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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20class | In music, a pitch class (p.c. or pc) is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart; for example, the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves. "The pitch class C stands for all possible Cs, in whatever octave position." Important to musical set theory, a pitch class is "all pitches related to each other by octave, enharmonic equivalence, or both." Thus, using scientific pitch notation, the pitch class "C" is the set
{Cn : n is an integer} = {..., C−2, C−1, C0, C1, C2, C3 ...}.
Although there is no formal upper or lower limit to this sequence, only a few of these pitches are audible to humans.
Pitch class is important because human pitch-perception is periodic: pitches belonging to the same pitch class are perceived as having a similar quality or color, a property called "octave equivalence".
Psychologists refer to the quality of a pitch as its "chroma". A chroma is an attribute of pitches (as opposed to tone height), just like hue is an attribute of color. A pitch class is a set of all pitches that share the same chroma, just like "the set of all white things" is the collection of all white objects.
In standard Western equal temperament, distinct spellings can refer to the same sounding object: B3, C4, and D4 all refer to the same pitch, hence share the same chroma, and therefore belong to the same pitch class. This phenomenon is called enharmonic equivalence.
Integer notation
To avoid the problem of enharmonic spellings, theorists typically represent pitch classes using numbers beginning from zero, with each successively larger integer representing a pitch class that would be one semitone higher than the preceding one, if they were all realised as actual pitches in the same octave. Because octave-related pitches belong to the same class, when an octave is reached, the numbers begin again at zero. This cyclical system is referred to as modular arithmetic and, in the usual case of chromatic twelve-tone scales, pitch-class numbering is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinomial%20nomenclature | In biology, trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species. These names have three parts. The usage is different in zoology and botany.
In zoology
In zoological nomenclature, a trinomen (), trinominal name, or ternary name refers to the name of a subspecies. Examples are Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Savage, 1847) for the western lowland gorilla (genus Gorilla, species western gorilla), and Bison bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) for the plains bison (genus Bison, species American bison).
A trinomen is a name with three parts: generic name, specific name and subspecific name. The first two parts alone form the binomen or species name. All three names are typeset in italics, and only the first letter of the generic name is capitalised. No indicator of rank is included: in zoology, subspecies is the only rank below that of species. For example: "Buteo jamaicensis borealis is one of the subspecies of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)."
In a taxonomic publication, a name is incomplete without an author citation and publication details. This indicates who published the name, in what publication, and the date of the publication. For example: "Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)" denotes a subspecies of the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) introduced by James Francis Stephens in 1826 under the subspecies name novaehollandiae ("of New Holland").
If the generic and specific name have already been mentioned in the same paragraph, they are often abbreviated to initial letters. For example, one might write: "The great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo has a distinct subspecies in Australasia, the black shag P. c. novaehollandiae".
While binomial nomenclature came into being and immediately gained widespread acceptance in the mid-18th century, it was not until the early 20th century that the current unified standard of nomenclature was agreed upon. This became the standard mainly because of tireless promotion by Elliott Coues – eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20gene | Major gene is a gene with pronounced phenotype expression, in contrast to a modifier gene. Major gene characterizes common expression of oligogenic series, i.e. a small number of genes that determine the same trait.
Major genes control the discontinuous or qualitative characters in contrast of minor genes or polygenes with individually small effects. Major genes segregate and may be easily subject to mendelian analysis. The gene categorization into major and minor determinants is more or less arbitrary. Both of the two types are in all probability only end points in a more or less continuous series of gene action and gene interactions.
The term major gene was introduced into the science of inheritance by Keneth Mather (1941).
See also
Gene interaction
Minor gene
Gene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity%20blind%20wine%20tasting%20match | The Varsity Blind Wine Tasting Match is a series of annual competitions in blind wine tasting between the Oxford University Blind Wine Tasting Society and the Cambridge University Blind Wine Tasting Society; the blind wine tasting teams of the University of Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews; and the blind wine tasting teams of the University of Bath and Bristol University. It is sponsored by champagne house Pol Roger. The Oxford/Cambridge competition has run since 1953. The current Oxford/Cambridge convenor is James Simpson, Master of Wine (MW). Will Lyons is a judge for the Edinburgh/St Andrews competition
The winning teams are invited to Épernay, France to visit the vineyards of Pol Roger and compete in an international tasting match against a French university. The taster with the highest individual score wins a bottle of Pol Roger's top cuvee, Sir Winston Churchill. The reserve taster with the higher score wins a subscription to Decanter Magazine. The losing team each wins a bottle of Non Vintage Pol Roger.
Judges
For the Oxford v Cambridge competition there are two judges, one nominated by each team. In 2008 and 2009, the Oxford judge was Jancis Robinson MW, and the Cambridge judge was Hugh Johnson. Past judges have included Jasper Morris MW (who also judged in 2014). The papers are marked anonymously and cross-checked by both judges in order to ensure impartiality.
Winners
Team Overall Competition Oxford v Cambridge
Cambridge (26 victories in total) including: 1994, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2019, 2020, 2022
Oxford (42 victories in total) including: 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021, 2023
Top Individual Tasters
2009: Caroline Conner (Ox)
2010: James Flewellen (Ox)
2011: James Flewellen (Ox), 152 points
2012: Ren Lim (Ox)
2013: Tom Arnold (Ox) and Stefan Kuppen (Cam), 140 points [joint]
2014: Vaiva Imbrasaite (Cam), 195 points
2015: Swii |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectPlay | DirectPlay is part of Microsoft's DirectX API. It is a network communication library intended for computer game development, although it can be used for other purposes.
DirectPlay is a high-level software interface between applications and communication services that allows games to be connected over the Internet, a modem link, or a network. It features a set of tools that allow players to find game sessions and sites to manage the flow of information between hosts and players. It provides a way for applications to communicate with each other, regardless of the underlying online service or protocol. It also resolves many connectivity issues, such as Network Address Translation (NAT).
Like the rest of DirectX, DirectPlay runs in COM and is accessed through component object model (COM) interfaces. By default, DirectPlay uses multi-threaded programming techniques and requires careful thought to avoid the usual threading issues. Since DirectX version 9, this issue can be alleviated at the expense of efficiency.
Networking model
Under the hood, DirectPlay is built on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to allow it speedy communication with other DirectPlay applications. It uses TCP and UDP ports 2300 to 2400 and 47624.
DirectPlay sits on layers 4 and 5 of the OSI model.
On layer 4, DirectPlay can handle the following tasks if requested by the application:
Message ordering, which ensures that data arrives in the same order it was sent.
Message reliability, which ensures that data is guaranteed to arrive.
Message flow control, which ensures that data is only sent at the rate the receiver can receive it.
On layer 5, DirectPlay always handles the following tasks:
Connection initiation and termination.
Interfaces
The primary interfaces (methods of access) for DirectPlay are:
IDirectPlay8Server, which allows access to server functionality
IDirectPlay8Client, which allows access to client functionality
IDirectPlay8Peer, which allows access to peer-to-peer functionality
Seco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramography | Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of approximately 0.1 to 100 µm, between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit of the naked eye. The microstructure includes most grains, secondary phases, grain boundaries, pores, micro-cracks and hardness microindentations. Most bulk mechanical, optical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties are significantly affected by the microstructure. The fabrication method and process conditions are generally indicated by the microstructure. The root cause of many ceramic failures is evident in the microstructure. Ceramography is part of the broader field of materialography, which includes all the microscopic techniques of material analysis, such as metallography, petrography and plastography. Ceramography is usually reserved for high-performance ceramics for industrial applications, such as 85–99.9% alumina (Al2O3) in Fig. 1, zirconia (ZrO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and ceramic-matrix composites. It is seldom used on whiteware ceramics such as sanitaryware, wall tiles and dishware.
History
Ceramography evolved along with other branches of materialography and ceramic engineering. Alois de Widmanstätten of Austria etched a meteorite in 1808 to reveal proeutectoid ferrite bands that grew on prior austenite grain boundaries. Geologist Henry Clifton Sorby, the "father of metallography," applied petrographic techniques to the steel industry in the 1860s in Sheffield, England. French geologist Auguste Michel-Lévy devised a chart that correlated the optical properties of minerals to their transmitted color and thickness in the 1880s. Swedish metallurgist J.A. Brinell invented the first quantitative hardness scale in 1900. Smith and Sandland developed the first microindentation hardness test at Vickers Ltd. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20map%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, the mole map is a graphical representation of an algorithm that compares molar mass, number of particles per mole, and factors from balanced equations or other formulae.
Stoichiometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page%20attribute%20table | The page attribute table (PAT) is a processor supplementary capability extension to the page table format of certain x86 and x86-64 microprocessors. Like memory type range registers (MTRRs), they allow for fine-grained control over how areas of memory are cached, and are a companion feature to the MTRRs.
Unlike MTRRs, which provide the ability to manipulate the behavior of caching for a limited number of fixed physical address ranges, Page Attribute Tables allow for such behavior to be specified on a per-page basis, greatly increasing the ability of the operating system to select the most efficient behavior for any given task.
Processors
The PAT is available on Pentium III and newer CPUs, and on non-Intel CPUs.
See also
Write-combining |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance | Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The most commonly used nuclei are and , although isotopes of many other elements, such as , , and, can be studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well. In order to interact with the magnetic field in the spectrometer, the nucleus must have an intrinsic nuclear magnetic moment and angular momentum. This occurs when an isotope has a nonzero nuclear spin, meaning an odd number of protons and/or neutrons (see Isotope). Nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero and are therefore NMR-inactive.
A key feature of NMR is that the resonant frequency of a particular sample substance is usually directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is this feature that is exploited in imaging techniques; if a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Since the resolutio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20hierarchy | In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space is projective if it is for some positive integer . Here is
if is analytic
if the complement of , , is
if there is a Polish space and a subset such that is the projection of onto ; that is,
The choice of the Polish space in the third clause above is not very important; it could be replaced in the definition by a fixed uncountable Polish space, say Baire space or Cantor space or the real line.
Relationship to the analytical hierarchy
There is a close relationship between the relativized analytical hierarchy on subsets of Baire space (denoted by lightface letters and ) and the projective hierarchy on subsets of Baire space (denoted by boldface letters and ). Not every subset of Baire space is . It is true, however, that if a subset X of Baire space is then there is a set of natural numbers A such that X is . A similar statement holds for sets. Thus the sets classified by the projective hierarchy are exactly the sets classified by the relativized version of the analytical hierarchy. This relationship is important in effective descriptive set theory.
A similar relationship between the projective hierarchy and the relativized analytical hierarchy holds for subsets of Cantor space and, more generally, subsets of any effective Polish space.
Table |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide%20resistance | Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest. Pest species evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection: the most resistant specimens survive and pass on their acquired heritable changes traits to their offspring. If a pest has resistance then that will reduce the pesticide's efficacy efficacy and resistance are inversely related.
Cases of resistance have been reported in all classes of pests (i.e. crop diseases, weeds, rodents, etc.), with 'crises' in insect control occurring early-on after the introduction of pesticide use in the 20th century. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) definition of insecticide resistance is a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species.
Pesticide resistance is increasing. Farmers in the US lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s; over the 1980s and 1990s, the loss was 13%, even though more pesticides were being used. Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945.
Although the evolution of pesticide resistance is usually discussed as a result of pesticide use, it is important to keep in mind that pest populations can also adapt to non-chemical methods of control. For example, the northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) became adapted to a corn-soybean crop rotation by spending the year when the field is planted with soybeans in a diapause.
, few new weed killers are near commercialization, and none with a novel, resistance-free mode of action. Similarly, discovery of new insecticides is more expensive and difficult than ever.
Causes
Pesticide resistance probably stems from multiple factors:
Many pest species produce large number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20sequence | In mathematics, a polynomial sequence is a sequence of polynomials indexed by the nonnegative integers 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., in which each index is equal to the degree of the corresponding polynomial. Polynomial sequences are a topic of interest in enumerative combinatorics and algebraic combinatorics, as well as applied mathematics.
Examples
Some polynomial sequences arise in physics and approximation theory as the solutions of certain ordinary differential equations:
Laguerre polynomials
Chebyshev polynomials
Legendre polynomials
Jacobi polynomials
Others come from statistics:
Hermite polynomials
Many are studied in algebra and combinatorics:
Monomials
Rising factorials
Falling factorials
All-one polynomials
Abel polynomials
Bell polynomials
Bernoulli polynomials
Cyclotomic polynomials
Dickson polynomials
Fibonacci polynomials
Lagrange polynomials
Lucas polynomials
Spread polynomials
Touchard polynomials
Rook polynomials
Classes of polynomial sequences
Polynomial sequences of binomial type
Orthogonal polynomials
Secondary polynomials
Sheffer sequence
Sturm sequence
Generalized Appell polynomials
See also
Umbral calculus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbugs | Debbugs is the software powering the Debian project's issue tracking system. Uniquely it doesn't have any form of web-interface to edit bug reports all modification is done through email. Debbugs was mainly written by Ian Jackson, former Debian project leader.
Debbugs consists of a set of scripts which maintain a database of problem reports. The scripts have been parameterised so that they can be used for other projects besides Debian. The system runs on Unix-like operating systems such as Unix and Linux. Most of the source code is written in Perl. It is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License.
It is strongly recommended that people use the reportbug program when reporting bugs in Debian.
History
Debbugs started as a rudimentary issue tracking system in 1994. The software was generalized starting from 1997 but was only officially released as Debbugs 1 in January 1999.
Soon after the GNOME project abandoned Debbugs, the KDE project also switched to Bugzilla in 2002.
Deployments
The oldest and largest deployment of Debbugs is the Debian project's. , the Debian debbugs instance had handled over 890,000 bug reports.
The GNU Project has deployed a public instance of debbugs that can be used by GNU software or GNU Savannah-hosted free software.
Integration
Ubuntu's Launchpad recognizes and integrates with Debian's debbugs instance.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harderian%20gland | The Harderian gland is a gland found within the eye's orbit that occurs in tetrapods (reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals) that possess a nictitating membrane.
The gland can be compound tubular or compound tubuloalveolar, and the fluid it secretes (mucous, serous or lipid) varies between different groups of animals. In some animals, it acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland, secreting fluid that eases movement of the nictitating membrane. Research has proposed that the gland has several other functions, including that of a photoprotective organ, a location of immune response, a source of thermoregulatory lipids, a source of pheromones, and a site of osmoregulation. In mammals, the gland secretes an oily substance used to preen the fur. The presence or absence of this gland is one of the cues used by palaeontologists to determine when fur evolved in the ancestors of mammals.
The Harderian gland was first described in 1694 by Swiss anatomist Johann Jacob Harder (1656–1711). He documented his findings in a paper titled Glandula nova lachrymalis una cum ductu excretorio in cervis et damis, ("A new lachrymal gland with an excretory duct in red and fallow deer", English translation). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticomuscular%20coherence | Corticomuscular Coherence relates to the synchrony in the neural activity of brain's cortical areas and muscle. The neural activities are picked up by electrophysiological recordings from the brain (e.g. EEG, MEG, ECoG, etc.) and muscle (EMG). It is a method to study the neural control of movement.
