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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s%20constant | In mathematics, Apéry's constant is the sum of the reciprocals of the positive cubes. That is, it is defined as the number
where is the Riemann zeta function. It has an approximate value of
.
The constant is named after Roger Apéry. It arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second-... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20capacity | In computing, Native capacity refers to the uncompressed storage capacity of any medium that is usually spoken of in compressed sizes. For example, tape cartridges are rated in compressed capacity, which usually assumes 2:1 compression ratio over the native capacity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20amplifier | A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a load. The term usually refers to a type of radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier, some of which have output power measured in kilowatts, and are used in amateur radio. Other types of linear ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20symmetry | In geometry, circular symmetry is a type of continuous symmetry for a planar object that can be rotated by any arbitrary angle and map onto itself.
Rotational circular symmetry is isomorphic with the circle group in the complex plane, or the special orthogonal group SO(2), and unitary group U(1). Reflective circular ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid%20%28mathematics%29 | This page discusses a class of topological groups. For the wrapped loop of wire, see Solenoid.
In mathematics, a solenoid is a compact connected topological space (i.e. a continuum) that may be obtained as the inverse limit of an inverse system of topological groups and continuous homomorphisms
where each is a circl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush%20syndrome | Crush syndrome (also traumatic rhabdomyolysis or Bywaters' syndrome) is a medical condition characterized by major shock and kidney failure after a crushing injury to skeletal muscle. Crush injury is compression of the arms, legs, or other parts of the body that causes muscle swelling and/or neurological disturbances i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Heinrich%20Matthaei | Johannes Heinrich Matthaei (born 4 May 1929) is a German biochemist. He is best known for his unique contribution to solving the genetic code on 15 May 1961.
Career
Whilst a post-doctoral visitor in the laboratory of Marshall Warren Nirenberg at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, he discovered that a synthetic RNA polynu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STN%20display | A super-twisted nematic (STN) display is a type of monochrome passive-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD).
History
This type of LCD was first patented by C. M. Waters and E. P. Raynes in 1982 whilst work was also conducted at the Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983. For years a better scheme fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20video | Reverse video (or invert video or inverse video or reverse screen) is a computer display technique whereby the background and text color values are inverted. On older computers, displays were usually designed to display text on a black background by default. For emphasis, the color scheme was swapped to bright backgrou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20restriction%20theorem | The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecos%20field | The gecos field, or GECOS field is a field in each record in the /etc/passwd file on Unix and similar operating systems. On UNIX, it is the 5th of 7 fields in a record.
It is typically used to record general information about the account or its user(s) such as their real name and phone number.
Format
The typical form... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel%20element | A vessel element or vessel member (also called a xylem vessel) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are found in angiosperms (flowering plants) but absent from gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymersome | In biotechnology, polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution. Polymersomes are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 µm or more. Most reported polymersomes contain an aqueous solution in th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%20integer | In mathematics, a natural number n is a Blum integer if is a semiprime for which p and q are distinct prime numbers congruent to 3 mod 4. That is, p and q must be of the form , for some integer t. Integers of this form are referred to as Blum primes. This means that the factors of a Blum integer are Gaussian primes wi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia%20nova | Astronomia nova (English: New Astronomy, full title in original Latin: ) is a book, published in 1609, that contains the results of the astronomer Johannes Kepler's ten-year-long investigation of the motion of Mars.
One of the most significant books in the history of astronomy, the Astronomia nova provided strong ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20motu%20corporum%20in%20gyrum | (from Latin: "On the motion of bodies in an orbit"; abbreviated ) is the presumed title of a manuscript by Isaac Newton sent to Edmond Halley in November 1684. The manuscript was prompted by a visit from Halley earlier that year when he had questioned Newton about problems then occupying the minds of Halley and his sci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatom | An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20poker | Mental poker is the common name for a set of cryptographic problems that concerns playing a fair game over distance without the need for a trusted third party. The term is also applied to the theories surrounding these problems and their possible solutions. The name comes from the card game poker which is one of the ga... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas%20Volume%20Manager | The Veritas Volume Manager (VVM or VxVM) is a proprietary logical volume manager from Veritas (which was part of Symantec until January 2016).
Details
It is available for Windows, AIX, Solaris, Linux, and HP-UX. A modified version is bundled with HP-UX as its built-in volume manager. It offers volume management and Mu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing%20and%20wavelength%20assignment | The routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem is an optical networking problem with the goal of maximizing the number of optical connections.
