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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20power%20function | In mathematics, the truncated power function with exponent is defined as
In particular,
and interpret the exponent as conventional power.
Relations
Truncated power functions can be used for construction of B-splines.
is the Heaviside function.
where is the indicator function.
Truncated power functions are refinable.
See also
Macaulay brackets
External links
Truncated Power Function on MathWorld |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling%20and%20Simulation%20Coordination%20Office | The Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office (M&SCO) is an organization within the United States Department of Defense that provides modeling and simulation technology. The M&SCO was named the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) when it was created by Congress in 2006. It was renamed the Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office in late 2007.
The M&SCO leads DoD modeling and simulation standardization efforts. It is the DoD point of contact for coordinating modeling and simulation activities with NATO and Partnership for Peace (PfP) organizations, and provides support to the DoD modeling and simulation management system.
External links
United States Department of Defense agencies
Military simulation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coded%20aperture | Coded apertures or coded-aperture masks are grids, gratings, or other patterns of materials opaque to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. The wavelengths are usually high-energy radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays. A coded "shadow" is cast upon a plane by blocking radiation in a known pattern. The properties of the original radiation sources can then be mathematically reconstructed from this shadow. Coded apertures are used in X- and gamma ray imaging systems, because these high-energy rays cannot be focused with lenses or mirrors that work for visible light.
Rationale
Imaging is usually done at optical wavelengths using lenses and mirrors. However, the energy of hard X-rays and γ-rays is too high to be reflected or refracted, and simply passes through the lenses and mirrors of optical telescopes. Image modulation by apertures is, therefore, often used instead. The pinhole camera is the most basic form of such a modulation imager, but its disadvantage is low throughput, as its small aperture allows through little radiation. Only a tiny fraction of the light passes through the pinhole, which causes a low signal-to-noise ratio. To solve this problem, the mask can contain many holes, in one of several particular patterns, for example. Multiple masks, at varying distances from a detector, add flexibility to this tool. Specifically the modulation collimator, invented by Minoru Oda, was used to identify the first cosmic X-ray source and thereby to launch the new field of X-ray astronomy in 1965. Many other applications in other fields, such as tomography, have since appeared.
In a coded aperture more complicated than a pinhole camera, images from multiple apertures will overlap at the detector array. It is thus necessary to use a computational algorithm (which depends on the precise configuration of the aperture arrays) to reconstruct the original image. In this way a sharp image can be achieved without a lens. The image is formed from the whole array |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal%20teeth | Natal teeth are teeth that are present above the gumline (have already erupted) at birth, and neonatal teeth are teeth that emerge through the gingiva during the first month of life (the neonatal period).
The incidence of neonatal teeth varies considerably, between 1:700 and 1:30,000 depending on the type of study; the highest prevalence is found in the only study that relies on personal examination of patients.
Natal teeth, and neonatal teeth, can be the baby's normal deciduous teeth, sprouting prematurely. These should be preserved, if possible. Alternately, they could be supernumerary teeth, extra teeth, not part of the normal allotment of teeth.
Signs and symptoms
Most often natal teeth are mandibular central incisors. They have little root structure and are attached to the end of the gum by soft tissue and are often mobile.
Causes
Most of the time, natal teeth are not related to a medical condition. However, sometimes they may be associated with:
Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Pierre Robin syndrome
Sotos syndrome
Treatment
No intervention is usually recommended unless they are causing difficulty to the infant or mother.
However some recommend that they be removed as the tooth can cut or amputate the tip of the tongue.
They should be left in the mouth as long as possible to decrease the likelihood of removing permanent tooth buds with the natal tooth. They should also not be removed if the infant has hypoprothrombinemia. In case of complications when the natal teeth need to be removed, dental radiographs should be obtained whenever possible, and evaluated and followed up with pediatric dentists.
Notable cases
Napoleon Bonaparte
Louis XIV
Richard III
Ivan the Terrible
Kate Mulgrew
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Cardinal Mazarin
Cardinal Richelieu
Zoroaster
Hannibal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncus%20arteriosus | The truncus arteriosus is a structure that is present during embryonic development. It is an arterial trunk that originates from both ventricles of the heart that later divides into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
Structure
The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The caudal end of the bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles (aortic vestibule & conus arteriosus respectively). The cranial end of the bulbus cordis (also known as the conus cordis) gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary trunk with the truncus arteriosus.
This makes its appearance in three portions.
Two distal ridge-like thickenings project into the lumen of the tube: the truncal and bulbar ridges. These increase in size, and ultimately meet and fuse to form a septum (aorticopulmonary septum), which takes a spiral course toward the proximal end of the truncus arteriosus. It divides the distal part of the truncus into two vessels, the aorta and pulmonary artery, which lie side by side above, but near the heart the pulmonary artery is in front of the aorta.
Four endocardial cushions appear in the proximal part of the truncus arteriosus in the region of the future semilunar valves; the manner in which these are related to the aortic septum is described below.
Two endocardial thickenings—anterior and posterior—develop in the bulbus cordis and unite to form a short septum; this joins above with the aortic septum and below with the ventricular septum. The septum grows down into the ventricle as an oblique partition, which ultimately blends with the ventricular septum in such a way as to bring the bulbus cordis into communication with the pulmonary artery, and through the latter with the sixth pair of aortic arches; while the left ventricle is brought into continuity with the aorta, which communicates with the remaining aor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive%20nonstandard%20analysis | In mathematics, constructive nonstandard analysis is a version of Abraham Robinson's nonstandard analysis, developed by Moerdijk (1995), Palmgren (1998), Ruokolainen (2004). Ruokolainen wrote:
The possibility of constructivization of nonstandard analysis was studied by Palmgren (1997, 1998, 2001). The model of constructive nonstandard analysis studied there is an extension of Moerdijk’s (1995) model for constructive nonstandard arithmetic.
See also
Smooth infinitesimal analysis
John Lane Bell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-281%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-281 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. mir-281 is found in an intron of the Drosophila ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODA) gene. Using the RACE technique the pri-miRNA was shown to be 2,149 nucleotides in length. The expression level of the microRNA was found to be independent of the level of ODA.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derick%20Wood | Derick Wood (1940–2010) was an English computer scientist who worked for many years as a professor of computer science in Canada and Hong Kong. He was known for his research in automata theory and formal languages, much of which he published in collaboration with Hermann Maurer and Arto Salomaa, and also for his work in computational geometry.
Wood was born in 1940 in Lancashire, and educated at the University of Leeds.
He earned his PhD from Leeds in 1968 under the supervision of Mike Wells.
After postdoctoral studies at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University, he took his first faculty position at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.
Before joining the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) in 1995, Wood also taught at the University of Waterloo and the University of Western Ontario.
He became a chair professor at HKUST in 2006. He died on 4 October 2010 in Sunnyside Long-Term Care, Kitchener, where he moved after his retirement.
Wood together with Darrell Raymond founded the Workshop on Implementing Automata, later to become the International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata (CIAA). The Journal of Universal Computer Science published a special issue in honor of his 70th birthday. The University of Waterloo continues to offer an annual graduate scholarship in his memory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20Denmark | The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative division of Denmark for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. The NUTS code for Denmark is DK and a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. Below these is a further levels of geographic organisation - the local administrative unit (LAU). In Denmark, the LAU 1 are municipalities and the LAU 2 is Parishes.
Overall
NUTS codes
Local administrative units
Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:
The LAU codes of Denmark can be downloaded here:
NUTS codes
Before 2003
In the 2003 version, before the counties were abolished, the codes were as follows:
See also
Administrative divisions of Denmark
FIPS region codes of Denmark
ISO 3166-2 codes of Denmark |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksu | Fiksu is a provider of mobile marketing technology that helps app and brand marketers reach their target audiences on mobile and CTV. The company's mobile-first platform targets users through social and video networks, real-time bidding (RTB) exchanges, traditional mobile ad networks, and mobile web. Device-level data collections are from the actions mobile app users take, including launches, registrations and purchases.
History
Fiksu, which means "smart" in Finnish, was founded in 2008 by Micah Adler as 'Fluent Mobile', a news-aggregating mobile app. In early 2011, faced with mounting marketing costs, Fluent developed a set of algorithmic tools for lowering the cost of mobile app user acquisition. The company pivoted its focus to become a mobile marketing technology provider, using that technology to help others market their apps and acquire loyal app users.
Fiksu reached annual revenues of more than $100 million in 2014.
Fiksu is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company also has key offices in San Francisco, California; Northampton, Massachusetts; and London.
Indexes
The Fiksu Indexes were introduced in July 2011 to provide insight into industry trends related to app downloads and the costs associated with acquiring new users. They include the App Store Competitive Index, which shows data about the top 200 free iPhone apps downloaded, and the Cost Per Loyal User Index, which shows how much marketers are spending to generate each loyal app customer, as defined by the company as someone who opens the app three times. In March 2014, Fiksu introduced two new indexes that measure costs on both iOS and Android – the Cost per Install Index and the Cost per App Launch Index.
FreeMyApps
Fiksu launched FreeMyApps in December 2011. The solution was originally aimed at helping developers, and marketers of paid iOS apps drive mobile app downloads. The platform, which launched an Android version in December 2012, later shifted to a model that rewarded i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvasculature%20remodeling | Microvasculature remodeling refers to the alterations in a blood vessel network resulting from arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Briefly, arteriogenesis is an increase in arterial diameter while angiogenesis is an increase in the number of capillaries either by sprouting from or splitting existing capillaries. External events stimulate these two types of vessel growth through a combination of mechanical and chemical pathways (Prior et al., 2004).
Sources
Prior, B. M., Yang, H. T., & Terjung, R. L. What makes vessels grow with exercise training? J App Physiol 97: 1119–28, 2004.
Angiology
Cardiac electrophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Cardiovascular procedures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoquinate | Decoquinate is a quinolone coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana%20pula | The pula (also known as the Botswana dollar) is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code BWP and is subdivided into 100 thebe. Pula literally means "rain" in Setswana, because rain is very scarce in Botswana—home to much of the Kalahari Desert—and therefore valuable and a blessing. The word also serves as the national motto of the country.
A sub-unit of the currency is known as thebe, or "shield", and represents defence. The names were picked with the help of the public.
History
The pula was introduced on 23 August 1976, subsequently known as "Pula Day", replacing the rand at par. One hundred days after the pula was introduced, the rand ceased to be legal tender in Botswana.
Coins
In 1976, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 thebe. The 1 thebe was struck in aluminium, with the 5 thebe in bronze and the others in cupro-nickel. These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula. Bronze, dodecagonal 2 thebe coins were introduced in 1981 and discontinued after 1985. In 1991, bronze-plated steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe, nickel-plated steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 25 and 50 thebe and the 1 pula changed to a smaller, nickel-brass, equilateral-curve seven-sided coin. A similarly shaped, nickel-brass 2 pula was introduced in 1994. In 2004, the composition was changed to brass-plated steel and the size was slightly reduced.
Following the withdrawal of the 1 and 2 thebe in 1991 and 1998 respectively, smaller 5, 10, 25 and 50 thebe coins were introduced, with the 5 and 25 thebe coins being seven-sided and the 10 and 50 thebe coins remaining round. A bimetallic 5 pula depicting a mopane caterpillar and a branch of the mopane tree it feeds on was introduced in 2000 composed of a cupronickel centre in a ring made of aluminium-nickel-bronze.
A new series of coins was introduced in 2013. All previous coins were demonetized with effect from 28 August 2014, and remained exchangeable to current coins for 5 years until 28 A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors%20%28video%20game%29 | Survivors (also known as The Survivors) is a game published by Atlantis Software in 1986 for the ZX Spectrum. It was ported to the MSX, Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Acorn Electron, and BBC Micro (all in 1987) and the Amstrad CPC (1988). It is a puzzle game based on the "rocks and diamonds" mechanics of Boulder Dash.
Gameplay
The game is set in 2087 in a 'hibernation dome' which has been damaged in a nuclear war. It holds 1000 survivors (who are in stasis) but cannot be accessed by humans because of fallen earth and boulders. The player must control three droids to gain access to, and teleport out, the survivors. The dome is also populated by guardian droids that had been left to maintain life support functions but have been damaged by the nuclear fallout and become hostile. The survivors must all be evacuated before the time limit runs out and the radiation becomes too strong.
The game uses the 'rocks and diamonds' mechanics as popularised in the game Boulder Dash whereby the player can dig through earth and push boulders but where boulders will fall from above if area below them is cleared. With the emphasis more on the puzzle element, Survivors is closer to Repton. The main twist with this game is that each droid can only perform one of the functions usually carried out by the player in similar games. The player must switch between droids depending on what they need to do. Droid 1 can tunnel through earth, Droid 2 can teleport survivors home (this game's equivalent of collecting diamonds) and Droid 3 can push boulders. This means that if any droid is trapped or destroyed then the game cannot be completed.
The droids lose energy if a boulder falls on top of them or if they touch one of the faulty guardian droids. The guardian droids can be destroyed by dropping boulders on them or trapped behind boulders.
Reception
The game was first released for the ZX Spectrum, where it received mixed reviews. Complaints included 'jerky movement' and dull |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenium%20parvulum | Asplenium parvulum is a species name of a fern, which may refer to:
Asplenium parvulum Hook., described in 1840, now considered a synonym of Asplenium trilobum
Asplenium parvulum M.Martens & Galeotti, described in 1842, an invalid later homonym of the above, now called Asplenium resiliens
parvulum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus%20%C3%97%20unalaschkensis | Cornus × unalaschkensis is a species of flowering plant in the Cornaceae, the dogwood family. Common names for the plant include Alaskan bunchberry, western cordilleran bunchberry, or simply western bunchberry.
The species is native to the west coast of North America from Alaska to California, as well as Magadan in Russia. In the northwestern United States it is a common plant, even abundant.
This is a rhizomatous subshrub with stems up to tall. Leaves are borne in a whorl and are oval in shape and up to long. The leaves are hairless to hairy. Flowers are borne in a cyme inflorescence, but are much smaller than the four white or pinkish bracts surrounding them. These bracts are 1 or 2 cm long; the petals at the center are only about a millimetre long. The fruit is a bright red drupe 6 to 8 mmm in length.
Its habitat includes forests and bogs, especially with layers of decaying matter.
The taxonomy of this plant is not entirely certain. This particular plant is not always considered a species in its own right. It is sometimes called a hybrid, or Cornus × unalaschkensis. Sometimes it is listed as the same species as Cornus canadensis. However, many authors consider it to be an allopolyploid, with chromosomes descended from C. canadensis and C. suecica. The three species can be told apart by careful examination of the petal and leaf morphology. Also, C. unalaschensis does not usually grow in the same regions as the other two plants.
The fruit of this plant is edible, and has been used for food by various Native American groups, such as the Bella Coola and Kitasoo. For example, the Haisla mixed the berries with oolichan grease and served the mash for dessert. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics%20%28journal%29 | Astrophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics published by Springer. Each volume is published every three months. It was founded in 1965 by the Soviet Armenian astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian. It is the English version of the journal Astrofizika, published by the Armenian National Academy of Sciences mostly in Russian. The current editor-in-chief is Arthur Nikoghossian.
Aims and scope
The focus of this journal is astronomy and is a translation of the peer-reviewed Russian language journal Astrofizika.
