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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuo%20Qun%20Song | Zhuo Qun Song (; born 1997), also called Alex Song, is a Chinese-Canadian who is currently the most highly decorated International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) contestant, with five gold medals and one bronze medal.
Early life
Song was born in Tianjin, China in 1997. He and his parents moved to Canada in 2002. Song was brought up in Waterloo, Ontario.
Song was interested in mathematics at a very young age where he started participating in competitions in first grade. By fourth grade, Song was participating in competitions such as the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge and the American Mathematics Competitions. In fifth grade, Song became interested in solving Olympiad type questions and started training to solve them. Song participated in MATHCOUNTS in middle school and was a National Countdown Round semifinalist in 2010.
In 2011, Song moved to the United States to attend Phillips Exeter Academy.
International Mathematical Olympiad
In 2010, when Song was in the seventh grade, he represented Vincent Massey Secondary School in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad where he finished first place.
In the same year, Song represented Canada in the 2010 IMO where he won a Bronze Medal. He would continue to represent Canada for 5 subsequent IMOs where he obtained a gold medal each time. He obtained a perfect score on his final run in 2015, the only contestant to do so that year. The performances made Song the most decorated contestant of all time. In 2015, Song was also one of the twelve top scorers of the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, representing Phillips Exeter Academy.
Results
Post-IMO
Song graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 2015.
Song attended Princeton University where he graduated in 2019 with a Honors Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics.
During his time at Princeton, Song was part of the team that participated in the Putnam Competition. His team won second place in 2016 and third place in 2017.
Song was previously a Quantitative Resear |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Eul%C3%A1lia%20Vares | Maria Eulália Vares is a Brazilian mathematical statistician and probability theorist who is known for her expertise in stochastic processes and large deviations theory. She is a professor of statistics in the Institute of Mathematics of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from 2006 to 2009 was the editor-in-chief of the journal Stochastic Processes and their Applications, publisher by Elsevier for the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability, and from 2015 to 2017 was the editor-in-chief of the Annals of Probability, published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
Vares graduated in 1975 from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. After earning a master's degree in statistics in 1977 from the Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, she went to the University of California, Berkeley for doctoral study in statistics.
She completed her Ph.D. in 1980; her dissertation, supervised by P. Warwick Millar, was On Two Parameter Lévy Processes.
With Enzo Olivieri, Vares is the author of the book Large Deviations and Metastability (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications 100, Cambridge University Press, 2005).
She is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics,
and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20Outstanding%20Researcher%20Award | The Intel Outstanding Researcher Award is presented by Intel Corporation for outstanding contributions to the development of advanced nanoelectronic and manufacturing technologies. The award was created to recognize truly outstanding contributions by researchers funded by Intel’s Corporate Research Council (previously the Semiconductor Technology Council) and associated Strategic Research Sectors (SRSs) and the inaugural awards were announced during 2012. In selecting the award winners, careful consideration is given to the fundamental insights, industrial relevance, technical difficulty, communications and potential student hiring associated with a candidate's research program.
2012 Recipients
2013 Recipients
2019 Recipients
See also
List of engineering awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum%20marianum | Silybum marianum is a species of thistle. It has various common names including milk thistle, blessed milkthistle, Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary's thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle and Scotch thistle (though not to be confused with Onopordum acanthium or Cirsium vulgare). This species is an annual or biennial plant of the family Asteraceae. This fairly typical thistle has red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. Originally a native of Southern Europe through to Asia, it is now found throughout the world.
Description
Milk thistle is an upright herb that can grow to be tall and has an overall conical shape. The approximate maximum base diameter is . The stem is grooved and may be covered in a light cottony fuzz. The largest specimens have hollow stems.
The leaves are oblong to lanceolate and 15–60 cm long and typically pinnately lobed, with spiny edges like most thistles. They are hairless, shiny green, with milk-white veins.
The flower heads are 4 to 12 cm long and wide, of red-purple colour. They flower from June to August in the North or December to February in the Southern Hemisphere (summer through autumn). The flower head is surround by bracts which are hairless, with triangular, spine-edged appendages, tipped with a stout yellow spine.
The fruits are black achenes with a simple long white pappus, surrounded by a yellow basal ring. A long pappus acts as a "parachute", supporting seed dispersal by wind.
Distribution and habitat
Silybum marianum is native from around the Mediterranean and much of Europe to Central Asia and India; in Africa it reaches as far south as Ethiopia. It is possibly native near the coast of southeast England. S. marianum has been widely introduced outside its natural range, for example into North America, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, and Colombia where it is considered an invasive weed. It also spreads invasively in almost all of Europe as a consequence of field cultiv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20normal%20form | In mathematics, the Smith normal form (sometimes abbreviated SNF) is a normal form that can be defined for any matrix (not necessarily square) with entries in a principal ideal domain (PID). The Smith normal form of a matrix is diagonal, and can be obtained from the original matrix by multiplying on the left and right by invertible square matrices. In particular, the integers are a PID, so one can always calculate the Smith normal form of an integer matrix. The Smith normal form is very useful for working with finitely generated modules over a PID, and in particular for deducing the structure of a quotient of a free module. It is named after the Irish mathematician Henry John Stephen Smith.
Definition
Let A be a nonzero m×n matrix over a principal ideal domain R. There exist invertible and -matrices S, T (with coefficients in R) such that the product S A T is
and the diagonal elements satisfy for all . This is the Smith normal form of the matrix A. The elements are unique up to multiplication by a unit and are called the elementary divisors, invariants, or invariant factors. They can be computed (up to multiplication by a unit) as
where (called i-th determinant divisor) equals the greatest common divisor of the determinants of all minors of the matrix A and .
Algorithm
The first goal is to find invertible square matrices and such that the product is diagonal. This is the hardest part of the algorithm. Once diagonality is achieved, it becomes relatively easy to put the matrix into Smith normal form. Phrased more abstractly, the goal is to show that, thinking of as a map from (the free -module of rank ) to (the free -module of rank ), there are isomorphisms and such that has the simple form of a diagonal matrix. The matrices and can be found by starting out with identity matrices of the appropriate size, and modifying each time a row operation is performed on in the algorithm by the corresponding column operation (for example, if row is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF383 | Zinc finger protein 383 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF383 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Live%20Mesh | Windows Live Mesh (formerly known as Windows Live FolderShare, Live Mesh, and Windows Live Sync) is a discontinued free-to-use Internet-based file synchronization application by Microsoft designed to allow files and folders between two or more computers to be in sync with each other on Windows (Vista and later) and Mac OS X (v. 10.5 Leopard and later, Intel processors only) computers or the Web via SkyDrive. Windows Live Mesh also enabled remote desktop access via the Internet.
Windows Live Mesh was part of the Windows Live Essentials 2011 suite of software. However this application was replaced by SkyDrive for Windows application in Windows Essentials 2012 and later OneDrive in Windows 8/8.1/10. Microsoft announced on December 13, 2012, that Windows Live Mesh would be discontinued on February 13, 2013.
Features
Features of Windows Live Mesh include:
Ability to sync up to 200 folders with 100,000 files each (each file up to 40 GB) for PC-to-PC synchronization
Ability to sync up to 5 GB of files to "SkyDrive synced storage" in the cloud
Remote Desktop access via Windows Live Mesh and the Windows Live Devices web service
PC-to-PC synchronisation of application settings for applications such as:
Windows Internet Explorer - synchronisation of favorites and recently typed URLs between computers
Microsoft Office - synchronisation of dictionaries, Outlook email signatures, styles and templates between computers
History
FolderShare and Windows Live Sync
Microsoft bought FolderShare from ByteTaxi Inc. on November 3, 2005, and subsequently made it a part of their Windows Live range of services.
On March 10, 2008, Microsoft released its first user visible update to the then Windows Live FolderShare. This comprised a rewrite of the FolderShare website and an updated Windows Live FolderShare client. Support for discussion groups and Remote Desktop Search was also removed in the update. The new client had some user interface and branding updates and contained several bug fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20%28sculpture%29 | A mobile (, ) is a type of kinetic sculpture constructed to take advantage of the principle of equilibrium. It consists of a number of rods, from which weighted objects or further rods hang. The objects hanging from the rods balance each other, so that the rods remain more or less horizontal. Each rod hangs from only one string, which gives it the freedom to rotate about the string. An ensemble of these balanced parts hang freely in space, by design without coming into contact with each other.
Mobiles are popular in the nursery, where they hang over cribs to give infants entertainment and visual stimulation. Mobiles have inspired many composers, including Morton Feldman and Earle Brown who were inspired by Alexander Calder's mobiles to create mobile-like indeterminate pieces. John Cage wrote the music for the short film Works of Calder that focused on Calder's mobiles. Frank Zappa stated that his compositions employ a principle of balance similar to Calder mobiles.
Origin
The meaning of the term "mobile" as applied to sculpture has evolved since it was first suggested by Marcel Duchamp in 1931 to describe the early, mechanized creations of Alexander Calder. At this point, "mobile" was synonymous with the term "kinetic art", describing sculptural works in which motion is a defining property. While motor or crank-driven moving sculptures may have initially prompted it, the word "mobile" later came to refer more specifically to Calder's free-moving creations. Calder in many respects invented an art form where objects (typically brightly coloured, abstract shapes fashioned from sheet metal) are connected by wire much like a balance scale. By the sequential attachment of additional objects, the final creation consists of many balanced parts joined by lengths of wire whose individual elements are capable of moving independently or as a whole when prompted by air movement or direct contact. Thus, "mobile" has become a more well-defined term with its origin in the m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20Dynamics%20%28journal%29 | Nonlinear Dynamics, An International Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos in Engineering Systems is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all nonlinear dynamic phenomena associated with mechanical, structural, civil, aeronautical, ocean, electrical, and control systems. It is published by Springer Nature and the editor-in-chief of the journal is Walter Lacarbonara (Sapienza University of Rome).
It should not be confused with the similarly named Russian journal Nelineinaya Dinamika (or the Russian Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.741. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS%20architecture | TRIPS was a microprocessor architecture designed by a team at the University of Texas at Austin in conjunction with IBM, Intel, and Sun Microsystems. TRIPS uses an instruction set architecture designed to be easily broken down into large groups of instructions (Graphs) that can be run on independent processing elements. The design collects related data into the graphs, attempting to avoid expensive data reads and writes and keeping the data in high speed memory close to the processing elements. The prototype TRIPS processor contains 16 such elements. TRIPS hoped to reach 1 TFLOP on a single processor, as papers were published from 2003 to 2006.
Background
Computer programs consist of a series of instructions stored in memory. A processor runs a program by fetching these instructions from memory, examining them, and performing the actions the instruction calls for.
In early machines, the speed of main memory was generally in the same order of time as a basic operation within the processor. For instance, an instruction that adds two numbers might take three or four instruction cycles, while fetching the numbers from memory might take one or two cycles. In these machines, there was no penalty for data being in main memory, and the instruction set architectures were generally designed to allow direct access, for instance, an add instruction might take a value from one location in memory, add it to the value from another, and then store the result in a third location.
The introduction of increasingly fast microprocessors and cheap-but-slower dynamic RAM changed this equation dramatically. In modern machines, fetching a value from main memory might take the equivalent of thousands of cycles. One of the key advances in the RISC concept was to include more processor registers than earlier designs, typically several dozen rather than two or three. Instructions that formerly were provided memory locations were eliminated, replaced by ones that worked only on registers. Loa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Sea%20cliff%20swallow | The Red Sea cliff swallow (Petrochelidon perdita), also known as the Red Sea swallow, is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.
Distribution and habitat
It is possibly endemic to Sudan. It is known only from a single specimen, found in May 1984 at the Sanganeb lighthouse, north-east of Port Sudan, Sudan. This enigmatic swallow may still exist, though the lack of recent records is puzzling. Unidentified swallows have been sighted in Lake Langano (c. 20 birds) and in Awash National Park (3–8 birds) in the East African Rift in Ethiopia. Its scientific name means the lost swallow and it has been suggested that it might breed in the hills surrounding the Red Sea in Sudan or Ethiopia.
The Lake Langano birds had blue-black upper parts with a rump varying from off-white to pale pink to rufous whilst the Awash swallows are described as having brownish throats and brownish-white underparts. The variations are not conclusive for attribution to the original specimen but cliff swallows are variable. It is alternatively placed in the genus Hirundo. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20pubCenter | Microsoft pubCenter is a publisher's ad serving application developed by Microsoft in addition to Microsoft's Bing Ads, which allows advertisers to place ads on search engines as well as select MSN web sites or applications. Microsoft pubCenter is available for Windows Application, Windows Phone Apps and web publishers. Originally, PubCenter was closed to new publishers but has since been opened up to other categories. Publishers or owners can register in this program using Microsoft account to earn revenue while enabling their application's audience with valuable ads experience on their websites and Windows Phone applications. These advertisements are administered by Microsoft and produce revenue on a per-click basis.
On February 23, 2009, Publisher Leadership Council was created under the umbrella of Microsoft Advertising. The council was responsible to deliver the next-generation advertising platform for the publishers of digital media.
On June 6, 2012, Microsoft Advertising announced the introduction of pubCenter to seventeen new markets including Austria, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Luxemburg, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea and Taiwan. This announcement brings the pubCenter platform to a total of thirty-six supported markets.
On August 28, 2015, pubCenter announced the integration with the Windows Store app developer portal, Dev Center. All reporting, ad creation and payment of advertising is to be managed going forward through the Windows Dev Center. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repair%20kit | A repair kit or service kit is a set of items used to repair a device, commonly comprising both tools and spare parts. Many kits are designed for vehicles, such as cars, boats, airplanes, motorbikes, and bicycles, and may be kept with the vehicle in order to make on-the-spot repairs. Some are considered essential safety equipment, and may be included survival kits. In the military, personnel crossing large water bodies in aircraft may be equipped with a raft and raft repair kit. Other kits, such as those for watch repair or specific engine components, are used by professionals. Depending on the type, a repair kits may be included when buying a product, or may be purchased separately.
Examples
Road vehicles often include basic tools and spare parts which commonly fail. A bicycle repair kit, for example, normally contains tools as well as patches and glue to repair a punctured tire. Other kits that include patches and glue are used to fix holes in fabric items such as inflatable boats and tents.
Watercraft normally contain both safety equipment and repair kits as part of their emergency equipment.
Some automobiles, such as the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, have an optional repair kit available. The Mercedes-Benz OM604 engine has an optional repair kit to help replace seals. The 1905 Gale Model A came with a repair kit.
In aerospace, kits have been developed for repairing the thermal protection tiles on the Space Shuttle and to fix space suits.
Professionals who repair and maintain electronic equipment may have a kit containing a soldering iron, wire, and components such as transistors and resistors.
In medicine, a repair kit consisting of a plug and plastic mesh may be used during inguinal hernia surgery.
A particular trade may use a repair kit as part of normal work, such as in watch repair and at automobile repair shops.
Components
A wide variety of tools and replacement parts may be included in a repair kit. Some common examples include screwdriver, spare tire, jum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20C%2A-module | Hilbert C*-modules are mathematical objects that generalise the notion of Hilbert spaces (which are themselves generalisations of Euclidean space), in that they endow a linear space with an "inner product" that takes values in a C*-algebra. Hilbert C*-modules were first introduced in the work of Irving Kaplansky in 1953, which developed the theory for commutative, unital algebras (though Kaplansky observed that the assumption of a unit element was not "vital"). In the 1970s the theory was extended to non-commutative C*-algebras independently by William Lindall Paschke and Marc Rieffel, the latter in a paper that used Hilbert C*-modules to construct a theory of induced representations of C*-algebras. Hilbert C*-modules are crucial to Kasparov's formulation of KK-theory, and provide the right framework to extend the notion of Morita equivalence to C*-algebras. They can be viewed as the generalization of vector bundles to noncommutative C*-algebras and as such play an important role in noncommutative geometry, notably in C*-algebraic quantum group theory, and groupoid C*-algebras.
