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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ase
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The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform, rather than substrate, e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes (assembles) DNA into strands is called polymerase; see also reverse transcriptase.
Etymology
The -ase suffix is a libfix derived from "diastase", the first recognized enzyme. Its usage in subsequently discovered enzymes was proposed by Émile Duclaux, with the intention of honoring the first scientists to isolate diastase.
See also
Amylase
DNA polymerase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Calvez
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Vincent Calvez (born 24 August 1981) is a French mathematician. He is currently a directeur de recherche (senior researcher) at the Institute Camille Jordan at the Claude Bernard University Lyon 1. He is known for his work in mathematical modeling in biology, especially in the movement of bacteria.
Biography
Born in Saint-Malo, he attended lycee in Brest, he eventually gained admission to and attended École normale supérieure (Paris).
He obtained his agrégation in 2005 and did his thesis in mathematics under Bernoit Perthame at the University of Paris 6, finishing in 2007. In 2008, he took a position as a chargé de recherche at the École normale supérieure de Lyon in the Unité de mathématiques pures et appliquées (UMPA) in 2008. He defended his habilitation in 2015 and obtained the position of Directeur de Recherche at Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 in 2016.
Since 2014, he has been an associate editor of the Journal of Mathematical Biology, and, since 2018, he has been an associate editor of the SIAM Journal of Mathematical Analysis.
Aside from research, Calvez is also involved in the popularization of mathematics by coordinating the travelling exhibition “Mathàlyon,” intended for junior high and high school students.
Research
Calvez's early research involved the development of models for the collective movements of bacteria via chemotaxis using kinetic models. This model describes both the individual movements of bacteria and the transport of colonies as a whole, and satisfactorily explains the specific characters of this movement. Later, he worked in collaboration with biophysicists to find a new explanation for cell polarization and in collaboration with ecologists on models for invasion fronts.
Bibliography
Calvez, V.; Lenuzza, N.; Oelz, D.; Deslys, J.-P.; Laurent, P.; Mouthon, F.; Perthame, B. "Size distribution dependence of prion aggregates infectivity". Math. Biosci. 217 (2009), no. 1, 88–99.
Calvez, V.; Corrias, L. "The parabolic-paraboli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20in%20paleobotany
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This article records new taxa of fossil plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that are scheduled to occur in the year 2020.
Flowering plants
Alismatales
Apiales
Arecales
Buxales
Caryophyllales
Chloranthales
Cornales
Crossosomatales
Cucurbitales
Ericales
Fabales
Fagales
Garryales
Gentianales
Icacinales
Lamiales
Laurales
Liliales
Magnoliales
Malpighiales
Malvales
Myrtales
Nymphaeales
Oxalidales
Poales
Proteales
Ranunculales
Rosales
Sapindales
Saxifragales
Solanales
Trochodendrales
Vitales
Other angiosperms
Pinales
Other seed plants
Other plants
General research
A study on the evolutionary history of green plants is published by Nie et al. (2020).
Description of new fossil material of Yurtusia uniformis from the Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation (China) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships and possible life cycle of this organism is published by Shang et al. (2020), who consider Y. uniformis to be a likely green microalga.
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil complex thalloid liverworts (Marchantiidae) is published by Flores et al. (2020).
Evidence of development of dichotomous roots in euphyllophytes that were extant during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods is presented by Hetherington, Berry & Dolan (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that dichotomous root branching evolved in both lycophytes and euphyllophytes.
An early land plant producing multiple spore size classes is described from the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation (Canada) by Bonacorsi et al. (2020).
A study on the impact of the appearance and evolution of herbivorous tetrapods on the evolution of land plants from the Carboniferous to the Early Triassic is published by Brocklehurst, Kammerer & Benson (2020).
A study on the production of periderm in Late Paleozoic arborescent lycopsids is published by D'Antonio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20deposition
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Particle deposition is the spontaneous attachment of particles to surfaces. The particles in question are normally colloidal particles, while the surfaces involved may be planar, curved, or may represent particles much larger in size than the depositing ones (e.g., sand grains). Deposition processes may be triggered by appropriate hydrodynamic flow conditions and favorable particle-surface interactions. Depositing particles may just form a monolayer which further inhibits additional particle deposition, and thereby one refers to surface blocking. Initially attached particles may also serve as seeds for further particle deposition, which leads to the formation of thicker particle deposits, and this process is termed as surface ripening or fouling. While deposition processes are normally irreversible, initially deposited particles may also detach. The latter process is known as particle release and is often triggered by the addition of appropriate chemicals or a modification in flow conditions.
Microorganisms may deposit to surfaces in a similar fashion as colloidal particles. When macromolecules, such as proteins, polymers or polyelectrolytes attach to surfaces, one rather calls this process adsorption. While adsorption of macromolecules largely resembles particle deposition, macromolecules may substantially deform during adsorption. The present article mainly deals with particle deposition from liquids, but similar process occurs when aerosols or dust deposit from the gas phase.
Initial stages
A particle may diffuse to a surface in quiescent conditions, but this process is inefficient as a thick depletion layer develops, which leads to a progressive slowing down of the deposition. When particle deposition is efficient, it proceeds almost exclusively in a system under flow. In such conditions, the hydrodynamic flow will transport the particles close to the surface. Once a particle is situated close to the surface, it will attach spontaneously, when the particle-sur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated%20pentagonal%20gyrobicupola
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In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrobicupola () by inserting a decagonal prism between its congruent halves. Rotating one of the pentagonal cupolae () through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal orthobicupola ().
Formulae
The following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migme
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mig33 is a global digital media company focused on emerging markets. The company was registered in Australia and was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX:MIG) from 11 August 2014 to 22 August 2017. There is also a secondary listing on the Deutsche Borse (WKN: A117AB). The company was formed in Perth, Australia in 2006 and commenced operations under the name mig33. In 2014, it was rebranded migme (and underwent a product and corporate overhaul). FIH Mobile, a handset unit of Taiwanese consumer electronics group Hon Hai Precision, took a 19.9% stake in the company in 2014. Originally developed as a social chatting and gaming application for feature phones, migme has grown to become a mobile entertainment platform that services Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The company headquarters are in Singapore.
History
mig33 was founded by Steven Goh and Mei Lin Ng in Perth, Australia in 2006. In 2007, it shifted operations to Silicon Valley where it focused on developing its engineering and technology capabilities and secured new venture capital. During this time, it acquired significant users in emerging markets of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
In 2012, it shifted its headquarters in Singapore to be closer to ghg Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Nepal, India and Bangladesh.
The firm develops applications for Android, WAP, BlackBerry and web platforms. It has also released applications on legacy J2ME-based devices. The product was developed using open-source systems, and features group chat, social gaming and blogging functions as well as virtual gifting. Its revamped microblogging service, launched in 2013, enables users to post up to 300 characters.
Rebrand, investment and listing
On 10 June 2014 the company changed its name to migme Limited, and acquired alivenotdead.com, a Hong Kong-based artist community website co-founded by Patrick Lee, former chief executive of film review site rottentomatoes.com. Also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaconazole
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Posaconazole, sold under the brand name Noxafil among others, is a triazole antifungal medication.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2006, and is available as a generic medication.
Medical uses
Posaconazole is used to treat invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections. It is also used for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), including OPC refractory to itraconazole and/or fluconazole therapy.
It is also used to treat invasive infections by Candida, Mucor, and Aspergillus species in severely immunocompromised patients.
Clinical evidence for its utility in treatment of invasive disease caused by Fusarium species (fusariosis) is limited.
It appears to be helpful in a mouse model of naegleriasis.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Posaconazole works by disrupting the close packing of acyl chains of phospholipids, impairing the functions of certain membrane-bound enzyme systems such as ATPase and enzymes of the electron transport system, thus inhibiting growth of the fungi. It does this by blocking the synthesis of ergosterol by inhibiting of the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase and accumulation of methylated sterol precursors. Posaconazole is significantly more potent at inhibiting 14-alpha demethylase than itraconazole.
Microbiology
Posaconazole is active against the following microorganisms:
Candida spp.
Aspergillus spp.
Zygomycetes spp.
Pharmacokinetics
Posaconazole is absorbed within three to five hours. It is predominantly eliminated through the liver, and has a half-life of about 35 hours. Oral administration of posaconazole taken with a high-fat meal exceeds 90% bioavailability and increases the concentration by four times compared to fasting state.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20universe
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A de Sitter universe is a cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, named after Willem de Sitter. It models the universe as spatially flat and neglects ordinary matter, so the dynamics of the universe are dominated by the cosmological constant, thought to correspond to dark energy in our universe or the inflaton field in the early universe. According to the models of inflation and current observations of the accelerating universe, the concordance models of physical cosmology are converging on a consistent model where our universe was best described as a de Sitter universe at about a time seconds after the fiducial Big Bang singularity, and far into the future.
Mathematical expression
A de Sitter universe has no ordinary matter content but with a positive cosmological constant () that sets the expansion rate, . A larger cosmological constant leads to a larger expansion rate:
where the constants of proportionality depend on conventions.
It is common to describe a patch of this solution as an expanding universe of the FLRW form where the scale factor is given by
where the constant is the Hubble expansion rate and is time. As in all FLRW spaces, , the scale factor, describes the expansion of physical spatial distances.
Unique to universes described by the FLRW metric, a de Sitter universe has a Hubble Law that is not only consistent through all space, but also through all time (since the deceleration parameter is ), thus satisfying the perfect cosmological principle that assumes isotropy and homogeneity throughout space and time. There are ways to cast de Sitter space with static coordinates (see de Sitter space), so unlike other FLRW models, de Sitter space can be thought of as a static solution to Einstein's equations even though the geodesics followed by observers necessarily diverge as expected from the expansion of physical spatial dimensions. As a model for the universe, de Sitter's solution was not considered viable for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20medicine
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An oral medicine or stomatology doctor/dentist (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region, essentially as a "physician of the mouth".
History
The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-stomato- + -ology).
In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist, Thomas E Bond authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868. Jonathan Hutchinson is also considered the father of oral medicine by some.
Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of periodontics, with many periodontists achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics.
Scope
Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine%20palmitoyltransferase%20II
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Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.
Function
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II precursor (CPT2) is a mitochondrial membrane protein which is transported to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CPT2 together with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I oxidizes long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. Defects in this gene are associated with mitochondrial long-chain fatty-acid (LCFA) oxidation disorders and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of CPT2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Cpt2tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping
See also
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil%20history%20of%20flowering%20plants
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The fossil history of flowering plants records the development of flowers and other distinctive structures of the angiosperms, now the dominant group of plants on land. The history is controversial as flowering plants appear in great diversity in the Cretaceous, with scanty and debatable records before that, creating a puzzle for evolutionary biologists that Charles Darwin named an "abominable mystery".
Paleozoic
Fossilised spores suggest that land plants (embryophytes) have existed for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrial life was the development of upright sporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms was enclosing the female gamete in a case, the seed.
The first seed-bearing plants were gymnosperms, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs). These did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (male gametophytes) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.
Angiosperms appear suddenly and in great diversity in the fossil record in the Early Cretaceous. This poses such a problem for the theory of gradual evolution that Charles Darwin called it an "abominable mystery". Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvatia%20cyathiformis
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Calvatia cyathiformis, or purple-spored puffball, is a large edible saprobic species of Calvatia. This terrestrial puffball has purplish or purple-brown spores, which distinguish it from other large Agaricales. It is found mostly in prairie or grasslands of North America, Australia, and Saiyan Village, Pakistan .
Description
The fruiting body is high and/or broad. When young it is relatively smooth and spherical or slightly flattened and purplish or brownish. It has a chocolate-brown or purple-colored gleba with a smooth exoperidium. As it matures it often becomes pear or irregularly-shaped and the exterior skin takes on a dark or silvery colour. As it ages the exterior dries and cracks and the fleshy spore-bearing interior breaks away to be distributed by wind and rain. After the spores completely disperse, "a soft leathery cup-shaped sterile base lightly rooted to the ground remains".
According to MushroomExpert.Com, the spores are "3.5–7.5 µ; round, spiny or warty to nearly smooth. Capillitial threads 3–7.5 µ wide; thick-walled; minutely pitted."
The spore mass turns from white to yellow to dull purple or purple-brown at maturity. It is said to be edible until the flesh begins to turn to a tan colour.
To make a meal from most mushrooms, you probably hope to find at least a half dozen to a dozen, depending on the size. The large Calvatia species are special, because one or two at the most will probably be sufficient for a dinner for two. While this puffball does not have a strong flavor of its own, it is still quite good, and its ability to absorb flavors makes it a rewarding find.Lycoperdon utriforme is a similar species.
Distribution in Australia
This is a common puffball in grazing paddocks and grassed areas around the wet areas of Australia in the southwest of Western Australia, and from Adelaide in South Australia to Cooktown, on Cape York Peninsula, as well as in Darwin, Northern Territory.
Footnotes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20acquisition
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Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real-world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS, DAQ, or DAU, typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:
Sensors, to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
Signal conditioning circuitry, to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values.
Analog-to-digital converters, to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
Data acquisition applications are usually controlled by software programs developed using various general purpose programming languages such as Assembly, BASIC, C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, LabVIEW, Lisp, Pascal, etc. Stand-alone data acquisition systems are often called data loggers.
There are also open-source software packages providing all the necessary tools to acquire data from different, typically specific, hardware equipment. These tools come from the scientific community where complex experiment requires fast, flexible, and adaptable software. Those packages are usually custom-fit but more general DAQ packages like the Maximum Integrated Data Acquisition System can be easily tailored and are used in several physics experiments.
History
In 1963, IBM produced computers that specialized in data acquisition. These include the IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System, and its successor, the IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System. These expensive specialized systems were surpassed in 1974 by general-purpose S-100 computers and data acquisition cards produced by Tecmar/Scientific Solutions Inc. In 1981 IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer and Scientific Solutions introduced the first PC data acquisition products.
Methodology
Sources and systems
Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical prop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylebase%20for%20Eclipse
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Stylebase for Eclipse is a free and open-source tool for software architects and designers. The tool is an extension to Eclipse, the most widely used open source integrated development environment. Stylebase is a knowledge base of architectural models, e.g. architectural patterns, design patterns, reference architectures, macro- and microarchitectures. Stylebase for Eclipse is a tool for browsing and maintaining the stylebase.
Stylebase for Eclipse assist in quality- and model-driven architecture design. Quality-driven architecture design relies on the assumption that architectural patterns and styles, and also design patterns, embody different quality attributes. When patterns are applied in the architecture, quality characteristics of the selected patterns are reflected to the entire software architecture. Stylebase for Eclipse helps an architect in selecting styles and patterns which best promote the system's desired quality goals. Stylebase also aims to improve knowledge sharing and the reuse of architectural models in local and distributed development teams. Thereby, using the tool is claimed to increase both the productivity of development teams and quality of software products.
Stylebase for Eclipse open source community is coordinated by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. The tool can be modified and redistributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence. The first version of the tool was published in October 2006 and 4 new releases have been published since them. Stylebase for Eclipse is in early phase of its life cycle - the currently available release is still a Beta version.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20diagonal
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In linear algebra, the main diagonal (sometimes principal diagonal, primary diagonal, leading diagonal, major diagonal, or good diagonal) of a matrix is the list of entries where . All off-diagonal elements are zero in a diagonal matrix. The following four matrices have their main diagonals indicated by red ones:
Antidiagonal
The antidiagonal (sometimes counter diagonal, secondary diagonal, trailing diagonal, minor diagonal, off diagonal, or bad diagonal) of an order square matrix is the collection of entries such that for all . That is, it runs from the top right corner to the bottom left corner.