Abstracting and indexing
Astrophysics is indexed in the following databases:
Astrophysics Data System
Academic OneFile
Academic Search
Chemical Abstracts Service
CSA
CSA Environmental Sciences
Current Contents/Physical
Chemical and Earth Sciences
Earthquake Engineering Abstracts
EBSCO Discovery Service
Expanded Academic
INIS Atomindex
INSPEC
INSPIRE
Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
Science Citation Index Expanded
SCImago
SCOPUS
Simbad Astronomical Database
Summon by ProQuest
See also
List of astronomy journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20and%20Quantum%20Electronics | Optical and Quantum Electronics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. It covers original research and tutorials in optical physics, optoelectronics, photonics, and quantum electronics. Its editors-in-chief are Daoxin Dai, Trevor M. Benson, and Marian Marciniak.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in different databases, including:
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
Inspec
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.0 . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaphone | A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loudhailer is usually a portable or hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person's voice or other sounds and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. A megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the acoustic impedance seen by the vocal cords, matching the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because the frequency response of the megaphone is greater at higher sound frequencies.
Since the 1960s the voice-powered acoustic megaphone described above has been replaced by the electric megaphone, which uses a microphone, an electrically-powered amplifier and a folded horn loudspeaker to amplify the voice.
History
The initial inventor of the speaking trumpet is a subject of historical controversy. There have been references to speakers in Ancient Greece (5th Century B.C.) wearing masks with cones protruding from the mouth in order to amplify their voices in theatres. Hellenic architects may have also consciously utilized acoustic physics in their design of theatre amphitheaters.
A drawing by Louis Nicolas (right) on page 14 of the Codex canadensis, circa 1675 to 1682, shows a Native American chief named Iscouakité using a megaphone made of birch bark. The text of the illustration says that he is addressing his soldiers through a birch bark tube.
Both Samuel Morland and Athanasius Kircher have been credited with inventing megaphones around the same time in the 17th century. Morland, in a work published in 1655, wrote about his experimentation with different horns. His largest megaphone consisted of over 20 feet of copper tube and could reportedly project a person's voice a m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20junction | In electronics/spintronics, a tunnel junction is a barrier, such as a thin insulating layer or electric potential, between two electrically conducting materials. Electrons (or quasiparticles) pass through the barrier by the process of quantum tunnelling. Classically, the electron has zero probability of passing through the barrier. However, according to quantum mechanics, the electron has a non-zero wave amplitude in the barrier, and hence it has some probability of passing through the barrier. Tunnel junctions serve a variety of different purposes.
Multijunction photovoltaic cell
In multijunction photovoltaic cells, tunnel junctions form the connections between consecutive p-n junctions. They function as an ohmic electrical contact in the middle of a semiconductor device.
Magnetic tunnel junction
In magnetic tunnel junctions, electrons tunnel through a thin insulating barrier from one magnetic material to another. This can serve as a basis for a magnetic detector.
Superconducting tunnel junction
In superconducting tunnel junctions, two superconducting electrodes are separated by a non-superconducting barrier. Cooper pairs carry the supercurrent through the barrier by quantum tunneling, a phenomenon known as the Josephson effect. This setup can form the basis for extremely sensitive magnetometers, known as SQUIDs, as well as many other devices.
Tunnel diode
In tunnel diodes, a diode allows the tunneling of electrons for certain voltages. This allows them to be used for generating high-frequency signals.
Scanning tunneling microscope
In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the tip/air/substrate (metal-insulator-metal) can be viewed as a tunnel junction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Genetics | Nature Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in 1992. It covers research in genetics. The chief editor is Tiago Faial.
The journal encompasses genetic and functional genomic studies on human traits and on other model organisms, including mouse, fly, nematode and yeast. Current emphasis is on the genetic basis for common and complex diseases and on the functional mechanism, architecture and evolution of gene networks, studied by experimental perturbation.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 41.379, ranking it 2nd out of 175 journals in the category "Genetics & Heredity". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheuristics | Matheuristics are problem agnostic optimization algorithms that make use of mathematical programming (MP) techniques in order to obtain heuristic solutions. Problem-dependent elements are included only within the lower-level mathematic programming, local search or constructive components. An essential feature is the exploitation in some part of the algorithms of features derived from the mathematical model of the problems of interest, thus the definition "model-based heuristics" appearing in the title of some events of the conference series dedicated to matheuristics matheuristics web page.
The topic has attracted the interest of a community of researchers, and this led to the publication of dedicated volumes and journal special issues besides to dedicated tracks and sessions on wider scope conferences.
A word of caution is needed before delving into the subject, because obviously the use of MP for solving optimization problems, albeit in a heuristic way, is much older and much more widespread than matheuristics. However, this is not the case for metaheuristics. Even the very idea of designing MP methods specifically for heuristic solution has innovative traits, when opposed to exact methods which turn into heuristics when enough computational resources are not available.
Some approaches using MP combined with metaheuristics have begun to appear regularly in the matheuristics literature. This combination can go two-ways, both in MP used to improve or design metaheuristics and in metaheuristics used for improving known MP techniques, even though the first of these two directions is by far more studied. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelymitra%20%C3%97%20mackibbinii | Thelymitra × mackibbinii, also known as Thelymitra mackibbinii and commonly known as the brilliant sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Victoria. It has a single narrow, dark green leaf and one or two violet flowers with purplish tips and darker veins, and a yellow lobe on top of the anther.
Description
Thelymitra × mackibbinii is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single dark green, linear leaf long and wide. One or two violet-coloured flowers with purplish tips and darker veins wide are arranged on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is deep violet, long and about wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is small, bright yellow and warty. The side lobes are yellow and curve forwards with rough or hairy edges. Flowering occurs from September to October.
Taxonomy and naming
Thelymitra × mackibbinii was first formally described in 1881 by Ferdinand von Mueller and the description was published in the Australasian Chemist and Druggist from a specimen collected near Maryborough. The specific epithet (mackibbinii) honours "John M'Kibbon, Esq." who collected the type specimen. John McKibbon was a schoolteacher and orchidologist.
This orchid was previously known as a natural hybrid but is currently recognised as the species Thelymitra mackibbinii.
Distribution and habitat
The brilliant sun orchid grows in open forest and woodland in the goldfields region of Victoria, near Stawell, St Arnaud and Maryborough. There is a single doubtful record from Port Elliot in South Australia from 1896.
Conservation
Fewer than thirty plants of the brilliant sun orchid were known in 2003. The species was probably more common before exploration for gold exploration and mining. The main threats to the species at present are trampling caused by recreational vehicles and grazing by both native and invasive species. Thelymitra mackibbinii is listed as "vulnerable" under the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-367%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-367 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
miR302/367 cluster, together with Hdac2 inhibition, reprograms human and mouse fibroblasts to iPS cells, faster and more efficient than the custom viral infection (OSKM) strategy. Expression of miR367 is essential for Oct4 expression and miR302/367-mediated reprogramming.
See also
MicroRNA
Further reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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11.
External links
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre%20GCR | The Spectre GCR is a hardware and software package for the Atari ST computers. The hardware consists of a cartridge that plugs into the Atari ST's cartridge port and a cable that connects between the cartridge and one of the floppy ports on the ST. Designed by David Small and sold through his company Gadgets by Small, it allows the Atari ST to run most Macintosh software. It is Small's third Macintosh emulator for the ST, replacing his previous Magic Sac and Spectre 128.
The Spectre GCR requires the owner to provide official Apple Macintosh 128K ROMs and Macintosh Operating System 6.0.8 disks. This avoids any legal issues of copying Apple's software. The emulator runs best with a high-resolution monochrome monitor, such as Atari's own SM124, but will run on color displays by either displaying a user-selectable half of the Macintosh screen, or missing out alternate lines to fit the lower resolution color display. The Spectre GCR plugs into the cartridge slot and floppy port, and modifies the frequency of the data to/from the single-speed floppy drive of the Atari ST, allowing it to read Macintosh GCR format discs which require a multi-speed floppy drive.
The manual claims the speed to be 20% faster than an actual Mac Plus with a 30% larger screen area and resolution. Although Spectre GCR runs in 1MB of memory, 2MB or more is recommended. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergonic%20process | An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆G < 0). "Exergonic" (from the prefix exo-, derived for the Greek word ἔξω exō, "outside" and the suffix -ergonic, derived from the Greek word ἔργον ergon, "work") means "releasing energy in the form of work". In thermodynamics, work is defined as the energy moving from the system (the internal region) to the surroundings (the external region) during a given process.
All physical and chemical systems in the universe follow the second law of thermodynamics and proceed in a downhill, i.e., exergonic, direction. Thus, left to itself, any physical or chemical system will proceed, according to the second law of thermodynamics, in a direction that tends to lower the free energy of the system, and thus to expend energy in the form of work. These reactions occur spontaneously.
A chemical reaction is also exergonic when spontaneous. Thus in this type of reactions the Gibbs free energy decreases. The entropy is included in any change of the Gibbs free energy. This differs from an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction where the entropy is not included. The Gibbs free energy is calculated with the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:
where:
T = temperature in kelvins (K)
ΔG = change in the Gibbs free energy
ΔS = change in entropy (at 298 K) as ΔS = Σ{S(Product)} − Σ{S(Reagent)}
ΔH = change in enthalpy (at 298 K) as ΔH = Σ{H(Product)} − Σ{H(Reagent)}
A chemical reaction progresses spontaneously only when the Gibbs free energy decreases, in that case the ΔG is negative. In exergonic reactions the ΔG is negative and in endergonic reactions the ΔG is positive:
exergon
endergon
where:
equals the change in the Gibbs free energy after completion of a chemical reaction.
See also
Endergonic
Ende |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM | ATM or atm often refers to:
Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure
Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine
ATM or atm may also refer to:
Computing
ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Moscow in 1991
Adobe Type Manager, a computer program for managing fonts
Accelerated Turing machine, or Zeno machine, a model of computation used in theoretical computer science
Alternating Turing machine, a model of computation used in theoretical computer science
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a telecommunications protocol used in networking
ATM adaptation layer
ATM Adaptation Layer 5
Media
Amateur Telescope Making, a series of books by Albert Graham Ingalls
ATM (2012 film), an American film
ATM: Er Rak Error, a 2012 Thai film
Azhagiya Tamil Magan, a 2007 Indian film
"ATM" (song), a 2018 song by J. Cole from KOD
People and organizations
Abiding Truth Ministries, anti-LGBT organization in Springfield, Massachusetts, US
Association of Teachers of Mathematics, UK
Acrylic Tank Manufacturing, US aquarium manufacturer, televised in Tanked
ATM FA, a football club in Malaysia
A. T. M. Wilson (1906–1978), British psychiatrist
African Transformation Movement, South African political party founded in 2018
The a2 Milk Company (NZX ticker symbol ATM)
Science
Apollo Telescope Mount, a solar observatory
ATM serine/threonine kinase, a serine/threonine kinase activated by DNA damage
The Airborne Topographic Mapper, a laser altimeter among the instruments used by NASA's Operation IceBridge
Transportation
Active traffic management, a motorway scheme on the M42 in England
Air traffic management, a concept in aviation
Altamira Airport, in Brazil (IATA code ATM)
Azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the municipal public transport company of Milan
Airlines of Tasmania (ICAO code ATM)
Catalonia, Spain
Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM Àrea de Barcelona), in the Barcelona metropolitan area
Autoritat Territorial de la Mobil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation | A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single user, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has been used loosely to refer to everything from a mainframe computer terminal to a PC connected to a network, but the most common form refers to the class of hardware offered by several current and defunct companies such as Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, Apollo Computer, DEC, HP, NeXT, and IBM which powered the 3D computer graphics revolution of the late 1990s.
Workstations formerly offered higher performance than mainstream personal computers, especially in CPU, graphics, memory, and multitasking. Workstations are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulations like computational fluid dynamics, animation, medical imaging, image rendering, and mathematical plots. Typically, the form factor is that of a desktop computer, which consists of a high-resolution display, a keyboard, and a mouse at a minimum, but also offers multiple displays, graphics tablets, and 3D mice for manipulating objects and navigating scenes. Workstations were the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories, and collaboration tools like videoconferencing.
The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs since the late 1990s have reduced distinction between the PCs and workstations. Typical 1980s workstations have expensive proprietary hardware and operating systems to categorically distinguish from standardized PCs. From the 1990s and 2000s, IBM's RS/6000 and IntelliStation have RISC-based POWER CPUs running AIX, and its IBM PC Series and Aptiva corporate and consumer PCs have Intel x86 CPUs. However, by the early 2000s, this difference largely disappeared, since workstations use highly commoditized hardware dominated by large PC vend |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenesis | Myogenesis is the formation of skeletal muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development.
Muscle fibers generally form through the fusion of precursor myoblasts into multinucleated fibers called myotubes. In the early development of an embryo, myoblasts can either proliferate, or differentiate into a myotube. What controls this choice in vivo is generally unclear. If placed in cell culture, most myoblasts will proliferate if enough fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or another growth factor is present in the medium surrounding the cells. When the growth factor runs out, the myoblasts cease division and undergo terminal differentiation into myotubes. Myoblast differentiation proceeds in stages. The first stage, involves cell cycle exit and the commencement of expression of certain genes.
The second stage of differentiation involves the alignment of the myoblasts with one another. Studies have shown that even rat and chick myoblasts can recognise and align with one another, suggesting evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms involved.
The third stage is the actual cell fusion itself. In this stage, the presence of calcium ions is critical. Fusion in humans is aided by a set of metalloproteinases coded for by the ADAM12 gene, and a variety of other proteins. Fusion involves recruitment of actin to the plasma membrane, followed by close apposition and creation of a pore that subsequently rapidly widens.
Novel genes and their protein products that are expressed during the process are under active investigation in many laboratories. They include:
Myocyte enhancer factors (MEFs), which promote myogenesis.
Serum response factor (SRF) plays a central role during myogenesis, being required for the expression of striated alpha-actin genes. Expression of skeletal alpha-actin is also regulated by the androgen receptor; steroids can thereby regulate myogenesis.
Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs): MyoD, Myf5, Myf6 and Myogenin.
Overview
There are a number o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Apollonius's theorem is a theorem relating the length of a median of a triangle to the lengths of its sides.
It states that "the sum of the squares of any two sides of any triangle equals twice the square on half the third side, together with twice the square on the median bisecting the third side".
Specifically, in any triangle if is a median, then
It is a special case of Stewart's theorem. For an isosceles triangle with the median is perpendicular to and the theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem for triangle (or triangle ). From the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the theorem is equivalent to the parallelogram law.
The theorem is named for the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.
Proof
The theorem can be proved as a special case of Stewart's theorem, or can be proved using vectors (see parallelogram law). The following is an independent proof using the law of cosines.
Let the triangle have sides with a median drawn to side Let be the length of the segments of formed by the median, so is half of Let the angles formed between and be and where includes and includes Then is the supplement of and The law of cosines for and states that
Add the first and third equations to obtain
as required.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbleGamers | The AbleGamers Foundation (also known as The AbleGamers Charity) is an American nonprofit organization dedicated to improving accessibility in the video game space, enabling more people with disabilities to be able to play video games. The charity creates resources, assists individuals in getting the peripherals they need, runs scholarships, and works with video game publishers and video game companies to improve accessibility.
