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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20law | In operant conditioning, the matching law is a quantitative relationship that holds between the relative rates of response and the relative rates of reinforcement in concurrent schedules of reinforcement. For example, if two response alternatives A and B are offered to an organism, the ratio of response rates to A and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier%20list | A tier list is a concept originating in video game culture where playable characters or other in-game elements are subjectively ranked by their respective viability as part of a list. Characters listed high on a tier list of a specific game are considered to be powerful characters compared to lower-scoring characters, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz | A BioBlitz, also written without capitals as bioblitz, is an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species within a designated area. Groups of scientists, naturalists, and volunteers conduct an intensive field study over a continuous time period (e.g., usually 24 hours). There is... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Langmuir%20Award | The Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics is awarded annually, in even years by the American Chemical Society and in odd years by the American Physical Society. The award is meant to recognize and encourage outstanding interdisciplinary research in chemistry and physics, in the spirit of Irving Langmuir. A nominee ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoediting | Immunoediting is a dynamic process that consists of immunosurveillance and tumor progression. It describes the relation between the tumor cells and the immune system. It is made up of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Definition
Immunoediting is characterized by changes in the immunogenicity of tum... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause%20%28logic%29 | In logic, a clause is a propositional formula formed from a finite collection of literals (atoms or their negations) and logical connectives. A clause is true either whenever at least one of the literals that form it is true (a disjunctive clause, the most common use of the term), or when all of the literals that form ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARID%20domain | In molecular biology, the ARID domain (AT-rich interaction domain; also known as BRIGHT (B-cell Regulator of Ig Heavy chain Transcription) domain)) is a protein domain that binds to DNA. ARID domain-containing proteins are found in fungi, plants and invertebrate and vertebrate metazoans. ARID-encoding genes are invol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20set | In set theory, an infinite set is a set that is not a finite set. Infinite sets may be countable or uncountable.
Properties
The set of natural numbers (whose existence is postulated by the axiom of infinity) is infinite. It is the only set that is directly required by the axioms to be infinite. The existence of any ot... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20types%20of%20interferometers | An interferometer is a device for extracting information from the superposition of multiple waves.
Field and linear interferometers
Air-wedge shearing interferometer
Astronomical interferometer / Michelson stellar interferometer
Classical interference microscopy
Bath interferometer (common path)
Cyclic interferomete... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Institute%2C%20University%20of%20Oxford | The Mathematical Institute is the mathematics department at the University of Oxford in England. It is one of the nine departments of the university's Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division. The institute includes both pure and applied mathematics (Statistics is a separate department) and is one of the large... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenskeeper | A greenskeeper is a person responsible for the upkeep of a golf course. Their duties include all horticultural practices, as well as the setting of flag-sticks and marking of hazards. Other responsibilities typically include raking bunkers, watering plants, repairing divots, trimming tee boxes, and mowing the course. G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIP%20message | WIP message is a work-in-progress message sent from a computer client to a computer server. It is used to update a server with the progress of an item during a manufacturing process. The only known use is in the automotive wiring manufacturing process, but the message structure is generic enough to be used in any manuf... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20alum | Sodium aluminium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O (sometimes written Na2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O). Also known as soda alum, sodium alum, or SAS, this white solid is used in the manufacture of baking powder and as a food additive. Its official mineral name is alum-Na (IMA symbol:... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20architecture | Lambda architecture is a data-processing architecture designed to handle massive quantities of data by taking advantage of both batch and stream-processing methods. This approach to architecture attempts to balance latency, throughput, and fault-tolerance by using batch processing to provide comprehensive and accurate ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Honour%20Flag | The United Nations Honour Flag (also termed the United Nations Flag, the Honour Flag, or the Four Freedoms Flag, with alternate spelling "Honor" also used) was a flag symbolizing the Allies of World War II and their goal of world peace. It was designed in October 1942 by Brooks Harding (who was inspired by Franklin D.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridit%20scoring | In statistics, ridit scoring is a statistical method used to analyze ordered qualitative measurements.
The tools of ridit analysis were developed and first applied by Bross, who coined the term "ridit" by analogy with other statistical transformations such as probit and logit. A ridit describes how the distribution of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20M.%20F.%20Smith | Terence Michael Frederick Smith (18 January 1934 – 7 December 2019) was a British statistician known for his research in survey sampling.
