviruses.
Virology
The capsid is about 35-40 nm in diameter. The genome has four segments (tetrapartite). These segments are separately encapsulated.
Taxonomy
The following genera are recognized:
Alphachrysovirus
Betac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidovirales | Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.
Member viru... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20reproduction | Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from whic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20integrator | In mathematics, a symplectic integrator (SI) is a numerical integration scheme for Hamiltonian systems. Symplectic integrators form the subclass of geometric integrators which, by definition, are canonical transformations. They are widely used in nonlinear dynamics, molecular dynamics, discrete element methods, acceler... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20beta | In statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system: (where is the temperature and is Boltzmann constant).
It was originally introduced in 1971 (as "coldness function") by , one of the proponents of the rational thermodynamics sch... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering | Layering is the process whereby the branch of a tree, or other plant, produces roots and is separated from the original plant, becoming a new, separate plant. Layering is utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.
Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click-through%20rate | Click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of clicks on a specific link to the number of times a page, email, or advertisement is shown. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website, as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns.
Click-through rates for ad campaign... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Bernoulli%20beam%20theory | Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case corresponding to small deflections of a beam that is subj... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam%20and%20Open%20Relay%20Blocking%20System | SORBS ("Spam and Open Relay Blocking System") is a list of e-mail servers suspected of sending or relaying spam (a DNS Blackhole List). It has been augmented with complementary lists that include various other classes of hosts, allowing for customized email rejection by its users.
History
The SORBS DNSbl project was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20algae | Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice.
On sea ice in the polar oceans, ice algae communities play an important role in primary production. The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sapolsky | Robert Morris Sapolsky (born April 6, 1957) is an American neuroendocrinology researcher and author. He is a professor of biology, neurology, neurological sciences, and neurosurgery at Stanford University. In addition, he is a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.
Early life and education
Sapolsky was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid%20cross | Dihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes. The idea of a dihybrid cross came from Gregor Mendel when he observed pea plants that were either yellow or green and either round or wrinkled. Crossing of two heterozygous individuals will result in pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20peptides | Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antimicr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticide | A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
They are obtained from organisms including plants, bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, etc. They are ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20photoemission%20spectroscopy | Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is a surface science technique used to study the unoccupied electronic structure of surfaces, thin films, and adsorbates. A well-collimated beam of electrons of a well defined energy (< 20 eV) is directed at the sample. These electrons couple to high-lying unoccupied electronic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of materials. The observations are very often referred to as physical adsorption or physisorption.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-configurational%20self-consistent%20field | Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) is a method in quantum chemistry used to generate qualitatively correct reference states of molecules in cases where Hartree–Fock and density functional theory are not adequate (e.g., for molecular ground states which are quasi-degenerate with low-lying excited states... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock | In computational chemistry, post–Hartree–Fock (post-HF) methods are the set of methods developed to improve on the Hartree–Fock (HF), or self-consistent field (SCF) method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method where repu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchlorhydria | Hyperchlorhydria, sometimes called chlorhydria, sour stomach or acid stomach, refers to the state in the stomach where gastric acid levels are higher than the reference range. The combining forms of the name (chlor- + hydr-), referring to chlorine and hydrogen, are the same as those in the name of hydrochloric acid, w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanolichen | Cyanolichens are lichens that apart from the basic fungal component ("mycobiont"), contain cyanobacteria, otherwise known as blue-green algae, as the photosynthesizing component ("photobiont"). Overall, about a third of lichen photobionts are cyanobacteria and the other two thirds are green algae.
Some lichens contai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutu%20%28plant%29 | Tutu is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria found in New Zealand.
Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the pl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Indianapolis | The flag of Indianapolis has a dark blue field with a white five-pointed star pointing upwards in the center. Around the star is a circular field in red. Surrounding the red field is a white ring, from which extend four white stripes from top to bottom and from hoist to fly, thus creating four equal quadrants in the fi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20Rain%20%28song%29 | "Purple Rain" is a song by American musician Prince and his backing band the Revolution. It is the title track from the 1984 album of the same name, which in turn is the soundtrack album for the 1984 film of the same name starring Prince, and was released as the third single from the album. The song is a power ballad t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticking%20probability | The sticking probability is the probability that molecules are trapped on surfaces and adsorb chemically. From Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, molecules cannot adsorb on surfaces when the adsorption sites are already occupied by other molecules, so the sticking probability can be expressed as follows:
where is the in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20tantalate | Lithium tantalate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiTaO3. It is a white, diamagnetic, water-insoluble solid. The compound has the perovskite structure. It has optical, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties that make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, te... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%E2%80%93Hurwitz%20theorem | In mathematics, the Routh–Hurwitz theorem gives a test to determine whether all roots of a given polynomial lie in the left half-plane. Polynomials with this property are called Hurwitz stable polynomials. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem is important in dynamical systems and control theory, because the characteristic polyno... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentation | In mathematics, pentation (or hyper-5) is the next hyperoperation (infinite sequence of arithmetic operations) after tetration and before hexation. It is defined as iterated (repeated) tetration (assuming right-associativity), just as tetration is iterated right-associative exponentiation. It is a binary operation defi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chaotic%20maps | In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (namely, an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems.
Chaot... |
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