History
AbleGamers was founded by Mark Barlet in 2004 after his best friend, Stephanie Walker, began losing the ability to control a computer mouse due to multiple sclerosis. Barlet and Walker used video games as a way of socializing and maintaining their close friendship. AbleGamers was created with the goal of assisting people with disabilities to play video games. The charity works with individuals to assess their needs and challenges, determining what equipment they need to help them play video games, including both existing and new, custom-made hardware. This includes both online consultations and visits to the charity's facilities. The charity helps up to 300 people every year through direct support, and more through online resources. While the program was initially opened for applications only at certain times of the year, it began being offered year-round from 2013.
The charity has opened Accessibility Arcades in locations such as Washington, D.C.'s Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library and the University of Toronto's Semaphore Research Cluster, showcasing accessible hardware and games. In 2013 the charity topped $100,000 USD in donations.
January 2016 the charity announced that it was extending its mission to include a new program entitled "Expansion Packs". Partnering with sponsors, AbleGamers is building accessible game rooms for activity centers that support people with disabilities, the first being at the Pediatric Specialty Care in Hopewell PA.
In 2017 AbleGamers started the Player Panels initiative, whereby gamers with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapping%20counter-torque | Flapping counter-torque is a ubiquitous passive rotational damping effect in flapping flight that arises from world frame differences in the speed of flapping wings during turns. During a turns, flapping that is symmetrical (in velocity and speed) in the body frame of the animal is not symmetrical (in velocity or speed) in the lab frame.
During such turns, the wings travel at different speeds (despite no change to local velocity from the perspective of the flapping animal or machine). Thus, they create different amounts of lift and drag. At the speed and size of flapping animals, forces created by flapping are essentially proportional to the square of velocity relative to the fluid. Thus, even small asymmetries in (lab frame) velocity can create large asymmetries in forces or torques. In the case of flying animals, these torques counters the turn (and is thus known as "countertorque"). Flapping countertorque specifically describes this type of damping in flapping flight, though other passive damping (rotational coutertorque) effects which arise from flapping are in the process of being described in the scientific field of animal flight biomechanics.
The first paper to show this affect did so exclusively for yaw turns (rotations about the vertical axis). Tyson L. Hedrick, Bo Cheng, and Xinyan Deng released their research findings on the dynamics of turning and maneuverability during flight pertaining to flying animals in the report, Wingbeat Time and the Scaling of Passive Rotational Damping in Flapping Flight. Importantly, the damping was shown to be relevant to the flapping dynamics of animals, and on a time scale close to the period of wingbeats.
The researchers recorded the flight of hummingbirds and hawkmoths using 1,000 frame-per-second video cameras. The research expanded to four other kinds of flying insects, two species of birds and a bat which all use about the same number of wing beats to complete a turn in mid-flight. The flying animals return |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20simulations%20for%20integrated%20circuits | Miniaturizing components has always been a primary goal in the semiconductor industry because it cuts production cost and lets companies build smaller computers and other devices. Miniaturization, however, has increased dissipated power per unit area and made it a key limiting factor in integrated circuit performance. Temperature increase becomes relevant for relatively small-cross-sections wires, where it may affect normal semiconductor behavior. Besides, since the generation of heat is proportional to the frequency of operation for switching circuits, fast computers have larger heat generation than slow ones, an undesired effect for chips manufacturers. This article summaries physical concepts that describe the generation and conduction of heat in an integrated circuit, and presents numerical methods that model heat transfer from a macroscopic point of view.
Generation and transfer of heat
Fourier's law
At macroscopic level, Fourier's law states a relation between the transmitted heat per unit time per unit area and the gradient of temperature:
Where is the thermal conductivity, [W·m−1 K−1].
Joule heating
Electronic systems work based on current and voltage signals. Current is the flow of charged particles through the material and these particles (electrons or holes), interact with the lattice of the crystal losing its energy which is released in form of heat. Joule Heating is a predominant mechanism for heat generation in integrated circuits and is an undesired effect in most of the cases. For an ohmic material, it has the form:
Where is the current density in [A·m−2], is the specific electric resistivity in [·m] and is the generated heat per unit volume in [W·m−3].
Heat-transfer equation
The governing equation of the physics of the heat transfer problem relates the flux of heat in space, its variation in time and the generation of power by the following expression:
Where is the thermal conductivity, is the density of the medium, is the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr%20virus%20nuclear%20antigen%203 | The Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 3 (EBNA-3) is a family of viral proteins associated with the Epstein–Barr virus. A typical EBV genome contains three such proteins:
EBNA-3A (, EBNA-3; BLRF3-BERF1)
EBNA-3B (, EBNA-4; BERF2A-BERF2B)
EBNA-3C (, EBNA-6, EBNA-4B; BERF3-BERF4)
These genes also bind the host RBP-Jκ protein.
EBNA-3C can recruit a ubiquitin ligase and has been shown to target cell-cycle regulators such as retinoblastoma protein (pRb). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology%20of%20eating%20meat | The psychology of eating meat is a complex area of study illustrating the confluence of morality, emotions, cognition, and personality characteristics. Research into the psychological and cultural factors of meat-eating suggests correlations with masculinity, support for hierarchical values, and reduced openness to experience. Because meat eating is widely practiced but is sometimes associated with ambivalence, it has been used as a case study in moral psychology to illustrate theories of cognitive dissonance and moral disengagement. Research into the consumer psychology of meat is relevant both to meat industry marketing and to advocates of reduced meat consumption.
Consumer psychology
Meat is an important and highly preferred human food. Individuals' attitudes towards meat are of interest to consumer psychologists, to the meat industry, and to advocates of reduced meat consumption. These attitudes can be affected by issues of price, health, taste, and ethics. The perception of meat in relation to these issues affects meat consumption.
Meat is traditionally a high-status food. It may be associated with cultural traditions and has strong positive associations in most of the world. However, it sometimes has a negative image among consumers, partly due to its associations with slaughter, death, and blood. Holding these associations more strongly may decrease feelings of pleasure from eating meat and increase disgust, leading to lowered meat consumption. In the West, these effects have been found to be particularly true among young women. Negative associations may only cause consumers to make meat less noticeable in their diets rather than reducing or eliminating it, for example making meat an ingredient in a more-processed dish. It has been suggested that this is the result of a disconnect between individuals' roles as consumers and as citizens.
Implicit attitudes towards meat have been reported to vary significantly between omnivores and vegetarians, with omnivor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20Robotics | Zero Robotics is an international high school programming competition where students control robotic SPHERES (Synchronised Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellites) aboard the International Space Station. Each year teams of students work to produce code capable of performing in a game that can be deployed on the SPHERES. This game generally contains elements such as docking with objects, moving objects, and destroying targets within a bounded area while monitoring fuel usage.
Initial stages of the competition occur online (with virtual SPHERES) with free team registration in the United States, Australia and for ESA member countries and limited registration for international teams. Teams are traditionally monitored by adult mentors and code submitted through the MIT website. Finalists compete in a live championship aboard the ISS. An astronaut conducts the final competition while communicating to teams through a live feed.
History
The Zero Robotics competition was created by NASA Astronaut Gregory Chamitoff when he was working with the SPHERES and realised that the coding interface would be suitable for high school students. Drawing inspiration from FIRST Robotics, Zero Robotics became a competition that emphasised building science, technology, engineering, and maths skills with a component of cooperation between schools and nations. Its inaugural competition was held in 2009, expansion to the entire US in 2010 and internationally in 2013. It currently includes schools from the US, Russia, ESA affiliated states and Australia.
Tournaments
The Zero Robotics competition is divided into two types of tournaments.
High School Tournament: Among students aged between 14 and 18 years. The tournament takes place between September and December each year. This is an international event open to teams from the USA, Australia, Russia, ESA member states and select international teams.
Middle School Summer Program. This is dedicated to younger students. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20graded%20module | In algebra, a differential graded module, or dg-module, is a -graded module together with a differential; i.e., a square-zero graded endomorphism of the module of degree 1 or −1, depending on the convention. In other words, it is a chain complex having a structure of a module, while a differential graded algebra is a chain complex with a structure of an algebra.
In view of the module-variant of Dold–Kan correspondence, the notion of an -graded dg-module is equivalent to that of a simplicial module; "equivalent" in the categorical sense; see below.
The Dold–Kan correspondence
Given a commutative ring R, by definition, the category of simplicial modules are simplicial objects in the category of R-modules; denoted by sModR. Then sModR can be identified with the category of differential graded modules which vanish in negative degrees via the Dold-Kan correspondence.
See also
Differential graded Lie algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell | A seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal or organism that lives in the sea. The shell is part of the body of the animal. Empty seashells are often found washed up on beaches by beachcombers. The shells are empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have decomposed or been eaten by another animal.
A seashell is usually the exoskeleton of an invertebrate (an animal without a backbone), and is typically composed of calcium carbonate or chitin. Most shells that are found on beaches are the shells of marine mollusks, partly because these shells are usually made of calcium carbonate, and endure better than shells made of chitin.
Apart from mollusk shells, other shells that can be found on beaches are those of barnacles, horseshoe crabs and brachiopods. Marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae create shells which are tubes made of calcium carbonate cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of sea urchins are called "tests", and the moulted shells of crabs and lobsters are exuviae. While most seashells are external, some cephalopods have internal shells.
Seashells have been used by humans for many different purposes throughout history and prehistory. However, seashells are not the only kind of shells; in various habitats, there are shells from freshwater animals such as freshwater mussels and freshwater snails, and shells of land snails.
Terminology
When the word "seashells" refers only to the shells of marine mollusks, then studying seashells is part of conchology. Conchologists or serious collectors who have a scientific bias are in general careful not to disturb living populations and habitats: even though they may collect a few live animals, most responsible collectors do not often over-collect or otherwise disturb ecosystems.
The study of the entire molluscan animal (as well as the shell) is known as malacology; a person who studies mollusks is known as a malacologist.
Occ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital%20vein | The supraorbital vein is a vein of the forehead. It communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It passes through the supraorbital notch, and merges with the angular vein to form the superior ophthalmic vein. The supraorbital vein helps to drain blood from the forehead, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.
Structure
The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead, where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the frontalis muscle. It merges with the angular vein to form the superior ophthalmic vein.
Previous to its junction with the angular vein, it passes through the supraorbital notch into the orbit around the eye. As this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch.
Function
The supraorbital vein helps to drain blood from the forehead, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD94/NKG2 | CD94/NKG2 is a family of C-type lectin receptors which are expressed predominantly on the surface of NK cells and a subset of CD8+ T-lymphocyte. These receptors stimulate or inhibit cytotoxic activity of NK cells, therefore they are divided into activating and inhibitory receptors according to their function. CD94/NKG2 recognize nonclassical MHC glycoproteins class I (HLA-E in human and Qa-1 molecules in the mouse).
CD94/NKG2 family
CD94/NKG2 family includes seven members: NKG2A, B, C, D, E, F and H. Genes encoding these receptors are clustered in the natural killer complex (NKC) on human chromosome 12 and mouse chromosome 6 together with Clr (C-lectin related) genes.
Structure
NKG2 receptors are transmembrane proteins type II which dimerize with CD94 molecule. CD94 contains a short cytoplasmic domain and it is responsible for signal transduction. Therefore NKG2 receptors form disulfide bonded heterodimers. NKG2D represent an exception, it is a homodimer.
Signaling
NKG2A and NKG2B receptors transmit inhibitory signal. They contain two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in their cytoplasmic tail that are defined by the sequence , where “x” means any amino acid at a given position. If ITIM-bearing receptors engage their ligand, probably Src family kinase phosphorylates tyrosine residue, and this allows recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, SHP-2 or SHIP. It leads to dephosphorylation of tyrosine kinase’s substrates, which are involved in the activating cascades. As a result, NK cell activation is suppressed.
NKG2C (encoded by the KLRC2 gene), NKG2E and NKG2H are activating receptors. Ligand binding enables interaction between receptor and ITAM-bearing adaptor protein DAP12 (ITAM, Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, defined by the sequence (D/E)xxYxx(L/I)x6-8Yxx(L/I)). Src family kinases phosphorylate tyrosine in ITAM sequence. It results in recruitment of tyrosine kinases Syk and ZAP-70 by the adaptor molecules. Finall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gases | This is a list of gases at standard conditions, which means substances that boil or sublime at or below and 1 atm pressure and are reasonably stable.
List
This list is sorted by boiling point of gases in ascending order, but can be sorted on different values. "sub" and "triple" refer to the sublimation point and the triple point, which are given in the case of a substance that sublimes at 1 atm; "dec" refers to decomposition. "~" means approximately.
Known as gas
The following list has substances known to be gases, but with an unknown boiling point.
Fluoroamine
Trifluoromethyl trifluoroethyl trioxide CF3OOOCF2CF3 boils between 10 and 20°
Bis-trifluoromethyl carbonate boils between −10 and +10° possibly +12, freezing −60°
Difluorodioxirane boils between −80 and −90°.
Difluoroaminosulfinyl fluoride F2NS(O)F is a gas but decomposes over several hours
Trifluoromethylsulfinyl chloride CF3S(O)Cl
Nitrosyl cyanide ?−20° blue-green gas 4343-68-4
Thiazyl chloride NSCl greenish yellow gas; trimerises.
Possible
This list includes substances that may be gases. However reliable references are not available.
cis-1-Fluoro-1-propene
trans-1-Chloropropene ?
cis-1-Chloropropene ?
Perfluoro-1,2-butadiene
Perfluoro-1,2,3-butatriene −5 polymerizes
Perfluoropent-2-ene
Perfluoropent-1-ene 29-30°
Trifluoromethanesulfenylfluoride CF3SF
Difluorocarbamyl fluoride F2NCOF −52°
N-Sulfinyltrifluoromethaneamine CF3NSO 18°
(Chlorofluoromethyl)silane 373-67-1
difluoromethylsilane 420-34-8
trifluoromethyl sulfenic trifloromethyl ester
pentafluoro(penta-fluorethoxy)sulfur 900001-56-6 15°
ethenol 557-75-5 10.5° =vinyl alcohol (tautomerizes)
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane 2-10° melt −129°
trans-2H-Heptafluoro-2-butene
pentafluoroethylhypochlorite around −10°
trifluoromethyl pentafluoroethyl sulfide 6° 33547-10-3
1,1,1-Trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethoxy)methanamine 671-63-6 0.6°
1-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane 422-55-9 16.7
1-chloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 359-58- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20shapes%20with%20metaphorical%20names | Many shapes have metaphorical names, i.e., their names are metaphors: these shapes are named after a most common object that has it. For example, "U-shape" is a shape that resembles the letter U, a bell-shaped curve has the shape of the vertical cross-section of a bell, etc. These terms may variously refer to objects, their cross sections or projections.
Types of shapes
Some of these names are "classical terms", i.e., words of Latin or Ancient Greek etymology. Others are English language constructs (although the base words may have non-English etymology). In some disciplines, where shapes of subjects in question are a very important consideration, the shape naming may be quite elaborate, see, e.g., the taxonomy of shapes of plant leaves in botany.
