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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20sales%20outstanding | In accountancy, days sales outstanding (also called DSO and days receivables) is a calculation used by a company to estimate the size of their outstanding accounts receivable. It measures this size not in units of currency, but in average sales days.
Typically, days sales outstanding is calculated monthly. Generally speaking, higher DSO ratio can indicate a customer base with credit problems and/or a company that is deficient in its collections activity. A low ratio may indicate the firm's credit policy is too rigorous, which may be hampering sales.
Days sales outstanding is often misinterpreted as "the average number of days to fully collect payment after making a sale". The formula for this would be Σ. This calculation is sometimes called "True DSO". Instead, days sales outstanding is better interpreted as the "days worth of (average) sales that you currently have outstanding". Accordingly, days sales outstanding can be expressed as the following financial ratio:
DSO ratio = accounts receivable / average sales per day, or
DSO ratio = accounts receivable / (annual sales / 365 days)
Accounts receivable refers to the outstanding balance of accounts receivable at a point in time here whereas average sales per day is the mean sales computed over some period of time. This can be annual as in the formula above, or it can be any period of time considered useful to the company. Because this is an average general KPI, though, choosing a time period that's too low may introduce undesirable artifacts in the data. Typically this is a calendar year or month or a fiscal year or period.
Changes in "the average number of days to fully collect payment after making a sale" could impact days sales outstanding in that fluctuations in the length of the average collection effort could affect a company's accounts receivable balance, but days sales outstanding is also affected by fluctuations in sales volume.
Days sales outstanding is considered an important tool in measuri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL | The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is a hardware description language (HDL) that can model the behavior and structure of digital systems at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from the system level down to that of logic gates, for design entry, documentation, and verification purposes. Since 1987, VHDL has been standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as IEEE Std 1076; the latest version of which is IEEE Std 1076-2019. To model analog and mixed-signal systems, an IEEE-standardized HDL based on VHDL called VHDL-AMS (officially IEEE 1076.1) has been developed.
VHDL is named after the United States Department of Defense program that created it, the Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Program (VHSIC). In the early 1980s, the VHSIC Program sought a new HDL for use in the design of the integrated circuits it aimed to develop. The product of this effort was VHDL Version 7.2, released in 1985. The effort to standardize it as an IEEE standard began in the following year.
History
In 1983, VHDL was originally developed at the behest of the U.S. Department of Defense in order to document the behavior of the ASICs that supplier companies were including in equipment. The standard MIL-STD-454N in Requirement 64 in section 4.5.1 "ASIC documentation in VHDL" explicitly requires documentation of "Microelectronic Devices" in VHDL.
The idea of being able to simulate the ASICs from the information in this documentation was so obviously attractive that logic simulators were developed that could read the VHDL files. The next step was the development of logic synthesis tools that read the VHDL and output a definition of the physical implementation of the circuit.
Due to the Department of Defense requiring as much of the syntax as possible to be based on Ada, in order to avoid re-inventing concepts that had already been thoroughly tested in the development of Ada, VHDL borrows heavily from the Ada programming language in both conc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzootic | Enzootic is the non-human equivalent of endemic and means, in a broad sense, "belonging to" or "native to", "characteristic of", or "prevalent in" a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; native to an area or scope.
It also has two specific meanings:
an organism being "enzootic" means native to a place or a specific fauna
in epizoology, an infection is said to be "enzootic" in a population when the infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs (cf. Endemic).
See also
Epizootic
Biodiversity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20repair | Right to repair is a legal right for owners of devices and equipment to freely modify and repair products such as automobiles, electronics, and farm equipment. This right is framed in opposition to restrictions such as requirements to use only the manufacturer's maintenance services, restrictions on access to tools and components, and software barriers.
Obstacles to owner repair can lead to higher consumer costs or drive consumers to single-use devices instead of making repairs. While the global community is concerned over the growing volume of the waste stream, especially electronic waste, the debate over the right to repair has been centered on the United States, India, and the European Union. Right to repair may also refer to the social movement of citizens putting pressure on their governments to enact laws protecting a right to repair.
Definition
Right to repair refers to the concept that end users, business users as well as consumers, of technical, electronic or automotive devices should be allowed to freely repair these products. Four requirements are of particular importance:
the device should be constructed and designed in a manner that allows repairs to be made easily;
end users and independent repair providers should be able to access original spare parts and necessary tools (software as well as physical tools) at fair market conditions;
repairs should, by design, be possible and not be hindered by software programming; and
the repairability of a device should be clearly communicated by the manufacturer.
The goals of the right to repair are to favor repair instead of replacement, and make such repairs more affordable leading to a more sustainable economy and reduction in electronic waste.
Law and policy
As of 2021, many countries and economic unions have proposed right to repair legislation.
United States
In the United States, the right to repair found application in federal and state law:
The Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act; a United States fe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20number%20%28group%20theory%29 | A cyclic number is a natural number n such that n and φ(n) are coprime. Here φ is Euler's totient function. An equivalent definition is that a number n is cyclic if and only if any group of order n is cyclic.
Any prime number is clearly cyclic. All cyclic numbers are square-free.
Let n = p1 p2 … pk where the pi are distinct primes, then φ(n) = (p1 − 1)(p2 − 1)...(pk – 1). If no pi divides any (pj – 1), then n and φ(n) have no common (prime) divisor, and n is cyclic.
The first cyclic numbers are 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 47, 51, 53, 59, 61, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 149, ... . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20augmentation | In animal behaviour, the hypothesis of group augmentation is where animals living in a group behave so as to increase the group's size, namely through the recruitment of new members. Such behaviour could be selected for if larger group size increases the chance of survival of the individuals in the group. Supported hypothesis of selection mechanisms towards increasing group size currently exist, in helping raise other animals' offspring (alloparental care) and performing other cooperative breeding acts including kin selection. It is currently proposed that group augmentation may be another mechanism (closely related/connected to cooperative breeding) which occurs through the recruiting of new group members and helping of unrelated individuals within a group.
Group Augmentation Mechanisms
Group augmentation can occur via two separate mechanisms. Passive group augmentation is described as the mere presence of other individuals in a group providing a benefit to a group member. Where as active group augmentation is described as the presence of other individuals causing no benefit or a detrimental effect to a group member; but where the presence of the other individuals later increases the overall level of reproductiveness of the group, also known as delayed reciprocity. An example of the phenomenon of delayed reciprocity (or "returning the favour") is where an organism will help raise an un-related individual at a cost, and once the individual is an adult it helps the organism which raised it; either by its presence increasing group size, or by assisting in breeding activity. Research suggests that both types of group augmentation can be used to explain the expensive helping behaviour of non-reproducing subordinate individuals as evolutionary stable. It is also important to note that both forms of group augmentation are thought to act in tandem with kin selection to further explain increased levels of helping behaviour. Aside from helping to raise offspring, another w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulin | Patulin is an organic compound classified as a polyketide. It is a white powder soluble in acidic water and in organic solvents. It is a lactone that is heat-stable, so it is not destroyed by pasteurization or thermal denaturation. However, stability following fermentation is lessened. It is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, in particular, Aspergillus and Penicillium and Byssochlamys. Most commonly found in rotting apples, the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production. In addition, patulin has been found in other foods such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Its presence is highly regulated.
Biosynthesis, synthesis, and reactivity
The immediate precursor is 6-Methylsalicylic acid.
Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH) is an important enzyme in the multi-step biosynthesis of patulin. Its gene is present in other fungi that may potentially produce the toxin. It is reactive with sulfur dioxide, so antioxidant and antimicrobial agents may be useful to destroy it. Levels of nitrogen, manganese, and pH as well as abundance of necessary enzymes regulate the biosynthetic pathway of patulin.
Uses
Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but after several toxicity reports, it is no longer used for that purpose. Isolated by Nancy Atkinson in 1943, it was specifically trialed to be used against the common cold. Patulin is used as a potassium-uptake inhibitor in laboratory applications. Kashif Jilani and co-workers reported that patulin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death under physiological concentrations.
Sources of exposure
Frequently, patulin is found in apples and apple products such as juices, jams, and ciders. It has also been detected in other fruits including cherries, blueberries, plums, bananas, strawberries, and grapes. Fungal growth leading to patulin production is most common on damaged fruits. Patulin has also been detecte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondritis%20dissecans | Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint which catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.
OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Non-surgical treatment is successful in 50% of the cases. If in late stages the lesion is unstable and the cartilage is damaged, surgical intervention is an option as the ability for articular cartilage to heal is limited. When possible, non-operative forms of managemen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20gluconate | Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7. It is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. Its E number is E576. This white, water-soluble powder has a wide range of applications across industries. Originally derived from gluconic acid in the 19th century, Sodium Gluconate is known for its chelating properties and is utilized as a chelating agent in various processes. It finds applications in textile, metal surface treatment, cement, and more. Moreover, its non-toxic nature and biodegradability contribute to its use in environmentally conscious practices.
Production
Sodium Gluconate can be produced through the fermentation process or chemical synthesis. In the fermentation process, glucose is fermented by certain microorganisms, typically strains of Aspergillus niger or Pseudomonas. Gluconic acid is the primary product of this fermentation, and Sodium Gluconate is derived by neutralizing gluconic acid with sodium hydroxide.
Source of Gluconic Acid: The production of Sodium Gluconate commences with its precursor, gluconic acid. This organic acid is often obtained through a fermentation process. Glucose, or other sugar sources, serves as the substrate for microorganisms, typically bacteria or fungi, to produce gluconic acid.
Conversion to Sodium Gluconate: Once gluconic acid is harvested, it undergoes a transformation into Sodium Gluconate. The conversion primarily involves a chemical reaction where gluconic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This reaction results in the formation of Sodium Gluconate, where the sodium ions (Na+) replace the hydrogen ions (H+) in gluconic acid.
Purification and Crystallization: Purification often includes filtration and chemical treatments to achieve the desired level of purity. Following purification, the solution is subjected to crystallization.
Drying and Packaging: After crystallization, the Sodium Gluconate crystals still contain residual moisture. Drying may involve processes like air drying or spray d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20Effect%203%20ending%20controversy | Mass Effect 3 is an action role-playing video game and the third installment of the Mass Effect video game series, developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts (EA). Upon its release March 6, 2012 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows, Mass Effect 3 generated controversy when its ending was poorly received by players who felt that it did not meet their expectations. Criticisms included the ending rendering character choices inconsequential, a general lack of closure, plot holes, and narrative inconsistency.
On June 26, 2012, developers released an Extended Cut as downloadable content (DLC) intended to clarify the endings and remedy fan concerns. The initial announcement of the development of add-on content to amend the ending as well as the subsequent release of Extended Cut sparked debates over the treatment of video games as art and whether BioWare should have to alter their vision of the work in response to external pressure, regardless of its quality.
Background
In the original Mass Effect trilogy, players assume the role of Commander Shepard, a customizable avatar who leads allies from across the Milky Way galaxy in a struggle against a collective of powerful synthetic lifeforms called the Reapers, who harvest the galaxy of sentient spacefaring life every 50,000 years. By the events of Mass Effect 3, the Reapers have arrived in the galaxy and begin harvesting entire worlds. To stop them, Shepard must form an alliance between all of Mass Effects alien races to build the Crucible, a megastructure built from blueprints designed by the civilizations from previous cycles, including the Protheans, which can theoretically destroy the Reapers.
As Shepard, players dispatch a final "Marauder" enemy, entering a Reaper teleportation beam on Earth to reach the Citadel alongside their close ally and mentor, David Anderson, and begin the game's ending sequence. This follows a long and grueling battle in London where Shepard is gravely wounded by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell%20Software%20Solutions%20Israel | Marvell Software Solutions Israel, known as RADLAN Computer Communications Limited before 2007, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Marvell Technology Group, that specializes in local area network (LAN) technologies.
History
The company was founded in 1998 as a spin-off from RND, which was founded by brothers Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel. RND was also the product of a spin-off, from the Zisapel brothers' RAD Group. Eventually, RND was split into two companies - Radware and RADLAN.
In February 2003, the integrated circuit (IC) designer Marvell Technology Group closed the deal to acquire RADLAN Computer Communications for $49.7 million in cash and shares.
California-based Marvell said it would incorporate its mixed-signal ICs with RADLAN's networking infrastructure drivers, interfaces and software modules to make improved networking communications products like routers. Currently, Marvell's product lineup includes read channels (which convert analog data from a magnetic disk into digital data for computing), preamplifiers, and Ethernet switch controllers and transceivers.
In May 2007 Radlan was officially renamed Marvell Software Solutions Israel (MSSI), to complete the integration into Marvell.
The company is located in the Petah Tikva technology park, Ezorim.
Yuval Cohen replaced Jacob Zankel as chief executive in late 2006.
Technology
RADLAN's core technology, Open and Portable Embedded Networking System (OpENS), provided IP-routed core software coupled with customizable management application, development environment and testing tools.
RADLAN's product lines are divided into three areas of
development: Intelligent Intranet Switching; Intranet Accelerator Engines; Intelligent Network Services.
See also
Economy of Israel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Gevrey | Maurice-Joseph Gevrey (13 March 1884 in Fauverney, Côte d'or, France – 19 September 1957 in Fauverney) was a French mathematician working on partial differential equations.
From 1919, he worked at the University of Burgundy, becoming a professor there in 1920.
In 1918, he introduced what is now called Gevrey classes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20herbalism | The history of herbalism is closely tied with the history of medicine from prehistoric times up until the development of the germ theory of disease in the 19th century. Modern medicine from the 19th century to today has been based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Evidence-based use of pharmaceutical drugs, often derived from medicinal plants, has largely replaced herbal treatments in modern health care. However, many people continue to employ various forms of traditional or alternative medicine. These systems often have a significant herbal component. The history of herbalism also overlaps with food history, as many of the herbs and spices historically used by humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds, and use of spices with antimicrobial activity in cooking is part of an ancient response to the threat of food-borne pathogens.