Physiology
Corticomuscular Coherence was initially reported between MEG and EMG and is widely studied between EMG and EEG, MEG, etc.
The origins of corticomuscular coherence seem to be communication in corticospinal pathways between primary motor cortex and muscles. While the role of descending corticomuscular pathways in generation of coherence are more clear, the role of ascending sensory spinocortical pathways are less certain.
Corticomuscular coherence has been of special interest in alpha band (about 10 Hz), in Beta band (15–30 Hz), and in Gamma band (35–60 Hz).
Mathematics and Statistics
A classic and commonly used approach to assess the synchrony between neural signals is to use Coherence.
Statistical significance of coherence is found as function of number of data segments with assumption of the signals' normal distribution. Alternatively non-parametric techniques such as bootstrapping can be used.
Computational Models
Corticomuscular coherence has been simulated in models which posit that motor commands are encoded in the spatial pattern of beta band synchronization patterns in motor cortex. Specific cortical oscillation patterns can be spatially filtered by the dendritic arbors of the corticospinal fibers to selectively shape the descending drive to the motoneurons in the spinal cord. Cortical oscillations can thus be translated into steady muscle forces which are maintained for the duration of the oscillation pattern. Although the oscillations serve only as the carrier for the motor command, weak traces of the beta oscillation are still transmitted to the muscle. These traces appear as weak levels of beta band corticomuscular coherence which are consi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand%20for%20orchestra%20instrumentation | The shorthand for the instrumentation of a symphony orchestra (and other similar ensembles) is used to outline which and how many instruments, especially wind instruments, are called for in a given piece of music. The shorthand is ordered in the same fashion as the parts of the individual instruments in the score (when read from top to bottom).
General approach
The orchestra is divided into four groups and specified as follows:
Woodwind instruments: flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones (if one or more are needed), bassoons
Brass instruments: horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas
Percussion: timpani, snare drum, bass drum, chimes, etc.
Keyboard instruments: celesta, organ, piano
String instruments: harp, violins, violas, cellos, basses, frequently abbreviated to 'str', 'strs' or similar.
If any soloists or a choir are called for, their parts are usually printed between the percussion/keyboards and the strings in the score.
The basic order of the instruments, as seen above, is common to all of the shorthand systems. However, there is no standardized version of this shorthand; different publishers and librarians use different systems, especially for doubling/alternate/additional instruments. David Daniels, in earlier versions of his influential work that collects in print a catalog of the instrumentations of some 4,000+ pieces, made use of a shorthand for doubling/alternate/additional instruments which was less clear, but in the newer online version Daniels' approach has been refined to something more explicit, akin to the Chester Novello and Boosey & Hawkes notations below.
Examples for different notations (the instrumentation of John Adams' Harmonielehre is used here as an example):
Examples
An example of another approach, particularly useful where there may be extensive versatility required from doubling players, is given here for The Phantom of the Opera for a 45-part orchestra, taken from the Chester/Novello Hire Library:
WW1(fl,pic).WW2(fl).WW3(cl).WW4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeckOS | GeckOS is a multitasking operating system for MOS 6502, and compatible processors such as the MOS 6510. The GeckOS operating system is one of the few successful attempts to implement a Unix-like operating system on the 6502 architecture.
Overview
The system offers some Unix-like functionality including pre-emptive multitasking, multithreading, semaphores, signals, binary relocation, TCP/IP networking via SLIP, and a 6502 standard library.
GeckOS includes native support for the Commodore PET (32 KB and 96 KB models), Commodore 64 and the CS/A65 homebrew system. Due to the platform independent nature of the kernel code, GeckOS is advertised as an extremely easy OS to port to alternative 6502 platforms.
Binary compatibility with the LUnix operating system can be attained when the lib6502 shared library is used.
Due to the small fixed-location stack of the 6502, and because an external MMU is rarely provided, multitasking is somewhat limited. The OS supports a maximum of four tasks when a shared stack space is used. This can be increased to sixteen tasks when stack snapshotting is enabled, although this is done at the expense of some system speed.
A webserver is integrated into the SLIP daemon.
Unix on 6502 architecture
While early versions of Unix ran on for example early model PDP-11 computers that were comparable to Commodore 64 in terms of memory and processor performance there were architecture differences in terms of lack of a kernel mode, only 3 8-bit registers versus eight 16-bit general registers, and a fixed stack. These architectural limitations make implementing a Unix-like operating system on the 6502 challenging.
The possible non-exhaustive list of other viable Unix-like implementations on 6502 are LUnix, Asterix (Chris Baird) and ACE (Chris "Polar" Baird). GeckOS arguably is more complete in some respects, with ACE being stronger in terms of standard Unix utilities but weaker in the operating system area. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmojiGrid | The EmojiGrid is an affective self-report tool consisting of a rectangular grid that is labelled with emojis. It is trademark of Kikkoman. The facial expressions of the emoji labels vary from disliking via neutral to liking along the x-axis, and gradually increase in intensity along the y-axis. To report their affective appraisal of a given stimulus, users mark the location inside the grid that best represents their impression. The EmojiGrid can either be used as a paper or computer-based response tool. The images needed to implement the EmojiGrid are freely available from the OSF repository.
Applications
The EmojiGrid was inspired by Russell's Affect Grid and was originally developed and validated for the affective appraisal of food stimuli, since conventional affective self-report tools (e.g., Self-Assessment Mannikin are frequently misunderstood in that context. It has since been used and validated for the affective appraisal of a wide range of affective stimuli such as images, audio and video clips, 360 VR videos, touch events, food, and odors. It has also been used for the affective analysis of architectural spaces to assess affective experience of trail racing, and to assess the emotional face evaluation capability of people with early dementia. Since it is intuitive and language independent, the EmojiGrid is also suitable for cross-cultural research.
Implementation
In a computer-based response paradigm, only the image area inside the horizontal and vertical grid borders should be responsive (clickable), so that users can report their affective response by pointing and/or clicking inside the grid. In practice, this may be achieved by superimposing (1) a clickable image of the unlabeled grid area on top of (2) a larger image showing the grid area together with the emoji labels. The images needed to implement the EmojiGrid are freely available from the OSF repository. An implementation of the EmojiGrid rating task in the Gorilla experiment builder is free |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset%20flip | An asset flip is a type of shovelware in which a video game developer legally purchases pre-made assets and uses them to create numerous permutations of generic games and sell them at low prices. While not technically illegal, they tend to be viewed by gamers as uncreative, and as diverting attention from less popular high-quality titles. Asset flips have been noted to be a problem on many online distribution platforms, especially Steam. The Nintendo Switch eShop has also been accused of allowing the sale of asset flips.
As mobile gaming became popular during the 2010s, app stores such as the Android Store have predominantly featured games which utilize "knockoffs" of popular IPs in a similar format.
Definition
The term "asset flip" was coined by games journalist James Stephanie Sterling around 2015. The term is largely applied in a pejorative sense, referring to low quality games produced using pre-made assets. Vice referred to such titles as "cobbled together, barely-functioning games". The meaning of the term received considerable debate after the launch of PUBG in 2017, as while the game made use of pre-made assets, it was successful and influential in the development of battle royale as a genre.
History
The asset flip game rose to prominence in the 2010s with the advent of pre-made royalty-free assets. The Unity store launched in 2010, and Unity acknowledged the problem of "flips" in a 2015 blog post, and Sterling's initial coining of the term took place around this time. In February 2017, developers Digital Homicide Studios were accused of creating asset flips by Sterling, who reviewed one of their games, The Slaughtering Grounds. In response, they sued Sterling for US$10 million, as well as anonymous Steam users for US$18 million. These lawsuits were dismissed, and the developer's games were removed from Steam for violating their terms of service.
In September 2017, Steam removed 173 asset flip titles released by the studio Silicon Echo and associated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayU | PayU is a Netherlands-based payment service provider to online merchants. The company was founded in 2002, and is headquartered in Hoofddorp. It allows online businesses to accept and process payments through payment methods that can be integrated with web and mobile applications. As of 2018, the service is available in 17 countries. The firm is owned by the Naspers Group, which also owns a stake in one of its sister companies, Tencent.
History
PayU is the result of multiple payment gateways in various regions of the world that have been acquired and brought into the PayU group. In 2014, all online payments companies that were part of Naspers started operating under the PayU brand.
In 2022, it fired about 150 employees, approximately 6% of its workforce.
In 2023, PayU sold its global payments business, other than those in its core markets of India, Southeast Asia and Turkey, to Rapyd for $610 million.
Investment and acquisitions
Acquired Zooz, an Israeli startup that provides an API to merchants.
Acquired Indian payments services provider Citrus Pay in September 2016 for $130M.
Investment of €110M in German fintech company Kreditech, which provides machine-learning based underwriting.
PayU led a funding round of $115M in Seattle-based Remitly, a remittance company.
Series A investment of $3.7M in ZestMoney, a provider of consumer finance for online purchases.
Invested $5.3M in Indian fintech startup PaySense in May 2017
Investment of R$60M in online credit platform Creditas (ex-BankFacil)
2011, acquired Romanian online payments company GECAD ePayments
2019, acquired US-based digital financial security firm Wibmo for $70M
2019, acquired Turkish digital payments company Iyzico for $165M
2020, acquired Indian fintech startup PaySense for $185M
Operations
Europe
In November 2006, PayU SA was established and the Polish firm Platnosci.pl was merged into the group. The company also has a partnership with Iwoca to make financing for SME firms easier. In 2010, the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone%20replacement%20therapy | Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss or osteoporosis. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause.
Estrogens and progestogens are the main hormone drugs used in HRT. Progesterone is the main female sex hormone that occurs naturally and is also manufactured into a drug that is used in menopausal hormone therapy. Although both classes of hormones can have symptomatic benefit, progestogen is specifically added to estrogen regimens, unless the uterus has been removed, to avoid the increased risk of endometrial cancer. Unopposed estrogen therapy promotes endometrial hyperplasia and increases the risk of cancer, while progestogen reduces this risk. Androgens like testosterone are sometimes used as well. HRT is available through a variety of different routes.
The long-term effects of HRT on most organ systems vary by age and time since the last physiological exposure to hormones, and there can be large differences in individual regimens, factors which have made analyzing effects difficult. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is an ongoing study of over 27,000 women that began in 1991, with the most recent analyses suggesting that, when initiated within 10 years of menopause, HRT reduces all-cause mortality and risks of coronary disease, osteoporosis, and dementia; after 10 years the beneficial effects on mortality and coronary heart disease are no longer apparent, though there are decreased risks of hip and vertebral fractures and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism when taken orally.
"Bioidentical" hormone replacement is a development in the 21st century and uses manufactured compounds with "exact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Jerry | Miss Jerry is an 1894 American feature-length black-and-white silent pre-film "Picture Play" written and produced by Alexander Black and starring Blanche Bayliss. Miss Jerry was not a film, but a series of posed magic lantern slides projected onto a screen with a dissolving stereopticon, accompanied by narration and music, making it the first example of a feature-length dramatic fiction on screen.
Miss Jerry debuted on October 9, 1894 at the Carbon Studio in New York City. It has been described as "the first picture play" and while other early film and peep-show animations produced at this time were short documentaries, Miss Jerry sought to develop what is arguably the first feature of moving pictures. This photoplay attempts to create an impression of movement with the slides changing once every 15 seconds.
The Picture Play
"In Miss Jerry my purpose has been to test experimentally, in a quiet story, certain possibilities of illusion, with this aim always before me, that the illusion should not, because it need not and could not safely, be that of photographs from an acted play, nor of artistic illustration, but the illusion of reality'."
Aware of the progress made by Eadweard Muybridge and other photographers towards the illusion of motion, Black instead set out to present a convincing narrative story in front of an audience, using still photography to present fiction in a convincing way, rather than a perfect illusion of motion.
In his 1926 history of the movies, A Million and One Nights the author Terry Ramsaye says:
While the motion picture was progressing with mincing steps in the peep show Edison Kinetoscope the sheer force of the evolution of expression presented the world with an interesting paradox – the birth of the photoplay upon the screen. . . Black arrived at a rate of four slides a minute for his presentation. The plan was to make the pictures successively blend into one another in the dissolving stereopticon, avoiding an optical ‘jar’ as much as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Page%20equations | Chandrasekhar–Page equations describe the wave function of the spin-½ massive particles, that resulted by seeking a separable solution to the Dirac equation in Kerr metric or Kerr–Newman metric. In 1976, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar showed that a separable solution can be obtained from the Dirac equation in Kerr metric. Later, Don Page extended this work to Kerr–Newman metric, that is applicable to charged black holes. In his paper, Page notices that N. Toop also derived his results independently, as informed to him by Chandrasekhar.
By assuming a normal mode decomposition of the form for the time and the azimuthal component of the spherical polar coordinates , Chandrasekhar showed that the four bispinor components can be expressed as product of radial and angular functions. The two radial and angular functions, respectively, are denoted by , and , . The energy as measured at infinity is and the axial angular momentum is which is a half-integer.
Chandrasekhar–Page angular equations
The angular functions satisfy the coupled eigenvalue equations,
where
and . Here is the angular momentum per unit mass of the black hole and is the rest mass of the particle. Eliminating between the foregoing two equations, one obtains
The function satisfies the adjoint equation, that can be obtained from the above equation by replacing with . The boundary conditions for these second-order differential equations are that (and ) be regular at and . The eigenvalue problem presented here in general requires numerical integrations for it to be solved. Explicit solutions are available for the case where . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20and%20chain%20inactivation | In neuroscience, ball and chain inactivation is a model to explain the fast inactivation mechanism of voltage-gated ion channels. The process is also called hinged-lid inactivation or N-type inactivation. A voltage-gated ion channel can be in three states: open, closed, or inactivated. The inactivated state is mainly achieved through fast inactivation, by which a channel transitions rapidly from an open to an inactivated state. The model proposes that the inactivated state, which is stable and non-conducting, is caused by the physical blockage of the pore. The blockage is caused by a "ball" of amino acids connected to the main protein by a string of residues on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The ball enters the open channel and binds to the hydrophobic inner vestibule within the channel. This blockage causes inactivation of the channel by stopping the flow of ions. This phenomenon has mainly been studied in potassium channels and sodium channels.
Discovery
Electrophysiological evidence
The initial evidence for a ball and chain inactivation came in 1977 with Clay Armstrong and Francisco Bezanilla's work.
The suggestion of a physical basis for non-conductance came from experiments in squid giant axons, showing that internal treatment with pronase disrupted the inactivation phenomenon. This suggested a physical, tethered mechanism for inactivation as the pronase was inferred to degrade the channel blocker and abolish the inactivation process. These experiments also showed that inactivation can only occur after the opening of the channel. This was done by hyperpolarising the membrane, causing the channel to open, and observing a delay in inactivation. Inactivation was not observed when the membrane was depolarised (closed). Introducing tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the intracellular side of the channel was found to mimic inactivation in non-inactivating channels. Blockage of the channel by TEA is mutually exclusive with peptide-mediate blockage, suggesting that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola%20labradorica | Viola labradorica, commonly known as alpine violet, American dog violet, dog violet or Labrador violet, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant. It is native to Greenland, eastern Canada, and the eastern United States. The plant sold as Viola labradorica by nurseries is Viola riviniana.