Astroid
Aquiline, shaped like an eagle's beak (as in a Roman nose)
Bell-shaped curve
Biconic shape, a shape in a way opposite to the hourglass: it is based on two oppositely oriented cones or truncated cones with their bases joined; the cones are not necessarily the same
Bowtie shape, in two dimensions
Atmospheric reentry apparatus
Centerbody of an inlet cone in ramjets
Bow shape
Bow curve
Bullet Nose an open-ended hourglass
Butterfly curve (algebraic)
Cocked hat curve, also known as Bicorn
Cone (from the Greek word for « pine cone »)
Doughnut shape
Egg-shaped, see "Oval", below
Geoid (From Greek Ge (γη) for "Earth"), the term specifically introduced to denote the approximation of the shape of the Earth, which is approximately spherical, but not exactly so
Heart shape, long been used for its varied symbolism
Horseshoe-shaped, resembling a horseshoe, cf. horseshoe (disambiguation). In botany, also called lecotropal (see below)
Hourglass shape or hourglass figure, the one that resembles an hourglass; nearly symmetric shape wide at its ends and narrow in the middle; some flat shapes may be alternatively compared to the figure eight or hourglass
Dog bone shape, an hourglass with rounded ends
Hourglass co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruminous%20gland | Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal, in the outer third. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. They are classed as apocrine glands. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky.
These glands are capable of developing both benign and malignant tumors. The benign tumors include ceruminous adenoma, ceruminous pleomorphic adenoma, and ceruminous syringocystadenoma papilliferum. The malignant tumors include ceruminous adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
See also
List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervidobacterium%20gondwanense | Fervidobacterium gondwanense (F. godwanense) is a species of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. It is non-sporulating, motile, gram-negative, and rod-shaped. F. godwanense was isolated in Great Artesian basin in Australia from non-volcanicly heated geothermal waters.
Fervidobacterium godwanense grows best at temperatures from 65° Celsius to 68° Celsius and no growth at all below 44° Celsius. Fervidobacterium godwanense habitat are volcanic marine or terrestrial hotsprings. This species can also live in man made places such as hot water storage tanks. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20social%20science | Quantum social science is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research which draws parallels between quantum physics and the social sciences. Although there is no settled consensus on a single approach, a unifying theme is that, while the social sciences have long modelled themselves on mechanistic science, they can learn much from quantum ideas such as complementarity and entanglement. Some authors are motivated by quantum mind theories that the brain, and therefore human interactions, are literally based on quantum processes, while others are more interested in taking advantage of the quantum toolkit to simulate social behaviours which elude classical treatment. Quantum ideas have been particularly influential in psychology, but are starting to affect other areas such as international relations and diplomacy in what one 2018 paper called a "quantum turn in the social sciences".
History
The idea that quantum physics might play an important role in living systems has long been considered by physicists. Niels Bohr for example believed that his principle of complementarity extended into both biology and psychology, while Erwin Schrödinger wrote in his 1944 book What is Life? of a "quantum theory of biology" that saw genetic mutations in terms of quantum leaps. In his 1989 book The Emperor's New Mind, Roger Penrose hypothesized that quantum mechanics plays an essential role in human consciousness. His 1994 follow-up book Shadows of the Mind speculated that these quantum processes take place in microtubules inside neurons.
Some physicists have also been willing to consider an even more direct connection between mind and quantum matter, in a quantum version of panpsychism. In his 1975 book Disturbing the Universe, Freeman Dyson wrote that "mind is already inherent in every electron, and the processes of human consciousness differ only in degree but not in kind from the processes of choice between quantum states". David Bohm's 1951 book Quantum Theory included a ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%E2%80%93Deligne%20local%20constant | In mathematics, the Langlands–Deligne local constant, also known as the local epsilon factor or local Artin root number (up to an elementary real function of s), is an elementary function associated with a representation of the Weil group of a local field. The functional equation
L(ρ,s) = ε(ρ,s)L(ρ∨,1−s)
of an Artin L-function has an elementary function ε(ρ,s) appearing in it, equal to a constant called the Artin root number times an elementary real function of s, and Langlands discovered that ε(ρ,s) can be written in a canonical way as a product
ε(ρ,s) = Π ε(ρv, s, ψv)
of local constants ε(ρv, s, ψv) associated to primes v.
Tate proved the existence of the local constants in the case that ρ is 1-dimensional in Tate's thesis.
proved the existence of the local constant ε(ρv, s, ψv) up to sign.
The original proof of the existence of the local constants by used local methods and was rather long and complicated, and never published. later discovered a simpler proof using global methods.
Properties
The local constants ε(ρ, s, ψE) depend on a representation ρ of the Weil group and a choice of character ψE of the additive group of E. They satisfy the following conditions:
If ρ is 1-dimensional then ε(ρ, s, ψE) is the constant associated to it by Tate's thesis as the constant in the functional equation of the local L-function.
ε(ρ1⊕ρ2, s, ψE) = ε(ρ1, s, ψE)ε(ρ2, s, ψE). As a result, ε(ρ, s, ψE) can also be defined for virtual representations ρ.
If ρ is a virtual representation of dimension 0 and E contains K then ε(ρ, s, ψE) = ε(IndE/Kρ, s, ψK)
Brauer's theorem on induced characters implies that these three properties characterize the local constants.
showed that the local constants are trivial for real (orthogonal) representations of the Weil group.
Notational conventions
There are several different conventions for denoting the local constants.
The parameter s is redundant and can be combined with the representation ρ, because ε(ρ, s, ψE) = ε(ρ⊗||s, 0, ψ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20hiring | Artificial intelligence (AI) in hiring involves the use of technology to automate aspects of the hiring process. Advances in artificial intelligence, such as the advent of machine learning and the growth of big data, enable AI to be utilized to recruit, screen, and predict the success of applicants. Proponents of artificial intelligence in hiring claim it reduces bias, assists with finding qualified candidates, and frees up human resource workers' time for other tasks, while opponents worry that AI perpetuates inequalities in the workplace and will eliminate jobs.
Background
Artificial intelligence has been a fascination of researchers since the term was coined in the mid-1950s. Researchers have identified four main forms of intelligence that AI would need to possess to truly replace humans in the workplace: mechanical, analytical, intuitive, and empathetic. Automation follows a predictable progression in which it will first be able to replace the mechanical tasks, then analytical tasks, then intuitive tasks, and finally empathy based tasks. However, full automation is not the only potential outcome of AI advancements. Humans may instead work alongside machines, enhancing the effectiveness of both. In the hiring context, this means that AI has already replaced many basic human resource tasks in recruitment and screening, while freeing up time for human resource workers to do other more creative tasks that can not yet be automated or do not make fiscal sense to automate. It also means that the type of jobs companies are recruiting and hiring form will continue to shift as the skillsets that are most valuable change.
Human resources has been identified as one of the ten industries most affected by AI. It is increasingly common for companies to use AI to automate aspects of their hiring process. The hospitality, finance, and tech industries in particular have incorporated AI into their hiring processes to significant extents.
Human resources is fundamentally an ind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20genomics | Predictive genomics is at the intersection of multiple disciplines: predictive medicine, personal genomics and translational bioinformatics. Specifically, predictive genomics deals with the future phenotypic outcomes via prediction in areas such as complex multifactorial diseases in humans. To date, the success of predictive genomics has been dependent on the genetic framework underlying these applications, typically explored in genome-wide association (GWA) studies. The identification of associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (variation of a DNA sequence in a population) underpin GWA studies in complex diseases that have ranged from Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Crohn's disease.
Although the Human Genome Project has progressively improved the fidelity of sequence determination, the overbearing complexity of the genome hinders the identification of associated or ultimately causal variants. In particular, there are likely to be a large number of implicated genetic loci which exhibit small marginal effects.
Objectives
A number of short- and long-term goals exist for predictive genomics. The identification of associated variants underpin all other downstream endeavors that point toward better data-cum-knowledge outcomes. In particular, those outcomes that facilitate clinical improvement and individualised healthcare further lead to actionable measures in diagnosis, prognosis and prevention.
Identify associated variants to disease
Whilst the single-gene, single-disease hypothesis holds for Mendelian disorders such as Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis, complex diseases and traits are affected by a number of gene loci and genetic variants with varying risk. A precursor to the development of preventative, prognostic and diagnostic tools in these diseases requires mapping genetic loci in disease etiology and discovering causal mutations. Creating a ‘genomic profile’ of individuals with the number of variants at the genom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputing%20in%20Japan | Japan operates a number of centers for supercomputing which hold world records in speed, with the K computer becoming the world's fastest in June 2011. and Fugaku took the lead in June 2020, and furthered it, as of November 2020, to 3 times faster than number two computer.
The K computer's performance was impressive, according to professor Jack Dongarra who maintains the TOP500 list of supercomputers, and it surpassed its next 5 competitors combined. The K computer cost US$10 million a year to operate.
Previous records
Japan's entry into supercomputing began in the early 1980s. In 1982, Osaka University's LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System used a massively parallel processing architecture, with 514 microprocessors, including 257 Zilog Z8001 control processors and 257 iAPX 86/20 floating-point processors. It was mainly used for rendering realistic 3D computer graphics. It was the world's most powerful computer, as of 1984.
The SX-3 supercomputer family was developed by NEC Corporation and announced in April 1989. The SX-3/44R became the fastest supercomputer in the world in 1990. Fujitsu's Numerical Wind Tunnel supercomputer gained the top spot in 1993. Japanese supercomputers continued to top the TOP500 lists up until 1997.
The K computer's placement on the top spot was seven years after Japan held the title in 2004. NEC's Earth Simulator supercomputer built by NEC at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) was the fastest in the world at that time. It used 5,120 NEC SX-6i processors, generating a performance of 28,293,540 MIPS (million instructions per second). It also had a peak performance of 131 TFLOPS (131 trillion floating-point operations per second), using proprietary vector processing chips.
The K computer used over 60,000 commercial scalar SPARC64 VIIIfx processors housed in over 600 cabinets. The fact that K computer was over 60 times faster than the Earth Simulator, and that the Earth Simulator ranked as the 68th system in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacle | A pentacle (also spelled and pronounced as pantacle in Thelema, following Aleister Crowley, though that spelling ultimately derived from Éliphas Lévi) is a talisman that is used in magical evocation, and is usually made of parchment, paper, cloth, or metal (although it can be of other materials), upon which a magical design is drawn. Symbols may also be included (sometimes on the reverse), a common one being the six-point form of the Seal of Solomon.
Pentacles may be sewn to the chest of one's garment, or may be flat objects that hang from one's neck or are placed flat upon the ground or altar. Pentacles are almost always shaped as disks or flat circles. In the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, though, a pentacle is placed within the triangle of evocation.
Many varieties of pentacle can be found in the grimoire called the Key of Solomon. Pentacles are also used in the neopagan magical religion called Wicca, alongside other magical tools. In the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and Wicca, pentacles symbolize the classical element earth. In the 1909 Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck (the pentacles of which were designed by Arthur Edward Waite), and subsequent tarot decks that are based upon it, and in Wicca, pentacles prominently incorporate a pentagram in their design. This form of pentacle is formed upon a disk which may be used either upon an altar or as a sacred space of its own.
Definitions
The first documents to depict pentacles were the 1500s grimoires called the Heptameron by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano, and the Key of Solomon. In the Heptaméron, there is only one pentacle, whereas in the Key of Solomon, there are dozens of different pentacles. The Heptameron pentacle is a hexagram that is embellished by patee crosses and letters, whereas the Key of Solomon pentacles have a very broad variety of designs, only two of which are pentagrammic. That contrasts with the later popular definitions of pentacles from the 1900s, which state that pentacles are inherently pentagr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20scattering%20techniques | X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films. These techniques are based on observing the scattered intensity of an X-ray beam hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and wavelength or energy.
Note that X-ray diffraction is now often considered a sub-set of X-ray scattering, where the scattering is elastic and the scattering object is crystalline, so that the resulting pattern contains sharp spots analyzed by X-ray crystallography (as in the Figure). However, both scattering and diffraction are related general phenomena and the distinction has not always existed. Thus Guinier's classic text from 1963 is titled "X-ray diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals and Amorphous Bodies" so 'diffraction' was clearly not restricted to crystals at that time.
Scattering techniques
Elastic scattering
X-ray diffraction or more specifically Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD)
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) probes structure in the nanometer to micrometer range by measuring scattering intensity at scattering angles 2θ close to 0°.
X-ray reflectivity is an analytical technique for determining thickness, roughness, and density of single layer and multilayer thin films.
Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), a technique concentrating on scattering angles 2θ larger than 5°.
Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS)
In IXS the energy and angle of inelastically scattered X-rays are monitored, giving the dynamic structure factor . From this many properties of materials can be obtained, the specific property depending on the scale of the energy transfer. The table below, listing techniques, is adapted from. Inelastically scattered X-rays have intermediate phases and so in principle are not useful for X-ray crystallography. In practice X-rays with small energy transfers are included wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%20%28philosophy%29 | (, meaning "co-humanity" or "humaneness") is a Confucian virtue meaning the good quality of a virtuous human when reaching for higher ideals or when being altruistic. is exemplified by functional, instinctual, parental feelings and intentions of encouragement and protection for their children. It is considered the outward expression of Confucian ideals.
Yan Hui, one of the Four Sages, once asked his master to describe the rules of . Confucius replied, "One should see nothing improper, hear nothing improper, say nothing improper, do nothing improper." Confucius also defined in the following way: "wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others; wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks also to enlarge others." Confucius also said, " is not far off; he who seeks it has already found it." is close to man and never leaves him.
Interpretation of the Chinese character
The single logogram for is a composite of two distinct common hanzi, 人 (man, a man, a person) and 二 (two), with 人 assuming its common form inside another character, to which various interpretations have been assigned. Internally can mean "to look up" or "to aspire to higher principles or ideals" and, externally one often hears that means "how two people should treat one another". While such folk etymologies are common in discussions of Chinese characters, they are often misleading.
In the case of —usually translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"—humaneness is human-ness, the essence of being human. For Confucius, the interaction of a completely dependent infant and caring parent is the most emotionally charged human interaction, "To love a thing means wanting it to live...". The Way of humaneness is human interaction and, through shared experience, knowing one's family. "Fan Chi asked about humaneness. The Master said it is loving people. Fan Chi asked about wisdom. The Master said it is knowing people." In other words, human love and interaction is the source of humaneness, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMezzo%20%28file%20system%29 | InterMezzo was a distributed file system written for the Linux kernel, distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was included in the standard Linux kernel from version 2.4.15 but was dropped from version 2.6. InterMezzo is designed to work on top of an existing journaling file system such as ext3, JFS, ReiserFS or XFS. It was developed around 1999.
An InterMezzo system consists of a server, which holds the master copy of the file system, and one or more clients with a cache of the file system. It works either in a replication mode, in which a client maintains a duplicate of the entire file system, or in an on-demand mode in which the client only requests files that it needs. It does this by capturing all writes to the server's file system journal and streaming them to the client systems to be replayed.
InterMezzo is described as a "high availability file system" since a client can continue to operate even if the connection to the server is lost. During a period of disconnection, updates are logged and will be propagated when the connection is restored. Conflicts are detected and handled according to a "conflict resolution policy" (although the best policy is likely to be to avoid conflicts).
Typical applications of replication mode are:
A cluster of servers operating on a shared file system.
Computers that are not always connected to the network, such as laptops.