Prehistory
The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans were using medicinal plants during the Paleolithic, approximately 60,000 years ago. (Furthermore, other non-human primates are also known to ingest medicinal plants to treat illness) Plant samples gathered from prehistoric burial sites have been thought to support the claim that Paleolithic people had knowledge of herbal medicine. For instance, a 60,000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, "Shanidar IV", in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from 8 plant species, 7 of which are used now as herbal remedies. More recently Paul B. Pettitt has written that "A recent examination of the microfauna from the strata into which the grave was cut suggests that the pollen was deposited by the burrowing rodent Meriones tersicus, which is common in the Shanidar microfauna and whose burrowing activity can be observed today". Medicinal herbs were found in the personal effects of Ötzi the Iceman, whose body was frozen in the Ötztal Alps for more than 5,000 years. These herbs appear to have been used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%20descent | In mathematics, mirror descent is an iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function.
It generalizes algorithms such as gradient descent and multiplicative weights.
History
Mirror descent was originally proposed by Nemirovski and Yudin in 1983.
Motivation
In gradient descent with the sequence of learning rates applied to a differentiable function , one starts with a guess for a local minimum of and considers the sequence such that
This can be reformulated by noting that
In other words, minimizes the first-order approximation to at with added proximity term .
This squared Euclidean distance term is a particular example of a Bregman distance. Using other Bregman distances will yield other algorithms such as Hedge which may be more suited to optimization over particular geometries.
Formulation
We are given convex function to optimize over a convex set , and given some norm on .
We are also given differentiable convex function , -strongly convex with respect to the given norm. This is called the distance-generating function, and its gradient is known as the mirror map.
Starting from initial , in each iteration of Mirror Descent:
Map to the dual space:
Update in the dual space using a gradient step:
Map back to the primal space:
Project back to the feasible region : , where is the Bregman divergence.
Extensions
Mirror descent in the online optimization setting is known as Online Mirror Descent (OMD).
See also
Gradient descent
Multiplicative weight update method
Hedge algorithm
Bregman divergence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmann%20Medal | The Eisenmann Medal is awarded by the Linnaean Society of New York (LSNY) in recognition of the recipient's ornithological excellence and encouragement of amateur efforts in ornithology and birding.
The medal commemorates the ornithologist and prominent LSNY member Eugene Eisenmann (1906-1981). It has been awarded since 1983; in some years no medal is awarded.
Eisenmann medalists
Source: Linnaean Society of New York
1983 - Ernst Mayr
1984 - Joseph Hickey
1985 - Olin Sewall Pettingill
1986 - Roger Tory Peterson
1987 - Chandler S. Robbins
1988 - Frank B. Gill
1989 - Helen Hays
1990 - C. Stuart Houston
1991 - David B. Wingate
1993 - G. Stuart Keith
1995 - Guy Tudor
1998 - Dean Amadon
2001 - Robert S. Ridgeley
2002 - William S. Clark
2003 - F. Gary Stiles
2004 - David J.T. Hussell and Erica H. Dunn
2005 - John W. Fitzpatrick
2006 - David A. Sibley
2008 - Malcolm C. Coulter
2009 - Kenneth V. Rosenberg
2011 - Alvaro Jaramillo
2012 - Clive Minton
2013 - Kenn Kaufman
2014 - Sophie Webb
2016 - Tim Birkhead
2017 - Peter Harrison
2018 - John P. O'Neill
2020 - Stephen W. Kress
2021 - Peter and Rosemary Grant
2022 - Jennie Duberstein
See also
List of ornithology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Blackwell | Emily Blackwell (October 8, 1826 – September 7, 1910) was the second woman to earn a medical degree at what is now Case Western Reserve University, after Nancy Talbot Clark. In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Blackwell was born on October 8, 1826, in Bristol, England. She was the daughter of Samuel and Hannah Lane Blackwell. In 1832, Blackwell and her family emigrated to the United States, and in 1837, they settled near Cincinnati, Ohio.
Inspired by the example of her older sister, Elizabeth, Blackwell applied to study medicine at Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York, from which her sister graduated in 1849, but was rejected. After being rejected by several other schools, she was finally accepted in 1853 by Rush Medical College in Chicago, where she studied for a year. However, in 1853, when male students complained about having to study with a woman, the Illinois Medical Society vetoed her admission. Eventually, she was accepted to the Medical College of Cleveland, Ohio, Medical Branch of Western Reserve University, earning her Doctor of Medicine in 1854.
At Western Reserve University, the medical education of women began at the urging of Dean John Delamater, who was backed by the Ohio Female Medical Education Society, formed in 1852 to provide moral and financial support for the women medical students. Despite their efforts, the Western Reserve faculty voted to put an end to Delamater's policies in 1856, finding it "inexpedient" to continue admitting women. (The American Medical Association also adopted a report in 1856 advising against coeducation in medicine.) Western Reserve resumed admitting women in 1879, but did so only sporadically for five years. Admission of women at Western Reserve recommenced on a continuous basis in 1918.
After earning her medical degree, Blackwell pursued further studies in Edinburgh under Sir James Young Simpson, in London under Dr. William Jenner, and in Paris, Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostroma | Litostroma is a genus of marine alga that may be a red, although green and brown affinities have also been proposed. It consists of single-cell-thick thalli that reached about 6 mm in diameter and 140 µm thickness. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20Blaster%20Audigy | Sound Blaster Audigy is a product line of sound cards from Creative Technology. The flagship model of the Audigy family used the EMU10K2 audio DSP, an improved version of the SB-Live's EMU10K1, while the value/SE editions were built with a less-expensive audio controller.
The Audigy family is available for PCs with a PCI or PCI Express slot, or a USB port.
First generation
The Audigy cards equipped with EMU10K2 (CA0100 chip) could process up to 4 EAX environments simultaneously with its on-chip DSP and native EAX 3.0 ADVANCED HD support, and supported from stereo up to 5.1-channel output. The audio processor could mix up to 64 DirectSound3D sound channels in hardware, up from Live!'s 32 channels.
Creative Labs advertised the Audigy as a 24-bit sound card, a controversial marketing claim for a product that did not support end-to-end playback of 24-bit/96 kHz audio streams. The Audigy and Live shared a similar architectural limitation: the audio transport (DMA engine) was fixed to 16-bit sample precision at 48 kHz. So despite its 24-bit/96 kHz high-resolution DACs, the Audigy's DSP could only process 16-bit/48 kHz audio sources. This fact was not immediately obvious in Creative's literature, and was difficult to ascertain even upon examination of the Audigy's spec sheets. (A resulting class-action settlement with Creative later awarded US customers a 35% discount on Creative products, up to a maximum discount of $65.)
Aside from the lack of an end-to-end path for 24-bit audio, Dolby Digital (AC-3) and DTS passthrough (to the S/PDIF digital out) had issues that have never been resolved.
Audigy card supports the professional ASIO 1 driver interface natively, making it possible to obtain low latencies from Virtual Studio Technology (VST) instruments. Some versions of Audigy featured an external break out box with connectors for S/PDIF, MIDI, IEEE 1394, analog and optical signals. The ASIO and break out box features were an attempt to tap into the "home studio" ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanting%20%28programming%20language%29 | Enchanting is a free and open-source cross-platform educational programming language designed to program Lego Mindstorms NXT robots. It is primarily developed by Southern Alberta Robotics Enthusiasts group in the province of Alberta, Canada, and runs on Mac OS X, Windows, and experimentally on Linux devices. Since 2013, the Enchanting version 0.2 has been available.
Technology
Its predecessor, the 1998 Robotics Invention System was developed by Scratch developer team led by Mitch Resnick at MIT Media Lab. Based on BYOB, which is developed by the University of California, Berkeley, the current version of Enchanting runs on Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8 (but not Windows 8 RT); on Mac OS X it runs on version 10.4 and newer; and on Linux it runs on Ubuntu version 10.10.
Educational resources, use and events
It has been used in secondary-to-tertiary computer science program at Monash University in Australia, where an interactive PDF book for use on computer or iPad, titled Robotics with Enchanting and LEGO® NXT is available for free download. Most recent SABRE Games, organized in 2013 by Southern Alberta Robotics Enthusiasts group, consisted of three disciplines: Tug Of War, where two robots are tied together with a string and each tries to pull its opponent over the center line; Sumo, where two robots are placed in a sumo ring and each tries to find and push its opponent out without going out of the ring itself; and Parade, where robots follow a line trying not to crash into the robot in front. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetridazole | Dimetridazole is a drug that combats protozoan infections. It is a nitroimidazole class drug. It used to be commonly added to poultry feed. This led to it being found in eggs. Because of suspicions of it being carcinogenic its use has been legally limited but it is still found in the eggs. It is now banned as a livestock feed additive in many jurisdictions, for example in the European Union, Canada. and the United States. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration bans it for extralabel use
See also
Metronidazole
Nimorazole |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto%20Isidori | Alberto Isidori was born on January 24, 1942, in Rapallo and is an Italian control theorist. He is a Professor of Automatic Control at the University of Rome and an Affiliate Professor of Electrical & Systems Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. He is well-known as the author of the book Nonlinear Control Systems, a highly-cited reference in nonlinear control.
He is a Fellow of the IEEE and IFAC. He received the 1996 IFAC Georgio Quazza Medal, and was named as the recipient of the 2012 IEEE Control Systems Award.
Publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative%20multithreading | Thread Level Speculation (TLS), also known as Speculative Multithreading, or Speculative Parallelization, is a technique to speculatively execute a section of computer code that is anticipated to be executed later in parallel with the normal execution on a separate independent thread. Such a speculative thread may need to make assumptions about the values of input variables. If these prove to be invalid, then the portions of the speculative thread that rely on these input variables will need to be discarded and squashed. If the assumptions are correct the program can complete in a shorter time provided the thread was able to be scheduled efficiently.
Description
TLS extracts threads from serial code and executes them speculatively in parallel with a safe thread. The speculative thread will need to be discarded or re-run if its presumptions on the input state prove to be invalid. It is a dynamic (runtime) parallelization technique that can uncover parallelism that static (compile-time) parallelization techniques may fail to exploit because at compile time thread independence cannot be guaranteed. For the technique to achieve the goal of reducing overall execute time, there must be available CPU resource that can be efficiently executed in parallel with the main safe thread.
TLS assumes optimistically that a given portion of code (generally loops) can be safely executed in parallel. To do so, it divides the iteration space into chunks that are executed in parallel by different threads. A hardware or software monitor ensures that sequential semantics are kept (in other words, that the execution progresses as if the loop were executing sequentially). If a dependence violation appears, the speculative framework may choose to stop the entire parallel execution and restart it; to stop and restart the offending threads and all their successors, in order to be fed with correct data; or to stop exclusively the offending thread and its successors that have consumed i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain%20%28heraldry%29 | Fountain or syke is in the terminology of heraldry a roundel depicted as a roundel barry wavy argent and azure, that is, containing alternating horizontal wavy bands of silver (or white) and blue. Traditionally, there are six bands: three of each tincture.
Because the fountain consists equally of parts in a metal and a colour, its use is not limited by the rule of tincture as are the other roundels. The fountain may be made in any heraldic tinctures, but unless otherwise stated, it is silver/white and blue.
If the blazon of a coat of arms contains the word fountain, it is not a natural, water-gushing fountain which should be depicted but a roundel like this.
Examples |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressVPN | ExpressVPN is a VPN service offered by the British Virgin Islands-registered company Express Technologies Ltd. The software is marketed as a privacy and security tool that encrypts users' web traffic and masks their IP addresses.
As of September 2021, ExpressVPN is owned by Kape Technologies and reportedly has 4 million users.
History
ExpressVPN's parent company, Express VPN International Ltd, was founded in 2009 by Peter Burchhardt and Dan Pomerantz, two serial entrepreneurs who were also Wharton School alumni. The parent company does business as ExpressVPN.
On January 25, 2016, ExpressVPN announced that it would soon roll out an upgraded CA certificate. Also in December, ExpressVPN released open source leak testing tools on GitHub.
In July 2017, ExpressVPN announced in an open letter that Apple had removed all VPN apps from its App Store in China, a revelation that was later picked up by The New York Times and other outlets. In response to questions from U.S. Senators, Apple stated it had removed 674 VPN apps from the App Store in China in 2017 at the request of the Chinese government. In December, ExpressVPN came into the spotlight in relation to the investigation of the assassination of Russian ambassador to Turkey, Andrei Karlov. Turkish investigators seized an ExpressVPN server which they say was used to delete relevant information from the assassin's Gmail and Facebook accounts. Turkish authorities were unable to find any logs to aid their investigation, which the company said verified its claim that it did not store user activity or connection logs, adding; "while it's unfortunate that security tools like VPNs can be abused for illicit purposes, they are critical for our safety and the preservation of our right to privacy online. ExpressVPN is fundamentally opposed to any efforts to install 'backdoors' or attempts by governments to otherwise undermine such technologies."
In December 2019, ExpressVPN became a founding member of the VPN Trust Initiative, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellula%20umbonata | Cantharellula umbonata is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellula. It is common in eastern North America, particularly in summer and autumn. It is associated with Polytrichum and other mosses found in the southeastern United States. It is edible, and best when young. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Longhurst | Robert Longhurst is an American sculptor who was born in Schenectady, New York in 1949. At an early age he was fascinated by his father's small figurative woodcarvings.
Longhurst received a Bachelor of Architecture from Kent State University in 1975. He began his artistic career in 1976 in Cincinnati, Ohio. His first commissioned works were three figurative sculptures in black walnut for Cincinnati businessman Joe David who owned Midwest Woodworking company. In 1978 Longhurst completed a life size figure in pine of an Adirondack hermit, Noah John Rondeau for the Adirondack Museum in Blue Mountain Lake, New York.
Although Longhurst's career began with figurative works, it soon evolved into non-representational abstraction in exotic woods, marble and granite that draws on his background in Architecture. Many of his pieces are defined as being at the intersection of where the fields of art and math overlap, and they have been discussed by mathematicians such as Nathaniel Friedman, Reuben Hersh, and Ivars Peterson. Some of his sculptures portray minimal surfaces, which were named after German geometer Alfred Enneper. Nathaniel Friedman writes, "The surfaces [of Longhurst's sculptures] generally have appealing sections with negative curvature (saddle surfaces). This is a natural intuitive result of Longhurst's feeling for satisfying shape rather than a mathematically deduced result."
Longhurst participated in the International Snow Sculpture Championships in Breckenridge, Colorado, in 2000 and 2001, by joining a snow sculpting team from Minnesota. Two of his sculptures representing minimal surfaces were enlarged and carved from blocks of snow measuring 12' high x 10' wide x 10' deep. In the 2000 championships, the team received second place, Artists' Choice Award, and People's Choice Award.