Definitions
Inner-product C*-modules
Let be a C*-algebra (not assumed to be commutative or unital), its involution denoted by . An inner-product -module (or pre-Hilbert -module) is a complex linear space equipped with a compatible right -module structure, together with a map
that satisfies the following properties:
For all , , in , and , in :
(i.e. the inner product is -linear in its second argument).
For all , in , and in :
For all , in :
from which it follows that the inner product is conjugate linear in its first argument (i.e. it is a sesquilinear form).
For all in :
in the sense of being a positive element of A, and
(An element of a C*-algebra is said to be positive if it is self-adjoint with non-negative spectrum.)
Hilbert C*-modules
An analogue to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality holds for an inner-product -module :
for , in .
On the pre-Hilbert module , define |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZS | DZS is a provider of fiber access and optical telecommunications networking and cloud software technology. The company was founded in 1999. It is headquartered in Plano. DZS is ISO 9001:2008 certified in the manufacture and service of telecommunications equipment.
Corporate history
DZS was founded as Zhone Technologies in September 1999 by former executives of Ascend Communications Jeanette Symons, Mory Ejabat and Robert Dahl. In 2016 Zhone Technologies merged with DASAN Network Solutions to form DASAN Zhone Solutions Inc. (DZSI)
In August 2020, Charlie Vogt was named CEO and DASAN Zhone became DZS.
Industry News
TELUS Chooses DZS Cloud for Network Service Orchestration, Slice Management, Software Automation
TalkTalk and DZS Team Up to Deliver the Right Customer Experience
DZS and Korean Partner Make Leap to Multi-Gigabit Speeds
Acquisitions
DZS has acquired the following companies since 2020:
Adaptive Spectrum and Signal Alignment, Inc. (ASSIA)
RIFT
Optelian
Products
Access Edge
Subscriber Edge
Optical Edge
Cloud Edge
Professional Services
Major Customers
Rakuten Symphony
TalkTalk
KT formerly Korea Telecom
Liberty Latin America
Telus
Recognitions
CloudCheck received the Light Reading Leading Lights award for delivering the most Outstanding Customer Experience by powering Liberty Latin America’s WiFi360 launch
DZS Velocity V6 fiber access system received The Big Innovation 2023 Award
DZS C1216RO Mobile xHaul solution at Rakuten Mobile received The Asian Telecom Best Infrastructure Initiative Award
DZS Saber 4400 Optical EDGE transport solution, Velocity V6 and Software Defined Network Operating System (sdNOS) embedded software platform all received Lightwave Innovation Review honors
DZS Cloud (Xtreme and CloudCheck) received the Cloud Computing Excellence Award |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%20growth | Tip growth is an extreme form of polarised growth of living cells that results in an elongated cylindrical cell morphology with a rounded tip at which the growth activity takes place. Tip growth occurs in algae (e.g., Acetabularia acetabulum), fungi (hyphae) and plants (e.g. root hairs and pollen tubes).
Tip growth is a process that has many similarities in diverse walled cells such as pollen tubes, root hairs, and hyphae.
Fungal tip growth and hyphal tropisms
Fungal hyphae extend continuously at their extreme tips, where enzymes are released into the environment and where new wall materials are synthesised. The rate of tip extension can be extremely rapid - up to 40 micrometres per minute. It is supported by the continuous movement of materials into the tip from older regions of the hyphae. So, in effect, a fungal hypha is a continuously moving mass of protoplasm in a continuously extending tube. This unique mode of growth - apical growth - is the hallmark of fungi, and it accounts for much of their environmental and economic significance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Frank%20%28architect%29 | Josef Frank (15 July 1885 – 8 January 1967) was an Austrian-born architect, artist, and designer who adopted Swedish citizenship in the latter half of his life. Together with Oskar Strnad, he created the Vienna School of Architecture, and its concept of Modern houses, housing and interiors.
Life
Frank was of Jewish ancestry. His parents, merchant Ignaz (Isak) Frank (1851–1921, Vienna) and the Vienna-born Jenny (1861–1941), were originally from Heves in Hungary. He designed his parents' grave in the old Jewish section of Vienna's Central Cemetery (Group 19, Row 58, Grave No.52). He studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology. He then taught at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1919 to 1925. He was a founding member of the Vienna Werkbund, initiator and leader of the 1932 project Werkbundsiedlung in Vienna. In 1933, he emigrated to Sweden, where he gained citizenship in 1939. He was the most prestigious designer in the Stockholm design company Svenskt Tenn (Swedish Pewter), recruited by the founder of the company, Estrid Ericson. He remained in Sweden after 1945 despite attempts to return him to Vienna. The Vienna Circle manifesto lists three of his publications in a bibliography of closely related authors. Politically Frank believed in socialism.
He was also the brother of the physicist, mathematician, and philosopher Philipp Frank.
Legacy
Josef Frank dealt early on with public housing and housing estates. Contrary to most other architects of the interwar period in Vienna, he took the idea of settlement and not the creation of so-called super blocks in the municipal housing. He also rejected facade decor and clearly preferred functional forms. The Viennese architect and furniture designer Luigi Blau refers to him as one of his idols.
In addition to his architectural work he created numerous designs for furniture, furnishings, fabrics, wallpaper and carpet. He has been a painter, as well.
An exhibition of his textile designs is to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXIe | AdvancedTCA Extensions for Instrumentation and Test (AXIe) is a modular instrumentation standard created by
Aeroflex, Keysight Technologies, and Test Evolution Corporation.
(In October 2008, Aeroflex had purchased a 40% shareholding in Test Evolution.)
AXIe was targeted for general-purpose instrumentation and semiconductor test.
AXIe is based on standards from AdvancedTCA (ATCA), PXI, LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI), and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments (IVI).
AXIe was formally launched on November 10, 2009.
Additional members joining the AXIe Consortium were: VIAVI Solutions, Guzik Technical Enterprises (December 2009), Giga-tronics (January 2010), ADLINK Technology, Conduant (2019), Elma Electronic, Samtec, Informtest, Power Value Technologies, Synopsis and Modular Methods.
In October, 2017, the AXIe consortium announced a new specification, Optical Data Interface (ODI), suitable for high-speed instrumentation systems addressing challenging applications in 5G communications, mil/aero, and advanced communication research. The new standard enables a 20 GB/s (160 Gbit/s) data transfer connection between instruments and/or data recorders using multi-mode optical fibers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplergraph | A dopplergraph or dopplergram is a two-dimensional representation of the approaching and receding motions of an object or area.
The word "dopplergraph" is a combination of the words doppler and photograph. Dopplergraphs are two-dimensional records of variations in the doppler shift in light intensity.
Dopplergraphs do not need to be a record of the shift of visible light, but of any radiated wave, which includes electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves.
Because the doppler shift is caused by the velocity of the radiating source towards or away from the viewer, a dopplergraph is a picture of the velocities associated with the sources being viewed.
See also
Spectrogram
Spectroheliograph
Spectrohelioscope
Solar Dynamics Observatory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal%20transport | Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the end of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes.
Movement toward the cell body is called retrograde transport and movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.
Mechanism
The vast majority of axonal proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons. Some mRNA translation has been demonstrated within axons. Axonal transport occurs throughout the life of a neuron and is essential to its growth and survival. Microtubules (made of tubulin) run along the length of the axon and provide the main cytoskeletal "tracks" for transportation. Kinesin and dynein are motor proteins that move cargoes in the anterograde (forwards from the soma to the axon tip) and retrograde (backwards to the soma (cell body)) directions, respectively. Motor proteins bind and transport several different cargoes including mitochondria, cytoskeletal polymers, autophagosomes, and synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
Axonal transport can be fast or slow, and anterograde (away from the cell body) or retrograde (conveys materials from axon to cell body).
Fast and slow transport
Vesicular cargoes move relatively fast (50–400 mm/day) whereas transport of soluble (cytosolic) and cytoskeletal proteins takes much longer (moving at less than 8 mm/day). The basic mechanism of fast axonal transport has been understood for decades but the mechanism of slow axonal transport is only recently becoming clear, as a resul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap%20converter | The tap converter is a variation on the cycloconverter, invented in 1981 by New York City electrical engineer Melvin Sandler and significantly functionally enhanced in 1982 through 1984 by graduate students Mariusz Wrzesniewski, Bruce David Wilner, and Eddie Fung. Whereas the cycloconverter switches among a variety of staggered input phases to piece together an extremely jagged output signal, the tap converter synthesizes a much smoother signal by switching among a variety of (obviously synchronized) transformer output taps.
Tap positions
Both linear spacing and power-of-two-style Vernier spacing can be employed in establishing the tap positions, e.g., a four-tap transformer can provide taps at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 (linear) or 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 (Vernier). (The limitations of the Vernier—in this case, that the maximum obtainable amplitude is 0.9375—are less discernible as more taps are added.)
Scott transformer
By employing a Scott transformer input connection, in order to provide a quadrature phase, an even smoother output waveform can be obtained.
Prototypes
Prototypes of the device were constructed and field-tested under a variety of conditions—nominally as a variable-speed constant-frequency (VSCF) power source for military aircraft—and ornate computer models were constructed for exploring more ornery considerations, such as flux leakage, hysteresis, and practical thyristor characteristics. All of this work was performed at New York's Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.
Applications
As of 2007, the tap converter remains uncommercialized but is used in several military applications due to the minimal output harmonics.
See also
Constant speed drive
Electric motor
Variable-frequency drive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratitis | Keratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the clear dome on the front surface of the eye, becomes inflamed. The condition is often marked by moderate to intense pain and usually involves any of the following symptoms: pain, impaired eyesight, photophobia (light sensitivity), red eye and a 'gritty' sensation.
Classification (by chronicity)
Acute
Acute epithelial keratitis
Nummular keratitis
Interstitial keratitis
Disciform keratitis
Chronic
Neurotrophic keratitis
Mucous plaque keratitis
Classification (infective)
Viral
Herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis). Viral infection of the cornea is often caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) which frequently leaves what is called a 'dendritic ulcer'.
Herpes zoster keratitis, associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus, which is a form of shingles.
Bacterial
Bacterial keratitis. Bacterial infection of the cornea can follow from an injury or from wearing contact lenses. The bacteria involved are Staphylococcus aureus and for contact lens wearers, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains enzymes that can digest the cornea.
Fungal
Fungal keratitis, caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans (cf. Fusarium, causing an outbreak of keratitis in 2005–2006 through the possible vector of Bausch & Lomb ReNu with MoistureLoc contact lens solution)
Amoebic
Acanthamoebic keratitis
Amoebic infection of the cornea is a serious corneal infection, often affecting contact lens wearers. It is usually caused by Acanthamoeba. On May 25, 2007, the U.S. Center for Disease Control issued a health advisory due to increased risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of Advanced Medical Optics Complete Moisture Plus Multi-Purpose eye solution.
Parasitic
Onchocercal keratitis, which follows Onchocerca volvulus infection by infected blackfly bite. These blackfly, Simulium, usually dwell near fast-flowing African streams, so the disease is also called "river blindness".
Classific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagazvirus | Dagazvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dagazvirus schedorhinotermitis. It is the only species within its realm known to be hosted by an invertebrate animal; the termite Schedorhinotermes intermedius. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic | Asymptomatic (or clinically silent) is an adjective categorising the medical conditions (i.e., injuries or diseases) that patients carry but without experiencing their symptoms, despite an explicit diagnosis (e.g., a positive medical test).
Pre-symptomatic is the adjective categorising the time periods during which the medical conditions are asymptomatic.
Subclinical and paucisymptomatic are other adjectives categorising either the asymptomatic infections (i.e., subclinical infections), or the psychosomatic illnesses and mental disorders expressing a subset of symptoms but not the entire set an explicit medical diagnosis requires.
Examples
An example of an asymptomatic disease is cytomegalovirus (CMV) which is a member of the herpes virus family. "It is estimated that 1% of all newborns are infected with CMV, but the majority of infections are asymptomatic." (Knox, 1983; Kumar et al. 1984) In some diseases, the proportion of asymptomatic cases can be important. For example, in multiple sclerosis it is estimated that around 25% of the cases are asymptomatic, with these cases detected postmortem or just by coincidence (as incidental findings) while treating other diseases.
Importance
Knowing that a condition is asymptomatic is important because:
It may be contagious, and the contribution of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections to the transmission level of a disease helps set the required control measures to keep it from spreading.
It is not required that a person undergo treatment. It does not cause later medical problems such as high blood pressure and hyperlipidaemia.
Be alert to possible problems: asymptomatic hypothyroidism makes a person vulnerable to Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome or beri-beri following intravenous glucose.
For some conditions, treatment during the asymptomatic phase is vital. If one waits until symptoms develop, it is too late for survival or to prevent damage.
Mental health
Subclinical or subthreshold conditions are those for wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute%20%28material%29 | Lute (from Latin Lutum, meaning mud, clay etc.) was a substance used to seal and affix apparatus employed in chemistry and alchemy, and to protect component vessels against heat damage by fire; it was also used to line furnaces. Lutation was thus the act of "cementing vessels with lute".
In pottery, luting is a technique for joining pieces of unfired leather-hard clay together, using a wet clay slip or slurry as adhesive. The complete object is then fired. Large objects are often built up in this way, for example the figures of the Terracotta Army in ancient China. The edges being joined might be scored or cross-hatched to promote adhesion, but clay and water are the only materials used.
Uses
Lute was commonly used in distillation, which required airtight vessels and connectors to ensure that no vapours were lost; thus it was employed by chemists and alchemists, the latter being known to refer to it as "lutum sapientiae" or the "lute of Wisdom".
The earthen and glass vessels commonly employed in these processes were very vulnerable to cracking, both on heating and on cooling; one way of protecting them was by coating the vessels with lute and allowing it to set. One mixture for this purpose included "fat earth" (terra pinguis), Windsor loam, sand, iron filings or powdered glass, and cow's hair.
Another use for lute was to act as a safety valve, preventing the buildup of vapour pressure from shattering a vessel and possibly causing an explosion. For this purpose, a hole was bored in the flask and covered with luting material of a particular composition, which was kept soft so that excessive buildup of vapour would cause it to come away from the vessel, thus releasing the pressure safely. This process could also be performed manually by the operator removing and reaffixing the lute as required. Lute was also used to effect repairs to cracked glass vessels. In The Alchemist’s Experiment Takes Fire, 1687, one alembic is exploding; the luting used to seal a recei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone%20OS%202 | iPhone OS 2 is the second major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 1. It was the first version of iOS to support third party applications via the App Store. iPhone OS 2.2.1 was the final version of iPhone OS 2. It was succeeded by iPhone OS 3 on June 17, 2009.
iPhone OS 2 became available on July 11, 2008 with the release of the iPhone 3G. iPhones and iPod Touches running iPhone OS 1 are upgradable to this version. This version of iOS introduces the App Store, making third-party applications available to the iPhone and iPod Touch. Prior to the public release of iPhone OS 2, Apple held a keynote event to announce the iPhone OS Software Development Kit ("SDK") to developers. Originally it was called 1.2.
