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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrally%20convex%20set
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An integrally convex set is the discrete geometry analogue of the concept of convex set in geometry.
A subset X of the integer grid is integrally convex if any point y in the convex hull of X can be expressed as a convex combination of the points of X that are "near" y, where "near" means that the distance between each two coordinates is less than 1.
Definitions
Let X be a subset of .
Denote by ch(X) the convex hull of X. Note that ch(X) is a subset of , since it contains all the real points that are convex combinations of the integer points in X.
For any point y in , denote near(y) := {z in | |zi - yi| < 1 for all i in {1,...,n} }. These are the integer points that are considered "nearby" to the real point y.
A subset X of is called integrally convex if every point y in ch(X) is also in ch(X ∩ near(y)).
Example
Let n = 2 and let X = { (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (2,1) }. Its convex hull ch(X) contains, for example, the point y = (1.2, 0.5).
The integer points nearby y are near(y) = {(1,0), (2,0), (1,1), (2,1) }. So X ∩ near(y) = {(1,0), (2,0), (2,1)}. But y is not in ch(X ∩ near(y)). See image at the right.
Therefore X is not integrally convex.
In contrast, the set Y = { (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (1,1), (2,1) } is integrally convex.
Properties
Iimura, Murota and Tamura have shown the following property of integrally convex set.
Let be a finite integrally convex set. There exists a triangulation of ch(X) that is integral, i.e.:
The vertices of the triangulation are the vertices of X;
The vertices of every simplex of the triangulation lie in the same "cell" (hypercube of side-length 1) of the integer grid .
The example set X is not integrally convex, and indeed ch(X) does not admit an integral triangulation: every triangulation of ch(X), either has to add vertices not in X, or has to include simplices that are not contained in a single cell.
In contrast, the set Y = { (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (1,1), (2,1) } is integrally convex, and indeed admits an in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20virus%20phi6
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Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13.5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, though under certain circumstances has been observed to display a delay in lysis which may be described as a "carrier state".
Proteins
The genome of Φ6 codes for 12 proteins. P1 is a major capsid protein which is responsible of forming the skeleton of the polymerase complex. In the interior of the shell formed by P1 is the P2 viral replicase and transcriptase protein. The spikes binding to receptors on the Φ6 virion are formed by the protein P3. P4 is a nucleoside-triphosphatase which is required for the genome packaging and transcription. P5 is a lytic enzyme. The spike protein P3 is anchored to a fusogenic envelope protein in P6. P7 is a minor capsid protein, P8 is responsible of forming the nucleocapsid surface shell and P9 is a major envelope protein. P12 is a non-structural morphogenic protein shown to be a part of the envelope assembly. P10 and P13 are proteins coding genes that are associated with the viral envelope and P14 is a non-structural protein.
Life cycle
Φ6 typically attaches to the Type IV pilus of P. syringae with its attachment protein, P3. It is thought that the cell then retracts its pilus, pulling the phage toward the bacterium. Fusion of the viral envelope with the bacterial outer membrane is facilitated by the phage protein, P6. The muralytic (peptidoglycan-digesting) enzyme, P5, then digests a portion of the cell wall, and the nucleocapsid enters the cell coated with the bacterial outer membrane.
A copy of the sense strand of the large genome segment (6374 bases) is then synthesized (transcription) on the vertices of the capsid, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, P2,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable%20chain%20condition
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In order theory, a partially ordered set X is said to satisfy the countable chain condition, or to be ccc, if every strong antichain in X is countable.
Overview
There are really two conditions: the upwards and downwards countable chain conditions. These are not equivalent. The countable chain condition means the downwards countable chain condition, in other words no two elements have a common lower bound.
This is called the "countable chain condition" rather than the more logical term "countable antichain condition" for historical reasons related to certain chains of open sets in topological spaces and chains in complete Boolean algebras, where chain conditions sometimes happen to be equivalent to antichain conditions. For example, if κ is a cardinal, then in a complete Boolean algebra every antichain has size less than κ if and only if there is no descending κ-sequence of elements, so chain conditions are equivalent to antichain conditions.
Partial orders and spaces satisfying the ccc are used in the statement of Martin's axiom.
In the theory of forcing, ccc partial orders are used because forcing with any generic set over such an order preserves cardinals and cofinalities. Furthermore, the ccc property is preserved by finite support iterations (see iterated forcing). For more information on ccc in the context of forcing, see .
More generally, if κ is a cardinal then a poset is said to satisfy the κ-chain condition if every antichain has size less than κ. The countable chain condition is the ℵ1-chain condition.
Examples and properties in topology
A topological space is said to satisfy the countable chain condition, or Suslin's Condition, if the partially ordered set of non-empty open subsets of X satisfies the countable chain condition, i.e. every pairwise disjoint collection of non-empty open subsets of X is countable. The name originates from Suslin's Problem.
Every separable topological space is ccc. Furthermore, the product space of at most separable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary%20vein
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The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.
Structure
There are four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung – an inferior and a superior main vein, emerging from each hilum. The main pulmonary veins receive blood from three or four feeding veins in each lung, and drain into the left atrium. The peripheral feeding veins do not follow the bronchial tree. They run between the pulmonary segments from which they drain the blood.
At the root of the lung, the right superior pulmonary vein lies in front of and a little below the pulmonary artery; the inferior is situated at the lowest part of the lung hilum. Behind the pulmonary artery is the bronchus. The right main pulmonary veins (contains oxygenated blood) pass behind the right atrium and superior vena cava; the left in front of the descending thoracic aorta.
Variation
Occasionally the three lobar veins on the right side remain separate, and not infrequently the two left lobar veins end by a common opening into the left atrium. Therefore, the number of pulmonary veins opening into the left atrium can vary between three and five in the healthy population.
The two left lobar veins may be united as a single pulmonary vein in about 25% of people; the two right veins may be united in about 3%.
Function
The pulmonary veins play an essential role in respiration, by receiving blood that has been oxygenated in the alveoli and returning it to the left atrium.
Clinical significance
As part of the pulmonary circulation they carry oxygenated blood back to the heart, as opposed to the veins of the systemic circulation which carry deoxygenated blood.
On chest X-ray, the diameters of pulmonary veins increases from upper to lower lobes, from 3 mm at the first intercoastal space, to 6 mm jus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonephric%20tubules
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Mesonephric tubules are genital ridges that are next to the mesonephros.
In males, some of the mesonephric kidney tubules, instead of being used to filter blood like the rest, "grow" over to the developing testes, penetrate them, and become connected to the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They also form the epididymis and the paradidymis.