See also
Trace
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAGE%20cDNA%20clones
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IMAGE cDNA clones are a collection of DNA vectors containing cDNAs from various organisms including human, mouse, rat, non-human primates, zebrafish, pufferfish, Xenopus (frogs), and cow. Together they represent a more or less complete set of expressed genes from these organisms. IMAGE stands for integrated molecular analysis of genomes and their expression.
Curators
From 1993 to 2007, the cDNA library was maintained by the IMAGE Consortium, a joint effort of four academic groups led by Drs. Greg Lennon, Charles Auffray, Mihael Polymeropoulos, and Marcelo Bento Soares. At the end of 2007, the consortium handed over operations and stocks to a company associated with Open Biosystems.
See also
complementary DNA (cDNA)
cDNA library
expressed sequence tags (EST)
vector (molecular biology)
cloning vector
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Pivar
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Stuart Pivar (born 1930) is an American art collector from Brooklyn, New York known for being one of the founders of the New York Academy of Art along with Andy Warhol. Trained as a scientist, he has long endorsed the study of anatomy and need for artists to acquire technical skills. Pivar grew his fortune in the plastics industry and is also the author of several books.
Early life and education
Stuart Pivar was born 1930 in Brooklyn, New York to a father who imported velvet ribbons and a mother known for being "intensely style-conscious". Pivar speaks Yiddish and was brought up in a Jewish family. He began collecting objects at age 7, starting with insects in Central Park, and later bottle caps on Kings Highway at age 8. He spent time at a summer camp in Kingston, New York. Pivar attended Brooklyn Technical High School before going on to earn a B.Sc in chemistry at Hofstra University, graduating in 1951.
Career
In 1959, Pivar founded Chemtainer Industries, a business that specialised in bulk-storage plastic containers. As an inventor, he made a large fortune in plastics. While remaining active in the plastics industry, he became an independently wealthy investor and buyer on the art scene.
New York art world
At The Factory in the early 1970s, Pivar met Andy Warhol who became one of his closest longtime friends. With Warhol he would go on regular shopping trips to buy "masterpieces", which could be objects bought anywhere, from a high-end auction house to a fleamarket. After the artist's death in 1987, Pivar recalled that "Andy Warhol loved to buy art. We used to go shopping together for it for a few hours practically every day in the past couple of years."
Pivar was a collector of 19th-century academic art at a time when it was unfashionable. A scholar of the work of the sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye, he wrote "The Barye Bronzes: A Catalogue Raisonne" in 1974, a collation of critical commentary on all the sculptor's known works.
Pivar endorsed the reint
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative%20quantum%20number
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In quantum field theory, multiplicative quantum numbers are conserved quantum numbers of a special kind. A given quantum number q is said to be additive if in a particle reaction the sum of the q-values of the interacting particles is the same before and after the reaction. Most conserved quantum numbers are additive in this sense; the electric charge is one example. A multiplicative quantum number q is one for which the corresponding product, rather than the sum, is preserved.
Any conserved quantum number is a symmetry of the Hamiltonian of the system (see Noether's theorem). Symmetry groups which are examples of the abstract group called Z2 give rise to multiplicative quantum numbers. This group consists of an operation, P, whose square is the identity, P2 = 1. Thus, all symmetries which are mathematically similar to parity (physics) give rise to multiplicative quantum numbers.
In principle, multiplicative quantum numbers can be defined for any abelian group. An example would be to trade the electric charge, Q, (related to the abelian group U(1) of electromagnetism), for the new quantum number exp(2iπ Q). Then this becomes a multiplicative quantum number by virtue of the charge being an additive quantum number. However, this route is usually followed only for discrete subgroups of U(1), of which Z2 finds the widest possible use.
See also
Parity, C-symmetry, T-symmetry and G-parity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebeci%E2%80%93Smith%20model
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The Cebeci–Smith model, developed by Tuncer Cebeci and Apollo M. O. Smith in 1967, is a 0-equation eddy viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulence in boundary layer flows. The model gives eddy viscosity, , as a function of the local boundary layer velocity profile. The model is suitable for high-speed flows with thin attached boundary layers, typically present in aerospace applications. Like the Baldwin-Lomax model, it is not suitable for large regions of flow separation and significant curvature or rotation. Unlike the Baldwin-Lomax model, this model requires the determination of a boundary layer edge.
Equations
In a two-layer model, the boundary layer is considered to comprise two layers: inner (close to the surface) and outer. The eddy viscosity is calculated separately for each layer and combined using:
where is the smallest distance from the surface where is equal to .
The inner-region eddy viscosity is given by:
where
with the von Karman constant usually being taken as 0.4, and with
The eddy viscosity in the outer region is given by:
where , is the displacement thickness, given by
and FK is the Klebanoff intermittency function given by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000%20%28number%29
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1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001. In most English-speaking countries, it can be written with or without a comma or sometimes a period separating the thousands digit: 1,000.
A group of one thousand things is sometimes known, from Ancient Greek, as a chiliad. A period of one thousand years may be known as a chiliad or, more often from Latin, as a millennium. The number 1000 is also sometimes described as a short thousand in medieval contexts where it is necessary to distinguish the Germanic concept of 1200 as a long thousand.
Notation
The decimal representation for one thousand is
1000—a one followed by three zeros, in the general notation;
1 × 103—in engineering notation, which for this number coincides with:
1 × 103 exactly—in scientific normalized exponential notation;
1 E+3 exactly—in scientific E notation.
The SI prefix for a thousand units is "kilo-", abbreviated to "k"—for instance, a kilogram or "kg" is a thousand grams. This is sometimes extended to non-SI contexts, such as "ka" (kiloannum) being used as a shorthand for periods of 1000 years. In computer science, however, "kilo-" is used more loosely to mean 2 to the 10th power (1024).
In the SI writing style, a non-breaking space can be used as a thousands separator, i.e., to separate the digits of a number at every power of 1000.
Multiples of thousands are occasionally represented by replacing their last three zeros with the letter "K" or "k": for instance, writing "$30k" for $30 000 or denoting the Y2K computer bug of the year 2000.
A thousand units of currency, especially dollars or pounds, are colloquially called a grand. In the United States, this is sometimes abbreviated with a "G" suffix.
Properties
There are 168 prime numbers less than 1000.
1000 is the 10th icositetragonal number, or 24-gonal number.
1000 has a reduced totient value of 100, and totient of 400. It is equal to the sum of Euler's totient function over the first 57 integers, wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20tunneling%20of%20water
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The quantum tunneling of water occurs when water molecules in nanochannels exhibit quantum tunneling behavior that smears out the positions of the hydrogen atoms into a pair of correlated rings. In that state, the water molecules become delocalized around a ring and assume an unusual double top-like shape. At low temperatures, the phenomenon showcases the quantum motion of water through the separating potential walls, which is forbidden in classical mechanics, but allowed in quantum mechanics.
The quantum tunneling of water occurs under ultraconfinement in rocks, soil and cell walls. The phenomenon is predicted to help scientists better understand the thermodynamic properties and behavior of water in confined environments such as water diffusion, transport in the channels of cell membranes and in carbon nanotubes.
History
Quantum tunneling in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that motions can destroy and regenerate the weak hydrogen bond by internal rotations of the substituent water monomers.
On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in water, this involved the concerted breaking of two hydrogen bonds.
On 22 April 2016, the journal Physical Review Letters reported the quantum tunneling of water molecules as demonstrated at the Spallation Neutron Source and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. First indications of this phenomenon were seen by scientists from Russia and Germany in 2013 based on the splitting of terahertz absorption lines of a water molecule captured in five-ångström channels in beryl. Subsequently it was directly observed using neutron scattering and analyzed by ab initio simulations. In a beryl channel, the water molecule can occupy six symmetrical orientations, in agreement with the known crystal structure. A single orientation has the oxygen atom approximately in the center of the channel, with the two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylpyrrolidone
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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.
Uses
Medical
It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; it simply passes through the body when taken orally.
PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties. This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.
PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").
PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.
PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption. The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.
Technical
PVP is also used in many technical applications:
as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaPPA-View4
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KaPPA-View4 is a metabolic pathway database containing data about metabolic regulation from 'omics' data.
See also
Metabolic pathway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20integrated%20circuit
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A linear integrated circuit or analog chip is a set of miniature electronic analog circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material.
Description
The voltage and current at specified points in the circuits of analog chips vary continuously over time. In contrast, digital chips only assign meaning to voltages or currents at discrete levels. In addition to transistors, analog chips often include a larger number of passive elements (capacitors, resistors, and inductors) than digital chips. Inductors tend to be avoided because of their large physical size, and difficulties incorporating them into monolithic semiconductor ICs. Certain circuits such as gyrators can often act as equivalents of inductors, while constructed only from transistors and capacitors.
Analog chips may also contain digital logic elements to replace some analog functions, or to allow the chip to communicate with a microprocessor. For this reason, and since logic is commonly implemented using CMOS technology, these chips typically use BiCMOS processes, as implemented by companies such as Freescale, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, and others. This is known as "mixed signal processing", and allows a designer to incorporate more functions into a single chip. Some of the benefits of this mixed technology include load protection, reduced parts count, and higher reliability.
Purely analog chips in information processing have been mostly replaced with digital chips. Analog chips are still required for wideband signals, high-power applications, and transducer interfaces. Research and industry in this specialty continues to grow and prosper. Some examples of long-lived and well-known analog chips are the 741 operational amplifier, and the 555 timer IC.
Power supply chips are also considered to be analog chips. Their main purpose is to produce a well-regulated output voltage supply for other chips in the system. Since all electronic systems require electrical power, power supply ICs (power
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine%20diversion
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Urine diversion, also called urine separation or source separation, refers to the separate collection of human urine and feces at the point of their production, i.e. at the toilet or urinal. Separation of urine from feces allows human waste to be treated separately and used as a potential resource. Applications are typically found where connection to a sewer-based sanitation system is not available or areas where water supplies are limited.
To achieve urine diversion, the following technical components are used: waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine piping to a urine storage tank (or to a sewer) and a reuse or treatment and disposal system for the urine. Urine diversion toilets may, or may not, mix water and feces, or some water and urine. They never mix urine and feces.
A toilet used to facilitate the separation of human waste products is called a urine diversion toilet or UDT. The bowl usually has two separate receptacles which may or may not be flushed with water. If flushed, the toilet is usually referred to as a urine-diversion flush toilet or UDFT. If not flushed, it is a dry toilet with either drying or composting for the feces. If the collected feces are dried, it is called a urine-diverting dry toilet or UDDT (also called urine-diversion dehydration toilet). If the collected feces are composted, it is called a urine-diverting composting toilet.
There are several commercially available urine diversion toilets (UDT) and urine diversion dry toilets (UDDT). Many look like a conventional sit-down or squat toilet and the bowl is divided into two sections, with the front section collecting urine and the rear section feces.
Design considerations
Purpose
There are two main reasons why urine diversion is sensible which are relevant for all types of UD systems: Firstly, less water is used; secondly, the urine can be collected pure. It can then in a later step (after simple treatment, namely by storage) be used as fertilizer.
In addition, reasons fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiel%27s%20conjecture
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In mathematics, Nikiel's conjecture in general topology was a conjectural characterization of the continuous image of a compact total order. The conjecture was first formulated by in 1986. The conjecture was proven by Mary Ellen Rudin in 1999.
The conjecture states that a compact topological space is the continuous image of a total order if and only if it is a monotonically normal space.
Notes
Topology
Conjectures that have been proved
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rename%20%28relational%20algebra%29
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In relational algebra, a rename is a unary operation written as where:
is a relation
and are attribute names
is an attribute of
The result is identical to except that the attribute in all tuples is renamed to . For an example, consider the following invocation of on an relation and the result of that invocation:
Formally, the semantics of the rename operator is defined as follows:
where is defined as the tuple , with the attribute renamed to , so that:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec%20listening%20test
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A codec listening test is a scientific study designed to compare two or more lossy audio codecs, usually with respect to perceived fidelity or compression efficiency.
Most tests take the form of a double-blind comparison. Commonly used methods are known as "ABX" or "ABC/HR" or "MUSHRA". There are various software packages available for individuals to perform this type of testing themselves with minimal assistance.
Testing methods
ABX test
In an ABX test, the listener has to identify an unknown sample X as being A or B, with A (usually the original) and B (usually the encoded version) available for reference. The outcome of a test must be statistically significant. This setup ensures that the listener is not biased by their expectations, and that the outcome is not likely to be the result of chance. If sample X cannot be determined reliably with a low p-value in a predetermined number of trials, then the null hypothesis cannot be rejected and it cannot be proved that there is a perceptible difference between samples A and B. This usually indicates that the encoded version will actually be transparent to the listener.
ABC/HR test
In an ABC/HR test, C is the original which is always available for reference. A and B are the original and the encoded version in randomized order. The listener must first distinguish the encoded version from the original (which is the Hidden Reference that the "HR" in ABC/HR stands for), prior to assigning a score as a subjective judgment of the quality. Different encoded versions can be compared against each other using these scores.
MUSHRA
In MUSHRA (MUltiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor), the listener is presented with the reference (labeled as such), a certain number of test samples, a hidden version of the reference and one or more anchors. The purpose of the anchor(s) is to make the scale be closer to an "absolute scale", making sure that minor artifacts are not rated as having very bad quality.
Results
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutrit
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A qutrit (or quantum trit) is a unit of quantum information that is realized by a 3-level quantum system, that may be in a superposition of three mutually orthogonal quantum states.
The qutrit is analogous to the classical radix-3 trit, just as the qubit, a quantum system described by a superposition of two orthogonal states, is analogous to the classical radix-2 bit.
There is ongoing work to develop quantum computers using qutrits and qudits with multiple states.
Representation
A qutrit has three orthonormal basis states or vectors, often denoted , , and in Dirac or bra–ket notation.
These are used to describe the qutrit as a superposition state vector in the form of a linear combination of the three orthonormal basis states:
,
where the coefficients are complex probability amplitudes, such that the sum of their squares is unity (normalization):
The qubit's orthonormal basis states span the two-dimensional complex Hilbert space , corresponding to spin-up and spin-down of a spin-1/2 particle. Qutrits require a Hilbert space of higher dimension, namely the three-dimensional spanned by the qutrit's basis , which can be realized by a three-level quantum system.
An n-qutrit register can represent 3n different states simultaneously, i.e., a superposition state vector in 3n-dimensional complex Hilbert space.
Qutrits have several peculiar features when used for storing quantum information. For example, they are more robust to decoherence under certain environmental interactions. In reality, manipulating qutrits directly might be tricky, and one way to do that is by using an entanglement with a qubit.
Qutrit quantum gates
The quantum logic gates operating on single qutrits are unitary matrices and gates that act on registers of qutrits are unitary matrices (the elements of the unitary groups U(3) and U(3n) respectively).
The rotation operator gates for SU(3) are , where is the ath Gell-Mann matrix, and is a real value (with period ). The Lie algebra of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiteKey
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SiteKey is a web-based security system that provides one type of mutual authentication between end-users and websites. Its primary purpose is to deter phishing.
SiteKey was deployed by several large financial institutions in 2006, including Bank of America and The Vanguard Group. Both Bank of America and The Vanguard Group discontinued use in 2015.