Uses
Culinary
Viola labradorica has edible leaves and flowers. However, the leaves are sometimes characterized as "wooly" and thus not as desirable for eating.
See also
List of Viola species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20radiation | In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches. Starting with a single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits. The prototypical example of adaptive radiation is finch speciation on the Galapagos ("Darwin's finches"), but examples are known from around the world.
Characteristics
Four features can be used to identify an adaptive radiation:
A common ancestry of component species: specifically a recent ancestry. Note that this is not the same as a monophyly in which all descendants of a common ancestor are included.
A phenotype-environment correlation: a significant association between environments and the morphological and physiological traits used to exploit those environments.
Trait utility: the performance or fitness advantages of trait values in their corresponding environments.
Rapid speciation: presence of one or more bursts in the emergence of new species around the time that ecological and phenotypic divergence is underway.
Conditions
Adaptive radiations are thought to be triggered by an ecological opportunity or a new adaptive zone. Sources of ecological opportunity can be the loss of antagonists (competitors or predators), the evolution of a key innovation or dispersal to a new environment. Any one of these ecological opportunities has the potential to result in an increase in population size and relaxed stabilizing (constraining) selection. As genetic diversity is positively correlated with population size the expanded population will have more genetic diversity compared to the ancestral population. With reduced stabilizing selection phenotypic diversity can also increase. In addition, intraspecific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Flux%20Advanced%20Neutron%20Application%20Reactor | The High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO) (하나로) is a 30 MW multi-purpose research reactor located at Daejeon, Republic of Korea. It was designed by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) as a facility for research and development on the neutron science and its applications.
HANARO has been playing a significant role as a national facility in the area of neutron science, the production of key radioisotopes, material testing for power reactor application, neutron transmutation doping (NTD), neutron activation analysis, and neutron radiography. After the installation of a cold neutron source in 2010, it has been also serving as a regional and international facility for neutron science.
External links
https://www.kaeri.re.kr/mpse Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
http://www.neutron.or.kr/ The Korean Neutron Beam User's Association
http://www.icns2017.org/ The International Conference on Neutron Scattering in 2017 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVPB-HD | DVPB-HD (Digital Video Processing Board - High Definition) is a prototyping board based on Texas Instruments DaVinci Technology.
It has many of the required peripheral interfaces support such as:
CVBS
Component Video
HDMI
Audio
Giga-Bit Ethernet
RS-232
RS-485
USB 2.0
VLYNQ
HDD
RTC
UART/IrDA
PCI
SPI
GPIO
This board is provided by Texas Instruments' 3rd Party Partner, Einfochips
Features
Montavista Linux 2.6.10
4 Channel SD or 1 Channel HD
RoHS Compliant
Possible application areas
Video encoding and transcoding
Video surveillance
Video gateways
Video conferencing
Medical imaging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Magnetics | Graham Magnetics, Inc. was chartered as Datatape, Inc. in 1964. By 1966, it had opened its new magnetic tape factory in Graham, TX and changed its name to Graham Magnetics. Until the 1980s, Graham's primary product was half-inch, open-reel magnetic tape. Graham was the last manufacturer of open-reel 9-track tape, but ceased production at the end of 2001. Currently, as of 2007, Graham Magnetics buys used tape cartridges and reconditions them for reuse.
For the period 1995–1999, Graham was a part of Anacomp Corp. During this time, Anacomp/Graham was the world leader in open-reel computer tape production and one of 3 major manufacturers of IBM 3480 Family tape cartridges. They sold tape under the Graham, Memorex, and other brands.
In 1999, Anacomp spun off the magnetic tape line of business as eMag Solutions. This included the Graham magnetics division. After ending 9-track magnetic tape production, Graham entered the business of recertifying tape cartridges. In 2006, the company developed a process for eradicating data from tape cartridges while preserving the servo tracks.
In 2007, eMag sold Graham to RBE Enterprises of Dallas, TX. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian%20matrix | In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants". The Hessian is sometimes denoted by H or, ambiguously, by ∇2.
Definitions and properties
Suppose is a function taking as input a vector and outputting a scalar If all second-order partial derivatives of exist, then the Hessian matrix of is a square matrix, usually defined and arranged as
That is, the entry of the th row and the th column is
If furthermore the second partial derivatives are all continuous, the Hessian matrix is a symmetric matrix by the symmetry of second derivatives.
The determinant of the Hessian matrix is called the .
The Hessian matrix of a function is the transpose of the Jacobian matrix of the gradient of the function ; that is:
Applications
Inflection points
If is a homogeneous polynomial in three variables, the equation is the implicit equation of a plane projective curve. The inflection points of the curve are exactly the non-singular points where the Hessian determinant is zero. It follows by Bézout's theorem that a cubic plane curve has at most inflection points, since the Hessian determinant is a polynomial of degree
Second-derivative test
The Hessian matrix of a convex function is positive semi-definite. Refining this property allows us to test whether a critical point is a local maximum, local minimum, or a saddle point, as follows:
If the Hessian is positive-definite at then attains an isolated local minimum at If the Hessian is negative-definite at then attains an isolated local maximum at If the Hessian has both positive and negative eigenvalues, then is a saddle point for Otherw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaria%20flava | Ramaria flava, is a yellow coral mushroom found in Europe. Also known by its local name changle it is also native to temperate areas of southern Chile and south of Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athermalization | Athermalization, in the field of optics, is the process of achieving optothermal stability in optomechanical systems. This is done by minimizing variations in optical performance over a range of temperatures.
Optomechanical systems are typically made of several materials with different thermal properties. These materials compose the optics (refractive or reflective elements) and the mechanics (optical mounts and system housing). As the temperature of these materials change, the volume and index of refraction will change as well, increasing strain and aberration content (primarily defocus). Compensating for optical variations over a temperature range is known as athermalizing a system in optical engineering.
Material property changes
Thermal expansion is the driving phenomena for the extensive and intensive property changes in an optomechanical system.
Extensive properties
Extensive property changes, such as volume, alter the shape of optical and mechanical components. Systems are geometrically optimized for optical performance and are sensitive to components changing shape and orientation. While volume is a three dimensional parameter, thermal changes can be modeled in a single dimension with linear expansion, assuming an adequately small temperature range. For examples, glass manufacturer Schott provides the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for a temperature range of -30 C to 70 C. The change in length of a material is a function of the change in temperature with respect to the standard measurement temperature, . This temperature is typically room temperature or 22 degrees Celsius.
Where is the length of a material at temperature , is the length of the material at temperature , is the change in temperature, and is the coefficient of thermal expansion. These equations describe how diameter, thickness, radius of curvature, and element spacing change as a function of temperature.
Intensive properties
The dominant intensive property change, in term |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenpreis%27s%20fundamental%20principle | In mathematical analysis, Ehrenpreis's fundamental principle, introduced by Leon Ehrenpreis, states:
Every solution of a system (in general, overdetermined) of homogeneous partial differential equations with constant coefficients can be represented as the integral with respect to an appropriate Radon measure over the complex “characteristic variety” of the system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology%20of%20a%20stack | In algebraic geometry, the cohomology of a stack is a generalization of étale cohomology. In a sense, it is a theory that is coarser than the Chow group of a stack.
The cohomology of a quotient stack (e.g., classifying stack) can be thought of as an algebraic counterpart of equivariant cohomology. For example, Borel's theorem states that the cohomology ring of a classifying stack is a polynomial ring.
See also
l-adic sheaf
smooth topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20pump | A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. They generate flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by a load at the pump outlet. When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation of the pump) cannot be adjusted, or variable displacement pumps, which have a more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted. Hydrodynamic pumps are more frequent in day-to-day life. Hydrostatic pumps of various types all work on the principle of Pascal's law.
Types of hydraulic pump
Gear pumps
Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 to 200 milliliters. They have the lowest volumetric efficiency ( ) of all three basic pump types (gear, vane and piston pumps) These pumps create pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to pressurize the outlet side. Some gear pumps can be quite noisy, compared to other types, but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and much quieter than older models. This is in part due to designs incorporating split gears, helical gear teeth and higher precision/quality tooth profiles that mesh and unmesh more smoothly, reducing pressure ripple and related detrimental problems. Another positive attribute of the gear pump, is that catastrophic breakdown is a lot less common than in most other types of hydraulic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staggered%20tuning | Staggered tuning is a technique used in the design of multi-stage tuned amplifiers whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly different frequency. In comparison to synchronous tuning (where each stage is tuned identically) it produces a wider bandwidth at the expense of reduced gain. It also produces a sharper transition from the passband to the stopband. Both staggered tuning and synchronous tuning circuits are easier to tune and manufacture than many other filter types.
The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed as a rational function and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter responses such as Butterworth and Chebyshev. The poles of the circuit are easy to manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier buffering between stages.
Applications include television IF amplifiers (mostly 20th century receivers) and wireless LAN.
Rationale
Staggered tuning improves the bandwidth of a multi-stage tuned amplifier at the expense of the overall gain. Staggered tuning also increases the steepness of passband skirts and hence improves selectivity.
The value of staggered tuning is best explained by first looking at the shortcomings of tuning every stage identically. This method is called synchronous tuning. Each stage of the amplifier will reduce the bandwidth. In an amplifier with multiple identical stages, the of the response after the first stage will become the points of the second stage. Each successive stage will add a further to what was the band edge of the first stage. Thus the bandwidth becomes progressively narrower with each additional stage.
As an example, a four-stage amplifier will have its points at the points of an individual stage. The fractional bandwidth of an LC circuit is given by,
where m is the power ratio of the power at resonance to that at the band edge frequency (equal to 2 for the point and 1.19 for the point) and Q is the quality factor.
The bandwidth is thus reduced by a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference%20on%20Implementation%20and%20Application%20of%20Automata | CIAA, the International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata is an annual academic conference in the field of computer science.
Its purpose is to bring together members of the academic, research, and industrial community who have an interest in the theory, implementation, and application of automata and related structures. There, the conference concerns research on all aspects of implementation and application of automata and related structures, including theoretical aspects. In 2000, the conference grew out of the Workshop on Implementation of Automata (WIA).
Like most theoretical computer science conferences its contributions are strongly peer-reviewed; the articles appear in proceedings published in Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Extended versions of selected papers of each year's conference alternatingly appear in the journals Theoretical Computer Science and International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science. Every year a best paper award is presented.
Topics of the Conference
Since the focus of the conference is on applied theory,
contributions usually come from a widespread range of application domains.
Typical topics of the conference include, among others, the following,
as they relate to automata:
Bio-inspired computing
Complexity of automata operations, state complexity
Compilers
Computer-aided verification, model checking
Concurrency
Data and image compression
Design and architecture of automata software
Document engineering
Natural language processing
Pattern matching
Teaching of automata theory
Text processing
Techniques for graphical display of automata
History of the Conference
The CIAA conference series was founded by Darrell Raymond and Derick Wood.
Since 2013, the Steering committee is chaired by Kai Salomaa.
See also
List of computer science conferences contains other academic conferences in computer science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPP3 | Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 2 protein (PKD2L2) also known as transient receptor potential polycystic 5 (TRPP5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD2L2 gene.
TRPP5 is a member of the transient receptor potential channel family of proteins.
See also
TRPP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetrol%20%28medication%29 | Estetrol (E4) is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which is used in combination with a progestin in combined birth control pills and is under development for various other indications. These investigational uses include menopausal hormone therapy to treat symptoms such as vaginal atrophy, hot flashes, and bone loss and the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer. It is taken by mouth.
Estetrol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. Due to its estrogenic activity, estetrol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production and levels in both women and men. Estetrol differs in various ways both from other natural estrogens like estradiol and synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol, with implications for tolerability and safety. For instance, it appears to have minimal estrogenic effects in the breasts and liver. Estetrol interacts with nuclear ERα in a manner identical to that of the other estrogens and distinct from that observed with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs).
Estetrol was first discovered in 1965, and basic research continued up until 1984. It started to be studied again as well as investigated for potential medical use in 2001, and by 2008, was of major interest for possible medical use. As of 2021, estetrol is in mid- to late-stage clinical development for a variety of indications.
Available forms
Estetrol is available in combination with drospirenone in the following formulations, brand names and indications:
Estetrol (as monohydrate) 15 mg and drospirenone 3 mg Nextstellis (CA, US and Australia) – combined oral contraception
Estetrol (as monohydrate) 15 mg and drospirenone 3 mg Drovelis (EU) – combined oral contraception
Estetrol (as monohydrate) 15 mg and drospirenone 3 mg Lydisilka (EU) – combined oral contraception
Side effects
Minimal si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%20clause | In mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form that gives it useful properties for use in logic programming, formal specification, universal algebra and model theory. Horn clauses are named for the logician Alfred Horn, who first pointed out their significance in 1951.
Definition
A Horn clause is a disjunctive clause (a disjunction of literals) with at most one positive, i.e. unnegated, literal.
Conversely, a disjunction of literals with at most one negated literal is called a dual-Horn clause.
A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause or a strict Horn clause; a definite clause with no negative literals is a unit clause, and a unit clause without variables is a fact;.
A Horn clause without a positive literal is a goal clause.
Note that the empty clause, consisting of no literals (which is equivalent to false) is a goal clause.
These three kinds of Horn clauses are illustrated in the following propositional example:
All variables in a clause are implicitly universally quantified with the scope being the entire clause. Thus, for example:
¬ human(X) ∨ mortal(X)
stands for:
∀X( ¬ human(X) ∨ mortal(X) ),
which is logically equivalent to:
∀X ( human(X) → mortal(X) ).
Significance
Horn clauses play a basic role in constructive logic and computational logic. They are important in automated theorem proving by first-order resolution, because the resolvent of two Horn clauses is itself a Horn clause, and the resolvent of a goal clause and a definite clause is a goal clause. These properties of Horn clauses can lead to greater efficiency of proving a theorem: the goal clause is the negation of this theorem; see Goal clause in the above table. Intuitively, if we wish to prove φ, we assume ¬φ (the goal) and check whether such assumption leads to a contradiction. If so, then φ must hold. This way, a mechanical proving tool needs to maintain only one set of formulas (assumptions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean%20Medal | The Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society of London was established in 1888, and is awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or (as has been common since 1958) to one of each in the same year. The medal was of gold until 1976, and is for the preceding years often referred to as "the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society", not to be confused with the official Linnean Gold Medal which is seldom awarded.
The engraver of the medal was Charles Anderson Ferrier of Dundee, a Fellow of the Linnean Society from 1882. On the obverse of the medal is the head of Linnaeus in profile and the words "Carolus Linnaeus", on the reverse are the arms of the society and the legend "Societas Linnaeana optime merenti"; an oval space is reserved for the recipient's name.