Robert Longhurst lives in Chestertown, New York.
Selected Collections
Adirondack Museum - Blue Mountain Lake, New York
American Financial Corporation - Cincinnati, Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBN%20Explorer | MBN Explorer (MesoBioNano Explorer) is a software package for molecular dynamics simulations, structure optimization and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. It is designed for multiscale computational analysis of structure and dynamics of atomic clusters and nanoparticles, biomolecules and nanosystems, nanostructured materials, different states of matter and various interfaces. The software has been developed by MBN Research Center.
History
MBN Explorer inherited the experience obtained on the development of the software package Cluster Searcher. It started around 2000 as a classical molecular dynamics code for simulating many-body systems interacting via the Morse and the Lennard-Jones potentials. A variety of interatomic potentials and the possibility to combine a group of atoms into rigid blocks were introduced in 2005–2007. The first version of MBN Explorer was released in 2012 as a multipurpose computer code allowing to model different molecular systems of varied level of complexity.
Features
MBN Explorer allows for the multiscale description of molecular systems by means of kinetic Monte Carlo approach and the irradiation-driven molecular dynamics. By means of the Monte Carlo approach, the software allows to simulate diffusion-drive processes involving molecular systems on much larger time scales that can be reached in conventional molecular dynamics simulations. The software allows to combine different types of interatomic potentials to specify more than one interaction to a particular atom or a group of atoms.
MBN Explorer supports several standard atomic trajectory formats, such as XYZ (text format), DCD (binary format) and DCD+XYZ (hybrid format). It also supports the Protein Data Bank (pdb) file format for describing the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules.
Advanced features of the program include:
flexible coarse graining and the possibility to simulate dynamics of rigid bodies,
the possibility to perform relativistic molecular dynamics s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20osmosis | Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria), and is used in industrial processes and the production of potable water. RO retains the solute on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. It relies on the relative sizes of the various molecules to decide what passes through. "Selective" membranes reject large molecules, while accepting smaller molecules (such as solvent molecules, e.g., water).
RO is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other effluent materials from the water molecules.
As of 2013 the world's largest RO desalination plant was in Sorek, Israel, outputting .
History
A process of osmosis through semi-permeable membranes was first observed in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet. For the following 200 years, osmosis was only a laboratory phenomenon. In 1950, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) first investigated osmotic desalination. Researchers at both UCLA and University of Florida desalinated seawater in the mid-1950s, but the flux was too low to be commercially viable. Sidney Loeb at UCLA and Srinivasa Sourirajan at the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, found techniques for making asymmetric membranes characterized by an effectively thin "skin" layer supported atop a highly porous and much thicker substrate region. John Cadotte, of Filmtec corporation, discovered that membranes with particularly high flux and low salt passage could be made by interfacial polymerization of m-phenylene diamine and trimesoyl chloride. Cadotte's patent on this process was the subject of litigation and expired. Almost all commercial RO membrane is now made by this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctography | Nyctography is a form of substitution cipher writing created by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) in 1891.
Nyctography is written with a nyctograph (also invented by Carroll) and uses a system of dots and strokes all based on a dot placed in the upper left corner. Using the Nyctograph, one could quickly jot down ideas or notes without the aid of light.
Carroll invented the Nyctograph and Nyctography because he was often awakened during the night with thoughts that needed to be written down immediately, and didn't want to go through the lengthy process of lighting a lamp just to have to extinguish it shortly thereafter.
Nyctograph
The device consisted of a gridded card with sixteen square holes, each a quarter inch wide, and system of symbols representing an alphabet of Carroll's design, which could then be transcribed the following day.
He first named it "typhlograph" from ("blind"), but at the suggestion of one of his brother-students, this was subsequently changed into "Nyctograph".
Initially, Carroll used an oblong of card with an oblong cut out of the centre to guide his writing in the dark. This did not appear to be satisfactory as the results were illegible. The new and final version of the nyctograph is recorded in his journal of September 24, 1891, and is the subject of a letter to The Lady magazine of October 29, 1891:
From the description it appears that Carroll's nyctograph was a single row of 16 boxes cut from a piece of card. Carroll would enter one of his symbols in each box, then move the card down to the next line (which, in the darkness, probably, he would have to estimate) and then repeat the process.
Nyctographic alphabet
Each character had a large dot or circle in the upper-left corner. Beside the 26 letters of the alphabet, there were five additional characters for 'and', 'the', the corners of the letter 'f' to indicate that the following characters were digits ('figures'), the corners of the letter 'l' to indicate that they wer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew%20Braille | Hebrew Braille () is the braille alphabet for Hebrew. The International Hebrew Braille Code is widely used. It was devised in the 1930s and completed in 1944. It is based on international norms, with additional letters devised to accommodate differences between English Braille and the Hebrew alphabet. Unlike Hebrew, but in keeping with other braille alphabets, Hebrew Braille is read from left to right instead of right to left, and unlike English Braille, it is an abjad, with all letters representing consonants.
History
Prior to the 1930s, there were several regional variations of Hebrew Braille, but no universal system. In 1930, the Jewish Braille Institute of America, under the direction of the Synagogue Council of America, assembled an international committee for the purpose of producing a unified embossed code to be used by sightless people throughout the world. The committee membership consisted of Isaac Maletz, representing the Jewish Institute for the Blind, Jerusalem; Dr. Max Geffner, of the Blindeninstitut of Vienna; Canon C. F. Waudby, of the National Institute for the Blind, Great Britain; Leopold Dubov, of the Jewish Braille Institute of America; and Rabbi Harry J. Brevis, representing the New York Board of Rabbis. Rabbi Brevis, who had lost his eyesight in his mid 20s, and who had developed a system of Hebrew braille for his personal use as a rabbinical student while attending the Jewish Institute of Religion from 1926 and 1929, was named chairman of the committee, and Leupold Dubov, the executive director of the Jewish Braille Institute of America, was appointed secretary. In 1933, the committee voted unanimously to approve and sponsor Brevis' system for adoption as the International Hebrew Braille Code. Brevis published a selection of readings from the Bible, Mishnah, and contemporary literature using this system in 1935 under the title A Hebrew Braille Chrestomathy. Among the greater challenges faced by the committee was the accommodation of the Hebr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Constellations | Family Constellations, also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, is a pseudoscientific therapeutic method which draws on elements of family systems therapy, existential phenomenology and isiZulu beliefs and attitudes to family. In a single session, a Family Constellation attempts to reveal an unrecognized dynamic that spans multiple generations in a given family and to resolve the deleterious effects of that dynamic by encouraging the subject, through representatives, to encounter and accept the factual reality of the past.
Family Constellations diverges significantly from conventional forms of cognitive, behaviour and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The method has been described by physicists as quantum mysticism, and its founder Bert Hellinger incorporated the speculative idea of morphic resonance into his explanation of it. Positive outcomes from the therapy have been attributed to conventional explanations such as suggestion and empathy.
Practitioners claim that present-day problems and difficulties may be influenced by traumas suffered in previous generations of the family, even if those affected are unaware of the original event. Hellinger referred to the relation between present and past problems that are not caused by direct personal experience as systemic entanglements, said to occur when unresolved trauma has afflicted a family through an event such as murder, suicide, death of a mother in childbirth, early death of a parent or sibling, war, natural disaster, emigration, or abuse. The psychiatrist Iván Böszörményi-Nagy referred to this phenomenon as "invisible loyalties".
Conceptual basis
The philosophical orientation of Family Constellations were derived through an integration of existential phenomenology, family systems therapy, and elements of indigenous mysticism.
The phenomenological lineage can be traced through philosophers Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This perspective stands in contrast to th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20manufacturing | Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) is a new manufacturing paradigm developed from existing advanced manufacturing models (e.g., ASP, AM, NM, MGrid) and enterprise information technologies under the support of cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), virtualization and service-oriented technologies, and advanced computing technologies. It transforms manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities into manufacturing services, which can be managed and operated in an intelligent and unified way to enable the full sharing and circulating of manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities. CMfg can provide safe and reliable, high quality, cheap and on-demand manufacturing services for the whole lifecycle of manufacturing. The concept of manufacturing here refers to big manufacturing that includes the whole lifecycle of a product (e.g. design, simulation, production, test, maintenance).
The concept of Cloud manufacturing was initially proposed by the research group led by Prof. Bo Hu Li and Prof. Lin Zhang in China in 2009.
Related discussions and research were conducted hereafter, and some similar definitions (e.g. Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing (CBDM).
) to cloud manufacturing were introduced.
Cloud manufacturing is a type of parallel, networked, and distributed system consisting of an integrated and inter-connected virtualized service pool (manufacturing cloud) of manufacturing resources and capabilities as well as capabilities of intelligent management and on-demand use of services to provide solutions for all kinds of users involved in the whole lifecycle of manufacturing.
Types
Cloud Manufacturing can be divided into two categories.
The first category concerns deploying manufacturing software on the Cloud, i.e. a “manufacturing version” of Computing. CAx software can be supplied as a service on the Manufacturing Cloud (MCloud).
The second category has a broader scope, cutting across production, management, design and engineering abilities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Gustave%20Robin | Victor Gustave Robin (; 17 May 1855 – 1897) was a French mathematical analyst and applied mathematician who lectured in mathematical physics at the Sorbonne in Paris and also worked in the area of thermodynamics. He is known especially for the Robin boundary condition. The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Prix Francœur for 1893 and again for 1897 and the Prix Poncelet for 1895. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2062351 | IEC 62351 is a standard developed by WG15 of IEC TC57. This is developed for handling the security of TC 57 series of protocols including IEC 60870-5 series, IEC 60870-6 series, IEC 61850 series, IEC 61970 series & IEC 61968 series. The different security objectives include authentication of data transfer through digital signatures, ensuring only authenticated access, prevention of eavesdropping, prevention of playback and spoofing, and intrusion detection.
Standard details
IEC 62351-1 — Introduction to the standard
IEC 62351-2 — Glossary of terms
IEC 62351-3 — Security for any profiles including TCP/IP.
TLS Encryption
Node Authentication by means of X.509 certificates
Message Authentication
IEC 62351-4 — Security for any profiles including MMS (e.g., ICCP-based IEC 60870-6, IEC 61850, etc.).
Authentication for MMS
TLS (RFC 2246)is inserted between RFC 1006 & RFC 793 to provide transport layer security
IEC 62351-5 — Security for any profiles including IEC 60870-5 (e.g., DNP3 derivative)
TLS for TCP/IP profiles and encryption for serial profiles.
IEC 62351-6 — Security for IEC 61850 profiles.
VLAN use is made as mandatory for GOOSE
RFC 2030 to be used for SNTP
IEC 62351-7 — Security through network and system management.
Defines Management Information Base (MIBs) that are specific for the power industry, to handle network and system management through SNMP based methods.
IEC 62351-8 — Role-based access control.
Covers the access control of users and automated agents to data objects in power systems by means of role-based access control (RBAC).
IEC 62351-9 — Key Management
Describes the correct and safe usage of safety-critical parameters, e.g. passwords, encryption keys.
Covers the whole life cycle of cryptographic information (enrollment, creation, distribution, installation, usage, storage and removal).
Methods for algorithms using asymmetric cryptography
Handling of digital certificates (public / private key)
Setup of the PKI environme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfiniBand | InfiniBand (IB) is a computer networking communications standard used in high-performance computing that features very high throughput and very low latency. It is used for data interconnect both among and within computers. InfiniBand is also used as either a direct or switched interconnect between servers and storage systems, as well as an interconnect between storage systems. It is designed to be scalable and uses a switched fabric network topology.
By 2014, it was the most commonly used interconnect in the TOP500 list of supercomputers, until about 2016.
Mellanox (acquired by Nvidia) manufactures InfiniBand host bus adapters and network switches, which are used by large computer system and database vendors in their product lines.
As a computer cluster interconnect, IB competes with Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and Intel Omni-Path. The technology is promoted by the InfiniBand Trade Association.
History
InfiniBand originated in 1999 from the merger of two competing designs: Future I/O and Next Generation I/O (NGIO). NGIO was led by Intel, with a specification released on 1998, and joined by Sun Microsystems and Dell.
Future I/O was backed by Compaq, IBM, and Hewlett-Packard.
This led to the formation of the InfiniBand Trade Association (IBTA), which included both sets of hardware vendors as well as software vendors such as Microsoft.
At the time it was thought some of the more powerful computers were approaching the interconnect bottleneck of the PCI bus, in spite of upgrades like PCI-X. Version 1.0 of the InfiniBand Architecture Specification was released in 2000. Initially the IBTA vision for IB was simultaneously a replacement for PCI in I/O, Ethernet in the machine room, cluster interconnect and Fibre Channel. IBTA also envisaged decomposing server hardware on an IB fabric.
Mellanox had been founded in 1999 to develop NGIO technology, but by 2001 shipped an InfiniBand product line called InfiniBridge at 10 Gbit/second speeds.
Following the burst of the dot-c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM%20Transactions%20on%20Computational%20Logic | ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (ACM TOCL) is a scientific journal that aims to disseminate the latest findings of note in the field of logic in computer science. It is published by the Association for Computing Machinery, a premier scientific and educational society on computer science and computational technology in the United States.
The editor-in-chief is Anuj Dawar (University of Cambridge). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 0.625.
See also
ACM SIGLOG, ACM's Special Interest Group on Computational Logic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided%20consciousness | Divided consciousness is a term coined by Ernest Hilgard to define a psychological state in which one's consciousness is split into distinct components, possibly during hypnosis.
Origin(s)
The theory of a division of consciousness was touched upon by Carl Jung in 1935 when he stated, "The so-called unity of consciousness is an illusion... we like to think that we are one but we are not." Ernest Hilgard believed that hypnosis causes a split in awareness and a vivid form of everyday mind splits. Drawing themes from Pierre Janet, Hilgard viewed hypnosis from this perspective as a willingness to divide the main systems of consciousness into different sectors. He argued that this split in consciousness can not only help define the state of mind reached during hypnosis, but can also help to define a vast range of psychological issues such as dissociative identity disorder.
In Hilgard's Divided Consciousness Reconsidered, he offers many examples of "dissociated" human behavior. With regard to theory, he does state that it is useful to assign two modes of consciousness, a receptive mode and an active mode—that is, a bimodal consciousness. In other places he mentions the concept of coconsciousness, wherein two or more states of consciousness may be equally receptive or active, as, for example, in some types of dissociative personalities.