The product is owned by RSA Data Security which in 2006 acquired its original maker, Passmark Security.
How it works
SiteKey uses the following challenge–response technique:
The user identifies (not authenticates) themself to the site by entering their username (but not their password). If the username is a valid one, the site proceeds.
If the user's browser does not contain a client-side state token (such as a Web cookie or a Flash cookie) from a previous visit, the user is prompted for answers to one or more of the "security questions" the user-specified at site sign-up time, such as "Which school did you last attend?"
The site authenticates itself to the user by displaying an image and/or accompanying phrase that they have earlier configured. If the user does not recognize these as their own, they are to assume the site is a phishing site and immediately abandon it. If the user does recognize them, they may consider the site authentic and proceed.
The user authenticates themself to the site by entering their password. If the password is not valid for that username, the whole process begins again. If it is valid, the user is considered authenticated and logged in.
If the user is at a phishing site with a different Web site domain than the legitimate domain, the user's browser will refuse to send the state token in step (2); the phishing site owner will either need to skip displaying the correct security image, or prompt the user for the security question(s) obtained from the legitimate domain and pass on the answers. In theory, this could cause the user to become suspicious, since the user might be surprised
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20France
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Robert Bertrand France (October 8, 1960 – February 15, 2015) was a Jamaica-born American computer scientist.
Robert B. France was born in Jamaica on October 8, 1960, the eldest son of Robert W. and Jeanette France. He attended high school in Guyana and studied for a BSc degree in Natural Sciences at the University of the West Indies in Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, majoring in Computer Science and Mathematics and receiving a first class degree in 1984. He then attended Massey University in New Zealand funded by a Commonwealth Scholarship, where he achieved a PhD degree in computer science in 1990. During the same year, he married Sheriffa R. Soleyn in Saint Vincent. They emigrated to the United States together and in due course moved to Fort Collins, Colorado.
During 1990–92, France was a postdoctoral research associate at the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland. From 1992 to 1997, he was an assistant professor in the computer science and engineering department at Florida Atlantic University (FAU), becoming tenured in 1997–98. France was then appointed an associate professor from 1998 until 2004 and then full professor at Colorado State University within the department of computer science. He undertook research on model-driven software development, especially concerning formal software modeling languages and associated analysis tools. He was co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Software and Systems Modeling journal from 1999 until 2015.
In 2008, Robert France and his co-authors Andy Evans, Kevin Lano, and Bernhard Rumpe, were awarded the Ten Year Most Influential Paper Award at the MODELS 2008 Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems for the 1998 paper "The UML as a Formal Modeling Notation". In 2013, France was awarded a five-year International Chair at INRIA in France. He was awarded a senior Dahl–Nygaard Prize for his research by the Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets (AITO) in 2014.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation%20calculus
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The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1963. The main version of the situational calculus that is presented in this article is based on that introduced by Ray Reiter in 1991. It is followed by sections about McCarthy's 1986 version and a logic programming formulation.
Overview
The situation calculus represents changing scenarios as a set of first-order logic formulae. The basic elements of the calculus are:
The actions that can be performed in the world
The fluents that describe the state of the world
The situations
A domain is formalized by a number of formulae, namely:
Action precondition axioms, one for each action
Successor state axioms, one for each fluent
Axioms describing the world in various situations
The foundational axioms of the situation calculus
A simple robot world will be modeled as a running example. In this world there is a single robot and several inanimate objects. The world is laid out according to a grid so that locations can be specified in terms of coordinate points. It is possible for the robot to move around the world, and to pick up and drop items. Some items may be too heavy for the robot to pick up, or fragile so that they break when they are dropped. The robot also has the ability to repair any broken items that it is holding.
Elements
The main elements of the situation calculus are the actions, fluents and the situations. A number of objects are also typically involved in the description of the world. The situation calculus is based on a sorted domain with three sorts: actions, situations, and objects, where the objects include everything that is not an action or a situation. Variables of each sort can be used. While actions, situations, and objects are elements of the domain, the fluents are modeled as either predicates or functions.
Actions
The actions form a sort of the domain. Variables of sort action can b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber%20Prize%20in%20Cosmology
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The Gruber Prize in Cosmology, established in 2000, is one of three prestigious international awards worth US$500,000 awarded by the Gruber Foundation, a non-profit organization based at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Since 2001, the Gruber Prize in Cosmology has been co-sponsored by the International Astronomical Union.
Recipients are selected by a panel from nominations that are received from around the world.
The Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize honors a leading cosmologist, astronomer, astrophysicist or scientific philosopher for theoretical, analytical or conceptual discoveries leading to fundamental advances in the field.
Recipients
2023 Richard Ellis
2022 Frank Eisenhauer
2021 Marc Kamionkowski, Uroš Seljak, and Matias Zaldarriaga
2020 Lars Hernquist and Volker Springel
2019 Nicholas Kaiser and Joseph Silk, "for their seminal contributions to the theory of cosmological structure formation and probes of dark matter".
2018 Nazzareno Mandolesi, Jean-Loup Puget and ESA Planck team.
2017 Sandra M. Faber
2016 Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss, and the entire Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovery team.
2015 John E. Carlstrom, Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Lyman A. Page, Jr
2014 Sidney van den Bergh, Jaan Einasto, Kenneth Freeman and R. Brent Tully
2013 Viatcheslav Mukhanov and Alexei Starobinsky
2012 Charles L. Bennett (Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Team
2011 Simon White, Carlos Frenk, Marc Davis and George Efstathiou
2010 Charles Steidel, the Lee A. DuBridge Professor of Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology, in recognition of his revolutionary studies of the most distant galaxies in the universe
2009 Wendy Freedman, director of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Pasadena, California; Robert Kennicutt, director of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge in England; and Jer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Comes%20That%20Rainy%20Day%20Feeling%20Again
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"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again" is the title of a pop song composed by Tony Macaulay, Roger Cook, and Roger Greenaway; it became the third U.S. Top 40 hit for The Fortunes in 1971, and their fifth in Canada.
Background
The song uses depressing images to describe the singer's mood anticipating a breakup with his significant other, comparable to the feeling of a rainy day or a Monday, contrasted with the "memories of Sunday" when the two were still together, as he hopes she changes her mind and comes back to him. The bridge is noted for its lines: "Misty morning eyes/ I'm trying to disguise the way I feel/ But, I just can't hide it/ People seem to know/ The loneliness will show/ I'm thinking of my pride/ But, breaking up inside, girl." Lead singer Rod Allen uses a vocal technique similar to that used by Frankie Valli on his solo records.
The song reached number 15 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Cash Box Top 100. It was also a hit in Canada (number 12) and charted minorly in Australia.
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Cover versions
Subsequently, Sonny & Cher covered the song on their album All I Ever Need is You.
An abbreviated cover of "Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again" was included as part of the extended LP version of "Stars on 45," a number one medley hit from 1981.
The Hate Haters covered the song on their EP "Circular Logic" released May 2023.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImHex
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ImHex is a free cross-platform hex editor available on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
ImHex is used by programmers and reverse engineers to view and analyze binary data.
History
The initial release of the project in November 2020, saw significant interest on GitHub.
Features
Features include:
Hex editor
Custom Pattern matching and analysis Scripting Language
Visual, node based data pre-processor
Disassembler
Running and visualizing of YARA rules
Bookmarks
Binary data diffing
Additional Tools
MSVC, Itanium, D and Rust name demangler
ASCII Table
Calculator
Base converter
File utilities
IEEE 754 floating point decoder
Division by invariant multiplication calculator
Support for:
Data importing and exporting
ASCII string, Unicode string, numeric, hexadecimal and Regular expressions search
Byte manipulation
File hashing
Plug-ins
See also
Comparison of hex editors
Reverse engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice%20vesicles
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The juice vesicles, also known as citrus kernels, (in aggregate, citrus pulp) of a citrus fruit are the membranous content of the fruit's endocarp. All fruits from the Citranae subtribe, subfamily Aurantioideae, and family Rutaceae have juice vesicles. The vesicles contain the juice of the fruit and appear shiny and sacklike. Vesicles come in two shapes: the superior and inferior, and these are distinct. Citrus fruit with more vesicles generally weighs more than those with fewer vesicles. Fruits with many segments, such as the grapefruit or pomelo, have more vesicles per segment than fruits with fewer segments, such as the kumquat and mandarin. Each vesicle in a segment in citrus fruits has approximately the same shape, size, and weight. About 5% of the weight of an average orange is made up of the membranes of the juice vesicles. Juice vesicles of the endocarp contain the components that provide the aroma typically associated with citrus fruit. These components are also found in the flavedo oil sacs. The vesicles and their inner juices contain many vitamins and minerals as well as the taste and sweet acid fragrance.
Pulp cells often have thin membranes, and they are less regular in shape than other plant cells. They are also very large and protect the seeds of the fruit. The color of the pulp is variable, depending on the species and the ripening stage. Usually, it has the color of the outer peel (exocarp).
Extraction and preservation
Juice vesicles hold a lot of juice that can be recovered through various extraction processes. The pulp is usually removed from the juice by filtering it out. The juiciness of the pulp depends on the species, variety, season, and the tree on which it grew. Close to 90% of the citrus fruit juice solids are recovered with extractors. Pectic enzymes can sometimes be added to lessen the thickness of these solids. The juice along with these solids can be combined to increase primary juice yields or sold as bases for fruit beverages. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronis%20%28textual%20symbol%29
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A coronis (, korōnís, , korōnídes) is a textual symbol found in ancient Greek papyri that was used to mark the end of an entire work or of a major section in poetic and prose texts. The coronis was generally placed in the left-hand margin of the text and was often accompanied by a paragraphos or a forked paragraphos (diple obelismene).
The coronis is encoded by Unicode as part of the Supplemental Punctuation block, at .
Etymology
Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon gives the basic meaning of as "crook-beaked" from which a general meaning of "curved" is supposed to have derived. concurs and derives the word from (), "crow", assigning the meaning of the epithet's use in reference to the textual symbol to the same semantic range of "curve". But, given the fact that the earliest coronides actually take the form of birds, there has been debate about whether the name of the textual symbol initially referred to use of a decorative bird to mark a major division in a text or if these pictures were a secondary development that played upon the etymological relation between , "crow", and , as in "curved".
Examples
See also
Obelism
Notes
Sources
Chantraine, P., Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (Paris: Éditions Klincksieck, 1968).
Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R., A Greek–English Lexicon, 9th ed. (Oxford: OUP, 1996).
Schironi, F., Τὸ Μέγα Βιβλίον: Book-Ends, End-Titles, and Coronides in Papyri with Hexametric Poetry (Durham, NC: The American Society of Papyrologists, 2010).
Turner, E. G., Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World, 2nd rev. ed. by P.J. Parsons (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1987).
Palaeography
Punctuation
Ancient Greek punctuation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy-altruism
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Empathy-altruism is a form of altruism based on moral emotions or feelings for others.
Social exchange theory holds that in seemingly altruistic behavior benefits to the altruist outweigh the costs the altruist bears and thus such behavior is self-interested. In contrast, C. Daniel Batson holds that people help others in need out of genuine concern for the well-being of the other person. The key ingredient to such helping is "empathic concern". According to Batson's "empathy-altruism hypothesis", if someone feels empathy towards another person, they will help them, regardless of what they can gain from it. An alternative hypothesis is "empathy-joy", which states a person helps because they find pleasure at seeing another person experience relief (2008). When a person does not feel empathy, the standards of social exchange theory apply.
Evidence
Debate over whether other-helping behavior is motivated by self- or other-interest has raged over the last 20 years. The prime actors in this debate are Daniel Batson, arguing for empathy-altruism, and Robert Cialdini, arguing for self-interest.
Batson recognizes that people sometimes help for selfish reasons. He and his team were interested in finding ways to distinguish between motives. In one experiment, students were asked to listen to tapes from a radio program. One of the interviews was with a woman named Carol, who talked about her bad car accident in which both of her legs were broken, her struggles and how behind she was becoming in class. Students who were listening to this particular interview were given a letter asking the student to share lecture notes and meet with her. The experimenters changed the level of empathy by telling one group to try to focus on how she was feeling (high empathy level) and the other group not to be concerned with that (low empathy level). The experimenters also varied the cost of not helping: the high cost group was told that Carol would be in their psychology class after returning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe
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CompuServe (CompuServe Information Service, also known by its initialism CIS or later CSi) was an American online service, the first major commercial one in the world. It opened in 1969 as a timesharing and remote access service marketed to corporations. After a successful 1979 venture selling otherwise under-utilized after-hours time to Radio Shack customers, the system was opened to the public, roughly the same time as The Source. H&R Block bought the company in 1980 and began to more aggressively advertise the service.
CompuServe dominated the industry during the 1980s and remained a major influence through the mid-1990s. At its maximum during the early 1990s, CIS was known for its online chat system, message forums for a variety of topics, extensive software libraries for most personal computers, and a series of popular online games, notably MegaWars III and Island of Kesmai. It was known also for its introduction of the GIF format for pictures and its system for exchanging GIF files. In 1994, it was described as "the oldest of the Big Three information services (the others are Prodigy and America Online)".
In 1997, 17 years after H&R Block had acquired CIS, the parent company announced its desire to sell CIS. A complex deal was devised with WorldCom acting as a broker, resulting in CIS being sold to AOL. In 2015, Verizon acquired AOL, including its CompuServe division. In 2017, after Verizon completed its acquisition of Yahoo!, CompuServe became part of Verizon's newly formed subsidiary Oath Inc. At the time, the remaining original parts of CIS were closed down, leaving it as only as an internet service provider and a sub-brand of AOL. Oath was then divested as the new Yahoo! company during 2021.
History
Founding
CompuServe was initiated during 1969 as Compu-Serv Network, Inc. in Columbus, Ohio, as a subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance.
Though Golden United founder Harry Gard Sr.'s son-in-law Jeffrey Wilkins is widely miscredited as the first presi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulin
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Coagulin is a gel-forming protein of hemolymph that hinders the spread of invaders by immobilising them. It is produced in the coagulogen form before being cleaved into the active form. In human medicine, coagulation of coagulin is the basis of detection of bacterial endotoxin in the LAL test for parenteral medications.
The protein contains a single 175-residue polypeptide chain that is cleaved after Arg-18 and Arg-46 by a Limulus clotting enzyme contained in the hemocyte and activated by a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Cleavage releases two chains of coagulin, A and B, linked by two disulfide bonds, together with the peptide C. Gel formation results from interlinking of coagulin molecules. The full-length structure of a coagulogen is known (); it shares the same cystine-knot cytokine superfamily (fold) as neurotrophins, with several cystines conserved. The A-B fold wraps around the helical peptide C, forming a compact structure.
In crustaceans, hemolymph coagulation depends on the transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of specific plasma-clotting proteins, but without the proteolytic cascade. In horseshoe crabs, the proteolytic coagulation cascade triggered by lipopolysaccharides and beta-1,3-glucans leads to the conversion of coagulogen into coagulin, resulting in noncovalent coagulin homopolymers through head-to-tail interaction. However, horseshoe crab transglutaminase does not cross-link coagulins intermolecularly. Recently, coagulins were discovered to be cross-linked on hemocyte cell surface proteins called proxins. This indicates that a cross-linking reaction at the final stage of hemolymph coagulation is an important innate immune system of horseshoe crabs. In comparison, mammalian blood coagulation is based on the proteolytically induced polymerization of fibrinogens. Initially, fibrin monomers noncovalently interact with each other. The resulting homopolymers are further stabilized when the plasma transglutaminase cross-links bonds between
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation%20d%27origine%20prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e%20%28Switzerland%29
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In Switzerland, the appellation d'origine protégée (AOP, 'protected designation of origin') is a geographical indication (see also Appellation) protecting the origin and the quality of traditional food products other than wines (wines have another label called appellation d'origine contrôlée, AOC, 'controlled designation of origin').