The sperm differentiate inside the seminiferous tubules, then swim down these tubes, then through these special mesonephric tubules, and go down inside Wolffian duct, to the coelom and finally to the organ the animal uses to transport sperm into females.
In females, it gives rise to the epoophoron and the paroöphoron.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades%20%28supercomputer%29
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Pleiades () is a petascale supercomputer housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA's Ames Research Center located at Moffett Field near Mountain View, California. It is maintained by NASA and partners Hewlett Packard Enterprise (formerly Silicon Graphics International) and Intel.
As of November 2019 it is ranked the 32nd most powerful computer on the TOP500 list with a LINPACK rating of 5.95 petaflops (5.95 quadrillion floating point operations per second) and a peak performance of 7.09 petaflops from its most recent hardware upgrade. The system serves as NASA's largest supercomputing resource, supporting missions in aeronautics, human spaceflight, astrophysics, and Earth science.
History
Built in 2008 and named for the Pleiades open star cluster, the supercomputer debuted as the third most powerful supercomputer in the world at 487 teraflops. It originally contained 100 SGI Altix ICE 8200EX racks with 12,800 Intel Xeon quad-core E5472 Harpertown processors connected with more than 20 miles of InfiniBand double data rate (DDR) cabling.
With the addition of ten more racks of quad-core X5570 Nehalem processors in 2009, Pleiades ranked sixth on the November 2009 TOP500 with 14,080 processors running at 544 teraflops. In January 2010, the scientists and engineers at NAS successfully completed a "live integration" of another ICE 8200 rack by connecting the new rack's InfiniBand dual port fabric via 44 fibre cables while the supercomputer was still running a full workload, saving 2 million hours in productivity that would otherwise have been lost.
Another expansion in 2010 added 32 new SGI Altix ICE 8400 racks with Intel Xeon six-core X5670 Westmere processors, bringing up to 18,432 processors (81,920 cores in 144 racks) at a theoretical peak of 973 teraflops and a LINPACK rating of 773 teraflops. NASA also put an emphasis on keeping Pleiades energy efficient, increasing the power efficiency with each expansion so that in 2010 it was three tim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponseti%20method
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The Ponseti method is a manipulative technique that corrects congenital clubfoot without invasive surgery. It was developed by Ignacio V. Ponseti of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, US, in the 1950s, and was repopularized in 2000 by John Herzenberg in the US and Europe and in Africa by NHS surgeon Steve Mannion. It is a standard treatment for clubfoot.
Description
Ponseti treatment was introduced in UK in the late 1990s and widely popularized around the country by NHS physiotherapist Steve Wildon.
The manipulative treatment of club foot deformity is based on the inherent properties of the connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, which respond to the proper mechanical stimuli created by the gradual reduction of the deformity. The ligaments, joint capsules, and tendons are stretched under gentle manipulations. A plaster cast is applied after each manipulation to retain the degree of correction and soften the ligaments. The displaced bones are thus gradually brought into the correct alignment with their joint surfaces progressively remodeled yet maintaining congruency. After two months of manipulation and casting the foot appears slightly over-corrected. After a few weeks in splints, however, the foot looks normal.
Proper foot manipulations require a thorough understanding of the anatomy and kinematics of the normal foot and of the deviations of the tarsal bones in the clubfoot. Poorly conducted manipulations will further complicate the clubfoot deformity. The non-operative treatment will succeed better if it is started a few days or weeks after birth and if the podiatrist understands the nature of the deformity and possesses manipulative skill and expertise in plaster-cast applications.
The Ponseti technique is painless, fast, cost-effective and successful in almost 100% of all congenital clubfoot cases. The Ponseti method is endorsed and supported by the World Health Organization, National Institutes of Health, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20characteristic%20of%20the%20continuum
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In the mathematical discipline of set theory, a cardinal characteristic of the continuum is an infinite cardinal number that may consistently lie strictly between (the cardinality of the set of natural numbers), and the cardinality of the continuum, that is, the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. The latter cardinal is denoted or . A variety of such cardinal characteristics arise naturally, and much work has been done in determining what relations between them are provable, and constructing models of set theory for various consistent configurations of them.
Background
Cantor's diagonal argument shows that is strictly greater than , but it does not specify whether it is the least cardinal greater than (that is, ). Indeed the assumption that is the well-known Continuum Hypothesis, which was shown to be consistent with the standard ZFC axioms for set theory by Kurt Godel and to be independent of it by Paul Cohen. If the Continuum Hypothesis fails and so is at least , natural questions arise about the cardinals strictly between and , for example regarding Lebesgue measurability. By considering the least cardinal with some property, one may get a definition for an uncountable cardinal that is consistently less than . Generally one only considers definitions for cardinals that are provably greater than and at most as cardinal characteristics of the continuum, so if the Continuum Hypothesis holds they are all equal to .
Examples
As is standard in set theory, we denote by the least infinite ordinal, which has cardinality ; it may be identified with the set of all natural numbers.
A number of cardinal characteristics naturally arise as cardinal invariants for ideals which are closely connected with the structure of the reals, such as the ideal of Lebesgue null sets and the ideal of meagre sets.
non(N)
The cardinal characteristic non() is the least cardinality of a non-measurable set; equivalently, it is the least cardinality of a set that i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal%20lymphocytosis
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Duodenal lymphocytosis, sometimes called lymphocytic duodenitis, lymphocytic duodenosis, or duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis, is a condition where an increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes is seen in biopsies of the duodenal mucosa when these are examined microscopically. This form of lymphocytosis is often a feature of coeliac disease but may be found in other disorders.
Presentation
The condition is characterised by an increased proportion of lymphocytes in the epithelium of the duodenum, usually when this is greater than 20–25 per 100 enterocytes. Intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) are normally present in intestine and numbers are normally greater in the crypts and in the jejunum; these are distinct from those found in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. IELs are mostly T cells. Increased numbers of IELs are reported in around 3% of in duodenal biopsies, depending on case mix, but may be increasingly being found, in up to 7%.
Causes
The list of possible causes is wide, including coeliac disease, environmental enteropathy (tropical sprue), autoimmune enteropathy, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, NSAID damage, Helicobacter pylori, other infections and Crohn's disease.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by accurate counting of intraepithelial lymphocytes during histological examination of the duodenum. The definition of the condition includes the requirement that the duodenal histological appearances are otherwise unremarkable, specifically with normal villous architecture.
In coeliac disease (also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy), duodenal lymphocytosis is found in untreated or partially treated cases. This is the least severe type of change, known as the Marsh I stage, in the classification of histological changes in coeliac disease. Additional features including villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia are the other findings in other Marsh stages of coeliac disease.