Many psychological studies assume a unity of consciousness. Doubt is cast on this assumption by psychophysical studies in normal subjects and those with blindsight showing the simultaneous dissociation of different modes of reporting of a sensation, and by clinical studies of anosognosic patients showing dissociations of awareness of their own states. These and other phenomena are interpreted to imply two kinds of division of consciousness: the separation of phenomenal experience from reflexive consciousness and the non-unity of reflexive consciousness. Reflexive consciousness is taken to be necessary for report and is associated wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy%20%28biology%29 | Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology whereby an individual animal (usually a bird) appears well outside its normal range; they are known as vagrants. The term accidental is sometimes also used. There are a number of poorly understood factors which might cause an animal to become a vagrant, including internal causes such as navigatory errors (endogenous vagrancy) and external causes such as severe weather (exogenous vagrancy). Vagrancy events may lead to colonisation and eventually to speciation.
Birds
In the Northern Hemisphere, adult birds (possibly inexperienced younger adults) of many species are known to continue past their normal breeding range during their spring migration and end up in areas further north (such birds are termed spring overshoots).
In autumn, some young birds, instead of heading to their usual wintering grounds, take "incorrect" courses and migrate through areas which are not on their normal migration path. For example, Siberian passerines which normally winter in Southeast Asia are commonly found in Northwest Europe, e.g. Arctic warblers in Britain. This is reverse migration, where the birds migrate in the opposite direction to that expected (say, flying north-west instead of south-east). The causes of this are unknown, but genetic mutation or other anomalies relating to the bird's magnetic sensibilities is suspected.
Other birds are sent off course by storms, such as some North American birds blown across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Birds can also be blown out to sea, become physically exhausted, land on a ship and end up being carried to the ship's destination.
While many vagrant birds do not survive, if sufficient numbers wander to a new area they can establish new populations. Many isolated oceanic islands are home to species that are descended from landbirds blown out to sea, Hawaiian honeycreepers and Darwin's finches being prominent examples.
Insects
Vagrancy in insects is recorded from many groups—it is particularly well-stu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino%20Model%20Railway%20Museum | The Casino Model Railway Museum at Malahide, Ireland (previously called the Fry Model Railway) is the display home for the Fry Model Collection in the refurbished Casino cottage building in central Malahide. It opened to the public on 22 January 2020.
The railway and collection was moved from its previous home in Malahide Castle in 2010. The collection originated from the work of Cyril Fry who had created the collection to run on his layout at his cottage in Churchtown, Dublin.
History
The layout and collection was created by the railway engineer and draughtsman Cyril Fry, an employee of Inchicore Works, and his family. The collection of models passed to Dublin Tourism in the 1970s, following Mr Fry's death. Following work by retired CIÉ craftsman Thomas Tighe at Inchicore Works a new model railway was moved to Malahide Castle in 1988, which operated with models made by other modellers, with the Fry collection on display in viewing cases.
Move from Malahide Castle
The exhibition was forced to be removed to storage for the redevelopment of Malahide Castle in 2010 following notice from the owners Fingal County Council. A 'Friends of the Fry Model Railway' association was formed and initial suggestions of where to relocate included Collins Barracks, Dublin. The only viable proposal to emerge was to re-open the railway at the basement Eblana Theatre in the Bus Éireann station in Dublin. An unexpected turn of events was that a wealthy farmer who died in January 2012 left a bequest of €1.5m to restore the Casino House cottage near Malahide railway station but a condition of the legacy was that it be used to hold the Fry model railway exhibition. Fáilte Ireland initially wished to continue with the Bus Éireann option however this would have lost the conditions for the bequest. By April 2012 Fingal County Council determined to accept the bequest and the incumbent transport minister Leo Varadkar indicated he was delighted the matter was resolved. In a Malahid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20impedance | The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave is the ratio of the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields (the transverse components being those at right angles to the direction of propagation). For a transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) plane wave traveling through a homogeneous medium, the wave impedance is everywhere equal to the intrinsic impedance of the medium. In particular, for a plane wave travelling through empty space, the wave impedance is equal to the impedance of free space. The symbol Z is used to represent it and it is expressed in units of ohms. The symbol η (eta) may be used instead of Z for wave impedance to avoid confusion with electrical impedance.
Definition
The wave impedance is given by
where is the electric field and is the magnetic field, in phasor representation. The impedance is, in general, a complex number.
In terms of the parameters of an electromagnetic wave and the medium it travels through, the wave impedance is given by
where μ is the magnetic permeability, ε is the (real) electric permittivity and σ is the electrical conductivity of the material the wave is travelling through (corresponding to the imaginary component of the permittivity multiplied by omega). In the equation, j is the imaginary unit, and ω is the angular frequency of the wave. Just as for electrical impedance, the impedance is a function of frequency. In the case of an ideal dielectric (where the conductivity is zero), the equation reduces to the real number
In free space
In free space the wave impedance of plane waves is:
(where ε0 is the permittivity constant in free space and μ0 is the permeability constant in free space). Now, since
(by the SI definition of the metre),
.
Hence the value essentially depends on . Until May 20th, 2019, , hence
.
The currently accepted value of is
.
In an unbounded dielectric
In an isotropic, homogeneous dielectric with negligible magnetic properties, i.e. H/m and F/m. So, the value of wave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20potential | The electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work energy needed per unit of electric charge to move this charge from a reference point to the specific point in an electric field. More precisely, it is the energy per unit charge for a test charge that is so small that the disturbance of the field under consideration is negligible. The motion across the field is supposed to proceed with negligible acceleration, so as to avoid the test charge acquiring kinetic energy or producing radiation. By definition, the electric potential at the reference point is zero units. Typically, the reference point is earth or a point at infinity, although any point can be used.
In classical electrostatics, the electrostatic field is a vector quantity expressed as the gradient of the electrostatic potential, which is a scalar quantity denoted by or occasionally , equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location (measured in joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured in coulombs). By dividing out the charge on the particle a quotient is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself. In short, an electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge.
This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (time-varying) electric field at a specific time with the unit joules per coulomb (J⋅C−1) or volt (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
In electrodynamics, when time-varying fields are present, the electric field cannot be expressed only in terms of a scalar potential. Instead, the electric field can be expressed in terms of both the scalar electric potential and the magnetic vector potential. The electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four-vector, so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under Lorentz transformations.
Practically, the electric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccopharyngeal%20membrane | The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area.
The buccopharyngeal membranes serve as a respiratory surface in a wide variety of amphibians and reptiles. In this type of respiration, membranes in the mouth and throat are permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. In some species that remain submerged in water for long periods, gas exchange by this route can be significant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmostat | The osmostat is the regulatory center in the hypothalamus that controls the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The area in the anterior region of the hypothalamus contains the osmoreceptors, cells that control osmolality via the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
In neurological conditions such as epilepsy or paraplegia, the osmostat can be pathologically reset, secreting ADH at a lower osmolality, which may cause hyponatremia. A reset osmostat is also a feature of SIADH. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler%20quotient | In mathematics, the hyperkähler quotient of a hyperkähler manifold acted on by a Lie group G is the quotient of a fiber of a hyperkähler moment map over a G-fixed point by the action of G. It was introduced by Nigel Hitchin, Anders Karlhede, Ulf Lindström, and Martin Roček in 1987. It is a hyperkähler analogue of the Kähler quotient. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo | The rondo is a musical form that contains a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") which alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Some possible patterns include: ABACA, ABACAB, ABACBA, or ABACABA.
The rondo form emerged in the Baroque period and became increasingly popular during the Classical period. The earliest examples of compositions employing rondo form are found within Italian opera arias and choruses of the first years of the 17th century. These examples use a multi-couplet rondo or chain rondo (ABACAD) known as the Italian rondo.
Rondo form, also known in English by its French spelling rondeau, should not be confused with the unrelated and similarly named forme fixe rondeau; a 14th- and 15th-century French poetic and chanson form. While the origins of rondo form come from Italian opera, the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lully, who is sometimes referred to as the father of the rondo or rondeau form, and his contemporaries, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières and Louis Couperin popularized the rondo form in France in the 17th century. These composers were succeeded in the later Baroque period by French composers Jean-Marie Leclair, François Couperin, and most importantly Jean-Philippe Rameau who continued to be important exponents of music compositions utilizing rondo form. Lully was the first composer to utilize a two-couplet design to his rondo structure, a technique he did not consistently adopt but which was later adopted and standardized by Rameau whose construction of the rondo was codified by the 17th century music theorist Jean Du Breuil in what became known as the French rondeau.
These French composers employed rondo form in a wide range of media, including opera, ballet, choral music, art songs, orchestral music, chamber music, and works for solo instrument. The French spread the popularity of the form internationally, and the rondo was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%20wave | Faraday waves, also known as Faraday ripples, named after Michael Faraday (1791–1867), are nonlinear standing waves that appear on liquids enclosed by a vibrating receptacle. When the vibration frequency exceeds a critical value, the flat hydrostatic surface becomes unstable. This is known as the Faraday instability. Faraday first described them in an appendix to an article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1831.
If a layer of liquid is placed on top of a vertically oscillating piston, a pattern of standing waves appears which oscillates at half the driving frequency, given certain criteria of instability. This relates to the problem of parametric resonance. The waves can take the form of stripes, close-packed hexagons, or even squares or quasiperiodic patterns. Faraday waves are commonly observed as fine stripes on the surface of wine in a wine glass that is ringing like a bell. Faraday waves also explain the 'fountain' phenomenon on a singing bowl.
The Faraday wave and its wavelength is analogous to the de Broglie wave with the de Broglie wavelength in de Broglie–Bohm theory in the field of quantum mechanics.
Application
Faraday waves are used as a liquid-based template for directed assembly of microscale materials including soft matter, rigid bodies, biological entities (e.g., individual cells, cell spheroids and cell-seeded microcarrier beads). Unlike solid-based template, this liquid-based template can be dynamically changed by tuning vibrational frequency and acceleration and generate diverse sets of symmetrical and periodic patterns.
This phenomenon is also used by alligators to call mates. They vibrate their lungs at low frequencies slightly below the surface, causing their spikes to move and induce surface waves. These surface waves are basically Faraday waves and one can observe the splashing effect characteristic of certain resonances.
This effect can also be used for mixing two liquids acoustically. Faraday wav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol%20carrier%20protein | Sterol carrier proteins (also known as nonspecific lipid transfer proteins) is a family of proteins that transfer steroids and probably also phospholipids and gangliosides between cellular membranes.
These proteins are different from plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins but structurally similar to small proteins of unknown function from Thermus thermophilus.
This domain is involved in binding sterols. The human sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) is a basic protein that is believed to participate in the intracellular transport of cholesterol and various other lipids.
Human proteins containing this domain
HSD17B4; HSDL2; SCP2; STOML1;
See also
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and START domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20transfer%20event | A flux transfer event (FTE) occurs when a magnetic portal opens in the Earth's magnetosphere through which high-energy particles flow from the Sun. This connection, while previously thought to be permanent, has been found to be brief and very dynamic. The European Space Agency's four Cluster spacecraft and NASA's five THEMIS probes have flown through and surrounded these FTEs, measuring their dimensions and identifying the particles that are transferred between the magnetic fields.
Formation
Earth's magnetosphere and the Sun's magnetic field are constantly pressed against one another on the dayside of Earth. Approximately every eight minutes, these fields briefly merge, forming a temporary "portal" between the Earth and the Sun through which high-energy particles such as solar wind can flow. The portal takes the shape of a magnetic cylinder about the width of Earth. Current observations place the portal at up to 4 times the size of Earth.
Simulations
Since Cluster and THEMIS have directly sampled FTEs, scientists can simulate FTEs on computers to predict how they might behave. Jimmy Raeder of the University of New Hampshire told his colleagues simulations show that the cylindrical portals tend to form above Earth's equator and then roll over Earth's winter pole. In December, FTEs roll over the north pole; in July they roll over the south pole.
Flux transfer events beyond Earth
Magnetic fields similar to Earth's are common throughout known space and many undergo similar flux transfer events. During its second flyby of the planet on October 6, 2008, the NASA probe MESSENGER discovered that Mercury’s magnetic field shows a magnetic reconnection rate ten times higher than Earth's. Mercury's proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by MESSENGER and the cause of this discrepancy is not currently known.
Most recently, it has been found that the same phenomenon, also known as a 'magnetic rope', can be observed at Saturn. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorito | Condorito (Little Condor in Spanish) is a Chilean comic book and comic strip series that features an anthropomorphic condor living in a fictitious town named Pelotillehue, a typical small Chilean provincial town. He is meant to be a representation of the Chilean people.
Condorito was first published on August 6, 1949, created by the Chilean cartoonist René Ríos, known as Pepo. Condorito is very popular throughout Latin America, where the character is considered part of the general popular culture. Condorito and his friends appear in a daily comic strip.
By 2012, was read in 105 Spanish-language newspapers distributed in 19 countries, including Canada, United States, Italy, and Japan. 1,369 million of its comic strips are published annually, being together with Mafalda the most relevant Hispanic comic book character in the world.
Characteristics
One peculiar characteristic of Condorito is that the character, after going through an embarrassing moment or being the butt of the joke in a given strip, almost always falls backwards to the floor (legs visible or out of frame) in the final panel, although new comic strips have now put the victim of the joke looking at the reader instead. This classic comic strip "flop take" is accompanied by a free-fall onomatopoeic sound (usually ¡Plop!). From time to time, this is replaced by the victim of the joke saying ¡Exijo una explicación! ("I demand an explanation!"), usually as a twist or downbeat ending. Another catchphrase, usual for Condorito, but used with almost all the characters, is "Reflauta", to show frustration or other emotions.
The comic styles that predominate in Condorito are white humor and satire. The edition is very careful so that profanity or obscenities do not appear. White humor is generated from situations that are resolved in a ridiculous or extraordinary way.
In order for readers in other Spanish-speaking countries to understand the jokes, many of them had to be modified: excessively marked Chileanism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansui%20AU-11000 | The Sansui AU-11000 is a home audio integrated amplifier built by Japanese audio electronics manufacturer Sansui during the mid 1970s. The amplifier is known across the audiophile community for its high-output power and low Total harmonic distortion (THD).