In the past, the appellation d'origine contrôlée certification was used for both wines and other food products. In 2013, to match the system of the European Union, the appellation d'origine contrôlée was replaced by the appellation d'origine protégée for agricultural products other than wine.
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in Switzerland
The appellation d'origine protégée (AOP, protected designation of origin) certifies that "everything, from the raw material to the processing and the final product, comes from one clearly defined region of origin".
The indication géographique protégée (IGP, protected geographical indication) certifies that products were "either manufactured, processed or prepared at their place of origin".
The appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC, controlled designation of origin) certifies wines.
Products
Appellation d'origine protégée (AOP)
Abricotine / Eau-de-vie d’abricot du Valais
Berner Alpkäse / Berner Hobelkäse
Boutefas
Cardon épineux genevois
Cuchaule
Damassine
Eau-de-vie de poire du Valais
Huile de noix vaudoise
Jambon de la Borne
Munder Safran
Pain de seigle valaisan
Poire à Botzi
Rheintaler Ribel
Zuger / Rigi Kirsch
Cheeses
Berner Alpkäse/Berner Hobelkäse
Emmentaler
L'Etivaz
Formaggio d'alpe ticinese
Glarner Alpkäse
Gruyère
Raclette du Valais / Walliser Raclette
Sbrinz
Tête de Moine, Fromage de Bellelay
Vacherin Fribourgeois
Vacherin Mont d'Or
Werdenberger Sauerkäse, Liechtensteiner Sauerkäse und Bloderkäse
AOP candidates
Jambon de la borne
Grappa Ticino
Indication géographique protégée (IGP)
Appenzeller Mostbröckli
Appenzeller Siedwurst
Appe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-aligned%20irregularity
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A field-aligned irregularity (FAI) is an anisotropic (different values when measured in different directions) perturbation of plasma density associated with magnetic fields. FAIs are often thought of in the context of the Earth's ionosphere where several natural processes generate FAIs in the E-region and F-region.
They occur at 50 and 140 MHz, where electrons associated with the event become vertically aligned with Earth's magnetic field. FAI may occur for several hours after it starts. Optimum times for observance appear to be between 8 PM and midnight.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20on%20modeling%20effort
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Return on modelling effort (ROME) is the benefit resulting from a (supplementary) effort to create and / or improve a model.
Purpose
In engineering, modelling always serves a particular goal. For example, the lightning protection of aircraft can be modelled as an electrical circuit, in order to predict whether the protection will still work in 30 years, given the ageing of its electrical components. More and more effort can be put in making this model predict reality perfectly. However, this perfection comes at a price: researchers invest time and money in improving the model. As a Return on investment (ROI), the ROME is a metric for the use of further modelling. It may therefore serve as a 'stopping criterion'.
Typically, researchers will pull towards continuing modelling, while management will pull towards stopping modelling. Being explicit about the cost and benefits of continued modeling may help to make informed decisions that are understood by both sides. Continuous communication between model developers and model users increases the probability of models being actually put to profit.
Domains
ROME is a metric, which can be evaluated wherever modelling is performed with a quantifiable goal. Examples include:
Modeling the impact of federal policy on social problems.
Modeling a marketing mix to statistically correlate a number of inputs (or independent variables) – such as a marketing campaign – to outcomes (or dependent variables) – such as sales or profits.
Modeling the links between enterprise actors to make an informed choice on splitting organizations.
Modeling the coupling of an electromagnetic interference to a PCB to reduce its susceptibility by improving the routing of traces.
Research
The initiative "Models at Work" studies the creation, management and use of domain models in scientific and industrial practice, aiming at a diversity of goals, varying from (as truthful as possible) representation of the conceptual structure of the domain that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-loop%20unbundling
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In the telephony business, sub-loop unbundling (SLU) is a type of unbundled access whereby a sub-section of the local loop is unbundled. In practice this often means the competitor placing a small street cabinet with a DSLAM, next to a telco local copper aggregation cabinet or serving area interface and using a 'tie cable' to connect to the last part of the local loop into customers' homes. Lyddington in Rutland was the first example of SLU in the UK when local provider Rutland Telecom unbundled the cabinet to offer VDSL broadband.
Advantages
The short range brings superior bit-rate performance, compared to normal local loop unbundling (LLU). The local loop can be accessed using shared metallic path or full metallic path facilities. In the latter, which was first deployed in the UK in the village of Lyddington by Rutland Telecom, the telco loses remote access to the part of the local loop between the cabinet and the customer's premises unless the SLU Operator allows IP-level access via their DSLAM.
The street cabinet is connected to a point of presence on the national network using long-range wireless or fibre. Where fibre is used, the technology is often referred to as fibre to the cabinet (FTTC)
Where VDSL or VDSL2 is used to deliver a service, competing SLU operators at the same site must adhere to tie cable length limitations to prevent interference. Other restrictions are in force to prevent interference with ADSL or ADSL2+ frequencies on the local loop from the serving exchange. In the UK the incumbent telco aggregation cabinets are known as Primary Connection Points (PCPs) and each one is assigned a CAL (Cabinet Assigned Loss) value based on its distance from the serving exchange.
Telecommunications economics
Local loop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Egorov
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Dmitri Fyodorovich Egorov (; December 22, 1869 – September 10, 1931) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician known for contributions to the areas of differential geometry and mathematical analysis. He was President of the Moscow Mathematical Society (1923–1930).
Life
Egorov held spiritual beliefs to be of great importance, and openly defended the Church against Marxist supporters after the Russian Revolution. He was elected president of the Moscow Mathematical Society in 1921, and became director of the Institute for Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University in 1923. He also edited the journal Matematicheskii Sbornik of the Moscow Mathematical Society. However, because of Egorov's stance against the repression of the Russian Orthodox Church, he was dismissed from the Institute in 1929 and publicly rebuked. In 1930 he was arrested and imprisoned as a "religious sectarian", and soon after was expelled from the Moscow Mathematical Society. Upon imprisonment, Egorov began a hunger strike until he was taken to the prison hospital, and eventually to the house of fellow mathematician Nikolai Chebotaryov where he died. He was buried in Arskoe Cemetery in Kazan.
Research work
Egorov studied potential surfaces and triply orthogonal systems, and made contributions to the broader areas of differential geometry and integral equations. His work was influenced by that of Jean Gaston Darboux on differential geometry and by Henri Lebesgue in mathematical analysis. A theorem in real analysis and integration theory, Egorov's Theorem, is named after him.
Works
, available at Gallica.
Notes
Bibliography
.
.
External links
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Differential geometers
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Mathematicians from Moscow
Egorov, Dmitri
1869 births
1931 deaths
Professor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Senior%20Citizen%27s%20Day
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The World Senior Citizen's Day is celebrated on 21 August each year.
The celebration took place for the first time in 1991. The day is intended to increase awareness of the factors and issues that affect older adults, such as health deterioration and elder abuse. It is also a day to recognize and acknowledge the contributions of older people to society.
History
The history of the World Senior Citizen's Day dates back to 1988. It was officially founded by the former President of the United States of America, Ronald Reagan. He had signed on August 19, 1988, the promulgation of 5847, which appeared on 21 August as National Day of the Third Age. Ronald Reagan was the first to announce the first National Day of the Third Age.
Purpose
World Senior Citizen's Day is an opportunity to celebrate and appreciate senior citizens for their services, accomplishments, and dedication they have given in their lives.
See also
International Day of Older Persons
Elderly care
International observances
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-type%20calcium%20channel
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The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell and determines most of the channel's properties. This α1 subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit (CACNA1E) or Cav2.3 which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1E gene.
They are strongly expressed in cortex, hippocampus, striatum, amygdala and interpeduncular nucleus.
They are poorly understood, but like Q-type calcium channels, they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells. They have a high threshold of activation and relatively slow kinetics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirks%20%28board%20game%29
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Quirks is a 1980 board game published by Eon Products.
Gameplay
The game components are a 108 cards printed on thin cardstock representing characteristics of animals and plants, and a game board, also printed on thin cardstock. The object of the game is to build three viable organisms called "quirks" from two or three of the cards.
Reception
In the February 1981 edition of The Space Gamer (No. 36), Forrest Johnson liked Quirks, saying, "This is a good family game."
Ian Livingston reviewed Quirks for White Dwarf #24, giving it an overall rating of 9 out of 10, and stated that "All in all it is totally absurd but great fun and Eon Products must be congratulated for coming up with another ace."
In the May 1981 edition of Ares (Issue 8), Eric Goldberg found the most serious flaw in the game was an ever-diminishing replay value as players either consciously or subconsciously memorized the card values. "Quirks.. is fun only for a limited number of times. The game is quite good until that point of diminishing returns is reached."
Games magazine included Quirks in their "Top 100 Games of 1981", praising it as a "lighthearted game" involving "weird creatures and plants".
In the December 1993 edition of Dragon (Issue 200), Allen Varney gave a thumbs down to the game. "One big flaw, I think, is that [the game] never identifies players with the animals they're evolving. Instead they're unspecified creature-makers who look down on these beasts and foliage from above. Quirks would involve me a lot more by evolving me — making me the creature who needs to emerge victorious in a niche. Deciding whether to eat plants or animals, or if I should ditch my wings in favor of an electric sting — that sounds like fun."
Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven%20process%20chain
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An event-driven process chain (EPC) is a type of flow chart for business process modeling. EPC can be used to configure enterprise resource planning execution, and for business process improvement. It can be used to control an autonomous workflow instance in work sharing.
The event-driven process chain method was developed within the framework of Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS) by August-Wilhelm Scheer at the Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Universität des Saarlandes (Institute for Business Information Systems at the University of Saarland) in the early 1990s.
Overview
Businesses use event-driven process chain diagrams to lay out business process workflows, originally in conjunction with SAP R/3 modeling, but now more widely. It is used by many companies for modeling, analyzing, and redesigning business processes. The event-driven process chain method was developed within the framework of Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS). As such it forms the core technique for modeling in ARIS, which serves to link the different views in the so-called control view. To quote from a 2006 publication on event-driven process chains:
An Event-driven process chain (EPC) is an ordered graph of events and functions. It provides various connectors that allow alternative and parallel execution of processes. Furthermore it is specified by the usages of logical operators, such as OR, AND, and XOR. A major strength of EPC is claimed to be its simplicity and easy-to-understand notation. This makes EPC a widely acceptable technique to denote business processes.
The statement that event-driven process chains are ordered graphs is also found in other directed graphs for which no explicit node ordering is provided. No restrictions actually appear to exist on the possible structure of EPCs, but nontrivial structures involving parallelism have ill-defined execution semantics; in this respect they resemble UML activity diagrams.
Several scientific a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algodoo
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Algodoo () is a physics-based 2D freeware sandbox from Algoryx Simulation AB (known simply as Algoryx) as the successor to the popular physics application Phun. It was released on September 1, 2009 and is presented as a learning tool, an open ended computer game, an animation tool, and an engineering tool.
The software is functional with desktop and laptop computers, touch screen tablets, and interactive white board systems such as SMART Boards. The physics engine in Algodoo utilizes the SPOOK linear constraint solver by Claude Lacoursière and a modified version of Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) computational method. On the App Store, it costs £4.99 and is only available for iPads.
This program has been used by many people including educators, students, and children. Algodoo has remained as a popular choice from websites like List Of Freeware and Download Cloud for a physics sandbox program due to its complexity, simple GUI and free price.
History
In 2008, Emil Ernerfeldt created an interactive 2D physics simulator for his master's thesis project in computer science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. This project was released for public and non-commercial use under the name "Phun" and gained considerable attention after a clip of Ernerfeldt using the software went viral on YouTube.
In May 2008, Ernerfeldt brought the Phun project to Algoryx Simulation AB, a company founded in 2007 by Ernerfeldt's former supervisor at Umeå University, Kenneth Bodin. In 2009, Phun was rereleased under the name "Algodoo" (a combination of the words algorithm and do). The name change was motivated by the fact that the word "phun" is used by many sites deemed inappropriate for younger users and the fact that trademarking "phun" was nearly impossible.
In October 2011, Algoryx released two new versions: Algodoo for Education and Algodoo 2.0.0. In February 2017, Algodoo for iPad was updated to version 2.1.2 to maintain functionality with iOS 10.
Graphical user interface
Algo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20reintroduction
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Wolf reintroduction involves the reintroduction of a portion of grey wolves in areas where native wolves have been extirpated. More than 30 subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, and grey wolves, as colloquially understood, comprise nondomestic/feral subspecies. Reintroduction is only considered where large tracts of suitable wilderness still exist and where certain prey species are abundant enough to support a predetermined wolf population.
United States
Arizona and New Mexico
The five last known wild Mexican gray wolves were captured in 1980 in accordance with an agreement between the United States and Mexico intended to save the critically endangered subspecies. Between 1982 and 1998, a comprehensive captive-breeding program brought Mexican wolves back from the brink of extinction. Over 300 captive Mexican wolves were part of the recovery program.
The ultimate goal for these wolves is to reintroduce them to areas of their former range. In March 1998, this reintroduction campaign began with the releasing of three packs into the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona, and 11 wolves into the Blue Range Wilderness Area of New Mexico. By 2014, as many as 100 wild Mexican wolves were in Arizona and New Mexico. The final goal for Mexican wolf recovery is a wild, self-sustaining population of at least 300 individuals. In 2021, 186 wolves were counted in the annual survey, of which 114 wolves were spotted in New Mexico and the other 72 in Arizona. This shows a steady growth throughout the last 5 years.
Current Distribution and Population
As of March 2023, there were at least 241 wild Mexican wolves in the United States: 136 in New Mexico (40 packs), and 105 in Arizona (19 packs). The total captive Mexican wolf population is 380 individuals, across over 60 facilities.
Colorado
Wolves traversed a Rocky Mountain pathway from Canada to Mexico until the 1940s. They are seen by wildlife experts as essential to the native balance of species, species intera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ron%E2%80%93Tate%20height
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In number theory, the Néron–Tate height (or canonical height) is a quadratic form on the Mordell–Weil group of rational points of an abelian variety defined over a global field. It is named after André Néron and John Tate.
Definition and properties
Néron defined the Néron–Tate height as a sum of local heights. Although the global Néron–Tate height is quadratic, the constituent local heights are not quite quadratic. Tate (unpublished) defined it globally by observing that the logarithmic height associated to a symmetric invertible sheaf on an abelian variety is “almost quadratic,” and used this to show that the limit
exists, defines a quadratic form on the Mordell–Weil group of rational points, and satisfies
where the implied constant is independent of . If is anti-symmetric, that is , then the analogous limit
converges and satisfies , but in this case is a linear function on the Mordell-Weil group. For general invertible sheaves, one writes as a product of a symmetric sheaf and an anti-symmetric sheaf, and then
is the unique quadratic function satisfying
The Néron–Tate height depends on the choice of an invertible sheaf on the abelian variety, although the associated bilinear form depends only on the image of in
the Néron–Severi group of . If the abelian variety is defined over a number field K and the invertible sheaf is symmetric and ample, then the Néron–Tate height is positive definite in the sense that it vanishes only on torsion elements of the Mordell–Weil group . More generally, induces a positive definite quadratic form on the real vector space .