Fred Smith gained his first degree in 1959.
He succeeded Prof Maurice Quenouille as Professor of Statistics at the University of Southampton in 1975. He received the Guy Medal in b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebeam | The whitebeams are members of the family Rosaceae, comprising the genus Aria. They are deciduous trees with simple or lobed leaves, arranged alternately. They are related to the rowans, and many of the endemic restricted-range apomictic microspecies of whitebeam in Europe are thought to derive from hybrids between the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even%E2%80%93Paz%20protocol | The Even–Paz algorithm is an computationally-efficient algorithm for fair cake-cutting. It involves a certain heterogeneous and divisible resource, such as a birthday cake, and n partners with different preferences over different parts of the cake. It allows the n people to achieve a proportional division.
History
Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%27s%20sum | In number theory, Ramanujan's sum, usually denoted cq(n), is a function of two positive integer variables q and n defined by the formula
where (a, q) = 1 means that a only takes on values coprime to q.
Srinivasa Ramanujan mentioned the sums in a 1918 paper. In addition to the expansions discussed in this article, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crobots | Crobots is a programming game released for the first time by Tom Poindexter in December, 1985 as Shareware. It is an MS-DOS program for IBM PC and compatibles and was developed on x86-based Unix systems.
The robots are controlled by a program written in a stripped-down version of C. The robot's mission is to seek out ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull%20and%20crossbones%20%28military%29 | Skull and crossbones variations have been used by several military forces. The "Jolly Roger", traditionally used by pirates, has been used by submarines.
Usage
Naval warfare
The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various flags flown to identify a ship's crew as pirates. Since the decline of piracy, various mili... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnTuTu | AnTuTu () is a software benchmarking tool commonly used to benchmark smartphones and other devices. It is owned by Chinese company Cheetah Mobile.
Operations
The company developing the software is based in Chaoyang District, Beijing, and was cofounded by Chinese entrepreneurs Shào Yīng (邵英) and Liáng Bīn (梁斌). They st... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredibuild | Incredibuild is a suite of grid computing software developed by Incredibuild LTD. Incredibuild is designed to help accelerate computationally-intensive tasks by distributing them over the network, with notable applications including compiling source code, building software generally, and other software developmentrelat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammaging | Inflammaging (also known as inflamm-aging or inflamm-ageing) is a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age, in the absence of overt infection, and may contribute to clinical manifestations of other age-related pathologies. Inflammaging is thought to be caused by a loss of control over sy... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20product | In mathematics, the star product is a method of combining graded posets with unique minimal and maximal elements, preserving the property that the posets are Eulerian.
Definition
The star product of two graded posets and , where has a unique maximal element and has a unique minimal element , is a poset on the set... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-driven%20programming | In computer programming, data-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the program statements describe the data to be matched and the processing required rather than defining a sequence of steps to be taken. Standard examples of data-driven languages are the text-processing languages sed and AWK, and the d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-varied%20gain | Time varied gain (TVG) is signal compensation that is applied by the receiver electronics through analog or digital signal processing. The desired result is that targets of the same size produce echoes of the same size, regardless of target range.
See also
Automatic gain control |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20theorem | In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy.
Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that:
A spherically symmetric body affects external obje... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-ratio%20transmission | A close-ratio transmission describes a motor vehicle transmission with a smaller than average difference between the gear ratios. They are most often used on sports cars in order to keep the engine in the power band. There is no industry standard as to what constitutes a close-ratio transmission, a transmission that on... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-unit%20recording | In neuroscience, single-unit recordings (also, single-neuron recordings) provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system. When a neuron generates an action potential, the signal propagates down the neuron as a current which flows in and out of the cel... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo%20del%20vino%20%28Torgiano%29 | The Wine Museum of Torgiano (Umbria, Italy) is a private museum, specialized and completely dedicated to the culture of wine.