Default apps
Text
YouTube
Clock
iTunes
Calendar
Stocks
Calculator
App Store
Photos
Maps
Notes
Videos (iPod Touch exclusive)
Camera
Weather
Settings
Dock
Phone
Mail
Safari
iPod
History
iPhone OS 2 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 9, 2008.
iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008. It was released along with the iPhone 3G, and ran on the first-generation iPhone as well.
Features
App Store
The most notable feature of iPhone OS 2 was the App Store. Before this feature was introduced, the only way to install custom applications on the device was via jailbreaking, which is strongly discouraged and unsupported by Apple. There were 500 applications available for download at the launch of the App Store, though this amount has grown dramatically since then. Now, the App Store has more than 4 million apps and games as of 2021.
Mail
The Mail app had a makeover, having push-emails that provide an always-on capability. It also supports Microsoft Office attachments, as well as iWork attachments. Other new features including support for BCC, multiple email delete, and the ability to select an outgoing email.
Contacts
The Contact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA%20National%20Nutrient%20Database | The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference is a database produced by the United States Department of Agriculture that provides the nutritional content of many generic and proprietary-branded foods. Released in August 2015 and revised in May 2016, the current release, Standard Reference 28 (SR28), contains "data on 8,800 food items and up to 150 food components". New releases occur about once per year. The database may be searched online, queried through a representational state transfer API, or downloaded.
In April 2019, the USDA changed the presentation of food composition in its database, renaming the project as FoodData Central.
FoodData Central
FoodData Central is USDA's integrated data system that contains five types of data containing information on food and nutrient profiles:
Standard Reference, using earlier approaches to determining nutrient profiles of foods in the marketplace, provides a comprehensive list of values for nutrients and food components that are derived from calculations and analyses.
Foundation Foods includes nutrient values as well as extensive underlying metadata on commercially available foods.
Experimental Foods currently links to relevant agricultural research data from multiple sources, such as the Agricultural Collaborative Research Outcomes System (AgCROS).
Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) provides nutrient values for the foods and beverages reported in What We Eat in America, the dietary intake component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
The USDA Global Branded Food Products Database contains nutrient data that appear on branded and private label foods provided by the food industry, from ILSI, GS1 US, 1WorldSync, Label Insight, and University of Maryland's Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20basis%20function%20construction | In machine learning, automatic basis function construction (or basis discovery) is the mathematical method of looking for a set of task-independent basis functions that map the state space to a lower-dimensional embedding, while still representing the value function accurately. Automatic basis construction is independent of prior knowledge of the domain, which allows it to perform well where expert-constructed basis functions are difficult or impossible to create.
Motivation
In reinforcement learning (RL), most real-world Markov Decision Process (MDP) problems have large or continuous state spaces, which typically require some sort of approximation to be represented efficiently.
Linear function approximators (LFAs) are widely adopted for their low theoretical complexity. Two sub-problems needs to be solved for better approximation: weight optimization and basis construction. To solve the second problem, one way is to design special basis functions. Those basis functions work well in specific tasks but are significantly restricted to domains. Thus constructing basis construction functions automatically is preferred for broader applications.
Problem definition
A Markov decision process with finite state space and fixed policy is defined with a 5-tuple , which includes the finite state space , the finite action space , the reward function , discount factor , and the transition model .
Bellman equation is defined as:
When the number of elements in is small, is usually maintained as tabular form. While grows too large for this kind of representation. is commonly being approximated via a linear combination of basis function , so that we have:
Here is a matrix in which every row contains a feature vector for corresponding row, is a weight vector with n parameters and usually .
Basis construction looks for ways to automatically construct better basis function which can represent the value function well.
A good construction method should have the fol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueHat | BlueHat (or Blue Hat or Blue-Hat) is a term used to refer to outside computer security consulting firms that are employed to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. In particular, Microsoft uses the term to refer to the computer security professionals they invited to find the vulnerability of their products, such as Windows.
Blue Hat Microsoft Hacker Conference
The Blue Hat Microsoft Hacker Conference is an invitation-only conference created by Window Snyder that is intended to open communication between Microsoft engineers and hackers. The event has led to both mutual understanding and the occasional confrontation. Microsoft's developers were visibly uncomfortable when Metasploit was demonstrated.
See also
Hacker culture
Hacker ethic
Black hat hacker |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20%28companion%29 | The Palm phone, or "Palm companion device", "Palm Palm", "TCL Palm", codenamed "Pepito" with model number PVG100 is a smartphone running the Android operating system, announced on October 15, 2018, and is first available in the United States from November 2, that year.
Palm is developed, designed, and marketed by Palm Ventures Group, a San Francisco-based start up founded by Dennis Miloseski and Howard Nuk. Palm Ventures is financially backed by Chinese electronics company TCL that owns the Palm trademark, originally of Palm, Inc. The phone is manufactured by China's Tinno Mobile as an ODM for TCL.
With a 3.3-inch screen and 62.5g weight that is noticeably smaller and lighter than other smartphones released at the same time, the Palm was initially marketed as "an ultra-mobile companion" device that is meant to be used in conjunction with a regular smartphone—positioning it as a cross-over between a wearable and a smartphone, and originally could only be used by pairing the device with another phone on the Verizon network. However, the restriction was subsequently lifted for new buyers as well as oversea markets, which make it also possible to use the device as a standalone phone.
It is the first "Palm"-branded device on the market since 2010 (Palm Pre 2).
Specifications
Software
Hardware
Availability
The Palm was initially launched on November 2, 2018, exclusively on Verizon in the US as a companion device in a bundle with a phone. Since December 2018 it has been available on Vodafone in the UK, Spain and Germany. Vodafone has secured a 6 months exclusivity deal for Europe. Since January 20, 2019, the device has been available in Hong Kong. It was released for sale as standalone device in the US in April 2019. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Montejano | Amanda Montejano Cantoral is a Mexican mathematician specializing in combinatorics, and particularly in the application of graph coloring to geometric graphs. She is a professor at the Juriquilla campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, in the Multidisciplinary Unit of Teaching and Research of the Faculty of Sciences.
Education and career
Montejano graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2004, and earned a doctorate in applied mathematics at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Spain in 2009. Her doctoral dissertation, Colored combinatorial structures: homomorphisms and counting, was supervised by Oriol Serra Albó.
She was a postdoctoral researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, in the Center for Applied Physics and Advanced Technology, before taking her present position in the Multidisciplinary Unit of Teaching and Research.
Recognition
Montejano is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Year%20of%20Physics%202005 | The year 2005 was named the World Year of Physics, also known as Einstein Year, in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's "Miracle Year", in which he published four landmark papers, and the subsequent advances in the field of physics.
History
Physics has been the basis for understanding the physical world and nature as a whole. The applications of physics are the basis for much of today's technology. In order to both raise worldwide awareness of physics and celebrate the major advances made in the field, the World Congress of Physical Societies proposed and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics resolved that 2005 should be commemorated as the World Year of Physics. This was subsequently endorsed by UNESCO.
Selected celebrations
The World Year of Physics officially began with a conference held in mid-January in Paris, titled Physics for Tomorrow.
In the United States, the University of Maryland sponsored several activities in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, including various lecture series and resident programs.
In Berlin, sixteen large, red E's have been erected along a section of the famous Unter den Linden boulevard. Called the "Einstein Mile", the E's were in place from April to September 2005 and displayed information on the theories and life of Albert Einstein.
In Egypt, the Library of Alexandria organized the Einstein Symposium.
San Marino issued a €2 commemorative coin.
The Kirwitzer Day 2005 in Kadaň, the Czech Republic, was dedicated to Einstein's theories.
The Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, hosted Einstein Fest from September 30 to October 23.
A Beyond Einstein World Wide Webcast, organized by CERN, was held on December 1, 2005.
Violinist JackLiebeck and Oxford University physics professor Brian Foster created a joint presentation, Einstein's Universe, for the World Year of Physics, and continued to tour with it in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathspace | Mathspace is an online mathematics program designed for students in primary/elementary, secondary, and higher education. It is designed for students aged between 7 and 18, and is used by schools in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and India.
Mathspace uses an adaptive learning model to personalize the software experience for each student. The questions presented to a user are chosen by an algorithm that responds to past performance, and student input is evaluated to provide feedback on their progress within each problem. Additional support is offered in the form of hints and video tutorials to guide them to the solution. The software assesses each student's performance and generates accompanying report statistics.
Partnerships
Mathspace partnered with Eddie Woo in 2017. Together they created a video hub to categorize Woo's education videos in the various state curricula across Australia.
Awards
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals%20of%20Mathematical%20Statistics | The Annals of Mathematical Statistics was a peer-reviewed statistics journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics from 1930 to 1972. It was superseded by the Annals of Statistics and the Annals of Probability. In 1938, Samuel Wilks became editor-in-chief of the Annals and recruited a remarkable editorial staff: Fisher, Neyman, Cramér, Hotelling, Egon Pearson, Georges Darmois, Allen T. Craig, Deming, von Mises, H. L. Rietz, and Shewhart. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20channel | Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane. They belong to the superfamily of cation channels.
Classification
They are classified into 2 types:
Function
In excitable cells such as neurons, myocytes, and certain types of glia, sodium channels are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials. These channels go through three different states called resting, active and inactive states. Even though the resting and inactive states would not allow the ions to flow through the channels the difference exists with respect to their structural conformation.
Selectivity
Sodium channels are highly selective for the transport of ions across cell membranes. The high selectivity with respect to the sodium ion is achieved in many different ways. All involve encapsulation of the sodium ion in a cavity of specific size within a larger molecule.
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Structure
Sodium channels consist of large alpha subunits that associate with accessory proteins, such as beta subunits. An alpha subunit forms the core of the channel and is functional on its own. When the alpha subunit protein is expressed by a cell, it is able to form a pore in the cell membrane that conducts Na+ in a voltage-dependent way, even if beta subunits or other known modulating proteins are not expressed. When accessory proteins assemble with α subunits, the resulting complex can display altered voltage dependence and cellular localization.
The alpha subunit consists of four repeat domains, labelled I through IV, each containing six membrane-spanning segments, labelled S1 through S6. The highly conserved S4 segment acts as the channel's voltage sensor. The voltage sensitivity of this channel is due to positive amino acids located at every third position. When stimulated by a change in transmembrane voltage, this segment moves toward the extracellular side of the cell membrane, allowing the channel to beco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfl%C3%BCgers%20Archiv%3A%20European%20Journal%20of%20Physiology | Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of physiology. A continuation of a journal founded in 1868 by the German physiologist, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger, Pflügers Archiv () is the oldest physiological journal. Pflügers Archiv is currently published by Springer, with 11 issues per year.
The journal publishes molecular and cellular studies across the physiological sciences; topics include the physiology of the heart, muscle and sensory systems, transport physiology, neuroscience, signalling, ion channels and receptors. It aims to publish "innovative work that focuses on mechanistic insight into basic physiological functions".
History
Pflügers Archiv is the oldest physiological journal. It was founded in 1868 by the German physiologist, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger, under the title Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. It was published in German. The first issue of the journal contains 26 articles, with contributors including Hermann Rudolph Aubert, Julius Bernstein, Johann Nepomuk Czermak, Franciscus Donders, Sigmund Exner, Siegmund Mayer, Peter Ludvig Panum, William Thierry Preyer, Salomon Stricker, Hermann von Helmholtz, Friedrich Wilhelm Zahn and Nathan Zuntz. It includes the earliest accurate description of the action potential, by Julius Bernstein, using an apparatus called a "differential rheotome".
The journal was mainly published annually until 1874; there were two or three volumes annually in 1874–1890. From 1891, the volume was split into issues, with five or six issues per volume, and initially three volumes published a year; volumes often did not commence in January. The frequency of volumes increased, with five volumes in 1909.
In 1910, after Pflüger's death, the journal was retitled Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere (). It was published by Springer in German, with some English translations of summaries. Several other Ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat%20Ming | Yat Ming (formerly called Yatming) was a die-cast car scale model maker, based in Hong Kong. Yat Ming Industrial Factory Ltd was founded in 1970 by Mr. Wai Ming Lam. Yat in Chinese means "best or number one". The Ming portion came from the founder's "middle name". They continued producing diecast models until 2013. In 2015, their diecast line and tooling was purchased by Lucky Industrial Group Limited, which is now producting these models under their Lucky Die Cast brand.
The company started out making muscle cars, European sedans, and transport trucks from the USA in the early 1970s. In the mid 1970s, JRI. Inc. (Road Champs) purchased the tractor trailer designs from Yatming and began marketing them under the Road Champs name in the 1980s. In the late 1990s, the company moved towards making more realistic models, and moved away from its toy-maker roots.
Yat Ming was perhaps most famous for its 1:18, 1:24, and 1:43 scale "Road Signature" series. This series continues under Lucky Diecast. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brace%20notation | In several programming languages, such as Perl, brace notation is a faster way to extract bytes from a string variable.
In pseudocode
An example of brace notation using pseudocode which would extract the 82nd character from the string is:
a_byte = a_string{82}
The equivalent of this using a hypothetical function 'MID' is:
a_byte = MID(a_string, 82, 1)
In C
In C, strings are normally represented as a character array rather than an actual string data type. The fact a string is really an array of characters means that referring to a string would mean referring to the first element in an array. Hence in C, the following is a legitimate example of brace notation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
char* a_string = "Test";
printf("%c", a_string[0]); // Would print "T"
printf("%c", a_string[1]); // Would print "e"
printf("%c", a_string[2]); // Would print "s"
printf("%c", a_string[3]); // Would print "t"
printf("%c", a_string[4]); // Would print the 'null' character (ASCII 0) for end of string
return(0);
}
Note that each of a_string[n] would have a 'char' data type while a_string itself would return a pointer to the first element in the a_string character array.
In C#
C# handles brace notation differently. A string is a primitive type that returns a char when encountered with brace notation:
String var = "Hello World";
char h = var[0];
char e = var[1];
String hehe = h.ToString() + e.ToString(); // string "he"
hehe += hehe; // string "hehe"
To change the char type to a string in C#, use the method ToString(). This allows joining individual characters with the addition symbol + which acts as a concatenation symbol when dealing with strings.
In Python
In Python, strings are immutable, so it's hard to modify an existing string, but it's easy to extract and concatenate strings to each other:
Extracting characters is even easier:
>>> var = 'hello world'
>>> var[0] # Return the first c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisomastia | Anisomastia is a medical condition in which there is a severe asymmetry or unequalness in the size of the breasts, generally related to a difference in volume. In other words, when one of the breasts is much larger than the other. In contrast to anisomastia, a slight asymmetry of the breasts is common. Anisomastia may be corrected by surgical breast augmentation or reduction.
See also
Micromastia
Breast hypertrophy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomedes%20%28mathematician%29 | Nicomedes (; ; c. 280 – c. 210 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician.
Life and work
Almost nothing is known about Nicomedes' life apart from references in his works. Studies have stated that Nicomedes was born in about 280 BC and died in about 210 BC. It is known that he lived around the time of Eratosthenes or after, because he criticized Eratosthenes' method of doubling the cube. It is also known that Apollonius of Perga called a curve of his creation a "sister of the conchoid", suggesting that he was naming it after Nicomedes' already famous curve. Consequently, it is believed that Nicomedes lived after Eratosthenes and before Apollonius of Perga.