On an elliptic curve, the Néron–Severi group is of rank one and has a unique ample generator, so this generator is often used to define the Néron–Tate height, which is denoted without reference to a particular line bundle. (However, the height that naturally appears in the statement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is twice this height.) On abelian varieties of higher dimension, there
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Information%20Theory
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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Muriel Médard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv.
According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-root%20isolation
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In mathematics, and, more specifically in numerical analysis and computer algebra, real-root isolation of a polynomial consist of producing disjoint intervals of the real line, which contain each one (and only one) real root of the polynomial, and, together, contain all the real roots of the polynomial.
Real-root isolation is useful because usual root-finding algorithms for computing the real roots of a polynomial may produce some real roots, but, cannot generally certify having found all real roots. In particular, if such an algorithm does not find any root, one does not know whether it is because there is no real root. Some algorithms compute all complex roots, but, as there are generally much fewer real roots than complex roots, most of their computation time is generally spent for computing non-real roots (in the average, a polynomial of degree has complex roots, and only real roots; see ). Moreover, it may be difficult to distinguish the real roots from the non-real roots with small imaginary part (see the example of Wilkinson's polynomial in next section).
The first complete real-root isolation algorithm results from Sturm's theorem (1829). However, when real-root-isolation algorithms began to be implemented on computers it appeared that algorithms derived from Sturm's theorem are less efficient than those derived from Descartes' rule of signs (1637).
Since the beginning of 20th century there is an active research activity for improving the algorithms derived from Descartes' rule of signs, getting very efficient implementations, and computing their computational complexity. The best implementations can routinely isolate real roots of polynomials of degree more than 1,000.
Specifications and general strategy
For finding real roots of a polynomial, the common strategy is to divide the real line (or an interval of it where root are searched) into disjoint intervals until having at most one root in each interval. Such a procedure is called root isolation, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue%20algorithm
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In numerical analysis, one of the most important problems is designing efficient and stable algorithms for finding the eigenvalues of a matrix. These eigenvalue algorithms may also find eigenvectors.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Given an square matrix of real or complex numbers, an eigenvalue and its associated generalized eigenvector are a pair obeying the relation
where is a nonzero column vector, is the identity matrix, is a positive integer, and both and are allowed to be complex even when is real. When , the vector is called simply an eigenvector, and the pair is called an eigenpair. In this case, . Any eigenvalue of has ordinary eigenvectors associated to it, for if is the smallest integer such that for a generalized eigenvector , then is an ordinary eigenvector. The value can always be taken as less than or equal to . In particular, for all generalized eigenvectors associated with .
For each eigenvalue of , the kernel consists of all eigenvectors associated with (along with 0), called the eigenspace of , while the vector space consists of all generalized eigenvectors, and is called the generalized eigenspace. The geometric multiplicity of is the dimension of its eigenspace. The algebraic multiplicity of is the dimension of its generalized eigenspace. The latter terminology is justified by the equation
where is the determinant function, the are all the distinct eigenvalues of and the are the corresponding algebraic multiplicities. The function is the characteristic polynomial of . So the algebraic multiplicity is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue as a zero of the characteristic polynomial. Since any eigenvector is also a generalized eigenvector, the geometric multiplicity is less than or equal to the algebraic multiplicity. The algebraic multiplicities sum up to , the degree of the characteristic polynomial. The equation is called the characteristic equation, as its roots are exactly the eigenvalues of . By the Cayley–Ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid%20dehydrogenase%20type%201
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11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, also known as cortisone reductase, is an NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system. In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone to the active hormone cortisol that activates glucocorticoid receptors. It belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases. It is encoded by the gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Clinical significance
11β-HSD1 is inhibited by carbenoxolone, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Moreover, 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid from the root of glycyrrhiza glabra was discovered as an inhibitor.
Salicylate downregulates 11β-HSD1 expression in adipose tissue in obese mice and hence may explain why aspirin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea can also potently inhibit this enzyme; green tea is a complex mixture of various phenolics with contents varying with production and processing, and some of the phenolics are known HDAC inhibitors that alter genetic expression. EGCG as usually consumed in green tea is poorly absorbed into the bloodstream. More research is needed to reach firm conclusions.
See also
Cortisone reductase deficiency
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risky%20sexual%20behavior
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Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected or become pregnant, or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, and the description of the partner's behavior. The behavior could be unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. The partner could be a nonexclusive partner, HIV-positive, or an intravenous drug user. Drug use is associated with risky sexual behaviors.
Factors
Risky sexual behavior can be:
Barebacking, i.e. sex without a condom.
Mouth-to-genital contact.
Starting sexual activity at a young age.
Having multiple sex partners.
Having a high-risk partner, someone who has multiple sex partners or infections.
Anal sex without condom and proper lubrication.
Sex with a partner who has ever injected drugs.
Engaging in sex work.
Risky sexual behavior includes unprotected intercourse, multiple sex partners, and illicit drug use. The use of alcohol and illicit drugs greatly increases the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. Trauma from penile-anal sex has been identified as a risky sexual behavior.
Risky sexual behaviors can lead to serious consequences both for person and their partner(s). This sometimes includes cervical cancer, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. An association exists between those with a higher incidence of body art (body piercings and tattoos) and risky sexual behavior.
Epidemiology
According to the National Youth Behavior Risk Survey, 19% of all sexually active adolescents in the US consumed alcohol or used other drugs before their last sexual intercourse. In contrast, adolescents who reported no substance use were found to be the least likely to engage in sexual risk-taking.
Most Canadian and American adolescents aged 15 to 19 years describe having had sexual intercourse at least one time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Cluster%20Server
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Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) is a computer program that allows server computers to work together as a computer cluster, to provide failover and increased availability of applications, or parallel calculating power in case of high-performance computing (HPC) clusters (as in supercomputing).
Microsoft has three technologies for clustering: Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS, a HA clustering service), Component Load Balancing (CLB) (part of Application Center 2000), and Network Load Balancing Services (NLB). With the release of Windows Server 2008 the MSCS service was renamed to Windows Server Failover Clustering (WSFC), and the Component Load Balancing (CLB) feature became deprecated.
Prior to Windows Server 2008, clustering required (per Microsoft KBs) that all nodes in the clusters to be as identical as possible from hardware, drivers, firmware, all the way to software. After Windows Server 2008 however, Microsoft modified the requirements to state that only the operating system needs to be of the same level (such as patch level).
Background
Cluster Server was codenamed "Wolfpack" during its development. Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition was the first version of Windows to include the MSCS software. The software has since been updated with each new server release. The cluster software evaluates the resources of servers in the cluster and chooses which are used based on criteria set in the administration module. In June 2006, Microsoft released Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003, the first high-performance computing (HPC) cluster technology offering from Microsoft.
History
During Microsoft's first attempt at development of a cluster server Microsoft, originally priced at $10,000, ran into problems causing the software to fail because of buggy software causing fail-over forcing the workload from two servers to a single server. This results in poor allocation of resources, poor performance of the servers, and very poor reviews from analysts.
The announc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20mixer
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A matrix mixer is an audio electronics device that routes multiple input audio signals to multiple outputs. It usually employs level controls such as potentiometers to determine how much of each input is going to each output, and it can incorporate simple on/off assignment buttons. The number of individual controls is at least the number of inputs multiplied by the number of outputs.
Matrix mixers may be incorporated into larger devices such as mixing consoles or they may be a standalone product. They always have routing and level controls and may also include other features. Matrix mixers are often used in a complex listening space to send audio signals to different loudspeaker zones. They may be used to provide the producer or director different blends of a mixing project for television, film or recording studio.
Basics
In professional audio, a matrix mixer is used to route audio signals from multiple sources to different destinations. It may be a standalone device or embedded within another, larger product such as a mixing console, digital audio workstation or digital signal processor.
An analog matrix mixer contains a number of simple electronic mixer circuits, the quantity being the number of inputs multiplied by the number of outputs. Each electronic mixer controls the level (gain) of one input going to one output. The level control is usually a rotating potentiometer (called a "pot"). Each row of electronic mixer circuits, one from each input, feeds a summing amplifier or combining amp at the output. A fader (a linear potentiometer) may be used to control the level of each output signal. Other controls may include a mute button for each input/output intersection, a mute button for each input, a mute button for each output, and buttons that invert the input signal polarity. The output signals of the matrix mixer may be digital, or they may be balanced or unbalanced analog. It is possible in a matrix mixer to combine an all-analog signal path with digital c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone%20boson
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In particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries. They were discovered by Yoichiro Nambu in particle physics within the context of the BCS superconductivity mechanism, and subsequently elucidated by Jeffrey Goldstone, and systematically generalized in the context of quantum field theory. In condensed matter physics such bosons are quasiparticles and are known as Anderson–Bogoliubov modes.
These spinless bosons correspond to the spontaneously broken internal symmetry generators, and are characterized by the quantum numbers of these.
They transform nonlinearly (shift) under the action of these generators, and can thus be excited out of the asymmetric vacuum by these generators. Thus, they can be thought of as the excitations of the field in the broken symmetry directions in group space—and are massless if the spontaneously broken symmetry is not also broken explicitly.
If, instead, the symmetry is not exact, i.e. if it is explicitly broken as well as spontaneously broken, then the Nambu–Goldstone bosons are not massless, though they typically remain relatively light; they are then called pseudo-Goldstone bosons or pseudo–Nambu–Goldstone bosons (abbreviated PNGBs).
Goldstone's theorem
Goldstone's theorem examines a generic continuous symmetry which is spontaneously broken; i.e., its currents are conserved, but the ground state is not invariant under the action of the corresponding charges. Then, necessarily, new massless (or light, if the symmetry is not exact) scalar particles appear in the spectrum of possible excitations. There is one scalar particle—called a Nambu–Goldstone boson—for each generator of the symmetry that is broken, i.e., that does not preserve the ground state. The Nambu–Goldstone mode is a long-wavelength fluctuation of the corresponding order parameter.
By virtue of their special properties in co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archard%20equation
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The Archard wear equation is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based on the theory of asperity contact. The Archard equation was developed much later than (sometimes also known as energy dissipative hypothesis), though both came to the same physical conclusions, that the volume of the removed debris due to wear is proportional to the work done by friction forces. Theodor Reye's model became popular in Europe and it is still taught in university courses of applied mechanics. Until recently, Reye's theory of 1860 has, however, been totally ignored in English and American literature where subsequent works by Ragnar Holm and John Frederick Archard are usually cited. In 1960, and Mikhail Alekseevich Babichev published a similar model as well. In modern literature, the relation is therefore also known as Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law. In 2022, the steady-state Archard wear equation was extended into the running-in regime using the bearing ratio curve representing the initial surface topography.
Equation
where:
Q is the total volume of wear debris produced
K is a dimensionless constant
W is the total normal load
L is the sliding distance
H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces
Note that is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye's hypothesis.
Also, K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two surfaces, surface hardness process, heat transfer between two surfaces and others.
Derivation
The equation can be derived by first examining the behavior of a single asperity.
The local load , supported by an asperity, assumed to have a circular cross-section with a radius , is:
where P is the yield pressure for the asperity, assumed to be deforming plastically. P will be close to the indentation hardness, H, of the asperity.
If the volume of wear debris, , for a particular asperity is a hemis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20electrophoresis%20of%20proteins
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Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium, namely agarose or polyacrylamide. Variants of gel electrophoresis include SDS-PAGE, free-flow electrophoresis, electrofocusing, isotachophoresis, affinity electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, counterelectrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis. Each variant has many subtypes with individual advantages and limitations. Gel electrophoresis is often performed in combination with electroblotting or immunoblotting to give additional information about a specific protein.
Denaturing gel methods
SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, describes a collection of related techniques to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility (a function of the molecular weight of a polypeptide chain) while in the denatured (unfolded) state. In most proteins, the binding of SDS to the polypeptide chain imparts an even distribution of charge per unit mass, thereby resulting in a fractionation by approximate size during electrophoresis.
SDS is a strong detergent agent used to denature native proteins to unfolded, individual polypeptides. When a protein mixture is heated to 100 °C in presence of SDS, the detergent wraps around the polypeptide backbone. In this process, the intrinsic charges of polypeptides becomes negligible when compared to the negative charges contributed by SDS. Thus polypeptides after treatment become rod-like structures possessing a uniform charge density, that is same net negative charge per unit length. The electrophoretic mobilities of these proteins will be a linear function of the logarithms of their molecular weights.
Native gel methods
Native gels, also known as non-denaturing gels, analyze proteins that are still in their folded state. Thus, the electrophoretic mobility depends
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced%20chemical%20vapor%20deposition
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Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state (vapor) to a solid state on a substrate. Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created by radio frequency (RF) (alternating current (AC)) frequency or direct current (DC) discharge between two electrodes, the space between which is filled with the reacting gases.
Discharges for processes
A plasma is any gas in which a significant percentage of the atoms or molecules are ionized. Fractional ionization in plasmas used for deposition and related materials processing varies from about 10−4 in typical capacitive discharges to as high as 5–10% in high-density inductive plasmas. Processing plasmas are typically operated at pressures of a few millitorrs to a few torr, although arc discharges and inductive plasmas can be ignited at atmospheric pressure. Plasmas with low fractional ionization are of great interest for materials processing because electrons are so light, compared to atoms and molecules, that energy exchange between the electrons and neutral gas is very inefficient. Therefore, the electrons can be maintained at very high equivalent temperatures – tens of thousands of kelvins, equivalent to several electronvolts average energy—while the neutral atoms remain at the ambient temperature. These energetic electrons can induce many processes that would otherwise be very improbable at low temperatures, such as dissociation of precursor molecules and the creation of large quantities of free radicals.
The second benefit of deposition within a discharge arises from the fact that electrons are more mobile than ions. As a consequence, the plasma is normally more positive than any object it is in contact with, as otherwise, a large flux of electrons would flow from the plasma to the object. The difference in voltage between the plasma and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20matrix
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In computer vision, the essential matrix is a matrix, that relates corresponding points in stereo images assuming that the cameras satisfy the pinhole camera model.
Function
More specifically, if and are homogeneous normalized image coordinates in image 1 and 2, respectively, then
if and correspond to the same 3D point in the scene (not an "if and only if" due to the fact that points that lie on the same epipolar line in the first image will get mapped to the same epipolar line in the second image).
The above relation which defines the essential matrix was published in 1981 by H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins, introducing the concept to the computer vision community. Richard Hartley and Andrew Zisserman's book reports that an analogous matrix appeared in photogrammetry long before that. Longuet-Higgins' paper includes an algorithm for estimating from a set of corresponding normalized image coordinates as well as an algorithm for determining the relative position and orientation of the two cameras given that is known. Finally, it shows how the 3D coordinates of the image points can be determined with the aid of the essential matrix.
Use
The essential matrix can be seen as a precursor to the fundamental matrix, . Both matrices can be used for establishing constraints between matching image points, but the fundamental matrix can only be used in relation to calibrated cameras since the inner camera parameters (matrices and ) must be known in order to achieve the normalization. If, however, the cameras are calibrated the essential matrix can be useful for determining both the relative position and orientation between the cameras and the 3D position of corresponding image points. The essential matrix is related to the fundamental matrix with
Derivation and definition
This derivation follows the paper by Longuet-Higgins.