Typical applications of on-demand mode were distributed file serving, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or WWW, or desktop workstations.
InterMezzo was started as part of the Coda file system project at Carnegie Mellon University and took many design decisions from Coda (but did not share code). Coda in turn was a branch from the OpenAFS project.
It was designed for enhanced scalability, performance, modularity, and easy integration with existing file systems.
A paper was presented at an Open Source Convention in August 1999 by Peter J. Braam, Michael Callahan, and Phil Schwan.
A compa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LKM%20antibody | An anti-LKM antibody (anti–liver-kidney microsomal antibody or LKM antibody) is any of several autoantibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with different types of acute or chronic liver disease. These antibodies are targeted against antigens of the cytochrome P450 system.
Classification
There are three kinds of anti-LKM antibodies: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison%20Widefield%20Array | The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a joint project between an international consortium of organisations to construct and operate a low-frequency radio array. 'Widefield' refers to its very large field of view (on the order of 30 degrees across). Operating in the frequency range 70–300 MHz, the main scientific goals of the MWA are to detect neutral atomic Hydrogen emission from the cosmological Epoch of Reionization (EoR), to study the Sun, the heliosphere, the Earth's ionosphere, and radio transient phenomena, as well as map the extragalactic radio sky. It is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO).
Along with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), also at the MRO, and two radio telescopes in South Africa, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and MeerKAT, the MWA is one of four precursors to the international project known as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
Development
The MWA was to be situated at Mileura Station where initial testing had been conducted then moved southwest to Boolardy Station in outback Western Australia, at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO), north of Perth. This location offers a quiet radio environment and stable climate for observations. The MRO is also the site of CSIRO's Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and one of two selected sites in Australia for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). In addition to the geographic link, the MWA is one of four official SKA precursor telescopes – instruments that provide instrumental, scientific and operational information to help guide SKA developments, along with two sites in South Africa, HERA and MeerKAT.
The MWA was initially conceived as a 512-tile instrument (512T) to be built in stages. The first stage was a 32-tile prototype (MWA-32T), which was constructed and operated with increasing capability over the period 2007–2011, testing telescope hardware and making preliminary science observations, including initial o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galling | Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by slipping and tearing of crystal structure beneath the surface. This will generally leave some material stuck or even friction welded to the adjacent surface, whereas the galled material may appear gouged with balled-up or torn lumps of material stuck to its surface.
Galling is most commonly found in metal surfaces that are in sliding contact with each other. It is especially common where there is inadequate lubrication between the surfaces. However, certain metals will generally be more prone to galling, due to the atomic structure of their crystals. For example, aluminium is a metal that will gall very easily, whereas annealed (softened) steel is slightly more resistant to galling. Steel that is fully hardened is very resistant to galling.
Galling is a common problem in most applications where metals slide in contact with other metals. This can happen regardless of whether the metals are the same or different. Alloys such as brass and bronze are often chosen for bearings, bushings, and other sliding applications because of their resistance to galling, as well as other forms of mechanical abrasion.
Introduction
Galling is adhesive wear that is caused by the microscopic transfer of material between metallic surfaces during transverse motion (sliding). It occurs frequently whenever metal surfaces are in contact, sliding against each other, especially with poor lubrication. It often occurs in high-load, low-speed applications, although it also can occur in high-speed applications with very little load. Galling is a common problem in sheet metal forming, bearings and pistons in engines, hydraulic cylinders, air motors, and many other industrial operatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight%20junction%20proteins | Tight junction proteins (TJ proteins) are molecules situated at the tight junctions of epithelial, endothelial and myelinated cells. This multiprotein junctional complex has a regulatory function in passage of ions, water and solutes through the paracellular pathway. It can also coordinate the motion of lipids and proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces of the plasma membrane. Thereby tight junction conducts signaling molecules, that influence the differentiation, proliferation and polarity of cells. So tight junction plays a key role in maintenance of osmotic balance and trans-cellular transport of tissue specific molecules. Nowadays is known more than 40 different proteins, that are involved in these selective TJ channels.
Structure of tight junction
The morphology of tight junction is formed by transmembrane strands in the inner side of plasma membrane with complementary grooves on the outer side. This TJ strand network is composed by transmembrane proteins, that interact with the actin in cytoskeleton and with submembrane proteins, which send a signal into the cell. The complexity of the network structure depends on the cell type and it can be visualized and analyzed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, which shows the individual strands of the tight junction.
Function of tight junction proteins
TJ proteins could be divided in different groups according to their function or localization in tight junction. TJ proteins are mostly described in the epithelia and endothelia but also in myelinated cells. In the central and peripheral nervous system are TJ localized between a glia and an axon and within myelin sheaths, where they facilitate the signaling. Some of TJ proteins act as a scaffolds, that connect integral proteins with the actin in a cytoskeleton. Others have an ability to crosslink junctional molecules or transport vesicles through the tight junction. Some submembrane proteins are involved in the cell signaling and gene expression due t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riders%20on%20the%20Storm | "Riders on the Storm" is a song by American rock band the Doors, released in June 1971 by Elektra Records as the second single from the band's sixth studio album, L.A. Woman. It is famous for being the last song that Jim Morrison recorded prior to his sudden death in Paris on July 3, 1971.
The song reached number 14 on the U.S Billboard Hot 100, number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, and number seven in the Netherlands.
Background and composition
"Riders on the Storm" has been classified as a psychedelic rock, jazz rock, art rock song, and a precursor of gothic music. According to guitarist Robby Krieger and keyboardist Ray Manzarek, it was inspired by the country song "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend", written by Stan Jones and popularized by Vaughn Monroe. The lyrics were written and brought to rehearsal by Morrison, of which a portion of it refers to hitchhiking killer Billy "Cockeyed" Cook, who was the subject of the 1953 film, The Hitch-Hiker. Manzarek noted that some lines express Morrison's love to his companion Pamela Courson. The track is notated in the key of E Minor; the main keyboard riff descends throughout the pitches of Dorian Mode scale, and features a progression of i–IV–i7–IV.
It is popularly believed that "Riders on the Storm" is the song that longtime Doors producer Paul A. Rothchild disparaged as "cocktail music", precipitating his departure from the L.A. Woman sessions, which was corroborated by guitarist Robby Krieger. Rothchild himself denied that claim, stating that he actually applied the epithet to "Love Her Madly". Following Rothchild's departure, longtime engineer Bruce Botnick was selected to take over production duties, alongside the Doors themselves.
"Riders on the Storm" was recorded at the Doors Workshop in December 1970 with the assistance of Botnick. Later in January 1971, after Morrison had recorded his main vocals, the group gathered at Poppi Studios to complete the mixing of L.A. Woman, at which Morrison then whisper |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTC1 | ACTC1 encodes cardiac muscle alpha actin. This isoform differs from the alpha actin that is expressed in skeletal muscle, ACTA1. Alpha cardiac actin is the major protein of the thin filament in cardiac sarcomeres, which are responsible for muscle contraction and generation of force to support the pump function of the heart.
Structure
Cardiac alpha actin is a 42.0 kDa protein composed of 377 amino acids. Cardiac alpha actin is a filamentous protein extending from a complex mesh with cardiac alpha-actinin (ACTN2) at Z-lines towards the center of the sarcomere. Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. Each actin can bind to four others. The atomic structure of monomeric actin was solved by Kabsch et al., and closely thereafter this same group published the structure of the actin filament. Actins are highly conserved proteins; the alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Cardiac (ACTC1) and skeletal (ACTA1) alpha actins differ by only four amino acids (Asp4Glu, Glu5Asp, Leu301Met, Ser360Thr; cardiac/skeletal). The actin monomer has two asymmetric domains; the larger inner domain comprised by sub-domains 3 and 4, and the smaller outer domain by sub-domains 1 and 2. Both the amino and carboxy-termini lie in sub-domain 1 of the outer domain.
Function
Actin is a dynamic structure that can adapt two states of flexibility, with the greatest difference between the states occurring as a result of movement within sub-domain 2. Myosin binding increases the flexibility of actin, and cross-linking studies have shown that myosin subfragment-1 binds to actin amino acid residues 48-67 within actin sub-domain 2, which may account for this effect.
It has been suggested that the ACTC1 gene has a role during development. Experiments in chick embryos found an association between ACTC1 knockdown and a reduction in the atrial septa.
Clinical signif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MED20 | Mediator complex subunit 20 (Med20) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MED20 gene. Mutations in the MED20 are associated with basal ganglia degeneration and brain atrophy in infants.
See also
Mediator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1orf167 | Chromosome 1 open reading frame (C1orf167) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C1orf167 gene. The NCBI accession number is NP_001010881. The protein is 1468 amino acids in length with a molecular weight of 162.42 kDa. The mRNA sequence was found to be 4689 base pairs in length.
Gene
Locus
It can be located on chromosome 1 at position 1p36.22 on the plus strand and spans from positions 11,824,457 to 1,849,503.
Aliases
C1orf167 has one known alias with the name Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 167.
Number of Exons
There are 26 exons associated with the protein.
mRNA
Alternative Splicing
A splice region that is conserved in primate orthologs of the C1orf167 mRNA was located between exon 1 and exon 2.
Known mRNA Isoforms
The mRNA sequence has 8 known splice isoforms as determined by the conserved domains. The isoforms span the regions 426-863, 981-1418, 954-1391, 999-1329, 999-1400, 999-1436, 999-1404. and 999-1463 of the mRNA sequence.
Protein
Known Protein Isoforms
Alternative splicing produces two known isoforms of the human protein. They are XP_006711141.1 which is 1489aa in length and XP_003307860.2 which is 713aa in length.
Composition
The protein has an isoelectric point (pI) of 11. The predicted molecular weight (mW) is 160kDa for the human protein, but ranges from 140-180kDa for more distant orthologs. Compositional analysis revealed the most abundant amino acid to be Alanine (A) at 12.4% of the total protein. The analysis also revealed C1orf167 protein to be rich in Tryptophan (W) and deficient in Tyrosine (Y) and Isoleucine (I).
Subcellular Localization
C1orf167 is predicted to be localized to the cell nucleus.
Post-Translational Modifications
C1orf167 is predicted to undergo phosphorylation, O-Glycosylation, SUMOylation, glycation, and cleavage by staphylococcal peptidase I (Q105, Q321) and Glutamyl endopeptidase (Q1101).
Table 1. Post-Translational Modifications determined for C1orf167.
*GPS, NetPhos results indicated hype |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20lactone | Wine lactone is a pleasant smelling compound found naturally in apples, orange juice, grapefruit juice, orange essential oil, clementine peel oil and various grape wines. It was first discovered as an essential oil metabolite in koala urine by Southwell in 1975. It was discovered several years later by Guth in white wines and was named "wine lactone". This monoterpene imparts "coconut, woody and sweet" odors to a wine. There are 8 possible isomers of wine lactone with the (3S, 3a S, 7aR) isomer being the only one that has been found in wine. This isomer is also the most potent of all eight with an odor detection threshold of 10 ng/L in model wine.
The odor threshold of the (3S,3aS,7aR)-wine lactone stereoisomer is 0.00001-0.00004 ng/L in air. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable%20Array%20Logic | Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". The trademark is currently held by Lattice Semiconductor.
PAL devices consisted of a small PROM (programmable read-only memory) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.
Using specialized machines, PAL devices were "field-programmable". PALs were available in several variants:
"One-time programmable" (OTP) devices could not be updated and reused after initial programming (MMI also offered a similar family called HAL, or "hard array logic", which were like PAL devices except that they were mask-programmed at the factory.).
UV erasable versions (e.g.: PALCxxxxx e.g.: PALC22V10) had a quartz window over the chip die and could be erased for re-use with an ultraviolet light source just like an EPROM.
Later versions (PALCExxx e.g.: PALCE22V10) were flash erasable devices.
In most applications, electrically-erasable GALs are now deployed as pin-compatible direct replacements for one-time programmable PALs.
History
Before PALs were introduced, designers of digital logic circuits would use small-scale integration (SSI) components, such as those in the 7400 series TTL (transistor-transistor logic) family; the 7400 family included a variety of logic building blocks, such as gates (NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, OR), multiplexers (MUXes) and demultiplexers (DEMUXes), flip flops (D-type, JK, etc.) and others. One PAL device would typically replace dozens of such "discrete" logic packages, so the SSI business declined as the PAL business took off. PALs were used advantageously in many products, such as minicomputers, as documented in Tracy Kidder's best-selling book The Soul of a New Machine.
PALs were not the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Haith | Hassie Benjamin Haith Jr. (born 1942), also known as Boston Ben, is an American activist from Boston, Massachusetts. Haith has been active in anti-crime groups since the 1980s. He is recognized as the founder of the National Juneteenth Celebration Foundation. Haith is also known for creating and copyrighting the Juneteenth flag.
Career
Activism
Haith is a grass roots community activist who publicly identifies and critiques racial disparity. He is active in anti-crime activities and he has been critical of law enforcement. Throughout his life he has advocated for investigations of the police.
In 1983, when he was 40 years old, he ran for public office for the first time. Haith ran for the District 7 city council seat, which represented a predominantly African American section of Boston. He described himself as a community activist who also owned an advertising agency with his wife. He ran his campaign out of a tent near Dudley Station Historic District. In 1986, he advocated for black areas of Boston to secede from the city.
In 2008 Haith and others camped out in the empty apartments located in the Lenox Street projects and Orchard Park in Roxbury. The goal of the action was to end the "Stop Snitching" culture by getting neighbors to "drop a dime" when they saw illegal activity.
Anti-LGBT activism
In April 1985 he also spoke out against a gay couple (two males) who became a foster home for two young boys in Boston. Haith wanted publicity for his run for City Council, so he contacted the editors at the Boston Globe and complained that two young boys were placed with a male couple in his neighborhood. The article had been written by the Boston Globe reporter Ken Cooper. Haith told Cooper that he was "completely opposed...and it was a breakdown of the society and its values and morals." The Associated Press picked up the story, and ultimately, the gay couple lost custody of the children. The publicity led Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis to order the boys re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Pythagoras | This is a list of things named after Pythagoras, the ancient Greek philosopher, mystic, mathematician, and music theorist.
Philosophy and mysticism
Pythagoreanism – the system of philosophy of Pythagoras and his followers
Neopythagoreanism – a later philosophical system
Pythagorean cup – a drinking cup that forces its user to imbibe only in moderation
Pythagorean letter – the Greek letter upsilon, used as a symbol by the Pythagoreans
Pythagorean diet – vegetarianism
Pythagorean symbol – the tetractys
Pythagorean system – the distinctive system of numerology used by the Pythagoreans
Mathematics
Pythagorean theorem – the statement that the sum of the areas of the squares on the sides of a right triangle is the area of the square on the hypotenuse
Pythagorean triple – a set of three positive integers that can occur in the Pythagorean theorem
Pythagorean quadruple - a set of four positive integers that describes the space diagonal of a cuboid. Also known as a Pythagorean box.