Located in an area of wine production, the museum was founded by the wine producers Giorgio Lungarotti, owner and founder of Cantine Lungarotti Winery and his wife Maria Grazia Marchetti in 1974... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP%20violation | In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of CP-symmetry (or charge conjugation parity symmetry): the combination of C-symmetry (charge conjugation symmetry) and P-symmetry (parity symmetry). CP-symmetry states that the laws of physics should be the same if a particle is interchanged with its antiparticle (C-sym... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20cranial%20fossa | The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20ecology | Chemical ecology is the study of chemically mediated interactions between living organisms, and the effects of those interactions on the demography, behavior and ultimately evolution of the organisms involved. It is thus a vast and highly interdisciplinary field. Chemical ecologists seek to identify the specific molecu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anytime%20algorithm | In computer science, an anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends. The algorithm is expected to find better and better solutions the longer it keeps running.
Most algorithms run to completion: they provide a single answer after performing s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontryagin%20duality | In mathematics, Pontryagin duality is a duality between locally compact abelian groups that allows generalizing Fourier transform to all such groups, which include the circle group (the multiplicative group of complex numbers of modulus one), the finite abelian groups (with the discrete topology), and the additive grou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroglossus | The chondroglossus muscle is a muscle of the tongue. It arises from the medial side of the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, before blending with intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is supplied by the hypoglossal nerve.
Structure
The chondroglossus muscle is about 2 cm long. It arises from the medial side and base of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20metallopeptidase%2012 | Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) also known as macrophage metalloelastase (MME) or macrophage elastase (ME) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP12 gene.
Function
Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue-to-air%20ratio | Tissue-to-air ratio (TAR) is a term used in radiotherapy treatment planning to help calculate absorbed dose to water in conditions other than those directly measured.
Definition
The TAR at a point in a water phantom irradiated by a photon beam is taken to be the ratio of the total absorbed dose at that point to the ab... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical%20star | The nautical star is a symbolic star representing the North Star, associated with the sea services of the United States armed forces and with tattoo culture. It is usually rendered as a five-pointed star in dark and light shades counterchanged in a style similar to a compass rose.
In Unicode, this symbol is in the din... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust%20%28particle%20physics%29 | In high energy physics, thrust is a property, (one of the event shape observables) used to characterize the collision of high energy particles in a collider.
When two high energy particles collide, they typically produce jets of secondary particles. This happens when one or several quark-antiquark pairs are produced d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmiodiscus | Cosmiodiscus is an extinct genus of diatom. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative%20dose | Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time.
In medicine, the total amount of a drug or radiation given to a patient over time; for example, the total dose of r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20Modeling%20in%20Color | UML color standards are a set of four colors associated with Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The coloring system indicates which of several archetypes apply to the UML object. UML typically identifies a stereotype with a bracketed comment for each object identifying whether it is a class, interface, etc.
The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20analysis | In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.
Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of written language, certain letters and co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera%20European%20Astroparticle%20network | ASPERA (or AStroParticle European Research Area) is a network of national government agencies responsible for coordinating and funding national research efforts in astroparticle physics.
Members
ASPERA comprises the following agencies: FNRS (Belgium), FWO (Belgium), MEYS (Czech Republic), CEA (France), CNRS (France), ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space | In dynamical systems theory and control theory, a phase space or state space is a space in which all possible "states" of a dynamical system or a control system are represented, with each possible state corresponding to one unique point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xybernaut | Xybernaut Corporation was a maker of wearable mobile computing hardware, software, and services. Its products included the Atigo tablet PC, Poma wearable computer, and the MA-V wearable computer.
The company was headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia, until 2006, when it moved to Chantilly, Virginia.
Although its first w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20and%20sleep | Sleep during pregnancy can be influenced by various physiological, hormonal, and psychological factors, leading to changes in sleep duration and quality. Furthermore, pregnant persons are more prone to experiencing sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing, and restless legs syndrome. Most women experie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20conventions%20for%20writing%20telephone%20numbers | National conventions for writing telephone numbers vary by country. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) publishes a recommendation entitled Notation for national and international telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and Web addresses. Recommendation E.123 specifies the format of telephone numbers assigned t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%20Figalli | Alessio Figalli (; born 2 April 1984) is an Italian mathematician working primarily on calculus of variations and partial differential equations.