Two normalized cameras project the 3D world onto their respective image planes. Let the 3D coordinates of a point P be and relative to eac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber
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A YouTuber is a type of social media influencer who uploads or creates videos on the online video-sharing website YouTube, typically posting to their personal YouTube channel. The term was first used in the English language in 2006, and subsequently appeared in the 2006 Time Person of the Year issue.
Influence
Influential YouTubers are frequently described as microcelebrities. Since YouTube is widely conceived as a bottom-up social media video platform, microcelebrities do not appear to be involved with the established and commercial system of celebrity culture; rather, they appear self-governed and independent. This appearance, in turn, leads to YouTubers being seen as more relatable and authentic, also fostered by the direct connection between artist and viewer using the medium of YouTube.
In 2014, the University of Southern California surveyed 1318-year-olds in the United States on whether 10 YouTube celebrities or 10 traditional celebrities were more influential; YouTube personalities took the first five spots of the ranking, with the YouTube duo Smosh ranking as most influential. The survey was repeated in 2015, and found six YouTubers on the first ranks, with KSI ranked as most influential. Several YouTubers and their influence were subjects for scientific studies, such as Zoella, and PewDiePie. Numerous studies in the late 2010s found that YouTuber was the most desired career by children.
YouTubers' influence has also extended beyond the platform. Some have ventured into mainstream forms of media, such as Liza Koshy, who, among other pursuits, hosted the revival of the Nickelodeon show Double Dare and starred in the Netflix dance-comedy film Work It. In 2019, Ryan's Mystery Playdate, a show starring Ryan Kaji, the then-seven-year-old host of the toy review and vlog channel Ryan's World, began airing on the Nick Jr. Channel; later that year, NBC debuted A Little Late with Lilly Singh in its 1:35 am ET time slot. Singh's digital prominence was cited as a r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package%20on%20a%20package
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Package on a package (PoP) is an integrated circuit packaging method to vertically combine discrete logic and memory ball grid array (BGA) packages. Two or more packages are installed atop each other, i.e. stacked, with a standard interface to route signals between them. This allows higher component density in devices, such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and digital cameras, at the cost of slightly higher height requirements. Stacks with more than 2 packages are uncommon, due to heat dissipation considerations.
Configuration
Two widely used configurations exist for PoP:
Pure memory stacking: two or more memory only packages are stacked on each other
Mixed logic-memory stacking: logic (CPU) package on the bottom, memory package on top. For example, the bottom could be a system on a chip (SoC) for a mobile phone. The logic package is on the bottom because it needs many more BGA connections to the motherboard.
During PCB assembly, the bottom package of a PoP stack is placed directly on the PCB, and the other package(s) of the stack are stacked on top.
The packages of a PoP stack become attached to each other (and to the PCB) during reflow soldering.
Benefits
The package on a package technique tries to combine the benefits of traditional packaging with the benefits of die-stacking techniques, while avoiding their drawbacks.
Traditional packaging places each die in its own package, a package designed for normal PCB assembly techniques that place each package directly on the PCB side-by-side.
The 3D die-stacking system in package (SiP) techniques stacks multiple die in a single package, which has several advantages and also some disadvantages compared to traditional PCB assembly.
In embedded PoP techniques, chips are embedded in a substrate on the bottom of the package. This PoP technology enables smaller packages with shorter electrical connections and is supported by companies such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE).
Advantages ove
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket%20%28telecommunications%29
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Socket is a Missouri-based telecommunications provider, with its headquarters in Columbia, Missouri. Socket is a privately held company and offers local and long distance phone service, DSL and fiber-optic internet, and data technology to residents and businesses across Missouri.
History
Founded in 1994 by George Pfenenger and John Dupuy, Socket Internet quickly became the largest local internet provider in Missouri. In 2001 Inc. (magazine) ranked Socket Internet 136th on its list of America's Top 500 Fastest-Growing Privately Held Companies, an award it would win three times. Also in 2001, Technology Fast 50 ranked Socket 4th in The Fast 50, which recognizes the 50 fastest growing technology companies in a given geographic area. In 2004, Socket expanded into the telephone industry, offering business telephone and networking services.
In 2008, the company began offering residential telephone service in select markets. Socket now provides phone services and DSL internet to most of Missouri.
In 2010, Socket was awarded $23.7 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to deploy a fiber-to-the-home network in Callaway County. Construction for the project began in late 2011 with the first residential customers Fiber Internet service being installed in May 2012. The project is expected to have a major impact in Millersburg, MO and Callaway County where residents are limited to dial-up and satellite Internet options.
The company offers flat rate pricing as well as no contract Internet services.
Headquarters
Originally located near the west end of Business Loop 70 in Columbia, MO, the company headquarters were moved to an office building on Cherry Street in the downtown area, eventually expanding to include space below what is now Glenn's Cafe and the Tiger Hotel.
In early 2007, Socket moved to their current headquarters at 2703 Clark Lane in Columbia, the former site of Boyce & Bynum Pathology Laboratories. They have since added offices in St.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVR
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PowerVR is a division of Imagination Technologies (formerly VideoLogic) that develops hardware and software for 2D and 3D rendering, and for video encoding, decoding, associated image processing and DirectX, OpenGL ES, OpenVG, and OpenCL acceleration. PowerVR also develops AI accelerators called Neural Network Accelerator (NNA).
The PowerVR product line was originally introduced to compete in the desktop PC market for 3D hardware accelerators with a product with a better price–performance ratio than existing products like those from 3dfx Interactive. Rapid changes in that market, notably with the introduction of OpenGL and Direct3D, led to rapid consolidation. PowerVR introduced new versions with low-power electronics that were aimed at the laptop computer market. Over time, this developed into a series of designs that could be incorporated into system-on-a-chip architectures suitable for handheld device use.
PowerVR accelerators are not manufactured by PowerVR, but instead their IP blocks of integrated circuit designs and patents are licensed to other companies, such as Texas Instruments, Intel, NEC, BlackBerry, Renesas, Samsung, Sony, STMicroelectronics, Freescale, Apple, NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors), and many others.
Technology
The PowerVR chipset uses a method of 3D rendering known as tile-based deferred rendering (often abbreviated as TBDR) which is tile-based rendering combined with PowerVR's proprietary method of Hidden Surface Removal (HSR) and Hierarchical Scheduling Technology (HST). As the polygon generating program feeds triangles to the PowerVR (driver), it stores them in memory in a triangle strip or an indexed format. Unlike other architectures, polygon rendering is (usually) not performed until all polygon information has been collated for the current frame. Furthermore, the expensive operations of texturing and shading of pixels (or fragments) is delayed, whenever possible, until the visible surface at a pixel is determin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20econometrics
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Spatial econometrics is the field where spatial analysis and econometrics intersect. The term “spatial econometrics” was introduced for the first time by the Belgian economist Jean Paelinck (universally recognised as the father of the discipline) in the general address he delivered to the annual meeting of the Dutch Statistical Association in May 1974 (Paelinck and Klaassen, 1979).
In general, econometrics differs from other branches of statistics in focusing on theoretical models, whose parameters are estimated using regression analysis. Spatial econometrics is a refinement of this, where either the theoretical model involves interactions between different entities, or the data observations are not truly independent. Thus, models incorporating spatial auto-correlation or neighborhood effects can be estimated using spatial econometric methods. Such models are common in regional science, real estate economics, education economics, housing market and many others. Adopting a more general view, in the by-law of the Spatial Econometrics Association, the discipline is defined as the set of “models and theoretical instruments of spatial statistics and spatial data analysis to analyse various economic effects such as externalities, interactions, spatial concentration and many others” (Spatial Econometrics Association, 2006). Recent developments tend to include also methods and models from social network econometrics.
History
The first general text in the field was the 1979 book by Paelinck and Klaasen.
See also
Geographic information science
Spatial autocorrelation
Complete spatial randomness
Modifiable areal unit problem
Spatial analysis
Correlation
Regression analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia%20Clementi
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Cecilia Clementi is an Italian-American scientist who specialises in the simulation of biomolecules. She is a Professor of Computational Biophysics at the Free University of Berlin. She was previously a Professor of Chemistry at the Rice University and co-director of the National Science Foundation Molecular Sciences Software Institute. From 2017 to 2019 she held an Einstein Foundation fellowship.
Early life and education
Clementi is from Italy. She studied physics at the University of Florence, where she earned her Laurea in 1995. After graduating in physics, Clementi moved to the International School for Advanced Studies for her doctoral degree. Clementi was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Diego, where she was part of the La Jolla Interfaces in Science programme. After completing her postdoctoral research Clementi was appointed as an assistant professor at Rice University.
Research and career
In 2009 Clementi was made a Professor of Chemistry at Rice University. Her research considers the simulation of complex biophysical processes using large-scale data sets. She specialises in coarse-grain modeling of macromolecular systems. In 2016 Clementi was made co-director of the National Science Foundation Molecular Sciences Software Institute.
Clementi joined the Free University of Berlin in 2017 as an Einstein Foundation fellow, during which she focussed on the multi-scale modelling of biophysical systems in an effort to better understand cellular functions. She was the first Einstein Foundation fellow to be appointed to their Strategic Professorships Program.
Clementi was made a Professor of Physics at the Free University of Berlin in June 2020.
Awards and honours
2004 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
2007 Hamill Innovation award
2009 Robert A. Welch Foundation Norman Hackerman Award in Chemical Research
2014 Hamill Innovation award
Selected publications
The complete list of publication is available on Google scho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopredator%20release%20hypothesis
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The mesopredator release hypothesis is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter. This hypothesis describes the phenomenon of trophic cascade in specific terrestrial communities.
A mesopredator is a medium-sized, middle trophic level predator, which both preys and is preyed upon. Examples are raccoons, skunks, snakes, cownose rays, and small sharks.
The hypothesis
The term "mesopredator release" was first used by Soulé and colleagues in 1988 to describe a process whereby mid-sized carnivorous mammals became far more abundant after being "released" from the control of a larger carnivore. This, in turn, resulted in decreased populations of still smaller prey species, such as birds. This may lead to dramatic prey population decline, or even extinction, especially on islands. This process arises when mammalian top predators are considered to be the most influential factor on trophic structure and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Top predators may feed on herbivores and kill predators in lower trophic levels as well. Thus, reduction in the abundance of top predators may cause the medium-sized predator population to increase, therefore having a negative effect on the underlying prey community. The mesopredator release hypothesis offers an explanation for the abnormally high numbers of mesopredators and the decline in prey abundance and diversity. The hypothesis supports the argument for conservation of top predators because they protect smaller prey species that are in danger of extinction. This argument has been a subject of interest within conservation biology for years, but few studies have adequately documented the phenomenon.
Criticism
One of the main criticisms of the mesopredator release hypothesis is that it argues in favor of the top-down control
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bornat
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Richard Bornat (born 1944), is a British author and researcher in the field of computer science. He is also professor of Computer programming at Middlesex University. Previously he was at Queen Mary, University of London.
Research
Bornat's research interests includes program proving in separation logic. His focus is on the proofs themselves; as opposed to any logical underpinnings. Much of the work involves discovering ways to state the properties of independent modules, in a manner that makes their composition into useful systems conducive.
Bornat (in conjunction with Bernard Sufrin of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory) developed Jape, a proof calculator; he is involved in research on the usability of this tool for exploration of novel proofs.
Richard Bornat's PhD students have included Samson Abramsky in the early 1980s.
In 2004, one of Bornat's students developed an aptitude test to "divide people up into programmers and non-programmers before they ever come into contact with programming." The test was first given to a group of students in 2005 during an experiment on the use of mental models in programming. In 2008 and 2014, Bornat partially retracted some of the claims, impugning its validity as a test for programming capability.
Publications
Bornat published a book entitled "Understanding and Writing Compilers: A Do It Yourself Guide", which is regarded as one of the most extensive resources on compiler development. Although it has been out of print for some time, he has now made it available as an online edition.
Other publications from Bornat include:
R. Bornat; 1987; Programming from First Principles; Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science; .
Richard Bornat and Harold Thimbleby; 1989; The life and times of ded, display editor; in J.B. Long & A. Whitefield (eds); Cognitive Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction; Cambridge University Press; pp. 225–255.
Richard Bornat and Bernard Sufrin;1999; Animating Formal Proof at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20bird%20terms
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The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves and the only living dinosaurs, characterized by , the ability to in all but the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds, toothless, , the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
Among other details such as size, proportions and shape, terms defining bird features developed and are used to describe features unique to the class—especially evolutionary adaptations that developed to aid flight. There are, for example, numerous terms describing the complex structural makeup of feathers (e.g., , and ); types of feathers (e.g., , and feathers); and their growth and loss (e.g., , and ).
There are thousands of terms that are unique to the study of birds. This glossary makes no attempt to cover them all, concentrating on terms that might be found across descriptions of multiple bird species by bird enthusiasts and ornithologists. Though words that are not unique to birds are also covered, such as or , they are defined in relation to other unique features of external bird anatomy, sometimes called . As a rule, this glossary does not contain individual entries on any of the approximately 9,700 recognized living individual bird species of the world.
A
B
C
D
{| border="1"
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|carnivores (sometimes called faunivores): birds that predominantly forage for the meat of vertebrates—generally hunters as in certain birds of prey—including eagles, owls and shrikes, though piscivores, insectivores and crustacivores may be called specialized types of carnivores.
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|crustacivores: birds that forage for and eat crustaceans, such as crab-plovers and some rails.
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|detritivores: birds that forage for and eat decomposing material, such as vultures. It is usually used as a more general term than "saprovore" (defined below), which often connotes the eating of de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscular%20theory%20of%20light
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In optics, the corpuscular theory of light states that light is made up of small discrete particles called "corpuscles" (little particles) which travel in a straight line with a finite velocity and possess impetus. This was based on an alternate description of atomism of the time period.
Isaac Newton laid the foundations for this theory through his work in optics. This early conception of the particle theory of light was an early forerunner to the modern understanding of the photon. This theory came to dominate the conceptions of light in the eighteenth century, displacing the previously prominent vibration theories, where light was viewed as 'pressure' of the medium between the source and the receiver, first championed by René Descartes, and later in a more refined form by Christiaan Huygens. It would fall out of the spotlight in the early nineteenth century, as the wave theory of light amassed new experimental evidence.
Mechanical philosophy
In the early 17th century, natural philosophers began to develop new ways to understand nature gradually replacing Aristotelianism, which had been for centuries the dominant scientific theory, during the process known as the Scientific Revolution. Various European philosophers adopted what came to be known as mechanical philosophy sometime between around 1610 to 1650, which described the universe and its contents as a kind of large-scale mechanism, a philosophy that explained the universe is made with matter and motion. This mechanical philosophy was based on Epicureanism, and the work of Leucippus and his pupil Democritus and their atomism, in which everything in the universe, including a person's body, mind, soul and even thoughts, was made of atoms; very small particles of moving matter. During the early part of the 17th century, the atomistic portion of mechanical philosophy was largely developed by Gassendi, René Descartes and other atomists.
Pierre Gassendi's atomist matter theory
The core of Pierre Gassendi's philo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2027018
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ISO/IEC 27018 is a security standard part of the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards. It was the first international standard about the privacy in cloud computing services which was promoted by the industry. It was created in 2014 as an addendum to ISO/IEC 27001, the first international code of practice for cloud privacy. It helps cloud service providers who process personally identifiable information (PII) to assess risk and implement controls for protecting PII. It was published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under the joint ISO and IEC subcommittee, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27.