Antibodies associated with coeliac disease were reported in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogenetics
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Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources. This form of genetic analysis can be applied to human, animal, and plant specimens. Ancient DNA can be extracted from various fossilized specimens including bones, eggshells, and artificially preserved tissues in human and animal specimens. In plants, ancient DNA can be extracted from seeds and tissue. Archaeogenetics provides us with genetic evidence of ancient population group migrations, domestication events, and plant and animal evolution. The ancient DNA cross referenced with the DNA of relative modern genetic populations allows researchers to run comparison studies that provide a more complete analysis when ancient DNA is compromised.
Archaeogenetics receives its name from the Greek word arkhaios, meaning "ancient", and the term genetics, meaning "the study of heredity". The term archaeogenetics was conceived by archaeologist Colin Renfrew.
In February 2021, scientists reported the oldest DNA ever sequenced was successfully retrieved from a mammoth dating back over a million years.
Early work
Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954)
Ludwik Hirszfeld was a Polish microbiologist and serologist who was the President of the Blood Group Section of the Second International Congress of Blood Transfusion. He founded blood group inheritance with Erich von Dungern in 1910, and contributed to it greatly throughout his life. He studied ABO blood groups. In one of his studies in 1919, Hirszfeld documented the ABO blood groups and hair color of people at the Macedonian front, leading to his discovery that the hair color and blood type had no correlation. In addition to that he observed that there was a decrease of blood group A from western Europe to India and the opposite for blood group B. He hypothesized that the east-to-west blood group ratio stemmed from two blood groups consisting of mainly A or B mutating from blood group O, and mixing through migration or intermingling.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%20transformation
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In geometry and complex analysis, a Möbius transformation of the complex plane is a rational function of the form
of one complex variable z; here the coefficients a, b, c, d are complex numbers satisfying .
Geometrically, a Möbius transformation can be obtained by first applying the inverse stereographic projection from the plane to the unit sphere, moving and rotating the sphere to a new location and orientation in space, and then applying a stereographic projection to map from the sphere back to the plane. These transformations preserve angles, map every straight line to a line or circle, and map every circle to a line or circle.
The Möbius transformations are the projective transformations of the complex projective line. They form a group called the Möbius group, which is the projective linear group . Together with its subgroups, it has numerous applications in mathematics and physics.
Möbius geometries and their transformations generalize this case to any number of dimensions over other fields.
Möbius transformations are named in honor of August Ferdinand Möbius; they are an example of homographies, linear fractional transformations, bilinear transformations, and spin transformations (in relativity theory).
Overview
Möbius transformations are defined on the extended complex plane (i.e., the complex plane augmented by the point at infinity).
Stereographic projection identifies with a sphere, which is then called the Riemann sphere; alternatively, can be thought of as the complex projective line . The Möbius transformations are exactly the bijective conformal maps from the Riemann sphere to itself, i.e., the automorphisms of the Riemann sphere as a complex manifold; alternatively, they are the automorphisms of as an algebraic variety. Therefore, the set of all Möbius transformations forms a group under composition. This group is called the Möbius group, and is sometimes denoted .
The Möbius group is isomorphic to the group of orientation-preserving
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPCR%20oligomer
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A GPCR oligomer is a protein complex that consists of a small number ( oligoi "a few", méros "part, piece, component") of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is held together by covalent bonds or by intermolecular forces. The subunits within this complex are called protomers, while unconnected receptors are called monomers. Receptor homomers consist of identical protomers, while heteromers consist of different protomers.
Receptor homodimers – which consist of two identical GPCRs – are the simplest homomeric GPCR oligomers.
Receptor heterodimers – which consist of two different GPCRs – are the simplest heteromeric GPCR oligomers.
The existence of receptor oligomers is a general phenomenon, whose discovery has superseded the prevailing paradigmatic concept of the function of receptors as plain monomers, and has far-reaching implications for the understanding of neurobiological diseases as well as for the development of drugs.
Discovery
For a long time it was assumed that receptors transmitted their effects exclusively from their basic functional forms – as monomers. The first clue to the existence of GPCR oligomers goes back to 1975 when Robert Lefkowitz observed that β-adrenoceptors display negative binding cooperativity. At the beginning of the 1980s, it was hypothesized, receptors could form larger complexes, the so-called mosaic form, where two receptors may interact directly with each other. Mass determination of β-adrenoceptors (1982) and muscarinic receptors (1983), supported the existence of homodimer or tetrameric complexes. In 1991, the phenomenon of receptor crosstalk was observed between adenosine A2A (A2A) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) thus suggesting the formation of heteromers. While initially thought to be a receptor heterodimer, a review from 2015 determined that the A2A-DRD2 heteromer is a heterotetramer composed of A2A and DRD2 homodimers (i.e., two adenosine A2A receptors and two dopamine D2 receptors). Maggio and co-workers showed in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Adolfo%20Ringuelet
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Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet Ph.D. (1914 – 1982) was an Argentine zoologist.
Ringuelet published more than 100 scientific papers on the ecology, limnology, biogeography, and conservation of South American freshwaters, and was a mentor to a whole generation of Argentine biologists. Ringuelet's research interests were exceptionally broad, including numerous studies of leeches (Hirudinea), harvestmen spiders (Opiliones), crustaceans, chironomid flies and Neotropical fishes. The UNLP is named in his honor.
Ringuelet was born in La Plata, September 10, 1914. He graduated in 1939 with a Doctor of Natural Sciences at the Institute of Museum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP). Ringuelet published his first scientific work in 1936. Ringuelet went on to publish 17 works of Arachnology, with one relating to the Order Scorpiones and the others to the Order Opiliones, 44 papers on the Hirudinea leeches, 24 on various crustaceans, and 14 specifically on Biogeography.
Ringuelet held several professorships at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata: Adjunct professor of general Zoology (1944–1948), Acting Professor (1946–1947) and Head (1947–1955) Invertebrate Zoology, Professor Acting Zoogeography (1958), Vertebrate Zoology Professor (1957–1966), Professor of Ecology and Zoogeography (1960, per vitam in 1972) and Professor of Limnology (1969–1978). He was also Professor of Systematic Zoology in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (1956–1964).
In recognition of his career, the National University of La Plata was appointed Extraordinary Professor Emeritus degree (1980). From 1978 until his death Ringuelet was a Senior Researcher at the National Research Council (CONICET).
Selected publications
Ringuelet, R. A. 1948. Una nueva Aegla del nordeste argentino. Not. Mus. La Plata 13 Zool. (111): 203-208, 3 láms].