Like many geometers of the time, Nicomedes was engaged in trying to solve the problems of doubling the cube and trisecting the angle, both problems we now understand to be impossible using the tools of classical geometry. In the course of his investigations, Nicomedes created the conchoid of Nicomedes; a discovery that is contained in his famous work entitled On conchoid lines. Nicomedes discovered three distinct types of conchoids, now unknown. Pappus wrote: "Nicomedes trisected any rectilinear angle by means of the conchoidal curves, the construction, order and properties of which he handed down, being himself the discoverer of their peculiar character".
Nicomedes also used the Hippias' quadratrix to square the circle, since according to Pappus, "For the squaring of the circle there was used by Dinostratus, Nicomedes, and certain other later persons a certain curve which took its name from this property, for it is called by them square-forming". Eutocius mentions that Nicomedes "prided himself inordinately on his discovery of this curve, contrasting it with Eratosthenes's mechanism for finding any number of mean proportionals, to which he objected formally and at length on the ground that it was impracticable and entirely outside the spirit of geometry".
Citations and footnotes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Politics%20in%20America | Nuclear Politics in America is a 1997 book by Robert J. Duffy. According to Duffy, the "promise and peril of nuclear power have been a preoccupation of the modern age", who was then an assistant professor of political science at Rider University.
The book discusses the controversy over radioactive waste disposal, licensing procedures relating to the Atomic Energy Act, and the effects of deregulation of electric utilities. By analysing policy frameworks and describing the process by which regulatory change occurs, Nuclear Politics in America offers a perspective on policymaking in America.
See also
List of books about nuclear issues
List of nuclear whistleblowers
Nuclear power in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%20decompositions%20of%20hyperbolic%20polygons | A Coxeter decomposition of a polygon is a decomposition into a finite number of polygons in which any two sharing a side are reflections of each other along that side. Hyperbolic polygons are the analogues of Euclidean polygons in hyperbolic geometry. A hyperbolic n-gon is an area bounded by n segments, rays, or entire straight lines. The standard model for this geometry is the Poincaré disk model. A major difference between Euclidean and hyperbolic polygons is that the sum of internal angles of a hyperbolic polygon is not the same as Euclidean polygons. In particular, the sum of the angles of a hyperbolic triangle is less than 180 degrees. Coxeter decompositions are named after Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, an accomplished 20th century geometer. He introduced the Coxeter group, an abstract group generated by reflections. These groups have many uses, including producing the rotations of Platonic solids and tessellating the plane.
Coxeter decompositions
Given a polygon P, a group G can be generated by reflecting P around its sides. If the angles of P are /k for natural numbers k, then G will be discrete. A Coxeter decomposition of a polygon is a decomposition into a finite number of polygons in which any two sharing a side are reflections of each other along that side.
The goal of a Coxeter decomposition is to break up a polygon into a composition of congruent triangles reflected on its sides.
Hyperbolic triangles
If triangle ABC can undergo Coxeter decomposition and has angles , where is the number of times the th angle is broken up, the triangle ABC can be written as . Several properties of these fundamental polygons are known for hyperbolic triangles.
The fundamental triangle has a right angle. The proof of this involves two cases dependent on if the angles of the decomposed triangle are fundamental. If they are not, then it follows that since the process of decomposition is finite, eventually a fundamental triangle will be formed with a right angle. If |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%20principle | In mathematics, Helmut Hasse's local–global principle, also known as the Hasse principle, is the idea that one can find an integer solution to an equation by using the Chinese remainder theorem to piece together solutions modulo powers of each different prime number. This is handled by examining the equation in the completions of the rational numbers: the real numbers and the p-adic numbers. A more formal version of the Hasse principle states that certain types of equations have a rational solution if and only if they have a solution in the real numbers and in the p-adic numbers for each prime p.
Intuition
Given a polynomial equation with rational coefficients, if it has a rational solution, then this also yields a real solution and a p-adic solution, as the rationals embed in the reals and p-adics: a global solution yields local solutions at each prime. The Hasse principle asks when the reverse can be done, or rather, asks what the obstruction is: when can you patch together solutions over the reals and p-adics to yield a solution over the rationals: when can local solutions be joined to form a global solution?
One can ask this for other rings or fields: integers, for instance, or number fields. For number fields, rather than reals and p-adics, one uses complex embeddings and -adics, for prime ideals .
Forms representing 0
Quadratic forms
The Hasse–Minkowski theorem states that the local–global principle holds for the problem of representing 0 by quadratic forms over the rational numbers (which is Minkowski's result); and more generally over any number field (as proved by Hasse), when one uses all the appropriate local field necessary conditions. Hasse's theorem on cyclic extensions states that the local–global principle applies to the condition of being a relative norm for a cyclic extension of number fields.
Cubic forms
A counterexample by Ernst S. Selmer shows that the Hasse–Minkowski theorem cannot be extended to forms of degree 3: The cubic equation 3x3 + |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20matting | Video matting is a technique for separating the video into two or more layers, usually foreground and background, and generating alpha mattes which determine blending of the layers. The technique is very popular in video editing because it allows to substitute the background, or process the layers individually.
Video matting methods
Problem definition
When combining two images the alpha matte is utilized, also known as the transparency map. In the case of digital video, the alpha matte is a sequence of images. The matte can serve as a binary mask, defining which of the image parts are visible. In a more complicated case it enables smooth blending of the images, the alpha matte is used as the transparency map of the top image. Film production has known alpha matting since the very creation of filmmaking. The mattes were drawn by hand. Nowadays, the process can be automatized with computer algorithms.
The basic matting problem is defined as following: given an image , compute the foreground , background and alpha matte , such that the equation holds true. This equation has trivial solution , , is any image. Thus, usually an additional trimap must be provided as input. The trimap specifies background, foreground, and uncertain pixels, which will be decomposed into foreground and background by the matting method.
The main criteria for video matting methods from a user perspective are following:
Accurate edge processing
Time stability
Minimal user intervention
Methods description
The first known video matting method was developed in 2001. The method utilizes optical flow for trimap propagation and a Bayesian image matting technique which is applied to each image separately.
Video SnapCut, which later was incorporated in Adobe After Effects as Roto Brush tool, was developed in 2009. The method makes use of local classifiers for binary image segmentation near the target object's boundary. The results of the segmentation are propagated to the next frame usin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins%E2%80%93Paige%20algorithm | The Tompkins–Paige algorithm is a computer algorithm for generating all permutations of a finite set of objects.
The method
Let P and c be arrays of length n with 1-based indexing (i.e. the first entry of an array has index 1). The algorithm for generating all n! permutations of the set {1, 2, ..., n} is given by the following pseudocode:
P ← [1, 2, ..., n];
yield P;
c ← [*, 1, ..., 1]; (the first entry of c is not used)
i ← 2;
while i ≤ n do
left-rotate the first i entries of P;
(e.g. left-rotating the first 4 entries of
[4, 2, 5, 3, 1] would give [2, 5, 3, 4, 1])
if c[i] < i then
c[i] ← c[i] + 1;
i ← 2;
yield P;
else
c[i] ← 1;
i ← i+1;
In the above pseudocode, the statement "yield P" means to output or record the set of permuted indices P. If the algorithm is implemented correctly, P will be yielded exactly n! times, each with a different set of permuted indices.
This algorithm is not the most efficient one among all existing permutation generation methods. Not only does it have to keep track of an auxiliary counting array (c), redundant permutations are also produced and ignored (because P is not yielded after left-rotation if c[i] ≥ i) in the course of generation. For instance, when n = 4, the algorithm will first yield P = [1,2,3,4] and then generate the other 23 permutations in 40 iterations (i.e. in 17 iterations, there are redundant permutations and P is not yielded). The following lists, in the order of generation, all 41 values of P, where the parenthesized ones are redundant:
P = 1234 c = *111 i=2
P = 2134 c = *211 i=2
P = (1234) c = *111 i=3
P = 2314 c = *121 i=2
P = 3214 c = *221 i=2
P = (2314) c = *121 i=3
P = 3124 c = *131 i=2
P = 1324 c = *231 i=2
P = (3124) c = *131 i=3
P = (1234) c = *111 i=4
P = 2341 c = *112 i=2
P = 3241 c = *212 i=2
P = (2341) c = *112 i=3
P = 3421 c = *122 i=2
P = 4321 c = *222 i=2
P = (3421) c = *1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20drift | In electrical engineering, and particularly in telecommunications, frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. Causes may include component aging, changes in temperature that alter the piezoelectric effect in a crystal oscillator, or problems with a voltage regulator which controls the bias voltage to the oscillator. Frequency drift is traditionally measured in Hz/s. Frequency stability can be regarded as the absence (or a very low level) of frequency drift.
On a radio transmitter, frequency drift can cause a radio station to drift into an adjacent channel, causing illegal interference. Because of this, Frequency allocation regulations specify the allowed tolerance for such oscillators in a type-accepted device. A temperature-compensated, voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (TCVCXO) is normally used for frequency modulation.
On the receiver side, frequency drift was mainly a problem in early tuners, particularly for analog dial tuning, and especially on FM, which exhibits a capture effect. However, the use of a phase-locked loop (PLL) essentially eliminates the drift issue. For transmitters, a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) also does not have problems with drift.
Drift differs from Doppler shift, which is a perceived difference in frequency due to motion of the source or receiver, even though the source is still producing the same wavelength. It also differs from frequency deviation, which is the inherent and necessary result of modulation in both FM and phase modulation.
See also
Allan variance
Clock drift
Phase noise
Automatic frequency control (AFC)
Phase-locked loop (PLL) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20beam%20reconstruction | In microtomography X-ray scanners, cone beam reconstruction is one of two common scanning methods, the other being Fan beam reconstruction.
Cone beam reconstruction uses a 2-dimensional approach for obtaining projection data. Instead of utilizing a single row of detectors, as fan beam methods do, a cone beam systems uses a standard charge-coupled device camera, focused on a scintillator material. The scintillator converts X-ray radiation to visible light, which is picked up by the camera and recorded. The method has enjoyed widespread implementation in microtomography, and is also used in several larger-scale systems.
An X-ray source is positioned across from the detector, with the object being scanned in between. (This is essentially the same setup used for an ordinary X-ray fluoroscope).
Projections from different angles are obtained in one of two ways. In one method, the object being scanned is rotated. This has the advantage of simplicity in implementation; a rotating stage results in little complexity. The second method involves rotating the X-ray source and camera around the object, as is done in ordinary CT scanning and SPECT imaging. This adds complexity, size and cost to the system, but removes the need to rotate the object.
The method is referred to as cone-beam reconstruction because the X-rays are emitted from the source as a cone-shaped beam. In other words, it begins as a tight beam at the source, and expands as it moves away.
See also
Computed tomography
Industrial CT scanning
Tomographic reconstruction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20mobility%20index | In demographics, the rank mobility index (RMI) is a measure of a city's change in population rank among a group of cities.
Formally
where
R1 = city's rank at time 1
R2 = city's rank at time 2
A RMI value must be between −1 and 1. A RMI of 0 indicates no change.
Index numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing%20of%20periapical%20lesions | Apical periodontitis is typically the body's defense response to the threat of microbial invasion from the root canal. Primary among the members of the host defense mechanism is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, otherwise known as the neutrophil. The task of the neutrophil is to locate and destroy microbes that intrude into the body – anywhere in the body – and they represent the hallmark of acute inflammation.
The body's response to microbial invasion
In response to tissue injury, neutrophils leave the circulatory system in great numbers and gather at the site of tissue injury. They are drawn to the site by chemotaxis, following a concentration gradient of chemotactic molecules until they reach the site of greatest concentration: the site of injury and microbial presence. Once there, the antimicrobial action of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, derived from the metabolic processes of the neutrophils, act to combat the microbial invasion. While primarily mobilized to kill the invading microorganisms, the neutrophils actually cause a significant amount of host tissue damage as well. Although the neutrophils themselves rarely remain alive for more than a few days, the excessive accumulation of dead neutrophils and the enzymes they released is a major cause of tissue breakdown in the acute phases of apical periodontitis.
Soon after inflammation has been initiated, macrophages enter the scene and, if not controlled by the initial ambush of neutrophils and their tactics, the microbial invasion is faced with a second strike consisting of these leukocytes, along with lymphocytes. Together, the cells of this second strike compose the bulk of the apical periodontitis lesion and serve an important role in the subsequent chronic phase of inflammation of apical periodontitis, as they can live for many months. Some researchers posit that it must not be macrophages that are involved, as they could not appropriately discriminate between the varied array of opsonized entities a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance%20matching | In electronics, impedance matching is the practice of designing or adjusting the input impedance or output impedance of an electrical device for a desired value. Often, the desired value is selected to maximize power transfer or minimize signal reflection. For example, impedance matching typically is used to improve power transfer from a radio transmitter via the interconnecting transmission line to the antenna. Signals on a transmission line will be transmitted without reflections if the transmission line is terminated with a matching impedance.
Techniques of impedance matching include transformers, adjustable networks of lumped resistance, capacitance and inductance, or properly proportioned transmission lines. Practical impedance-matching devices will generally provide best results over a specified frequency band.
The concept of impedance matching is widespread in electrical engineering, but is relevant in other applications in which a form of energy, not necessarily electrical, is transferred between a source and a load, such as in acoustics or optics.
Theory
Impedance is the opposition by a system to the flow of energy from a source. For constant signals, this impedance can also be constant. For varying signals, it usually changes with frequency. The energy involved can be electrical, mechanical, acoustic, magnetic, optical, or thermal. The concept of electrical impedance is perhaps the most commonly known. Electrical impedance, like electrical resistance, is measured in ohms. In general, impedance (symbol: Z) has a complex value; this means that loads generally have a resistance component (symbol: R) which forms the real part and a reactance component (symbol: X) which forms the imaginary part.
In simple cases (such as low-frequency or direct current power transmission) the reactance may be negligible or zero; the impedance can be considered a pure resistance, expressed as a real number. In the following summary we will consider the general case when r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintoshia | Mackintoshia is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. It was originally placed in Cortinariaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single truffle-like species Mackintoshia persica, found in Zimbabwe. This fungus, eaten by both the common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and the Karanga people, is little known outside the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Mackintoshia was circumscribed by Giovanni Pacioni and Cathy Sharp in 2000. The genus name honors British-Rhodesian farmer Robbie Mackintosh, who collected and documented some early specimens.
The specific epithet persica is Latin for peach, referring to its odor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitz%27s%20law | Haitz's law is an observation and forecast about the steady improvement, over many years, of light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
It claims that every decade, the cost per lumen (unit of useful light emitted) falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20, for a given wavelength (color) of light. It is considered the LED counterpart to Moore's law, which states that the number of transistors in a given integrated circuit doubles every 18 to 24 months. Both laws rely on the process optimization of the production of semiconductor devices.
Haitz's law is named after Roland Haitz (1935–2015), a scientist at Agilent Technologies among others. It was first presented to the larger public at Strategies in Light 2000, the first of a series of annual conferences organized by Strategies Unlimited.
Besides the forecast of exponential development of cost per lumen and amount of light per package, the publication also forecast that the luminous efficacy of LED-based lighting could reach 200 lm/W (lumen per Watt) in 2020, crossing 100 lm/W in 2010. This would be the case if enough industrial and government resources were spent for research on LED-lighting. More than 50% of the electricity consumption for lighting (20% of the totally consumed electrical energy) would be saved reaching 200 lm/W. This prospect and other stepping-stone applications of LEDs (e.g. mobile phone flash and LCD-backlighting) led to a massive investment in LED-research so that the LED efficacy did indeed cross 100 lm/W in 2010. If this trend continues, LEDs will become the most efficient light source by 2020.
