source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCpfm%C3%BCller%27s%20uncertainty%20principle | Küpfmüller's uncertainty principle by Karl Küpfmüller in the year 1924 states that the relation of the rise time of a bandlimited signal to its bandwidth is a constant.
with either or
Proof
A bandlimited signal with fourier transform in frequency space is given by the multiplication of any signal with with a rectangular function of width
as (applying the convolution theorem)
Since the fourier transform of a rectangular function is a sinc function and vice versa, follows
Now the first root of is at , which is the rise time of the pulse , now follows
Equality is given as long as is finite.
Regarding that a real signal has both positive and negative frequencies of the same frequency band, becomes ,
which leads to instead of
See also
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APH-1 | APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1) is a protein gene product originally identified in the Notch signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans as a regulator of the cell-surface localization of nicastrin. APH-1 homologs in other organisms, including humans, have since been identified as components of the gamma secretase complex along with the catalytic subunit presenilin and the regulatory subunits nicastrin and PEN-2. The gamma-secretase complex is a multimeric protease responsible for the intramembrane proteolysis of transmembrane proteins such as the Notch protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Gamma-secretase cleavage of APP is one of two proteolytic steps required to generate the peptide known as amyloid beta, whose misfolded form is implicated in the causation of Alzheimer's disease. All of the components of the gamma-secretase complex undergo extensive post-translational modification, especially proteolytic activation; APH-1 and PEN-2 are regarded as regulators of the maturation process of the catalytic component presenilin. APH-1 contains a conserved alpha helix interaction motif glycine-X-X-X-glycine (GXXXG) that is essential to both assembly of the gamma secretase complex and to the maturation of the components. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%20%28neurophysiology%29 | Summation, which includes both spatial summation and temporal summation, is the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation), and from repeated inputs (temporal summation). Depending on the sum total of many individual inputs, summation may or may not reach the threshold voltage to trigger an action potential.
Neurotransmitters released from the terminals of a presynaptic neuron fall under one of two categories, depending on the ion channels gated or modulated by the neurotransmitter receptor. Excitatory neurotransmitters produce depolarization of the postsynaptic cell, whereas the hyperpolarization produced by an inhibitory neurotransmitter will mitigate the effects of an excitatory neurotransmitter. This depolarization is called an EPSP, or an excitatory postsynaptic potential, and the hyperpolarization is called an IPSP, or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
The only influences that neurons can have on one another are excitation, inhibition, and—through modulatory transmitters—biasing one another's excitability. From such a small set of basic interactions, a chain of neurons can produce only a limited response. A pathway can be facilitated by excitatory input; removal of such input constitutes disfacillitation. A pathway may also be inhibited; removal of inhibitory input constitutes disinhibition, which, if other sources of excitation are present in the inhibitory input, can augment excitation.
When a given target neuron receives inputs from multiple sources, those inputs can be spatially summated if the inputs arrive closely enough in time that the influence of the earliest-arriving inputs has not yet decayed. If a target neuron receives input from a single axon terminal and that input occurs repeatedly at short intervals, the inputs can summate temporally.
History
The nervous system first began to be en |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%20of%20antibiotics | Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible. As with the initial discovery of penicillin, most antibiotics have been discovered as a result of happenstance. Antibiotic production can be grouped into three methods: natural fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. As more and more bacteria continue to develop resistance to currently produced antibiotics, research and development of new antibiotics continues to be important. In addition to research and development into the production of new antibiotics, repackaging delivery systems is important to improving efficacy of the antibiotics that are currently produced. Improvements to this field have seen the ability to add antibiotics directly into implanted devices, aerosolization of antibiotics for direct delivery, and combination of antibiotics with non antibiotics to improve outcomes. The increase of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria has led to an increased urgency for the funding of research and development of antibiotics and a desire for production of new and better acting antibiotics.
Identifying useful antibiotics
Despite the wide variety of known antibiotics, less than 1% of antimicrobial agents have medical or commercial value. For example, whereas penicillin has a high therapeutic index as it does not generally affect human cells, this is not so for many antibiotics. Other antibiotics simply lack advantage over those already in use, or have no other practical applications.
Useful antibiotics are often discovered using a screening process. To conduct such a screen, isolates of many different microorganisms are cultured and then tested for production of diffusible products that inhibit the growth of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extempore%20%28software%29 | Extempore is a live coding environment focused on real-time audiovisual software development. It is designed to accommodate the demands of cyber-physical computing. Extempore consists of two integrated languages, Scheme (with extensions) and Extempore Language. It uses the LLVM cross-language compiler to achieve performant digital signal processing and related low-level features, on-the-fly.
Relationship to Impromptu
Extempore shares the use of Scheme syntax, real-time audiovisual emphasis and lead developer Andrew Sorensen with the older and related project Impromptu.
It runs under both Linux and Mac OS X. The bindings to Apple libraries are absent, but the environment can interface with dynamic libraries. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20bundle | In differential geometry, a field of mathematics, a normal bundle is a particular kind of vector bundle, complementary to the tangent bundle, and coming from an embedding (or immersion).
Definition
Riemannian manifold
Let be a Riemannian manifold, and a Riemannian submanifold. Define, for a given , a vector to be normal to whenever for all (so that is orthogonal to ). The set of all such is then called the normal space to at .
Just as the total space of the tangent bundle to a manifold is constructed from all tangent spaces to the manifold, the total space of the normal bundle to is defined as
.
The conormal bundle is defined as the dual bundle to the normal bundle. It can be realised naturally as a sub-bundle of the cotangent bundle.
General definition
More abstractly, given an immersion (for instance an embedding), one can define a normal bundle of N in M, by at each point of N, taking the quotient space of the tangent space on M by the tangent space on N. For a Riemannian manifold one can identify this quotient with the orthogonal complement, but in general one cannot (such a choice is equivalent to a section of the projection ).
Thus the normal bundle is in general a quotient of the tangent bundle of the ambient space restricted to the subspace.
Formally, the normal bundle to N in M is a quotient bundle of the tangent bundle on M: one has the short exact sequence of vector bundles on N:
where is the restriction of the tangent bundle on M to N (properly, the pullback of the tangent bundle on M to a vector bundle on N via the map ). The fiber of the normal bundle in is referred to as the normal space at (of in ).
Conormal bundle
If is a smooth submanifold of a manifold , we can pick local coordinates around such that is locally defined by ; then with this choice of coordinates
and the ideal sheaf is locally generated by . Therefore we can define a non-degenerate pairing
that induces an isomorphism of sheaves . We can rephrase thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%27s%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, Riemann's differential equation, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation, allowing the regular singular points to occur anywhere on the Riemann sphere, rather than merely at 0, 1, and . The equation is also known as the Papperitz equation.
The hypergeometric differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation which has three regular singular points, 0, 1 and . That equation admits two linearly independent solutions; near a singularity , the solutions take the form , where is a local variable, and is locally holomorphic with . The real number is called the exponent of the solution at . Let α, β and γ be the exponents of one solution at 0, 1 and respectively; and let α', β' and γ' be those of the other. Then
By applying suitable changes of variable, it is possible to transform the hypergeometric equation: Applying Möbius transformations will adjust the positions of the regular singular points, while other transformations (see below) can change the exponents at the regular singular points, subject to the exponents adding up to 1.
Definition
The differential equation is given by
The regular singular points are , , and . The exponents of the solutions at these regular singular points are, respectively, , , and . As before, the exponents are subject to the condition
Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function
The solutions are denoted by the Riemann P-symbol (also known as the Papperitz symbol)
The standard hypergeometric function may be expressed as
The P-functions obey a number of identities; one of them allows a general P-function to be expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function. It is
In other words, one may write the solutions in terms of the hypergeometric function as
The full complement of Kummer's 24 solutions may be obtained in this way; see the article hypergeometric differential equation for a treatment of Kummer's solutio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfand%E2%80%93Naimark%E2%80%93Segal%20construction | In functional analysis, a discipline within mathematics, given a C*-algebra A, the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction establishes a correspondence between cyclic *-representations of A and certain linear functionals on A (called states). The correspondence is shown by an explicit construction of the *-representation from the state. It is named for Israel Gelfand, Mark Naimark, and Irving Segal.
States and representations
A *-representation of a C*-algebra A on a Hilbert space H is a mapping
π from A into the algebra of bounded operators on H such that
π is a ring homomorphism which carries involution on A into involution on operators
π is nondegenerate, that is the space of vectors π(x) ξ is dense as x ranges through A and ξ ranges through H. Note that if A has an identity, nondegeneracy means exactly π is unit-preserving, i.e. π maps the identity of A to the identity operator on H.
A state on a C*-algebra A is a positive linear functional f of norm 1. If A has a multiplicative unit element this condition is equivalent to f(1) = 1.
For a representation π of a C*-algebra A on a Hilbert space H, an element ξ is called a cyclic vector if the set of vectors
is norm dense in H, in which case π is called a cyclic representation. Any non-zero vector of an irreducible representation is cyclic. However, non-zero vectors in a general cyclic representation may fail to be cyclic.
The GNS construction
Let π be a *-representation of a C*-algebra A on the Hilbert space H and ξ be a unit norm cyclic vector for π. Then
is a state of A.
Conversely, every state of A may be viewed as a vector state as above, under a suitable canonical representation.
The method used to produce a *-representation from a state of A in the proof of the above theorem is called the GNS construction.
For a state of a C*-algebra A, the corresponding GNS representation is essentially uniquely determined by the condition, as seen in the theorem below.
Significance of the GNS construction
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobus | Trilobus Bruennich, 1781 is a disused genus of trilobites, the species of which are now all assigned to other genera.
T. caudatus = Dalmanites caudatus
T. punctatus Bruennich, 1781 = Encrinurus punctatus
Trilobus Bastian, 1865 is also the preoccupied name of several nematodes belonging to the subfamily Tobrilinae, that have been renamed to Tobrilus and some have since been reassigned to other genera.
T. aequiseta = Tobrilus aequiseta
T. allophysioides = Tobrilus altherri or T. helveticus
T. allophysis = Tobrilus allophysis
T. armatus = Tobrilus armatus
T. biroi = Tobrilus biroi
T. brevisetosus = Tobrilus brevisetosus
T. dryophilus = Tobrilus dryophilus
T. consimilis = Epitobrilus stefanskii
T. gracilis = Tobrilus gracilis
T. graciloides = Epitobrilus graciloides
T. grandipapilloides = Paratrilobus grandipapilloides
T. hoehnelensis = Tobrilus hoehnelensis
T. homophysalidis = Tobrilus medius
T. husmanni = Eutobrilus husmanni
T. kirjanovae = Tobrilus kirjanovae
T. leptosoma = Semitobrilus or Tobrilus pellucidus
T. lomnickii = Tobrilus lomnickii
T. longicauda = Tobrilus longicauda
T. longicaudatus = Tobrilus longicaudatus
T. macrospiculum = Tobrilus macrospiculum
T. medius = Tobrilus medius
T. malayanus = Epitobrilus stefanskii
T. murisieri = Tobrilus murisieri
T. octiespapillatus = Tobrilus octiespapillatus
T. ornatus = Tobrilus ornatus
T. paludicola = Epitobrilus stefanskii
T. papillicaudatus = Eutobrilus papillicaudatus
T. parvipapillatus = Tobrilus parvipapillatus
T. pellucidus = Semitobrilus or Tobrilus pellucidus
T. pseudallophysis = Tobrilus zakopanensis
T. punctatus (Stefanski, 1916) = Tobrilus punctatus
T. scallensis = Epitobrilus scallensis
T. stefanskii = Epitobrilus stefanskii
T. steineri = Epitobrilus or Eutrobilus steineri
T. stenurus = Epitobrilus stefanskii
T. telekiensis = Tobrilus telekiensis
T. tenuicaudatus = Semitobrilus or Tobrilus pellucidus
T. wesenbergi = Tobrilus wesenbergi
T. zakopanensis = Tobrilu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Pansu | Pierre Pansu (born 13 July 1959) is a French mathematician and a member of the Arthur Besse group and a close collaborator of Mikhail Gromov. He is a professor at the Université Paris-Sud 11 and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. His main research field is geometry. His contribution to mathematics was celebrated by a double event (a conference and a workshop) co-organized for his 60th birthday by the Clay Mathematics Institute.
Pierre Pansu is the grandson of French physician Félix Esclangon, and the great grand-nephew of mathematician and astronomer Ernest Esclangon, inventor of the talking clock, and brother of Robert Pansu, chemist and research director at CNRS.
See also
Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces
Pansu derivative |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid | In geometry, a hyperboloid of revolution, sometimes called a circular hyperboloid, is the surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around one of its principal axes. A hyperboloid is the surface obtained from a hyperboloid of revolution by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
A hyperboloid is a quadric surface, that is, a surface defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three variables. Among quadric surfaces, a hyperboloid is characterized by not being a cone or a cylinder, having a center of symmetry, and intersecting many planes into hyperbolas. A hyperboloid has three pairwise perpendicular axes of symmetry, and three pairwise perpendicular planes of symmetry.
Given a hyperboloid, one can choose a Cartesian coordinate system such that the hyperboloid is defined by one of the following equations:
or
The coordinate axes are axes of symmetry of the hyperboloid and the origin is the center of symmetry of the hyperboloid. In any case, the hyperboloid is asymptotic to the cone of the equations:
One has a hyperboloid of revolution if and only if Otherwise, the axes are uniquely defined (up to the exchange of the x-axis and the y-axis).
There are two kinds of hyperboloids. In the first case ( in the right-hand side of the equation): a one-sheet hyperboloid, also called a hyperbolic hyperboloid. It is a connected surface, which has a negative Gaussian curvature at every point. This implies near every point the intersection of the hyperboloid and its tangent plane at the point consists of two branches of curve that have distinct tangents at the point. In the case of the one-sheet hyperboloid, these branches of curves are lines and thus the one-sheet hyperboloid is a doubly ruled surface.
In the second case ( in the right-hand side of the equation): a two-sheet hyperboloid, also called an elliptic hyperboloid. The surface has two connected components and a positive Gaussian curvature at ever |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMDM%20hydantoin | DMDM hydantoin is an antimicrobial formaldehyde releaser preservative with the trade name Glydant. DMDM hydantoin is an organic compound belonging to a class of compounds known as hydantoins. It is used in the cosmetics industry and found in products like shampoos, hair conditioners, hair gels, and skin care products.
DMDM hydantoin slowly releases formaldehyde and works as a preservative by making the environment less favorable to microorganisms.
Safety
A patch test study found that "an increase in the use of DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products will also inevitably increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis in consumers allergic to formaldehyde."
The safety of formaldehyde is a topic of ongoing concern, given the prevalence of formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers in industrial uses. Formaldehyde is considered "an important metabolic product in plants and animals (including humans), where it occurs in low but measurable concentrations." However, long-term exposure to formaldehyde (particularly routine inhalation of its fumes) is thought to cause irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, headaches, shortness of breath, and aggravation of asthma symptoms. It was declared a "toxic product" by the 1999 Canadian Environmental Protection Act, and the US National Toxicology Program officially classed formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen in June 2011.