Linnean medallists
19th century
1888: Sir Joseph D. Hooker and Sir Richard Owen
1889: Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame de Candolle
1890: Thomas Henry Huxley
1891: Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet
1892: Alfred Russel Wallace
1893: Daniel Oliver
1894: Ernst Haeckel
1895: Ferdinand Julius Cohn
1896: George James Allman
1897: Jacob Georg Agardh
1898: George Charles Wallich
1899: John Gilbert Baker
1900: Alfred Newton
20th century
1901: Sir George King
1902: Albert von Kölliker
1903: Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
1904: Albert C. L. G. Günther
1905: Eduard Strasburger
1906: Alfred Merle Norman
1907: Melchior Treub
1908: Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing
1909: Frederick Orpen Bower
1910: Georg Ossian Sars
1911: Hermann Graf zu Solms-Laubach
1912: Robert Cyril Layton Perkins
1913: Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler
1914: Otto Butschli
1915: Joseph Henry Maiden
1916: Frank Evers Beddard
1917: Henry Brougham Guppy
1918: Frederick DuCane Godman
1919: Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour
1920: Sir Edwin Ray Lankester
1921: Dukinfield Henry Scott
1922: Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton
1923: Thomas Frederic Cheeseman
1924: William Carmichael McIntosh
1925: Francis Wall Oliver
1926: Edgar Johnson Allen
1927: Otto Stapf
1928: Edmund Beecher Wilson
1929: Hugo de Vries
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee%20of%20a%20curve | In mathematics, a knee of a curve (or elbow of a curve) is a point where the curve visibly bends, specifically from high slope to low slope (flat or close to flat), or in the other direction. This is particularly used in optimization, where a knee point is the optimum point for some decision, for example when there is an increasing function and a trade-off between the benefit (vertical y axis) and the cost (horizontal x axis): the knee is where the benefit is no longer increasing rapidly, and is no longer worth the cost of further increases – a cutoff point of diminishing returns.
In heuristic use, the term may be used informally, and a knee point identified visually, but in more formal use an explicit objective function is used, and depends on the particular optimization problem. A knee may also be defined purely geometrically, in terms of the curvature or the second derivative.
Definitions
The knee of a curve can be defined as a vertex of the graph. This corresponds with the graphical intuition (it is where the curvature has a maximum), but depends on the choice of scale.
The term "knee" as applied to curves dates at least to the 1910s,
and is found more commonly by the 1940s, being common enough to draw criticism. The unabridged Webster's Dictionary (1971 edition) gives definition 3h of knee as:
Criticism
Graphical notions of a "knee" of a curve, based on curvature, are criticized due to their dependence on the coordinate scale: different choices of scale result in different points being the "knee". This criticism dates at least to the 1940s, being found in , who criticize:
Applications
Elbow method
Maximum power point tracking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics-informed%20neural%20networks | Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are a type of universal function approximators that can embed the knowledge of any physical laws that govern a given data-set in the learning process, and can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs). They overcome the low data availability of some biological and engineering systems that makes most state-of-the-art machine learning techniques lack robustness, rendering them ineffective in these scenarios. The prior knowledge of general physical laws acts in the training of neural networks (NNs) as a regularization agent that limits the space of admissible solutions, increasing the correctness of the function approximation. This way, embedding this prior information into a neural network results in enhancing the information content of the available data, facilitating the learning algorithm to capture the right solution and to generalize well even with a low amount of training examples.
Function approximation
Most of the physical laws that govern the dynamics of a system can be described by partial differential equations. For example, the Navier–Stokes equations are a set of partial differential equations derived from the conservation laws (i.e., conservation of mass, momentum, and energy) that govern fluid mechanics. The solution of the Navier–Stokes equations with appropriate initial and boundary conditions allows the quantification of flow dynamics in a precisely defined geometry. However, these equations cannot be solved exactly and therefore numerical methods must be used (such as finite differences, finite elements and finite volumes). In this setting, these governing equations must be solved while accounting for prior assumptions, linearization, and adequate time and space discretization.
Recently, solving the governing partial differential equations of physical phenomena using deep learning has emerged as a new field of scientific machine learning (SciML), leveraging the universal approximation and high |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witten%20zeta%20function | In mathematics, the Witten zeta function, is a function associated to a root system that encodes the degrees of the irreducible representations of the corresponding Lie group. These zeta functions were introduced by Don Zagier who named them after Edward Witten's study of their special values (among other things). Note that in, Witten zeta functions do not appear as explicit objects in their own right.
Definition
If is a compact semisimple Lie group, the associated Witten zeta function is (the meromorphic continuation of) the series
where the sum is over equivalence classes of irreducible representations of .
In the case where is connected and simply connected, the correspondence between representations of and of its Lie algebra, together with the Weyl dimension formula, implies that can be written as
where denotes the set of positive roots, is a set of simple roots and is the rank.
Examples
, the Riemann zeta function.
Abscissa of convergence
If is simple and simply connected, the abscissa of convergence of is , where is the rank and . This is a theorem due to Alex Lubotzky and Michael Larsen. A new proof is given by Jokke Häsä and Alexander Stasinski
which yields a more general result, namely it gives an explicit value (in terms of simple combinatorics) of the abscissa of convergence of any "Mellin zeta function" of the form
where is a product of linear polynomials with non-negative real coefficients.
Singularities and values of the Witten zeta function associated to SU(3)
is absolutely convergent in , and it can be extended meromorphicaly in . Its singularities are in and all of those singularities are simple poles. In particular, the values of are well defined at all integers, and have been computed by Kazuhiro Onodera.
At , we have and
Let be a positive integer. We have
If a is odd, then has a simple zero at and
If a is even, then has a zero of order at and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated%20virus | Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are small viruses that infect humans and some other primate species. They belong to the genus Dependoparvovirus, which in turn belongs to the family Parvoviridae. They are small (approximately 26 nm in diameter) replication-defective, nonenveloped viruses and have linear single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of approximately 4.8 kilobases (kb).
Several features make AAV an attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy, and for the creation of isogenic human disease models. Gene therapy vectors using AAV can infect both dividing and quiescent cells and persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell. In the native virus, however, integration of virally carried genes into the host genome does occur. Integration can be important for certain applications, but can also have unwanted consequences. Recent human clinical trials using AAV for gene therapy in the retina have shown promise.
In March 2023, a series of Nature papers linked infection of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) to a wave of childhood hepatitis.
History
The adeno-associated virus (AAV), previously thought to be a contaminant in adenovirus preparations, was first identified as a dependoparvovirus in the 1960s in the laboratories of Bob Atchison at Pittsburgh and Wallace Rowe at NIH. Serological studies in humans subsequently indicated that, despite being present in people infected by helper viruses such as adenovirus or herpes virus, AAV itself did not cause any disease.
Use in gene therapy
Advantages and drawbacks
Wild-type AAV has attracted considerable interest from gene therapy researchers due to a number of features. Chief amongst these was the virus's apparent lack of pathogenicity. It can also infect non-dividing cells and has the ability to stably integrate into the host cell genome at a specific site (designated AAVS1) in the human chromosome 19. This feature makes it somewhat more predictable than retrovir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol | Eucalyptol (also called cineole) is a monoterpenoid colorless liquid, and a bicyclic ether. It has a fresh camphor-like odor and a spicy, cooling taste. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Eucalyptol makes up about 70–90% of eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptol forms crystalline adducts with hydrohalic acids, o-cresol, resorcinol, and phosphoric acid. Formation of these adducts is useful for purification.
In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name "eucalyptol" to the dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil.
Uses
Because of its pleasant, spicy aroma and taste, eucalyptol is used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics. Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavoring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products, and beverages. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, eucalyptol was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. It is claimed to be added to improve the flavor.
Eucalyptol is an ingredient in commercial mouthwashes, and has been used in traditional medicine as a cough suppressant.
Other
Eucalyptol exhibits insecticidal and insect repellent properties.
In contrast, eucalyptol is one of many compounds that are attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, which gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study. One such study with Euglossa imperialis, a nonsocial orchid bee species, has shown that the presence of cineole (also eucalyptol) elevates territorial behavior and specifically attracts the male bees. It was even observed that these males would periodically leave their territories to forage for chemicals such as cineole, thought to be important for attracting and mating with females, to synthesize pheromones.
Toxicology
Eucalyptol has a toxicity (LD50) of 2.48 grams per kg (rat). Ingestion in significant quantities is likely to cause headache and gastric distre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20Intelligence%20Service | The Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) was the United States Army codebreaking division through World War II. It was founded in 1930 to compile codes for the Army. It was renamed the Signal Security Agency in 1943, and in September 1945, became the Army Security Agency. For most of the war it was headquartered at Arlington Hall (former campus of Arlington Hall Junior College for Women), on Arlington Boulevard in Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington (D.C.). During World War II, it became known as the Army Security Agency, and its resources were reassigned to the newly established National Security Agency (NSA).
History
The Signal Intelligence Service was a part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps for most of World War II. At that time the Signal Corps was a bureau in the Headquarters, Department of the Army, in addition to being a branch of the Army to which personnel were commissioned or appointed. The Signal Corps supplied the Army with communications and photography equipment and services among other things. The Signal Corps also trained personnel and signal units for service with forces in the field. The evolution and activities of the Signal Intelligence Service before and during World War II is discussed in detail in Chapter XI, "Signal, Security, Intelligence," (pp. 327–350) in The Signal Corps: the Outcome, an official history of the Signal Corps.
Chapters 2 and 3 (pp. 4–25) in Army Field Manual FM 11-35, 1942, describe the organization of the Signal Intelligence Service in the War Department and in the forces in the field and the functions performed by SIS units. That manual was marked "RESTRICTED" when it was issued.
William Friedman began the division with three "junior cryptanalysts" in April 1930. Their names were Frank Rowlett, Abraham Sinkov, and Solomon Kullback. Before this, all three had been mathematics teachers and none had a cryptanalysis background. Friedman was a geneticist who developed his expertise in cryptology at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botaniska%20tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden%20%28Lund%29 | Botaniska trädgården () is a botanical garden in central Lund, Sweden, open to the public daily without charge. The 8 hectares site contains 7000 species of plants, of which 2000 are found in the greenhouses representing nine different climate zones. It is owned and operated by Lund University. Its international identification code is LD.
History
The university garden has existed since 1690, at that time in front of the present site of the Lund University Main Building. In the 1860s, the garden outgrew the area and was, in 1862 to, moved its current location along Östra Vallgatan. This time Jacob Georg Agardh designed the blueprints for the garden and greenhouses. In 1974, the garden was named a national historical landmark. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starburst%20%28symbol%29 | A starburst is graphic design or typographical element that resembles diverging rays of light or consists of a star-like image with rays emanating from it. One is notably used as the current logo of the American retailer Walmart.
In Unicode, there are various star and asterisk symbols. The ones most commonly associated with the idea of a starburst are the "sixteen pointed asterisk" U+273A (✺) and the "combining Cyrillic millions" character U+0489 ( ҉ ). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSK63 | PSK63 (meaning Phase Shift Keying at a rate of 63 baud) is a digital radio modulation mode used primarily in the amateur radio field to conduct real-time keyboard-to-keyboard informal text chat between amateur radio operators.
History
In April 2003, Skip Teller, KH6TY, the creator of Digipan, requested an addition to Moe (AE4JY) Wheatley's PSKCore DLL to support the PSK63 mode. Subsequently, another mode - PSK125 - has been added to the PSKCore DLL.
Unlike PSK63F, PSK63 does not use forward error correction (FEC).
PSK 63 is twice as fast as PSK63F's but exactly the same speed as PSK125F.
Mode Support
PSK63 is now supported directly in KH6TY's own QuikPSK software, as well as in Digipan, AA6YQ's WinWarbler, F6CTE's MultiPSK, AE4JY's WinPSK, HB9DRV's DM780, PSK31 Deluxe, MMVARI, Fldigi, MIXW, and DL4RCK's RCKRtty. It is also supported in hardware by the Elecraft KX3.
Others are likely to follow, now that version 1.17 of the PSKCore dll supports both PSK31 and PSK63. QuikPSK, MultiPSK and PSK31 Deluxe can decode up to 24 signals simultaneously. QuickPSK has a unique additional capability to send colour thumbnail pictures (32x32 pixel, 16 colours) using the PSK63 mode.
PSK Software Core
A PSK63-only version of the PSKCore dll is also available at KH6TY's web site for use with any software that uses PSKCore to implement PSK31. Simply by replacing the original PSKCore file (it is suggested that you rename the original rather than deleting it) with the new version, the PSK31 software supports PSK63 instead of PSK31.
This technique has been used during early experiments with the PSK63 mode, but it is not likely to continue to be very widely used now that software that supports PSK63 directly has become widely available.
The official distribution of the PSKCore DLL, which supports PSK31, PSK63, and PSK125, is available on Moe (AE4JY) Wheatley's website.
See also
PSK31
MT63
Varicode
Radioteletype
Shortwave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20Linux | Absolute Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution that works on older hardware and is based on Slackware Linux. The client is designed for everyday use (internet, multimedia, documents). Absolute Linux's default window and file managers are IceWM and ROX-Filer. Some of the programs offered by default include: GIMP, LibreOffice, Firefox, Xfburn, p7zip, qBittorrent, and Vivaldi. Many script utilities are included with Absolute Linux to aid with configuration and maintenance of the system.
Absolute Linux uses a graphical frontend to XPKGTOOL. Absolute Linux also bundles Gsplat, a Graphical frontend to Slapt-get which works similarly to Apt-get.
See also
IceWM
Lightweight Portable Security
Lightweight Linux distribution
Slackware
Slapt-get
Linux distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20domain%20electromagnetics | In physics and mathematics, time domain electromagnetics refers to one of two general groups of techniques (in mathematics, often called ansätze) that describe electromagnetic wave motion. In contrast with frequency domain electromagnetics, which are based on the Fourier or Laplace transform, time domain keeps time as an explicit independent variable in descriptive equations or wave motion. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Train%20%28test%29 | Operation Night Train was part of a series of chemical and biological warfare tests overseen by the Deseret Test Center as part of Project 112. The test was conducted near Fort Greely, Alaska from November 1963 to January 1964. The primary purpose of Night Train was to study the penetration of an arctic inversion by a biological aerosol cloud. The test's first purpose was to study the downwind travel and diffusion of this cloud when disseminated into different arctic meteorological regimes. All documents about Night Train were considered classified by the US military until 2002, when the Department of Defense (DOD) released medically relevant information of all the chemical and biological warfare agent tests conducted under Project 112.
Procedure
A total of 18 biological trials were conducted for Night Train. The trials, meant to study the spread and behavior of biological warfare agents in arctic conditions, were conducted in a temperature range of -39.3 to 3.3 °C. In all of these trials, Bacillus subtitles var. niger (also referred to as Bacillus globigii) was released as a biological warfare simulant, along with fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide as a tracer material. The trials tested both dry simulant and simulant released from a liquid biological spray tank in order to better investigate the behavior of the simulant in an arctic climate, as the behavior of wet versus dry agents varies based on humidity and other climatic conditions.
Of the 18, a series of 4 surface trials were conducted with dry B. globigii released from the back of a moving and tracked vehicle, accompanied by the release from contractor-flown aircraft of yellow and green fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide.