Ringuelet, R. A. 1949. Consideraciones sobre las relaciones filogenéticas entre las especies del género Regla Leach (Decápodos Anomuros). Not. Mus. La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20IV
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Band IV is the name of a radio frequency range within the ultra high frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Sources differ on the exact frequency range of the band. For example, the Swiss Federal Office of Communications, the Broadcast engineer's reference book and Ericsson India Ltd all define the range of Band IV from 470 to 582 MHz. An EICTA paper defines the range as 474 to 602 MHz, whilst the BBC define the range as 470 to 614 MHz. Band IV is primarily used for analogue and digital (DVB-T, ATSC and ISDB) television broadcasting, as well as services intended for mobile devices such as DVB-H.
Television
Australia
In Australia UHF channel allocations are 7 MHz wide. Band IV includes channels 28 to 35, with base frequencies of 529.5 MHz to 578.5 MHz. More details are available on the television frequencies page.
New Zealand
In New Zealand UHF channel allocations are 8 MHz wide. Band IV includes channels 25 to 35, with base frequencies of 506.0 MHz to 586.0 MHz. More details are available on the television frequencies page.
United Kingdom
In the UK, Band IV allocations are 8 MHz wide, traditionally consisting of 14 channels from UHF 21 to 34 inclusive. However, in the mid-1990s the squeezing of analogue Channel 5 broadcasts into the existing national terrestrial TV transmitter network effectively closed a gap between bands IV and V, which was previously reserved for radar applications and home consumer devices. This stretched the practical definition of Band IV in the UK to cover 18 channels from UHF 21 to 38 inclusive. Aerials of the group A type cover this band.
The following table covers the most inclusive definition of Band IV in the UK. Rows with a yellow background indicate channels which were not traditionally (before the mid-1990s) considered part of Band IV for TV broadcasting purposes and may not be considered part of the band in other countries (e.g. Switzerland).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-inclusive%20deep%20inelastic%20scattering
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In high energy particle physics nucleon-lepton scattering, the Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) is a method to obtain information on the nucleon structure. It expands the traditional method of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In DIS, only the scattered lepton is detected while the remnants of the shattered nucleon are ignored (inclusive experiment). In SIDIS, a high momentum hadron, a.k.a. as the leading hadron is detected in addition to the scattered lepton. This allows us to obtain additional details about the scattering process kinematics.
Usefulness
The leading hadron results from the hadronization of the struck quark. This latter retains the information on its motion inside the nucleon, including its transverse momentum which allows to access the transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) of partons.
Likewise, by detecting the leading hadron, one essentially tags (i.e. identifies) the quark on which the scattering occurred. For example, if the leading hadron is a kaon, we know that the scattering occurred on one of the strange quarks of the nucleon's quark sea. In DIS the struck quark is not identified and the information is an indistinguishable sum over all the quark flavors. SIDIS allows to disentangle this information.
Experiments
SIDIS measurements were pioneered at DESY by the HERMES experiment. They are currently (2021) being carried out at CERN by the COMPASS experiment and several experiments at Jefferson Lab. SIDIS will be an important technique used in the future Electron Ion Collider scientific program.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex%20sensor
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A flex sensor or bend sensor is a sensor that measures the amount of deflection or bending. Usually, the sensor is stuck to the surface, and resistance of sensor element is varied by bending the surface. Since the resistance is directly proportional to the amount of bend it is used as goniometer, and often called flexible potentiometer.
Types of flex sensor
Conductive ink based flex sensor
Fibre optic flex sensor
Capacitive flex sensor
Velostat flex sensor (popular among hobbyists)
Applications
Flex sensors are used in wide areas of research from computer interfaces, rehabilitation, security systems and even music interfaces. It is also famous among students and hobbyists.
Human Machine Interface devices
A dataglove is human-computer interaction device that is made possible by flex sensors. Deflections of a dataglove are measured via its flex sensors embedded in the glove.
Rehabilitation Research
In rehabilitation research, wired gloves or datagloves are used to record joint movement.
Security Systems
Movement of doors is monitored by placing the sensor at the hinge. Also, damage to metal structures can be identified using the sensor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe%E2%80%93Salpeter%20equation
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The Bethe–Salpeter equation (named after Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter) describes the bound states of a two-body (particles) quantum field theoretical system in a relativistically covariant formalism. The equation was first published in 1950 at the end of a paper by Yoichiro Nambu, but without derivation.
Due to its generality and its application in many branches of theoretical physics, the Bethe–Salpeter equation appears in many different forms. One form, that is quite often used in high energy physics is
where Γ is the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude, K the interaction and S the propagators of the two participating particles.
In quantum theory, bound states are objects with lifetimes that are much longer than the time-scale of the interaction ruling their structure (otherwise they are called resonances). Thus the constituents interact essentially infinitely many times. By summing up, infinitely many times, all possible interactions that can occur between the two constituents, the Bethe–Salpeter equation is a tool to calculate properties of bound states. Its solution, the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude, is a description of the bound state under consideration.
As it can be derived via identifying bound-states with poles in the S-matrix, it can be connected to the quantum theoretical description of scattering processes and Green's functions.
The Bethe–Salpeter equation is a general quantum field theoretical tool, thus applications for it can be found in any quantum field theory. Some examples are positronium (bound state of an electron–positron pair), excitons (bound states of an electron–hole pairs), and mesons (as quark-antiquark bound states).
Even for simple systems such as the positronium, the equation cannot be solved exactly, although in principle it can be formulated exactly. A classification of the states can be achieved without the need for an exact solution. If one of the particles is significantly more massive than the other, the problem is considerably simplif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophosphorylation
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In the process of photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, driven by the main primary source of energy available to living organisms, which is sunlight. All organisms produce a phosphate compound, ATP, which is the universal energy currency of life. In photophosphorylation, light energy is used to pump protons across a biological membrane, mediated by flow of electrons through an electron transport chain. This stores energy in a proton gradient. As the protons flow back through an enzyme called ATP synthase, ATP is generated from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP is essential in the Calvin cycle to assist in the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and NADPH.
ATP and reactions
Both the structure of ATP synthase and its underlying gene are remarkably similar in all known forms of life. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, usually in the form of a proton gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox reactions is used to produce a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, or a so-called proton motive force (pmf).
Redox reactions are chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants relative to the products. If donor and acceptor (the reactants) are of higher free energy than the reaction products, the electron transfer may occur spontaneously. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system will proceed spontaneously (given that the system is isobaric and also at constant temperature), although the reaction may proceed slowly if it is kinetically inhibited.