In the EU, the maximum allowed concentration of formaldehyde in finished products is 0.2%, and any product that exceeds 0.05% has to include a warning that the product contains formaldehyde. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialized%20view | In computing, a materialized view is a database object that contains the results of a query. For example, it may be a local copy of data located remotely, or may be a subset of the rows and/or columns of a table or join result, or may be a summary using an aggregate function.
The process of setting up a materialized view is sometimes called materialization. This is a form of caching the results of a query, similar to memoization of the value of a function in functional languages, and it is sometimes described as a form of precomputation. As with other forms of precomputation, database users typically use materialized views for performance reasons, i.e. as a form of optimization.
Materialized views that store data based on remote tables were also known as snapshots (deprecated Oracle terminology).
In any database management system following the relational model, a view is a virtual table representing the result of a database query. Whenever a query or an update addresses an ordinary view's virtual table, the DBMS converts these into queries or updates against the underlying base tables. A materialized view takes a different approach: the query result is cached as a concrete ("materialized") table (rather than a view as such) that may be updated from the original base tables from time to time. This enables much more efficient access, at the cost of extra storage and of some data being potentially out-of-date. Materialized views find use especially in data warehousing scenarios, where frequent queries of the actual base tables can be expensive.
In a materialized view, indexes can be built on any column. In contrast, in a normal view, it's typically only possible to exploit indexes on columns that come directly from (or have a mapping to) indexed columns in the base tables; often this functionality is not offered at all.
Implementations
Oracle
Materialized views were implemented first by the Oracle Database: the Query rewrite feature was added from version 8i.
Ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiway%20switching | In building wiring, multiway switching is the interconnection of two or more electrical switches to control an electrical load from more than one location. A common application is in lighting, where it allows the control of lamps from multiple locations, for example in a hallway, stairwell, or large room.
In contrast to a simple light switch, which is a single pole, single throw (SPST) switch, multiway switching uses switches with one or more additional contacts and two or more wires are run between the switches. When the load is controlled from only two points, single pole, double throw (SPDT) switches are used. Double pole, double throw (DPDT) switches allow control from three or more locations.
In alternative designs, low-voltage relay or electronic controls can be used to switch electrical loads, sometimes without the extra power wires.
Three-way and four-way switches
The controlled load is often a lamp, but multiway switching is used to control other electrical loads, such as an electrical outlet, fans, pumps, heaters or other appliances. The electrical load may be permanently hard-wired, or plugged into a switched receptacle.
Three-way and four-way switches make it possible to control a light from multiple locations, such as the top and bottom of a stairway, either end of a long hallway, or multiple doorways into a large room. These switches appear externally similar to single pole, single throw (SPST) switches, but have extra connections which allow a circuit to be controlled from multiple locations. Toggling the switch disconnects one "traveler" terminal and connects the other.
Electrically, a typical "3-way" switch is a single pole, double throw (SPDT) switch. By correctly connecting two of these switches together, toggling either switch changes the state of the load from off to on, or vice versa. The switches may be arranged so that they are in the same orientation for off, and contrasting orientations for on.
A "4-way" (intermediate) switch is a pu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana%20Roudenko | Svetlana A. Roudenko is a Russian-American mathematician known for her work in functional analysis and partial differential equations, and in particular in scattering theory and nonlinear Schrödinger equations. She is also known for her mentorship of women in mathematics, and is a Diversity Mentor Professor and professor of mathematics and statistics at Florida International University.
Education
Roudenko earned a master's degree in mathematics in 1996 from the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering in Russia. She completed her Ph.D. in 2002 at Michigan State University. Her dissertation, The Theory of Function Spaces with Matrix Weights, was supervised by Michael Frazier.
Career
After working as an assistant research professor at Duke University, and as a visiting scholar at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Institut Henri Poincaré, and Cergy-Pontoise University, she became an assistant professor at Arizona State University in 2004.
She moved to George Washington University in 2010, and to Florida International University as one of two new Diversity Mentor Professors in 2018.
Research and mentorship
As a graduate student at Michigan State University, Roudenko worked in the Emerging Scholars Program there, which worked with freshman calculus students to encourage students in underrepresented groups to go on to advanced study in mathematics.
At George Washington University, Roudenko won a National Science Foundation CAREER Award aimed both at her work on differential equations and their applications in understanding ocean waves, air turbulence, laser focusing, and medical imaging, and also at setting up a math circles for middle school students and summer programs for high school students, with the goal of bringing in more women to mathematics. She also visited the University of California, Berkeley in 2016 and, while there, taught in math circles for elementary-school children. Under her leadership of the George Washington g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMule | aMule is a free peer-to-peer file sharing utility that works with the eDonkey network and the Kad network, offering similar features to eMule and adding others such as GeoIP (country flags). On August 18, 2003 it was forked from the xMule source code, which itself is a fork of the lMule project, which was the first attempt to bring the eMule client to Linux. These projects were discontinued and aMule is the resulting project, though aMule has less and less resemblance to the client that sired it.
aMule shares code with the eMule project. The credit and partials downloads of eMule can be used by aMule and vice versa, making program substitution simple.
aMule aims to be portable over multiple platforms and is doing this with the help of the wxWidgets library. Currently supported systems include Linux, macOS, various BSD-derived systems, Windows, Irix and Solaris. Beside the stable releases the project also offers SVN versions as an unstable release.
TCP and UDP ports
According to the aMule official FAQ, these are the default ports. Server ports 4661 TCP and 4665 UDP are only used by the EDonkey network. Therefore, the Kad Network will only use 4662 TCP and 4672 UDP. The traffic direction is from client perspective:
4661 TCP (outgoing): Port on which an eDonkey server listens for connection (port number may vary depending on eDonkey server used).
4662 TCP (outgoing and incoming): Client to client transfers.
4665 UDP (outgoing and incoming): Used for global eDonkey server searches and global source queries. This is always Client TCP port + 3.
4672 UDP (outgoing and incoming): Extended aMule protocol, Queue Rating, File Reask Ping
4711 TCP: WebServer listening port. Used if aMule is accessed through the web.
4712 TCP: internal Connection port. Used to communicate aMule with other applications such as aMule WebServer or aMuleCMD.
Most of these ports are customizable.
Monolithic and modular build
aMule can be compiled using -disable-monolithic parameter: this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20Association%20on%20Remote%20Sensing | Asian Association on Remote Sensing or AARS is a non-governmental organization established in 1981 to promote remote sensing in the Asia-Pacific region; it currently has members from 29 countries.
Members
Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Surveying & Spatial Sciences Institute
Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency
Japan Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
SPARRSO
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth
Korean Society of Remote Sensing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20surface | An antimicrobial surface is coated by an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the ability of microorganisms to grow on the surface of a material. Such surfaces are becoming more widely investigated for possible use in various settings including clinics, industry, and even the home. The most common and most important use of antimicrobial coatings has been in the healthcare setting for sterilization of medical devices to prevent hospital associated infections, which have accounted for almost 100,000 deaths in the United States. In addition to medical devices, linens and clothing can provide a suitable environment for many bacteria, fungi, and viruses to grow when in contact with the human body which allows for the transmission of infectious disease.
Antimicrobial surfaces are functionalized in a variety of different processes. A coating may be applied to a surface that has a chemical compound which is toxic to microorganisms. In alternative, it is possible to functionalize a surface by adsorbing a polymer or polypeptide and/or by changing its micro and nanostructure.
An innovation in antimicrobial surfaces is the discovery that copper and its alloys (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are natural antimicrobial materials that have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. An abundance of peer-reviewed antimicrobial efficacy studies have been published regarding copper’s efficacy to destroy E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi.
Apart from the health industry, antimicrobial surfaces have been utilized for their ability to keep surfaces cleaned. Either the physical nature of the surface, or the chemical make up can be manipulated to create an environment which cannot be inhabited by microorganisms for a variety of different reasons. Photocatalytic materials have been used for their ability to kill many microorga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionShot | ActionShot is a method of capturing an object in action and displaying it in a single image with multiple sequential appearances of the object.
Additional names: action synopsis, motion synopsis, panoramic video synopsis, dynamic still, synopsis mosaic, stromotion.
Background
There are many methods for capturing panoramic images, some being fully manual or semi-automatic, and others completely automatic. However, the majority of these methods are for creating panoramic photos of a static landscape. In contrast, the capture of a dynamic scene — i.e. recording the motion of a moving object — is typically done by video recording.
ActionShot is a method that combines elements of both panoramic and video photography to create panoramic photos of dynamic scenes that take place over a wide-angle area. This involves capturing a moving object (e.g. a person running, riding a bicycle or skiing) and depicting multiple instances of this object over a single panoramic background.
Methods
Hardware
Stroboscopes have been used to create static images of an action. The moving object is illuminated by the periodic light flashes generated by the stroboscope and is shot by a stills camera using a long exposure. This results in a photograph that displays multiple images of the object along its path.
ActionShot photography is now available as part of camera application on Samsung Android Galaxy Premium Devices (Samsung Galaxy S and Samsung Galaxy S2) or by downloading the Nokia Smartcam app on the Microsoft Lumia Phones
Manual image editing
To create a dynamic panoramic image manually, a photographer needs to take several shots or still frames from a high-resolution video of a moving object and then combine them together using manual image registration, followed by manual image stitching. Image editing programs can assist in this process.
Automatic image processing
Early digital image processing methods created a "synopsis mosaic" by building a panoramic image a video se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20mating%20pheromone%20receptors | Fungal pheromone mating factor receptors form a distinct family of G-protein-coupled receptors.
Function
Mating factor receptors STE2 and STE3 are integral membrane proteins that may be involved in the response to mating factors on the cell membrane. The amino acid sequences of both receptors contain high proportions of hydrophobic residues grouped into 7 domains, in a manner reminiscent of the rhodopsins and other receptors believed to interact with G-proteins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular%20chirality | In chemistry, the term supramolecular chirality is used to describe supramolecular assemblies that are non-superposable on their mirror images.
Chirality in supramolecular chemistry implies the non-symmetric arrangement of molecular components in a non-covalent assembly. Chirality may arise in a supramolecular system if one of its component is chiral or if achiral components arrange in a non symmetrical way to produce a supermolecule that is chiral. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20models%20for%20open-source%20software | Companies whose business centers on the development of open-source software employ a variety of business models to solve the challenge of how to make money providing software that is by definition licensed free of charge. Each of these business strategies rests on the premise that users of open-source technologies are willing to purchase additional software features under proprietary licenses, or purchase other services or elements of value that complement the open-source software that is core to the business. This additional value can be, but not limited to, enterprise-grade features and up-time guarantees (often via a service-level agreement) to satisfy business or compliance requirements, performance and efficiency gains by features not yet available in the open source version, legal protection (e.g., indemnification from copyright or patent infringement), or professional support/training/consulting that are typical of proprietary software applications.
Historically, these business models started in the late 1990s and early 2000s as "dual-licensing" models, for example MySQL, and have matured over time to include many variations, as described in the sections below. Pure dual licensing models are not uncommon, as a more nuanced business approach to open source software businesses has developed. Many of these variations are referred to an "open core" model, where the companies develop both open source software elements and other elements of value for a combined product.
A variety of open-source compatible business approaches have gained prominence in recent years, as illustrated and tracked by the Commercial Open Source Software Index (COSSI), a list of commercial open source companies that have reached at least US$100 million in revenue. Notable examples include open core (sometimes referred to as dual licensing or multi-licensing), software as a service (not charging for the software but for the tooling and platform to consume the software as a service often |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellect | In the study of the human mind, intellect is the ability of the human mind to reach correct conclusions about what is true and what is false in reality; and how to solve problems. Translated from the Ancient Greek philosophical concept nous, intellect derived from the Latin ("to understand"), from which the term intelligence in the French and English languages is also derived. The discussion of intellect can be divided into two areas that concern the relation between intelligence and intellect.
In classical philosophy and in medieval philosophy the intellect (nous) is the subject of the question: How do people know things? In Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the intellect was the conceptual means of reconciling religious monotheism with philosophical or scientific study of Nature. This reconciliation made the intellect the conduit between the individual human soul, and the divine intellect of the cosmos. Aristotle first developed this with his distinction between the passive intellect and active intellect.
In psychology and in neuroscience, the controversial Theory of Multiple Intelligences applies the terms intelligence (emotion) and intellect (mind) to describe how people understand the world and reality.
Intellect and intelligence
As a branch of intelligence, intellect concerns the logical and the rational functions of the human mind, and usually is limited to facts and knowledge. Additional to the functions of linear logic and the patterns of formal logic the intellect also processes the non-linear functions of fuzzy logic and dialectical logic.
Intellect and intelligence are contrasted by etymology; derived from the Latin present active participle , the term intelligence denotes "to gather in between", whereas the term intellect, derived from the past participle of , denotes "what has been gathered". Therefore, intelligence relates to the creation of new categories of understanding, based upon similarities and differences, while intellect relates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20engine | A model engine is a small internal combustion engine typically used to power a radio-controlled aircraft, radio-controlled car, radio-controlled boat, free flight, control line aircraft, or ground-running tether car model.
Because of the square–cube law, the behaviour of many engines does not always scale up or down at the same rate as the machine's size; usually at best causing a dramatic loss of power or efficiency, and at worst causing them not to work at all. Methanol and nitromethane are common fuels.
Overview
The fully functional, albeit small, engines vary from the most common single-cylinder two-stroke to the exotic single and multiple-cylinder four-stroke, the latter taking shape in boxer, v-twin, inline and radial form, a few Wankel engine designs are also used. Most model engines run on a blend of methanol, nitromethane, and lubricant (either castor or synthetic oil).
Two-stroke model engines, most often designed since 1970 with Schnuerle porting for best performance, range in typical size from .12 cubic inches (2 cubic centimeters) to 1.2 ci (19.6 cc) and generate between .5 horsepower (370 watts) to 5 hp (3.7 kW), can get as small as .010 ci (.16 cc) and as large as 3-4 ci (49–66 cc). Four-stroke model engines have been made in sizes as small as 0.20 in3 (3.3 cc) for the smallest single-cylinder models, all the way up to 3.05 in3 (50 cc) for the largest size for single-cylinder units, with twin- and multi-cylinder engines on the market being as small as 10 cc for opposed-cylinder twins, while going somewhat larger in size than 50 cc, and even upwards to well above 200 cc for some model boxer opposed-piston, inline and radial engines. While the methanol and nitromethane blended "glow fuel" engines are the most common, many larger (especially above 15 cc/0.90 ci displacement) model engines, both two-stroke and a growing number of four-stroke examples are spark ignition, and are primarily fueled with gasoline — with some examples of both two and four- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20beta-glucosyltransferase | In enzymology, a DNA beta-glucosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which a beta-D-glucosyl residue is transferred from UDP-glucose to an hydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA. It is analogous to the enzyme DNA alpha-glucosyltransferase.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:DNA beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include T4-HMC-beta-glucosyl transferase, T4-beta-glucosyl transferase, T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase, UDP glucose-DNA beta-glucosyltransferase, and uridine diphosphoglucose-deoxyribonucleate beta-glucosyltransferase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 20 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
Bacteriophage T4 beta-glucosyltransferase
In molecular biology, Bacteriophage T4 beta-glucosyltransferase refers to a protein domain found in a virus of Escherichia coli named bacteriophage T4. Members of this family are enzymes encoded by bacteriophage T4, which modify DNA by transferring glucose from uridine diphosphoglucose to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine bases of phage T4 DNA.