The theoretical maximum for truncated blackbody white light source (at 5800K colour temperature with wavelengths restricted to the visible band of between 400nm and 700nm) is 251 lm/W. However, some "white" LEDs have achieved efficacies of over 300 lm/W.
In 2010, Cree Inc., developed and marketed the XM-L LED that claimed 1000 lumens at 100 lm/W effic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utriculosaccular%20duct | The utriculosaccular duct (Latin: Ductus utriculosaccularis) is a part of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear which connects the two parts of the vestibule, the utricle and the saccule.
The utriculosaccular duct continues to the endolymphatic duct and ends in the endolymphatic sac. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivastava%20code | In coding theory, Srivastava codes, formulated by Professor J. N. Srivastava, form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which are a special case of alternant codes.
Definition
The original Srivastava code over GF(q) of length n is defined by a parity check matrix H of alternant form
where the αi and zi are elements of GF(qm)
Properties
The parameters of this code are length n, dimension ≥ n − ms and minimum distance ≥ s + 1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy%20Apker%20Award | The LeRoy Apker Award is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society (APS) since 1978, named after the experimental physicist LeRoy Apker. The recipients are undergraduate students chosen for "outstanding achievements in physics" in order to "provide encouragement to young physicists who have demonstrated great potential for future scientific accomplishment." The Apker award is the highest honor awarded to undergraduate physicists in the United States. Generally, two prizes are awarded each year: one to a student from a Ph.D. granting institution and one to a student from a non-Ph.D. granting institution. Prior to 1995 the award was granted without institutional distinction, and a single honoree annually was common. The award consists of a $5,000 prize, allowance for traveling to the APS March Meeting to present the work, and a certificate.
Recipients
See also
List of physics awards
List of prizes named after people
Morgan Prize, an award for outstanding undergraduate mathematicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoire%20Oceanologique%20de%20Villefranche | The Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche (Villefranche-sur-Mer Marine Station) is a field campus of Sorbonne University (Faculty of Sciences and Engineering - FSI) in Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Côte d'Azur, France. It houses two research/teaching laboratories co-administered by Sorbonne University (SU) (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. The two laboratories are focused on Developmental Biology, and Oceanography.
The facility traces it roots back a laboratory established in 1882 by Hermann Fol with the encouragement of Charles Darwin and continues to work to this day with organisms from the Bay of Villefranche Bay, including protists, ascidians, sea urchins and jellyfish.
History
In 1809 Charles Alexandre Lesueur and François Péron are credited with discovering the exceptional diversity of zooplankton in the bays of Villefranche and Cap de Nice and they were the first to describe new species from the bay (Péron & Lesueur 1809).
In the 1850s, the zoologist Carl Vogt visited Villefranche and studied the planktonic fauna found in the bay, notably the gelatinous zooplankton (Vogt 1852). He was followed by Johannes Peter Müller and Ernst Haeckel who both described planktonic protists, radiolaria, from the Bay of Villefranche (Müller 1858; Haeckel 1860).
In 1882, encouraged by Darwin, the zoologist and discoverer of fertilization Hermann Fol along with Jule Barrois of the Université de Lille, established a laboratory in Villefranche in a former Lazert building. They acquired use of buildings previously leased to the Russian Navy as a coal depot in 1884, the Galériens and the Vielle Forge. Barrois and Fol were forced to give up the facility in 1888 at the demand of Alexis Korotneff of the University of Kiev who had frequented the laboratory in previous years and now wanted to establish a Russian research facility: The "Russian Zoological Station" (Mosse 1952) . Russian, French, and American biologists includ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault%20detection%20and%20isolation | Fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR) is a subfield of control engineering which concerns itself with monitoring a system, identifying when a fault has occurred, and pinpointing the type of fault and its location. Two approaches can be distinguished: A direct pattern recognition of sensor readings that indicate a fault and an analysis of the discrepancy between the sensor readings and expected values, derived from some model. In the latter case, it is typical that a fault is said to be detected if the discrepancy or residual goes above a certain threshold. It is then the task of fault isolation to categorize the type of fault and its location in the machinery. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) techniques can be broadly classified into two categories. These include model-based FDI and signal processing based FDI.
Model-based FDI
In model-based FDI techniques some model of the system is used to decide about the occurrence of fault. The system model may be mathematical or knowledge based. Some of the model-based FDI techniques include observer-based approach, parity-space approach, and parameter identification based methods. There is another trend of model-based FDI schemes, which is called set-membership methods. These methods guarantee the detection of fault under certain conditions. The main difference is that instead of finding the most likely model, these techniques omit the models, which are not compatible with data.
The example shown in the figure on the right illustrates a model-based FDI technique for an aircraft elevator reactive controller through the use of a truth table and a state chart. The truth table defines how the controller reacts to detected faults, and the state chart defines how the controller switches between the different modes of operation (passive, active, standby, off, and isolated) of each actuator. For example, if a fault is detected in hydraulic system 1, then the truth table sends an event to the state chart that t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension%20topology | In topology, a branch of mathematics, an extension topology is a topology placed on the disjoint union of a topological space and another set. There are various types of extension topology, described in the sections below.
Extension topology
Let X be a topological space and P a set disjoint from X. Consider in X ∪ P the topology whose open sets are of the form A ∪ Q, where A is an open set of X and Q is a subset of P.
The closed sets of X ∪ P are of the form B ∪ Q, where B is a closed set of X and Q is a subset of P.
For these reasons this topology is called the extension topology of X plus P, with which one extends to X ∪ P the open and the closed sets of X. As subsets of X ∪ P the subspace topology of X is the original topology of X, while the subspace topology of P is the discrete topology. As a topological space, X ∪ P is homeomorphic to the topological sum of X and P, and X is a clopen subset of X ∪ P.
If Y is a topological space and R is a subset of Y, one might ask whether the extension topology of Y – R plus R is the same as the original topology of Y, and the answer is in general no.
Note the similarity of this extension topology construction and the Alexandroff one-point compactification, in which case, having a topological space X which one wishes to compactify by adding a point ∞ in infinity, one considers the closed sets of X ∪ {∞} to be the sets of the form K, where K is a closed compact set of X, or B ∪ {∞}, where B is a closed set of X.
Open extension topology
Let be a topological space and a set disjoint from . The open extension topology of plus is Let . Then is a topology in . The subspace topology of is the original topology of , i.e. , while the subspace topology of is the discrete topology, i.e. .
The closed sets in are . Note that is closed in and is open and dense in .
If Y a topological space and R is a subset of Y, one might ask whether the open extension topology of Y – R plus R is the same as the original topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE%20%28telecommunication%29 | In telecommunications, long-term evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements. LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. Because LTE frequencies and bands differ from country to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it is supported.
Terminology
The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is also called 3.95G and has been marketed as 4G LTE and Advanced 4G; but the original version did not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organisation in the IMT Advanced specification; but, because of market pressure and the significant advances that WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access, and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU-R later decided that LTE and the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements for being considered IMT-Advanced. To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined the latter as "True 4G".
Overview
LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution and is a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were dev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Approvals%20Service%20for%20Cables | British Approvals Service for Cables (commonly known as BASEC) is an independent accredited certification body headquartered in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. Here, the organization's dedicated testing laboratory also operates which is believed to be the largest of its type in Europe. BASEC was established in 1971 and principally provides product certification services for all types of cable and wire, ancillary products and management systems within the cable industry. The organization maintains operations throughout the world including Africa, Middle East, America, Asia and Europe.
BASEC also offers process capability assessment in cable making, certification of innovative and variant cable products, and provides independent investigation, testing and advice in connection with the manufacture or use of cables, or in the event of disputes.
History
BASEC has been testing and certifying electrical cables for over forty years. The organization was formed in 1971 by a number of leading industry bodies, including BSI, BCA, The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), and The Electrical Contractors Association (ECA), a group which has now been joined by The National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting (NICEIC). By detailed examination of manufacturers' production processes and controls, and rigorous testing, BASEC ensures that products meet appropriate British, European and International standards. The organization has grown to be a modern, accessible body servicing and representing its many client manufactures.
The organization's Board and Certification Committee provides independent governance. BASEC is Government-nominated and accredited by UKAS, demonstrating competence, impartiality and reliability in its ability to deliver results. BASEC is a member of the HAR agreement group of European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). This provides certification to harmonised cables within Europe in accordance with the harmoniz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk-glove%20sign | The silk glove-sign is a pediatric diagnostic measure employed when a hernia or hydrocele is suspected but there is no other clinical evidence to prove their existence. It involves gentle palpation of skin overlying the processus vaginalis along the area of the pubic tubercle in order to elicit what is often described as "pieces of silk friction" beneath the index finger. A positive sign indicates a patent processus vaginalis and effectively rules out the existence of a hydrocele.
This physical finding has a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 97.3%. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winogradsky%20column | The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae.
The column provides numerous gradients, depending on additive nutrients, from which the variety of aforementioned organisms can grow. The aerobic water phase and anaerobic mud or soil phase are one such distinction. Because of oxygen's low solubility in water, the water quickly becomes anoxic towards the interface of the mud and water. Anaerobic phototrophs are still present to a large extent in the mud phase, and there is still capacity for biofilm creation and colony expansion, as shown in the images at right. Algae and other aerobic phototrophs are present along the surface and water of the upper half of the columns.
Construction
The column is a rough mixture of ingredients – exact measurements are not critical. A tall glass (30 cm long, >5 cm wide) is filled one third full of pond mud, omitting any sticks, debris, and air bubbles. Supplementation of ~0.25% w/w calcium carbonate and ~0.50% w/w calcium sulfate or sodium sulfate is required (ground eggshell and egg yolk respectively are rich in these minerals), mixed in with some shredded newspaper, filter paper or hay (for cellulose). An additional anaerobic layer, this time of unsupplemented mud, brings the container to two thirds full. Alternatively, some procedures call for sand to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movidius | Movidius is a company based in San Mateo, California, that designs low-power processor chips for computer vision. The company was acquired by Intel in September 2016.
Company history
Movidius was co-founded in 2005 by Sean Mitchell and David Moloney in Dublin, Ireland. Between 2006 and 2016, it raised nearly $90 million in capital funding. In May 2013, the company appointed Remi El-Ouazzane as CEO. In January 2016, the company announced a partnership with Google. Movidius has been active in Google's Project Tango, and also announced a planned acquisition by Intel in September 2016.
Products
Myriad 2
The company's Myriad 2 chip is a manycore vision processing unit that can function on power-constrained devices. The Fathom is a USB stick containing a Myriad 2 processor, allowing a vision accelerator to be added to devices using ARM processors including PCs, drones, robots, IoT devices and video surveillance for tasks such as identifying people or objects. It can run at between 80 and 150 GFLOPS on 1W of power.
Myriad X
Intel's Myriad X VPU (vision processing unit) is the third generation VPU from Movidius. It uses a Neural Compute Engine, a dedicated hardware accelerator—for neural network deep-learning inferences.
Neural Compute Stick
The Intel Movidius Neural Compute Stick (NCS) is a tiny fanless deep-learning device that can be used to learn AI programming at the edge. NCS is powered by the same low-power, high-performance Intel Movidius Vision Processing Unit that can be found in millions of smart security cameras, gesture-controlled drones, industrial machine vision equipment, and more. Supported frameworks are TensorFlow and Caffe.
On 14 November 2018, the company announced the latest version of NCS, marketed as "Neural Compute Stick 2" at the AI DevCon event in Beijing.
Uses
Google Clips camera uses Myriad 2 VPU.
The Intel RealSense Tracking Camera T265 uses the Myriad 2.
Mavic used the Myriad 2 in all consumer drones announced in 2016.
The Ryze |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincherle%20polynomials | In mathematics, the Pincherle polynomials Pn(x) are polynomials introduced by given by the generating function
Humbert polynomials are a generalization of Pincherle polynomials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20OLAP | The Oracle Database OLAP Option implements On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) within an Oracle database environment. Oracle Corporation markets the Oracle Database OLAP Option as an extra-cost option to supplement the "Enterprise Edition" of its database. (Oracle offers Essbase for customers without the Oracle Database or who require multiple data-sources to load their cubes.)
As of Oracle Database 11g, the Oracle database optimizer can transparently redirect SQL queries to levels within the OLAP Option cubes. The cubes are managed and can take the place of multi-dimensional materialized views, simplifying Oracle data-warehouse management and speeding up query response.
Logical components
The Oracle Database OLAP Option offers:
an OLAP analytic engine
workspaces
an analytic workspace manager (AWM)
a worksheet environment
OLAP DML for DDL and DML
an interface from SQL
an analytic workspace Java API
a Java-based OLAP API
Physical implementation
The Oracle database tablespace CWMLITE stores OLAPSYS schema objects and integrates Oracle Database OLAP Option with the Oracle Warehouse Builder (OWB).
The CWMLITE name reflects the use of CWM — the Common Warehouse Metamodel, which Oracle Corporation refers to as "Common Warehouse Metadata".
See also
Business intelligence
Comparison of OLAP servers
Essbase
External links
Oracle OLAP, retrieved 2023-05-28 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDISwrapper | NDISwrapper is a free software driver wrapper that enables the use of Windows XP network device drivers (for devices such as PCI cards, USB modems, and routers) on Linux operating systems. NDISwrapper works by implementing the Windows kernel and NDIS APIs and dynamically linking Windows network drivers to this implementation. As a result, it only works on systems based on the instruction set architectures supported by Windows, namely IA-32 and x86-64.
Native drivers for some network adapters are not available on Linux as some manufacturers maintain proprietary interfaces and do not write cross-platform drivers. NDISwrapper allows the use of Windows drivers, which are available for virtually all modern PC network adapters.
Use
There are three steps: Creating a Linux driver, installing it, and using it. NDISwrapper is composed of two main parts, a command-line tool used at installation time and a Windows subsystem used when an application calls the Wi-Fi subsystem.
As the outcome of an NDISwrapper installation should be some sort of Linux driver to be able to work with Linux applications, the first action the user does is to "compile" a couple or more of Windows files, and the NDISwrapper's version of Windows DDK into a Linux Kernel Module. This is done with a tool named "ndiswrapper". The resultant linux driver is then installed (often manually) in the OS. A Linux application can then send request to this Linux driver that automatically does the needed adaptations to call its—now—internal Windows driver and DDK.
To achieve this "compilation" NDISwrapper requires at least the ".inf" and the ".sys" files invariably supplied as parts of the Windows driver. For example, if the driver is called "mydriver", with the files mydriver.inf and mydriver.sys and vendorid:productid 0000:0000, then NDISwrapper installs the driver to /etc/ndiswrapper/mydriver/. This directory contains three files:
0000:0000.conf, which contains information extracted from the inf file
mydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20traits | Complex traits, also known as quantitative traits, are traits that do not behave according to simple Mendelian inheritance laws. More specifically, their inheritance cannot be explained by the genetic segregation of a single gene. Such traits show a continuous range of variation and are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Compared to strictly Mendelian traits, complex traits are far more common, and because they can be hugely polygenic, they are studied using statistical techniques such as quantitative genetics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping rather than classical genetics methods. Examples of complex traits include height, circadian rhythms, enzyme kinetics, and many diseases including diabetes and Parkinson's disease. One major goal of genetic research today is to better understand the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variants act to influence complex traits.