The fact that a reaction is thermodynamically possible does not mean th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20ecology%20of%20individual%20recognition%20in%20colonial%20birds
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The cognitive ecology of individual recognition has been studied in many species, especially in primates or other mammalian species that exhibit complex social behaviours, but comparatively little research has been done on colonial birds. Colonial birds live in dense colonies in which many individuals interact with each other daily. For colonial birds, being able to identify and recognize individuals can be a crucial skill.
Sociality and brain size
Individual recognition is one of the most basic forms of social cognition. If we were to define individual recognition, it would imply that a given individual has the capacity to discriminate a familiar individual from another one at any given time. It is believed that in many species, group size is often a representation of social complexity, with higher social complexity demanding higher cognitive capabilities. This hypothesis is also known as the "social brain hypothesis" and has been supported by many researchers. The logic behind this hypothesis is based on the principle that larger group size will require a higher degree of complexity in their interactions. Many studies have looked at the effect of sociality on the brain development, mostly focussing on non-human primate species. In primates, it has been shown that relative brain size, when controlling for the size of the species and the phylogeny, seemed to correlate with the size of the social group. These results allowed for a direct correlation between sociality and cognition. However, when reproducing such experiments in non-primate species, like with reptiles, birds and even other mammalian species, the correlation between brain size and social group size does not seems to exist. A study done on mountain chickadees looking at the impact of sociality on the hippocampus size as well as on neurogenesis found no evidence of change related to group size, therefore rejecting the "social brain hypothesis" in birds. Further research looking at bird cognitive ecolo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s%20rule%20problem
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The carpenter's rule problem is a discrete geometry problem, which can be stated in the following manner: Can a simple planar polygon be moved continuously to a position where all its vertices are in convex position, so that the edge lengths and simplicity are preserved along the way? A closely related problem is to show that any non-self-crossing polygonal chain can be straightened, again by a continuous transformation that preserves edge distances and avoids crossings.
Both problems were successfully solved by .
The problem is named after the multiple-jointed wooden rulers popular among carpenters in the 19th and early 20th centuries before improvements to metal tape measures made them obsolete.
Combinatorial proof
Subsequently to their work, Ileana Streinu provided a simplified combinatorial proof formulated in the terminology of robot arm motion planning. Both the original proof and Streinu's proof work by finding non-expansive motions of the input, continuous transformations such that no two points ever move towards each other. Streinu's version of the proof adds edges to the input to form a pointed pseudotriangulation, removes one added convex hull edge from this graph, and shows that the remaining graph has a one-parameter family of motions in which all distances are nondecreasing. By repeatedly applying such motions, one eventually reaches a state in which no further expansive motions are possible, which can only happen when the input has been straightened or convexified.
provide an application of this result to the mathematics of paper folding: they describe how to fold any single-vertex origami shape using only simple non-self-intersecting motions of the paper. Essentially, this folding process is a time-reversed version of the problem of convexifying a polygon of length smaller than π, but on the surface of a sphere rather than in the Euclidean plane. This result was extended by for spherical polygons of edge length smaller than 2π.
Generalization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a functional is a certain type of function. The exact definition of the term varies depending on the subfield (and sometimes even the author).
In linear algebra, it is synonymous with a linear form, which is a linear mapping from a vector space into its field of scalars (that is, it is an element of the dual space )
In functional analysis and related fields, it refers more generally to a mapping from a space into the field of real or complex numbers. In functional analysis, the term is a synonym of linear form; that is, it is a scalar-valued linear map. Depending on the author, such mappings may or may not be assumed to be linear, or to be defined on the whole space
In computer science, it is synonymous with a higher-order function, which is a function that takes one or more functions as arguments or returns them.
This article is mainly concerned with the second concept, which arose in the early 18th century as part of the calculus of variations. The first concept, which is more modern and abstract, is discussed in detail in a separate article, under the name linear form. The third concept is detailed in the computer science article on higher-order functions.
In the case where the space is a space of functions, the functional is a "function of a function", and some older authors actually define the term "functional" to mean "function of a function".
However, the fact that is a space of functions is not mathematically essential, so this older definition is no longer prevalent.
The term originates from the calculus of variations, where one searches for a function that minimizes (or maximizes) a given functional. A particularly important application in physics is search for a state of a system that minimizes (or maximizes) the action, or in other words the time integral of the Lagrangian.
Details
Duality
The mapping
is a function, where is an argument of a function
At the same time, the mapping of a function to the value of the functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-H
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DVB-H (digital video broadcasting - handheld) is one of three prevalent mobile TV formats. It is a technical specification for bringing broadcast services to mobile handsets. DVB-H was formally adopted as ETSI standard EN 302 304 in November 2004. The DVB-H specification (EN 302 304) can be downloaded from the official DVB-H website. From March 2008, DVB-H is officially endorsed by the European Union as the "preferred technology for terrestrial mobile broadcasting". The major competitors of this technology are Qualcomm's MediaFLO system, the 3G cellular system based MBMS mobile-TV standard, and the ATSC-M/H format in the U.S. DVB-SH (Satellite to Handhelds) now and DVB-NGH (Next Generation Handheld) in the future are possible enhancements to DVB-H, providing improved spectral efficiency and better modulation flexibility. DVB-H has been a commercial failure, and the service is no longer on-air. Ukraine was the last country with a nationwide broadcast in DVB-H, which began transitioning to DVB-T2 during 2019.
Technical explanation
DVB-H technology is a superset of the successful DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial) system for digital terrestrial television, with additional features to meet the specific requirements of handheld, battery-powered receivers. In 2002 four main requirements of the DVB-H system were agreed: broadcast services for portable and mobile usage with 'acceptable quality'; a typical user environment, and so geographical coverage, as mobile radio; access to service while moving in a vehicle at high speed (as well as imperceptible handover when moving from one cell to another); and as much compatibility with existing digital terrestrial television (DVB-T), to allow sharing of network and transmission equipment.
DVB-H can offer a downstream channel at high data rates which can be used as standalone or as an enhancement of mobile telecommunication networks which many typical handheld terminals are able to access anyway.
Time slicing techn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooBank
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ZooBank is an open access website intended to be the official International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) registry of zoological nomenclature. Any nomenclatural acts (e.g. publications that create or change a taxonomic name) published electronically need to be registered with ZooBank prior to publication to be "officially" recognized by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature. Acts published in physical publications are encouraged, but not required to be registered prior to their publication.
Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) are used as the globally unique identifier for ZooBank registration entries.
The ZooBank prototype was seeded with data from Index to Organism Names (http://www.organismnames.com), which was compiled from the scientific literature in Zoological Record now owned by Thomson Reuters.