The remaining 14 trials involved the aerial release of B. globigii from the A/B45Y-1 liquid biological spray tank, an ejectable and aerodynamic store meant to disseminate and spray a liquid biological agent. The tank was carried on F-105 or F-100 aircraft, and was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20Debug%20Bridge | The Android Debug Bridge (commonly abbreviated as adb) is a programming tool used for the debugging of Android-based devices. The daemon on the Android device connects with the server on the host PC over USB or TCP, which connects to the client that is used by the end-user over TCP. Made available as open-source software under the Apache License by Google since 2007, features include a shell and the possibility to make backups. The adb software is compatible with Windows, Linux and macOS. It has been misused by botnets and other malware, for which mitigations were developed such as RSA authentication and device whitelisting.
Features
Features of adb include copying files from the host computer, installing apps, viewing logcat output, getting a Unix shell, and rebooting into Qualcomm EDL mode. For example, Android applications can be saved by the command backup to a file. It also includes support for the Java Debug Wire Protocol.
Some graphical interfaces have been made available. The graphical Android Device Monitor in Android Studio can be used for retrieving information from an Android device.
Android's method to install APK files on a device has been used as a way to sideload unofficial apps onto Windows Subsystem for Android and Chrome OS's Android virtual machine.
Development history
The Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was first released in 2007. Since 2017, Google made it possible to download adb separately from the Android SDK.
In 2015, Microsoft released an Android emulator that can connect to the adb client. In 2016 for Android Studio 2.0 a 5x performance improvement was made for installing apps and pushing files through adb. For easier usage of Android Things, a wrapper was made in 2017 around manual adb commands. For Android 11 in 2020, Google added adb incremental installations. In 2020, Wi-Fi adb was integrated into Android Studio for macOS. In 2021 for Android 12, the adb backup command was limited so that backing up user data from apps |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchase | Cyberchase is an animated sci-fi children's television series that airs on PBS Kids. The series centers around three children from Earth: Jackie, Matt and Inez, who are brought into Cyberspace, a digital universe, in order to protect the world from the villainous Hacker (Christopher Lloyd). They are able to prevent Hacker from taking over Cyberspace by means of problem-solving skills in conjunction with basic math, environmental science and wellness. In Cyberspace, they meet Digit (Gilbert Gottfried (seasons 1-13), Ron Pardo (season 14)), a "cybird" who helps them on their missions.
Cyberchase was created by WNET New York and premiered on PBS Kids on January 21, 2002. In 2010, after the season 8 finale, Cyberchase went on hiatus, but it returned in 2013 for a ninth season, followed by a tenth season in 2015. The eleventh season premiered on October 23, 2017, and the twelfth season premiered on April 19, 2019.
A thirteenth season was announced on October 19, 2020, and premiered on February 25, 2022. A fourteenth season premiered on April 21, 2023.
Plot
Motherboard is the "brain of the giant computer system that oversees all of Cyberspace". Her technician computer scientist, Dr. Marbles, kept her functioning properly until his assistant, the Hacker, turned against them. Dr. Marbles drained Hacker's battery and banished him to the Northern Frontier, where he formulated a plan to launch a virus that would attack Motherboard.
When Jackie, Matt and Inez interact with a library map in the real world, they accidentally allow Hacker access to Motherboard and she becomes infected with the virus. The kids are brought into Cyberspace and join forces with Digit, a creation of the Hacker who escaped his control. Together they protect the world from the Hacker and his clumsy, accident-prone assistants, Buzz and Delete, until they can recover the Encryptor Chip, a device stolen by Hacker that can nullify the virus and bring Motherboard back to full strength.
Cyberspace consist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20syrup | Fruit syrups or fruit molasses are concentrated fruit juices used as sweeteners.
Fruit syrups have been used in many cuisines:
in Arab cuisine, rub, jallab;
in Ancient Greek cuisine, epsima;
in Greek cuisine, petimezi;
in Indian cuisine, drakshasava;
in Ottoman cuisine, pekmez;
in Persian cuisine, robb-e anâr;
in Ancient Roman cuisine, defrutum, carenum, and sapa.
Some foods are made using fruit syrups or molasses:
Churchkhela, a sausage-shaped candy made from grape must and nuts
In modern industrial foods, they are often made from a less expensive fruit (such as apples, pears, or pineapples) and used to sweeten more expensive fruits or products and to extend their quantity. A typical use would be for an "all-fruit" strawberry spread that contains apple juice as well as strawberries.
See also
Cheong
Grape syrup
List of syrups
Squash (drink) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vitro%20spermatogenesis | In vitro spermatogenesis is the process of creating male gametes (spermatozoa) outside of the body in a culture system. The process could be useful for fertility preservation, infertility treatment and may further develop the understanding of spermatogenesis at the cellular and molecular level.
Spermatogenesis is a highly complex process and artificially rebuilding it in vitro is challenging. These include creating a similar microenvironment to that of the testis as well as supporting endocrine and paracrine signalling, and ensuring survival of the somatic and germ cells from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) to mature spermatozoa.
Different methods of culturing can be used in the process such as isolated cell cultures, fragment cultures and 3D cultures
Culture techniques
Isolated cell cultures
Cell cultures can include either monocultures, where one cell population is cultured, or co-culturing systems, where several cell lines (must be at least two) can be cultured together. Cells are initially isolated for culture by enzymatically digesting the testis tissue to separate out the different cell types for culture The process of isolating cells can lead to cell damage.
The main advantage of monoculture is that the effect of different influences on one specific cell population of cells can be investigated. Co-culture allows for the interactions between cell populations to be observed and experimented on, which is seen as an advantage over the monoculture model.
Isolated cell culture, specifically co-culture of testis tissue, has been a useful technique for examining the influences of specific factors such as hormones or different feeder cells on the progression of spermatogenesis in vitro. For example, factors such as temperature, feeder cell influence and the role of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have all been investigated using isolated cell culture techniques.
Studies have concluded that different factors can influence the culture of g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93%20%28number%29 | 93 (ninety-three) is the natural number following 92 and preceding 94.
In mathematics
93 is:
the 28th distinct semiprime and the 9th of the form (3.q) where q is a higher prime.
the first number in the 3rd triplet of consecutive semiprimes, 93, 94, 95.
with an aliquot sum of 35; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence (93,35,13,1,0) of three numbers to the Prime 13 in the 13-Aliquot tree.
a Blum integer, since its two prime factors, 3 and 31 are both Gaussian primes.
a repdigit in base 5 (3335), and 30 (3330).
palindromic in bases 2, 5, and 30.
a lucky number.
a cake number.
an idoneal number.
There are 93 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 11 elements, and therefore there are 93 different real periodic points of order 11 on the Mandelbrot set.
In other fields
Ninety-three is:
The atomic number of neptunium, an actinide.
The code for international direct dial phone calls to Afghanistan.
One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in India.
The number of the French department Seine-Saint-Denis, a Paris suburb with high proportions of immigrants and low-income people, and as such used by many French rappers and those emulating their speech.
In classical Persian finger counting, the number 93 is represented by a closed fist. Because of this, classical Arab and Persian poets around 1 CE referred to someone's lack of generosity by saying that the person's hand made "ninety-three".
See also
AD 93, a year in the Julian calendar
List of highways numbered 93
Ninety-Three (Quatrevingt-treize), a novel concerning the French Revolution by Victor Hugo
93 (Thelema), a greeting among Thelemites based on the numerological (gematric) value of Thelema (Will) and Agape (Love) in Greek letters.
Babia 93, an album from a Pakistani pop singer Sajjad Ali
London's 93 Feet East music venue
Current 93, a musical project of David Tibet
Los Angeles 93 KHJ radio
United Airlines Flight 93, one of the airplanes hijacked on September 11, 2001.
93 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic%20system | The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.
Its various components support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long-term memory, and olfaction.
The limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems and consists of the amygdala, mammillary bodies, stria medullaris, central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden. This processed information is often relayed to a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon, including the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, limbic thalamus, hippocampus including the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, nucleus accumbens (limbic striatum), anterior hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, midbrain raphe nuclei, habenular commissure, entorhinal cortex, and olfactory bulbs.
Structure
The limbic system was originally defined by Paul D. MacLean as a series of cortical structures surrounding the boundary between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem. The name "limbic" comes from the Latin word for the border, limbus, and these structures were known together as the limbic lobe. Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were then grouped into the limbic system.
In recent years, multiple additional limbic fiber connectivity has been revealed using difusion-weighted imaging MRI techniques. The equivalent fiber connectivity of all these pathways has been documented by dissection studies in primates. Some of these fiber tracts include the amygdalofugal tract, amygdalothalamic tract, stria terminalis, dorsal thalamo-hypothalamic tract, cerebellohypothalamic tracts, and the parieto-occipito-hypothalamic tract.
Currently, it is not considered an isolated entity responsible for the n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election%20security | Election cybersecurity or election security refers to the protection of elections and voting infrastructure from cyberattack or cyber threat – including the tampering with or infiltration of voting machines and equipment, election office networks and practices, and voter registration databases.
Cyber threats or attacks to elections or voting infrastructure could be carried out by insiders within a voting jurisdiction, or by a variety of other actors ranging from nefarious nation-states, to organized cyber criminals to lone-wolf hackers. Motives may range from a desire to influence the election outcome, to discrediting democratic processes, to creating public distrust or even political upheaval.
Legislation and policy best practices
A variety of experts and interest groups have emerged to address voting infrastructure vulnerabilities and to support democracies in their security efforts. From these efforts have come a general set of policy ideas for election security, including:
Transition from black-box proprietary voting systems to transparent open-source voting systems
Implement universal use of paper ballots, marked by hand and read by optical scanner, ensuring a voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT).
Pass voter machine certification requirements that, for example, phase out touch-screen voting machines – especially the most vulnerable direct-recording electronic (DRE) devices and follow recommendations like those by the US Election Assistance Commission.
Verify voting results by requiring election officials to conduct risk-limiting audits, a statistical post-election audit before certification of final results.
Ballot accounting and reconciliation to ensure all ballots are accounted for
Give voters an opportunity to fix any mistakes that would otherwise get their ballots thrown out
Ban electronic voting
Secure all voting infrastructure from databases to equipment using cyber hygiene tools such as the CIS “20 Critical Security Controls” or NIST's Cy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante%20Graovac | Ante Graovac is a Croatian scientist (born July 15, 1945 in Split, died November 13, 2012 in Zagreb) known for his contribution to chemical graph theory. He was director of 26 successful annual meetings MATH/CHEM/COMP held in Dubrovnik. He was Secretary of the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry.
Selected publications
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoionization | Autoionization is a process by which an atom or a molecule in an excited state spontaneously emits one of the outer-shell electrons, thus going from a state with charge to a state with charge , for example from an electrically neutral state to a singly ionized state.
Autoionizing states are usually short-lived, and thus can be described as Fano resonances rather than normal bound states. They can be observed as variations in the ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules, by photoionization, electron ionization and other methods.
Examples
As examples, several Fano resonances in the extreme ultraviolet photoionization spectrum of neon are attributed to autoionizing states. Some are due to one-electron excitations, such as a series of three strong similarly shaped peaks at energies of 45.546, 47.121 and 47.692 eV which are interpreted as 1s2 2s1 2p6 np (1P) states for n = 3, 4 and 5. These states of neutral neon lie beyond the first ionization energy because it takes more energy to excite a 2s electron than to remove a 2p electron. When autoionization occurs, the np → 2s de-excitation provides the energy needed to remove one 2p electron and form the Ne+ ground state.
Other resonances are attributed to two-electron excitations. The same neon photoionization spectrum considered above contains a fourth strong resonance in the same region at 44.979 eV but with a very different shape, which is interpreted as the 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s 3p (1P) state. For autoionization, the 3s → 2p transition provides the energy to remove the 3p electron.
Electron ionization allows the observation of some states which cannot be excited by photons due to selection rules. In neon for example again, the excitation of triplet states is forbidden by the spin selection rule ΔS = 0, but the 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s 3p (3P) has been observed by electron ionization at 42.04 eV. Ion impact by high energy H+, He+ and Ne+ ions has also been used.
If a core electron is missing, a positive ion can autoionize |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriek%20map | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, certain unusual functors are denoted and with the exclamation mark used to indicate that they are exceptional in some way. They are thus accordingly sometimes called shriek maps, with "shriek" being slang for an exclamation mark, though other terms are used, depending on context.
Usage
Shriek notation is used in two senses:
To distinguish a functor from a more usual functor or accordingly as it is covariant or contravariant.
To indicate a map that goes "the wrong way" – a functor that has the same objects as a more familiar functor, but behaves differently on maps and has the opposite variance. For example, it has a pull-back where one expects a push-forward.
Examples
In algebraic geometry, these arise in image functors for sheaves, particularly
Verdier duality, where is a "less usual" functor.
In algebraic topology, these arise particularly in fiber bundles, where they yield maps that have the opposite of the usual variance. They are thus called wrong way maps, Gysin maps, as they originated in the Gysin sequence, or transfer maps. A fiber bundle with base space B, fiber F, and total space E, has, like any other continuous map of topological spaces, a covariant map on homology and a contravariant map on cohomology However, it also has a covariant map on cohomology, corresponding in de Rham cohomology to "integration along the fiber", and a contravariant map on homology, corresponding in de Rham cohomology to "pointwise product with the fiber". The composition of the "wrong way" map with the usual map gives a map from the homology of the base to itself, analogous to a unit/counit of an adjunction; compare also Galois connection.
These can be used in understanding and proving the product property for the Euler characteristic of a fiber bundle.
Notes
Mathematical notation
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS%20XL | DOS XL is a discontinued Disk Operating System (DOS) written by Paul Laughton, Mark Rose, Bill Wilkinson, and Mike Peters and published by Optimized Systems Software (OSS) for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers. It was designed to be compatible with Atari DOS which came shipped with Atari, Inc.'s disk drives, which had also been written by the same team.
Description
Features
A direct descendant of OS/A+, DOS XL provided additional features to Atari's equipped with floppy disk drives. These included single and double density support, a command-line mode (called the command processor or CP), a menu mode (an executable loaded in memory), batch file support, and support for XL extended memory and OSS SuperCartridge banked memory. Later versions included Axlon RamDisk support, Mosaic RamDisk support, BIT-3 support and BUG/65.
In addition to supporting auto-booting AUTORUN.SYS files, DOS XL's batch features provided an auto-booting batch feature. Naming a batch file to STARTUP.EXC would have it execute batch commands on startup (same as OS/A+). Unfortunately, this feature wasn't compatible with some programs (e.g. AtariWriter).
Distribution
DOS XL was distributed on a flippy disk. One side had the single-density version, the other had the double-density version. As more features and add-ons were included, these were placed on the double-density side only due to lack of disk space.
The manual for DOS XL was a subset of OS/A+. OSS considered the manual an "addendum" to OS/A+. Over 150+ pages, it was bound at the spine, not in loose-leaf form like the OS/A+ manual.
DOS XL came in two versions, 2.20 and 2.30 (2.20 users had to pay $20 to upgrade to 2.30). The last version was 2.30P. DOS XL originally sold for $30, but the price later increased to $39.