The AU-11000 has an output power of 110 watts-per-channel, and was one of the earliest home audio amplifiers to use multiple transistors per channel using a "Push-Pull" method to add more amplification power. The AU-11000 uses independent circuitry in the amplification process, in such a way that, each individual channel has its own circuits. This means everything from the power supply to the bias control board all have 2 identical and independent circuits per channel to separate the 2 stereo channels. This also minimizes the Total Harmonic Distortion within the amplifier down to 0.08%.
The AU-11000 has its own power protection built into the amplifier. When the power switch is turned to the "ON" position, the power light comes on as green for a second, and turns red for a few seconds until the power protection circuitry has confirmed it is safe to power-up. Once it has finished, the power light turns and remains green until the amplifier is turned off. The AU-11000 also has its own block diagram printed on the upper-front casing.
Sansui designed the AU-11000 with the input, output and speaker terminals on the sides of the unit. The rear of the unit has the power cord and outlets only.
The AU-11000 has features such as a logarithmic volume control, a 3-position level-set muting, a -20db mute switch, 3-position high & low filters, 3-Band Linear Bass/Midrange/Treble controls, 3 optional frequency settings for Bass & Treble controls, 3-position Tone Selection, A & B Speakers, Tape Input/Output control, 5-position mono-stereo selector switch, Tuner input, 2 Auxiliary inputs, 2 phono inputs, 2 rear 'always on' power outlets and 1 switched power outlet that is controlled by the units main power switch. There is an X |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated%20plus%20maze | The elevated plus maze (EPM) is a test measuring anxiety in laboratory animals that usually uses rodents as a screening test for putative anxiolytic or anxiogenic compounds and as a general research tool in neurobiological anxiety research such as PTSD and TBI. The model is based on the test animal's aversion to open spaces and tendency to be thigmotaxic. In the EPM, this anxiety is expressed by the animal spending more time in the enclosed arms. The validity of the model has been criticized as non-classical clinical anxiolytics produce mixed results in the EPM test. Despite this, the model is still commonly used for screening putative anxiolytics and for general research into the brain mechanisms of anxiety.
Method
The test uses an elevated, plus-shaped (+) apparatus with two open and two enclosed arms. The behavioral model is based on the general aversion of rodents to open spaces. This aversion leads to thigmotaxis: a preference for remaining in enclosed spaces or close to the edges of a bounded space. In the EPM, this translates into the animals limiting their movement to the enclosed arms.
Anxiety reduction is indicated in the plus-maze by an increase in the proportion of time spent in the open arms (time in open arms/total time in open or closed arms) and an increase in the proportion of entries into the open arms (entries into open arms/total entries into open or closed arms). The total number of arm entries and number of closed-arm entries are sometimes used as measures of general activity. The relationship between the EPM and other tests of exploratory activity (open-field and emergence) have been analyzed in two mouse strains.
Criticism
While EPM is the most commonly employed animal behavioral model of anxiety, there are several issues concerning the validity of the model. Classical clinical anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium), do reduce measures of anxiety in EPM. However, more novel compounds, such as 5-HT1A agonists (e.g., Buspar) gi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyMed | DailyMed is a website operated by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) to publish up-to-date and accurate drug labels (also called a "package insert") to health care providers and the general public. The contents of DailyMed is provided and updated daily by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA in turn collects this information from the pharmaceutical industry.
The documents published use the HL7 version 3 Structured Product Labeling (SPL) standard, which is an XML format that combines the human readable text of the product label with structured data elements that describe the composition, form, packaging, and other properties of the drug products in detail according to the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM).
, it contained information about 140,232 drug listings.
It includes an RSS feed for updated drug information.
History
In 2006 the FDA revised the drug label and also created DailyMed to keep prescription information up to date.
See also
Consumer Product Information Database, ingredients of household products
Environmental Working Group, which maintains a database of cosmetics ingredients |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20smoke | Security smoke is a thermally generated white fog, aimed at inhibiting intruders from accessing items to steal, much used in the storage of high-value goods, and recommended by police and insurers. It consists of glycol or glycerine mixed with distilled water, which vaporises and then condenses in the air.
History
The market for using security smoke as a theft prevention tool came about because of an increase in the ability of thieves to circumvent existing physical security measures, often by simply raising the level of violence utilised to gain entry. Burglar alarms often have a delay of several minutes before police or private security are able to respond, meaning a well organised criminal has a period of time in which to enter and take what they like. Closed-circuit television and recording devices have been nullified as thieves routinely hide their identities. The security smoke market developed as an alternative security method, designed not to deter entry, but to prevent loss if a thief did gain access.
The first security smoke system was designed, manufactured and installed by Concept Engineering in 1974 to protect gold bullion in specialised vaults. In 1993 Concept launched the Smoke Screen range, the first commercial security smoke system to be designed and manufactured under ISO 9000.
Composition of the smoke
A smoke "simulant", usually a glycol or glycerine mixed with distilled water, is vaporised and then condensed in free air to produce the distinctive smoke-like effect. The particles produced are on average 0.2-2.0 micrometres in diameter, meaning that the fog settles very slowly (and therefore has excellent longevity). This also means that residue and contamination is highly unlikely.
Applications
Security smoke systems have been employed in a wide variety of industries, including banks, jewellers, retail premises, cash-handling chains, offices and private homes. Often businesses have turned to security smoke systems when other, more traditional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotone | A biotone is a biogeographical region characterized not by distinctive biota but rather by a distinctive transition from one set of biota to another. They often contain the limits of distribution of the biota of neighbouring regions.
Biotones are especially useful in marine biogeography, where the movement of water may result in substantial overlap in the floral and faunal components of adjacent regions. In such case, the regions of overlap is considered a biotone.
A simple example would be mid-latitude waters where tropical and temperate waters mix. This region is a biotone characterized by the transition between tropical and temperate waters. It would contain both tropical and temperate biota. Tropical biota that do not extend into temperate areas would be at the limit of their range in this biotone, and vice versa. The co-occurrence of biota that are normally distinct can result in unusual ecological relationships. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore | In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.
Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula.
In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote, which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations.
The spores of seed plants are produced internally, and the megaspores (formed within the ovules) and the microspores are involved in the formation of more complex structures that form the dispersal units, the seeds and pollen grains.
Definition
The term spore derives from the ancient Greek word σπορά spora, meaning "seed, sowing", related to σπόρος , "sowing", and σπείρειν , "to sow".
In common parlance, the difference between a "spore" and a "gamete" is that a spore will germinate and develop into a sporeling, while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete to form a zygote before developing further.
The main difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, the first cell of a gametophyte, while seeds contain within them a developing embryo (the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation), produced by the fusion of the male gamete of the pollen tube with the female gamete for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble%20game | In mathematics and computer science, a pebble game is a type of mathematical game played by placing "pebbles" or "markers" on a directed acyclic graph according to certain rules:
A given step of the game consists of either placing a pebble on an empty vertex or removing a pebble from a previously pebbled vertex.
A vertex may be pebbled only if all its predecessors have pebbles.
The objective of the game is to successively pebble each vertex of G (in any order) while minimizing the number of pebbles that are ever on the graph simultaneously.
Running time
The trivial solution is to pebble an n-vertex graph in n steps using n pebbles. Hopcroft, Paul and Valiant showed that any vertex of an n-vertex graph can be pebbled with O(n/log n) pebbles where the constant depends on the maximum in-degree. This enabled them to prove that DTIME(f(n)) is contained in DSPACE(f(n)/log f(n)) for all time-constructible f. Lipton and Tarjan showed that any n-vertex planar acyclic directed graph with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O( + k log2 n) pebbles. They also proved that it is possible to obtain a substantial reduction in pebbles while preserving a polynomial bound on the number of pebbling steps with a theorem that any n-vertex planar acyclic directed graph with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O(n2/3 + k) pebbles in O(n5/3) time. Alon, Seymour and Thomas showed that any n-vertex acyclic directed graph with no kh-minor and with maximum in-degree k can be pebbled using O(h3/2 n1/2 + k log n) pebbles.
Variations
An extension of this game, known as "black-white pebbling", was developed by Stephen Cook and Ravi Sethi in a 1976 paper. It also adds white pebbles, which may be placed at any vertex at will, but can only be removed if all the vertex's immediate ancestor vertices are also pebbled. The goal remains to place a black pebble on the target vertex, but the pebbling of adjacent vertices may be done with pebbles of either color.
Takumi Kasai et al. develop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20multi-object%20spectrograph | Fibre multi-object spectrograph (FMOS) is facility instrument for the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The instrument consists of a complex fibre-optic positioning system mounted at the prime focus of the telescope. Fibres are then fed to a pair of large spectrographs, each weighing nearly 3000 kg. The instrument will be used to look at the light from up to 400 stars or galaxies simultaneously over a field of view of 30 arcminutes (about the size of the full moon on the sky). The instrument will be used for a number of key programmes, including galaxy formation and evolution and dark energy via a measurement of the rate at which the universe is expanding.
Design, construction, operation
It is currently being built by a consortium of institutes led by Kyoto University and Oxford University with parts also being manufactured by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Durham University and the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The instrument is scheduled for engineering first-light in late 2008.
OH-suppression
The spectrographs use a technique called OH-suppression to increase the sensitivity of the observations: The incoming light from the fibres is dispersed to a relatively high resolution and this spectrum forms an image on a pair of spherical mirrors which have been etched at the positions corresponding to the bright OH-lines. This spectrum is then re-imaged through a second diffraction grating to allow the full spectrum (without the OH lines) to be imaged onto a single infrared detector. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign%20Internet%20Law | The Sovereign Internet Law () is the informal name for a set of 2019 amendments to existing Russian legislation that mandate Internet surveillance and grants the Russian government powers to partition Russia from the rest of the Internet, including the creation of a national fork of the Domain Name System.
In a statement released by the State Legal Department on March 13, 2019, the federal law was aimed at "suppressing the dissemination of unreliable socially significant information under the guise of reliable messages that creates a threat of harm to the life and (or) health of citizens, property, a threat of massive disruption of public order and (or) public safety, or a threat of interfering with the functioning or termination of the functioning of facilities life support, transport or social infrastructure, credit institutions, energy facilities, industry and communications."
The system was tested on 6 July 2023. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatherium%20Club | The Megatherium Club was founded by William Stimpson. It was a group of Washington, D.C.-based scientists who were attracted to that city by the Smithsonian Institution's rapidly growing collection, from 1857 to 1866.
Many of the members had no formal education, but came by their expertise through extensive direct observation. They spent their weekdays in the rigorous and exacting work of describing and classifying species. But their nights were spent in revelry. They particularly enjoyed partaking in ale, oysters, eggnog, and whatever other fineries their meager budgets could afford. On Sundays, however, they recuperated from the week's stresses and excesses with long nature hikes.
The club was named for the Megatherium, an extinct genus of giant ground sloth.
The leading spirit of the club was marine biologist William Stimpson, who hosted its earliest meetings in his home. Members dubbed the place "The Stimpsonian." By 1863, though, Stimpson and others had taken up residence in the castle of the actual Smithsonian.
Club members were encouraged by Spencer Fullerton Baird, the institution's assistant secretary. And they attracted a variety of learned speakers to their meetings, including Louis Agassiz, John Torrey, and John Cassin. But they were eventually thrown out of their castle suites by the institution's secretary, Joseph Henry, who disapproved of the way members held sack races in the Great Hall and periodically serenaded his daughters.
Membership was transitory as individuals undertook independent studies abroad, sometimes for years at a time. Formal meetings ceased about the year 1866 when Stimpson moved to Chicago to oversee that city's Academy of Sciences.
Several other "Megatherium Clubs" exist; one formed of overseas Smithsonian researchers, yet another only in fiction, supposedly located in London, United Kingdom.
Members
Henry Bryant
James E. Cooper, owner and manager of the Adam Forepaugh Circus, donated the elephant named Dunk to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20code | In coding theory, group codes are a type of code. Group codes consist of
linear block codes which are subgroups of , where is a finite Abelian group.
A systematic group code is a code over of order defined by homomorphisms which determine the parity check bits. The remaining bits are the information bits themselves.
Construction
Group codes can be constructed by special generator matrices which resemble generator matrices of linear block codes except that the elements of those matrices are endomorphisms of the group instead of symbols from the code's alphabet. For example, considering the generator matrix
the elements of this matrix are matrices which are endomorphisms. In this scenario, each codeword can be represented as
where are the generators of .
See also
Group coded recording (GCR) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20bicommutant%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, the von Neumann bicommutant theorem relates the closure of a set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space in certain topologies to the bicommutant of that set. In essence, it is a connection between the algebraic and topological sides of operator theory.
The formal statement of the theorem is as follows:
Von Neumann bicommutant theorem. Let be an algebra consisting of bounded operators on a Hilbert space , containing the identity operator, and closed under taking adjoints. Then the closures of in the weak operator topology and the strong operator topology are equal, and are in turn equal to the bicommutant of .
This algebra is called the von Neumann algebra generated by .
There are several other topologies on the space of bounded operators, and one can ask what are the *-algebras closed in these topologies. If is closed in the norm topology then it is a C*-algebra, but not necessarily a von Neumann algebra. One such example is the C*-algebra of compact operators (on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space). For most other common topologies the closed *-algebras containing 1 are von Neumann algebras; this applies in particular to the weak operator, strong operator, *-strong operator, ultraweak, ultrastrong, and *-ultrastrong topologies.
It is related to the Jacobson density theorem.
Proof
Let be a Hilbert space and the bounded operators on . Consider a self-adjoint unital subalgebra of (this means that contains the adjoints of its members, and the identity operator on ).
The theorem is equivalent to the combination of the following three statements:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
where the and subscripts stand for closures in the weak and strong operator topologies, respectively.
Proof of (i)
By definition of the weak operator topology, for any and in , the map T → <Tx, y> is continuous in this topology. Therefore, for any operator (and by substituting once and once ), so is the map
Let S be any subset of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodeka%20music%20notation | The Dodeka Music Notation is an alternative music notation or musical notation system invented and designed in 1980s by inventor and musician Jacques-Daniel Rochat in an attempt to improve upon traditional music notation.