He was awarded the Prix and in 2012, the EMS Prize in 2012, the Stampacchia Medal in 2015, the Feltrinelli Prize in 2017, and the Fields Medal in 2018. He was an invited sp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20American%20Pickle | An American Pickle is a 2020 American comedy-drama film directed by Brandon Trost (in his solo directorial debut) and written by Simon Rich, based on his 2013 short story "Sell Out". The film stars Seth Rogen as an Eastern European Jewish immigrant who gets preserved in a vat of pickles and wakes up a century later in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20collections | Bird collections are curated repositories of scientific specimens consisting of birds and their parts. They are a research resource for ornithology, the science of birds, and for other scientific disciplines in which information about birds is useful. These collections are archives of avian diversity and serve the dive... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20airgap | Airgap is a technique invented by IBM for fabricating small pockets of vacuum in between copper interconnects. The technique belongs to a general class of similar techniques that replaces solid low-κ dielectrics with air-filled or vacuum pockets.
Description
By insulating copper interconnects (wires) on an integrated... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache%20Creek%20Ocean | The Cache Creek Ocean, formerly called Anvil Ocean, is an inferred ancient ocean which existed between western North America and offshore continental terranes between the Devonian and the Middle Jurassic.
Evolution of the concept
First proposed in the 1970s and referred to as the Anvil Ocean, the oceanic crust betwe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexoelectricity | Flexoelectricity is a property of a dielectric material whereby it exhibits a spontaneous electrical polarization induced by a strain gradient. Flexoelectricity is closely related to piezoelectricity, but while piezoelectricity refers to polarization due to uniform strain, flexoelectricity refers specifically to polari... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafering | Wafering is the process by which a silicon crystal (boule) is made into wafers. This process is usually carried out by a multi-wire saw which cuts multiple wafers from the same crystal at the same time. These wafers are then polished to the desired degree of flatness and thickness.
In the past, conventional circular s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20fat%20percentage | The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitative%20interactions | Exploitative interactions, also known as enemy–victim interactions, is a part of consumer–resource interactions where one organism (the enemy) is the consumer of another organism (the victim), typically in a harmful manner. Some examples of this include predator–prey interactions, host–pathogen interactions, and brood ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Reeves%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Steve Reeves is a computer scientist based at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. He has been in the various roles of Associate Dean, Programme Co-ordinator and Head of Department of Software Engineering. He has undertaken research work on the Z notation, formal methods for GUI design, a general theory of refinem... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%20kelp | Bull kelp is a common name for the brown alga Nereocystis luetkeana which is a true kelp in the family Laminariaceae.
Species in the genus Durvillaea are also sometimes called "bull kelp", but this is just a shortening of the common name southern bull kelp. Durvillaea is a genus in the order Fucales and, though super... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20T.%20Moore | Justin Tatch Moore (born 1974) is a set theorist and logician. He is a full professor in mathematics at Cornell University.
Career
Moore received his PhD in 2000 from the University of Toronto under the supervision of Stevo Todorcevic. He was an assistant professor in mathematics at Boise State University. In the fall... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/286%20%28number%29 | 286 is the natural number following 285 and preceding 287.
In mathematics
286 is an even composite number with 3 prime factors.
286 is in the smallest pair of nontotient anagrams with 268.
286 is a tetrahedral number which means that represents a tetrahedron.