Function
Beta-glucosyltransferase is an enzyme, or more specifically an inverting glycosyltransferase (GT). In other words, it transfers glucose from uridine diphospho-glucose (UDPglucose) to an acceptor, modified DNA through beta-Glycosidic bond. The role of the enzyme is to protect the infecting viral DNA from the bacteria's restriction enzymes. Glucosylation prevents the virus DNA from being cut up. Furthermore, glucosylation may aid gene expression of the bacteriophage by influencing transcription.
Structure
This structure has both alpha helices and beta strands. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batcher%20odd%E2%80%93even%20mergesort | Batcher's odd–even mergesort
is a generic construction devised by Ken Batcher for sorting networks of size O(n (log n)2) and depth O((log n)2), where n is the number of items to be sorted. Although it is not asymptotically optimal, Knuth concluded in 1998, with respect to the AKS network that "Batcher's method is much better, unless n exceeds the total memory capacity of all computers on earth!"
It is popularized by the second GPU Gems book, as an easy way of doing reasonably efficient sorts on graphics-processing hardware.
Pseudocode
Various recursive and iterative schemes are possible to calculate the indices of the elements to be compared and sorted. This is one iterative technique to generate the indices for sorting n elements:
# note: the input sequence is indexed from 0 to (n-1)
for p = 1, 2, 4, 8, ... # as long as p < n
for k = p, p/2, p/4, p/8, ... # as long as k >= 1
for j = mod(k,p) to (n-1-k) with a step size of 2k
for i = 0 to min(k-1, n-j-k-1) with a step size of 1
if floor((i+j) / (p*2)) == floor((i+j+k) / (p*2))
compare and sort elements (i+j) and (i+j+k)
Non-recursive calculation of the partner node index is also possible.
See also
Bitonic sorter
Pairwise sorting network |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20plantar%20nerve | The medial plantar nerve (internal plantar nerve) is the larger of the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve (medial and lateral plantar nerve), which accompanies the medial plantar artery.
From its origin under the laciniate ligament it passes under cover of the abductor hallucis muscle, and, appearing between this muscle and the flexor digitorum brevis, gives off a proper digital plantar nerve and finally divides opposite the bases of the metatarsal bones into three common digital plantar nerves.
Branches
The branches of the medial plantar nerve are: (1) cutaneous, (2) muscular, (3) articular, (4) a proper digital nerve to the medial side of the great toe, and (5) three common digital nerves.
Cutaneous branches
The cutaneous branches pierce the plantar aponeurosis between the abductor hallucis and the flexor digitorum brevis and are distributed to the skin of the sole of the foot.
Muscular branches
The muscular branches supply muscles on the medial side of the sole, including the abductor hallucis, the flexor digitorum brevis, the flexor hallucis brevis, and the first lumbrical; those for the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis arise from the trunk of the nerve near its origin and enter the deep surfaces of the muscles; the branch of the flexor hallucis brevis springs from the proper digital nerve to the medial side of the great toe, and that for the first lumbrical is from the first common digital nerve.
Articular branches
The articular branches supply the articulations of the tarsus and metatarsus.
Proper digital nerve of the great toe
The proper digital nerve of the great toe (nn. digitales plantares proprii; plantar digital branches) supplies the flexor hallucis brevis and the skin on the medial side of the great toe.
Three common digital nerves
The three common digital nerves (nn. digitales plantares communes) pass between the divisions of the plantar aponeurosis, and each splits into two proper digital nerves—those of the first common d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasin | Invasins are a class of proteins associated with the penetration of pathogens into host cells. Invasins play a role in promoting entry during the initial stage of infection.
In 2007, Als3 was identified as a fungal invasion allowing Candida albicans to infect host cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater%20vision | Underwater vision is the ability to see objects underwater, and this is significantly affected by several factors. Underwater, objects are less visible because of lower levels of natural illumination caused by rapid attenuation of light with distance passed through the water. They are also blurred by scattering of light between the object and the viewer, also resulting in lower contrast. These effects vary with wavelength of the light, and color and turbidity of the water. The vertebrate eye is usually either optimised for underwater vision or air vision, as is the case in the human eye. The visual acuity of the air-optimised eye is severely adversely affected by the difference in refractive index between air and water when immersed in direct contact. Provision of an airspace between the cornea and the water can compensate, but has the side effect of scale and distance distortion. The diver learns to compensate for these distortions. Artificial illumination is effective to improve illumination at short range.
Stereoscopic acuity, the ability to judge relative distances of different objects, is considerably reduced underwater, and this is affected by the field of vision. A narrow field of vision caused by a small viewport in a helmet results in greatly reduced stereoacuity, and associated loss of hand-eye coordination. At very short range in clear water distance is underestimated, in accordance with magnification due to refraction through the flat lens of the mask, but at greater distances - greater than arm's reach, the distance tends to be overestimated to a degree influenced by turbidity. Both relative and absolute depth perception are reduced underwater. Loss of contrast results in overestimation, and magnification effects account for underestimation at short range. Divers can to a large extent adapt to these effects over time and with practice.
Light rays bend when they travel from one medium to another; the amount of bending is determined by the refractive in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriOviz%20for%20Games | TriOviz for Games Technology is a software development kit that works with Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, and PC.
TriOviz for Games Technology allows a video game to display on a 3D TV (via HDMI 1.3 or HDMI 1.4 connection) as well as on a traditional 2D HDTV set (LCD and plasma) with the TriOviz Inficolor 3D technology. It uses glasses with complex color filters and dedicated image processing that allow natural color perception with a pleasant 3D experience. When observed without glasses, some slight doubling can be noticed in the background of the action which allows the film or game to be watched in 2D without the glasses. This is not possible with traditional brute force anaglyphic systems.
TriOviz for Games Technology was showcased in June 2010 at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 by Mark Rein (vice president of Epic Games) as a 3D tech demo running on an Xbox 360 with Gears of War 2. In October 2010, this technology was integrated in Unreal Engine 3, the computer game engine developed by Epic Games, allowing numerous past and upcoming games developed on Xbox 360 and PS3 to be updated with 3D.
TriOviz for Games Technology is used by video games like Batman Arkham Asylum: Game of the Year Edition (March 2010), "Enslaved: Odyssey to the West + DLC Pigsy's Perfect 10" (Nov. 2010), "Thor: God of Thunder" (May 2011), "Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters" (June 2011), "Captain America: Super Soldier" (July 2011), "Gears of War 3" (September 2011), "Batman: Arkham City" (October 2011), "Assassin's Creed: Revelations" (November 2011), "Assassin's Creed III" (October 2012). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidirectional%20network | A unidirectional network (also referred to as a unidirectional gateway or data diode) is a network appliance or device that allows data to travel in only one direction. Data diodes can be found most commonly in high security environments, such as defense, where they serve as connections between two or more networks of differing security classifications. Given the rise of industrial IoT and digitization, this technology can now be found at the industrial control level for such facilities as nuclear power plants, power generation and safety critical systems like railway networks.
After years of development, data diodes have evolved from being only a network appliance or device allowing raw data to travel only in one direction, used in guaranteeing information security or protection of critical digital systems, such as industrial control systems, from inbound cyber attacks, to combinations of hardware and software running in proxy computers in the source and destination networks. The hardware enforces physical unidirectionality, and the software replicates databases and emulates protocol servers to handle bi-directional communication. Data Diodes are now capable of transferring multiple protocols and data types simultaneously. It contains a broader range of cybersecurity features like secure boot, certificate management, data integrity, forward error correction (FEC), secure communication via TLS, among others. A unique characteristic is that data is transferred deterministically (to predetermined locations) with a protocol "break" that allows the data to be transferred through the data diode.
Data diodes are commonly found in high security military and government environments, and are now becoming widely spread in sectors like oil & gas, water/wastewater, airplanes (between flight control units and in-flight entertainment systems), manufacturing and cloud connectivity for industrial IoT. New regulations have increased demand and with increased capacity, major techno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielie%20meal | Mielie meal, also known as mealie meal or maize meal, is a relatively coarse flour (much coarser than cornflour or cornstarch) made from maize or mealies in Southern Africa, from the Portuguese milho. It is also known by various other indigenous language names depending on the locality or country. It was originally brought to Africa from the Americas by the Portuguese.
It is a food that was originally eaten by the Voortrekkers during The Great Trek, but has become the staple diet of most Southern African countries. Because of its ability to be stored without refrigeration, it is cheap and abundant in all shops and markets. It is a staple food in South Africa, Mozambique, Lesotho, Eswatini, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana and many other parts of Southern Africa, traditionally made into uphuthu, Unga (Nshima), sour-milk porridge, pap, Munkoyo, and also umqombothi and Chibwantu (types of beer).
Pap and phutu
The raw ingredient of mielie meal is added to boiling water, the ratio of which produces either porridge or the firmer pap/nshima/sadza. When making porridge, milk is sometimes used to produce a creamier dish. The porridge usually has a thick texture and is commonly eaten for breakfast in southern Africa. The firmer pap is eaten with meat and gravy dishes as well as vegetable relishes. It is similar to Italian polenta except that, like grits in the Southern United States, it is usually made of a white rather than a yellow maize variety.
Nutrition
Mealie meal contains carbohydrates, protein, fat and fiber.
See also
Cornmeal
Grits
Sadza
Samp
List of maize dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo%20Finkelstein | Salo Finkelstein (born 1896 or 1897, date of death unknown) was a mental calculator. He was born in Łódź (then within the Russian Empire, now in Poland) to a Jewish family.
While at school he was above average in mathematics, and discovered his calculating abilities as well as his faculty in memorizing numbers. At the age of 23, he began demonstrating this in public but lost interest for some time. He found employment with the Polish government in the State Statistical office.
In 1928 he performed before Professor Hans Henning in the Free City of Danzig. Henning previously tested other calculators, Dr. Ferrol and Gottfried Ruckle, and found Finkelstein to be superior. In 1931 Finkelstein went on an international tour demonstrating his abilities and submitting himself for tests.
In 1932 he arrived in the United States and tried without success to find employment in a bank as a checker of calculations. In 1937 an article was published that described and analyzed his abilities, with the general conclusion that although he could perform calculations much more rapidly than most people, his thinking processes seem to obey the same laws and are not indicative of any unnatural powers. In particular, during multiplication, the time for performing operations was proportional not to the numbers of digits in multiplied numbers, but to the number of separate "acts of attention" necessary to perform multiplication by ordinary rules. Also, the correctness of the results was not always 100 percent, decreased rapidly with the growth of the number of "acts of attention", and apparently depended on concentration.
After failing to secure himself a job that matched his abilities and unwilling to become a stage calculator, he attempted a career playing chess between 1941 and 1949. After that his further fate is unknown.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite | Mesquite is a common name for several plants in the genus Prosopis, which contains over 40 species of small leguminous trees. They are native to dry areas in the Americas.
They have extremely long roots to seek water from very far under ground. As a legume, mesquites are one of the few sources of fixed nitrogen in the desert habitat. The trees bloom from spring to summer. They often produce fruits known as "pods". Prosopis spp. are able to grow up to tall, depending on site and climate. They are deciduous and depending on location and rainfall have either deep or shallow roots. Prosopis is considered long-lived because of the low mortality rate after the dicotyledonous stage and juveniles are also able to survive in conditions with low light and drought. The Cahuilla indigenous people of western North America were known to eat the seeds of mesquite.
History
Prosopis spp. have been in North America since the Pliocene era and their wood has been dated to 3300 yr BP. They are thought to have evolved with megafauna in the New World. The loss of North American megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene era gave way to one theory of how the Prosopis spp. were able to survive. One theory is that the loss of the megafauna allowed Prosopis spp. to use their fruit pods to attract other organisms to spread their seeds; then, with the introduction of livestock, they were able to spread into grasslands. Another is that Prosopis spp. had always been present in grasslands, but recurring fires had delayed plant and seed development before the emergence of livestock and grazing.
Etymology
The English word mesquite is borrowed from the Spanish word mezquite, which in turn was borrowed from the Nāhuatl term mizquitl.
Habitat
Mesquites grow as a small shrub in shallow soil or as tall as in deep soil with adequate moisture, and forms a rounded canopy nearly as wide. They may have one or multiple trunks with a multitude of branches. They have bipinnate leaflets of a light green to b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus | Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin and sold under the brand name Rapamune among others, is a macrolide compound that is used to coat coronary stents, prevent organ transplant rejection, treat a rare lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and treat perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa). It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It is a mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitor that inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing their sensitivity to interleukin-2 (IL-2).
It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus and was isolated for the first time in 1972, from samples of Streptomyces hygroscopicus found on Easter Island. The compound was originally named rapamycin after the native name of the island, Rapa Nui. Sirolimus was initially developed as an antifungal agent. However, this use was abandoned when it was discovered to have potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties due to its ability to inhibit mTOR. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 1999. Hyftor was approved for treatment of facial angiofibroma in the European Union in May 2023.
Medical uses
Sirolimus is indicated for the prevention of organ transplant rejection and for the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).
Sirolimus (Fyarro), as protein-bound particles, is indicated for the treatment of adults with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa).
In the EU, sirolimus, as Rapamune, is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adults at low to moderate immunological risk receiving a renal transplant and, as Hyftor, is indicated for the treatment of facial angiofibroma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.
Prevention of transplant rejection
The chief advantage sirolimus has over calcineurin inhibitors is its low toxicity toward kidneys. Transpl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20Physics%20Olympiad | The Korea Physics Olympiad (KPhO) is a physics competition held by the Korean Physical Society for middle and high school students.
History
In 2010, KPhO changed to the form of General Physics Communication Education I and II, selecting the candidates for winter school by disguising it as providing AP courses. As of 2018, there exists a general physical course that includes calculus and one that does not. The first one is usually for science students; 55 are selected for winter school. The second is for students not in a science high school; 25 students are selected for this program.
Business Background
In order to perform well in the International Physics Olympiad, the Korean Physical Society holds the Korean Physical Olympiad, and through the operation of the winter school, KPS discovers gifted students and educates them to contribute to the development of mathematics, science, and engineering in South Korea. Also, the Physics Olympiad Committee was established under the Korean Physical Society to select Korean students to be dispatched to the International Physics Olympiad competition every year, to supervise their education, and to participate in the international competition. The Physics Olympiad is supported by the Korea Science and Technology Foundation.
Process
General Physics Communication Training Apply & Selection > General Physics 1 Communication Training > General Physics 2 Communication Training > Winter School Apply & Selection > Winter School > National Representatives Selection >National Representatives Training > International Physics Olympiad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional%20regulation | In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes, as studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Bacteria and eukaryotes have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
In bacteria
Much of the early understanding of transcription came from bacteria, although the extent and complexity of transcriptional regulation is greater in eukaryotes. Bacterial transcription is governed by three main sequence elements:
Promoters are elements of DNA that may bind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Mathieu | Claire Mathieu (formerly Kenyon, born 1965) is a French computer scientist and mathematician, known for her research on approximation algorithms, online algorithms, and auction theory. She works as a director of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
Mathieu earned her Ph.D. in 1988 from the University of Paris-Sud, under the supervision of Claude Puech. She worked at CNRS and ENS Lyon from 1991 to 1997, at Paris-Sud from 1997 to 2002, at the École Polytechnique from 2002 to 2004, and at Brown University from 2004 to 2011 before returning to CNRS in 2012.