Staff and pitch
Unlike conventional musical notation, the Dodeka music notation system uses a chromatic scale of 12 pitches and follows an equal pitch intervals configuration, with 4 lines per octave. In this configuration, the 12 notes of an octave appear in four positions vis-à-vis the staff lines, that is, either on, between, above and below the lines.
Each pitch has its own unique place on the staff. And while conventional music notation may alter notes using accidental signs or key signatures, notes in the Dodeka notation appear as they are. There are no more key signatures or accidental signs in this musical system.
Note duration
The Dodeka notation system represents note duration in a visual manner. Note lengths are represented through the notes graphical shapes, similar to what can be found in sequencer programmes. The reference time unit or time value being the quarter note (or crotchet), all durations are expressed as visual ratios from this reference point. For example, a whole note is the representation of four quarter note lengths. At the opposite, an eighth note (or quaver) is twice as short as a quarter note.
Octaves and clefs
While traditional music notation represents the whole musical spectrum with different clefs, such as the treble or bass clefs, in the Dodeka notation the staff configuration is consistent throughout the octaves. This means that each pitch has its own unique position on the staff regardless of the octaves. For example, a C always keeps its position in every octave.
Relationship with keyboard layout
The Dodeka music notation was developed together with the Dodeka keyboard: an alternative keyboard layout that reflects the notation system. With this keyboard, the relationship between the notes on the sheet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Immunology%2C%20India | National Institute of Immunology (NII) is an autonomous research institute located in New Delhi, under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for research in immunology.
NII was established on 24 June 1981, with Prof. M. G. K. Menon as Chairman of its governing body. It has its origins in the ICMR–WHO Research & Training Centre in Immunology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, which was merged with NII in 1982. However, NII continued to function from AIIMS laboratory of its honorary Director Prof G.P. Talwar, till its new building was constructed in 1983, carved out of the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) campus. G.P. Talwar is the founder director of this institute. A first of its kind vaccine for leprosyin India have been developed by NII and it was named as mycobacterium indicus prani. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy%20%28grape%29 | In viticulture, the canopy of a grapevine includes the parts of the vine visible aboveground - the trunk, cordon, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit. The canopy plays a key role in light energy capture via photosynthesis, water use as regulated by transpiration, and microclimate of ripening grapes. Canopy management is an important aspect of viticulture due to its effect on grape yields, quality, vigor, and the prevention of grape diseases. Various viticulture problems, such as uneven grape ripening, sunburn, and frost damage, can be addressed by skillful canopy management. In addition to pruning and leaf trim, the canopy is often trained on trellis systems to guide its growth and assist in access for ongoing management and harvest.
Vine
The vine is the main part of the grapevine, extending from the root system in the ground up to the cordons, or arms, of the vine. When the grape is young the trunk is very pliable and must be supported by stakes as part of a vine training system. The height of the trunk varies depending on grape variety and the type of trellis system being used and can range from 4 inches (10 cm) to 30 feet (10 m). During winter dormancy, the trunk can be vulnerable to extreme freezing conditions and will be sometimes buried and insulated with soil to protect it.
The trunk is composed of sleeves of conductive tissue, most notably the phloem and xylem. The outside bark of the vine contains the phloem tissues which transports sap, enriched by sugars and other molecules, from the leaves to the rest of the vine. During the annual growth cycle of the grapevine, the vine will start to store carbohydrate energy in the wood part of the trunk and roots. The downward passage of phloem sap to the roots and this storing process can be interrupted by the viticultural practice of "girdling" or cincturing the vine. This process can improve fruit set by forcing the vine to direct most of its energy towards developing the grape clusters. The xylem is the woody tis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienna%20Morris | Sienna Morris (; born November 17, 1983) is an artist living in Portland, Oregon. She is an illustrator best known for her drawing technique, Numberism. This technique is similar to stippling or pointillism, but uses numbers and equations in place of dots.
Nominations and Publications
In 2013, Morris's Numberism drawing Schrodinger's Cat was featured on the cover as well as in the content of the German Physics book, Faszinierende Physik: Ein bebilderter Streifzug vom Universum bis in die Welt der Elementarteilchen.
In 2014, Evolution Expo licensed the Universal Proprioception drawing as their logo for their convention (June 27-29) celebrating the connection between science and science fiction.
Morris was nominated for the 2014 Geekie Awards in arts and crafts.
She was voted runner up for Best Visual Artist in the Willamette Week Best of Portland Readers' Poll in 2015.
The article Numberism: exploring science through Art was published about Morris's work in the summer 2016 issue of Physiology News magazine. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean%20Slate%20Program | The Clean Slate Program was an interdisciplinary research program at Stanford University which considered how the Internet could be redesigned with a "clean slate", without the accumulated complexity of existing systems but using the experience gained in their decades of development.
Its program director was Nick McKeown.
Program outline
Clean Slate was based on the belief that the current Internet has significant deficiencies that need to be solved before it can become a unified global communication infrastructure, and that the Internet's shortcomings will not be resolved by the conventional incremental and backward-compatible style of academic and industrial networking research.
The research program focused on unconventional, bold, and long-term research that tries to break the network's ossification. To this end, the program was characterized by two research questions:
"With what we know today, if we were to start again with a clean slate, how would we design a global communications infrastructure?"
"How should the Internet look in upcoming 15 years?"
Program coordinators identified five key areas for research:
Network architecture
Heterogeneous applications
Heterogeneous physical-layer technologies
Security
Economics and policy
The Clean Slate Program ceased in January 2012, after spawning four major follow-up projects:
Internet Infrastructure: OpenFlow and Software Defined Networking
Mobile Internet: POMI 2020
Mobile Social Networking: MobiSocial
Data Center: Stanford Experimental Data Center Lab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesica%20piscis | The vesica piscis is a type of lens, a mathematical shape formed by the intersection of two disks with the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each disk lies on the perimeter of the other. In Latin, "" literally means "bladder of a fish", reflecting the shape's resemblance to the conjoined dual air bladders (swim bladder) found in most fish. In Italian, the shape's name is ("almond"). A similar shape in three dimensions is the lemon.
This figure appears in the first proposition of Euclid's Elements, where it forms the first step in constructing an equilateral triangle using a compass and straightedge. The triangle has as its vertices the two disk centers and one of the two sharp corners of the vesica piscis.
Mathematical description
Mathematically, the vesica piscis is a special case of a lens, the shape formed by the intersection of two disks.
The mathematical ratio of the height of the vesica piscis to the width across its center is the square root of 3, or 1.7320508... (since if straight lines are drawn connecting the centers of the two circles with each other and with the two points where the circles intersect, two equilateral triangles join along an edge). The ratios 265:153 = 1.7320261... and 1351:780 = 1.7320513... are two of a series of approximations to this value, each with the property that no better approximation can be obtained with smaller whole numbers. Archimedes of Syracuse, in his Measurement of a Circle, uses these ratios as upper and lower bounds:
Area
The area of the vesica piscis is formed by two equilateral triangles and four equal circular segments. In the drawing, one triangle and one segment appear in blue.
One triangle and one segment form a sector of one sixth of the circle (60°).
The area of the sector is then: .
Since the side of the equilateral triangle has length , its area is .
The area of the segment is the difference between those two areas:
By summing the areas of two triangles and four segmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy%20law | Privacy law is the body of law that deals with the regulating, storing, and using of personally identifiable information, personal healthcare information, and financial information of individuals, which can be collected by governments, public or private organisations, or other individuals. It also applies in the commercial sector to things like trade secrets and the liability that directors, officers, and employees have when handing sensitive information.
Privacy laws are considered within the context of an individual's privacy rights or within reasonable expectation of privacy. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to privacy. The interpretation of these rights varies by country and is not always universal.
Classification of privacy laws
Privacy laws can be broadly classified into:
General privacy laws that have an overall bearing on the personal information of individuals and affect the policies that govern many different areas of information.
Trespass
Negligence
Fiduciary
International legal standards on privacy
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
APEC created a voluntary Privacy Framework that was adopted by all 21 member economies in 2004 in an attempt to improve general information privacy and the cross-border transfer of information. The Framework consists of nine Privacy Principles that act as minimum standards for privacy protection: Preventing harm, Notice, Collection limitation, Use of personal information, Choice, Integrity of personal information, Security safeguards, Access and correction, and Accountability.
In 2011, APEC implemented the APEC Cross Border Privacy Rules System with the goal of balancing "the flow of information and data across borders ... essential to trust and confidence in the online marketplace." The four agreed-upon rules of the System are based upon the APEC Privacy Framework and include self-assessment, compliance review, recognition/acceptance, and dispute resolution and enforc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention%20of%20the%20integrated%20circuit | The first planar monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip was demonstrated in 1960. The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype IC. Between 1953 and 1957, Sidney Darlington and Yasuo Tarui (Electrotechnical Laboratory) proposed similar chip designs where several transistors could share a common active area, but there was no electrical isolation to separate them from each other.
These ideas could not be implemented by the industry, until a breakthrough came in late 1958. Three people from three U.S. companies solved three fundamental problems that hindered the production of integrated circuits. Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the principle of integration, created the first prototype ICs and commercialized them. Kilby's invention was a hybrid integrated circuit (hybrid IC), rather than a monolithic integrated circuit (monolithic IC) chip. Between late 1958 and early 1959, Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric Company developed a way to electrically isolate components on a semiconductor crystal, using p–n junction isolation.
The first monolithic IC chip was invented by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor. He invented a way to connect the IC components (aluminium metallization) and proposed an improved version of insulation based on the planar process technology developed by Jean Hoerni. On September 27, 1960, using the ideas of Noyce and Hoerni, a group of Jay Last's at Fairchild Semiconductor created the first operational semiconductor IC. Texas Instruments, which held the patent for Kilby's invention, started a patent war, which was settled in 1966 by the agreement on cross-licensin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20applied%20physics | The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, applied physics:
Applied physics – physics intended for a particular technological or practical use.
It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering.
Applied Physics – is the proper name of a journal founded and edited by Helmut K.V. Lotsch in 1972 and published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York from 1973 on
Topics in Applied Physics – is the proper name of a series of quasi-monographs founded by Helmut K.V. Lotsch and published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Type of things that are applied physics
Applied physics can be described as all of the following:
Branch of science
Branch of physics
Branch of applied science
Branch of engineering
Branches of applied physics
Fields and areas of research include:
Accelerator physics
Acoustics
Agrophysics
Analog electronics
Astrodynamics
Astrophysics
Ballistics
Biophysics
Communication physics
Computational physics
Condensed matter physics
Control theory
Digital electronics
Econophysics
Experimental physics
Engineering physics
Fiber optics
Fluid dynamics
Force microscopy and imaging
Geophysics
Laser physics
Medical physics
Metrological physics
Microfluidics
Nanotechnology
Nondestructive testing
Nuclear engineering
Nuclear technology
Optics
Optoelectronics
Petrophysics
Photonics
Photovoltaics
Plasma physics
Quantum electronics
Semiconductor physics and devices
Soil physics
Solid state physics
Space physics
Spintronics
Superconductors
Vehicle dynamics
Applied physics institutions and organizations
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Institute of Mathematical Science and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños
School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20universe | In set theory and related branches of mathematics, the von Neumann universe, or von Neumann hierarchy of sets, denoted by V, is the class of hereditary well-founded sets. This collection, which is formalized by Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), is often used to provide an interpretation or motivation of the axioms of ZFC. The concept is named after John von Neumann, although it was first published by Ernst Zermelo in 1930.
The rank of a well-founded set is defined inductively as the smallest ordinal number greater than the ranks of all members of the set. In particular, the rank of the empty set is zero, and every ordinal has a rank equal to itself. The sets in V are divided into the transfinite hierarchy Vα, called the cumulative hierarchy, based on their rank.
Definition
The cumulative hierarchy is a collection of sets Vα
indexed by the class of ordinal numbers; in particular, Vα is the set of all sets having ranks less than α. Thus there is one set Vα for each ordinal number α. Vα may be defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
Let V0 be the empty set:
For any ordinal number β, let Vβ+1 be the power set of Vβ:
For any limit ordinal λ, let Vλ be the union of all the V-stages so far:
A crucial fact about this definition is that there is a single formula φ(α,x) in the language of ZFC that states "the set x is in Vα".
The sets Vα are called stages or ranks.
The class V is defined to be the union of all the V-stages:
An equivalent definition sets
for each ordinal α, where is the powerset of .
The rank of a set S is the smallest α such that Another way to calculate rank is:
.
Finite and low cardinality stages of the hierarchy
The first five von Neumann stages V0 to V4 may be visualized as follows. (An empty box represents the empty set. A box containing only an empty box represents the set containing only the empty set, and so forth.)
This sequence exhibits tetrational growth. The set V5 contains 216 = 65536 elements; the set V6 contains 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversive%20congruential%20generator | Inversive congruential generators are a type of nonlinear congruential pseudorandom number generator, which use the modular multiplicative inverse (if it exists) to generate the next number in a sequence. The standard formula for an inversive congruential generator, modulo some prime q is:
Such a generator is denoted symbolically as and is said to be an ICG with parameters q, a, c and seed seed.
Period
The sequence must have after finitely many steps, and since the next element depends only on its direct predecessor, also etc. The maximum possible period for the modulus q is q itself, i.e. the sequence includes every value from 0 to q − 1 before repeating.
A sufficient condition for the sequence to have the maximum possible period is to choose a and c such that the polynomial (polynomial ring over ) is primitive. This is not a necessary condition; there are choices of q, a and c for which is not primitive, but the sequence nevertheless has a period of q. Any polynomial, primitive or not, that leads to a maximal-period sequence is called an inversive maximal-period (IMP) polynomial. Chou describes an algorithm for choosing the parameters a and c to get such polynomials.
Eichenauer-Herrmann, Lehn, Grothe and Niederreiter have shown that inversive congruential generators have good uniformity properties, in particular with regard to lattice structure and serial correlations.
Example
ICG(5, 2, 3, 1) gives the sequence 1, 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4, 2, 1, 0, ...
In this example, is irreducible in , as none of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 is a root. It can also be verified that x is a primitive element of and hence f is primitive.
Compound inversive generator
The construction of a compound inversive generator (CIG) relies on combining two or more inversive congruential generators according to the method described below.