History
ZooBank was officially proposed in 2005 by the executive secretary of ICZN. The registry was live on 10 August 2006 with 1.5 million species entered.
The first ZooBank LSIDs were issued on 1 January 2008, precisely 250 years after 1 January 1758, which is the date defined by the ICZN Code as the official start of scientific zoological nomenclature. Chromis abyssus was the first species entered into the ZooBank system with a timestamp of 2008-01-01T00:00:02.
Contents
Four main types of data objects are stored in ZooBank. Nomenclatural acts are governed by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature, and are typically "original descriptions" of new scientific names, however other acts, such as emendations and lectotypifications, are also governed by the ICZN code and technically require registration by ZooBank. Publications include journal articles and other publications containing Nomenclatural Acts. Authors records the academic authorship of Nomenclatural Acts. Type Specimens record the biological type specimens of animals which are provisionally registered, until the bodies responsible for such types implement their own registries.
In addition to those, period
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%20protocols
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The Open Systems Interconnection protocols are a family of information exchange standards developed jointly by the ISO and the ITU-T. The standardization process began in 1977.
While the seven-layer OSI model is often used as a reference for teaching and documentation, the protocols originally conceived for the model did not gain popularity, and only X.400, X.500, and IS-IS have achieved lasting impact. The goal of an open-standard protocol suite instead has been met by the Internet protocol suite, maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Overview
The OSI protocol stack is structured into seven conceptual layers. The layers form a hierarchy of functionality starting with the physical hardware components to the user interfaces at the software application level. Each layer receives information from the layer above, processes it and passes it down to the next layer. Each layer adds encapsulation information (header) to the incoming information before it is passed to the lower layer. Headers generally include address of source and destination, error control information, protocol identification and protocol parameters such as flow control options and sequence numbers.
Layer 1: physical layer
This layer deals with the physical plugs and sockets and electrical specification of signals only.
This is the medium over which the digital signals are transmitted. It can be twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless, or other transmission media.
Layer 2: data link layer
The data link layer packages raw bits from the physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets for data). It is specified in ITU-T Rec. X.212 [ISO/IEC 8886], ITU-T Rec. X.222 and others. This layer is responsible for transferring frames from one host to another. It might perform error checking. This layer further consists of two sublayers: MAC and LLC.
Layer 3: network layer
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) – ITU-T Rec. X.213 [ISO/IEC 8348]. SCCP is based on X.213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8.4
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CD8.4 is a murine chimeric coreceptor. The extracellular and transmembrane part of the coreceptor is from wild-type CD8 coreceptor, whereas the intracellular domain from CD4 coreceptor. This model was created to examine role of coreceptor coupling to Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) as the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors have an Lck-binding site in their intracellular domain. CD4 coreceptor has higher coupling to Lck in thymocytes than CD8 coreceptor. CD8.4 coreceptor has similar coupling to Lck as CD4 coreceptor, while the MHC I-binding site remains identical to wild-type CD8. This chimeric coreceptor therefore enables addressing influence of different coupling to Lck on TCR signaling.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV6
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TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine.
Classification
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+ channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of proteins. The TRP family is a group of channel proteins critical for ionic homeostasis and the perception of various physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels can detect temperature, osmotic pressure, olfaction, taste, and mechanical forces. The human genome encodes for 28 TRP channels, which include six TRPV channels. The high Ca2+-selectivity of TRPV5 and TRPV6 makes these channels distinct from the other four TRPV channels (TRPV1-TRPV4). TRPV5 and TRPV6 are involved in Ca2+ transport, whereas TRPV1 through TRPV3 are heat sensors with different temperature threshold for activation, and TRPV4 is involved in sensing osmolarity. Genetic defects in TRPV6 gene are linked to transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism and early-onset chronic pancreatitis. Dysregulation of TRPV6 is also involved in hypercalciuria, kidney stone formation, bone disorders, defects in keratinocyte differentiation, skeletal deformities, osteoarthritis, male sterility, Pendred syndrome, and certain sub-types of Cancer.
Identification
Peng et al identified TRPV6 in 1999 from rat duodenum in an effort to search for Ca2+ transporting proteins involved in Ca2+absorption. TRPV6 was also called calcium transport protein 1 (CaT1) initially although the names epithelial calcium channel 2 (ECaC2) and CaT1-like (CaT-L) were also used in early studies to describe the channel. The human and mouse orthologs of TRPV6 were cloned by Peng et al and Weber et al, respectively. The name TRPV6 was confirmed in 2005.
Gene location, chromosomal location, and phylogeny
The human TRPV6 gene is located on chromosomal locus 7q33-34 close to its homolog TRPV5 on 7q35. The TRPV6 gene in human encodes for 2906 bp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20%28computing%29
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A user is a person who utilizes a computer or network service.
A user often has a user account and is identified to the system by a username (or user name). Other terms for username include login name, screenname (or screen name), account name, nickname (or nick) and handle, which is derived from the identical citizens band radio term.
Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end users.
End user
End users are the ultimate human users (also referred to as operators) of a software product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product such as sysops, database administrators and computer technicians. The term is used to abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the system, who enhance the software for end users. In user-centered design, it also distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and other stakeholders who may not directly use the software, but help establish its requirements. This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the user interface, and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have in common.
In user-centered design, personas are created to represent the types of users. It is sometimes specified for each persona which types of user interfaces it is comfortable with (due to previous experience or the interface's inherent simplicity), and what technical expertise and degree of knowledge it has in specific fields or disciplines. When few constraints are imposed on the end-user category, especially when designing programs for use by the general public, it is common practice to expect minimal technical expertise or previous training in end users.
The end-user development discipline blurs the typical distinction between users and developers. It designates activities or techniques in which people who are not professional developers create automated behavior and complex da
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyoplankton
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Ichthyoplankton (from Greek: ἰχθύς, , "fish"; and πλαγκτός, , "drifter") are the eggs and larvae of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone. Ichthyoplankton are planktonic, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles. Fish larvae are part of the zooplankton that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their own food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals.
Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about . The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.
Ichthyoplankton can be a useful indicator of the state and health of an aquatic ecosystem. For instance, most late stage larvae in ichthyoplankton have usually been preyed on, so ichthyoplankton tends to be dominated by eggs and early stage larvae. This means that when fish, such as anchovies and sardines, are spawning, ichthyoplankton samples can reflect their spawning output and provide an
index of relative population size for the fish. Increases or decreases in the number of adult fish stocks can be detected more ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring%20as%20food
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Herring are forage fish in the wild, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae. They are an important food for humans. Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast. The most abundant and commercially important species belong to the genus Clupea, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, including the Baltic Sea, as well as off the west coast of South America. Three species of Clupea are recognized; the main taxon, the Atlantic herring, accounts for over half the world's commercial capture of herrings.