She was an invited speaker at the 2014 International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming and at the 2015 Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. She won the CNRS Silver Medal in 2019. In 2020, she became a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gould | John Gould (; 14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist. He published a number of monographs on birds, illustrated by plates produced by his wife, Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists, including Edward Lear, Henry Constantine Richter, Joseph Wolf and William Matthew Hart. He has been considered the father of bird study in Australia and the Gould League in Australia is named after him. His identification of the birds now nicknamed "Darwin's finches" played a role in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Gould's work is referenced in Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species.
Early life
Gould was born in Lyme Regis, the first son of a gardener. Both father and son probably had little education. After working on Dowager Lady Poulett's glass house, his father obtained a position on an estate near Guildford, Surrey, and then in 1818, Gould Snr became foreman in the Royal Gardens of Windsor. Gould then became an apprentice for 6 years under the care of J. T. Aiton, of the Royal Gardens of Windsor from 14 to 20 years old. The young Gould started training as a gardener, being employed under his father at Windsor from 1818 to 1824, and he was subsequently a gardener at Ripley Castle in Yorkshire. He became an expert in the art of taxidermy. In 1824 he set himself up in business in London as a taxidermist, and his skill helped him to become the first curator and preserver at the museum of the Zoological Society of London in 1827.
Research and works published
Gould's position brought him into contact with the country's leading naturalists. This meant that he was often the first to see new collections of birds given to the Zoological Society of London. In 1830 a collection of birds arrived from the Himalayas, many not previously described. Gould published these birds in A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains (1830–1832). The text was by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and the illustrations were drawn and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajvar | Ajvar ( ; Cyrillic script: Ajвар, Aйвар) is a condiment made principally from sweet bell peppers and eggplants. The relish became a popular side dish throughout Yugoslavia after World War II and is popular in Southeast Europe.
Homemade ajvar is made of roasted peppers. Depending on the capsaicin content in bell peppers and the amount of added chili peppers, it can be sweet (traditional), piquant (the most common), or very hot. Ajvar can be consumed as a bread spread or as a side dish. Ajvar has a few variations. One variation contains tomato and eggplant. Another is made with green bell peppers and oregano.
"Homemade Leskovac Ajvar" and "Macedonian Ajvar" are registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization in order to protect their brand names.
Etymology and origin
The name ajvar comes from the Turkish word havyar, which means "salted roe, caviar" and shares an etymology with "caviar", coming from the Persian word "xaviyar". Before the 20th century, significant local production of caviar occurred on the Danube, with sturgeon swimming from the Black Sea up to Belgrade. Domestic ajvar, meaning "caviar,” used to be a very popular dish in Belgrade homes and restaurants, but the domestic production of caviar became unsteady in the 1890s because of labor disputes. Eventually a special pepper salad was offered as a substitute in Belgrade restaurants under the name "red ajvar" (crveni ajvar) or "Serbian ajvar" (srpski ajvar).
Preparation
Homemade ajvar is made of roasted, minced, and then cooked peppers, while some industrial producers use fresh minced peppers, cooked with sunflower oil afterwards, which leads to a lower quality. Ajvar preparation is somewhat difficult, because it requires considerable manual labour, particularly for peeling the roasted peppers. Traditionally, people prepare it in mid-autumn, when bell peppers are most abundant, and preserve it in glass jars for consumption throughout the year. Anecdotally, most households' stocks do not l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipXecs | SipXecs is a free software enterprise communications system. It was initially developed by Pingtel Corporation in 2003 as a voice over IP telephony server located in Boston, MA. The server was later extended with additional collaboration capabilities as part of the SIPfoundry project. Since its extension, sipXecs now acts as a software implementation of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), making it a full IP-based communications system.
SipXecs competitors include other open-source telephony and SoftSwitch solutions such as Asterisk, FreeSWITCH, and the SIP Express Router.
History
Development of sipXecs began in 2003 by Pingtel Corporation. In 2004, Pingtel adopted an open-source business model and contributed the codebase to the not-for-profit organization SIPfoundry. It has been an open source project since then.
Pingtel's assets were acquired by Bluesocket in July 2007. In August 2008 the Pingtel assets were acquired from Bluesocket by Nortel. Subsequent to the acquisition by Nortel, Nortel released the SCS500 product based on sipXecs. SCS500 was positioned as an open and software-only telephony server for the SMB market up to 500 users and received some recognition. It was later renamed SCS and positioned as an enterprise communications system.
Subsequent to the Nortel bankruptcy and the acquisition of the Nortel assets by Avaya, sipXecs continued to be used as the basis for the Avaya Live cloud based communications service.
In April 2010 the founders of SIPfoundry founded , a commercial version of the software.
Information
SipXecs is designed as a software-only, distributed cloud application. It runs on the Linux operating system CentOS or RHEL on either virtualized or physical servers. A minimum configuration allows running all of the sipXecs components on a single server, including database, all available services, and the sipXecs management. Global clusters can be built using built-in auto-configuration capabilities from the centralized management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertensia%20ciliata | Mertensia ciliata is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names tall fringed bluebells, mountain bluebells, and streamside bluebells.
Distribution
It is native to the western United States, in California, Nevada, Utah, and Oregon. It often grows in moist habitat, such as subalpine meadows and creeksides. It often carpets large areas of meadow and hillside with blue-green foliage and sweet-scented bluebell blooms.
Description
Mertensia ciliata is a perennial herb producing a cluster of erect stems from a thick, branching caudex. The leafy stems reach well over a meter in maximum height. The veiny leaves are oval to lance-shaped and pointed.
The inflorescence is an open array of many clustered blue bell-shaped flowers each between 1 and 2 centimeters long. The hanging, fragrant flower is tubular, expanding into a wider, lobed mouth. As the individual flowers progress in age they change in color from blue to pink-red.
The flowers bear poricidal anthers and are fertilized via buzz-pollination by several Bombus species. Primary Nectar robbing by Bombus species, including Bombus occidentalis is common in some populations.
Uses
The flowers, young stems and leaves are edible raw; older leaves (when the plant tends to be hairy) should be cooked. The plant contains alkaloids so should not be eaten in high quantities. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20sphere%20packing | In mathematics, the theory of finite sphere packing concerns the question of how a finite number of equally-sized spheres can be most efficiently packed. The question of packing finitely many spheres has only been investigated in detail in recent decades, with much of the groundwork being laid by László Fejes Tóth.
The similar problem for infinitely many spheres has a longer history of investigation, from which the Kepler conjecture is most well-known. Atoms in crystal structures can be simplistically viewed as closely-packed spheres and treated as infinite sphere packings thanks to their large number.
Sphere packing problems are distinguished between packings in given containers and free packings. This article primarily discusses free packings.
Packing and convex hulls
In general, a packing refers to any arrangement of a set of spatially-connected, possibly differently-sized or differently-shaped objects in space such that none of them overlap. In the case of the finite sphere packing problem, these objects are restricted to equally-sized spheres. Such a packing of spheres determines a specific volume known as the convex hull of the packing, defined as the smallest convex set that includes all the spheres.
Packing shapes
There are many possible ways to arrange spheres, which can be classified into three basic groups: sausage, pizza, and cluster packing.
Sausage packing
An arrangement in which the midpoint of all the spheres lie on a single straight line is called a sausage packing, as the convex hull has a sausage-like shape. An approximate example in real life is the packing of tennis balls in a tube, though the ends must be rounded for the tube to coincide with the actual convex hull.
Pizza packing
If all the midpoints lie on a plane, the packing is a pizza packing. Approximate real-life examples of this kind of packing include billiard balls being packed in a triangle as they are set up. This holds for packings in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappella%20Sansevero | The Cappella Sansevero (also known as the Cappella Sansevero de' Sangri or Pietatella) is a chapel located on Via Francesco de Sanctis 19, just northwest of the church of San Domenico Maggiore, in the historic center of Naples, Italy. The chapel is more properly named the Chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà. It contains works of Rococo art by some of the leading Italian artists of the 18th century.
History
Its origin dates to 1590 when John Francesco di Sangro, Duke of Torremaggiore, after recovering from a serious illness, had a private chapel built in what were then the gardens of the nearby Sansevero family residence, the Palazzo Sansevero. The building was converted into a family burial chapel by Alessandro di Sangro in 1613 (as inscribed on the marble plinth over the entrance to the chapel). Definitive form was given to the chapel by Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero, who also included Masonic symbols in its reconstruction.
Until 1888 a passageway connected the Sansevero palace with the chapel.
The chapel received its alternative name of Pietatella from a painting of the Virgin Mary (La Pietà), spotted there by an unjustly arrested prisoner, as reported in the book Napoli Sacra by Cesare d'Engenio Caracciolo in 1623. When the chapel was constructed it was originally dedicated to Santa Maria della Pietà, after the painting.
Works of art
The chapel houses almost thirty works of art, among which are three particular sculptures of note. These marble statues are emblematic of the love of decoration in the Rococo period and their depiction of translucent veils and a fisherman's net represent remarkable artistic achievement. The Veiled Truth (Pudicizia, also called Modesty or Chastity) was completed by Antonio Corradini in 1752 as a tomb monument dedicated to Cecilia Gaetani dell'Aquila d'Aragona, mother of Raimondo. The 1753 Christ Veiled under a Shroud (also called Veiled Christ), by Giuseppe Sanmartino, shows the influence of the veiled Modesty. The Rel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%20C.%20Lin | Ming C. Lin is an American computer scientist and a former chair of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she also holds an endowed faculty position as the Elizabeth Stevinson Iribe Chair of Computer Science. Prior to moving to Maryland in 2018, Lin was the John R. & Louise S. Parker Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Research
Lin is known for her work on collision detection, and in particular for the Lin–Canny algorithm for maintaining the closest pair of features of two moving objects, for the idea (with Cohen, Manocha, and Ponamgi) of using axis-aligned bounding boxes to quickly eliminate from consideration pairs of objects that are far from colliding, and for additional speedups to collision detection using bounding box hierarchies. Her software libraries implementing these algorithms are widely used in commercial applications including computer aided design and computer games. More generally, her research interests are in physically based modeling, haptics, robotics, 3D computer graphics, computational geometry, and interactive computer simulation.
Biography
Lin did her graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley before joining the UNC faculty in 1997.
She is the Editor in Chief Emeritus of IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2011-2014). She is currently a member of the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors and a member of Computing Research Association-Women (CRA-W) Board of Directors.
Lin is married to her frequent collaborator and UMD faculty colleague, Dinesh Manocha.
Awards and honors
In 2003, UNC gave Lin their Hettleman Prize for Scholarly and Artistic Achievements, and in 2007, she was named as the Beverly W. Long Distinguished Professor. She has won many best-paper awards for her research, and was given the IEEE Visualization and Graphics Technical Committee 2010 Virtual Reality Technical Achieve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent%20%28software%29 | Serpent is a continuous-energy multi-purpose three-dimensional Monte Carlo particle transport code. It is under development at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland since 2004. Serpent was originally known as Probabilistic Scattering Game (PSG) from 2004 to the first pre-release of Serpent 1 in October 2008. The development of Serpent 2 was started in 2010. The current stable version Serpent 2.2.0 was released in May 2022.
Serpent was originally developed to be a simplified neutron transport code for reactor physics applications. Its main focus was on group constant generation with two-dimensional lattice calculations. Burnup calculation capability was included early on. Nowadays Serpent is used in a wide range of applications from the group constant generation to coupled multi-physics applications, fusion neutronics and radiation shielding. In addition to the original neutron transport capabilities, Serpent is able to perform photon transport. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting%20on%20Frameworks | Counting on Frameworks: Mathematics to Aid the Design of Rigid Structures is an undergraduate-level book on the mathematics of structural rigidity. It was written by Jack E. Graver and published in 2001 by the Mathematical Association of America as volume 25 of the Dolciani Mathematical Expositions book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion by undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
The problems considered by Counting on Frameworks primarily concern systems of rigid rods, connected to each other by flexible joints at their ends; the question is whether these connections fix such a framework into a single position, or whether it can flex continuously through multiple positions. Variations of this problem include the simplest way to add rods to a framework to make it rigid, or the resilience of a framework against the failure of one of its rods.
To study this question, Graver has organized Counting on Frameworks into four chapters. The first chapter studies square grids and methods of cross bracing the grid to make it rigid, as a way of introducing the notion of the degrees of freedom of a mechanical system. The second chapter provides an introduction to graph theory, the one-dimensional theory of rigidity through the analysis of the connected components of graphs, and a reformulation of the grid bracing problem in terms of connectivity of an associated bipartite graph. Chapter three concerns two-dimensional rigidity, the concepts of infinitesimal and generic rigidity, the combinatorial and algorithmic aspects of the subject, and the obstacles to extending this theory to three dimensions. A final chapter describes the history of rigidity theory, applications including mechanical linkages, geodesic domes, tensegrity, the rigidity of molecules in chemistry, and even art. It also discusses open problems for research in this area.
Audience and reception
Counting on Frameworks expects its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%20function | The Sherman function describes the dependence of electron-atom scattering events on the spin of the scattered electrons. It was first evaluated theoretically by the physicist Noah Sherman and it allows the measurement of polarization of an electron beam by Mott scattering experiments. A correct evaluation of the Sherman function associated to a particular experimental setup is of vital importance in experiments of spin polarized photoemission spectroscopy, which is an experimental technique which allows to obtain information about the magnetic behaviour of a sample.
Background
Polarization and spin-orbit coupling
When an electron beam is polarized, an unbalance between spin-up, , and spin-down electrons, , exists. The unbalance can be evaluated through the polarization defined as
.
It is known that, when an electron collides against a nucleus, the scattering event is governed by Coulomb interaction. This is the leading term in the Hamiltonian, but a correction due to spin-orbit coupling can be taken into account and the effect on the Hamiltonian can be evaluated with the perturbation theory. Spin orbit interaction can be evaluated, in the rest reference frame of the electron, as the result of the interaction of the spin magnetic moment of the electron
with the magnetic field that the electron sees, due to its orbital motion around the nucleus, whose expression in the non-relativistic limit is:
In these expressions is the spin angular-momentum, is the Bohr magneton, is the g-factor, is the reduced Planck constant, is the electron mass, is the elementary charge, is the speed of light, is the potential energy of the electron and is the angular momentum.
Due to spin orbit coupling, a new term will appear in the Hamiltonian, whose expression is
.
Due to this effect, electrons will be scattered with different probabilities at different angles. Since the spin-orbit coupling is enhanced when the involved nuclei possess a high atomic number Z, the targe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20description | Audio description, (AD) also referred to as a video description, described video, or more precisely visual description, is a form of narration used to provide information surrounding key visual elements in a media work (such as a film or television program, or theatrical performance) for the benefit of blind and visually impaired consumers. These narrations are typically placed during natural pauses in the audio, and sometimes overlap dialogue if deemed necessary. Occasionally when a film briefly has subtitled dialogue in a different language, such as Greedo's confrontation with Han Solo in the 1977 film Star Wars: A New Hope, the narrator will read out the dialogue in character.