File writing verify was turned off in DOS XL. This was due to OSS's own experience that resulted in faster writes with virtually no risk of errors. The command file VERIFY.COM was included to reenable writes with ve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided%20maintenance | Computer-aided maintenance (not to be confused with CAM which usually stands for Computer Aided Manufacturing) refers to systems that utilize software to organize planning, scheduling, and support of maintenance and repair. A common application of such systems is the maintenance of computers, either hardware or software, themselves. It can also apply to the maintenance of other complex systems that require periodic maintenance, such as reminding operators that preventive maintenance is due or even predicting when such maintenance should be performed based on recorded past experience.
Computer aided configuration
The first computer-aided maintenance software came from DEC in the 1980s to configure VAX computers. The software was built using the techniques of artificial intelligence expert systems, because the problem of configuring a VAX required expert knowledge. During the research, the software was called R1 and was renamed XCON when placed in service. Fundamentally, XCON was a rule-based configuration database written as an expert system using forward chaining rules. As one of the first expert systems to be pressed into commercial service it created high expectations, which did not materialize, as DEC lost commercial pre-eminence.
Help Desk software
Help desks frequently use help desk software that captures symptoms of a bug and relates them to fixes, in a fix database. One of the problems with this approach is that the understanding of the problem is embodied in a non-human way, so that solutions are not unified.
Strategies for finding fixes
The bubble-up strategy simply records pairs of symptoms and fixes. The most frequent set of pairs is then presented as a tentative solution, which is then attempted. If the fix works, that fact is further recorded, along with the configuration of the presenting system, into a solutions database.
Oddly enough, shutting down and booting up again manages to 'fix,' or at least 'mask,' a bug in many computer-based systems; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20SV1 | The Cray SV1 is a vector processor supercomputer from the Cray Research division of Silicon Graphics introduced in 1998. The SV1 has since been succeeded by the Cray X1 and X1E vector supercomputers. Like its predecessor, the Cray J90, the SV1 used CMOS processors, which lowered the cost of the system, and allowed the computer to be air-cooled. The SV1 was backwards compatible with J90 and Y-MP software, and ran the same UNIX-derived UNICOS operating system. The SV1 used Cray floating point representation, not the IEEE 754 floating point format used on the Cray T3E and some Cray T90 systems.
Unlike earlier Cray designs, the SV1 included a vector cache. It also introduced a feature called multi-streaming, in which one processor from each of four processor boards work together to form a virtual processor with four times the performance. The SV1 processor was clocked at 300 MHz. Later variants of the SV1, the SV1e and SV1ex, ran at 500 MHz, the latter also having faster memory and support for the SSD-I Solid-State Storage Device. Systems could include up to 32 processors with up to 512 shared memory buses.
Multiple SV1 cabinets could be clustered together using the GigaRing I/O channel, which also provided connection to HIPPI, FDDI, ATM, Ethernet and SCSI devices for network, disk, and tape services. In theory, up to 32 nodes could be clustered together, offering up to one teraflops in theoretical peak performance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20%28burrow%29 | A warren is a network of wild rodent or lagomorph, typically rabbit burrows. Domestic warrens are artificial, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur. The term evolved from the medieval Anglo-Norman concept of free warren, which had been, essentially, the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland.
Architecture of the domestic warren
The cunicularia of the monasteries may have more closely resembled hutches or pens, than the open enclosures with specialized structures which the domestic warren eventually became. Such an enclosure or close was called a cony-garth, or sometimes conegar, coneygree or "bury" (from "burrow").
Moat and pale
To keep the rabbits from escaping, domestic warrens were usually provided with a fairly substantive moat, or ditch filled with water. Rabbits generally do not swim and avoid water. A pale, or fence, was provided to exclude predators.
Pillow mounds
The most characteristic structure of the "cony-garth" ("rabbit-yard") is the pillow mound. These were "pillow-like", oblong mounds with flat tops, frequently described as being "cigar-shaped", and sometimes arranged like the letter ⟨E⟩ or into more extensive, interconnected rows. Often these were provided with pre-built, stone-lined tunnels. The preferred orientation was on a gentle slope, with the arms extending downhill, to facilitate drainage. The soil needed to be soft, to accommodate further burrowing.
This type of architecture and animal husbandry has become obsolete, but numerous pillow mounds are still to be found in Britain, some of them maintained by English Heritage, with the greatest density being found on Dartmoor.
Further evolution of the term
Ultimately, the term "warren" was generalized to include wild burrows. According to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: The word thus became used of a piece of ground preserved for these beasts of warren. It is now applied loosely to any piece of ground, whether pres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain%20growth | In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Importance of grain growth
The practical performances of polycrystalline materials are strongly affected by the formed microstructure inside, which is mostly dominated by grain growth behaviors. For example, most materials exhibit the Hall–Petch effect at room-temperature and so display a higher yield stress when the grain size is reduced (assuming abnormal grain growth has not taken place). At high temperatures the opposite is true since the open, disordered nature of grain boundaries means that vacancies can diffuse more rapidly down boundaries leading to more rapid Coble creep. Since boundaries are regions of high energy they make excellent sites for the nucleation of precipitates and other second-phases e.g. Mg–Si–Cu phases in some aluminium alloys or martensite platlets in steel. Depending on the second phase in question this may have positive or negative effects.
Rules of grain growth
Grain growth has long been studied primarily by the examination of sectioned, polished and etched samples under the optical microscope. Although such methods enabled the collection of a great deal of empirical evidence, particularly with regard to factors such as temperature or composition, the lack of crystallographic information limited the development of an understanding of the fundamental physics. Nevertheless, the following became well-established features of grain growth:
Grain growth occurs by the movement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biomedical%20cybernetics%20software | The following is a list of software packages and applications for biocybernetics research.
Data formats and specifications
Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML)
Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX)
CellML
Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment (MIASE)
Minimum information required in the annotation of models (MIRIAM)
Systems Biology Ontology (SBO)
Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN)
Libraries for software development
CyberUnits, a class library for computer simulations in life sciences
Software products
SimThyr – Simulation system for thyroid homeostasis
See also
List of sequence alignment software
List of open-source healthcare software
List of open-source bioinformatics software
List of proprietary bioinformatics software
List of freeware health software
List of molecular graphics systems
List of systems biology modeling software
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
BioLinux
Other collections
PhysioToolkit Software Index: PhysioNet's software collection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Tsirelson | Boris Semyonovich Tsirelson (May 4, 1950 – January 21, 2020) (, ) was a Russian–Israeli mathematician and Professor of Mathematics at Tel Aviv University in Israel, as well as a Wikipedia editor.
Biography
Tsirelson was born in Leningrad to a Russian Jewish family. From his father Simeon's side, he was the great-nephew of rabbi Yehuda Leib Tsirelson, chief rabbi of Bessarabia from 1918 to 1941, and a prominent posek and Jewish leader. He obtained his Master of Science from the University of Leningrad and remained there to pursue graduate studies. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1975, with thesis "General properties of bounded Gaussian processes and related questions" written under the direction of Ildar Abdulovich Ibragimov.
Later, he participated in the refusenik movement, but only received permission to emigrate to Israel in 1991. From then until 2017, he was a professor at Tel-Aviv University.
In 1998 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin.
Contributions to mathematics
Tsirelson made notable contributions to probability theory and functional analysis. These include:
Tsirelson's bound, in quantum mechanics, is an inequality, related to the issue of quantum nonlocality.
Tsirelson space is an example of a reflexive Banach space in which neither a l p space nor a c0 space can be embedded.
The Tsirelson's drift, a counterexample in the theory of stochastic differential equations, it's a SDE which has a weak solution but no strong solution.
The Gaussian isoperimetric inequality (proved by Vladimir Sudakov and Tsirelson, and independently by Christer Borell), stating that affine halfspaces are the isoperimetric sets for the Gaussian measure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monell%20Chemical%20Senses%20Center | The Monell Chemical Senses Center is a non-profit independent scientific institute located at the University City Science Center campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Monell conducts and publishes interdisciplinary basic research on taste, smell, and chemesthesis.
History
Monell was founded in 1968. The center's mission is to advance knowledge of the mechanisms and functions of the chemical senses. Knowledge gained from Monell’s research is relevant to issues related to public health, national health policy, and quality of life, including studies of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, pediatric health, occupational safety, environmental interactions, and national defense.
Monell has a staff of more than 50 scientists and provides research opportunities for local high school and undergraduate students. Situated in Philadelphia’s University City Science Center, the center occupies two buildings with a total of . Monell is operated as a non-profit organization and receives funding from government grants, primarily from the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, as well as from private foundations and unrestricted corporate gifts.
Research
Selected achievements
Characterized the first sweet-tasting protein, “Monellin,” broadening the concept of sweet taste
Demonstrated that body odors can signal disease even before appearance of overt symptoms
Revealed critical role of perinatal experience in establishing flavor preferences of infants, children, and adults
Described role of liver chemosensors in control of appetite and satiety.
Established that genetically-determined odortypes provide signals of individual identity.
Developed the labeled magnitude scale to reliably measure human sensory perception.
Pioneered use of living human tissue to characterize human olfactory and taste cell function.
Identified the Sac locus co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachindra%20Prasad%20Bose | Sachindra Prasad Bose () (died February 1941) was an Indian independence movement activist and follower of Sir Surendranath Banerjee. He was the son-in-law of the moderate Brahmo leader, Krishna Kumar Mitra.
On 4 November 1905, when he was a fourth year student of Ripon College, Calcutta, he took initiative to form the Anti-Circular Society in protest against the circular issued by R. W. Carlyle, then Chief Secretary of the Government of Bengal instructing Magistrates and Collectors to take stern measures against students involved in politics. He became its secretary and Krishna Kumar Mitra became its president.
He, along with Kanungo, designed and unfurled the Calcutta Flag on 7 August 1906 in Parsi Bagan Square (Greer Park) in Calcutta, India. In 1908, he was arrested and sent to the Rawalpindi jail. After his release, he worked as the editor of a magazine named Vyavsa O Vanijya. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20L.%20A.%20van%20de%20Snepscheut | Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator. He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra. At the time of his death he was the executive officer of the computer science department at the California Institute of Technology. He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called "Proxac".
In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre, with an axe. He then set their house on fire, and died as it burned around him. Terre and their three children escaped their burning home.
Bibliography
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Gerrit A. Slavenburg, Introducing the notion of processes to hardware, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, April 1979.
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Trace Theory and VLSI Design,, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 200, Springer, 1985.
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, What computing is all about. Springer, 1993. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing%20industry%20in%20Wales | The fishing industry in Wales is a sector of the Welsh economy.
History
Fisherman in Monmouthshire have fished using lave nets in the Severn Estuary since the 17th-century.
Overview
Commercial fishing in Wales employs approximately 600 people full-time and is valued at . 92% of Welsh fishing vessels are designated small-scale.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20brain | An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain.
Research investigating "artificial brains" and brain emulation plays three important roles in science:
An ongoing attempt by neuroscientists to understand how the human brain works, known as cognitive neuroscience.
A thought experiment in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, demonstrating that it is possible, at least in theory, to create a machine that has all the capabilities of a human being.
A long-term project to create machines exhibiting behavior comparable to those of animals with complex central nervous system such as mammals and most particularly humans. The ultimate goal of creating a machine exhibiting human-like behavior or intelligence is sometimes called strong AI.
An example of the first objective is the project reported by Aston University in Birmingham, England where researchers are using biological cells to create "neurospheres" (small clusters of neurons) in order to develop new treatments for diseases including Alzheimer's, motor neurone and Parkinson's disease.
The second objective is a reply to arguments such as John Searle's Chinese room argument, Hubert Dreyfus's critique of AI or Roger Penrose's argument in The Emperor's New Mind. These critics argued that there are aspects of human consciousness or expertise that can not be simulated by machines. One reply to their arguments is that the biological processes inside the brain can be simulated to any degree of accuracy. This reply was made as early as 1950, by Alan Turing in his classic paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".
The third objective is generally called artificial general intelligence by researchers. However, Ray Kurzweil prefers the term "strong AI". In his book The Singularity is Near, he focuses on whole brain emulation using conventional computing machines as an approach to implementing artificial brains, and claims (on groun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid%20mycorrhiza | Orchid mycorrhizae are endomycorrhizal fungi which develop symbiotic relationships with the roots and seeds of plants of the family Orchidaceae. Nearly all orchids are myco-heterotrophic at some point in their life cycle. Orchid mycorrhizae are critically important during orchid germination, as an orchid seed has virtually no energy reserve and obtains its carbon from the fungal symbiont.
The symbiosis starts with a structure called a protocorm. During the symbiosis, the fungus develops structures called pelotons within the root cortex of the orchid.
Many adult orchids retain their fungal symbionts throughout their life, although the benefits to the adult photosynthetic orchid and the fungus remain largely unexplained.
Seed germination
Orchids have several life stages. The first stage is the non-germinated orchid seed, the next stage is the protocorm, and the following stage is the adult orchid. Orchid seeds are very small (0.35mm to 1.50mm long), spindle-shaped, and have an opening at the pointed end. Each seed has an embryo that is undifferentiated and lacks root and shoot meristems. An orchid seed does not have enough nutritional support to grow on its own. Instead, it gets nutrients needed for germination from fungal symbionts in natural habitats. When the orchid seeds germinate they form intermediate structures called protocorms, young plants which have germinated but lack leaves and which consist mainly of parenchyma cells. Infected protocorms tend to develop an active meristem within a few days. In the adult stage, many orchids have a small amount of thick unbranched roots which results in a root system with a small surface area that is favorable to potentially mycotrophic tissue.
Orchids lacking chlorophyll, called achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs, will retain their fungal symbionts their entire lives, relying on the fungus for carbon. The debate over whether fungal symbiosis is necessary for the orchid is an old one, as Noel Bernard first proposed orc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior%20space | In mathematics, the notion of externology in a topological space X generalizes the basic properties of the family
εXcc = {E ⊆ X : X\E is a closed compact subset of X}
of complements of the closed compact subspaces of X, which are used to construct its Alexandroff compactification. An externology permits to introduce a notion of end point, to study the divergence of nets in terms of convergence to end points and it is a useful tool for the study and classification of some families of non compact topological spaces. It can also be used to approach a topological space as the limit of other topological spaces: the externologies are very useful when a compact metric space embedded in a Hilbert space is approached by its open neighbourhoods.
Definition
Let (X,τ) be a topological space. An externology on (X,τ) is a non-empty collection ε of open subsets satisfying:
If E1, E2 ∈ ε, then E1 ∩ E2 ∈ ε;
if E ∈ ε, U ∈ τ and E ⊆ U, then U ∈ ε.
An exterior space (X,τ,ε) consists of a topological space (X,τ) together with an externology ε. An open E which is in ε is said to be an exterior-open subset. A map f:(X,τ,ε) → (X',τ',ε') is said to be an exterior map if it is continuous and f−1(E) ∈ ε, for all E ∈ ε'.
The category of exterior spaces and exterior maps will be denoted by E. It is remarkable that E is a complete and cocomplete category.