286 is a sphenic number which means that it has exactly 3 p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment%20in%20children | Attachment in children is "a biological instinct in which proximity to an attachment figure is sought when the child senses or perceives threat or discomfort. Attachment behaviour anticipates a response by the attachment figure which will remove threat or discomfort". Attachment also describes the function of availabil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Crystallographic%20Association | The French Crystallographic Association (AFC) brings together physicists, chemists and biologists that use crystals and crystallography in their research or develop new crystallographic methods. Originally part of the French Society of Mineralogy, the AFC was founded in 1953 by Hubert Curien and André Guinier. Today, i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency%20and%20translucency | In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without appreciable scattering of light. On a macroscopic scale (one in which the dimensions are much larger than the wavelengths of the photons in question), the photons... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20study | A sleep study is a test that records the activity of the body during sleep. There are five main types of sleep studies that use different methods to test for different sleep characteristics and disorders. These include simple sleep studies, polysomnography, multiple sleep latency tests (MSLTs), maintenance of wakefulne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20%28UML%29 | A component in the Unified Modeling Language represents a modular part of a system that encapsulates the state and behavior of a number of classifiers. Its behavior is defined in terms of provided and required interfaces, is self-contained, and substitutable. A number of UML standard stereotypes exist that apply to com... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergluteal%20cleft | The intergluteal cleft or just gluteal cleft, also known by a number of synonyms, including natal cleft, butt crack, and cluneal cleft, is the groove between the buttocks that runs from just below the sacrum to the perineum, so named because it forms the visible border between the external rounded protrusions of the gl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophore | A hymenophore refers to the hymenium-bearing structure of a fungal fruiting body. Hymenophores can be smooth surfaces, lamellae, folds, tubes, or teeth. The term was coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20and%20bars%20%28combinatorics%29 | In the context of combinatorial mathematics, stars and bars (also called "sticks and stones", "balls and bars", and "dots and dividers") is a graphical aid for deriving certain combinatorial theorems. It was popularized by William Feller in his classic book on probability. It can be used to solve many simple counting p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Carpenter | Morgan Carpenter is a bioethicist, intersex activist and researcher. In 2013, he created an intersex flag, and became president of Intersex Human Rights Australia (formerly OII Australia). He is now a co-executive director. In 2015, he cofounded a project to mark Intersex Awareness Day.
Background
Carpenter is a gra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone-saturated | In mathematics, specifically in order theory and functional analysis, if is a cone at 0 in a vector space such that then a subset is said to be -saturated if where
Given a subset the -saturated hull of is the smallest -saturated subset of that contains
If is a collection of subsets of then
If is a coll... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20conversion | Culture conversion is a diagnostic criteria indicating the point at which samples taken from a person infected with a tuberculosis can no longer produce tuberculosis cell cultures. Culture conversion is a positive prognostic marker indicating that a person is cured of, or is recovering from, tuberculosis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast%20X-ray | Ultrafast X-rays or ultrashort X-ray pulses are femtosecond x-ray pulses with wavelengths occurring at interatomic distances. This beam uses the X-ray's inherent abilities to interact at the level of atomic nuclei and core electrons. This ability combined with the shorter pulses at 30 femtosecond could capture the chan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack%20cryptosystems | Knapsack cryptosystems are cryptosystems whose security is based on the hardness of solving the knapsack problem. They remain quite unpopular because simple versions of these algorithms have been broken for several decades. However, that type of cryptosystem is a good candidate for post-quantum cryptography.
The most ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20chemical%20reacting%20system | The simple chemical reacting system (SCRS) is one of the combustion models for computational fluid dynamics. This model helps us to determine the process of combustion which is a vital phenomenon used in many engineering applications like aircraft engines, internal combustion engines, rocket engines, industrial furnace... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.O.%20Kovalevsky%20Medal | The A.O. Kovalevsky Medal, awarded annually by the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists for extraordinary achievements in evolutionary developmental biology and comparative zoology, is named after the noted Russian embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky. Since 2002, only one medal has been awarded annually (excepting a jo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20ferulate | Sodium ferulate, the sodium salt of ferulic acid, is a compound used in traditional Chinese medicine thought to be useful for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to prevent thrombosis, although there is no high-quality clinical evidence for such effects. It is found in the root of Angelica sine... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakiniit | Kakiniit ( ; sing. kakiniq, ) are the traditional tattoos of the Inuit of the North American Arctic. The practice is done almost exclusively among women, with women exclusively tattooing other women with the tattoos for various purposes. Men could also receive tattoos but these were often much less extensive than the t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhoroshev%20estimates | The Nekhoroshev estimates are an important result in the theory of Hamiltonian systems concerning the long-time stability of solutions of integrable systems under a small perturbation of the Hamiltonian. The first paper on the subject was written by Nikolay Nekhoroshev in 1971.