History
When Mendel's work on inheritance was rediscovered in 1900, scientists debated whether Mendel's laws could account for the continuous variation observed for many traits. One group known as the biometricians argued that continuous traits such as height were largely heritable, but could not be explained by the inheritance of single Mendelian genetic factors. Work published by Ronald Fisher in 1919 mostly resolved debate by demonstrating that the variation in continuous traits could be accounted for if multiple such factors contributed additively to each trait. However, the number of genes involved in such traits remained undetermined; until recently, genetic loci were expected to have moderate effect sizes and each explain several percent of heritability. After the conclusion of the Human Genome Project in 2001, it seemed that the sequencing and mapping of many individuals would soon allow for a complete understanding of traits' genetic architectures. However, variants discovered through genome-wide association studies (GWASs) accounted for only a small percentag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Gweneth%20Humphreys%20Award | The M. Gweneth Humphreys Award or Humphreys Award is a mathematics award established by the Association for Women in Mathematics in recognition of mathematics educators who have exhibited outstanding mentorship. The award is named for Mabel Gweneth Humphreys (1911-2006) who earned her Ph.D. at age 23 from the University of Chicago in 1935.
She taught mathematics to women for her entire career, first at Mount St. Scholastica College, then for several years at Sophie Newcomb College, and finally for over thirty years at Randolph Macon Woman's College. This award, funded by contributions from her former students and colleagues at Randolph-Macon Woman's College, recognizes her commitment to and her influence on undergraduate students of mathematics.
Recipients
The following mathematicians have been honored with the Humphreys Award:
See also
List of mathematics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell%20JetWave | Honeywell's JetWave is a piece of satellite communications hardware produced by Honeywell that enables global in-flight internet connectivity. Its connectivity is provided using Inmarsat’s GX Aviation network. The JetWave platform is used in business and general aviation, as well as defense and commercial airline users.
History
In 2012, Honeywell announced it would provide Inmarsat with the hardware for its GX Ka-band in-flight connectivity network. The Ka-band (pronounced either "kay-ay band" or "ka band") is a portion of the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum defined as frequencies in the range 27.5 to 31 gigahertz (GHz). In satellite communications, the Ka-band allows higher bandwidth communication.
In 2017, after five years and more than 180 flight hours and testing, JetWave was launched as part of GX Aviation with Lufthansa Group. Honeywell’s JetWave was the exclusive terminal hardware option for the Inmarsat GX Aviation network; however, the exclusivity clause in that contract has expired.
In July 2019, the United States Air Force selected Honeywell’s JetWave satcom system for 70 of its C-17 Globemaster III cargo planes. In December 2019, it was reported that six AirAsia aircraft had been fitted with Inmarsat’s GX Aviation Ka-band connectivity system and is slated to be implemented fleetwide across AirAsia’s Airbus A320 and A330 models in 2020, requiring installation of JetWave atop AirAsia’s fuselages. Today, Honeywell’s JetWave hardware is installed on over 1,000 aircraft worldwide.
In August 2021, the Civil Aviation Administration of China approved a validation of Honeywell’s MCS-8420 JetWave satellite connectivity system for Airbus 320 aircraft.
In December 2021, Honeywell, SES, and Hughes Network Systems demonstrated multi-orbit high-speed airborne connectivity for military customers using Honeywell’s JetWave MCX terminal with a Hughes HM-series modem, and SES satellites in both medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO). T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Rhodes%20%28sculptor%29 | Richard Rhodes (born 1961) is an American sculptor, stonemason, entrepreneur, and scholar of stonework worldwide.
Life and career
Born in California, Rhodes studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 1981. Through his study of medieval ritual and research, Rhodes apprenticed as a stonemason in Siena, Italy, after graduate school. Working with the operative branch of the Freemason's guild in Siena, Rhodes studied the Sacred Geometries and the Sacred Rules of Bondwork as passed down through the medieval guild of the Freemasons. He was the first non-Italian in over 700 years to work as an apprentice under the Freemasons. Rhodes credits his guild training as a major influence in his sculptural practice.
Rhodes is the founder of several Seattle-based businesses including Rhodesworks Design Studio, Rhodes Masonry and Rhodes Architectural Stone.
Sculpture practice
In sculpture, Rhodes' work explores the line between art and architecture, using traditional stone construction with contemporary building techniques. His earlier, expressive and site specific work is self-described as "architectonic." His more current sculptural work is abstract and figurative, visible in his Sentinel Series (various) and Resolute Arch. His work is textural and often draws on the expressive hand finishes Rhodes' learned during his training and apprenticeship in Italy.
Several of his commissions incorporate antique stone objects such as salvaged and worn pavements or stair blocks. Rhodes' largest public sculpture, the two thousand square-foot Untitled – Stone Wave (2004) at the center of Antoine Predock's Tacoma Art Museum, is made of antique granite salvaged from road pave stones in the Fujian region of China. The museum invites other artists to contribute to the space created by Untitled – Stone Wave, using it as a base or canvas. Participating artists include Dale Chihuly who provided the first artwork to be created in this series entitled Niijima Floats (2003) an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlier%20polynomials | In mathematics, Charlier polynomials (also called Poisson–Charlier polynomials) are a family of orthogonal polynomials introduced by Carl Charlier.
They are given in terms of the generalized hypergeometric function by
where are generalized Laguerre polynomials. They satisfy the orthogonality relation
They form a Sheffer sequence related to the Poisson process, similar to how Hermite polynomials relate to the Brownian motion.
See also
Wilson polynomials, a generalization of Charlier polynomials. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizable%20vacuum | In theoretical physics, particularly fringe physics, polarizable vacuum (PV) and its associated theory refers to proposals by Harold Puthoff, Robert H. Dicke, and others to develop an analogue of general relativity to describe gravity and its relationship to electromagnetism.
Description
In essence, Dicke and Puthoff proposed that the presence of mass alters the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of flat spacetime, εo and μo respectively by multiplying them by a scalar function, K:
arguing that this will affect the lengths of rulers made of ordinary matter, so that in the presence of a gravitational field the spacetime metric of Minkowski spacetime is replaced by
where is the so-called "dielectric constant of the vacuum". This is a "diagonal" metric given in terms of a Cartesian chart and having the same stratified conformally flat form in the Watt-Misner theory of gravitation. However, according to Dicke and Puthoff, κ must satisfy a field equation which differs from the field equation of the Watt-Misner theory. In the case of a static spherically symmetric vacuum, this yields the asymptotically flat solution
The resulting Lorentzian spacetime happens to agree with the analogous solution in the Watt-Misner theory, and it has the same weak-field limit, and the same far-field, as the Schwarzschild vacuum solution in general relativity, and it satisfies three of the four classical tests of relativistic gravitation (redshift, deflection of light, precession of the perihelion of Mercury) to within the limit of observational accuracy. However, as shown by Ibison (2003), it yields a different prediction for the inspiral of test particles due to gravitational radiation.
However, requiring stratified-conformally flat metrics rules out the possibility of recovering the weak-field Kerr metric, and is certainly inconsistent with the claim that PV can give a general "approximation" of the general theory of relativity. In particular, this theory exh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20P.%20Preparata | Franco P. Preparata is a computer scientist, the An Wang Professor, Emeritus, of Computer Science at Brown University.
He is best known for his 1985 book "Computational Geometry: An Introduction" into which he blended salient parts of M. I. Shamos' doctoral thesis (Shamos appears as a co-author of the book). This book, which represents a snapshot of the disciplines as of 1985, has been for many years the standard textbook in the field, and has been translated into four foreign Languages (Russian, Japanese, Chinese, and Polish). He has made several contributions to the computational geometry, the most recent being the notion of "algorithmic degree" as a key feature to control robust implementations of geometric algorithms.
In addition, Preparata has worked in many other areas of, or closely related to, computer science.
His initial work was in coding theory, where he (independently and simultaneously) contributed the Berlekamp-Preparata codes (optimal convolution codes for burst-error correction) and the Preparata codes, the first known systematic class of nonlinear binary codes, with higher information content than corresponding linear BCH codes of the same length. Thirty years later these codes have been found relevant to quantum coding theory.
In 1967, he substantially contributed to a model of system-level fault diagnosis, known today as the PMC (Preparata-Metze-Chien) model, which is a main issue in the design of highly dependable processing systems. This model is still the object of intense research today (as attested by the literature).
Over the years, he was also active in research in parallel computation and VLSI theory. His 1979 paper (with Jean Vuillemin), still highly cited, presented the cube-connected-cycles (CCC), a parallel architecture that optimally emulates the hypercube interconnection. This interconnection was closely reflected in the architecture of the CM2 of Thinking Machines Inc., the first massive-parallel system in the VLSI era. His |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt%20vector%20table | An interrupt vector table (IVT) is a data structure that associates a list of interrupt handlers with a list of interrupt requests in a table of interrupt vectors. Each entry of the interrupt vector table, called an interrupt vector, is the address of an interrupt handler(also known as ISR). While the concept is common across processor architectures, IVTs may be implemented in architecture-specific fashions. For example, a dispatch table is one method of implementing an interrupt vector table.
Interrupts are assigned a number between 0 to 255. The interrupt vectors for each interrupt number are stored in the lower 1024 bytes of main memory. For example, interrupt 0 is stored from 0000:0000 to 0000:0003, interrupt 1 from 0000:0004 to 0000:0007, and so on.
Background
Most processors have an interrupt vector table, including chips from Intel, AMD, Infineon, Microchip Atmel, NXP, ARM etc.
Interrupt handlers
Handling methods
An interrupt vector table is used in the three most popular methods of finding the starting address of the interrupt service routine:
"Predefined"
The "predefined" method loads the program counter (PC) directly with the address of some entry inside the interrupt vector table. The jump table itself contains executable code. While in principle an extremely short interrupt handler could be stored entirely inside the interrupt vector table, in practice the code at each entry is a single jump instruction that jumps to the full interrupt service routine (ISR) for that interrupt. The Intel 8080, Atmel AVR and all 8051 and Microchip microcontrollers use the predefined approach.
"Fetch"
The "fetch" method loads the PC indirectly, using the address of some entry inside the interrupt vector table to pull an address out of that table, and then loading the PC with that address. Each and every entry of the IVT is the address of an interrupt service routine. All Motorola/Freescale microcontrollers use the fetch method.
"Interrupt acknowledge"
For the "i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20encapsulation | Cell encapsulation is a possible solution to graft rejection in tissue engineering applications. Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane. It permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins. At the same time, the semi-permeable nature of the membrane prevents immune cells and antibodies from destroying the encapsulated cells, regarding them as foreign invaders.
Cell encapsulation could reduce the need for long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant to control side effects.
History
In 1933 Vincenzo Bisceglie made the first attempt to encapsulate cells in polymer membranes. He demonstrated that tumor cells in a polymer structure transplanted into pig abdominal cavity remained viable for a long period without being rejected by the immune system.
Thirty years later in 1964, the idea of encapsulating cells within ultra thin polymer membrane microcapsules so as to provide immunoprotection to the cells was then proposed by Thomas Chang who introduced the term "artificial cells" to define this concept of bioencapsulation. He suggested that these artificial cells produced by a drop method not only protected the encapsulated cells from immunorejection but also provided a high surface-to-volume relationship enabling good mass transfer of oxygen and nutrients.
Twenty years later, this approach was successfully put into practice in small animal models when alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules immobilizing xenograft islet cells were developed. The study demonstrated that when these microencapsulated islets were implanted into diabetic rats, the cells remained viable and controlled glucose levels for several weeks.
Human trials utilising encapsulated cells were performed in 1998. Encapsulated cells expressing a cy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20weather%20observation | Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide. They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated weather stations, or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise automated weather station. The ICAO defines the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), which is the model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere, and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the METAR observing code. Personal weather stations taking automated observations can transmit their data to the United States mesonet through the Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), the UK Met Office through their Weather Observations Website (WOW), or internationally through the Weather Underground Internet site. A thirty-year average of a location's weather observations is traditionally used to determine the station's climate. In the US a network of Cooperative Observers make a daily record of summary weather and sometimes water level information.
History
Reverend John Campanius Holm is credited with taking the first systematic weather observations in Colonial America. He was a chaplain in the Swedes Fort colony near the mouth of the Delaware River. Holm recorded daily observations without instruments during 1644 and 1645. While numerous other accounts of weather events on the East Coast were documented during the 17th Century. President George Washington kept a detailed weather diary during the late 1700s at Mount Vernon, Virginia. The number of routine weather observers increased significantly during the 1800s. In 1807, Dr. B. S. Barton of the University of Pennsylvania requested members throughout the Union of the Linnaean Society of Philadelphia to maintain instrumented wea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-binding%20protein | RNA-binding proteins (often abbreviated as RBPs) are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein complexes.
RBPs contain various structural motifs, such as RNA recognition motif (RRM), dsRNA binding domain, zinc finger and others.
They are cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. However, since most mature RNA is exported from the nucleus relatively quickly, most RBPs in the nucleus exist as complexes of protein and pre-mRNA called heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs).
RBPs have crucial roles in various cellular processes such as: cellular function, transport and localization. They especially play a major role in post-transcriptional control of RNAs, such as: splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stabilization, mRNA localization and translation. Eukaryotic cells express diverse RBPs with unique RNA-binding activity and protein–protein interaction. According to the Eukaryotic RBP Database (EuRBPDB), there are 2961 genes encoding RBPs in humans. During evolution, the diversity of RBPs greatly increased with the increase in the number of introns. Diversity enabled eukaryotic cells to utilize RNA exons in various arrangements, giving rise to a unique RNP (ribonucleoprotein) for each RNA. Although RBPs have a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation in gene expression, relatively few RBPs have been studied systematically.It has now become clear that RNA–RBP interactions play important roles in many biological processes among organisms.
Structure
Many RBPs have modular structures and are composed of multiple repeats of just a few specific basic domains that often have limited sequences. Different RBPs contain these sequences arranged in varying combinations. A specific protein's recognition of a specific RNA has evolved through the rearrangement of these few basic domains. Each basic domain recognizes RNA, but many of these proteins require multiple copies of one of the many common domains to fun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelakantha%20Bhanu%20Prakash | Neelakanta Bhanu Prakash (born 13 October 1999) is a human calculator, youtuber and entrepreneur from Hyderabad, India, and is titled as the "World's Fastest Human Calculator". BBC said "Neelakantha Bhanu Prakash is to math (mental calculation) what Usain Bolt is to running". He won gold in the 2020 Mental Calculation World Championship at Mind Sports Olympiad 2020. He also holds 50 Limca records for his mathematical calculations.
He is the founder of 'Bhanzu', a math educational tech startup aiming to improve the mathematical skills of learners.
In 2022, he featured in the Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2022 List for heading 'Bhanzu' in the Consumer Technology category.
Early life
Neelakantha Bhanu was born to Srinivas Jonnalagadda and Hema Siva Parvathi in Eluru. In 2005, at the age of five, he met with a head injury that rendered him bedridden for an entire year when he picked up math and calculations to keep his mind active. A mathematical whiz kid from early childhood, he began competing in numerous speed maths calculation competition and resulting in winning the championships starting at age five. Neelakantha Bhanu Prakash, a mathematics graduate has bagged many gold medals and has world records for fast arithmetic calculations. He has also won the International Speed Math Champion '13 and National Speed Math Champion '11 & '12, and Math Genius Award in 2015. He completed his schooling at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's Public School (Vidyashram) Hyderabad.