Let be distinct prime integers, each . For each index j, 1 ≤ j ≤ r, let be a sequence of elements of periodic with period length
. In other words, .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Venant%27s%20compatibility%20condition | In the mathematical theory of elasticity, Saint-Venant's compatibility condition defines the relationship between the strain and a displacement field by
where . Barré de Saint-Venant derived the compatibility condition for an arbitrary symmetric second rank tensor field to be of this form, this has now been generalized to higher rank symmetric tensor fields on spaces of dimension
Rank 2 tensor fields
For a symmetric rank 2 tensor field in n-dimensional Euclidean space () the integrability condition takes the form of the vanishing of the Saint-Venant's tensor defined by
The result that, on a simply connected domain W=0 implies that strain is the symmetric derivative of some vector field, was first described by Barré de Saint-Venant in 1864 and proved rigorously by Beltrami in 1886. For non-simply connected domains there are finite dimensional spaces of symmetric tensors with vanishing Saint-Venant's tensor that are not the symmetric derivative of a vector field. The situation is analogous to de Rham cohomology
The Saint-Venant tensor is closely related to the Riemann curvature tensor . Indeed the first variation about the Euclidean metric with a perturbation in the metric is precisely . Consequently the number of independent components of is the same as specifically for dimension n. Specifically for , has only one independent component where as for there are six.
In its simplest form of course the components of must be assumed twice continuously differentiable, but more recent work proves the result in a much more general case.
The relation between Saint-Venant's compatibility condition and Poincaré's lemma can be understood more clearly using a reduced form of the Kröner tensor
where is the permutation symbol. For , is a symmetric rank 2 tensor field. The vanishing of is equivalent to the vanishing of and this also shows that there are six independent components for the important case of three dimensions. While this still involves two der |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure%20Sphere | Azure Sphere is an application platform with integrated communications and security features developed and managed by Microsoft for Internet Connected Devices.
The platform consists of integrated hardware built around a secure silicon chip, the Azure Sphere OS (operating system for Azure Sphere), a high-end operating system based on Linux, and the Azure Sphere Security Service, a cloud-based security service. Azure Sphere security was developed based on Microsoft Research's position on the seven required characteristics of highly secure devices.
Azure Sphere OS
The Azure Sphere OS is a custom Linux-based microcontroller operating system created by Microsoft to run on an Azure Sphere-certified chip and to connect to the Azure Sphere Security Service. The Azure Sphere OS provides a platform for Internet of things application development, including both high-level applications and real-time capable applications. It is the first operating system running a Linux kernel that Microsoft has publicly released and the second Unix-like operating system that the company has developed for external (public) users, the other being Xenix.
Azure Sphere Security Service
The Azure Sphere Security Service, sometimes referred to as AS3, is a cloud-based service that enables maintenance, updates, and control for Azure Sphere-certified chips. The Azure Sphere Security Service establishes a secure connection between devices and the internet and/or cloud services and ensures secure boot. The primary purpose of contact between an Azure Sphere device and the Azure Sphere Security Service is to authenticate the device identity, ensure the integrity and trust of the system software, and to certify that the device is running a trusted code base. The service also provides the secure channel used by Microsoft to automatically download and install Azure Sphere OS updates and customer application updates to deployed devices.
Azure Sphere chips and hardware
Azure Sphere-certified chips and hard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential%20Customer%20Equivalent | Residential Customer Equivalent (RCE) is a unit of measures used by the energy industry to denote the typical annual commodity consumption by a single-family residential customer. Also known as "RCE" for short, a single RCE represents 1,000 therms of natural gas or 10,000 kWh of electricity.
RCE is often used to help normalize the size of energy companies. Energy companies serve a number of customers that is typically different from the RCE value consumed by those customers. For example, an LDC or ESCO may serve 50,000 customers but many of those can be commercial or industrial customers, so that same company can be said to serve 400,000 RCE. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20data%20analysis | Geometric data analysis comprises geometric aspects of image analysis, pattern analysis, and shape analysis, and the approach of multivariate statistics, which treat arbitrary data sets as clouds of points in a space that is n-dimensional. This includes topological data analysis, cluster analysis, inductive data analysis, correspondence analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and
See also
Algebraic statistics for algebraic-geometry in statistics
Combinatorial data analysis
Computational anatomy for the study of shapes and forms at the morphome scale
Structured data analysis (statistics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20P.%20Anderson | David Pope Anderson (born 1955) is an American research scientist at the Space Sciences Laboratory, at the University of California, Berkeley, and an adjunct professor of computer science at the University of Houston. Anderson leads the SETI@home, BOINC, Bossa, and Bolt software projects.
Education
Anderson received a BA in mathematics from Wesleyan University, and MS and PhD degrees in mathematics and computer science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. While in graduate school he published four research papers in computer graphics. His PhD research involved using enhanced attribute grammars to specify and implement communication protocols.
Career
From 1985 to 1992 he was an assistant professor in the UC Berkeley Computer Science Department, where he received the NSF Presidential Young Investigator and IBM Faculty Development awards. During this period he conducted several research projects:
FORMULA (Forth Music Language), a parallel programming language and runtime system for computer music based on Forth.
MOOD (Musical Object-Oriented Dialect), a parallel programming language and runtime system for computer music based on C++. A port for MS-DOS also exists.
DASH, a distributed operating system with support for digital audio and video.
Continuous Media File System (CMFS), a file system for digital audio and video
Comet, an I/O server for digital audio and video.
From 1992 to 1994 he worked at Sonic Solutions, where he developed Sonic System, the first distributed system for professional digital audio editing.
Inventions
In 1994 he invented "Virtual Reality Television", a television system allowing viewers to control their virtual position and orientation. He was awarded a patent for this invention in 1996.
In 1994 he developed one of the first systems for collaborative filtering, and developed a web site, rare.com, that provided movie recommendations based on the user's movie ratings.
From 1995 to 1998 he was chief technical officer of Tune |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIP%20%28software%29 | The uIP is an open-source implementation of the TCP/IP network protocol stack intended for use with tiny 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers. It was initially developed by Adam Dunkels of the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, licensed under a BSD style license, and further developed by a wide group of developers.
uIP can be very useful in embedded systems because it requires very small amounts of code and RAM. It has been ported to several platforms, including DSP platforms.
In October 2008, Cisco, Atmel, and SICS announced a fully compliant IPv6 extension to uIP, called uIPv6.
Implementation
uIP makes many unusual design choices in order to reduce the resources it requires. uIP's native software interface is designed for small computer systems with no operating system. It can be called in a timed loop, and the call manages all the retries and other network behavior. The hardware driver is called after uIP is called. uIP builds the packet, and then the driver sends it, and optionally receives a response.
It is normal for IP protocol stack software to keep many copies of different IP packets, for transmission, reception and to keep copies in case they need to be resent. uIP is economical in its use of memory because it uses only one packet buffer. First, it uses the packet buffer in a half-duplex way, using it in turn for transmission and reception. Also, when uIP needs to retransmit a packet, it calls the application code in a way that requests for the previous data to be reproduced.
Another oddity is how uIP manages connections. Most IP implementations have one task per connection, and the task communicates with a task in a distant computer on the other end of the connection. In uIP, no multitasking operating system is assumed. Connections are held in an array. On each call, uIP tries to serve a connection, making a subroutine call to application code that responds to, or sends data. The size of the connection ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluopyram | Fluopyram is a fungicide and nematicide used in agriculture. It is used to control fungal diseases such as gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew, apple scab, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, and Monilinia. It is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI fungicide).
Developed and produced by Bayer, it was approved in 2012 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and in 2013 it was approved in the EU for use as an active ingredient in pesticides. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoRI-20041 | SoRI-20041 is an "antagonist-like" allosteric modulator of amphetamine-induced dopamine release (in contrast to the related research chemicals SoRI-9804 and SoRI-20040, which are "agonist-like"). SoRI-20041 is believed to be the first example of a drug that separately modulates uptake versus release in the dopamine transporter (possibly showing how inward and outward transport represent distinct operational modes of DAT); it produces the same effects as SoRI-20040 and SoRI-9804 in uptake assays and binding assays, inhibiting the re-uptake of dopamine, but does not modulate d-amphetamine-induced DA release by inhibiting that as well, like 'agonists' of the series do.
This suggests the possibility of simultaneous action and increase of indirect-agonism through the dual action of DRA and DRI efficacy existing together. This increases the inhibition of re-uptake at synaptic dopamine concentrations without interfering in the flow of release of dopamine from amphetaminergic phosphorylation at the affected transporter. This overcomes the obstacle of a compromised binding site that would be rendered unusable through the action of amphetamine. Conventional dopamine re-uptake inhibitors (such as cocaine or methylphenidate) would otherwise ineffectively target such a site on each specific transporter so affected by amphetamine, making this an example of a DRI that does not have a mutually exclusive functionality against DRA action at individual instances of DAT. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20audit%20review | A software audit review, or software audit, is a type of software review in which one or more auditors who are not members of the software development organization conduct "An independent examination of a software product, software process, or set of software processes to assess compliance with specifications, standards, contractual agreements, or other criteria".
"Software product" mostly, but not exclusively, refers to some kind of technical document. IEEE Std. 1028 offers a list of 32 "examples of software products subject to audit", including documentary products such as various sorts of plan, contracts, specifications, designs, procedures, standards, and reports, but also non-documentary products such as data, test data, and deliverable media.
Software audits are distinct from software peer reviews and software management reviews in that they are conducted by personnel external to, and independent of, the software development organization, and are concerned with compliance of products or processes, rather than with their technical content, technical quality, or managerial implications.
The term "software audit review" is adopted here to designate the form of software audit described in IEEE Std. 1028.
Objectives and participants
"The purpose of a software audit is to provide an independent evaluation of conformance of software products and processes to applicable regulations, standards, guidelines, plans, and procedures". The following roles are recommended:
The Initiator (who might be a manager in the audited organization, a customer or user representative of the audited organization, or a third party), decides upon the need for an audit, establishes its purpose and scope, specifies the evaluation criteria, identifies the audit personnel, decides what follow-up actions will be required, and distributes the audit report.
The Lead Auditor (who must be someone "free from bias and influence that could reduce his ability to make independent, objective evalu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine%20tar | Pine tar is a form of wood tar produced by the high temperature carbonization of pine wood in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation). The wood is rapidly decomposed by applying heat and pressure in a closed container; the primary resulting products are charcoal and pine tar.
Pine tar consists primarily of aromatic hydrocarbons, tar acids, and tar bases. Components of tar vary according to the pyrolytic process (e.g. method, duration, temperature) and origin of the wood (e.g. age of pine trees, type of soil, and moisture conditions during tree growth). The choice of wood, design of kiln, burning, and collection of the tar can vary. Only pine stumps and roots are used in the traditional production of pine tar.
Pine tar has a long history as a wood preservative, as a wood sealant for maritime use, in roofing construction and maintenance, in soaps, and in the treatment of carbuncles and skin diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and rosacea. It is used in baseball to enhance the grip of a hitter's bat; it is also sometimes used by pitchers to improve their grip on the ball, in violation of the rules.
History
Pine tar has long been used in Scandinavian nations as a preservative for wood which may be exposed to harsh conditions, including outdoor furniture and ship decking and rigging. The high-grade pine tar used in this application is often called Stockholm tar since, for many years, a single company held a royal monopoly on its export out of Stockholm, Sweden. It is also known as "Archangel Tar". Tar and pitch for maritime use was in such demand that it became an important export for the American colonies, which had extensive pine forests. North Carolinians became known as "Tar Heels."
Use
Pine tar was used as a preservative on the bottoms of traditional Nordic-style skis until modern synthetic materials replaced wood in their construction. It also helped waxes adhere, which aided such skis’ grip and glide.
Pine tar is widely used as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Hoy | Charles McCauley Hoy (1897–1923) was a field naturalist who obtained series of mammal and bird specimens for United States National Museum, travelling on expeditions to Australia, China and elsewhere. The large collections of specimens and notes he made in Australia from 1919 to 1922 followed a period of dramatic decline in its mammalian fauna, and have been examined by later workers in efforts to determine the causes of the event. Born in China to foreign missionaries, Hoy returned there in 1922 with a commission from W. L. Abbott to continue collecting specimens for the institution. His successful collecting in that region included becoming the first occidental researcher to obtain a species of rare river dolphin, but his works were curtailed by complications arising from childhood illness – while convalescing from an accidentally self-inflicted gunshot injury – and he died there in 1923.
Biography
Charles M. Hoy was the son of Christian missionaries from the United States of America, active in Japan and China.
Works
Hoy was instructed in the techniques of zoological field work during several months at the Smithsonian Institution, and was then directed by W. L. Abbott to undertake a collecting expedition to Australia. He assembled extensive collections and notes on Australian fauna, mostly birds and mammals, obtained at widely separated locations around the continent.
The information and material he obtained on his excursions from 1919 to 1922 provides valuable details in the aftermath of what is regarded as extraordinary decline in mammalian fauna in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
The season and locations of Hoy's field work have been determined in his excursions to New South Wales during 1919, South Australia from 1919 to early 1920, another journey through the south and north of Western Australia during 1920 and continuing to the Northern Territory later that year. In 1921 he travelled out from Sydney to Tasmania then Queensland and is no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous%20algebraic%20reconstruction%20technique | Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) is a computerized tomography (CT) imaging algorithm useful in cases when the projection data is limited; it was proposed by Anders Andersen and Avinash Kak in 1984.
It generates a good reconstruction in just one iteration and it is superior to standard algebraic reconstruction technique (ART).
As a measure of its popularity, researchers have proposed various extensions to
SART: OS-SART, FA-SART, VW-OS-SART, SARTF, etc. Researchers have also studied how SART can best be implemented on different parallel processing architectures. SART and its proposed extensions are used in emission CT in nuclear medicine, dynamic CT, and holographic tomography, and other reconstruction applications. Convergence
of the SART algorithm was theoretically established in 2004 by Jiang and Wang. Further convergence analysis was done by Yan.
An application of SART to ionosphere was presented by Hobiger et al. Their method does not use matrix algebra and therefore it can be implemented in a low-level programming language. Its convergence speed is significantly higher than that of classical SART. A discrete version of SART called DART was developed by Batenburg and Sijbers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank | MycoBank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. It is run by the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute in Utrecht.
Each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), is allocated a unique MycoBank number before the new name has been validly published. This number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. Only then, this unique number becomes public in the database.
By doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year.
MycoBank is linked to other important mycological databases such as Index Fungorum, Life Science Identifiers, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other databases. MycoBank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are Index Fungorum and Fungal Names. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphadenopathy | Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type (the most common type) is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the distinction between lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis is rarely made and the words are usually treated as synonymous. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is known as lymphangitis. Infectious lymphadenitis affecting lymph nodes in the neck is often called scrofula.
Lymphadenopathy is a common and nonspecific sign. Common causes include infections (from minor causes such as the common cold and post-vaccination swelling to serious ones such as HIV/AIDS), autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Lymphadenopathy is frequently idiopathic and self-limiting.
Causes
Lymph node enlargement is recognized as a common sign of infectious, autoimmune, or malignant disease. Examples may include:
Reactive: acute infection (e.g., bacterial, or viral), or chronic infections (tuberculous lymphadenitis, cat-scratch disease).
The most distinctive sign of bubonic plague is extreme swelling of one or more lymph nodes that bulge out of the skin as "buboes." The buboes often become necrotic and may even rupture.
Infectious mononucleosis is an acute viral infection usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus and may be characterized by a marked enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes.
It is also a sign of cutaneous anthrax and Human African trypanosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease, gives a generalized lymphadenopathy (Piringer-Kuchinka lymphadenopathy).
Plasma cell variant of Castleman's disease - associated with HHV-8 infection and HIV infection
Mesenteric lymphadenitis after viral systemic infection (particularly in the GALT in the appendix) can commonly present like appendicitis.
Infectious causes of lymphadenopathy may include bacterial infections such as cat scratch disease, tularemia, brucellosis, or prevotella, as well |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumed%20mean | In statistics the assumed mean is a method for calculating the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a data set. It simplifies calculating accurate values by hand. Its interest today is chiefly historical but it can be used to quickly estimate these statistics. There are other rapid calculation methods which are more suited for computers which also ensure more accurate results than the obvious methods.
Example
First:
The mean of the following numbers is sought:
219, 223, 226, 228, 231, 234, 235, 236, 240, 241, 244, 247, 249, 255, 262
Suppose we start with a plausible initial guess that the mean is about 240. Then the deviations from this "assumed" mean are the following:
−21, −17, −14, −12, −9, −6, −5, −4, 0, 1, 4, 7, 9, 15, 22
In adding these up, one finds that:
22 and −21 almost cancel, leaving +1,
15 and −17 almost cancel, leaving −2,
9 and −9 cancel,
7 + 4 cancels −6 − 5,
and so on. We are left with a sum of −30. The average of these 15 deviations from the assumed mean is therefore −30/15 = −2. Therefore, that is what we need to add to the assumed mean to get the correct mean:
correct mean = 240 − 2 = 238.
Method
The method depends on estimating the mean and rounding to an easy value to calculate with. This value is then subtracted from all the sample values. When the samples are classed into equal size ranges a central class is chosen and the count of ranges from that is used in the calculations. For example, for people's heights a value of 1.75m might be used as the assumed mean.
For a data set with assumed mean x0 suppose:
Then
or for a sample standard deviation using Bessel's correction:
Example using class ranges
Where there are a large number of samples a quick reasonable estimate of the mean and standard deviation can be got by grouping the samples into classes using equal size ranges. This introduces a quantization error but is normally accurate enough for most purposes if 10 or more classes are used.
For instance with the e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%20lunar%20sample%20displays | The Spain lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of tiny fragments of Moon specimens brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions. These plaques were given to the people of Spain by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description
Apollo 11
Apollo 17
History
The whereabouts of the Spanish Apollo 11 lunar sample are unknown.
Spanish newspaper El Mundo reported on July 20, 2009, that Franco's grandson, Francisco Franco Martinez Bordiú, claimed the Spanish Apollo 11 lunar sample was gifted to his grandfather personally. It was kept at El Pardo Palace in Franco's office. He said his mother lost the display after Franco's death.
The Apollo 17 commemorative plaque is on display at the Naval Museum in Madrid. Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State during the Nixon administration, gave the Apollo 17 lunar samples to Luis Carrero Blanco and the family eventually donated it to the museum.
See also
List of Apollo lunar sample displays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine%20oxidase%20inhibitor | A xanthine oxidase inhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces the production of uric acid, and several medications that inhibit xanthine oxidase are indicated for treatment of hyperuricemia and related medical conditions including gout. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are being investigated for management of reperfusion injury.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are of two kinds: purine analogues and others. Purine analogues include allopurinol, oxypurinol, and tisopurine. Others include febuxostat, topiroxostat, and inositols (phytic acid and myo-inositol).
In experiments, numerous natural products have been found to inhibit xanthine oxidase in vitro or in model animals (mice, rats). These include three flavonoids that occur in many different fruits and vegetables: kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. More generally, planar flavones and flavonols with a 7-hydroxyl group inhibit xanthine oxidase. An essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum osmophloeum inhibits xanthine oxidase in mice. The natural product propolis from selected sources inhibits xanthine oxidase in rats; the specific substance responsible for this inhibition has not been identified, and the generality of these findings is unknown. An extract of leaves of Pistacia integerrima also inhibits xanthine oxidase at a level that appears to merit further research.
In folk medicine the tree fern Cyathea spinulosa (formerly Alsophila spinulosa) has been used for gout, but its most active component, caffeic acid, is only a weak inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Schulthess | Wilhelm Schulthess (18 May 1855 in Villnachern – 6 March 1917 in Zürich) was a Swiss internist and pediatrician, known for his work in the field of orthopedics. He was the brother of politician Edmund Schulthess (1868–1944).
In 1883, with August Lüning (1852–1925), he opened a private orthopedic institute in Zürich. In 1889 he obtained his habilitation, and in 1912 became an associate professor at the University of Zürich.
In 1908 he was appointed president of the Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädische Chirurgie (German Society of Orthopedic Surgery). He was instrumental towards the founding of the Schweizerischen Vereins für krüppelhafte Kinder (Swiss Association for Crippled Children; 1909).
He specialized in research of scoliosis, of which, he developed methods for measuring and recording the degree and the different types of the disorder.
Selected works
Ein neuer Mess- und Zeichnungsapparat für Rückgratsverkrümmungen, 1887 – A new measurement and marking apparatus for spinal deformities.
Klinische Studien über das Verhalten der physiologischen Krümmungen der Wirbelsäule bei Skoliose, 1889 – Clinical studies on the behavior of physiological curves of the spine in scoliosis.
Messung und Röntgen'sche Photographie in der Diagnostik der Skoliose (with August Lüning, 1897/98) – Measurement and x-ray photography in the diagnostics of scoliosis.
Die Krüppelfürsorge, 1912 – On the welfare of cripples.
Die Pathologie und Therapie der Rückgratsverkrümmungen – Pathology and therapy for curvature of the spine.
Die Anstalt Balgrist, Schweizerische Heil- und Erziehungsanstalt für krüppelhafte Kinder und orthopädische Poliklinik, 1914. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sierra%20Leone%20flags | The following is a list of flags used in Sierra Leone.
National flag
Government flag
Military flags
Historical flags
Portuguese Rule
British Rule
During The Civil War
See also
Flag of Sierra Leone
Coat of arms of Sierra Leone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maass%E2%80%93Selberg%20relations | In mathematics, the Maass–Selberg relations are some relations describing the inner products of truncated real analytic Eisenstein series, that in some sense say that distinct Eisenstein series are orthogonal. Hans Maass introduced the Maass–Selberg relations for the case of real analytic Eisenstein series on the upper half plane. Atle Selberg extended the relations to symmetric spaces of rank 1. Harish-Chandra generalized the Maass–Selberg relations to Eisenstein series of higher rank semisimple group (and named the relations after Maass and Selberg) and found some analogous relations between Eisenstein integrals, that he also called Maass–Selberg relations.
Informally, the Maass–Selberg relations say that the inner product of two distinct Eisenstein series is zero. However the integral defining the inner product does not converge, so the Eisenstein series first have to be truncated. The Maass–Selberg relations then say that the inner product of two truncated Eisenstein series is given by a finite sum of elementary factors that depend on the truncation chosen, whose finite part tends to zero as the truncation is removed.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactitol-1-phosphate%205-dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a galactitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
galactitol-1-phosphate + NAD+ L-tagatose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are galactitol-1-phosphate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are L-tagatose 6-phosphate, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is galactitol-1-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. It employs one cofactor, zinc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandortuzumab%20vedotin | Vandortuzumab vedotin (INN; development code RG7450) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer.
This drug was developed by Genentech/Roche. Development was discontinued in 2017. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory | In forestry and ecology, understory (American English), or understorey (Commonwealth English), also known as underbrush or undergrowth, includes plant life growing beneath the forest canopy without penetrating it to any great extent, but above the forest floor. Only a small percentage of light penetrates the canopy so understory vegetation is generally shade-tolerant. The understory typically consists of trees stunted through lack of light, other small trees with low light requirements, saplings, shrubs, vines and undergrowth. Small trees such as holly and dogwood are understory specialists.
In temperate deciduous forests, many understory plants start into growth earlier in the year than the canopy trees, to make use of the greater availability of light at that particular time of year. A gap in the canopy caused by the death of a tree stimulates the potential emergent trees into competitive growth as they grow upwards to fill the gap. These trees tend to have straight trunks and few lower branches. At the same time, the bushes, undergrowth, and plant life on the forest floor become denser. The understory experiences greater humidity than the canopy, and the shaded ground does not vary in temperature as much as open ground. This causes a proliferation of ferns, mosses, and fungi and encourages nutrient recycling, which provides favorable habitats for many animals and plants.
Understory structure
The understory is the underlying layer of vegetation in a forest or wooded area, especially the trees and shrubs growing between the forest canopy and the forest floor.
Plants in the understory comprise an assortment of seedlings and saplings of canopy trees together with specialist understory shrubs and herbs. Young canopy trees often persist in the understory for decades as suppressed juveniles until an opening in the forest overstory permits their growth into the canopy. In contrast understory shrubs complete their life cycles in the shade of the forest canopy. Some sma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyadenosine | Deoxyadenosine (symbol dA or dAdo) is a deoxyribonucleoside. It is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, differing from the latter by the replacement of a hydroxyl group (-OH) by hydrogen (-H) at the 2′ position of its ribose sugar moiety. Deoxyadenosine is the DNA nucleoside A, which pairs with deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA.
In absence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) it accumulates in T lymphocytes and kills these cells resulting in a genetic disorder known as adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID).
See also
Deoxyribonucleotide
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine)
Severe combined immunodeficiency |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking%20Machines%20Corporation | Thinking Machines Corporation was a supercomputer manufacturer and artificial intelligence (AI) company, founded in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1983 by Sheryl Handler and W. Daniel "Danny" Hillis to turn Hillis's doctoral work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on massively parallel computing architectures into a commercial product named the Connection Machine. The company moved in 1984 from Waltham to Kendall Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, close to the MIT AI Lab. Thinking Machines made some of the most powerful supercomputers of the time, and by 1993 the four fastest computers in the world were Connection Machines. The firm filed for bankruptcy in 1994; its hardware and parallel computing software divisions were acquired in time by Sun Microsystems.
Supercomputer products
On the hardware side, Thinking Machines produced several Connection Machine models (in chronological order): the CM-1, CM-2, CM-200, CM-5, and CM-5E. The CM-1 and 2 came first in models with 64K (65,536) bit-serial processors (16 processors per chip) and later, the smaller 16K and 4K configurations. The Connection Machine was programmed in a variety of specialized programming languages, including *Lisp and CM Lisp (derived from Common Lisp), C* (derived by Thinking Machines from C), and CM Fortran. These languages used proprietary compilers to translate code into the parallel instruction set of the Connection Machine. The CM-1 through CM-200 were examples of single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) architecture, while the later CM-5 and CM-5E were multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) that combined commodity SPARC processors and proprietary vector processors in a fat tree computer network.
All Connection Machine models required a serial front-end processor, which was most often a Sun Microsystems workstation, but on early models could also be a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX minicomputer or Symbolics Lisp machine.
Thinking Machines also introduced an early |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodoxanthin | Rhodoxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with a purple color that is found in small quantities in a variety of plants including Taxus baccata and Lonicera morrowii. It is also found in the feathers of some birds. As a food additive it is used under the E number E161f as a food coloring. It is not approved for use in the EU or US; however, it is approved in Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed under its INS number 161f). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGSN | Lengsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGSN gene.
Lengsin is a survivor of an ancient family of class I glutamine synthetases in eukaryotes that has undergone evolutionary re-engineering for a tissue-specific, noncatalytic role in the lens of the vertebrate eye. Lengsin is the result of the recruitment of an ancient enzyme may act as a component of the cytoskeleton or as a chaperone for the reorganization of intermediate filament proteins during terminal differentiation in the lens. It does not seem to have enzymatic activity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task%20allocation%20and%20partitioning%20in%20social%20insects | Task allocation and partitioning is the way that tasks are chosen, assigned, subdivided, and coordinated within a colony of social insects. Task allocation and partitioning gives rise to the division of labor often observed in social insect colonies, whereby individuals specialize on different tasks within the colony (e.g., "foragers", "nurses"). Communication is closely related to the ability to allocate tasks among individuals within a group. This entry focuses exclusively on social insects. For information on human task allocation and partitioning, see division of labour, task analysis, and workflow.
Definitions
Task allocation "... is the process that results in specific workers being engaged in specific tasks, in numbers appropriate to the current situation. [It] operates without any central or hierarchical control..." The concept of task allocation is individual-centric. It focuses on decisions by individuals about what task to perform. However, different biomathematical models give different weights to inter-individual interactions vs. environmental stimuli.
Task partitioning is the division of one task into sequential actions done by more than one individual. The focus here is on the task, and its division, rather than on the individuals performing it. For example, "hygienic behavior" is a task in which worker bees uncap and remove diseased brood cells that may be affected by American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) or the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. In this case, individual bees often focus on either uncapping or removing diseased brood. Therefore, the task is partitioned, and performed by multiple individuals.
Introduction
Social living provides a multitude of advantages to its practitioners, including predation risk reduction, environmental buffering, food procurement, and possible mating advantages. The most advanced form of sociality is eusociality, characterized by overlapping generations, cooperative care of the young, and reproductive div |
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