Herrings played a pivotal role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe, and early in the twentieth century, their study was fundamental to the evolution of fisheries science. These oily fish also have a long history as an important food fish, and are often salted, smoked, or pickled.
Nutrition
Raw Atlantic herring is 72% water, 18% protein, 9% fat, and contains no carbohydrates. In a 100 gram reference amount, raw herring provides 158 calories, and is a highly rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B12 (570% DV). It also has rich content of niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and phosphorus (21-34% DV). Raw herring contains moderate amounts of other B vitamins and zinc, and is an excellent food source of omega-3 fatty acids.
Contamination
Pacific and Atlantic herring are susceptible to contamination from environmental pollution, such as by PCBs, PBDEs, mercury, and listeria. There is a (rare) risk of harmful bacteria from eating raw herring eggs.
Preparation
Herring has been a staple food source since at least 3000 B.C. There are numerous ways the fish is served and many regional recipes: eaten raw, fermented, pickled, or cured by other techniques.
Raw
A typical Dutch delicacy is Hollandse Nieuwe (Dutch New), which is raw herring from the catches around the end of spring and the beginning of summer. This is typically eaten with raw onion. Hollandse nieuwe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20acquired%20resistance
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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and although there are many shared aspects between the two systems, it is thought to be a result of convergent evolution. The systemic acquired resistance response is dependent on the plant hormone, salicylic acid.
Discovery
While, it has been recognized since at least the 1930s that plants have some kind of induced immunity to pathogens, the modern study of systemic acquired resistance began in the 1980s when the invention of new tools allowed scientists to probe the molecular mechanisms of SAR. A number of 'marker genes' were characterized in the 80s and 90s which are strongly induced as part of the SAR response. These pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) belong to a number of different protein families. While there is substantial overlap, the spectrum of PR proteins expressed in a particular plant species is variable. It was noticed in the early 1990s that levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased dramatically in tobacco and cucumber upon infection. This pattern has been replicated in many other species since then. Further studies showed that SAR can also be induced by exogenous SA application and that transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene are unable to accumulate SA or mount an appropriate defensive response to a variety of pathogens.
The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995) and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000).
Mechanism
Plants have several immunity mechanisms to deal with infections and stress. When they are infected with pathogens the immune system recognizes called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), it is via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This induces a PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Some pathogens carry effectors that suppress PTI in the plant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canntaireachd
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; ) is the ancient method of teaching, learning and memorizing Piobaireachd (also spelt Pibroch), a type of music primarily played on the Great Highland bagpipe. In the canntairached method of instruction, the teacher sings or hums the tune to the pupil, sometimes using specific syllables which signify the sounds to be produced by the bagpipe.
History
It appears that written staff notation began to come into use for bagpiping in the late 1700s or early 1800s. Seumas MacNeill, founder of The College of Piping, puts the date at 1803; The Piobaireachd Society holds that this occurred earlier, in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Prior to that time, instructors had to use other methods for teaching bagpipe tunes to students: by singing in canntaireachd, by playing the pipes for the student, or most likely a combination of both methods.
The Campbell (Nether Lorn) canntaireachd
Efforts were made to translate the vocal tradition into written form. The earliest known written collection dates to the early 1790s. It was written by Colin Mòr Campbell of Nether Lorn parish in Argyll. While Campbell's system had its origins in chanted notation, his Campbell Canntaireachd is now viewed as written documentation, to be read rather than sung. Author William Donaldson noted: "Although Campbell's work was almost immediately superseded by a form of staff notation adapted specifically for the pipe, and remained unpublished and unrecognised until well into the 20th Century, it remains an important achievement and gives valuable insight into the musical organisation" of piobaireachd music.
Other systems
Neil McLeod of Gesto also published a system of canntaireachd. It was reputedly based on the singing of John MacCrimmon, one of the last practicing members of that well-known piping family.
The MacArthur family of pipers are reported to have had their own oral form of canntaireachd, but it was not documented. A further variety of Canntaireachd and distinct collection of pibroc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Date%20Line
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The International Date Line (IDL) is an internationally accepted demarcation of the surface of Earth, running between the South and North Poles and serving as the boundary between one calendar day and the next. It passes through the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180.0° line of longitude and deviating to pass around some territories and island groups. Crossing the date line eastbound decreases the date by one day, while crossing the date line westbound increases the date.
Geography
Circumnavigating the globe
People traveling westward around the world must set their clocks:
Back by one hour for every 15° of longitude crossed, and
Forward by 24 hours upon crossing the International Date Line.
People traveling eastward must set their clocks:
Forward by one hour for every 15° of longitude crossed, and
Back by 24 hours upon crossing the International Date Line.
Failing to do this would make their time inaccurate to the local time.
The 14th century Arab geographer Abulfeda predicted that circumnavigators would accumulate a one-day offset to the local date. This phenomenon was confirmed in 1522 at the end of the Magellan–Elcano expedition, the first successful circumnavigation. After sailing westward around the world from Spain, the expedition called at Cape Verde for provisions on Wednesday, 9 July 1522 (ship's time). However, the locals told them that it was actually Thursday, 10 July 1522. The crew was surprised, as they had recorded each day of the three-year journey without omission. Cardinal Gasparo Contarini, the Venetian ambassador to Spain, was the first European to give a correct explanation of the discrepancy.
Description
This description is based on the most common understanding of the de facto International Date Line. See below, and map above at right.
The IDL is roughly based on the meridian of 180° longitude, roughly down the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and halfway around the world from the IERS Reference Meridian, the successor to the hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repulsive%20guidance%20molecule
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Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) are members of a three gene family (in vertebrates) composed of RGMa, RGMb, and RGMc (also called hemojuvelin).
RGMa has been implicated to play an important role in the developing brain and in the scar tissue that forms after a brain injury. For example, RGMa helps guide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to the tectum in the midbrain. It has also been demonstrated that after induced spinal cord injury RGMa accumulates in the scar tissue around the lesion. Further research has shown that RGMa is an inhibitor of axonal outgrowth. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of RGMa in axonal guidance and outgrowth.