He graduated from St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 2020 with a BSc Honours degree in Mathematics. He has also been a speaker at several TED talks. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussing%20chamber | An Ussing chamber is an apparatus for measuring epithelial membrane properties. It can detect and quantify transport and barrier functions of living tissue. The Ussing chamber was invented by the Danish zoologist and physiologist Hans Henriksen Ussing in 1946.
The technique is used to measure the short-circuit current as an indicator of net ion transport taking place across an epithelium. Ussing chambers are used to measure ion transport in native tissue, such as gut mucosa, and in a monolayer of cells grown on permeable supports.
Function
The Ussing chamber provides a system to measure the transport of ions, nutrients, and drugs across various epithelial tissues, (although can generate false-negative results for lipophilic substances). It consists of two halves separated by the epithelia (sheet of mucosa or monolayer of epithelial cells grown on permeable supports). Epithelia are polar in nature, i.e., they have an apical or mucosal side and a basolateral or serosal side. An Ussing chamber can isolate the apical side from the basolateral side. The two half chambers are filled with equal amounts of symmetrical Ringer solution to remove chemical, mechanical or electrical driving forces. Ion transport takes place across any epithelium. Transport may be in either direction. Ion transport produces a potential difference (voltage difference) across the epithelium. The voltage is measured using two voltage electrodes placed near the tissue/epithelium. This voltage is cancelled out by injecting current, using two other current electrodes placed away from the epithelium. This short-circuit current (Isc) is the measure of net ion transport.
Measuring epithelial ion transport is helped by Ussing chambers. The voltage result from this ion transport is easy to accurately measure. The epithelium pumps ions from one side to the other and the ions leak back through so-called tight junctions that are situated between the epithelial cells. To measure ion transport, an external |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20environment | Smart environments link computers and other smart devices to everyday settings and tasks. Smart environments include smart homes, smart cities and smart manufacturing.
Introduction
Smart environments are an extension of pervasive computing. According to Mark Weiser, pervasive computing promotes the idea of a world that is connected to sensors and computers. These sensors and computers are integrated with everyday objects in peoples' lives and are connected through networks.
Definition
Cook and Das define smart environment as "a small world where different kinds of smart device are continuously working to make inhabitants' lives more comfortable." Smart environments aim to satisfy the experience of individuals from every environment, by replacing the hazardous work, physical labor, and repetitive tasks with automated agents.
Poslad
differentiates three different kinds of smart environments for systems, services and devices: virtual (or distributed) computing environments, physical environments and human environments, or a hybrid combination of these:
Virtual computing environments enable smart devices to access pertinent services anywhere and anytime.
Physical environments may be embedded with a variety of smart devices of different types including tags, sensors and controllers and have different form factors ranging from nano- to micro- to macro-sized.
Human environments: humans, either individually or collectively, inherently form a smart environment for devices. However, humans may themselves be accompanied by smart devices such as mobile phones, use surface-mounted devices (wearable computing) and contain embedded devices (e.g., pacemakers to maintain a healthy heart operation or AR contact lenses).
Features
Smart environments are broadly classified to have the following features
Remote control of devices, like power line communication systems to control devices.
Device Communication, using middleware, and Wireless communication to form a picture of con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation%20factor | Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.
Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ability to interact with activators to help them start or increase the rate of translation. In bacteria, they are simply called IFs (i.e.., IF1, IF2, & IF3) and in eukaryotes they are known as eIFs (i.e.., eIF1, eIF2, eIF3). Translation initiation is sometimes described as three step process which initiation factors help to carry out. First, the tRNA carrying a methionine amino acid binds to the small ribosome, then binds to the mRNA, and finally joins together with the large ribosome. The initiation factors that help with this process each have different roles and structures.
Types
The initiation factors are divided into three major groups by taxonomic domains. There are some homologies shared (click the domain names to see the domain-specific factors):
Structure and function
Many structural domains have been conserved through evolution, as prokaryotic initiation factors share similar structures with eukaryotic factors. The prokaryotic initiation factor, IF3, assists with start site specificity, as well as mRNA binding. This is in comparison with the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF1, who also performs these functions. The elF1 structure is similar to the C-terminal domain of IF3, as they each contain a five-stranded beta sheet against two alpha helices.
The prokaryotic initiation factors IF1 and IF2 are also homologs of the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF1A and eIF5B. IF1 and eIF1A, both containing an OB-fold, bind to the A site and assist in the assembly of initiation complexes at the start codon. IF2 and eIF5B assist in the joining of the small and large ribosomal subunits. The eIF5B factor also contains elongation factors. Domain IV of eIF5B is closely related to the C-terminal domain of IF2, as they both c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim | Exim is a mail transfer agent (MTA) used on Unix-like operating systems. Exim is a free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and it aims to be a general and flexible mailer with extensive facilities for checking incoming e-mail.
Exim has been ported to most Unix-like systems, as well as to Microsoft Windows using the Cygwin emulation layer. Exim 4 is currently the default MTA on Debian Linux systems.
Many Exim installations exist, especially within Internet service providers and universities in the United Kingdom. Exim is also widely used with the GNU Mailman mailing list manager, and cPanel.
In March 2023 a study performed by E-Soft, Inc., approximated that 59% of the publicly reachable mail-servers on the Internet ran Exim.
Origin
The first version of Exim was written in 1995 by Philip Hazel for use in the University of Cambridge Computing Service’s e-mail systems. The name initially stood for EXperimental Internet Mailer. It was originally based on an older MTA, Smail-3, but it has since diverged from Smail-3 in its design and philosophy.
Design model
Exim, like Smail, still follows the Sendmail design model, where a single binary controls all the facilities of the MTA. Exim has well-defined stages during which it gains or loses privileges.
Exim's security has had a number of serious security problems diagnosed over the years. Since the redesigned version 4 was released there have been four remote code execution flaws and one conceptual flaw concerning how much trust it is appropriate to place in the run-time user; the latter was fixed in a security lockdown in revision 4.73, one of the very rare occasions when Exim has broken backwards compatibility with working configurations.
Configuration
Exim is highly configurable and therefore has features that are lacking in other MTAs. It has always had substantial facilities for mail policy controls, providing facilities for the administrator to control who may send or relay mai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritillaria%20affinis | Fritillaria affinis, the chocolate lily, is a highly variable species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae native to western North America.
Description
It grows from a bulb, which resembles a small mass of rice grains. The stems are tall. The flowers are produced in the spring, nodding, , yellowish or greenish brown with a lot of yellow mottling to purplish black with little mottling, or yellow-green mottled with purple. The leaves are in whorls.
There are two varieties:
Fritillaria affinis var. affinis: This is the more common and widespread variant, occurring throughout the plant's range. It can be differentiated by its strong mottling pattern. Its bulb has 2 to 20 small scales.
Fritillaria affinis var. tristulis: This variant is much less widespread; it is found only in Marin County on the north coast of California. It has a much more subtle mottling pattern and is generally darker overall. Its bulb has 60 to 100 small scales.
Distribution and habitat
It can be found in California, Klamath Ranges, the north coast ranges, Cascade Ranges, north Sierra Nevada foothills, and the San Francisco Bay Area, north to British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Idaho.
Its habitat includes oak or pine scrub or open woods and thickets near the coast. It prefers low to mid-elevation, shade or part shade, dry summer dormancy, and good drainage.
Uses
The roots or bulbs can be eaten raw or cooked. Historically, the bulbs of this plant were eaten steamed by Salish Native American peoples, including the Squamish, Sechelt, Halq'emeylem and Straits Salish.
See also
List of plants known as lily |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS | webOS, also known as LG webOS and previously known as Open webOS, HP webOS and Palm webOS, is a Linux kernel-based multitasking operating system for smart devices such as smart TVs that has also been used as a mobile operating system. Initially developed by Palm, Inc. (which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard), HP made the platform open source, at which point it became Open webOS.
The operating system was later sold to LG Electronics, and was made primarily a smart TV operating system for LG televisions as a successor to LG Netcast. In January 2014, Qualcomm announced that it had acquired technology patents from HP, which included all the webOS and Palm patents; LG licenses them to use in their devices.
Various versions of webOS have been featured on several devices since launching in 2009, including Pre, Pixi, and Veer smartphones, TouchPad tablet, LG's smart TVs since 2014, LG's smart refrigerators and smart projectors since 2017.
History
2009–2010: Launch by Palm
Palm launched webOS, then called Palm webOS, in January 2009 as the successor to Palm OS. The first webOS device was the original Palm Pre, released by Sprint in June 2009. The Palm Pixi followed. Upgraded "Plus" versions of both Pre and Pixi were released on Verizon and AT&T.
2010–2013: Acquisition by HP; the launch of Open webOS
In April 2010, HP acquired Palm. The acquisition of Palm was initiated while Mark Hurd was CEO, however he resigned shortly after the acquisition was completed. Later, webOS was described by new HP CEO Leo Apotheker as a key asset and motivation for the purchase. The $1.2 billion acquisition was finalized in June. HP indicated its intention to develop the webOS platform for use in multiple new products, including smartphones, tablets, and printers.
In February 2011, HP announced that it would use webOS as the universal platform for all its devices. However, HP also made the decision that the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi, and the "Plus" revisions would not receive over-the-air update |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlatBox%20Project | PlatBox Project, formally known as Boxed Economy Project, is a multi-agent based computer simulation software development project founded by Iba Laboratory at Keio University, Japan. The main work of PlatBox Project is to develop PlatBox Simulator and Component Builder, which are claimed to be the first multi-agent computer simulation software that do not require end-users to have any computer programming skill in order to create and execute multi-agent computer simulation models. Currently, the project is organized by Takashi Iba, assistant professor from Keio University, and Nozomu Aoyama. PlatBox Simulator and Component Builder are currently offered only in Japanese; however, the English version is expected to be out anytime soon.
PlatBox Simulator
PlatBox Simulator is a multi-agent based simulation platform developed by PlatBox Project.
ComponentBuilder
ComponentBuilder is a multi-agent based simulation modeling tool developed by PlatBox Project.
See also
Agent-based model
Repast (modeling toolkit)
Articles
Resolving the Existing Problems by Boxed Economy Simulation Platform. T. Iba, Y. Chubachi, Y. Matsuzawa, K. Asaka, K. Kaiho, Agent-based Approaches in Economic and Social Complex Systems, A. Namatame, et al. (eds.), IOS Press, 2002, pp. 59–68.
Boxed Economy Foundation Model: Toward Simulation Platform for Agent-Based Economic Simulations. T. Iba, Y. Takabe, Y. Chubachi, J. Tanaka, K. Kamihashi, R. Tsuya, S. Kitano, M. Hirokane, Y. Matsuzawa, New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Takao Terano, Toyoaki Nishida, Akira Namatame, Syusaku Tsumoto, Yukio Ohsawa, Takashi Washio (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, 2001, pp. 227–236
Iterated Prisoners' Dilemma on Alliance Networks. T. Furukawazono, Y. Takada, T. Iba, International Workshop and Conference on Network Science 2007, New York, May, 2007
Understanding Social Complex Systems with PlatBox Simulator. T. Iba, The 5th International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Economics and Finance (CIEF2006) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20statistical%20areas | The U.S. currently has 34 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On March 6, 2020, the OMB delineated seven combined statistical areas, eight metropolitan statistical areas, and 19 micropolitan statistical areas in Missouri.
Statistical areas
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico. These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.
The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of the county or counties (or county-equivalents) associated with at least one core of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core." The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have "a population of at least 50,000" and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) that have "a population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000."
The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as "a geographic entity consisting of two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas with employment interchange measures of at least 15%." The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.
Table
The table below describes the 34 United States statistical areas, 114 counties, and 1 independent city of the State of Missouri with the following information:
The combined statistical area (CSA) as designated by the OMB.
The CSA population according to 2019 US Census Bureau population estimates.
The core based statistical area (CB |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Edinburgh%20Zoo | Edinburgh Zoo is a zoological park in Corstorphine, Edinburgh, Scotland which opened on 22 July 1913. Edinburgh had previously been home to a zoological garden which failed to thrive. The new zoo is owned and run by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland and initially opened as the Scottish National Zoological Park. Modern zoological methods allowed animals to survive in Edinburgh's cold climate.
Edinburgh is the only zoo in the United Kingdom to be incorporated by royal charter, and was the first zoo in the world to house and breed penguins. The zoo's penguins have been famous throughout its history, and since the 1950s have performed a daily parade around the park.
The zoo was largely unaffected by war, though some animals were euthanised for safety reasons during the Second World War. After the war the park housed a brown bear named Wojtek who had served with the Polish military. In 1972 one of the zoo's king penguins was adopted by the Norwegian military.
In the 21st century Edinburgh Zoo was briefly forced to close by the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak, and in 2005 received threats from the Animal Liberation Front. In 2000 a plan for the complete redevelopment of the zoo was begun.
Precursors
Scotland's first zoo was called The Royal Edinburgh Zoological Gardens, and predated the modern Edinburgh Zoo by some 70 years. After the death of James Donaldson, a wealthy Scottish publisher and bookseller, the gardens of his country house, Broughton Hall (the area now covered by Bellevue) were converted into a zoological park. Occupying a site, the park was situated about a mile to the north-east of Central Edinburgh, near East Claremont Street. Naturalist John Graham Dalyell was one of the original promoters of the project and eventually president of the board of directors. The Zoological Gardens opened in 1839 with a collection of stock zoo animals including lions, tigers, monkeys, bears and an elephant.
At the time, animals in zoos were typically held in poor c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20odor | Dogs, as with all mammals, have natural odors. Natural dog odor can be unpleasant to dog owners, especially when dogs are kept inside the home, as some people are not used to being exposed to the natural odor of a non-human species living in proximity to them. Dogs may also develop unnatural odors as a result of skin disease or other disorders or may become contaminated with odors from other sources in their environment.
Healthy odors
All natural dog odors are most prominent near the ears and from the paw pads. Dogs naturally produce secretions, the function of which is to produce scents allowing for individual animal recognition by dogs and other species in the scent-marking of territory.
Dogs only produce sweat on areas not covered with fur, such as the nose and paw pads, unlike humans who sweat almost everywhere. However, they do have sweat glands, called apocrine glands, associated with every hair follicle on the body. The exact function of these glands is not known, but they may produce pheromones or chemical signals for communication with other dogs. It is believed that these sweat secretions produce an individual odor signal that is recognizable by other dogs.
Dogs also have sweat glands on their noses. These are eccrine glands. When these glands are active, they leave the nose and paw pads slightly moist and help these specialized skin features maintain their functional properties. The odor associated with dog paw pads is much more noticeable on dogs with moist paw pads than on those with dry pads.
Dogs also have numerous apocrine glands in their external ear canals. In this location, they are referred to as ceruminous glands. The ear canals also have numerous sebaceous glands. Together, these two sets of glands produce natural ear wax, or cerumen. Micro-organisms live naturally in this material and give the ears a characteristic slightly yeasty odor, even when healthy. When infected, the ears can give off a strong disagreeable smell. It is no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ppl%E2%80%93von%20K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%20equations | The Föppl–von Kármán equations, named after August Föppl and Theodore von Kármán, are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the large deflections of thin flat plates. With applications ranging from the design of submarine hulls to the mechanical properties of cell wall, the equations are notoriously difficult to solve, and take the following form:
where is the Young's modulus of the plate material (assumed homogeneous and isotropic), is the Poisson's ratio, is the thickness of the plate, is the out–of–plane deflection of the plate, is the external normal force per unit area of the plate, is the Cauchy stress tensor, and are indices that take values of 1 and 2 (the two orthogonal in-plane directions). The 2-dimensional biharmonic operator is defined as
Equation (1) above can be derived from kinematic assumptions and the constitutive relations for the plate. Equations (2) are the two equations for the conservation of linear momentum in two dimensions where it is assumed that the out–of–plane stresses () are zero.