The theorem complements both the Kolmog... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate%20model | A surrogate model is an engineering method used when an outcome of interest cannot be easily measured or computed, so an approximate mathematical model of the outcome is used instead. Most engineering design problems require experiments and/or simulations to evaluate design objective and constraint functions as a funct... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortlex%20order | In mathematics, and particularly in the theory of formal languages, shortlex is a total ordering for finite sequences of objects that can themselves be totally ordered. In the shortlex ordering, sequences are primarily sorted by cardinality (length) with the shortest sequences first, and sequences of the same length ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerato-platanin | In molecular biology, the cerato-platanin family of proteins includes the phytotoxin cerato-platanin (CP) produced by the Ascomycete Ceratocystis platani. CP homologs are also found in both the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota branches of Dikarya. This toxin causes the severe plant disease: canker stain. This protein o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre%20duality | In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, Serre duality is a duality for the coherent sheaf cohomology of algebraic varieties, proved by Jean-Pierre Serre. The basic version applies to vector bundles on a smooth projective variety, but Alexander Grothendieck found wide generalizations, for example to singular var... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium%20%C3%97%20hortorum | Pelargonium × hortorum, commonly called zonal geranium, or garden geranium, is a nothospecies of Pelargonium most commonly used as an ornamental plant. It is a hybrid between Pelargonium zonale and Pelargonium inquinans. They are the group of Pelargonium cultivars, with leaves marked with a brown annular zone and inflo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition%20failure%20of%20recallable%20words | The recognition failure of recallable words is an experimental phenomenon in cognitive psychology originally discovered by the memory researcher Endel Tulving and colleagues. Although recognition of previously-studied words through a recognition memory test, in which the words are re-presented for a memory judgment, ge... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Baby | Lego Baby (stylized as LEGO Baby) (1995–2005) was a discontinued line by the Lego Group of bricks and other elements for young children of 6 to 18 months. The line was intended for babies who are too young to play with regular Lego Duplo bricks (1–5 years). The Lego baby bricks are larger to prevent babies from swallow... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSL5 | Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSL5 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate%20and%20ultimate%20causation | A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred.
The concept is used in many fields of research and analysis, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolouka | Eolouka is a paraphyletic phylum of protists localized in the clade Discoba. It contains two lineages: Jakobea and Tsukubea, the last containing only one genus, Tsukubamonas.
History of classification
In 1999 Cavalier-Smith proposed a new paraphyletic phylum of flagellates called Loukozoa, containing only the jakobids... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esscher%20transform | In actuarial science, the Esscher transform is a transform that takes a probability density f(x) and transforms it to a new probability density f(x; h) with a parameter h. It was introduced by F. Esscher in 1932 .
Definition
Let f(x) be a probability density. Its Esscher transform is defined as
More generally, if μ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20model | An architectural model is a type of scale model made to study aspects of an architectural design or to communicate design intent. They are made using a variety of materials including paper, plaster, plastic, resin, wood, glass, and metal.
Models are built either with traditional handcraft techniques or via 3D printin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20homology | In complex geometry, a polar homology is a group which captures holomorphic invariants of a complex manifold in a similar way to usual homology of a manifold in differential topology. Polar homology was defined by B. Khesin and A. Rosly in 1999.
Definition
Let M be a complex projective manifold. The space of polar k... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilia | Consilia (plural of consilium, 'advice') is a genre of book, originating in medieval era plagues, where practical advice is given on a medical or other philosophical subject.
Origin
The format was originated by the Florentine doctor of medicine Taddeo Alderotti, under the pressures for down-to-earth advice, based on ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20factor%20formula | The four-factor formula, also known as Fermi's four factor formula is used in nuclear engineering to determine the multiplication of a nuclear chain reaction in an infinite medium.
The symbols are defined as:
, and are the average number of neutrons produced per fission in the medium (2.43 for uranium-235).
and ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionic%20vector%20space | In mathematics, a left (or right) quaternionic vector space is a left (or right) H-module where H is the (non-commutative) division ring of quaternions.
The space Hn of n-tuples of quaternions is both a left and right H-module using the componentwise left and right multiplication:
for quaternions q and q1, q2, ... qn... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Cohn-Vossen | Stefan Cohn-Vossen (28 May 1902 – 25 June 1936) was a mathematician, who was responsible for Cohn-Vossen's inequality and the Cohn-Vossen transformation is also named for him. He proved the first version of the splitting theorem.
He was also known for his collaboration with David Hilbert on the 1932 book Anschauliche... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%20food%20quality%20scandal | The European Union food quality scandal is a controversy claiming that certain food brands and items targeted at Central and Eastern European Union countries' markets are of lower quality than their exact equivalent produced for the Western European Union markets.
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker ackn... |
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