Definition
The general objective of the RWA problem is to maximize the number of established connections. Each connection request must be given a route and wavelength. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs%20involving%20the%20addition%20of%20natural%20numbers | This article contains mathematical proofs for some properties of addition of the natural numbers: the additive identity, commutativity, and associativity. These proofs are used in the article Addition of natural numbers.
Definitions
This article will use the Peano axioms for the definition of natural numbers. With the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Scarpa | Antonio Scarpa (9 May 1752 – 31 October 1832) was an Italian anatomist and professor.
Biography
Scarpa was born to an impoverished family in the frazione of Lorenzaga, Motta di Livenza, Veneto. An uncle, who was a member of the priesthood, gave him instruction until the age of 15, when he passed the entrance exam for ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficits%20in%20attention%2C%20motor%20control%20and%20perception | DAMP—deficits in attention, motor control, and perception—is a psychiatric concept conceived by Christopher Gillberg. DAMP is defined by the presence of five properties: Problems of attention, gross and fine motor skills, perceptual deficits, and speech-language impairments. While routinely diagnosed in Scandinavian co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20signaling | Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Ca2+ can act in si... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check%20Point | Check Point is an American-Israeli multinational provider of software and combined hardware and software products for IT security, including network security, endpoint security, cloud security, mobile security, data security and security management.
, the company has approximately 6,000 employees worldwide. Headquarte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20refraction | Negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for (electric) permitti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave%20approximation | The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder%20ratio | Rudder ratio refers to a value that is monitored by the computerized flight control systems in modern aircraft. The ratio relates the aircraft airspeed to the rudder deflection setting that is in effect at the time. As an aircraft accelerates, the deflection of the rudder needs to be reduced proportionately within the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Gravitational%20Physics | The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) is a Max Planck Institute whose research is aimed at investigating Einstein's theory of relativity and beyond: Mathematics, quantum gravity, astrophysical relativity, and gravitational-wave astronomy. The institute was founded in 1995 and is... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20catfish | Electric catfish or Malapteruridae is a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes). This family includes two genera, Malapterurus and Paradoxoglanis, with 21 species. Several species of this family have the ability to generate electricity, delivering a shock of up to 350 volts from its electric organ. Electric catfish ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20optics | Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam.
Electron optics calculations are crucial ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles%20and%20fixed%20points | In mathematics, the cycles of a permutation of a finite set S correspond bijectively to the orbits of the subgroup generated by acting on S. These orbits are subsets of S that can be written as , such that
for , and .
The corresponding cycle of is written as ( c1 c2 ... cn ); this expression is not unique since ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20set%20property | In descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space has the perfect set property if it is either countable or has a nonempty perfect subset (Kechris 1995, p. 150). Note that having the perfect set property is not the same as being a perfect set.
As nonempty perfect sets in a Polish space always have the cardinality ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroceramics | Electroceramics are a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties.
While ceramics have traditionally been admired and used for their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key techno... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20solution | A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two different kinds of atoms in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word "solution" is used to describe the intimate mixing of components at th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Radziszowski | Stanisław P. Radziszowski (born June 7, 1953) is a Polish-American mathematician and computer scientist, best known for his work in Ramsey theory.
Radziszowski was born in Gdańsk, Poland, and received his PhD from the Institute of Informatics of the University of Warsaw in 1980. His thesis topic was "Logic and Comple... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Saovabha%20Memorial%20Institute | The Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) (; ) in Bangkok, Thailand, is an institute that specialises in the husbandry of venomous snakes, the extraction and research of snake venom, and vaccines, especially rabies vaccine. It houses the snake farm, a popular tourist attraction.
The origins of the institute can be ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantronics%20Colorplus | The Plantronics Colorplus is a graphics card for IBM PC computers, first sold in 1982. It is a superset of the then-current CGA standard, using the same monitor standard (4-bit digital TTL RGBI monitor) and providing the same pixel resolutions. It was produced by Frederick Electronics (of Frederick, Maryland), a subsi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Cryobiology | The Society for Cryobiology is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. Its objectives are to promote research in low temperature biology, to improve scientific understanding in this field, and to disseminate and aid in the application of this knowledge. The Society also publishes a journal called ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20electricity | Atmospheric electricity describes the electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon%20asymmetry | In physical cosmology, the baryon asymmetry problem, also known as the matter asymmetry problem or the matter–antimatter asymmetry problem, is the observed imbalance in baryonic matter (the type of matter experienced in everyday life) and antibaryonic matter in the observable universe. Neither the standard model of par... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARCstation | The SPARCstation, SPARCserver and SPARCcenter product lines are a series of SPARC-based computer workstations and servers in desktop, desk side (pedestal) and rack-based form factor configurations, that were developed and sold by Sun Microsystems.