In museums or visual art exhibitions, audio described tours (or universally designed tours that include description or the augmentation of existing recorded programs on audio- or videotape), are used to provide access to visitors who are blind or have low vision. Docents or tour guides can be trained to employ audio description in their presentations.
In film and television, description is typically delivered via a secondary audio track. In North America, Second audio program (SAP) is typically used to deliver audio description by television broadcasters. To promote accessibility, some countries (such as Canada and the United States) have implemented requirements for broadcasters to air specific quotas of programming containing audio description.
History
The transition to "talkies" in the late 1920s resulted in a push to make the cinema accessible to the visually impaired. The New York Times documented the "first talking picture ever shown especially for the blind"—a 1929 screening of Bulldog Drummond attended by members of the New York Association for the Blind and New York League for the Hard of Hearing, which offered a live description for the visually-impaired portion of the audience. In the 1940s and 1950s, Radio Nacional de España aired live audio simulcasts of films from cinemas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20airport%20weather%20station | Airport weather stations are automated sensor suites which are designed to serve aviation and meteorological operations, weather forecasting and climatology. Automated airport weather stations have become part of the backbone of weather observing in the United States and Canada and are becoming increasingly more prevalent worldwide due to their efficiency and cost-savings.
System types within the United States
In the United States, there are several varieties of automated weather stations that have somewhat subtle but important differences. These include the automated weather observing system (AWOS) and the automated surface observing system (ASOS).
Automated weather observing system (AWOS)
The automated weather observing system (AWOS) units are mostly operated, maintained and controlled by state or local governments and other non-federal entities and are certified under the FAA non-federal AWOS Program. The FAA completed an upgrade of the 230 FAA owned AWOS and former automated weather sensor systems (AWSS) systems to the AWOS-C configuration in 2017. The AWOS-C is the most up-to-date FAA owned AWOS facility and can generate METAR/SPECI formatted aviation weather reports. The AWOS-C is functionally equivalent to the ASOS. FAA owned AWOS-C units in Alaska are typically classified as AWOS-C IIIP units while all other AWOS-C units are typically classified as AWOS III P/T units.
AWOS systems disseminate weather data in a variety of ways:
A computer-generated voice message which is broadcast via radio frequency to pilots in the vicinity of an airport. The message is updated at least once per minute, and this is the only mandatory form of weather reporting for an AWOS.
Optionally, a computer-generated voice message, available over a telephone dial-up modem service. The message is updated at least once per minute.
Optionally (but frequently done), AWOS messages may be transmitted to the FAA for national dissemination via computer. These messages are currently in M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecodeME | DecodeME is an ongoing genome-wide association study searching for genetic risk factors for ME/CFS. With a planned recruitment of 25,000 patients, it is expected to be the largest such study to date. Recruitment opened in September 2022 and results are expected in 2024.
Background
ME/CFS is a chronic medical condition that often causes significant disability, and whose cause is unknown. Genetic studies of ME/CFS have been done before, but without significant findings. The authors of a 2022 study suggested that research with more participants is needed to discover statistically significant differences.
DecodeME aims to perform such a large study. It is being run as a partnership between Action for ME and the University of Edinburgh's MRC Human Genetics Unit, with Chris Ponting as chief investigator, and with £3.2 million in funding from the UK's Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research. The researchers have also worked with Forward ME and a group of patient advocates, the latter of which contributed to the design of the study.
The investigators hope the study's findings will inform further research into the pathology of ME/CFS and potential treatments. They also hope that discovering a genetic connection will help dispel some of the stigma around ME/CFS.
History
The study announced receipt of funding in June 2020, and recruitment was opened on 12 September 2022. In January 2023, the team wrote that over 17,000 patients had completed the survey, of which almost 9,000 were sent collection kits. On 2 May they announced that over 10,000 people had been asked to provide samples. In June 2023, DecodeME made changes to their data analysis methodology that allowed them to invite additional participants to give DNA. Recruitment is expected to close on 15 November.
Methodology
DecodeME is a genome-wide association study with a case-control design. Expected recruitment is at least 20,000 patients whose onset was not associated with COVID-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoclonal%20antibody | Oligoclonal antibodies are an emerging immunological treatment relying on the combinatory use of several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in one single drug. The composition can be made of mAb targeting different epitopes of a same protein (homo-combination) or mAb targeting different proteins (hetero-combination). It mimicks the natural polyclonal humoral immunological response to get better efficiency of the treatment. This strategy is most efficient in infections and in cancer treatment as it allow to overcome acquired resistance by pathogens and the plasticity of cancers.
History
Oligoclonal antibody treatment is a part of the serotherapy strategy (or antiserum).
19th century: Serotherapy was initiated thanks to Shibasaburo Kitasato and Emil von Behring in Germany, and Emile Roux in France. It is the administration of animal or human serum that was previously exposed to a pathogen and thus contains antibodies against it and will help the patient to fight infection.
1975 and 1986: First mAb was produced by hybridomas technique and then fully licensed. It was great progress since it allows targeting of specific epitope that can be shared among several diseases.
1982: Combination of two antibodies to enhance the immune response against viruses.
2000's: Several research teams came up with the idea of combining antibodies against different epitopes of the same receptor in cancer treatment. Particularly in anti-EGFR, anti-HER2 or anti-cMET combinations.
2010: Combination of two antibodies against immune control checkpoint to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocytes response and inhibit regulatory T lymphocytes suppressive effect on the immune response.
2012: First oligoclonal antibody combination was approved for use. It is composed of trastuzumab and pertuzumab both targeting HER-2 in breast cancer.
Numerous studies on animal models or in clinical trials are currently ongoing for treatment of infections and cancers.
Infectious diseases treatment
In infection oligoclo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLite-AMGA | The ARDA Metadata Grid Application (AMGA) is a general purpose metadata catalogue and part of the European Middleware Initiative middleware distribution. It was originally developed by the EGEE project as part of its gLite middleware, when it became clear that many Grid applications needed metadata information on files and to organize a work-flow. AMGA is now developed and supported by the European Middleware Initiative.
AMGA as a metadata service allows users to attach metadata information to files stored on the Grid, where metadata can be any relationally organized data typically stored in a relational database system (RDBMS). In addition, the metadata in AMGA can also be stored independently of any associated files, which allows AMGA to be used as a general access tool to relational databases on the Grid. AMGA features a simple to learn metadata access language, which has been very useful for the adoption of AMGA in smaller Grid applications, as it considerably lowers the technical hurdle to make use of relational data. Access via SQL92 is also supported.
One of the main features of AMGA, and one unique to it, is the possibility to replicate metadata between different AMGA instances allowing the federation of metadata (e.g. By the Health-e-child project), but also to increase the scalability and improve the access times on a globally deployed Grid (as done by the Wisdom project). Performance and efficiency of the access across WANs has been independently targeted by an access protocol optimised for the bulk transfer of metadata across WANs using data streaming.
Security on the Grid is a major concern, and AMGA features different authentication methods via (Grid-Proxy-) Certificates as well as very flexible accesses control mechanisms for individual data items based on ACLs. In particular these security features have made AMGA the de facto standard for metadata and relational database access on the Grid for biomedical applications. Prominent projects making us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARL6IP6 | ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 6 interacting protein 6 is a protein that in the humans is encoded by the ARL6IP6 gene. It spans from 152,717,893 to 152,761,253 on the plus strand.
Gene
General properties
ARL6IP6 Also known as Phosphonoformate Immuno-Associated Protein 1. It has 43,361 bases and 11 exons and is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 , at 2q23.3 in humans. In humans there are three
upstream genes (PRPF40A, FMNL2 and STAM2) and three downstream genes (GALNT13, KCNJ3, NR4A2) that define the identity of this genomic region.
Promoter
Expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheometry | Rheometry () generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental. Rheometry investigates materials in relatively simple flows like steady shear flow, small amplitude oscillatory shear, and extensional flow.
The choice of the adequate experimental technique depends on the rheological property which has to be determined. This can be the steady shear viscosity, the linear viscoelastic properties (complex viscosity respectively elastic modulus), the elongational properties, etc.
For all real materials, the measured property will be a function of the flow conditions during which it is being measured (shear rate, frequency, etc.) even if for some materials this dependence is vanishingly low under given conditions (see Newtonian fluids).
Rheometry is a specific concern for smart fluids such as electrorheological fluids and magnetorheological fluids, as it is the primary method to quantify the useful properties of these materials.
Rheometry is considered useful in the fields of quality control, process control, and industrial process modelling, among others. For some, the techniques, particularly the qualitative rheological trends, can yield the classification of materials based on the main interactions between different possible elementary components and how they qualitatively affect the rheological behavior of the materials. Novel applications of these concepts include measuring cell mechanics in thin layers, especially in drug screening contexts.
Of non-Newtonian fluids
The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is defined by a power law:
where η is the viscosity after shear is applied, η0 is the initial viscosity, γ is the shear rate, and if
, the fluid is shear thinning,
, the fluid is shear thickening,
, the fluid is Newtonian.
In rheometry, shear forces are applied t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20inflammation | Chronic systemic inflammation (SI) is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system. It can contribute to the development or progression of certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders, and coronary heart disease.
Mechanisms
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the innate immune system may be the result of either external (biological or chemical agents) or internal (genetic mutations/variations) factors. The cytokine Interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein are common inflammatory markers used to diagnose systemic inflammation risk. Baseline C-reactive protein levels deviate due to natural genetic variation, but significant increases can result from risk factors such as smoking, obesity, lifestyle, and high blood pressure.
Systemic chronic inflammation increases with age (also known as inflammaging) due to unresolved acute inflammation and an individual's exposome. Age-related systemic chronic inflammation is associated with several cytokines including CXCL9, TRAIL, interferon gamma, CCL11, and CXCL1, and a proposed measurement of chronic systemic inflammation based on these cytokines (iAge) correlates with immunosenescence and predicts risk for cardiovascular disease, frailty syndrome, and multimorbidity.
Comorbidities
It is firmly established that systemic markers for inflammation predict coronary heart disease complications with or without existing heart disease. Inflammation also plays a role in diabetes risk and new research continues to support this conclusion.
Research suggests chronic inflammation plays a major role in COVID-19 morbidity. In severe cases, COVID-19 causes a cytokine storm which contributes to excessive and uncontrolled inflammation of organs, particularly respiratory tissues. If untreated, this increased |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%20algebra | In mathematics, a Cantor algebra, named after Georg Cantor, is one of two closely related Boolean algebras, one countable and one complete.
The countable Cantor algebra is the Boolean algebra of all clopen subsets of the Cantor set. This is the free Boolean algebra on a countable number of generators. Up to isomorphism, this is the only nontrivial Boolean algebra that is both countable and atomless.
The complete Cantor algebra is the complete Boolean algebra of Borel subsets of the reals modulo meager sets . It is isomorphic to the completion of the countable Cantor algebra. (The complete Cantor algebra is sometimes called the Cohen algebra, though "Cohen algebra" usually refers to a different type of Boolean algebra.) The complete Cantor algebra was studied by von Neumann in 1935 (later published as ), who showed that it is not isomorphic to the random algebra of Borel subsets modulo measure zero sets. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28mechanics%29 | In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.
Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of velocity). The unit g (or g) represents multiples of the standard acceleration of gravity and is conventionally used.
A shock pulse can be characterised by its peak acceleration, the duration, and the shape of the shock pulse (half sine, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.). The shock response spectrum is a method for further evaluating a mechanical shock.
Shock measurement
Shock measurement is of interest in several fields such as
Propagation of heel shock through a runner's body
Measure the magnitude of a shock need to cause damage to an item: fragility.
Measure shock attenuation through athletic flooring
Measuring the effectiveness of a shock absorber
Measuring the shock absorbing ability of package cushioning
Measure the ability of an athletic helmet to protect people
Measure the effectiveness of shock mounts
Determining the ability of structures to resist seismic shock: earthquakes, etc.
Determining whether personal protective fabric attenuates or amplifies shocks
Verifying that a Naval ship and its equipment can survive explosive shocks
Shocks are usually measured by accelerometers but other transducers and high speed imaging are also used. A wide variety of laboratory instrumentation is available; stand-alone shock data loggers are also used.
Field shocks are highly variable and often have very uneven shapes. Even laboratory controlled shocks often have uneven shapes and include short duration spikes; Noise can be reduced by appropriate digital or analog filtering.
Governing test methods and specifications provide detail about the conduct of shock tests. Proper placement of measuring instruments is critical. Fragile items and packaged g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/237%20%28number%29 | 237 (two hundred [and] thirty-seven) is the natural number following 236 and preceding 238.
237 is a lucky number, and one of the numbers in Aronson's sequence.
The 237th square pyramidal number, 4465475, is also a sum of two smaller square pyramidal numbers. There are only four smaller numbers (55, 70, 147, and 226) with the same property. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx/Pecos | Oryx/Pecos is a proprietary operating system developed from scratch by Bell Labs beginning in 1978 for the express purpose of running AT&T's large-scale PBX switching equipment. The operating system was first used with AT&T's flagship System 75, and until very recently, was used in all variations up through and including Definity G3 (Generic 3) switches, now manufactured by AT&T/Lucent Technologies spinoff Avaya. The last system based on Oryx/Pecos was the Avaya G3 CSI running release 13.1 Definity software. The formal end of sale was February 5, 2007. Although widely believed to be a Unix-like variant developed directly by Bell Labs, that is not the case, as it is not based on any version of Unix.
Description
Oryx/Pecos consists of a kernel (Oryx), and the associated processes running on top of it (Pecos). The system is named for Pecos Street, which bounds the Westminster, CO campus of then AT&T's Colorado Bell Labs location, while Oryx was the last word alphabetically before OS in the office dictionary and the Oryx was purportedly the origin of the unicorn myth. The system is loosely based on Thoth (developed at the University of Waterloo) and DEMOS (developed at Los Alamos Scientific Labs).
Features normally found in commercial operating systems are not found in Oryx/Pecos. Such features include:
A documented API structure
Dynamic application execution capability where additional applications can be loaded and executed without a need to compile and link them directly to the operating system
A Disk-Operating System compatible with standard file systems used today
Dynamically-linked libraries
Memory management for strong separation of applications and operating system processes
A commercially available development package
There is one historical link between Oryx/Pecos and Unix: the authors of the above article proposed as a future development the implementation of a UNIX execution environment on top of Oryx/Pecos, and in fact, such a project was underta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20histocompatibility%20complex | The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. These cell surface proteins are called MHC molecules.
The name of this locus comes from its discovery through the study of transplanted tissue compatibility. Later studies revealed that tissue rejection due to incompatibility is only a facet of the full function of MHC molecules: binding an antigen derived from self-proteins, or from pathogens, and bringing the antigen presentation to the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T-cells. MHC molecules mediate the interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), with other leukocytes or with body cells. The MHC determines donor compatibility for organ transplant, as well as one's susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.