Validity of the Föppl–von Kármán equations
While the Föppl–von Kármán equations are of interest from a purely mathematical point of view, the physical validity of these equations is questionable. Ciarlet states: The two-dimensional von Karman equations for plates, originally proposed by von Karman [1910], play a mythical role in applied mathematics. While they have been abundantly, and satisfactorily, studied from the mathematical standpoint, as regards notably various questions of existence, regularity, and bifurcation, of their solutions, their physical soundness has been often seriously questioned. Reasons include the facts that
the theory depends on an approximate geometry which is not clearly defined
a given variation of stress over a cross-section is assumed arbitrarily
a linear constitutive relation is used that does not correspond to a known relation between well defined measures of stress and strain
some compo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20in%20the%20World%20is%20Carmen%20Sandiego%3F%20%28Prodigy%20video%20game%29 | Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? is a game within the Carmen Sandiego franchise made for the Prodigy Interactive online service, a "special edition" and Prodigy service adaptation of the 1985 Broderbund educational game of the same name.
Prodigy was a computer service from a partnership of IBM and Sears. World was one of three games available on the extra audio card, alongside Silpheed and Cakewalk Apprentice. It was an on-line version of the popular PC title, written specifically for Prodigy. This version had a new adventure each week, each Carmen Sandiego episode sponsored by the Prodigy online.
The game was pitted to teach geography in an "exciting new way". The book Parents, kids & computers describes Prodigy s version of Carmen Sandiego as "a sort of online Carmen miniseries that changes from time to time".
It was often used as a major selling point of the Prodigy service to parents, and advertised as "your kids' personal tutor' and for "adventure and role-playing enthusiasts". It was highlighted as part of Prodigy's "Education and entertainment spanning school subjects". Other kid-friendly programming included Sesame Street and Nickelodeon.
Gameplay and plot
Players can find the game through a series of menus for instance the Stories Menu, or by '[JUMP]: carmen'. Once in the game, the player will see 4 menu options: the current case, a How To Play page, Last Week's Winners, and an Acme Detective Agency Honor Roll. Clicking on the game yields three choices: start the case, read the eight criminal dossiers, or look at some hints.
As with other games in the series, World sees players traipse behind Carmen and her crooks in the hunt to capture them in the least amount of time possible. Players travel to three cities per case - after two stops the players should have enough information to know the name on the arrest warrant; in the third city the player must find the criminal and make the arrest with the correct warrant.
When players start a case, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult%20%28medical%29 | In medical terms, an insult is the cause of some kind of physical or mental injury. For example, a burn on the skin (the injury) may be the result of a thermal, chemical, radioactive, or electrical event (the insult). Likewise sepsis and trauma are examples of foreign insults, and encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors are examples of insults to the brain.
Clinicians may use the term cerebrovascular insult (CVI) as a synonym for a stroke.
Insults may be categorized as either genetic or environmental. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography%20and%20Marine%20Biology%3A%20An%20Annual%20Review | Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review is an annual review of oceanography and marine biology that has been published since 1963. It was originally edited by Harold Barnes. It was originally published by Aberdeen University Press and Allen & Unwin but is now published by CRC Press, part of Taylor & Francis. The 55th volume was published in 2017. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knower%20paradox | The knower paradox is a paradox belonging to the family of the paradoxes of self-reference (like the liar paradox). Informally, it consists in considering a sentence saying of itself that it is not known, and apparently deriving the contradiction that such sentence is both not known and known.
History
A version of the paradox occurs already in chapter 9 of Thomas Bradwardine’s Insolubilia. In the wake of the modern discussion of the paradoxes of self-reference, the paradox has been rediscovered (and dubbed with its current name) by the US logicians and philosophers David Kaplan and Richard Montague, and is now considered an important paradox in the area. The paradox bears connections with other epistemic paradoxes such as the hangman paradox and the paradox of knowability.
Formulation
The notion of knowledge seems to be governed by the principle that knowledge is factive:
(KF): If the sentence ' P ' is known, then P
(where we use single quotes to refer to the linguistic expression inside the quotes and where 'is known' is short for 'is known by someone at some time'). It also seems to be governed by the principle that proof yields knowledge:
(PK): If the sentence ' P ' has been proved, then ' P ' is known
Consider however the sentence:
(K): (K) is not known
Assume for reductio ad absurdum that (K) is known. Then, by (KF), (K) is not known, and so, by reductio ad absurdum, (K) is not known. Now, this conclusion, which is the sentence (K) itself, depends on no undischarged assumptions, and so has just been proved. Therefore, by (PK), we can further conclude that (K) is known. Putting the two conclusions together, we have the contradiction that (K) is both not known and known.
Solutions
Since, given the diagonal lemma, every sufficiently strong theory will have to accept something like (K), absurdity can only be avoided either by rejecting one of the two principles of knowledge (KF) and (PK) or by rejecting classical logic (which validates the reasoning fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%20Unified%20Key%20Setup | The Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) is a disk encryption specification created by Clemens Fruhwirth in 2004 and originally intended for Linux.
LUKS implements a platform-independent standard on-disk format for use in various tools. This facilitates compatibility and interoperability among different programs and operating systems, and assures that they all implement password management in a secure and documented manner.
Description
LUKS is used to encrypt a block device. The contents of the encrypted device are arbitrary, and therefore any filesystem can be encrypted, including swap partitions. There is an unencrypted header at the beginning of an encrypted volume, which allows up to 8 (LUKS1) or 32 (LUKS2) encryption keys to be stored along with encryption parameters such as cipher type and key size.
The presence of this header is a major difference between LUKS and dm-crypt, since the header allows multiple different passphrases to be used, with the ability to change and remove them. If the header is lost or corrupted, the device will no longer be decryptable.
Encryption is done with a multi-layer approach. First, the block device is encrypted using multiple master keys, each of which is encrypted with an active user key in each keyslot. Keyslots can contain a passphrase or other types of keys like OpenPGP public keys or X.509 certificates. PGP public keys can be used in combination with an OpenPGP smart card, which is inserted into the host. This layered scheme is known as TKS1.
There are two versions of LUKS, with LUKS2 featuring resilience to header corruption, and using the Argon2 key derivation function by default, whereas LUKS1 uses PBKDF2. Conversion between both versions of LUKS is possible in certain situations, but some features may not be available with LUKS1 such as Argon2. LUKS2 uses JSON as a metadata format.
Available cryptographic algorithms depends on individual kernel support of the host. Libgcrypt can be used as a backend for hashing, whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESF1 | Retroelement silencing factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RESF1 gene. RESF1 is broadly expressed in the lymph nodes, ovaries, appendix and spleen. RESF1 shows characteristics of being a minor histocompatibility antigen, as well as tumor suppressor capabilities. The high expression in the lymph nodes and spleen indicate function in the immune system.
Gene
RESF1 is a protein coding gene found on Chromosome 12 and maps to 12p11.21. Alternative names for this gene include Gonad Expressed Transcript (GET), UTA2-1 and C12orf35. RESF1 has 7 exons, 3 of which occur before the start codon.
Tissue expression
Normal
A study of normal human tissue expression profiling shows that RESF1 is highly expressed in the thymus, spleen, bone marrow and liver. This is interesting as it relates to common organs associated with the Immune system.
Gene tissue expression patterns found through the National Center for Biotechnology Information UniGene EST Profile showed that there was also high expression of RESF1 in the lymph nodes, uterus, mouth, thyroid, larynx and blood.
Cancer
An evaluation of RESF1 expression in health states was performed using NCBI Unigene’s EST Profile. Although RESF1 is highly expressed in uterine tumors, it is also highly expressed in the uterus, suggesting that it is unlikely the gene is associated closely with uterine cancer. However, RESF1 may be related to adrenal tumors, as there was lower expression of this gene within normal kidney tissue.
Transcript
Transcription factor binding sites
Transcription factor binding sites within the promoter of RESF1 included mainly transcription factors that were associated with bone marrow cells, antibody- producing cells, and blood cells. This supports the association of RESF1 with the functioning immune system.
Protein
RESF1 is 1747 amino acids in length and has one domain of unknown function, DUF4617. The Molecular Weight of RESF1 is 194.9 kdal. The basal isoelectric point is 8.95. A local |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20information%20about%20a%20simulation%20experiment | The minimum information about a simulation experiment (MIASE) is a list of the common set of information a modeller needs to enable the execution and reproduction of a numerical simulation experiment, derived from a given set of quantitative models.
MIASE is a registered project of the MIBBI (minimum information for biological and biomedical investigations).
History
The MIASE project was launched in 2007 by Dagmar Köhn and Nicolas Le Novère and first presented on the 12th SBML Forum Meeting in October 2007. Since then, MIASE was discussed on various meetings, not only within the SBML community. MIASE has become a community effort involving people from various standardisation communities as well as developers of simulation tools.
In April 2009, MIASE was part of the "CellML, SBGN, SBO, BioPAX, and MIASE Super-Workshop 2009".
The guidelines
The MIASE Guidelines are composed of the following parts: Information about the models to use, information about the simulation steps, and Information about the output:
Information about the models to use
All models used in the experiment must be identified, accessible, and fully described.
The description of the simulation experiment must be provided together with the models necessary for the experiment, or with a precise and unambiguous way of accessing those models.
The models required for the simulations must be provided with all governing equations, parameter values, and necessary conditions (initial state and/or boundary conditions).
If a model is not encoded in a standard format, then the model code must be made available to the user. If a model is not encoded in an open format or code, its full description must be provided, sufficient to re-implement it.
Any modification of a model (pre-processing) required before the execution of a step of the simulation experiment must be described.
Information about the simulation steps
A precise description of the simulation steps and other procedures used by the experiment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20embedding | In natural language processing (NLP), a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Word embeddings can be obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers.
Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, explainable knowledge base method, and explicit representation in terms of the context in which words appear.
Word and phrase embeddings, when used as the underlying input representation, have been shown to boost the performance in NLP tasks such as syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis.
Development and history of the approach
In distributional semantics, a quantitative methodological approach to understanding meaning in observed language, word embeddings or semantic feature space models have been used as a knowledge representation for some time. Such models aim to quantify and categorize semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The underlying idea that "a word is characterized by the company it keeps" was proposed in a 1957 article by John Rupert Firth, but also has roots in the contemporaneous work on search systems and in cognitive psychology.
The notion of a semantic space with lexical items (words or multi-word terms) represented as vectors or embeddings is based on the computational challenges of capturing distributional characteristics and using them for practical application to measure similarity between words, phrases, or entire documents. The first generation of semantic space models is the vector space model for information retrieval. Such vector space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edensor%20Littlewood | John Edensor Littlewood (9 June 1885 – 6 September 1977) was a British mathematician. He worked on topics relating to analysis, number theory, and differential equations and had lengthy collaborations with G. H. Hardy, Srinivasa Ramanujan and Mary Cartwright.
Biography
Littlewood was born on 9 June 1885 in Rochester, Kent, the eldest son of Edward Thornton Littlewood and Sylvia Maud (née Ackland). In 1892, his father accepted the headmastership of a school in Wynberg, Cape Town, in South Africa, taking his family there. Littlewood returned to Britain in 1900 to attend St Paul's School in London, studying under Francis Sowerby Macaulay, an influential algebraic geometer.
In 1903, Littlewood entered the University of Cambridge, studying in Trinity College. He spent his first two years preparing for the Tripos examinations which qualify undergraduates for a bachelor's degree where he emerged in 1905 as Senior Wrangler bracketed with James Mercer (Mercer had already graduated from the University of Manchester before attending Cambridge). In 1906, after completing the second part of the Tripos, he started his research under Ernest Barnes. One of the problems that Barnes suggested to Littlewood was to prove the Riemann hypothesis, an assignment at which he did not succeed. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1908. From October 1907 to June 1910, he worked as a Richardson Lecturer in the School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester before returning to Cambridge in October 1910, where he remained for the rest of his career. He was appointed Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics in 1928, retiring in 1950. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1916, awarded the Royal Medal in 1929, the Sylvester Medal in 1943, and the Copley Medal in 1958. He was president of the London Mathematical Society from 1941 to 1943 and was awarded the De Morgan Medal in 1938 and the Senior Berwick Prize in 1960.
Littlewood died on 6 September 1977.
Work
Most of Lit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20video | Reverse video (or invert video or inverse video or reverse screen) is a computer display technique whereby the background and text color values are inverted. On older computers, displays were usually designed to display text on a black background by default. For emphasis, the color scheme was swapped to bright background with dark text. Nowadays the two tend to be switched, since most computers today default to white as a background color. The opposite of reverse video is known as true video.
Video is usually reversed by inverting the brightness values of the pixels of the involved region of the display. If there are 256 levels of brightness, encoded as 0 to 255, the 255 value becomes 0 and vice versa. A value of 1 becomes 254, 2 of 253, and so on: n is swapped for r - n, for r levels of brightness. This is occasionally called a ones' complement. If the source image is of middle brightness, reverse video can be difficult to see, 127 becomes 128 for example, which is only one level of brightness different. The computer displays where it was most commonly used were monochrome and only displayed two values so this issue seldom arose.
Reverse video is commonly used in software programs as a visual aid to highlight a selection that has been made as an aid in preventing description errors, where an intended action is performed on an object that is not the one intended. It is more common in modern desktop environments to change the background to other colors such as blue, or to use a semi-transparent background to "highlight" the selected text.
On a terminal understanding ANSI escape sequences, the reverse video function is activated using the escape sequence CSI 7 m (which equals SGR 7).
Accessibility
Reverse video is also sometimes used for accessibility reasons. When most computer displays were light-on-dark, it was found that users looking back and forth between a white paper and dark screen would experience eyestrain due to their pupils constantly dilating and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization-induced%20suppression%20of%20inhibition | Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is the classical and original electrophysiological example of endocannabinoid function in the central nervous system. Prior to the demonstration that depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition was dependent on the cannabinoid CB1 receptor function, there was no way of producing an in vitro endocannabinoid mediated effect.
Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is classically produced in a brain slice experiment (i.e. a 300-400 µm slice of brain, with intact axons and synapses) where a single neuron is "depolarized" (the normal −70 mV potential across the neuronal membrane is reduced, usually to −30 to 0 mV) for a period of 1 to 10 seconds. After the depolarization, inhibitory GABA mediated neurotransmission is reduced. This has been demonstrated to be caused by the release of endogenous cannabinoids from the depolarized neuron which diffuses to nearby neurons, and binds and activates CB1 receptors, which act presynaptically to reduce neurotransmitter release.
History
Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition was discovered in 1992 by Vincent et al., (1992) working in purkinje cells of the cerebellum then confirmed in the hippocampus by Pitler & Alger, 1992.
These groups were studying the responses of large pyramidal projection neurons to GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA is typically released by small interneurons in many regions of the brain, where its job is to inhibit the activity of primary neurons, such as the CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus or the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Activation of GABA receptors on these cells, whether they are ionotropic or metabotropic, typically results in the influx of chloride ions into that target cell. This build-up of negative charge from the chloride ions results in the hyperpolarization of the target cell, making it less likely to fire an action potential. Accordingly, any ionic current that |
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