Some examples of exterior spaces
For a space (X,τ) one can always consider the trivial externology εtr={X}, and, on the other hand, the total externology εtot=τ. Note that an externology ε is a topology if and only if the empty set is a member of ε if and only if ε=τ.
Given a space (X,τ), the externology εXcc of the complements of closed compact subsets of X permits a connection with the theory of proper maps.
Given a space (X,τ) and a subset A⊆X the family ε(X,A)={U⊆X:A⊆U,U∈τ} is an externology in X. Two particular cases with important applications on shape theory and on dynamical systems, respectively, are the following:
If A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue-class-wise%20affine%20group | In mathematics, specifically in group theory, residue-class-wise affine
groups are certain permutation groups acting on
(the integers), whose elements are bijective
residue-class-wise affine mappings.
A mapping is called residue-class-wise affine
if there is a nonzero integer such that the restrictions of
to the residue classes
(mod ) are all affine. This means that for any
residue class there are coefficients
such that the restriction of the mapping
to the set is given by
.
Residue-class-wise affine groups are countable, and they are accessible
to computational investigations.
Many of them act multiply transitively on or on subsets thereof.
A particularly basic type of residue-class-wise affine permutations are the
class transpositions: given disjoint residue classes
and , the corresponding class transposition is the permutation
of which interchanges and
for every and which
fixes everything else. Here it is assumed that
and that .
The set of all class transpositions of generates
a countable simple group which has the following properties:
It is not finitely generated.
Every finite group, every free product of finite groups and every free group of finite rank embeds into it.
The class of its subgroups is closed under taking direct products, under taking wreath products with finite groups, and under taking restricted wreath products with the infinite cyclic group.
It has finitely generated subgroups which do not have finite presentations.
It has finitely generated subgroups with algorithmically unsolvable membership problem.
It has an uncountable series of simple subgroups which is parametrized by the sets of odd primes.
It is straightforward to generalize the notion of a residue-class-wise affine group
to groups acting on suitable rings other than ,
though only little work in this direction has been done so far.
See also the Collatz conjecture, which is an assertion about a surjective,
but not injective residue-class-wise affine mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrolytic%20bacterium | Fibrolytic bacteria constitute a group of microorganisms that are able to process complex plant polysaccharides thanks to their capacity to synthesize cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. Polysaccharides are present in plant cellular cell walls in a compact fiber form where they are mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose.
Fibrolytic enzymes, which are classified as cellulases, can hydrolyze the β (1 ->4) bonds in plant polysaccharides. Cellulase and hemicellulase (also known as xylanase) are the two main representatives of these enzymes.
Biological characteristics
Fibrolytic bacteria use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway as the main metabolic routes to catabolize carbohydrates in order to obtain energy and carbon backbones. They use ammonia as the major and practically exclusive source of nitrogen, and they require several B-vitamins for their development.
They often depend on other microorganisms to obtain some of their nutrients. Although their growth rate is considered slow, it can be enhanced in the presence of considerable amounts of short-chain fatty acids (isobutyric and isovaleric). These compounds are normally generated as a product of the amino acid fermentative activity of other microorganisms.
Because of their habitat conditions, most fibrolytic bacteria are anaerobic.
Cellulolytic communities
Most fibrolytic bacteria are classified as Bacteroidota or Bacillota and include several bacterial species with diverse morphological and physiological characteristics.
They are normally commensal species which have a symbiotic relationship with different insect and mammal species, constituting one of the main components of their gastrointestinal flora. In fact, in herbivores each milliliter of ruminal content can reach about 50 million of bacteria of a great variety of genera and species. .
Given the importance of industrial processing of plant fibers in different fields, the genomic analysis of fibrolytic communities in the gastroi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive%20combinatorics | Additive combinatorics is an area of combinatorics in mathematics. One major area of study in additive combinatorics are inverse problems: given the size of the sumset A + B is small, what can we say about the structures of and ? In the case of the integers, the classical Freiman's theorem provides a partial answer to this question in terms of multi-dimensional arithmetic progressions.
Another typical problem is to find a lower bound for in terms of and . This can be viewed as an inverse problem with the given information that is sufficiently small and the structural conclusion is then of the form that either or is the empty set; however, in literature, such problems are sometimes considered to be direct problems as well. Examples of this type include the Erdős–Heilbronn Conjecture (for a restricted sumset) and the Cauchy–Davenport Theorem. The methods used for tackling such questions often come from many different fields of mathematics, including combinatorics, ergodic theory, analysis, graph theory, group theory, and linear algebraic and polynomial methods.
History of additive combinatorics
Although additive combinatorics is a fairly new branch of combinatorics (in fact the term additive combinatorics was coined by Terence Tao and Van H. Vu in their book in 2000's), an extremely old problem Cauchy–Davenport theorem is one of the most fundamental results in this field.
Cauchy–Davenport theorem
Suppose that A and B are finite subsets of the cyclic group for a prime , then the following inequality holds.
Vosper's theorem
Now we have the inequality for the cardinality of the sum set , it is natural to ask the inverse problem, namely under what conditions on and does the equality hold? Vosper's theorem answers this question. Suppose that (that is, barring edge cases) and
then and are arithmetic progressions with the same difference. This illustrates the structures that are often studied in additive combinatorics: the combinatorial structure of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPACT%202 | Mpact-2 is a 125 MHz vector-processing graphics, audio and video media processor, a second generation in the Mpact family of Chromatic Research media processors, which can be used only as a co-processor to the main Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a microcomputer.
Hardware using the Mpact-2 uses OEM firmware to provide plug-and-play facility, and may be used with either a PCI or AGP bus.
UAD-1 DSP cards
The UAD-1 was a digital signal processor (DSP) card using the Mpact-2 sold by Universal Audio (acquired by ATI Technologies in November 1998), which uses the DSP, rather than the host computer's CPU, to process audio plug-ins. This allows accurate, but processor-intensive, reverbs, EQs, compressors and limiters to be handled in real time and without burdening the CPU. 3D functionality is hard-wired. The UAD-1 was superseded by the UAD-2, based on the Analog Devices 21369 and 21469 DSPs, in 2009.
UAD-1 hardware was produced with three interfaces: PCI (UAD-1), PCI Express (UAD-1e), and ExpressCard (UAD-Xpander). The cards were offered by Chromatic Research (formerly named Xenon Microsystems), and were part of the Chromatic Mpact 2 Video Adapter. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20narrative | A social narrative is an evidence-based learning tool designed for use with people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other associated disabilities. Social narratives often use personalized stories to teach a skill, identify a situation, or tell a narrative; some examples of social narratives may cover topics such as getting along with others, interacting with others, or experiencing a new place or activity. It is referred to as a story or a written explanation that tells the learner not only what to do but also what the situation is, with the goal of addressing the challenge of learners finding social situations confusing. Social narratives have been found effective for learners ages Preschool-High School in several areas such as social, communication, joint attention, behavior, adaptive, play, and academic.
Concept
Social narrative is described as long story that could be employed as an antecedent intervention or not, for students that have behavioral challenges due to social and emotional development deficits. It depicts and explains social interactions, common behavioral expectations, and their respective social subtexts. According to the National Professional Development Center (NPDC) on ASD, in addition to teaching learners specific social behaviors and skills, it can also help them adapt their behaviors according to the social and physical cues of a situation and adjust to changes in routine.
A defining feature of the social narrative is that it is individualized and narrated from the child or the learner's perspective. The story focuses on relevant cues and provides the learners appropriate responses through examples. It is written by an educator according to the learner's instructional level and is often complemented by contents such as pictures and photographs that do not only confirm the information being conveyed but also promote self-awareness, self-calming, and self-management. For example, it can be in the form of a one-page symbolic depiction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20Products%20Corporation | The Electrical Products Corporation (EPCO) was a major producer of electric signs, especially neon signs, in the western region of the United States. Electrical Products Corp. was established in Los Angeles, incorporated on November 7, 1912. By 1923, EPCO had acquired the rights to the neon patents of neon light inventor Georges Claude and began the manufacture of neon lighting and signs. In 1962 it was acquired by the Federal Sign and Signal Corporation.
External links
"The neon sign maker that lit up California", LACurbed, Feb 15, 2019 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit%20sal%C3%A9 | Petit Salé is salted pork, usually produced according to a French method of immersing cuts of pork for up to two days in brine.
Petit Salé is often used as an abbreviation for the recipe Petit Salé aux Lentilles, a dish containing pork, vegetables and lentils. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainChip | BrainChip (ASX:BRN, OTCQX:BRCHF) is an Australia-based technology company, founded in 2004 by Peter Van Der Made, that specializes in developing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) hardware. The company's primary products are the MetaTF development environment, which allows the training and deployment of spiking neural networks (SNN), and the AKD1000 neuromorphic processor, a hardware implementation of their spiking neural network system. BrainChip's technology is based on a neuromorphic computing architecture, which attempts to mimic the way the human brain works. The company is a part of Intel Foundry Services and Arm AI partnership.
History
Australian mining company Aziana acquired BrainChip in March 2015. Later, via a reverse merger of the now dormant Aziana in September 2015 BrainChip was put on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), and van der Made started commercializing his original idea for artificial intelligence processor hardware. In 2016, the company appointed former Exar CEO Louis Di Nardo as CEO; Van Der Made then took the position of CTO. In October 2021, the company announced that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor Development Kits, and in January 2022, that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor PCIe boards. In April 2022, BrainChip partnered with NVISO to provide collaboration with applications and technologies. In November 2022, BrainChip added the Rochester Institute of Technology to its University AI accelerator program. The next month, BrainChip was a part of Intel Foundry Services. In January 2023, Edge Impulse announced support for BrainChip's AKD processor.
MetaTF
The MetaTF software is designed to work with a variety of image, video, and sensor data, and is intended to be implemented in a range of applications, including security, surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. The software uses Python to create spiking neural networks (or convert other neural networks to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullism | Ebullism is the formation of water vapour bubbles in bodily fluids due to reduced environmental pressure, usually at extreme high altitude. It occurs because a system of liquid and gas at equilibrium will see a net conversion of liquid to gas as pressure lowers; for example, liquids reach their boiling points at lower temperatures when the pressure on them is lowered. The injuries and disorder caused by ebullism is also known as ebullism syndrome. Ebullism will expand the volume of the tissues, but the vapour pressure of water at temperatures in which a human can survive is not sufficient to rupture skin or most other tissues encased in skin.
Ebullism produces predictable injuries, which may be survivable if treated soon enough, and is often accompanied by complications caused by rapid decompression, such as decompression sickness and a variety of barotrauma injuries. Persons at risk are astronauts and high altitude aviators, for whom it is an occupational hazard.
Symptoms
Symptoms of ebullism include bubbles in the membranes of the mouth and eyes, swelling of the soft tissues with possible bruising, and bubbles in the blood. Blood circulation and breathing may be impaired or stopped by cardiac vapourlock. The brain tissue may be starved of oxygen because of blockage of arteries resulting in rapid loss of consciousness, and the lungs may swell and hemorrhage. Death results unless recompression is rapid enough to restore oxygenation and reduce the bubbles before excessive tissue damage occurs. Head exposure may result in freezing of the corneal surface of the eye, impairing vision.
Other signs and symptoms of rapid decompression injury may also be present.
Complications
A decompression event leading to ebullism will cause acute anoxemia and is likely to cause other decompression injuries such as decompression sickness and possibly one or more forms of decompression barotrauma.
Causes and mechanism
In the atmospheric pressure present at sea level, water boils at . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeothamniophycidae | Phaeothamniophycidae is a subclass of heterokont algae. It contains two orders, Phaeothamniales and Pleurochloridellales, and consists of species separated from Chrysophyceae.
Taxonomy
Order Pleurochloridellales
Family Pleurochloridellaceae
Pleurochloridella
Order Phaeothamniales
Family Phaeothamniaceae [=Stichogloeaceae ; Chrysapiaceae]
Apistonema
Chrysapion
Chrysocapsopsis
Chrysoclonium
Chrysodesmis
Chrysodictyon
Koinopodion
Nematochrysis
Phaeogloea
Phaeoschizochlamys
Phaeothamnion
Podochrysis
Selenophaea
Sphaeridiothrix
Stichogloea
Tetrachrysis
Tetrapion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SequenceL | SequenceL is a general purpose functional programming language and auto-parallelizing (Parallel computing) compiler and tool set, whose primary design objectives are performance on multi-core processor hardware, ease of programming, platform portability/optimization, and code clarity and readability. Its main advantage is that it can be used to write straightforward code that automatically takes full advantage of all the processing power available, without programmers needing to be concerned with identifying parallelisms, specifying vectorization, avoiding race conditions, and other challenges of manual directive-based programming approaches such as OpenMP.
Programs written in SequenceL can be compiled to multithreaded code that runs in parallel, with no explicit indications from a programmer of how or what to parallelize. , versions of the SequenceL compiler generate parallel code in C++ and OpenCL, which allows it to work with most popular programming languages, including C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, and Python. A platform-specific runtime manages the threads safely, automatically providing parallel performance according to the number of cores available, currently supporting x86, POWER8, and ARM platforms.
History
SequenceL was initially developed over a 20-year period starting in 1989, mostly at Texas Tech University. Primary funding was from NASA, which originally wanted to develop a specification language which was "self-verifying"; that is, once written, the requirements could be executed, and the results verified against the desired outcome.
The principal researcher on the project was initially Dr. Daniel Cooke, who was soon joined by Dr. Nelson Rushton (another Texas Tech professor) and later Dr. Brad Nemanich (then a PhD student under Cooke). The goal of creating a language that was simple enough to be readable, but unambiguous enough to be executable, drove the inventors to settle on a functional, declarative language approach, where a programmer descr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmic%20nerve | The ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) is a sensory nerve of the head. It is one of three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), a cranial nerve. It has three major branches which provide sensory innervation to the eye, and the skin of the upper face and anterior scalp, as well as other structures of the head.
Structure
It measures about 2.5 cm in length.
Origin
The ophthalmic nerve is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the first and smallest of its three divisions. It arises from the superior part of the trigeminal ganglion.
Course
It passes anterior-ward along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus inferior to the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and trochlear nerve (N IV). It divides into its three main branches as it approaches the superior orbital fissure.
Branches
Within the skull, the ophthalmic nerve produces:
meningeal branch (tentorial nerve)
The ophthalmic nerve divides into three major branches which pass through the superior orbital fissure:
frontal nerve
supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve
lacrimal nerve
nasociliary nerve
posterior ethmoidal nerve
anterior ethmoidal nerve
external nasal nerve
long ciliary nerves
infratrochlear nerve
communicating branch to ciliary ganglion
Distribution
The ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the cornea, ciliary body, and iris; to the lacrimal gland and conjunctiva; to the part of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity; and to the skin of the eyelids, eyebrow, forehead and nose.
It carries sensory branches from the eyes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoidal cells, falx cerebri, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, superior parts of the tentorium cerebelli, upper eyelid, dorsum of the nose, and anterior part of the scalp.