In a cell, protein molecules of the host's own phenotype or of other biologic entities are continually synthesized and degraded. Each MHC molecule on the cell surface displays a small peptide (a molecular fraction of a protein) called an epitope. The presented self-antigens prevent an organism's immune system from targeting its own cells. The presentation of pathogen-derived proteins results in the elimination of the infected cell by the immune system.
Diversity of an individual's self-antigen presentation, mediated by MHC self-antigens, is attained in at least three ways: (1) an organism's MHC repertoire is polygenic (via multiple, interacting genes); (2) MHC expression is codominant (from both sets of inherited alleles); (3) MHC gene variants are highly polymorphic (diversely varying from organism to organism within a species). Sexual selection has been observed in male mice choosing to mate with females with different MHCs. Also, at least for MHC I presentation, there has been evidence of antigenic peptide splicing, which can combine peptides from different proteins, v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vx32 | The Vx32 virtual extension environment is an application-level virtual machine implemented as an ordinary user-mode library and designed to run native x86 code. Applications can link with and use Vx32 in order to create safe, OS-independent execution environments, in which to run untrusted plug-ins or other extensions written in any language that compiles to x86 code.
From the host processor's viewpoint, plug-ins running under the Vx32 virtual machine monitor run in the context of the application process itself, but the Vx32 library uses dynamic recompilation to prevent the "guest" plug-in code from accessing memory or jumping to instructions outside its designated sandbox. The Vx32 library redirects any system calls the plug-in makes to the application itself rather than to the host operating system, thereby giving the application exclusive control over the API and security environment in which the plug-in code executes.
Vx32 thus provides an application extension facility comparable in function to the Java virtual machine (JVM) or the Common Language Runtime (CLR), but with less overhead and with the ability to run code written in any language, safe or unsafe. Vx32's primary disadvantage is that it is more difficult to make it run on non-x86 host processors.
Criticism
There are some disadvantages that have been proposed by critics of Vx32:
Vx32 is closely tied to the IA-32 instruction set, which makes it difficult to use on non-x86 architectures
The IA-32e (AMD64) mode cannot be used by guests (the host can still run in 64-bit mode), because of the use of segmentation which is inherent to Vx32's design
External links
The Vx32 Virtual Extension Environment
Vx32: Lightweight User-level Sandboxing on the x86 - Paper presented at USENIX 2008
9vx - A port of Plan 9 from Bell Labs to vx32.
vx32 for Win32
Virtualization software
Virtualization software for Linux
X86 emulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20protein%20836 | Zinc finger protein 836 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF836 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophil | A chromophil biological cell is a cell which is easily stainable by absorbing chromium salts used in histology to increase the visual contrast of samples for microscopy.
Function
Chromophil cells are mostly hormone-producing cells containing so-called chromaffin granules. In these subcellular structures, amino acid precursors to certain hormones are accumulated and subsequently decarboxylated to the corresponding amines, for example epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine or serotonin. Chromophil cells therefore belong to the group of APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells.
Location
These cells are scattered throughout the whole body, but particularly in glands such as the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas.
See also
Chromophobe cell
Melanotroph
Acidophil cell
Basophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
Cells |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20television | Advanced television is an array of features enabled by digital technology that significantly change analog television as it has come to be known during the 20th century. The term "advanced television" was first used at the MIT Media Lab in the early 1990s to explain why high-definition television was only an early step in the foreseeable enhancements to the medium. In 1996, David Weiss defined "advanced television" in his book, Issues in Advanced Television Technology to describe "an agglomeration of techniques, based largely on digital signal processing and transmission, that permits far more program material to be carried through channels than existing analog systems can manage." Today, advanced television can be characterized by four features: time shifting, addressability, interactivity and interoperability.
Time shifting allows the audience to control when content will be seen. Digital video recorders (DVRs) and video on demand (VOD) are the two technologies that enable time shifting of television programming. In the US at year-end 2008, 29.8 million (27% of TV households) were DVR subscribers and 41.7 million households (37% of total TV households) were VOD enabled. "In Singapore, the upstart mioTV (an IPTV service provided by incumbent telco SingTel) has a robust VOD offering that includes movies, local content and more than 50 popular US programs as early as 24 hours after the programs’ US premieres. Content is supplied on a subscription basis."
Addressability allows the advertisers to direct messages to different segments of the audience; the audience can also self select (address to self) the content and commercial messages they receive. Segmentation can occur at geographic, demographic, behavioral and (in some cases) self-selected individual household levels.
Interactivity empowers the audience to respond to or bypass content; the advertiser and media can benefit financially from measuring audience response. Now television commercials can enable audie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20neuroscience | Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
Computational neuroscience employs computational simulations to validate and solve mathematical models, and so can be seen as a sub-field of theoretical neuroscience; however, the two fields are often synonymous. The term mathematical neuroscience is also used sometimes, to stress the quantitative nature of the field.
Computational neuroscience focuses on the description of biologically plausible neurons (and neural systems) and their physiology and dynamics, and it is therefore not directly concerned with biologically unrealistic models used in connectionism, control theory, cybernetics, quantitative psychology, machine learning, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence and computational learning theory;
although mutual inspiration exists and sometimes there is no strict limit between fields, with model abstraction in computational neuroscience depending on research scope and the granularity at which biological entities are analyzed.
Models in theoretical neuroscience are aimed at capturing the essential features of the biological system at multiple spatial-temporal scales, from membrane currents, and chemical coupling via network oscillations, columnar and topographic architecture, nuclei, all the way up to psychological faculties like memory, learning and behavior. These computational models frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by biological or psychological experiments.
History
The term 'computational neuroscience' was introduced by Eric L. Schwartz, who organized a conference, held in 1985 in Carmel, California, at the request of the Systems Development Foundation to provide a summary of the curr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20composability | The framework of universal composability (UC) is a general-purpose model for the analysis of cryptographic protocols. It guarantees very strong security properties. Protocols remain secure even if arbitrarily composed with other instances of the same or other protocols. Security is defined in the sense of protocol emulation. Intuitively, a protocol is said to emulate another one, if no environment (observer) can distinguish the executions. Literally, the protocol may simulate the other protocol (without having access to the code). The notion of security is derived by implication. Assume a protocol is secure per definition. If another protocol emulates protocol such that no environment tells apart the emulation from the execution of the protocol, then the emulated protocol is as secure as protocol .
Ideal functionality
An ideal functionality is a protocol in which a trusted party that can communicate over perfectly secure channels with all protocol participants computes the desired protocol outcome. We say that a cryptographic protocol that cannot make use of such a trusted party fulfils an ideal functionality, if the protocol can emulate the behaviour of the trusted party for honest users, and if the view that an adversary learns by attacking the protocol is indistinguishable from what can be computed by a simulator that only interacts with the ideal functionality.
Computation model
The computation model of universal composability is that of interactive Turing machines that can activate each other by writing on each other's communication tapes. An interactive Turing machine is a form of multi-tape Turing machine and is commonly used for modelling the computational aspects of communication networks in cryptography.
Communication model
The communication model in the bare UC framework is very basic. The messages of a sending party are handed to the adversary who can replace these messages with messages of his own choice that are delivered to the receiving |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNJ5 | G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 (GIRK-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNJ5 gene and is a type of G protein-gated ion channel.
Function
Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel. The encoded protein, which has a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into a cell rather than out of a cell, is controlled by G-proteins. It may associate with other G-protein-activated potassium channel subunits to form a heterotetrameric pore-forming complex.
In humans KCNJ5 is mainly expressed in adrenal gland and pituitary, although it is also detected at low levels in pancreas, spleen, lung, heart and brain. Consistent with this expression pattern, mutations in KCNJ5/Kir3.4 can cause familial hyperaldosteronism type III and a type of long QT syndrome.
Interactions
KCNJ5 has been shown to interact with KCNJ3.
See also
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30107%20KM | 30107 KM is the designation of Russian-built guyed tubular masts for FM-/TV-broadcasting, which were built in the first half of the 1960s at different places in Russia and Ukraine. The 30107 KM-mast has normally a 151 or 182.5 metres high mast body with a wall diameter of 16 – 10 mm, and exists in versions guyed in three and four directions.
Its most unusual feature however, which gives it its characteristic look are the crossbars equipped with a gangway with railing, which run in two levels from the mast structure to each outmost guy. These crossbars are used for oscillation damping of the structure and are used for the installation of antennas.
In the former Soviet Union, guyed tubular masts for broadcasting without these crossbars were also built. However such masts are not something special as such structures also exist in Germany, Czech, Slovakia, France, the United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Austria, Sweden, Slovenia and Poland.
30107 KM-masts with crossbars
Other guyed masts with tubular body in the former Soviet Union
External links
http://selenatel.ru/masts/masts-review/
Broadcasting standards
Antennas
Standards of Russia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-square%20%28fractal%29 | In mathematics, the T-square is a two-dimensional fractal. It has a boundary of infinite length bounding a finite area. Its name comes from the drawing instrument known as a T-square.
Algorithmic description
It can be generated from using this algorithm:
Image 1:
Start with a square. (The black square in the image)
Image 2:
At each convex corner of the previous image, place another square, centered at that corner, with half the side length of the square from the previous image.
Take the union of the previous image with the collection of smaller squares placed in this way.
Images 3–6:
Repeat step 2.
The method of creation is rather similar to the ones used to create a Koch snowflake or a Sierpinski triangle, "both based on recursively drawing equilateral triangles and the Sierpinski carpet."
Properties
The T-square fractal has a fractal dimension of ln(4)/ln(2) = 2. The black surface extent is almost everywhere in the bigger square, for once a point has been darkened, it remains black for every other iteration; however some points remain white.
The fractal dimension of the boundary equals .
Using mathematical induction one can prove that for each n ≥ 2 the number of new squares that are added at stage n equals .
The T-Square and the chaos game
The T-square fractal can also be generated by an adaptation of the chaos game, in which a point jumps repeatedly half-way towards the randomly chosen vertices of a square. The T-square appears when the jumping point is unable to target the vertex directly opposite the vertex previously chosen. That is, if the current vertex is v[i] and the previous vertex was v[i-1], then v[i] ≠ v[i-1] + vinc, where vinc = 2 and modular arithmetic means that 3 + 2 = 1, 4 + 2 = 2:
If vinc is given different values, allomorphs of the T-square appear that are computationally equivalent to the T-square but very different in appearance:
T-square fractal and Sierpiński triangle
The T-square fractal can be derived from the Sierpińsk |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoretzky%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Dvoretzky's theorem is an important structural theorem about normed vector spaces proved by Aryeh Dvoretzky in the early 1960s, answering a question of Alexander Grothendieck. In essence, it says that every sufficiently high-dimensional normed vector space will have low-dimensional subspaces that are approximately Euclidean. Equivalently, every high-dimensional bounded symmetric convex set has low-dimensional sections that are approximately ellipsoids.
A new proof found by Vitali Milman in the 1970s was one of the starting points for the development of asymptotic geometric analysis (also called asymptotic functional analysis or the local theory of Banach spaces).
Original formulations
For every natural number k ∈ N and every ε > 0 there exists a natural number N(k, ε) ∈ N such that if (X, ‖·‖) is any normed space of dimension N(k, ε), there exists a subspace E ⊂ X of dimension k and a positive definite quadratic form Q on E such that the corresponding Euclidean norm
on E satisfies:
In terms of the multiplicative Banach-Mazur distance d the theorem's conclusion can be formulated as:
where denotes the standard k-dimensional Euclidean space.
Since the unit ball of every normed vector space is a bounded, symmetric, convex set and the unit ball of every Euclidean space is an ellipsoid, the theorem may also be formulated as a statement about ellipsoid sections of convex sets.
Further developments
In 1971, Vitali Milman gave a new proof of Dvoretzky's theorem, making use of the concentration of measure on the sphere to show that a random k-dimensional subspace satisfies the above inequality with probability very close to 1. The proof gives the sharp dependence on k:
where the constant C(ε) only depends on ε.
We can thus state: for every ε > 0 there exists a constant C(ε) > 0 such that for every normed space (X, ‖·‖) of dimension N, there exists a subspace E ⊂ X of dimension
k ≥ C(ε) log N and a Euclidean norm |·| on E such that
More precisely, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20Bioinformatics | Evolutionary Bioinformatics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution. The journal was established in 2005 by Allen Rodrigo and is currently edited by Dennis Wall (Stanford University). It was originally published by Libertas Academica, but SAGE Publications became the publisher in September 2016.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.6. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus%20spectabilis | Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of bramble in the rose family Rosaceae, native to the west coast of North America from west-central Alaska to California, inland as far as Idaho. Like many other species in the genus Rubus, the salmonberry plant bears edible fruit, typically yellow-orange or red in color, resembling raspberries in appearance.
Description
Rubus spectabilis is a deciduous, rhizomatous shrub growing to tall and 9 metres (30 feet) wide, with a moderate growth rate of 0.3–0.6 metres (12-24 inches) per year. 30-40% of the plant's biomass is underground. It has perennial (not biennial) woody stems that are covered with fine prickles, especially on new growth. The plant has golden or yellowish brown erect or arching stems (also known as "canes") that often form thickets, like many other brambles in the genus Rubus. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), long and typically ovate in shape, with the terminal leaflet being larger than the two side leaflets, which are sometimes shallowly lobed. The margins of the leaflets are doubly serrate. The leaves are also stipulate and are smooth to slightly hairy on the top surface, compared to the underside, which are typically more pale and hairy. In late fall and winter months, salmonberry leaves will fall, and the plant remains dormant or maintains minimal shoot elongation during the winter.
The flowers are in diameter, with a calyx of five hairy sepals and five pinkish-purple petals that surround a cluster of stamens; they are produced between April and July, either singly or in clusters of 2 or 3. The flowers are perfect (bisexual), containing 75–100 stamens and many individual pistils with superior ovaries. While fruit production is largely dependent on the environment, there is an estimated growth of 30 fruits per 3m^2 (32 ft^2) and 17-65 seeds per fruit. Salmonberry sprout mainly from the buds found on rhizomes, stumps, and root crowns of the plant. The flowers cannot self |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%20band%20%28infrared%29 | In infrared astronomy, the M band is an atmospheric transmission window centred on 4.7 micrometres (in the mid-infrared).
Electromagnetic spectrum
Infrared imaging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20eye%20fields | Medial eye fields are areas in the frontal lobe of the primate brain that play a role in visually guided eye movement. Most neuroscientists refer to this area as the supplementary eye fields. Eye fields are divided into two hemispheres regulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Six3.
See also
Saccade
Smooth pursuit
Supplementary eye fields
Notes
Visual system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogliaform%20cell | Neurogliaform cells (NGF) are inhibitory (GABAergic) interneurons found in the cortex and the hippocampus. NGF cells represent approximately 10% of the total hippocampal inhibitory interneuron population.
In terms of morphology, they are comparatively small and have an unusually high presynaptic bouton density. Almost all NGF neurons express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and are commonly positive for other signalling and non-signalling peptides, including reelin, α-actinin 2, COUP-TFII, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, populations of NGF cells which do not express NPY have been reported in both cortical layer I and the striatum.
Developmentally, in the cortex, all NGF cells are derived from caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) but NGF cells of the hippocampus have their origins within both the CGE and the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE).