The first SPARCstation was the SPARCstation 1 (also known as the Sun 4/... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20flow%20rate | In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is (ṁ, pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes μ (Greek lowercase mu) is used.
Sometimes,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somos%27%20quadratic%20recurrence%20constant | In mathematics, Somos' quadratic recurrence constant, named after Michael Somos, is the number
This can be easily re-written into the far more quickly converging product representation
which can then be compactly represented in infinite product form by:
The constant σ arises when studying the asymptotic behaviour o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saethre%E2%80%93Chotzen%20syndrome | Saethre–Chotzen syndrome (SCS), also known as acrocephalosyndactyly type III, is a rare congenital disorder associated with craniosynostosis (premature closure of one or more of the sutures between the bones of the skull). This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi%20International | Digi International is an American Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology company with headquarters based in Hopkins, Minnesota. The company was founded in 1985 and went public as Digi International in 1989. The company initially offered intelligent ISA/PCI boards (the 'DigiBoard') with multiple asynchronous se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20cryptography | Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very high (usually unsurmountable) level of protection against any eavesdropper, including the government agencies. There is no precise definition of the boundary line b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20capacity | Spatial capacity is an indicator of "data intensity" in a transmission medium. It is usually used in conjunction with wireless transport mechanisms. This is analogous to the way that lumens per square meter determine illumination intensity.
Spatial capacity focuses not only on bit rates for data transfer but on bit ra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate%20peeling | Bitrate peeling is a technique used in Ogg Vorbis audio encoded streams, wherein a stream can be encoded at one bitrate but can be served at that or any lower bitrate.
The purpose is to provide access to the clip for people with slower Internet connections, and yet still allow people with faster connections to enjoy t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline%20gallon%20equivalent | Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of an alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline. GGE allows consumers to compare the energy content of competing fuels against a commonly known fuel, namely gasoline.
It is difficult to compa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20the%20Interdisciplinary%20Study%20of%20Symmetry | The International Symmetry Society ("International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry"; abbreviated name SIS) is an international non-governmental, non-profit organization registered in Hungary (Budapest, Vármegye u. 7. II. 3., H-1052).
Its main objectives are:
to bring together artists and scientist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolith | Phytoliths (from Greek, "plant stone") are rigid, microscopic structures made of silica, found in some plant tissues and persisting after the decay of the plant. These plants take up silica from the soil, whereupon it is deposited within different intracellular and extracellular structures of the plant. Phytoliths com... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLF | AMOLF is a research institute and part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO). AMOLF carries out fundamental research on the physics and design principles of natural and man-made complex matter. AMOLF uses these insights to create novel functional materials and find new solutions to societal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Reviews%20Genetics | Nature Reviews Genetics is a monthly review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in 2000 and covers the full breadth of modern genetics. The editor-in-chief is Linda Koch. The journal publishes review and perspective articles written by experts in the field subject to peer review and copy editing t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20Traps%20and%20Pitfalls | C Traps and Pitfalls is a slim computer programming book by former AT&T Corporation researcher and programmer Andrew Koenig, its first edition still in print in 2017, which outlines the many ways in which beginners and even sometimes quite experienced C programmers can write poor, malfunctioning and dangerous source co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20finch | Known as the Society finch in North America and the Bengali finch or Bengalese finch elsewhere, Lonchura striata domestica is a domesticated finch not found in nature. It became a popular cage and trade bird after appearing in European zoos in the 1860s where it was imported from Japan. There have been many theories of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio%20C%C3%A9sar%20de%20Mello%20e%20Souza | Júlio César de Mello e Souza (Rio de Janeiro, May 6, 1895 – Recife, June 18, 1974), was a Brazilian writer and mathematics teacher. He was well known in Brazil and abroad for his books on recreational mathematics, most of them published under the pen names of Malba Tahan and Breno de Alencar Bianco.
He wrote 69 novels... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1458%20%28number%29 | 1458 is the integer after 1457 and before 1459.
The maximum determinant of an 11 by 11 matrix of zeroes and ones is 1458.
1458 is one of three numbers which, when its base 10 digits are added together, produces a sum which, when multiplied by its reversed self, yields the original number:
1 + 4 + 5 + 8 = 18
18 × 8... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20and%20open-source%20graphics%20device%20driver | A free and open-source graphics device driver is a software stack which controls computer-graphics hardware and supports graphics-rendering application programming interfaces (APIs) and is released under a free and open-source software license. Graphics device drivers are written for specific hardware to work within a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok%20Radio | Springbok Radio (spelled Springbokradio in Afrikaans, ) was a South African nationwide radio station that operated from 1950 to 1986.