Roughly speaking, the ophthalmic nerve supplies general somatic afferents to the upper face, head, and eye:
Face: Upper eyelid and associated conjunctiva. Eyebrow, forehead, scalp all the way to the lambdoid suture.
Skull: Roof o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferran%20Hurtado | Ferran Hurtado Díaz (8 May 1951 – 2 October 2014) was a Spanish mathematician and computer scientist known for his research in computational geometry.
Life
Hurtado was born on 8 May 1951 in Valencia, Spain.
He earned his Ph.D. degree from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona in 1993 under the supervision of Oriol Serra Albó; his dissertation was Problemas geométricos de visibilidad [Geometric problems of visibility]. It won the Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado UPC in 1995.
He became a professor at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia,
and died on 2 October 2014 in Barcelona.
Contributions
Hurtado was a pioneer of Spanish computational geometry, and of connections between computational geometry and combinatorics. He is known, not only for his own research contributions to those subjects, but also for the questions he posed for others to solve. The topics of his research included flip graphs of polygon triangulations, Voronoi diagrams, visibility, simple polygons with given points as vertices, empty convex polygons in point sets, geometric graph theory, and problems on colored sets of points.
Recognition
In 2018, the journal Computational Geometry published a special issue in Hurtado's memory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way%20quantum%20computer | The one-way or measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC) is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled resource state, usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit measurements on it. It is "one-way" because the resource state is destroyed by the measurements.
The outcome of each individual measurement is random, but they are related in such a way that the computation always succeeds. In general, the choices of basis for later measurements need to depend on the results of earlier measurements, and hence the measurements cannot all be performed at the same time.
The hardware implementation of MBQC mainly relies on photonic devices, due to the difficulty of entangling photons without measurements, and the relative simplicity of creating and measuring them. However, MBQC is also possible with matter-based qubits. The process of entanglement and measurement can be described with the help of graph tools and group theory, in particular by the elements from the stabilizer group.
Definition
The purpose of quantum computing focuses on building an information theory with the features of quantum mechanics: instead of encoding a binary unit of information (bit), which can be switched to 1 or 0, a quantum binary unit of information (qubit) can simultaneously turn to be 0 and 1 at the same time, thanks to the phenomenon called superposition. Another key feature for quantum computing relies on the entanglement between the qubits.
In the quantum logic gate model, a set of qubits, called register, is prepared at the beginning of the computation, then a set of logic operations over the qubits, carried by unitary operators, is implemented. A quantum circuit is formed by a register of qubits on which unitary transformations are applied over the qubits. In the measurement-based quantum computation, instead of implementing a logic operation via unitary transformations, the same operation is executed by entangling a number of input qubits w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-scale%20approaches | The scale space representation of a signal obtained by Gaussian smoothing satisfies a number of special properties, scale-space axioms, which make it into a special form of multi-scale representation. There are, however, also other types of "multi-scale approaches" in the areas of computer vision, image processing and signal processing, in particular the notion of wavelets. The purpose of this article is to describe a few of these approaches:
Scale-space theory for one-dimensional signals
For one-dimensional signals, there exists quite a well-developed theory for continuous and discrete kernels that guarantee that new local extrema or zero-crossings cannot be created by a convolution operation. For continuous signals, it holds that all scale-space kernels can be decomposed into the following sets of primitive smoothing kernels:
the Gaussian kernel : where ,
truncated exponential kernels (filters with one real pole in the s-plane):
if and 0 otherwise where
if and 0 otherwise where ,
translations,
rescalings.
For discrete signals, we can, up to trivial translations and rescalings, decompose any discrete scale-space kernel into the following primitive operations:
the discrete Gaussian kernel
where where are the modified Bessel functions of integer order,
generalized binomial kernels corresponding to linear smoothing of the form
where
where ,
first-order recursive filters corresponding to linear smoothing of the form
where
where ,
the one-sided Poisson kernel
for where
for where .
From this classification, it is apparent that we require a continuous semi-group structure, there are only three classes of scale-space kernels with a continuous scale parameter; the Gaussian kernel which forms the scale-space of continuous signals, the discrete Gaussian kernel which forms the scale-space of discrete signals and the time-causal Poisson kernel that forms a temporal scale-space over discrete time. If we on the other hand sacrifice the continuous se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidimensionality | Bidimensionality theory characterizes a broad range of graph problems (bidimensional) that admit efficient approximate, fixed-parameter or kernel solutions in a broad range of graphs. These graph classes include planar graphs, map graphs, bounded-genus graphs and graphs excluding any fixed minor. In particular, bidimensionality theory builds on the graph minor theory of Robertson and Seymour by extending the mathematical results and building new algorithmic tools. The theory was introduced in the work of Demaine, Fomin, Hajiaghayi, and Thilikos, for which the authors received the Nerode Prize in 2015.
Definition
A parameterized problem is a subset of for some finite alphabet . An instance of a parameterized problem consists of (x,k), where k is called the parameter.
A parameterized problem is minor-bidimensional if
For any pair of graphs , such that is a minor of and integer , yields that . In other words, contracting or deleting an edge in a graph cannot increase the parameter; and
there is such that for every -grid , for every . In other words, the value of the solution on should be at least .
Examples of minor-bidimensional problems are the parameterized versions of vertex cover, feedback vertex set, minimum maximal matching, and longest path.
Let be the graph obtained from the -grid by
triangulating internal faces such that all internal vertices become of degree 6,
and then one corner of degree two joined by edges with all vertices
of the external face.
A parameterized problem is contraction-bidimensional if
For any pair of graphs , such that is a contraction of and integer , yields that . In other words, contracting an edge in a graph cannot increase the parameter; and
there is such that for every .
Examples of contraction-bidimensional problems are dominating set, connected dominating set, max-leaf spanning tree, and edge dominating set.
Excluded grid theorems
All algorithmic applications of bidimension |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermally%20conductive%20pad | In computing and electronics, thermal pads (also called thermally conductive pad or thermal interface pad) are pre-formed rectangles of solid material (often paraffin wax or silicone based) commonly found on the underside of heatsinks to aid the conduction of heat away from the component being cooled (such as a CPU or another chip) and into the heatsink (usually made from aluminium or copper). Thermal pads and thermal compound are used to fill air gaps caused by imperfectly flat or smooth surfaces which should be in thermal contact; they would not be needed between perfectly flat and smooth surfaces. Thermal pads are relatively firm at room temperature, but become soft and are able to fill gaps at higher temperatures.
It is an alternative to thermal paste to be used as thermal interface material. AMD and Intel have included thermal pads on the bottom of heatsinks shipped with some of their processors, as they are cleaner and generally easier to install. However, thermal pads conduct heat less effectively than a minimal amount of thermal paste.
See also
Computer cooling
Hot-melt adhesive
Phase-change material
Thermal adhesive
Thermal paste
List of thermal conductivities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca%20types%20and%20populations | Orcas or killer whales have a cosmopolitan distribution and several distinct populations or types have been documented or suggested. Three to five types of orcas may be distinct enough to be considered different races, subspecies, or possibly even species (see Species problem). The IUCN reported in 2008, "The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years." Although large variation in the ecological distinctiveness of different orca groups complicate simple differentiation into types. Mammal-eating orcas in different regions were long thought likely to be closely related, but genetic testing has refuted this hypothesis.
Northern waters
North Pacific
Research off the west coast of Canada and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s identified the following three types:
Resident: These are the most commonly sighted of the three populations in the coastal waters of the northeast Pacific. Residents' diets consist primarily of fish and sometimes squid, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods. Female residents characteristically have rounded dorsal fin tips that terminate in a sharp corner. They visit the same areas consistently. British Columbia and Washington resident populations are amongst the most intensively studied marine mammals anywhere in the world. Resident orcas can be divided into at least three distinct communities; northern, southern and southern Alaskan. Southern Alaskan resident orcas are distributed from southeastern Alaska to the Kodiak Archipelago and number over 700 individuals. These whales consist of two interbreeding clans distinguished by acoustic calls and whose ranges overlap. The northern resident community lives in coastal and inland waters from southeastern Alaska to Vancouver Island. It consists of three clans and 16 pods and number over 300 orcas total. The southern resident community |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada%20Fam%C3%ADlia | The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família, shortened as the Sagrada Família, is an under construction church in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world. Designed by architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), his work on Sagrada Família is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On 7 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the church and proclaimed it a minor basilica.
On 19 March 1882, construction of the Sagrada Família began under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. In 1883, when Villar resigned, Gaudí took over as chief architect, transforming the project with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted the remainder of his life to the project, and he is buried in the church's crypt. At the time of his death in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete.
Relying solely on private donations, the Sagrada Família's construction progressed slowly and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War. In July 1936, anarchists from the FAI set fire to the crypt and broke their way into the workshop, partially destroying Gaudí's original plans. In 1939, Francesc de Paula Quintana took over site management, which was able to go on due to the material that was saved from Gaudí's workshop and that was reconstructed from published plans and photographs. Construction resumed to intermittent progress in the 1950s. Advancements in technologies such as computer-aided design and computerised numerical control (CNC) have since enabled faster progress and construction passed the midpoint in 2010. However, some of the project's greatest challenges remain, including the construction of ten more spires, each symbolising an important Biblical figure in the New Testament. It was anticipated that the building would be completed by 2026, the centenary of Gaudí's death, but this has now been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some aspec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee | Lychee ( , ; Litchi chinensis; ) is a monotypic taxon and the sole member in the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae.
It is a tropical tree native to South China, Malaysia, and northern Vietnam. The tree has been introduced throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia. Cultivation in China is documented from the 11th century. China is the main producer of lychees, followed by Vietnam, India, other countries in Southeast Asia, other countries in the Indian subcontinent, Madagascar, and South Africa. A tall evergreen tree, it bears small fleshy sweet fruits. The outside of the fruit is a pink-red, rough-textured soft shell.
Lychee seeds contain methylene cyclopropyl glycine which has caused hypoglycemia associated with outbreaks of encephalopathy in undernourished Indian and Vietnamese children who consumed lychee fruit.
Taxonomy
Litchi chinensis is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae.
It was described and named by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat in his account "Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781" (translation: "Voyage to the East Indies and China, made between 1774 and 1781"), which was published in 1782. There are three subspecies, determined by flower arrangement, twig thickness, fruit, and a number of stamens.
Litchi chinensis subsp. chinensis is the only commercialized lychee. It grows wild in southern China, northern Vietnam, and Cambodia. It has thin twigs, flowers typically have six stamens, fruit are smooth or with protuberances up to .
Litchi chinensis subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh. It is common in the wild in the Philippines and rarely cultivated. It has thin twigs, six to seven stamens, long oval fruit with spiky protuberances up to .
Litchi chinensis subsp. javensis. It is only known in cultivation, in Malaysia and Indonesia. It has thick twigs, flowers with seven to eleven stamens in sessile clusters, smooth fruit with protuberances up to .
Descripti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Industrial%20Microbiology%20and%20Biotechnology | The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the advancement of microbiological sciences, especially as they apply to industrial products, biotechnology, materials, and processes. SIMB promotes the exchange of scientific information through its meetings and publications, and serves as liaison among the specialized fields of microbiology. SIMB was established in 1949 as the Society for Industrial Microbiology (SIM) by Walter Ezekiel, Charles Thom, and Charles L. Porter.
Governance
The SIMB is governed by a Constitution and Bylaws. The membership of SIMB elects a Board of Directors that consists of a President, President-Elect, Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer and four Directors.
Publications
SIMB has two publications, the Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology and SIMB News.
Scientific Meetings
SIMB Annual Meeting
Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals (SBFC)
The first Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was held in 1978 and hosted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN). It was the first technical meeting focusing exclusively on the biotechnologically-‐mediated conversion of renewable feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic plant biomass, to fuels and chemicals. This annual meeting soon became large enough to be co-‐hosted by the predecessor of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) and the Symposium's location alternated yearly between Tennessee and Colorado. In 2008, SIMB began handling the logistics of the meeting and locations were expanded to include other states, with the Symposium being held in alternate years in the eastern or western United States.
Recent Advances in Fermentation Technology (RAFT)
Industrial Microbiology Meets Microbiome (IMMM)
Natural Products
Although there has been a steady decline in natural product discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry over the last three decades, natural pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NameBase | NameBase is a web-based cross-indexed database of names that focuses on individuals involved in the international intelligence community, U.S. foreign policy, crime, and business. The focus is on the post-World War II era and on left of center, conspiracy theory, and espionage activities up to 2008.
Overview
Founder Daniel Brandt began collecting clippings and citations pertaining to influential people and intelligence agents in the 1960s. He did so especially in the 1970s after becoming a member of Students for a Democratic Society, an organization that opposed US foreign policy. With the advent of personal computing, he developed a database which allowed subscribers to access the names of US intelligence agents.
In the 1980s, through his company Micro Associates, he sold subscriptions to this computerized database under its original name, Public Information Research Inc. (PIR). At PIR's onset, Brandt was President of the newly formed non-profit corporation, and investigative researcher Peggy Adler served as its Vice President. The material was described as "information on all sorts of spooks, military officials, political operators and other cloak-and-dagger types". He told The New York Times at the time that "many of these sources are fairly obscure so it's a very effective way to retrieve information on U.S. intelligence that no one else indexes." One research librarian calls it "a unique part of the 'Deep Web'", equally useful to investigative journalists and students.
By 1992, private citizens, news organizations, and universities were all using NameBase. With the advent of public access to the Internet and World Wide Web in the 1990s these efforts became the basis of the NameBase website starting in 1995. , the database contained "over 100,000 names with over 260,000 citations drawn from books and serials with a few documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act." The website utilizes hyperlinks to allow users to both visualize relationships in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociopolitical%20issues%20of%20anatomy%20in%20America%20in%20the%2019th%20century | As anatomy classes in medical education proliferated in the 19th century, so too did the need for bodies to dissect. Grave robbery proliferated, along with associated social discontent, revulsion, and unhappiness. Conflicts arose between medical practitioners and defenders of bodies, graves and graveyards. This resulted in riots. Social legislation was passed in many countries to address the competing concerns.
History
The sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century largely stemmed from the increased use of anatomy in the medical curriculum, headed by Xavier Bichat, René Laennec, and other European and American physicians. In America, medical education expanded significantly during this period, with the number of medical schools going from four in 1800 to more than 160 in 1900. The conventional medical establishment became concerned with a possible decline in quality of medical students and the competition of orthodox medicine.
In the face of these pressures, the American medical profession turned to identify with anatomy and European science (then seen as the most advanced and prestigious). With increasing anatomical emphasis in hospitals and the medical curriculum following changes in European medicine in the early 19th century, physicians in the US similarly sought to set the medical profession apart from alternative medicine and other rivals through increased anatomical studies. As a result, the demand for corpses by medical students for dissection studies grew, which in turn propelled widespread medical grave-robbing, social strife and legislative changes to provide anatomists with legal supplies of cadavers. Medical grave robbery prompted anatomy riots in nearly every medical institution and drove changes in legislatures. The increase in importance of anatomy in medical studies also increased society's interest in the human body, which prompted the popularization of anatomy museums.
Grave robbery
The societal funerary obligation |
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