Functionally, NGF cells are GABAergic and their function in the mature brain is inhibition. However, they are suspected to signal more through volume transmission as opposed to the typical chemical synapse. One study found that approximately 78% of neurogliaform cell boutons did not form classical synapses and also indicated that their synaptic boutons are at a larger than usual distance from their target dendrites. Taken together, this and other observations has led to the consensus that NGF cells are likely not involved primarily with “point to point” synaptic transmission but release GABA in a target independent, cloud-like manner to generate a non specific form of inhibitory control (volume transmission).
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20W.%20Fiske | Donald Winslow Fiske (August 27, 1916 – April 6, 2003) was an American psychologist.
Early life
Fiske was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He grew up in Medford, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University and, in 1948, earned a PhD from the University of Michigan.
Career
Fiske was a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.
Fiske specialized in methodological issues in personality, ability, and trait research. He was, with Donald T. Campbell, co-author of a seminal paper regarding the multitrait-multimethod approach to evaluating construct validity.
Personal life and death
Fiske had a wife, Barbara Page, a son, Alan Fiske (who became a professor of anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles), and a daughter, Susan Fiske (who became a professor of Psychology and Public Affairs at Princeton University). He resided in Hyde Park, Chicago, where he died on April 6, 2003. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrailed%20%28gene%29 | engrailed is a homeodomain transcription factor involved in many aspects of multicellular development. First known for its role in arthropod embryological development, working in consort with the Hox genes, engrailed has been found to be important in other areas of development. It has been identified in many bilaterians, including the arthropods, vertebrates, echinoderms, molluscs, nematodes, brachiopods, and polychaetes. It acts as a "selector" gene, conferring a specific identity to defined areas of the body, and co-ordinating the expression of downstream genes.
Protein
engrailed (en) encodes the homeodomain-containing transcription factor protein Engrailed. Homologous Engrailed proteins are found in a diversity of organisms.
When expressed in the ectoderm, engrailed is involved in the production of skeletal material. engrailed, or genes with very similar sequences, are found in all bilaterian animals. engrailed plays a number of crucial roles in brain development across many species, including the determination of the hindbrain/midbrain border and aiding in neuronal axon guidance. This has led to the suggestion that the gene originally served a neurogenetic function in the ancestral bilaterian.
It has been observed to express in the repeated units of arthropods, molluscs, onychophora, annelids, echinoderms and amphioxus.
Whilst the gene was traditionally understood to have served a role in segment polarization in the ancestral bilaterian, its association with shell formation in molluscs has produced an alternative hypothesis: that the ancestral role was associated with mineralization. Even where this trait has been secondarily lost (such as in the onychophora) the gene is still expressed, marking the 'ghosts' of the shelly plates that the ancestral onychophora (i.e. lobopods) are thought to have borne.
Arthropods
In the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, engrailed acts as a segment polarity gene in early embryonic development. It is initially expre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous%20linear%20map | In mathematics, linear maps form an important class of "simple" functions which preserve the algebraic structure of linear spaces and are often used as approximations to more general functions (see linear approximation). If the spaces involved are also topological spaces (that is, topological vector spaces), then it makes sense to ask whether all linear maps are continuous. It turns out that for maps defined on infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces (e.g., infinite-dimensional normed spaces), the answer is generally no: there exist discontinuous linear maps. If the domain of definition is complete, it is trickier; such maps can be proven to exist, but the proof relies on the axiom of choice and does not provide an explicit example.
A linear map from a finite-dimensional space is always continuous
Let X and Y be two normed spaces and a linear map from X to Y. If X is finite-dimensional, choose a basis in X which may be taken to be unit vectors. Then,
and so by the triangle inequality,
Letting
and using the fact that
for some C>0 which follows from the fact that any two norms on a finite-dimensional space are equivalent, one finds
Thus, is a bounded linear operator and so is continuous. In fact, to see this, simply note that f is linear,
and therefore for some universal constant K. Thus for any
we can choose so that ( and
are the normed balls around and ), which gives continuity.
If X is infinite-dimensional, this proof will fail as there is no guarantee that the supremum M exists. If Y is the zero space {0}, the only map between X and Y is the zero map which is trivially continuous. In all other cases, when X is infinite-dimensional and Y is not the zero space, one can find a discontinuous map from X to Y.
A concrete example
Examples of discontinuous linear maps are easy to construct in spaces that are not complete; on any Cauchy sequence of linearly independent vectors which does not have a limit, there is a linear operator such |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic%20encryption | Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without first having to decrypt it. The resulting computations are left in an encrypted form which, when decrypted, result in an output that is identical to that produced had the operations been performed on the unencrypted data. Homomorphic encryption can be used for privacy-preserving outsourced storage and computation. This allows data to be encrypted and out-sourced to commercial cloud environments for processing, all while encrypted.
Homomorphic encryption eliminates the need for processing data in the clear, thereby preventing attacks that would enable a hacker to access that data while it is being processed, using privilege escalation.
For sensitive data, such as health care information, homomorphic encryption can be used to enable new services by removing privacy barriers inhibiting data sharing or increasing security to existing services. For example, predictive analytics in health care can be hard to apply via a third party service provider due to medical data privacy concerns, but if the predictive analytics service provider can operate on encrypted data instead, these privacy concerns are diminished. Moreover, even if the service provider's system is compromised, the data would remain secure.
Description
Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption with an additional evaluation capability for computing over encrypted data without access to the secret key. The result of such a computation remains encrypted. Homomorphic encryption can be viewed as an extension of public-key cryptography. Homomorphic refers to homomorphism in algebra: the encryption and decryption functions can be thought of as homomorphisms between plaintext and ciphertext spaces.
Homomorphic encryption includes multiple types of encryption schemes that can perform different classes of computations over encrypted data. The computations are represented as either Boolean or arith |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora%20tarminiana | Passiflora tarminiana (or banana passionfruit) is a species of passionfruit. The yellow fruits are edible and their resemblance to small, straight bananas has given it the name banana passionfruit in some countries. It is native to the uplands of tropical South America and is now cultivated in many countries. In Hawaii and New Zealand it is now considered an invasive species. It was given the name banana passionfruit in New Zealand, where passionfruit are also prevalent. In Hawaii, it is called banana poka. In its Latin American homeland, it is known as curuba, curuba de Castilla, or curuba sabanera blanca (Colombia); taxo, tacso, tagso, tauso (Ecuador); parcha, taxo (Venezuela), tumbo or curuba (Bolivia); tacso, tumbo, tumbo del norte, trompos, tintin or purpur (Peru).
Passiflora tarminiana belongs to the Tacsonia subgenus of Passiflora. It has been known under a number of different names and was only formally described in 2001.
Description
Passiflora tarminiana is a high climbing vine with hairy stems and petioles. Where the petioles join the stem it has stipules which are 4–7 by 2–3 mm and are soon deciduous. The leaves are three-lobed and hairy below but usually hairless above. The flowers are solitary and hang downwards. The base of the flower has pale green bracts enclosing a swollen nectary chamber. The floral tube (hypanthium) is 6–8 × 0.7–1 cm and pale green, while the sepals and petals are 3–6 cm long, pink and perpendicular to the floral tube, or reflexed. Fruits taper at both ends, are 10–14 cm long by 3.5–4.5 cm wide and ripen to yellow or light orange. The fruit contain many seeds which are embedded in an edible, orange aril.
Mollissima and its close relative Passiflora mixta are vines with cylindrical stems densely coated with yellow hairs, and are vigorous climbers, growing up to seven metres. The leaves are a shiny green with clearly defined veins, the flower is large, pink and green petalled with a yellow and white centre. The fruit is yellow-o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharisma%20nuclear%20code | The Blepharisma nuclear code (translation table 15) is a genetic code found in the nuclei of Blepharisma.
Code
AAs = FFLLSSSSYY*QCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
Systematic range and comments
Ciliata: Blepharisma
See also
List of genetic codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosity | A callosity is another name for callus, a piece of skin that has become thickened as a result of repeated contact and friction.
Primates
All Old World monkeys, gibbons, and some chimpanzees have pads on their rears known as ischial callosities. Ischial relates to the ischium: it forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
The pads enable the monkeys to sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators, without falling.
The ischial callosities are one of the most distinctive pelvic features which separates Old World monkeys from New World monkeys.
Right whales
In whales, the term callosity refers to the rough, calcified skin patches found on the heads of the three species of right whales. Callosities are a characteristic feature of the whale genus Eubalaena. Because they are found on the head of the whale and appear white against the dark background of the whale's skin, they make it very easy to identify individuals of the species.
The callosities themselves are grey, but their white appearance is due to large colonies of whale lice, whale barnacles and parasitic worms which reside on them. Young whales and diseased individuals are often infested with a different species of cyamid, which gives the callosities on those whales an orange hue rather than white. Callosities arise naturally and are present even in late-term whale fetuses, although the work of lice digging into the surface of the skin may make them more jagged and hard over time.
Callosities are found on the upper surface of the whale's head: above the eyes, on the jawline and chin, and surrounding the blowholes. Callosities form a unique pattern on every right whale and, although callosities which are overgrown break off, the patterns do not change over a lifetime. That makes them a very useful tool for the purposes of photo-identification and conservation.
The evolutionary significance of callosities is unknown. Male right whales have a higher density of callosities than fema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures%20in%20Perception | Adventures in Perception is a 1971 Dutch short documentary film directed by Han Van Gelder. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short., and won the Best Short Film on Art at the 1971 Cork Film Festival. It is a study on the works of M. C. Escher. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located just outside Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. Since 2007, Fermilab has been operated by the Fermi Research Alliance (FRA), a joint venture of the University of Chicago, and the Universities Research Association (URA); although in 2023, the Department of Energy (DOE) opened bidding for a new contractor due to concerns about the FRA performance. Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor.
Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most powerful particle accelerator. The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator began in 2020. Until 2011, Fermilab was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference Tevatron accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite.
Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics. It is the host of the multi-billion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) now under construction. The project has suffered delays and, in 2022, the journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project as "troubled".
Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals) and NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance). Completed neutrino experiments include MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search), MINOS+, MiniBooNE and SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MicroBooNE (Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment).
On-site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed-target experiment and Muon g-2. Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. Ferm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepy%20treehouse | Creepy treehouse is a social media term, or internet slang, referring to websites or social networking platforms that professors use for educational purposes, but students regard as an invasion of privacy. The term, first described in 2008 by Utah Valley University instructional-design services director Jared Stein, describes "technological innovations by faculty members that make students’ skin crawl." The term also refers to online accounts and websites that users tend to avoid, especially young people who avoid visiting the pages of educators and other adults. Author Martin Weller defines creepy treehouse as a digital space where authority figures are viewed as invading younger people's privacy.
University of Regina professor Alec Couros suggests that instead of "forcing" student participation with their own digital platforms, professors should use methods like online forums. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacyclic%20convolution | In mathematics, negacyclic convolution is a convolution between two vectors a and b.
It is also called skew circular convolution or wrapped convolution. It results from multiplication of a skew circulant matrix, generated by vector a, with vector b.
See also
Circular convolution theorem
Bilinear maps
Functional analysis
Image processing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeppertia%20allouia | Goeppertia allouia (syn. Calathea allouia), known as lerén or lairén in Spanish, and also known in English as Guinea arrowroot, and sweet corn root, is a plant in the arrowroot family, native to northern South America and the Caribbean, The name "allouia" is derived from the Carib name for the plant Lerén is a minor food crop in the American tropics, but was one of the earliest plants domesticated by pre-historic Amerindians in South America.
Distribution
Goeppertia allouia is native to Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. It is reportedly naturalized in Jamaica
Lerén has been introduced as a minor root crop in tropical regions around the world.
Description
Lerén is a perennial plant, approximately in height. It produces egg-shaped tuberous roots to long at the end of fibrous roots. The leaves are large, up to long and wide. Indigenous people of the Americas have used the durable leaves to make traditional medicines and as baby clothing. Lerén usually reproduces itself through rhizomes which produce shoots and new plants.
Cultivation
Lerén is adapted to a tropical climate with alternating rainy and dry seasons. It sprouts with the first rains and grows rapidly, forming tubers which are harvested as the foliage begins to die back eight or nine months after the initial sprouting. The rhizomes, harvested at the same time, are tolerant of both drying and flooding, and divided and replanted again at the onset of the rainy season. Frequent irrigation is necessary during dry periods. Lerén is often planted in shade or partial shade but can grow in full sun with adequate moisture and nutrients.
Lerén is traditionally cultivated on a small scale. Its cultivation is declining as it has been replaced by other crops.
Food
Lerén is usually cooked by boiling the tubers for 15 to 60 minutes, As food, lerén is often compared to water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) because lerén, like |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauert%E2%80%93Riemenschneider%20vanishing%20theorem | In mathematics, the Grauert–Riemenschneider vanishing theorem is an extension of the Kodaira vanishing theorem on the vanishing of higher cohomology groups of coherent sheaves on a compact complex manifold, due to .
Grauert–Riemenschneider conjecture
The Grauert–Riemenschneider conjecture is a conjecture related to the Grauert–Riemenschneider vanishing theorem:
This conjecture was proved by using the Riemann–Roch type theorem (Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem) and by using Morse theory.
Note |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mechanical%20engineers | This is a list of mechanical engineers, noted for their contribution to the field of mechanical engineering.
See also List of engineers for links to other engineering professions.
A
Ahmed Zulfikar (1952–2010) – entrepreneur and businessman
Al-Jazari (1136–1206) – polymath, numerous mechanical innovations
Al-Zarqali (1029–1087) – instrument maker, astrologer, and leading astronomers
Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC) – polymath, inventor of the screw pump
Richard Arkwright (1733–1792) – credited with inventing the spinning frame but most notable for contributions to the modern factory system
William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong (1810–1900) – hydraulic power pioneer, founder of Armstrong Whitworth
B
Charles Babbage (1791–1871) – creator of the difference engine
George Herman Babcock (1832–1893) – co-invented an improved safety water tube steam boiler, co-founder of Babcock & Wilcox
Joseph Cyril Bamford (1916–2001) – founder of the JCB company, manufacturing heavy plant, and especially backhoes
Eugenio Barsanti (1821–1864) – early developer of internal combustion engine
Karl Benz (1844–1929) – generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, founder of Mercedes-Benz
Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) – best known as the creator of the Bessemer Process
John Blenkinsop (1783–1831) – steam locomotive pioneer, developed rack and pinion railway system
Thomas Bouch (1822–1880) – railway engineer, helped develop the roll-on/roll-off train ferry
Matthew Boulton (1728–1809) – steam engineer, associate of James Watt
Joseph Bramah (1748–1814) – hydraulic power pioneer and inventor of the hydraulic press
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1805–1859) – design contributions include the Great Western Railway and the SS Great Eastern
William Brunton (1777–1851) – early steam power pioneer, inventor of the Brunton's Mechanical Traveller
Oliver Bulleid (1882–1970) – railway engineer
David Bushnell (1742–1824) – creator of the Turtle, credited as the first |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Federation%20of%20Clinical%20Chemistry%20and%20Laboratory%20Medicine | The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine or IFCC is a global organization that promotes the fields of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. It was established in 1952 as the International Association of Clinical Biochemists to organize the various national societies of these fields. The organization aims to transcend the boundaries of the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, to build professionalism of members worldwide, to disseminate information on ”best practice” at various levels of technology and of economic development, to provide a forum of standardization and traceability, to enhance the scientific level and the quality of diagnosis and therapy for patients.