Standard Versions
That standard has two versions:
ISO/IEC 27018:2014
ISO/IEC 27018:2019
Structure of the standard
The official title of the standard is "Information technology — Security techniques — Code of practice for protection of personally identifiable information (PII) in public clouds acting as PII processors".
ISO/IEC 27018:2019 has eighteen sections, plus a long annex, which cover:
1. Scope
2. Normative References
3. Terms and definitions
4. Overview
5. Information security policies
6. Organization of information security
7. Human resource security
8. Asset management
9. Access control
10. Cryptography
11. Physical and environmental security
12. Operations security
13. Communications security
14. System acquisition, development and maintenance
15. Supplier relationships
16. Information security incident management
17. Information security aspects of business continuity management
18. Compliance
Objectives
The objective of this document, when used in conjunction with the information security objectives and controls in ISO/IEC 27002, is to create a common set of security categories and controls that can be implemented by a public cloud computing service provider acting as a PII processor. It has the following objectives:
Help the public cloud service provider to comply with applicable obligations whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Technology%20Associates
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Global Technology Associates, Inc. (GTA) is a developer and pioneer of Internet firewalls. The company is privately held with its headquarters, development and support facilities based in Orlando, Florida.
History
GTA was founded by a group of software engineers in 1992, and in 1994 was one of the first companies to introduced a commercial firewall. The original firewall they introduced was the GFX-94. The GFX-94 was a stateful firewall with unique dual walled design that consisted of two separate hardware devices comprising the inner and outer firewall. The GFX-94 was in the first group of firewalls certified by the NCSA (now ICSA). In 1996 GTA introduced the first tiny footprint firewall, the GNAT Box firewall, which fit entirely on a 3.5" floppy diskette. The GNAT Box firewall evolved into the current GB-OS. GB-OS is the operating system for all GTA firewalls and carries the ICSA Firewall Certification.
In April 2018, the company announced on its Facebook page that it was ending all new business.
External links
GTA Web Site
GTA Forum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastly
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Fastly is an American cloud computing services provider. It describes its network as an edge cloud platform, which is designed to help developers extend their core cloud infrastructure to the edge of the network, closer to users. The Fastly edge cloud platform includes their content delivery network (CDN), image optimization, video and streaming, cloud security, and load balancing services. Fastly's cloud security services include denial-of-service attack protection, bot mitigation, and a web application firewall. Fastly's web application firewall uses the Open Web Application Security Project ModSecurity Core Rule Set alongside its own ruleset. The company follows up on unsolicited emails with VOIP phone calls spoofing local phone numbers.
The Fastly platform is built on top of Varnish. As of December 2021, Fastly transfers 50–100 Tbps of data.
History
Fastly was founded in 2011 by the Swedish-American entrepreneur Artur Bergman, previously chief technical officer at Wikia (now Fandom). In June 2013, Fastly raised $10 million in Series B funding. In April 2014, the company announced that it had acquired CDN Sumo, a CDN add-on for Heroku. In September 2014, Fastly raised a further $40 million in Series C funding, followed by a $75 million Series D round in August 2015.
In September 2015, Google partnered with Fastly and other content delivery network providers to offer services to its users. In April 2017, Fastly launched its edge cloud platform along with image optimization, load balancing, and a web application firewall.
Fastly raised $50 million in funding in April 2017, and another $40 million in July 2018. The company filed for an initial public offering (IPO) in April 2019 and debuted on the New York Stock Exchange on May 17, 2019. In February 2020, Bergman stepped down as CEO and assumed the role of chief architect and executive chairperson; Joshua Bixby took over the CEO role.
In August 2020, Fastly announced it was acquiring cybersecurity company Signa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20Kalman%20filter
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The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models. The EnKF originated as a version of the Kalman filter for large problems (essentially, the covariance matrix is replaced by the sample covariance), and it is now an important data assimilation component of ensemble forecasting. EnKF is related to the particle filter (in this context, a particle is the same thing as an ensemble member) but the EnKF makes the assumption that all probability distributions involved are Gaussian; when it is applicable, it is much more efficient than the particle filter.
Introduction
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a Monte Carlo implementation of the Bayesian update problem: given a probability density function (PDF) of the state of the modeled system (the prior, called often the forecast in geosciences) and the data likelihood, Bayes' theorem is used to obtain the PDF after the data likelihood has been taken into account (the posterior, often called the analysis). This is called a Bayesian update. The Bayesian update is combined with advancing the model in time, incorporating new data from time to time. The original Kalman filter, introduced in 1960, assumes that all PDFs are Gaussian (the Gaussian assumption) and provides algebraic formulas for the change of the mean and the covariance matrix by the Bayesian update, as well as a formula for advancing the mean and covariance in time provided the system is linear. However, maintaining the covariance matrix is not feasible computationally for high-dimensional systems. For this reason, EnKFs were developed. EnKFs represent the distribution of the system state using a collection of state vectors, called an ensemble, and replace the covariance matrix by the sample covariance computed from the ensemble. The ensemble is operated with as if it were a random sample, but the ensemble members are real
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG2%20Shareable%20%28Fire%20Control%29%20Software%20Suite%20%28S4%29
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The NATO Army Armaments Group (NAAG) Integrated Capability Group Indirect Fires (ICGIF), formerly Land Group 4, and their Sub Group 2 (SG2) on Surface to Surface Ballistics has created a widely used set of shareable fire control software using the Ada programming language. This product is known as the SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4) and is sometimes abbreviated as S4 when referenced.
Fire-control system developers and most of the international (primarily NATO) ballistics communities are familiar with the mature NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) and other software component items that have emerged from the NABK development effort. The collection of these software items has been enhanced into the “suite” of NATO shareable fire control software.
Significant development effort occurs in Aberdeen, Maryland, USA in the Firing Tables and Ballistics (FTaB) Division, Armaments Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) with contributions from a variety of agencies within participating NATO nations.
NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGS) and Supporting Research
The S4 implements a variety of NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGs) including STANAG 4355 and STANAG 6022.
A number of papers and presentations have been published, such as a formal description of the early history of the suite and a later presentation in the International Symposium of Ballistics (ISB) forum sponsored by the International Ballistics Society (IBS).
http://www.hsu-hh.de/mit/index_tQ8Jt6q7o77XYTKW.html (S4 testing research and related contributions by Germany)
http://www.hsu-hh.de/mit/index_6ErpEIxUgVmppHGV.html (Crest Clearance algorithm contributions by Germany)
Integrating Weapon Systems
Specific examples include:
Canada
http://www.artillery.net/beta/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Vol-26-3-Winter-2011.pdf IFCSS (Page 8, DLR Technical Bulletin)
Denmark
http://www.a-o-f.dk/PDF/DAT%202009-1.pdf SIF 2000 (Page 23)
France
http://www.nexter-group.fr/index.ph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrelled%20set
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In functional analysis, a subset of a topological vector space (TVS) is called a barrel or a barrelled set if it is closed convex balanced and absorbing.
Barrelled sets play an important role in the definitions of several classes of topological vector spaces, such as barrelled spaces.
Definitions
Let be a topological vector space (TVS).
A subset of is called a if it is closed convex balanced and absorbing in
A subset of is called and a if it absorbs every bounded subset of Every bornivorous subset of is necessarily an absorbing subset of
Let be a subset of a topological vector space If is a balanced absorbing subset of and if there exists a sequence of balanced absorbing subsets of such that for all then is called a in where moreover, is said to be a(n):
if in addition every is a closed and bornivorous subset of for every
if in addition every is a closed subset of for every
if in addition every is a closed and bornivorous subset of for every
In this case, is called a for
Properties
Note that every bornivorous ultrabarrel is an ultrabarrel and that every bornivorous suprabarrel is a suprabarrel.
Examples
In a semi normed vector space the closed unit ball is a barrel.
Every locally convex topological vector space has a neighbourhood basis consisting of barrelled sets, although the space itself need not be a barreled space.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabindu
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Chandrabindu (IAST: , in Sanskrit) is a diacritic sign with the form of a dot inside the lower half of a circle. It is used in the Devanagari (ँ), Bengali-Assamese (), Gujarati (ઁ), Odia (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese ( ꦀ) and other scripts.
It usually means that the previous vowel is nasalized.
In Hindi, it is replaced in writing by anusvara when it is written above a consonant that carries a vowel symbol that extends above the top line.
In Classical Sanskrit, it seems to occur only over a lla conjunct consonant, to show that it is pronounced as a nasalized double l, which occurs if -nl- have become assimilated in sandhi.
In Vedic Sanskrit, it is used instead of anusvara to represent the sound anunasika when the next word starts with a vowel. It usually occurs where in earlier times a word ended in -ans.
Unicode
Unicode encodes chandrabindu and chandrabindu-like characters for a variety of scripts:
The COMBINING CANDRABINDU (U+0310), is a general-purpose combining diacritical mark intended for use with Latin letters in transliteration of Indic languages.
See also
Anusvara
Fermata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20manipulation
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Atomic manipulation is the process of moving single atoms on a substrate using Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). The atomic manipulation is a surface science technique usually used to create artificial objects on the substrate made out of atoms and to study electronic behaviour of matter. These objects do not occur in nature and therefore need to be created artificially. The first demonstration of atomic manipulation was done by IBM scientists in 1989, when they created IBM in atoms.
Vertical manipulation
Vertical manipulation is a process of transferring an atom from substrate to STM tip, repositioning the STM tip and transferring the atom back on a desired position. Transferring an atom from substrate to STM tip is done by placing the tip above the atom in a constant current mode, turning off the feedback loop and applying high bias for a few seconds. In some cases it is also required to slowly approach the tip while applying high bias. Sudden spikes or drops in current during this process correspond to either transfer or to the atom being pushed away from the given spot. As such, there is always some level of randomness in this process. Transferring an atom from STM tip to substrate is done the same way but by applying opposite bias.
Lateral manipulation
Lateral manipulation means moving an adsorbate on the surface by making a temporary chemical or physical bond between the STM tip and the adsorbate. A typical lateral manipulation sequence begins by positioning the tip close to the adsorbate, bringing the tip close to the surface by increasing the tunneling current setpoint, moving the tip along a desired route and finally retracting the tip to normal scanning height. Lateral manipulation is typically applied to strongly bound adsorbates, such as metal adatoms on metal surfaces. The probability that the surface adsorbate moves the same distance traveled by the tip is strongly dependent on the tip conditions.
Depending on the tip apex and the surface/ads
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese%20spotted%20lion
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A Congolese spotted lion, also known by the portmanteau lijagulep, is the hybrid of a male lion and female jaguar-leopard (a jagulep or lepjag). Several lijaguleps have been bred, but only one appears to have been exhibited as a Congolese spotted lion. It was most likely given that name by a showman because the public were more interested in exotic captured animals than in captive-bred hybrids.
The story
The Times (April 15, 1908) pg. 6: A Strange Animal From The Congo: Mr. J. D. Hamlyn, the animal dealer of St. George St.,E., who obtained two or three new monkeys from the Congo, has just received from the same region a very curious feline animal nearly as large as an adult lioness, which it resembles in build, but irregularly spotted. There is no trace of a mane or ruff, nor is the tail tufted as in the lion. The general hue is tawny, but with a rufous tinge, reminding one of the coat of a cheetah rather than of the leopard, and the inner sides of the limbs are yellowish white, with dark spots. The markings on the upper surface differ greatly in size and character; on the hind limbs they are large; toward the forequarters and head they diminish in size, but increase greatly in number, and the face is so to speak, strippled with black, except on the nose. There is a black mark on each side of the lower jaw, and a black stripe on the posterior side of each ear; and along the spine, from the root of the tail to about the centre of the back is a row of dark markings, somewhat like disconnected links of a chain. The hue of the tail for the greater part of its length corresponds to that of the body, but the terminal portion is banded with black and white. The animal, a female, is in excellent condition and fairly quiet. The obvious suggestion is that the animal is a wild-bred hybrid, with a lioness for dam and a spotted cat for sire. Lion-tiger hybrids were bred in this country by Atkins, the proprietor of a famous travelling menagerie; among Continental breeders Carl H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyerhoff%20manifold
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In hyperbolic geometry, the Meyerhoff manifold is the arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifold obtained by surgery on the figure-8 knot complement. It was introduced by as a possible candidate for the hyperbolic 3-manifold of smallest volume, but the Weeks manifold turned out to have slightly smaller volume. It has the second smallest volume
of orientable arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds, where is the zeta function of the quartic field of discriminant . Alternatively,
where is the polylogarithm and is the absolute value of the complex root (with positive imaginary part) of the quartic .
showed that this manifold is arithmetic.
See also
Gieseking manifold
Weeks manifold
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing%20drawing
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A plumbing drawing, a type of technical drawing, shows the system of piping for fresh water going into the building and waste going out, both solid and liquid.
It also includes fuel gas drawings. Mainly plumbing drawing consist of water supply system drawings, drainage system drawings, irrigation system drawings, storm water system drawings.
In water supply system drawing there will be hot water piping and cold water piping and hot water return piping also.
In drainage system drawings there will be waste piping , Soil piping and vent piping.
The set of drawing of each system like water supply , drainage etc is consist of Plans, Riser diagram, Installation details, Legends, Notes.
Every pipes should me marked with pipe sizes.
If the drawing is detailed , fixture units also should be marked along with the pipe.
If it is shop drawing, sections also should be shown where there pipes are crossing.
In shop drawings pipe sizes should be marked with the text and size should be shown with double line.
Each pipes with different purposes will be displayed with different colors for ease of understanding. Drainage pipes should be shown with slope.
For water supply , pump capacity and number of pumps will be attached as drawing file.
For drainage, manhole schedule which consist of each manhole name, Invert level, Cover level , Depth are also attached as drawing file.
See also
Architectural drawing
Electrical drawing
Engineering drawing
Mechanical systems drawing
Structural drawing
Working drawing
Technical drawing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-encryption
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Hyper-encryption is a form of encryption invented by Michael O. Rabin which uses a high-bandwidth source of public random bits, together with a secret key that is shared by only the sender and recipient(s) of the message. It uses the assumptions of Ueli Maurer's bounded-storage model as the basis of its secrecy. Although everyone can see the data, decryption by adversaries without the secret key is still not feasible, because of the space limitations of storing enough data to mount an attack against the system.
Unlike almost all other cryptosystems except the one-time pad, hyper-encryption can be proved to be information-theoretically secure, provided the storage bound cannot be surpassed. Moreover, if the necessary public information cannot be stored at the time of transmission, the plaintext can be shown to be impossible to recover, regardless of the computational capacity available to an adversary in the future, even if they have access to the secret key at that future time.
A highly energy-efficient implementation of a hyper-encryption chip was demonstrated by Krishna Palem et al. using the Probabilistic CMOS or PCMOS technology and was shown to be ~205 times more efficient in terms of Energy-Performance-Product.
See also
Perfect forward secrecy
Randomness extractor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych
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A triptych ( ) is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked by two smaller related works, although there are triptychs of equal-sized panels. The form can also be used for pendant jewelry.
Beyond its association with art, the term is sometimes used more generally to connote anything with three parts, particularly if integrated into a single unit.
Etymology
The word triptych was formed in English by compounding the prefix tri- with the word diptych. Diptych is borrowed from the Latin , which itself is derived from the Late Greek () . is the neuter plural of () .
In art
The triptych form appears in early Christian art, and was a popular standard format for altar paintings from the Middle Ages onwards. Its geographical range was from the eastern Byzantine churches to the Celtic churches in the west. During the Byzantine period, triptychs were often used for private devotional use, along with other relics such as icons. Renaissance painters such as Hans Memling and Hieronymus Bosch used the form. Sculptors also used it. Triptych forms also allow ease of transport.