History
SABC's decision in December 1945 to develop a commercial service was constrained by post-war financial issues. After almost five years of investigation and after consulting Lord... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroarchaeology | Dendroarchaeology is a term used for the study of vegetation remains, old buildings, artifacts, furniture, art and musical instruments using the techniques of dendrochronology (tree-ring dating). It refers to dendrochronological research of wood from the past regardless of its current physical context (in or above the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocade%20Communications%20Systems | Brocade was an American technology company specializing in storage networking products, now a subsidiary of Broadcom Inc. The company is known for its Fibre Channel storage networking products and technology. Prior to the acquisition, the company expanded into adjacent markets including a wide range of IP/Ethernet hard... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside%20broadcasting | Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP) of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news and sports television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional video camera and microphone signals come into the production truck for processing, record... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoheterotroph | Photoheterotrophs (Gk: photo = light, hetero = (an)other, troph = nourishment) are heterotrophic phototrophs—that is, they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirement... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20data%20type | In computer programming languages, a recursive data type (also known as a recursively-defined, inductively-defined or inductive data type) is a data type for values that may contain other values of the same type. Data of recursive types are usually viewed as directed graphs.
An important application of recursion in co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett%20film | A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films—or Langmuir monolayers (LM)—are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity%20focus | In optics and photography, infinity focus is the state where a lens or other optical system forms an image of an object an infinite distance away. This corresponds to the point of focus for parallel rays. The image is formed at the focal point of the lens.
In simple two lens systems such as a refractor telescope, the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20redirector | In DOS and Windows, a network redirector, or redirector, is an operating system driver that sends data to and receives data from a remote device. A network redirector provides mechanisms to locate, open, read, write, and delete files and submit print jobs.
It provides application services such as named pipes and MailS... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image-forming%20optical%20system | In optics, an image-forming optical system is a system capable of being used for imaging. The diameter of the aperture of the main objective is a common criterion for comparison among optical systems, such as large telescopes.
The two traditional optical systems are mirror-systems (catoptrics) and lens-systems (dioptr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinny | are a fictional race of creatures primarily in Nippon Ichi's Disgaea series of role-playing games. First appearing in Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, they have appeared in all later titles by the company, as well as on various merchandise such as hats and plush toys. With a few notable exceptions, they are voiced by Junji M... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptrics | Catoptrics (from katoptrikós, "specular", from katoptron "mirror") deals with the phenomena of reflected light and image-forming optical systems using mirrors. A catoptric system is also called a catopter (catoptre).
Ancient texts
Catoptrics is the title of two texts from ancient Greece:
The Pseudo-Euclidean Catoptr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtribe | Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants). The early use of this word is from 19th century. An example of a subtribe is Hyptidinae, a group of flowering plants that contains approximately 400 ac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking%20Glass%20server | Looking Glass servers (LG servers) are servers on the Internet running one of a variety of publicly available Looking Glass software implementations. They are commonly deployed by autonomous systems (AS) to offer access to their routing infrastructure in order to facilitate debugging network issues. A Looking Glass ser... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains%20hum | Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity. The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60Hz, i.e.100/120Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency. The sound often h... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole%20ion%20trap | In experimental physics, a quadrupole ion trap or paul trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul, who invented the device and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. It ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20redundancy | Genetic redundancy is a term typically used to describe situations where a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more genes. In these cases, mutations (or defects) in one of these genes will have a smaller effect on the fitness of the organism than expected from the genes’ function. Characteristic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20charge | A surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a su... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored%20language%20model | The factored language model (FLM) is an extension of a conventional language model introduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector of k factors: An FLM provides the probabilistic model where the prediction of a factor is based on parents . For example, if repres... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Moccanooga | Chief Moccanooga was the former athletic mascot for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, until 1996, when the university abandoned the mascot as potentially offensive at the request of the Chattanooga InterTribal Association. Chief Moccanooga was replaced with a mockingbird, the state bird of Tennessee, and the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20numbers%20of%20the%20second%20kind | In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, a Stirling number of the second kind (or Stirling partition number) is the number of ways to partition a set of n objects into k non-empty subsets and is denoted by or . Stirling numbers of the second kind occur in the field of mathematics called combinatorics and the st... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20numbers%20of%20the%20first%20kind | In mathematics, especially in combinatorics, Stirling numbers of the first kind arise in the study of permutations. In particular, the Stirling numbers of the first kind count permutations according to their number of cycles (counting fixed points as cycles of length one).