The IFCC membership comprises 95 national societies and is associated with 6 regional Federations, 55 corporate members and 21 affiliate members representing more than 45,000 laboratory medicine specialists worldwide.
Structure and organization
The IFCC carries out its objectives through its executive board, divisions, committees and working groups. Representatives from member organizations are volunteers, invited from throughout the world on the basis of their expertise.
Scientific Division (SD)
Its mission is to advance the science of clinical chemistry and to apply it to the practice of Clinical Laboratory medicine
Participate actively in the scientific programs of IFCC scientific meetings and Congresses
Respond to scientific and technical needs of IFCC Member Societies, IFCC Corporate members and external agencies
The Scientific Division of the IFCC instigates and promotes theoretical and practical developments in the field of standards and standardisation in clinical chemistry.
Education & Management Division (EMD)
Its mission is to provide IFCC members and the health-care community with education relevant to clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Current projects include:
Visiting Lecturer Program
Clinical Molecular Biology Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strimvelis | Autologous CD34+ enriched cell fraction that contains CD34+ cells transduced with retroviral vector that encodes for the human ADA cDNA sequence, sold under the brand name Strimvelis, is a medication used to treat severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID).
ADA-SCID is a rare inherited condition in which there is a change (mutation) in the gene needed to make an enzyme called adenosine deaminase (ADA). As a result, people lack the ADA enzyme. Because ADA is essential for maintaining healthy lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight off infections), the immune system of people with ADA-SCID does not work properly and without effective treatment they rarely survive more than two years.
Strimvelis is the first ex vivo autologous gene therapy approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
Medical uses
Strimvelis is indicated for the treatment of people with severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), for whom no suitable human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related stem cell donor is available.
Treatment
The treatment is personalized for each person; hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) are extracted from the person and purified so that only CD34-expressing cells remain. Those cells are cultured with cytokines and growth factors and then transduced with a gammaretrovirus containing the human adenosine deaminase gene and then reinfused into the person. These cells take root in the person's bone marrow, replicating and creating cells that mature and create normally functioning adenosine deaminase protein, resolving the problem. As of April 2016, the transduced cells had a shelf life of about six hours.
Prior to extraction, the person is treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in order to increase the number of stem cells and improve the harvest; after that but prior to reinfusion, the person is treated with busulfan or melphalan to kill as many of the person's existing HSCs to incr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy | GoDaddy Inc. is an American publicly traded Internet domain registry, domain registrar and web hosting company headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, and incorporated in Delaware. , GoDaddy is the world's fifth largest web host by market share, with over 62 million registered domains. The company has around 21 million customers and over 6,900 employees worldwide.
History
GoDaddy was founded in 1997 in Phoenix, Arizona, by entrepreneur Bob Parsons. Prior to founding GoDaddy, Parsons had sold his financial software services company Parsons Technology to Intuit for $65 million in 1994. He came out of his retirement in 1997 to launch Jomax Technologies, taking its name from a road in Phoenix Arizona.
In 1999, a group of employees at Jomax Technologies were brainstorming a new company name, with "Big Daddy" being a popular suggestion. However, finding this domain name already taken, "Go Daddy" was purchased instead. Parsons believed this to be a simple and memorable name. Jomax Technologies rebranded to GoDaddy in February 2006. The original GoDaddy logo consisted of a cartoon man with messy hair and sunglasses.
By 2001, GoDaddy was approximately the same size as competitors Dotster and eNom. In April 2005, GoDaddy became the largest ICANN-accredited registrar on the Internet. GoDaddy received a strategic investment, in 2011, from private equity funds, KKR, Silver Lake, and Technology Crossover Ventures.
In 2017, GoDaddy acquired the security platform Sucuri. In April 2017, GoDaddy acquired the Host Europe Group, including firms 123 Reg (at that point the UK's largest domain name registrar, with more than 3 million names registered and 1.3 million websites hosted), Domain Factory, and Heart Internet, for 1.69 billion euros ($1.82 billion). In March 2018, Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced that GoDaddy was migrating the vast majority of its infrastructure to AWS as part of a multi-year transition.
In January 2020, GoDaddy unveiled a new logo with a simple, sans-serif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe | ntoskrnl.exe (short for Windows NT operating system kernel executable), also known as the kernel image, contains the kernel and executive layers of the Microsoft Windows NT kernel, and is responsible for hardware abstraction, process handling, and memory management. In addition to the kernel and executive mentioned earlier, it contains the cache manager, security reference monitor, memory manager, scheduler (Dispatcher), and blue screen of death (the prose and portions of the code).
Overview
x86 versions of ntoskrnl.exe depend on bootvid.dll, hal.dll and kdcom.dll (x64 variants of ntoskrnl.exe have these dlls embed into the kernel to increase performance). However, it is not a native application. In other words, it is not linked against ntdll.dll. Instead, ntoskrnl.exe containing a standard "start" entry point that calls the architecture-independent kernel initialization function. Because it requires a static copy of the C Runtime objects, the executable is usually about 10 MB in size.
In Windows XP and earlier, the Windows installation source ships four kernel image files to support uniprocessor systems, symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) systems, CPUs with PAE, and CPUs without PAE. Windows setup decides whether the system is uniprocessor or multiprocessor, then, installs both the PAE and non-PAE variants of the kernel image for the decided kind. On a multiprocessor system, Setup installs ntkrnlmp.exe and ntkrpamp.exe but renames them to ntoskrnl.exe and ntkrnlpa.exe respectively.
Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft began unifying the kernel images as multi-core CPUs took to the market and PAE became mandatory.
Routines in ntoskrnl use prefixes on their names to indicate in which component of ntoskrnl they are defined.
Since not all functions are being exported by the kernel, function prefixes ending in i or p (such as Mi, Obp, Iop) are internal and not supposed to be accessed by the user. These functions contain the core code and implements important checks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way%20speed%20of%20light | When using the term "the speed of light" it is sometimes necessary to make the distinction between its one-way speed and its two-way speed. The "one-way" speed of light, from a source to a detector, cannot be measured independently of a convention as to how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector. What can however be experimentally measured is the round-trip speed (or "two-way" speed of light) from the source to a mirror (or other method of reflection) and back again to detector. Albert Einstein chose a synchronization convention (see Einstein synchronization) that made the one-way speed equal to the two-way speed. The constancy of the one-way speed in any given inertial frame is the basis of his special theory of relativity, although all experimentally verifiable predictions of this theory do not depend on that convention.
Experiments that attempt to directly probe the one-way speed of light independent of synchronization have been proposed, but none have succeeded in doing so.
Those experiments directly establish that synchronization with slow clock-transport is equivalent to Einstein synchronization, which is an important feature of special relativity. However, those experiments cannot directly establish the isotropy of the one-way speed of light since it has been shown that slow clock-transport, the laws of motion, and the way inertial reference frames are defined already involve the assumption of isotropic one-way speeds and thus, are equally conventional. In general, it was shown that these experiments are consistent with anisotropic one-way light speed as long as the two-way light speed is isotropic.
The "speed of light" in this article refers to the speed of all electromagnetic radiation in vacuum.
The two-way speed
The two-way speed of light is the average speed of light from one point, such as a source, to a mirror and back again. Because the light starts and finishes in the same place, only one clock is needed to measure the total ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20rigidity | Local rigidity theorems in the theory of discrete subgroups of Lie groups are results which show that small deformations of certain such subgroups are always trivial. It is different from Mostow rigidity and weaker (but holds more frequently) than superrigidity.
History
The first such theorem was proven by Atle Selberg for co-compact discrete subgroups of the unimodular groups . Shortly afterwards a similar statement was proven by Eugenio Calabi in the setting of fundamental groups of compact hyperbolic manifolds. Finally, the theorem was extended to all co-compact subgroups of semisimple Lie groups by André Weil. The extension to non-cocompact lattices was made later by Howard Garland and Madabusi Santanam Raghunathan.
The result is now sometimes referred to as Calabi—Weil (or just Weil) rigidity.
Statement
Deformations of subgroups
Let be a group generated by a finite number of elements and a Lie group. Then the map defined by is injective and this endows with a topology induced by that of . If is a subgroup of then a deformation of is any element in . Two representations are said to be conjugated if there exists a such that for all . See also character variety.
Lattices in simple groups not of type A1 or A1 × A1
The simplest statement is when is a lattice in a simple Lie group and the latter is not locally isomorphic to or and (this means that its Lie algebra is not that of one of these two groups).
There exists a neighbourhood in of the inclusion such that any is conjugated to .
Whenever such a statement holds for a pair we will say that local rigidity holds.
Lattices in SL(2,C)
Local rigidity holds for cocompact lattices in . A lattice in which is not cocompact has nontrivial deformations coming from Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theory. However, if one adds the restriction that a representation must send parabolic elements in to parabolic elements then local rigidity holds.
Lattices in SL(2,R)
In this case local |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian%20Lalescu | Traian Lalescu (; 12 July 1882 – 15 June 1929) was a Romanian mathematician. His main focus was on integral equations and he contributed to work in the areas of functional equations, trigonometric series, mathematical physics, geometry, mechanics, algebra, and the history of mathematics.
Life
He went to the Carol I High School in Craiova, continuing high school in Roman, and graduating from the Boarding High School in Iași. After entering the University of Iași, he completed his undergraduate studies in 1903 at the University of Bucharest.
He earned his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Paris in 1908. His dissertation, Sur les équations de Volterra, was written under the direction of Émile Picard. In 1911, he published Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations, the first book ever on the subject of integral equations.
After returning to Romania in 1909, he first taught Mathematics at the Ion Maiorescu Gymnasium in Giurgiu. From 1909 to 1910, he was a teaching assistant at the School of Bridges and Highways, in the department of graphic statistics.
He was a professor at the University of Bucharest, the Polytechnic University of Timișoara (where he was the first rector, in 1920), and the Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
The Lalescu sequence
Legacy
There are several institutions bearing his name, including Colegiul Naţional de Informatică Traian Lalescu in Hunedoara and Liceul Teoretic Traian Lalescu in Reşiţa. There is also a Traian Lalescu Street in Timişoara.
The National Mathematics Contest Traian Lalescu for undergraduate students is also named after him.
A statue of Lalescu, carved in 1930 by Cornel Medrea, is situated in front of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, in Timişoara and another statue of Lalescu is situated inside the University of Bucharest.
Work
T. Lalesco, Introduction à la théorie des équations intégrales. Avec une préface de É. Picard, Paris: A. Hermann et Fils, 1912. VII + 152 pp. JFM entry
Traian Lalescu, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiCMOS | Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) is a semiconductor technology that integrates two semiconductor technologies, those of the bipolar junction transistor and the CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) logic gate, into a single integrated circuit. In more recent times the bipolar processes have been extended to include high mobility devices using silicon–germanium junctions.
Bipolar transistors offer high speed, high gain, and low output impedance with relatively high power consumption per device, which are excellent properties for high-frequency analog amplifiers including low noise radio frequency (RF) amplifiers that only use a few active devices, while CMOS technology offers high input impedance and is excellent for constructing large numbers of low-power logic gates. In a BiCMOS process the doping profile and other process features may be tilted to favour either the CMOS or the bipolar devices. For example GlobalFoundries offer a basic 180 nm BiCMOS7WL process and several other BiCMOS processes optimized in various ways. These processes also include steps for the deposition of precision resistors, and high Q RF inductors and capacitors on-chip, which are not needed in a "pure" CMOS logic design.
BiCMOS is aimed at mixed-signal ICs, such as ADCs and complete software radio systems on a chip that need amplifiers, analog power management circuits, and logic gates on chip. BiCMOS has some advantages in providing digital interfaces. BiCMOS circuits use the characteristics of each type of transistor most appropriately. Generally this means that high current circuits such as on chip power regulators use metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for efficient control, and 'sea of logic' use conventional CMOS structures, while those portions of specialized very high performance circuits such as ECL dividers and LNAs use bipolar devices. Examples include RF oscillators, bandgap-based references and low-noise circuits.
The Pentium, Pentium Pro, and SuperS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-folding | Wet-folding is an origami technique developed by Akira Yoshizawa that employs water to dampen the paper so that it can be manipulated more easily. This process adds an element of sculpture to origami, which is otherwise purely geometric. Wet-folding is used very often by professional folders for non-geometric origami, such as animals. Wet-folders usually employ thicker paper than what would usually be used for normal origami, to ensure that the paper does not tear.
One of the most prominent users of the wet-folding technique is Éric Joisel, who specialized in origami animals, humans, and legendary creatures. He also created origami masks. Other folders who practice this technique are Robert J. Lang and John Montroll.
The process of wet-folding allows a folder to preserve a curved shape more easily. It also reduces the number of wrinkles substantially. Wet-folding allows for increased rigidity and structure due to a process called sizing. Sizing is a water-soluble adhesive, usually methylcellulose or methyl acetate, that may be added during the manufacture of the paper. As the paper dries, the chemical bonds of the fibers of the paper tighten together which results in a crisper and stronger sheet. In order to moisten the paper, an artist typically wipes the sheet with a dampened cloth. The amount of moisture added to the paper is crucial because too little will cause the paper to dry quickly and spring back into its original position before the folding is complete, while too much will either fray the edges of the paper or will cause the paper to split at high-stress points.
Notes and references
See also
Papier-mâché
External links
Mini-documentary about Joisel at YouTube
An illustrated introduction to wet-folding
Origami
Mathematics and art |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched%20DNA%20assay | In biology, a branched DNA assay is a signal amplification assay (as opposed to a target amplification assay) that is used to detect nucleic acid molecules.
Method
A branched DNA assay begins with a dish or some other solid support (e.g., a plastic dipstick). The dish is peppered with small, single stranded DNA molecules (or chains) that stick out into the solution. These are known as capture probe DNA molecules. Next, an extender DNA molecule is added. Each extender has two domains; one that hybridizes to the capture DNA molecule and one that sticks out above the surface. The purpose of the extender is two-fold. First, it creates more available surface area for target DNA molecules to bind, and second, it allows the assay to be easily adapted to detect a variety of target DNA molecules.
Once the capture and extender molecules are in place and they have hybridized, the sample can be added. Target molecules in the sample will bind to the extender molecule. This results in a base peppered with capture probes, which are hybridized to extender probes, which in turn are hybridized to target molecules.
At this point, signal amplification takes place. A label extender DNA molecule is added that has two domains (similar to the first extender). The label extender hybridizes to the target and to a pre-amplified molecule. The preamplifier molecule has two domains. First, it binds to the label extender and second, it binds to the amplifier molecule. An example amplifier molecule is an oligonucleotide chain bound to the enzyme alkaline phosphatase.
Diagrammatically, the process can be resembled as
Base → Capture Probe → Extender → Target → label extender → pre-amplifier → amplifier
Uses and Advantages
The assay can be used to detect and quantify many types of RNA or DNA target. In the assay, branched DNA is mixed with a sample to be tested. The detection is done using a non-radioactive method and does not require preamplification of the nucleic acid to be detected. The ass |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.