From the Gothic period onward, both in Europe and elsewhere, altarpieces in churches and cathedrals were often in triptych form. One such cathedral with an altarpiece triptych is Llandaff Cathedral. The Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium, contains two examples by Rubens, and Notre Dame de Paris is another example of the use of triptych in architecture. The form is echoed by the structure of many ecclesiastical stained glass windows.
The triptych form's transportability was exploited during World War Two when a private citizens' committee in the United States commissioned painters and sculptors to create portable three-panel hinged altarpie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20coordinate%20charts
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This article contains a non-exhaustive list of coordinate charts for Riemannian manifolds and pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. Coordinate charts are mathematical objects of topological manifolds, and they have multiple applications in theoretical and applied mathematics. When a differentiable structure and a metric are defined, greater structure exists, and this allows the definition of constructs such as integration and geodesics.
Charts for Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian surfaces
The following charts (with appropriate metric tensors) can be used in the stated classes of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian surfaces:
Radially symmetric surfaces:
Hyperspherical coordinates
Surfaces embedded in E3:
Monge chart
Certain minimal surfaces:
Asymptotic chart (see also asymptotic line)
Euclidean plane E2:
Cartesian chart
Sphere S2:
Spherical coordinates
Stereographic chart
Central projection chart
Axial projection chart
Mercator chart
Hyperbolic plane H2:
Polar chart
Stereographic chart (Poincaré model)
Upper half-space chart (Poincaré model)
Central projection chart (Klein model)
Mercator chart
AdS2 (or S1,1) and dS2 (or H1,1):
Central projection
Sn
Hopf chart
Hn
Upper half-space chart (Poincaré model)
Hopf chart
The following charts apply specifically to three-dimensional manifolds:
Axially symmetric manifolds:
Cylindrical chart
Parabolic chart
Hyperbolic chart
Toroidal chart
Three-dimensional Euclidean space E3:
Cartesian
Polar spherical chart
Cylindrical chart
Elliptical cylindrical, hyperbolic cylindrical, parabolic cylindrical charts
Parabolic chart
Hyperbolic chart
Prolate spheroidal chart (rational and trigonometric forms)
Oblate spheroidal chart (rational and trigonometric forms)
Toroidal chart
Cassini toroidal chart and Cassini bipolar chart
Three-sphere S3
Polar chart
Stereographic chart
Hopf chart
Hyperbolic three-space H3
Polar chart
Upper half space chart (Poincaré model)
Hopf chart
See also
Coordinate chart
Coordinate system
Metric tensor
List of mathemat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20optics%20articles
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Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
W
Z
See also
:Category:Optical components
:Category:Optical materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XC800%20family
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The Infineon XC800 family is an 8-bit microcontroller family, first introduced in 2005, with a dual cycle optimized 8051 "E-Warp" core. The XC800 family is divided into two categories, the A-Family for Automotive and the I-Family for Industrial and multi-market applications.
Applications
Industrial and multimarket
The Industrial-Family also called I-Family product series ranges from 2KB to 64KB flash memory and from 16- to 64-pin package options. It can be found in applications like motor control of eBikes, pumps and fans e.g. in air conditioners, as display or touch button controls or in digital controlled power supplies e.g. for motor drives or lighting.
Automotive
Automotive devices from the XC800 family can be found in safety and powertrain applications like motorcycle BCM, lighting, window lift, low end airbags, steering angle sensors, pumps, cooling fans and valve/throttle controls. All devices are compliant with the AEC Q100 standards for automotive electronics.
Key features
Core
The instruction set consists of 45% one-byte, 41% two-byte and 14% three-byte instructions. Each instruction takes 1, 2 or 4 machine cycles to execute. In case of access to slower memory, the access time may be extended by wait cycles (one wait cycle lasts one machine cycle, which is equivalent to two wait states). The XC800 core supports a range of debugging features including basic stop/start, single-step execution, breakpoint support and read/write access to the data memory, program memory and special function registers. A 16-bit co-processor provides additional computing performance and is optimized for the processing of multiply / divide operations and for the execution of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric operations.
Memory organization
The 8-bit MCUs have an embedded user-programmable non-volatile flash memory that allows for fast and reliable storage of user code and data. It is operated with a single 2.5 V supply from the embedded voltage regulator (EVR) and d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelastic%20damping
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Thermoelastic damping is a source of intrinsic material damping due to thermoelasticity present in almost all materials. As the name thermoelastic suggests, it describes the coupling between the elastic field in the structure caused by deformation and the temperature field.
Definition
In any vibrating structure, the strain field causes a change in the internal energy such that compressed region becomes hotter (assuming a positive coefficient of thermal expansion) and extended region becomes cooler. The mechanism responsible for thermoelastic damping is the resulting lack of thermal equilibrium between various parts of the vibrating structure. Energy is dissipated when irreversible heat flow driven by the temperature gradient occurs.
The earliest study of thermoelastic damping can be found in Zener’s classical work, in 1937, in which he studied thermoelastic damping in beams undergoing flexural vibrations. Flexural vibrations cause alternating tensile and compressive strains to build up on opposite sides of the neutral axis leading to a thermal imbalance. Irreversible heat flow which is driven by the temperature gradient causes vibrational energy to be dissipated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematically%20Correct
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Mathematically Correct was a U.S.-based website created by educators, parents, mathematicians, and scientists who were concerned about the direction of reform mathematics curricula based on NCTM standards. Created in 1997, it was a frequently cited website in the so-called Math wars, and was actively updated until 2003.
History
Although Mathematically Correct had a national scope, much of its focus was on advocating against mathematics curricula prevalent in California in the mid-1990s. When California reversed course and adopted more traditional mathematics texts (2001 - 2002), Mathematically Correct changed its focus to reviewing the new text books. Convinced that the choices were adequate, the website went largely dormant.
Mathematically Correct maintained a large section of critical articles and reviews for a number of math programs. Most of the program opposed by Mathematically Correct had been developed from research projects funded by the National Science Foundation. Most of these programs also claimed to have been based on the 1989 Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Mathematically Correct's main point of contention was that, in reform textbooks, traditional methods and concepts have been omitted or replaced by new terminology and procedures. As a result, in the case of the high-school program Core-Plus Mathematics Project, for example, some reports suggest that students may be unprepared for college level courses upon completion of the program. Other programs given poor ratings include programs aimed at elementary school students, such as Dale Seymour Publications (TERC) Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space and Everyday Learning Everyday Mathematics.
After Mathematically Correct's review of the programs, many have undergone revisions and are now with different publishers. Other programs, such as Mathland have been terminated.
Reviews by the site
Publications w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomoloGene
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HomoloGene, a tool of the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes.
The HomoloGene processing consists of the protein analysis from the input organisms. Sequences are compared using blastp, then matched up and put into groups, using a taxonomic tree built from sequence similarity, where closer related organisms are matched up first, and then further organisms are added to the tree. The protein alignments are mapped back to their corresponding DNA sequences, and then distance metrics as molecular distances Jukes and Cantor (1969), Ka/Ks ratio can be calculated.
The sequences are matched up by using a heuristic algorithm for maximizing the score globally, rather than locally, in a bipartite matching (see complete bipartite graph). And then it calculates the statistical significance of each match. Cutoffs are made per position and Ks values are set to prevent false "orthologs" from being grouped together. “Paralogs” are identified by finding sequences that are closer within species than other species.
This resource ceased making updates in 2014.
Input organisms
Metazoa
Vertebrates
Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Canis lupus familiaris, Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Xenopus tropicalis, Danio rerio"
Invertebrates
"Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Caenorhabditis elegans"
Fungi
"Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Eremothecium gossypii, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa"
Plants
Dicots
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
Monocots
"Oryza sativa"
Protista
"Plasmodium falciparum.
Interface
The HomoloGene is linked to all Entrez databases and based on homology and phenotype information of these links:
Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI),
Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN),
Saccharomyce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose
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In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal;
that is, it switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix, often denoted by (among other notations).
The transpose of a matrix was introduced in 1858 by the British mathematician Arthur Cayley. In the case of a logical matrix representing a binary relation R, the transpose corresponds to the converse relation RT.
Transpose of a matrix
Definition
The transpose of a matrix , denoted by , , , , , , or , may be constructed by any one of the following methods:
Reflect over its main diagonal (which runs from top-left to bottom-right) to obtain
Write the rows of as the columns of
Write the columns of as the rows of
Formally, the -th row, -th column element of is the -th row, -th column element of :
If is an matrix, then is an matrix.
In the case of square matrices, may also denote the th power of the matrix . For avoiding a possible confusion, many authors use left upperscripts, that is, they denote the transpose as . An advantage of this notation is that no parentheses are needed when exponents are involved: as , notation is not ambiguous.
In this article this confusion is avoided by never using the symbol as a variable name.
Matrix definitions involving transposition
A square matrix whose transpose is equal to itself is called a symmetric matrix; that is, is symmetric if
A square matrix whose transpose is equal to its negative is called a skew-symmetric matrix; that is, is skew-symmetric if
A square complex matrix whose transpose is equal to the matrix with every entry replaced by its complex conjugate (denoted here with an overline) is called a Hermitian matrix (equivalent to the matrix being equal to its conjugate transpose); that is, is Hermitian if
A square complex matrix whose transpose is equal to the negation of its complex conjugate is called a skew-Hermitian matrix; that is, is skew-Hermitian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igf%20like%20family%20member%203
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IGF like family member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFL3 gene.
Function
IGFL3 belongs to the insulin-like growth factor (IGF; see MIM 147440) family of signaling molecules that play critical roles in cellular energy metabolism and in growth and development, especially prenatal growth (Emtage et al., 2006 [PubMed 16890402]).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20G.%20Brown
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William G. Brown is a Canadian mathematician specializing in graph theory. He is a professor emeritus of mathematics at McGill University.
Education and career
Brown earned his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1963, under the joint supervision of Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter and W. T. Tutte. His dissertation was Enumeration Problems Of Linear Graph Theory (Problems in the Enumeration of Maps).
In 1968, he moved to McGill from the University of British Columbia as an associate professor.
Contributions
Brown's dissertation research concerned graph enumeration, and his early publications continued in that direction. However, much of his later work was in extremal graph theory. He is known for formulating the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem on the density of systems of triples in which no six points contain more than two triples in joint work with Paul Erdős and Vera T. Sós, and for his constructions of dense -free graphs in connection with the Zarankiewicz problem.
Selected publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Mathematical%20Olympiad%20selection%20process
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This article describes the selection process, by country, for entrance into the International Mathematical Olympiad.
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is an annual mathematics olympiad for students younger than 20 who have not started at university.
Each year, participating countries send at most 6 students. The selection process varies between countries, but typically involves several rounds of competition, each progressively more difficult, after which the number of candidates is repeatedly reduced until the final 6 are chosen.
Many countries also run training events for IMO potentials, with the aim of improving performance as well as assisting with team selection.
IMO Selection process by country
Argentina
In Argentina, the Olimpíada Matemática Argentina is organized each year by Fundación Olimpíada Matemática Argentina. All students that took and passed the National Finals (fifth and last round of the competition) exams, usually held in November; and were born before July 1 21 years ago, are allowed to take two new written tests to be selected for IMO, usually in May. From the results of that tests, six titular students and a number of substitutes are selected to represent Argentina at the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Australia
In Australia, selection into the IMO team is determined by the Australian Mathematics Trust and is based on the results from four exams:
The Australian Mathematics Olympiad
The Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad
two IMO selection exams
The Australian Mathematics Olympiad (AMO) is held annually in the second week of February. It is composed of two four-hour papers held over two consecutive days. There are four questions in each exam for a total of eight questions. Entry is by invitation only with approximately 100 candidates per year.
A month after the AMO, the Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad is held (APMO) and the top 25 from the AMO are invited to sit the exam. It is a four and a half hour exam with fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic%20necrotising%20factor%20family
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In molecular biology, the cytotoxic necrotising factor family of proteins includes bacterial cytotoxic necrotising factor proteins and the related dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from Bordetella species. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a toxin whose structure from Escherichia coli revealed a 4-layer alpha/beta/beta/alpha structure containing mixed beta-sheets. CNF1 is expressed in strains of E. coli causing uropathogenic and neonatal meningitis. CNF1 alters host cell actin cytoskeleton and promotes bacterial invasion of the blood–brain barrier endothelial cells. CNF1 belongs to a unique group of large cytotoxins that cause constitutive activation of Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton .
Bordetella dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) stimulates the assembly of actin stress fibres and focal adhesions by deamidating or polyaminating Gln63 of the small GTPase Rho. DNT is an A-B toxin composed of an N-terminal receptor-binding (B) domain and a C-terminal enzymatically active (A) domain.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20semiconductor%20fabrication%20plants
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This is a list of semiconductor fabrication plants. A semiconductor fabrication plant is where integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are manufactured. They are either operated by Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) who design and manufacture ICs in-house and may also manufacture designs from design-only (fabless firms), or by pure play foundries who manufacture designs from fabless companies and do not design their own ICs. Some pure play foundries like TSMC offer IC design services, and others, like Samsung, design and manufacture ICs for customers, while also designing, manufacturing and selling their own ICs.
Glossary of terms
Wafer size – largest wafer diameter that a facility is capable of processing. (Semiconductor wafers are circular.)
Process technology node – size of the smallest features that the facility is capable of etching onto the wafers.
Production capacity – a manufacturing facility's nameplate capacity. Generally max wafers produced per month.
Utilization – the number of wafers that a manufacturing plant processes in relation to its production capacity.
Technology/products – Type of product that the facility is capable of producing, as not all plants can produce all products on the market.
Open plants
Operating fabs include:
Number of open fabs currently listed here:
(NOTE: Some fabs located in Asia don't use the number 4, or any 2 digit number that adds up to 4, because it is considered bad luck; see tetraphobia.)
Closed plants
Number of closed fabs currently listed here:
See also
List of Intel manufacturing sites
List of integrated circuit manufacturers
Semiconductor device fabrication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
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A unikernel is a computer program statically linked with the operating system code on which it depends. Unikernels are built with a specialized compiler that identifies the operating system services that a program uses and links it with one or more library operating systems that provide them. Such a program requires no separate operating system and can run instead as the guest of a hypervisor.
The unikernel architecture builds on concepts developed by Exokernel and Nemesis in the late 1990s.
Design
In a library operating system, protection boundaries are pushed to the lowest hardware layers, resulting in:
a set of libraries that implement mechanisms such as those needed to drive hardware or talk network protocols;
a set of policies that enforce access control and isolation in the application layer.
The library OS architecture has several advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional OS designs. One of the advantages is that since there is only a single address space, there is no need for repeated privilege transitions to move data between user space and kernel space. Therefore, a library OS can provide improved performance by allowing direct access to hardware without having to transition between user mode and kernel mode (on a traditional kernel this transition consists of a single TRAP instruction and is not the same as a context switch). Performance gains may be realised by elimination of the need to copy data between user space and kernel space, although this is also possible with Zero-copy device drivers in traditional operating systems.
A disadvantage is that because there is no separation, trying to run multiple applications side by side in a library OS, but with strong resource isolation, can become complex. In addition, device drivers are required for the specific hardware the library OS runs on. Since hardware is rapidly changing this creates the burden of regularly rewriting drivers to remain up to date.
OS virtualization can overcome
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