The Stirling numbers of the first and second... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20search | Stack search (also known as Stack decoding algorithm) is a search algorithm similar to beam search. It can be used to explore tree-structured search spaces and is often employed in Natural language processing applications, such as parsing of natural languages, or for decoding of error correcting codes where the techniq... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound%E2%80%93Rebka%20experiment | The Pound–Rebka experiment monitored frequency shifts in gamma rays as they rose and fell in the gravitational field of the Earth. The experiment tested Einstein's 1907 and 1911 predictions, based on the equivalence principle, that photons would gain energy when descending a gravitational potential, and would lose ener... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20algebra%20systems | The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language. A CAS may include a user interface and graphics capabi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20lifting | Lambda lifting is a meta-process that restructures a computer program so that functions are defined independently of each other in a global scope. An individual "lift" transforms a local function into a global function. It is a two step process, consisting of;
Eliminating free variables in the function by adding par... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng%20Liansong | Zeng Liansong (; 17 December 1917–19 October 1999) was a Chinese supply chain manager and former secret agent of the Chinese Communist Party. He designed the National Flag of the People's Republic of China and previously served as deputy manager of Shanghai City Daily Necessities Company.
Early life and education
Zen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic%20fracture | Supersonic fractures are fractures where the fracture propagation velocity is higher than the speed of sound in the material. This phenomenon was first discovered by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (Markus J. Buehler and Huajian Gao) and IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal%20lobar%20degeneration | Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a pathological process that occurs in frontotemporal dementia. It is characterized by atrophy in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe of the brain, with sparing of the parietal and occipital lobes.
Common proteinopathies that are found in FTLD include the accumulation of tau p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20energy%20length%20scale | The characteristic energy length scale describes the size of the region from which energy flows to a rapidly moving crack. If material properties change within the characteristic energy length scale, local wave speeds can dominate crack dynamics. This can lead to supersonic fracture.
Materials science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark%20repellent | A shark repellent is any method of driving sharks away from an area. Shark repellents are a category of animal repellents. Shark repellent technologies include magnetic shark repellent, electropositive shark repellents, electrical repellents, and semiochemicals. Shark repellents can be used to protect people from shark... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheavy%20element | Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 103. The superheavy elements are those beyond the actinides in the periodic table; the last actinide is lawrencium (atomic number 103). By definition, superheavy ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally%20measurable%20set | In mathematics, a subset of a Polish space is universally measurable if it is measurable with respect to every complete probability measure on that measures all Borel subsets of . In particular, a universally measurable set of reals is necessarily Lebesgue measurable (see below).
Every analytic set is universally... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20ensemble | In cryptography, a distribution ensemble or probability ensemble is a family of distributions or random variables where is a (countable) index set, and each is a random variable, or probability distribution. Often and it is required that each have a certain property for n sufficiently large.
For example, a unifor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20ensemble | In cryptography, a pseudorandom ensemble is a family of variables meeting the following criteria:
Let be a uniform ensemble
and be an ensemble. The ensemble is called pseudorandom if and
are indistinguishable in polynomial time. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm%20diffusion | The diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field was conjectured to follow the Bohm diffusion scaling as indicated from the early plasma experiments of very lossy machines. This predicted that the rate of diffusion was linear with temperature and inversely linear with the strength of the confining magnetic field.
The r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Sahl%20%28mathematician%29 | Ibn Sahl (full name: Abū Saʿd al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl ; c. 940–1000) was a Persian mathematician and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age, associated with the Buyid court of Baghdad.
Nothing in his name allows us to glimpse his country of origin.
He is known to have written an optical treatise around 984. The text of this ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric%20factor | The acentric factor is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be useful in the description of fluids. It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single & pure components, along with other state description parameters such as molecular weight, critical temperature, critical ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein | Lutein (; from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants, and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological%20adaptation | A psychological adaptation is a functional, cognitive or behavioral trait that benefits an organism in its environment. Psychological adaptations fall under the scope of evolved psychological mechanisms (EPMs), however, EPMs refer to a less restricted set. Psychological adaptations include only the functional traits th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CESU-8 | The Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8) is a variant of UTF-8 that is described in Unicode Technical Report #26. A Unicode code point from the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), i.e. a code point in the range U+0000 to U+FFFF, is encoded in the same way as in UTF-8. A Unicode supplementary character... |
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