Pythagorean expectation – a method of statistical analysis inspired by the Pythagorean theorem
Pythagorean field – in algebra, a field in which the sum of two squares is in every case itself a square
Pythagorean prime – a prime number of the form 4n + 1
Pythagorean trigonometric identity – any of several trigonometric identities
Pythagorean means – the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, and the harmonic mean
Pythagorean addition – an arithmetic operation arising from the Pythagorean theorem
Pythagoras's constant – the square root of 2
Lute of Pythagoras – a geometric figure
Pythagoras tree – a fractal geometric figure
Table of Pythagoras, another name for the Multiplication table
Music
Pythagorean comma
Pythagorean tuning
Pythagorean hammers
Pythagorean interval
Other
Pythagoras' Cave, where Pythagoras is said to have hidden from the tyrant Polycrates on Mount Kerkis on Samos
Pythagoreion, a town on Samos
Pythagoras (crater) – a lunar crater
PythagoraSwitch – |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Denton | Michael John Denton (born 25 August 1943) is a British proponent of intelligent design and a Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. He holds a PhD degree in biochemistry. Denton's book, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, inspired intelligent design proponents Phillip Johnson and Michael Behe.
Biography
Denton gained a medical degree from Bristol University in 1969 and a PhD in biochemistry from King's College London in 1974. He was a senior research fellow in the Biochemistry Department at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand from 1990 to 2005. He later became a scientific researcher in the field of genetic eye diseases. He has spoken worldwide on genetics, evolution and the anthropic argument for design. Denton's current interests include defending the "anti-Darwinian evolutionary position" and the design hypothesis formulated in his book Nature’s Destiny. Denton described himself as an agnostic. He is currently a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.
Books
Evolution: A Theory in Crisis
In 1985 Denton wrote the book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, presenting a systematic critique of neo-Darwinism ranging from paleontology, fossils, homology, molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry, and argued that evidence of design exists in nature. Some book reviews criticized his arguments. He describes himself as an evolutionist and he has rejected biblical creationism. The book influenced both Phillip E. Johnson, the father of intelligent design, Michael Behe, a proponent of irreducible complexity, and George Gilder, co-founder of the Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement. Since writing the book Denton has changed many of his views on evolution; however, he still believes that the existence of life is a matter of design.
Nature's Destiny
Denton still accepts design and embraces a non-Darwinian evolutionary theory. He denies that randomness accounts for the biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20register | A control register is a processor register that changes or controls the general behavior of a CPU or other digital device. Common tasks performed by control registers include interrupt control, switching the addressing mode, paging control, and coprocessor control.
History
When IBM developed a paging version of the System/360, they added 16 control registers to the design for what became the 360/67. IBM did not provide control registers on other S/360 models, but made them a standard part of System/370, although with different register and bit assignments. As IBM added new features to the architecture, e.g., DAS, S/370-XA, S/370-ESA, ESA/390, they added additional fields to the control registers. With z/Architecture, IBM doubled the control register size to 64 bits.
Control registers in IBM 360/67
On the 360/67, CR0 and CR2 are used by address translation, CR 4-6 contain miscellaneous flags including interrupt masks and Extended Control Mode, and CR 8-14 contain the switch settings on the 2167 Configuration Unit.
M67 CR0
Control Register 0 contains the address of the segment table for dynamic address translation.
M67 CR2
Control register 2 is the Relocation exception address register.
M67 CR4
CR4 is the extended mask register for channels 0-31.
Each bit is the 1/0 channel mask for the corresponding channel.
M67 CR5
CR5 is reserved for the extended mask register for channels 32–63.
Each bit is the 1/0 channel mask for the corresponding channel.
M67 CR6
CR6 contains two mode flags plus extensions to the PSW mask bits.
M67 CR8
Control Register 8 contains the assignments of Processor Storage units 1–4 to central processing units (CPUs) and channel controllers (CCs).
M67 CR9
Control Register 9 contains the assignments of Processor Storage units 5–8 to central processing units (CPUs) and channel controllers (CCs).
M67 CR10
Control Register 10 contains the Processor storage address assignment codes.
M67 CR11
Control Register 11 contains channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelmslev%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Hjelmslev's theorem, named after Johannes Hjelmslev, is the statement that if points P, Q, R... on a line are isometrically mapped to points P´, Q´, R´... of another line in the same plane, then the midpoints of the segments PP´, QQ´, RR´... also lie on a line.
The proof is easy if one assumes the classification of plane isometries. If the given isometry is odd, in which case it is necessarily either a reflection in a line or a glide-reflection (the product of three reflections in a line and two perpendiculars to it), then the statement is true of any points in the plane whatsoever: the midpoint of PP´ lies upon the axis of the (glide-)reflection for any P. If the isometry is even, compose it with reflection in line PQR to obtain an odd isometry with the same effect on P, Q, R... and apply the previous remark.
The importance of the theorem lies in the fact that it has a different proof that does not presuppose the parallel postulate and is therefore valid in non-Euclidean geometry as well. By its help, the mapping that maps every point P of the plane to the midpoint of the segment P´P´´, where P´and P´´ are the images of P under a rotation (in either sense) by a given acute angle about a given center, is seen to be a collineation mapping the whole hyperbolic plane in a 1-1 way onto the inside of a disk, thus providing a good intuitive notion of the linear structure of the hyperbolic plane. In fact, this is called the Hjelmslev transformation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20simulation%20software | The following is a list of notable computer simulation software.
Free or open-source
Advanced Simulation Library - open-source hardware accelerated multiphysics simulation software.
ASCEND - open-source equation-based modelling environment.
Cantera - chemical kinetics package.
Celestia - a 3D astronomy program.
CP2K - Open-source ab-initio molecular dynamics program.
DWSIM - an open-source CAPE-OPEN compliant chemical process simulator.
EFDC Explorer - open-source for processing of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC).
Elmer - an open-source multiphysical simulation software for Windows/Mac/Linux.
Facsimile - a free, open-source discrete-event simulation library.
FlightGear - a free, open-source atmospheric and orbital flight simulator with a flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) that is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to space industry standards.
FreeFem++ - Free, open-source, multiphysics Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software.
Freemat - a free environment for rapid engineering, scientific prototyping and data processing using the same language as MATLAB and GNU Octave.
Gekko - simulation software in Python with machine learning and optimization
GNU Octave - an open-source mathematical modeling and simulation software very similar to using the same language as MATLAB and Freemat.
JModelica.org is a free and open source software platform based on the Modelica modeling language.
Mobility Testbed - an open-source multi-agent simulation testbed for transport coordination algorithms.
NEST - open-source software for spiking neural network models.
NetLogo - an open-source multi-agent simulation software.
ns-3 - an open-source network simulator.
OpenFOAM - open-source software used for computational fluid dynamics (or CFD).
OpenModelica - an open source modeling environment based on Modelica the open standard for modeling software.
Open Source Physics - an open-source Java software project for teaching and studying physic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNK4 | Potassium channel subfamily K member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNK4 gene. KCNK4 protein channels are also called TRAAK channels.
Function
KNCK4 is a gene segment that encodes for the TRAAK (TWIK-related Arachidonic Acid-Stimulated K+) subfamily of mechanosensitive potassium channels. Potassium channels play a role in many cellular processes including action potential depolarization, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, osmotic regulation, and ion flow. The K2P4.1 protein is a lipid-gated ion channel that belongs to the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains (K2P). K2P4.1 homodimerizes and functions as an outwardly rectifying channel. It is expressed primarily in neural tissues and is stimulated by membrane stretch and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
TRAAK channels are found in mammalian neurons and are part of a protein family of weakly inward rectifying potassium channels. This subfamily of potassium channels is mechanically gated. The C-terminal of TRAAK has a charged cluster that is important in maintaining the mechanosensitive properties of the channel.
TRAAK is only expressed in neuronal tissue, and can be found in the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which suggests that it has a function beyond mechanotransduction in terms of neuronal excitability. The highest levels of TRAAK expression are in the olfactory system, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, habenula, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. TRAAK channels are mechanically activated when there is a convex curvature in the membrane that alters the channel’s activity. TRAAK channels are thought to have a role in axonal pathfinding, growth cone motility, and neurite elongation, as well as possibly having a role in touch or pain detection.
TRAAK channels play a critical role in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential in excitable cell types. More recently, TRAAK channels have been identified as an integral component of the nerv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%20hook | A meat hook is any hook normally used in butcheries to hang meat. This form of hook is a variation on the classic S hook.
Types
An S-shaped hook or jointed hook is used to hang up meat or the carcasses of animals such as pigs and cattle on a moving conveyor line. The jointed hook is able to swivel, allowing the carcass to be turned more easily.
A gambrel hook or stick is a frame (shaped like a horse's hind leg) with hooks for suspending a carcass in a more spread out fashion.
A grip hook is a single hook with a handle of some kind, to hold on to a carcass while butchering.
A bacon hook or bacon hanger is a multi-pronged coat-hanger type hook, used to hang bacon joints and other meat.
External links
Mechanical hand tools |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment%20Profile%20Imagery | Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) is an underwater technique for photographing the interface between the seabed and the overlying water. The technique is used to measure or estimate biological, chemical, and physical processes occurring in the first few centimetres of sediment, pore water, and the important benthic boundary layer of water. Time-lapse imaging (tSPI) is used to examine biological activity over natural cycles, like tides and daylight or anthropogenic variables like feeding loads in aquaculture. SPI systems cost between tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars and weigh between 20 and 400 kilograms. Traditional SPI units can be effectively used to explore continental shelf and abyssal depths. Recently developed SPI-Scan or rSPI (rotational SPI) systems can now also be used to inexpensively investigate shallow (<50m) freshwater, estuarine, and marine systems.
Advantages
Humans are strongly visually oriented. We like information in the form of pictures and are able to integrate many different kinds of data when they are presented in one or more images. It seems natural to seek a way of directly imaging the sediment-water interface in order to investigate animal-sediment interactions in the marine benthos. Rhoads and Cande (1971) took pictures of the sediment-water interface at high resolution (sub-millimetre) over small spatial scales (centimetres) in order to examine benthic patterns through time or over large spatial scales (kilometres) rapidly. Slicing into seabeds and taking pictures instead of physical cores, they analysed images of the vertical sediment profile in a technique that came to be known as SPI. This technique advanced in subsequent decades through a number of mechanical improvements and digital imaging and analysis technology. SPI is now a well-established approach accepted as standard practice in several parts of the world, though its wider adoption has been hampered partly because of equipment cost, deployment, and interpretat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%20Sawyer | Cameron Cunningham (Cami) Sawyer is an American mathematician who has worked in New Zealand at Massey University and the Ministry of Education. Trained in algebraic topology, her work in New Zealand has focused on mathematics education, educational technology, distance learning, and the needs of Māori students in mathematics.
Education and career
Sawyer has a postgraduate diploma in teaching from Texas State University, and completed a PhD in 1999 at the University of North Texas. Her dissertation, On the Cohomology of the Complement of a Toral Arrangement, was supervised by J. Matthew Douglass.
She had already visited New Zealand under a Rotary Scholarship in the 1980s, and in the early 2000s emigrated there with her husband and children. She became a secondary school teacher before joining the Massey University staff as a senior tutor in mathematics in the Institute of Fundamental Sciences. Since 2015, she has also been associated with the Pūhoro STEM Academy, a program hosted by Massey for encouraging secondary-school Māori to continue their science and technology education.
In 2021 she moved from Massey to the Ministry of Education, as Learning Area Lead of Mathematics and Statistics.
Recognition and service
Sawyer is a Fellow of the New Zealand Mathematical Society (NZMS), and has chaired the NZMS Education Group.
In 2019 she won a Sustained Excellence in Tertiary Teaching award in the Te Whatu Kairangi awards of the Ako Aotearoa National Centre for tertiary teaching excellence, a government-funded organisation for the support and promotion of tertiary-level education. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treks%20into%20Intuitive%20Geometry | Treks into Intuitive Geometry: The World of Polygons and Polyhedra is a book on geometry, written as a discussion between a teacher and a student in the style of a Socratic dialogue. It was written by Japanese mathematician Jin Akiyama and science writer Kiyoko Matsunaga, and published by Springer-Verlag in 2015 ().
Topics
The term "intuitive geometry" of the title was used by László Fejes Tóth to refer to results in geometry that are accessible to the general public, and the book concerns topics of this type.
The book has 16 self-contained chapters, each beginning with an illustrative puzzle or real-world application.
It includes material on tessellations, polyhedra, and honeycombs, unfoldings of polyhedra and tessellations of unfoldings, cross sections of polyhedra, measuring boxes, gift wrapping, packing problems, wallpaper groups, pentagonal tilings, the Conway criterion for prototiles and Escher-like tilings of the plane by animal-shaped figures, aperiodic tilings including the Penrose tiling, the art gallery theorem, the Euler characteristic, dissection problems and the Dehn invariant, and the Steiner tree problem.
The book is heavily illustrated. And although the results of the book are demonstrated in an accessible way, the book provides sequences of deductions leading to each major claim, and more-complete proofs and references are provided in an appendix.
Audience and reception
Although it was initially developed from course material offered to undergraduates at the Tokyo University of Science, the book is aimed at a broad audience, and assumes only a high-school level knowledge of geometry. It could be used to encourage children in mathematics as well as to provide material for teachers and public lecturers. There is enough depth of material to also retain the interest of readers with a more advanced mathematical background.
Reviewer Matthieu Jacquemet writes that the ordering of topics is unintuitive and the dialogue-based format "artificial", but r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20spectroscopists | Articles about notable spectroscopists.
A
William de Wiveleslie Abney
David Alter
Anders Jonas Ångström
B
Roman Balabin
Johann Balmer
G. Michael Bancroft
Charles Glover Barkla
Nikolay Basov
Jane Blankenship
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Niels Bohr
Frederick Sumner Brackett (1896–1988), discovered the hydrogen Brackett series.
Bertram Brockhouse
John Browning
Robert Bunsen
C
Miguel A. Catalán (1894–1957)
Arthur Compton
William Crookes
Robert Curl
Clair Cameron Patterson
D
Louis de Broglie
Peter Debye
E
Richard R. Ernst
F
Edward Robert Festing
James Franck
Willis H. Flygare
G
Roy J. Glauber
Walter Gordy
G. V. Pawan Kumar
H
August Hagenbach
John L. Hall
Theodor W. Hänsch
Werner Heisenberg
Brian Henderson (physicist)
John Herschel
William Herschel
Gerhard Herzberg
Victor Francis Hess
Antony Hewish
William Huggins
I
J
Derek Jackson (1906–1982), made the first spectroscopic determination of a nuclear magnetic spin.
Pierre Janssen
K
Michael Kasha
Alfred Kastler
Gustav Kirchhoff
Harry Kroto
L
Willis Eugene Lamb
George Downing Liveing (1827–1924)
Norman Lockyer
Derek Long
Hendrik Lorentz
Theodore Lyman
M
Alfred Maddock
Gary E. Martin
Thomas Melvill
Allan Merchant, spectral properties of the Baslescu-Lenard Equation
Robert Andrews Millikan
Edward Morley
Rudolf Mössbauer
N
O
P
August Herman Pfund (1879–1949), discovered the Pfund hydrogen spectral series.
Max Planck (1858–1947)
Bill Price
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
Q
R
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
Carl David Tolmé Runge (1856–1927), Runge–Kutta method, Runge's phenomenon, Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
Johannes Rydberg
Martin Ryle
S
Sérgio Pereira da Silva Porto
Victor Schumann (1841–1913), discovered the vacuum ultraviolet.
Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Angelo Secchi
Kai Siegbahn
Manne Siegbahn
Richard Smalley
Johannes Stark
Miriam Michael Stimson (1913–2002), pioneered the KBr disk technique for Infrared spectroscopy of solid compounds.
T
William Fox Talbot
Matthew Pothen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20functional | In density functional theory (DFT), the Harris energy functional is a non-self-consistent approximation to the Kohn–Sham density functional theory. It gives the energy of a combined system as a function of the electronic densities of the isolated parts. The energy of the Harris functional varies much less than the energy of the Kohn–Sham functional as the density moves away from the converged density.
Background
Kohn–Sham equations are the one-electron equations that must be solved in a self-consistent fashion in order to find the ground state density of a system of interacting electrons:
The density, is given by that of the Slater determinant formed by the spin-orbitals of the occupied states:
where the coefficients are the occupation numbers given by the Fermi–Dirac distribution at the temperature of the system with the restriction , where is the total number of electrons. In the equation above, is the Hartree potential and is the exchange–correlation potential, which are expressed in terms of the electronic density. Formally, one must solve these equations self-consistently, for which the usual strategy is to pick an initial guess for the density, , substitute in the Kohn–Sham equation, extract a new density and iterate the process until convergence is obtained. When the final self-consistent density is reached, the energy of the system is expressed as:
.
Definition
Assume that we have an approximate electron density , which is different from the exact electron density . We construct exchange-correlation potential and the Hartree potential based on the approximate electron density . Kohn–Sham equations are then solved with the XC and Hartree potentials and eigenvalues are then obtained; that is, we perform one single iteration of the self-consistency calculation. The sum of eigenvalues is often called the band structure energy:
where loops over all occupied Kohn–Sham orbitals. The Harris energy functional is defined as
Comments
It was discover |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20statistical%20areas | The U.S. currently has five statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On March 6, 2020, the OMB delineated two combined statistical areas and three metropolitan statistical areas in Delaware.
Statistical areas
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico. These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.
The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of the county or counties (or county-equivalents) associated with at least one core of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core." The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have "a population of at least 50,000" and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) that have "a population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000."
The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as "a geographic entity consisting of two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas with employment interchange measures of at least 15%." The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.
Table
The table below describes the five United States statistical areas and three counties of the State of Delaware with the following information:
The combined statistical area (CSA) as designated by the OMB.
The CSA population according to 2019 US Census Bureau population estimates.
The core based statistical area (CBSA) as designated by the OMB.
The CBSA population acc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Milgram | Arthur Norton Milgram (3 June 1912 – 30 January 1961) was an American mathematician. He made contributions in functional analysis, combinatorics, differential geometry, topology, partial differential equations, and Galois theory. Perhaps one of his more famous contributions is the Lax–Milgram theorem—a theorem in functional analysis that is particularly applicable in the study of partial differential equations. In the third chapter of Emil Artin's book Galois Theory, Milgram also discussed some applications of Galois theory. Milgram also contributed to graph theory, by co-authoring the article Verallgemeinerung eines graphentheoretischen Satzes von Rédei with Tibor Gallai in 1960.
Milgram was born in Philadelphia, and received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1937. He worked under the supervision of John Kline (a student of Robert Lee Moore). His dissertation was titled "Decompositions and Dimension of Closed Sets in ".
Milgram advised 2 students at Syracuse University in the 1940s and 1950s (Robert M. Exner and Adnah Kostenbauder ). In the 1950s, Milgram moved to the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and helped found Minnesota's well-known PDE group (). At Minnesota, Milgram was also the Ph.D. advisor for Robert Duke Adams . It is also worth noting that Milgram's son R. James (Richard) Milgram (Professor Emeritus at Stanford ) also studied mathematics and received his Ph.D. from Minnesota.
Selected publications
.
.
See also
Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem
Fichera's existence principle
Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem
List of Jewish American mathematicians
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Physics%20B | Chinese Physics B is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published in English by IOP Publishing. It is sponsored by the Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Scope
Chinese Physics B is devoted to rapid publication of original research papers, rapid communications, and reviews on the latest developments and achievements in all branches of physics worldwide except nuclear physics, as well as the physics of elementary particles and fields. Specific areas of interest include condensed matter physics, quantum information, atomic and molecular physics, optical physics, and plasma physics.
History
The journal was established in 1992 as Acta Physica Sinica (Overseas Edition), publishing papers different from those of "Acta Physica Sinica" (in Chinese) in both language and content. The journal title was changed to Chinese Physics in 2000, and changed to Chinese Physics B in 2008.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index, Materials Science Citation Index, Scopus, Inspec, Compendex, NASA Astrophysics Data System Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System, and VINITI Database RAS/Referativny Zhurnal. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.494. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Olaja%20mill | The Santa Olaja mill is located in the Joyel Marshes in Soano, in the municipality of Arnuero in the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain. It was declared a Bien de Interés Cultural in November 2013.
History
The Santa Olaja mill is a tide mill. It is one of the main attractions within the Trasmiera Ecopark, a park which was voted an EDEN destination winner in 2011. The mill was constructed in the fourteenth century and remained operational until 1953. It had ten 10 wheels which gives an idea of its importance. This building is a very distinctive example of sea or tidal mills, hydraulic devices prototypical of the Renaissance technological culture in Cantabria. Its operation consists of storing water during high tide in a natural reservoir enclosed by dams, which is later used to activate the other mechanisms.
The mill's exact chronology is unknown. It was rebuilt in 1695. The tide mills are a variant of flour mills that take advantage of the variations in sea level, caused by the action of tides, for grinding grain. The Santa Olaja mill, about , consists of two buildings joined by a dividing wall.
It is built in stone masonry with ashlar in the corner posts. The seaward side has six semicircular arches and the inverse side has buttresses or embankments. The building was renovated in 2002. Its facilities, converted into a museum, serve to explain the operation of this type of mill, the different jobs that were performed there and its role in the economy of the time. The Santa Olaja mill represents what has long been the traditional way of life in this region.
The interior of the building is divided into two parts. A porch leads to a room where all the machinery of one wheel and parts of three others has been rebuilt. On display in the building are various instruments used during the grinding process as well as several stones with the radial slots used in the grinding of grain and flour. The adjoining room, has a partially glazed floor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20Server%20Protocol | The Language Server Protocol (LSP) is an open, JSON-RPC-based protocol for use between source code editors or integrated development environments (IDEs) and servers that provide "language intelligence tools": programming language-specific features like code completion, syntax highlighting and marking of warnings and errors, as well as refactoring routines. The goal of the protocol is to allow programming language support to be implemented and distributed independently of any given editor or IDE. In the early 2020s LSP quickly became a "norm" for language intelligence tools providers.
History
LSP was originally developed for Microsoft Visual Studio Code and is now an open standard. On June 27, 2016, Microsoft announced a collaboration with Red Hat and Codenvy to standardize the protocol's specification. The protocol was originally supported and adopted by these three companies. Its specification is hosted and developed on GitHub.
Background
Modern IDEs provide programmers with sophisticated features like code completion, refactoring, navigating to a symbol's definition, syntax highlighting, and error and warning markers.
For example, in a text-based programming language, a programmer might want to rename a method read. The programmer could either manually edit the respective source code files and change the appropriate occurrences of the old method name into the new name, or instead use an IDE's refactoring capabilities to make all the necessary changes automatically. To be able to support this style of refactoring, an IDE needs a sophisticated understanding of the programming language that the program's source is written in. A programming tool without such an understanding—for example, one that performs a naive search-and-replace instead—could introduce errors. When renaming a read method, for example, the tool should not replace the partial match in a variable that might be called readyState, nor should it replace the portion of a code comment containin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placement%20%28electronic%20design%20automation%29 | Placement is an essential step in electronic design automation — the portion of the physical design
flow that assigns exact locations for various circuit components within the chip's core area. An inferior placement assignment will not only affect the chip's performance but might also make it non-manufacturable by producing excessive wire-length, which is beyond available routing resources. Consequently, a placer must perform the assignment while optimizing a number of objectives to ensure that a circuit meets its performance demands. Together, the placement and routing steps of IC design are known as place and route.
A placer takes a given synthesized circuit netlist together with a technology library and produces a valid placement layout. The layout is optimized according to the aforementioned objectives and ready for cell resizing and buffering — a step essential for timing and signal integrity satisfaction. Clock-tree synthesis and Routing follow, completing the physical design process. In many cases, parts of, or the entire, physical design flow are iterated a number of times until design closure is achieved.
In the case of application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs, the chip's core layout area comprises a number of fixed height rows, with either some or no space between them. Each row consists of a number of sites which can be occupied by the circuit components. A free site is a site that is not occupied by any component. Circuit components are either standard cells, macro blocks, or I/O pads. Standard cells have a fixed height equal to a row's height, but have variable widths. The width of a cell is an integral number of sites. On the other hand, blocks are typically larger than cells and have variable heights that can stretch a multiple number of rows. Some blocks can have preassigned locations — say from a previous floorplanning process — which limit the placer's task to assigning locations for just the cells. In this case, the blocks are typicall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20loop | In the field of stellar evolution, a blue loop is a stage in the life of an evolved star where it changes from a cool star to a hotter one before cooling again. The name derives from the shape of the evolutionary track on a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram which forms a loop towards the blue (i.e. hotter) side of the diagram.
Blue loops can occur for red supergiants, red-giant branch stars, or asymptotic giant branch stars. Some stars may undergo more than one blue loop. Many pulsating variable stars such as Cepheids are blue loop stars. Stars on the horizontal branch are not generally referred to as on a blue loop even though they are temporarily hotter than on the red giant or asymptotic giant branches. Loops occur far too slowly to be observed for individual stars, but are inferred from theory and from the properties and distribution of stars in the H–R diagram.
Red giants
Most stars on the red-giant branch (RGB) have an inert helium core and remain on the RGB until a helium flash moves them to the horizontal branch. However, stars more massive than about do not have an inert core. They smoothly ignite helium before reaching the tip of the red-giant branch and become hotter while they burn helium in their cores. More massive stars become hotter during this phase and stars from about upwards are generally treated as experiencing a blue loop, which lasts on the order of a million years. This type of blue loop occurs only once in the lifetime of a star.
Asymptotic giant branch
Stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) have largely inert cores of carbon and oxygen, and alternately fuse hydrogen and helium in concentric shells around the core. The onset of helium shell burning causes a thermal pulse and in some cases this will cause the star to temporarily increase its temperature and execute a blue loop. Many thermal pulses may occur as the shells alternately switch on and off, and multiple blue loops can occur in the same star.
Red supergiants
Red su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20syndrome | Benjamin syndrome is a type of multiple congenital anomaly/intellectual disability (MCA/MR) syndrome. It is characterized by hypochromic anemia with intellectual disability and various craniofacial and other anomalies. It can also include heart murmur, dental caries and splenic tumors.
It was first described in the medical literature in 1911. Symptoms include megalocephaly, external ear deformities, dental caries, micromelia, hypoplastic bone deformities, hypogonadism, hypochromic anemia with occasional tumors, and intellectual disability. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang%20TV%20Tower | Pyongyang TV Tower is a free-standing concrete TV tower with an observation deck and a panorama restaurant at a height of in Pyongyang, North Korea. The tower stands in Kaeson Park in Moranbong-guyok, north of Kim Il-sung Stadium. The tower broadcasts signals for Korean Central Television.
History
It was built in 1967 to enhance the broadcasting area, which was very poor at the time, and to start colour TV broadcasts.
The Pyongyang TV Tower is chiefly based on the design of the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, which was built at the same time.
Features
There are broadcast antennas and technical equipment at the height of , located at circular platforms. An observation deck is located above the ground, and the tower is topped by a antenna. It uses its high-gain reflector antennas and panel antennas to produce a wide coverage of Analog and Digital TV reception, as well for radio reception.
See also
List of towers
Television in North Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular%20lymph%20node | The mandibular lymph node is a lymph node found near the jaw. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Euler%20characteristic%20formula | In the mathematical field of Galois cohomology, the local Euler characteristic formula is a result due to John Tate that computes the Euler characteristic of the group cohomology of the absolute Galois group GK of a non-archimedean local field K.
Statement
Let K be a non-archimedean local field, let Ks denote a separable closure of K, let GK = Gal(Ks/K) be the absolute Galois group of K, and let Hi(K, M) denote the group cohomology of GK with coefficients in M. Since the cohomological dimension of GK is two, Hi(K, M) = 0 for i ≥ 3. Therefore, the Euler characteristic only involves the groups with i = 0, 1, 2.
Case of finite modules
Let M be a GK-module of finite order m. The Euler characteristic of M is defined to be
(the ith cohomology groups for i ≥ 3 appear tacitly as their sizes are all one).
Let R denote the ring of integers of K. Tate's result then states that if m is relatively prime to the characteristic of K, then
i.e. the inverse of the order of the quotient ring R/mR.
Two special cases worth singling out are the following. If the order of M is relatively prime to the characteristic of the residue field of K, then the Euler characteristic is one. If K is a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp, and if vp denotes the p-adic valuation, then
where [K:Qp] is the degree of K over Qp.
The Euler characteristic can be rewritten, using local Tate duality, as
where M′ is the local Tate dual of M.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hericium%20americanum | Hericium americanum, commonly known as the bear's head tooth fungus is an edible mushroom in the tooth fungus group. It was described as new to science in 1984 by Canadian mycologist James Herbert Ginns.
Hericium americanum are commonly found on decaying trees in the Northern United States and Canada. This fungus grows exceptionally well in the environment of temperate deciduous forests. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious%20George%20%28TV%20series%29 | Curious George is an American children's animated television series based on the children's book series of the same name for PBS Kids which features Jeff Bennett as the voice of Ted Shackelford (credited as "The Man with the Yellow Hat", formerly called that in the original series books and telefilm books). Frank Welker, who voiced George in the 2006 feature film, reprises the role in the series. The show premiered on PBS Kids in the fall of 2006, and originally ended after nine seasons on April 1, 2015 before returning in 2018.
Season 10 premiered on September 3, 2018 on Family Jr. in Canada. Seasons 10-13 debuted on NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock in the United States when it launched in July 2020. Seasons 1-9 are available to stream for Peacock Premium subscribers since September 20, 2020, which is also available to stream on Hulu. Season 10 premiered on PBS on October 5 the same year.
Curious George is a production of Universal 1440 Entertainment (Universal Studios Family Productions before 2013), Imagine Entertainment, and WGBH-TV (WGBH Kids) (before season 13), and animated by Toon City. From seasons 1-9, each episode has two animated segments per half hour episode, and a short live-action segment after each. The live-action shorts illustrate and explain various concepts in math and science, and shows a class with kids engaging in experiments, that teach the math or science concept featured in the previous story. Season 10 eliminated them, leaving only the animated segments left.
Settings
City: George and the Man live in an apartment in the Big City. The actual name of the city is unknown but has some similarities to New York. However in the episode "Curious George Takes a Vacation", an airport worker mentions they're in Illinois meaning they possibly live in Chicago. The Doorman keeps a pigeon coop on the roof and is the guardian of Hundley, his dachshund dog. The apartment is near Endless Park, the museum where Professor Wiseman works, and the z |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarbook | Sugarbook is an online dating service that was founded in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sugarbook is most popular in the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia, Singapore and Philippines.
The site is controversial in Malaysia, the country where it was founded. On February 23, 2021, Sugarbook founder and CEO, Darren Chan was arrested by Malaysian police and put in lockup for 10 days, as authorities in the Muslim-majority country believed that Chan had violated anti-prostitution laws.
History
Sugarbook was founded by Darren Chan in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2016. The site focuses on connecting "sugar daddies" with "sugar babies." The "sugar babies" can register for free, while the "sugar daddies" pay membership fees to find matches.
Controversy
Formula One sponsorship
In 2018, Sugarbook had sponsored a party as part of the Singapore Tourism Board's Formula One-themed Sky Grande Prix event, but it was cancelled due to the controversial nature of the company's platform.
Arrest of founder and ban in Malaysia
On February 23, 2021, Sugarbook Founder and CEO, Darren Chan was arrested and put in lockup for 10 days. The arrest was internationally condemned, prompting attorneys and netizens to questions its legality. Chan later pleaded not guilty to the charges.
Sugarbook was also blocked by Malaysian ISPs, but users in Malaysia found ways to bypass the blocks, such as using VPNs. There was a public outcry across the Asia-Pacific region, with the media publishing articles about the controversy in Thailand, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
A day after the ban the company circumvented the block by using the URL sucrebook.com.
On April 4, 2021, Darren Chan spoke out about the case to VICE News. Chan's arrest also prompted coverage from the BBC, New York Post, Astro AEC, among others.
Google Play Store ban
As of September 1, 2021, Google has banned Sugarbook and a number of other sugar baby apps from its Google Play store.
See also
Comparison of online dating services
SeekingArrange |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamming%20avoidance%20response | The jamming avoidance response is a behavior of some species of weakly electric fish. It occurs when two electric fish with wave discharges meet – if their discharge frequencies are very similar, each fish shifts its discharge frequency to increase the difference between the two. By doing this, both fish prevent jamming of their sense of electroreception.
The behavior has been most intensively studied in the South American species Eigenmannia virescens. It is also present in other Gymnotiformes such as Apteronotus, as well as in the African species Gymnarchus niloticus. The jamming avoidance response was one of the first complex behavioral responses in a vertebrate to have its neural circuitry completely specified. As such, it holds special significance in the field of neuroethology.
Discovery
The jamming avoidance response (JAR) was discovered by Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda in 1963. The fish they used was an unspecified species of Eigenmannia, which has a quasi-sinusoidal wave discharge of about 300 Hz. They found that when a sinusoidal electrical stimulus is emitted from an electrode near the fish, if the stimulus frequency is within 5 Hz of the fish's electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency, the fish alters its EOD frequency to increase the difference between its own frequency and the stimulus frequency. Stimuli above the fish's EOD frequency push the EOD frequency downwards, while frequencies below that of the fish push the EOD frequency upwards, with a maximum change of about ±6.5 Hz.
This behavior was given the name "jamming avoidance response" several years later in 1972, in a paper by Theodore Bullock, Robert Hamstra Jr., and Henning Scheich.
In 1975, Walter Heiligenberg discovered a JAR in the distantly-related Gymnarchus niloticus, the African knifefish, showing that the behavior had convergently evolved in two separate lineages.
Behavior
Eigenmannia and other weakly electric fish use active electrolocation – they can locate objects by gene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglycerol%20polyricinoleate | Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), E476, is an emulsifier made from glycerol and fatty acids (usually from castor bean, but also from soybean oil). In chocolate, compound chocolate and similar coatings, PGPR is mainly used with another substance like lecithin to reduce viscosity. It is used at low levels (below 0.5%), and works by decreasing the friction between the solid particles (e.g. cacao, sugar, milk) in molten chocolate, reducing the yield stress so that it flows more easily, approaching the behaviour of a Newtonian fluid. It can also be used as an emulsifier in spreads and in salad dressings, or to improve the texture of baked goods. It is made up of a short chain of glycerol molecules connected by ether bonds, with ricinoleic acid side chains connected by ester bonds.
PGPR is a yellowish, viscous liquid, and is strongly lipophilic: it is soluble in fats and oils and insoluble in water and ethanol.
Manufacture
Glycerol is heated to above 200 °C in a reactor in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to create polyglycerol. Castor oil fatty acids are separately heated to above 200 °C, to create interesterified ricinoleic fatty acids. The polyglycerol and the interesterified ricinoleic fatty acids are then mixed to create PGPR.
Use in chocolate
Because PGPR improves the flow characteristics of chocolate and compound chocolate, especially near the melting point, it can improve the efficiency of chocolate coating processes: chocolate coatings with PGPR flow better around shapes of enrobed and dipped products, and it also improves the performance of equipment used to produce solid molded products: the chocolate flows better into the mold, and surrounds inclusions and releases trapped air more easily. PGPR can also be used to reduce the quantity of cocoa butter needed in chocolate formulations: the solid particles in chocolate are suspended in the cocoa butter, and by reducing the viscosity of the chocolate, less cocoa butter is required, which saves costs, be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20gap%20%28physics%29 | In quantum mechanics, the spectral gap of a system is the energy difference between its ground state and its first excited state. The mass gap is the spectral gap between the vacuum and the lightest particle. A Hamiltonian with a spectral gap is called a gapped Hamiltonian, and those that do not are called gapless.
In solid-state physics, the most important spectral gap is for the many-body system of electrons in a solid material, in which case it is often known as an energy gap.
In quantum many-body systems, ground states of gapped Hamiltonians have exponential decay of correlations.
In 2015, it was shown that the problem of determining the existence of a spectral gap is undecidable in two or more dimensions. The authors used an aperiodic tiling of quantum Turing machines and showed that this hypothetical material becomes gapped if and only if the machine halts. The one-dimensional case was also proven undecidable in 2020 by constructing a chain of interacting qudits divided into blocks that gain energy if and only if they represent a full computation by a Turing machine, and showing that this system becomes gapped if and only if the machine does not halt.
See also
List of undecidable problems
Spectral gap, in mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirator%20%28entomology%29 | In entomology, an aspirator, also known as a pooter, is a device used in the collection of insects, crustaceans or other small, fragile organisms, usually for scientific purposes.
Design and use
Such devices are most commonly used by entomologists for field and lab work. One of the most common designs consists of a small resealable jar or vial, the lid or stopper of which is penetrated by two tubes. On the inner end of one tube, fine mesh or another type of filter is attached, and this tube leads to the user's mouth (usually connected by a long, flexible piece of tubing). The end of the second tube projects into the collecting chamber, and its far end can then be placed over an insect or other small organism; the user sucks on the first tube, and the insect is drawn into the collecting chamber through the other.
The other common design (the more traditional "pooter") consists of a length of flexible tubing, of which one end is held in the mouth, and the other end which holds the tip. The tip is usually a glass or plastic pipette inserted into the plastic tubing, with a piece of gauze as a filter at the inner end to prevent accidental ingestion. Small insects (e.g., Drosophila) may be gently collected and held against the filter by steady inhalation, and transferred into a container by then blowing the insect(s) out. A skilled lab worker, for instance, may be able to sequentially inhale and then transfer a pooter-full of Drosophila flies singly into vials, thus facilitating rapid setup of fly experiments with a minimum of pain caused to the researcher, or the researched. Larger, motor-powered variants of this design exist (typically, a leaf blower working in reverse), often named D-Vac, where the insects are sucked into a mesh collecting bag in a long plastic tube, and held there by the powerful suction
In entomological surveys pooters are usually used in combination with insect nets or beating nets but may also be used alone to collect insects seen on vegetatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Lomax%20model | The Baldwin–Lomax model is a 0-equation turbulence model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows.
External links
Baldwin-Lomax model at cfd-online.com
Fluid dynamics
Mathematical modeling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20curvature | In differential geometry, the two principal curvatures at a given point of a surface are the maximum and minimum values of the curvature as expressed by the eigenvalues of the shape operator at that point. They measure how the surface bends by different amounts in different directions at that point.
Discussion
At each point p of a differentiable surface in 3-dimensional Euclidean space one may choose a unit normal vector. A normal plane at p is one that contains the normal vector, and will therefore also contain a unique direction tangent to the surface and cut the surface in a plane curve, called normal section. This curve will in general have different curvatures for different normal planes at p. The principal curvatures at p, denoted k1 and k2, are the maximum and minimum values of this curvature.
Here the curvature of a curve is by definition the reciprocal of the radius of the osculating circle. The curvature is taken to be positive if the curve turns in the same direction as the surface's chosen normal, and otherwise negative. The directions in the normal plane where the curvature takes its maximum and minimum values are always perpendicular, if k1 does not equal k2, a result of Euler (1760), and are called principal directions. From a modern perspective, this theorem follows from the spectral theorem because these directions are as the principal axes of a symmetric tensor—the second fundamental form. A systematic analysis of the principal curvatures and principal directions was undertaken by Gaston Darboux, using Darboux frames.
The product k1k2 of the two principal curvatures is the Gaussian curvature, K, and the average (k1 + k2)/2 is the mean curvature, H.
If at least one of the principal curvatures is zero at every point, then the Gaussian curvature will be 0 and the surface is a developable surface. For a minimal surface, the mean curvature is zero at every point.
Formal definition
Let M be a surface in Euclidean space with second fundamenta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerschenkron%20effect | The Gerschenkron effect, developed by Alexander Gerschenkron, claims that changing the base year for an index determines the growth rate of the index. This effect is applicable only to aggregation method using reference price structure (meaning, each country’s quantities are valued by uniform set of prices to obtain volume) or reference volume structure (meaning, obtaining Purchasing power parity via valuation of uniform set of quantities by each country’s price). However, if production is measured by "real" tearms, this effect does not exist.
This description is from the OECD website:
Simply, put the “Gerschenkron effect” measures the difference between Paasche and Laspeyres indices. That means that “early-weighted” aggregate will grow faster than “late-weighted.” Negative correlation is due to relatively rapid technical progress and falling relative price benefit from cost-reducing substitution. Or it can be vice versa; slow technical progress, increasing relative price suffer from cost-reducing substitution. In other words, this effect arises when activities whose relative prices are falling tend to increase their volume shares of total production and vice versa. Which is exactly what happened during industrial revolution when manufacturing expanded is produced volume.
After revision by Jonas and Sardy in 1970, properties of the Gerschenkron effect were further developed. In addition to originally stated upward bias of base-year indices and reasoning behind that, it was shown that the movement in relative quantities is usually larger than the movement in relative prices and that the weighted correlation of those effects decreases over time with further development.
History
What is now called the “Gerschenkron effect” have first appeared in 1947 and was further explained and used in a study A Dollar Index of Soviet Machinery Output in 1951 by Alexander Gerschenkron. Using actual data of United States machinery output in different years, it, empirically, sh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins%20v.%20Lower%20Merion%20School%20District | Robbins v. Lower Merion School District is a federal class action lawsuit, brought in February 2010 on behalf of students of two high schools in Lower Merion Township, a suburb of Philadelphia. In October 2010, the school district agreed to pay $610,000 to settle the Robbins and parallel Hasan lawsuits against it.
The suit alleged that, in what was dubbed the "WebcamGate" scandal, the schools secretly spied on the students while they were in the privacy of their homes. School authorities surreptitiously and remotely activated webcams embedded in school-issued laptops the students were using at home. After the suit was brought, the school district, of which the two high schools are part, revealed that it had secretly taken more than 66,000 images. The suit charged that in doing so the district infringed on its students' privacy rights. A federal judge issued a preliminary injunction, ordering the school district to stop its secret webcam monitoring, and ordered the district to pay the plaintiffs' attorney fees.
The lawsuit was filed after 15-year-old high school sophomore (second year student) Blake Robbins was disciplined at school for his behavior in his bedroom. The school based its decision to discipline Robbins on a photograph that had been secretly taken of him in his bedroom, via the webcam in his school-issued laptop. Without telling its students, the schools remotely accessed their school-issued laptops to secretly take pictures of students in their own homes, their chat logs, and records of the websites they visited. The school then transmitted the images to servers at the school, where school authorities reviewed them and shared the snapshots with others. In one widely published photo, the school had photographed Robbins in his bed. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. Attorney's Office, and Montgomery County District Attorney all initiated criminal investigations of the matter, which they combined and then closed because they did not find ev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20angular%20momentum%20of%20light | The orbital angular momentum of light (OAM) is the component of angular momentum of a light beam that is dependent on the field spatial distribution, and not on the polarization. It can be further split into an internal and an external OAM. The internal OAM is an origin-independent angular momentum of a light beam that can be associated with a helical or twisted wavefront. The external OAM is the origin-dependent angular momentum that can be obtained as cross product of the light beam position (center of the beam) and its total linear momentum.
Concept
A beam of light carries a linear momentum , and hence it can be also attributed an external angular momentum . This external angular momentum depends on the choice of the origin of the coordinate system. If one chooses the origin at the beam axis and the beam is cylindrically symmetric (at least in its momentum distribution), the external angular momentum will vanish. The external angular momentum is a form of OAM, because it is unrelated to polarization and depends on the spatial distribution of the optical field (E).
A more interesting example of OAM is the internal OAM appearing when a paraxial light beam is in a so-called "helical mode". Helical modes of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a wavefront that is shaped as a helix, with an optical vortex in the center, at the beam axis (see figure). If the phase varies around the axis of such a wave, it carries orbital angular momentum.
In the figure to the right, the first column shows the beam wavefront shape. The second column is the optical phase distribution in a beam cross-section, shown in false colors. The third column is the light intensity distribution in a beam cross-section (with a dark vortex core at the center).
The helical modes are characterized by an integer number , positive or negative. If , the mode is not helical and the wavefronts are multiple disconnected surfaces, for example, a sequence of parallel planes (from which the name |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycomb%20recruitment%20in%20X%20chromosome%20inactivation | X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the phenomenon that has been selected during the evolution to balance X-linked gene dosage between XX females and XY males.
Phases
XCI is usually divided in two phases, the establishment phase when gene silencing is reversible, and maintenance phase when gene silencing becomes irreversible. During the establishment phase of X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI), Xist RNA, the master regulator of this process, is monoallelically upregulated and it spreads in cis along the future inactive X (Xi), relocates to the nuclear periphery. and recruits repressive chromatin-remodelling complexes Among these, Xist recruits proteins of the Polycomb repressive complexes. Whether Xist directly recruits Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to the chromatin or this recruitment is the consequence of Xist-mediated changes on the chromatin has been object of intense debate.
Mechanism
Some studies showed that PRC2 components are not associated with Xist RNA or do not interact functionally. However another study has shown by means of mass spectrometry analysis, that two subunits of PRC2 may interact with Xist, although these proteins are also found in other complexes and are not unique components of the PRC2 complex.
PRC2 binds the A-repeat (RepA) of Xist RNA directly and with very high affinity (dissociation constants of 10-100 nanomolar), supporting Xist-mediated recruitment of PRC2 to the X chromosome. However it is not clear whether such interactions occurs in vivo under physiological conditions. Failure to turn up PRC2 proteins in function screens may be due to cells not being able to survive or compete without PRC2 or incomplete screens. Two super resolution microscopy analyses have presented different views from each other. One showed that Xist and PRC2 are spatially separated, while another showed that Xist and PRC2 are tightly linked. It is possible that several mechanisms recruit PRC2 in parallel, including direct Xist-mediated recruitmen |
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