Family members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyusuchus
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Hanyusuchus is an extinct genus of gavialid crocodilian from the Holocene of South China. It contains a single species, Hanyusuchus sinensis. Reaching a total body length of , it shares characteristics of both tomistomines and derived gharials, such as a possibly sexually dimorphic vocal structure. Cut marks found on multiple fossil specimens, as well as archaeological evidence, suggest the presence of repeated conflicts between Hanyusuchus and humans. Hanyusuchus was a recent species, living in southern China from approximately the 4th millennium BC (during the Bronze Age) to as late as the 15th century AD, perhaps even later, when increased efforts of government officials and habitat destruction likely led to its extinction.
Discovery and naming
Fossils of Hanyusuchus were initially discovered between February 1963 and February 1980, with a total of 6 specimens ranging from skulls to postcrania and osteoderms being known. These however were dismissed as belonging to a modern genus and forgotten for the following years. Eventually the bones were recognized as belonging to a unique genus and described as such by Masaya Iijima and colleagues in 2022. Hanyusuchus is named after Han Yu (768–824), a Chinese poet and government official active during the Tang dynasty. After a rash of crocodile attacks on humans and lifestock, Han Yu issued a proclamation in which he instructed the crocodiles to leave the area or be killed. The second part of the name derives from the Greek soûkhos meaning crocodile. The species name "sinensis" is a commonly used epithet in taxonomy meaning "from China".
Description
Hanyusuchus was a large, slender snouted crocodilian generally resembling the modern False Gharial. Each premaxilla contained five teeth, followed by sixteen teeth in each maxilla and eighteen in the dentary. The pterygoid bone of Hanyusuchus is occupied by a series of enlarged sinuses thought to be homologous to the enlarged posterior chamber of the pterygoid bulla seen in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20tubercle
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The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly.
The projection of the lesser tubercle is anterior from the junction that is found between the anatomical neck and the shaft of the humerus and easily identified due to the intertubercular sulcus (Bicipital groove).
Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the subscapularis.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm
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An earthworm is a soil-dwelling terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida. The term is the common name for the largest members of the class (or subclass, depending on the author) Oligochaeta. In classical systems, they were in the order of Opisthopora since the male pores opened posterior to the female pores, although the internal male segments are anterior to the female. Theoretical cladistic studies have placed them in the suborder Lumbricina of the order Haplotaxida, but this may change. Other slang names for earthworms include "dew-worm", "rainworm", "nightcrawler", and "angleworm" (from its use as angling hookbaits). Larger terrestrial earthworms are also called megadriles (which translates to "big worms") as opposed to the microdriles ("small worms") in the semiaquatic families Tubificidae, Lumbricidae and Enchytraeidae. The megadriles are characterized by a distinct clitellum (more extensive than that of microdriles) and a vascular system with true capillaries.
Earthworms are commonly found in moist, compost-rich soil, eating a wide variety of organic matters, which include detritus, living protozoa, rotifers, nematodes, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. An earthworm's digestive system runs the length of its body. They are one of nature's most important detritivores and coprophages, and also serve as food for many low-level consumers within the ecosystems.
Earthworms exhibit an externally segmented tube-within-a-tube body plan with corresponding internal segmentations, and usually have setae on all segments. They have a cosmopolitan distribution wherever soil, water and temperature conditions allow. They have a double transport system made of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled coelom and a simple, closed circulatory system, and respires (breathes) via cutaneous respiration. As soft-bodied invertebrates, they lack a true skeleton, but their structure is maintained by fluid-filled coelom chambers that function as a h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20symmetry
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In chemistry, molecular symmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory. This involves classifying the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations
from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule. Symmetry is useful in the study of molecular orbitals, with applications to the Hückel method, to ligand field theory, and to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry discuss symmetry. Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
There are many techniques for determining the symmetry of a given molecule, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.
Point group symmetry concepts
Elements
The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element.
Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by results in a molecule indistinguishable from the original. This is also called an n-fold rotational axis and abbreviated Cn. Examples are the C2 axis in water and the C3 axis in ammonia. A molecule can have more than one symmetry axis; the one with the highest n is called the principal axis, and by convention is aligned with the z-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Plane of symmetry: a plane of reflection through which an identical copy of the original molecule is generated. This is also called a mirror plane and abbreviated σ (sigma = Greek "s", from the German 'Spiegel' mea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teserpaturev
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Teserpaturev is an oncolytic virus for treatment of malignant glioma. Also known as G47∆, teserpaturev is a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus type 1. Originally discovered by the University of Tokyo and marketed by Daiichi Sankyo Company in Japan under the brand name Delytact, it is the first gene therapy product ever approved for treatment of malignant glioma. Teserpaturev was granted Sakigake fast-track designation in February 2016, orphan drug designation (ODD) in July 2017, and was approved in June 2021 by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). The approval of Delytact in Japan was supported by a phase II clinical trial in patients with glioblastoma, which demonstrated a one-year survival rate of 84.2% and the median overall survival of 20.2 months in patients with residual or recurrent glioblastoma. Delytact is injected directly into the tumor up to six times.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails%20%28operating%20system%29
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Tails, or "The Amnesic Incognito Live System," is a security-focused Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity. It connects to the Internet exclusively through the anonymity network Tor. The system is designed to be booted as a live DVD or live USB and never writes to the hard drive or SSD, leaving no digital footprint on the machine unless explicitly told to do so. It can also be run as a virtual machine, with some additional security risks. The Tor Project provided financial support for its development in the beginnings of the project, and continues to do so alongside numerous corporate and anonymous sponsors.
History
Tails was first released on June 23, 2009. It is the next iteration of development on Incognito, a discontinued Gentoo-based Linux distribution. The original project was called Amnesia. The operational system was born when Amnesia was merged with Incognito. The Tor Project provided financial support for its development in the beginnings of the project. Tails also received funding from the Open Technology Fund, Mozilla, and the Freedom of the Press Foundation.
Laura Poitras, Glenn Greenwald, Bruce Schneier and Barton Gellman have each said that Tails was an important tool they used in their work with National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden.
From release 3.0, in 2017, Tails requires a 64-bit processor to run.
Features
Tails's pre-installed desktop environment is GNOME 3. The system includes essential software for functions such as reading and editing documents, image editing, video watching and printing. Other software from Debian can be installed at the user's behest. Despite being open-source, Tails contains non-free firmware blobs.
Tails includes a unique variety of software that handles the encryption of files and internet transmissions, cryptographic signing and hashing, and other functions important to security. It is pre-configured to use Tor with multiple connection options. It tries to forc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Katz
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Eric Katz is a mathematician working in combinatorial algebraic geometry and arithmetic geometry. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Mathematics at The Ohio State University.
In joint work with Karim Adiprasito and June Huh, he resolved the Heron–Rota–Welsh conjecture on the log-concavity of the characteristic polynomial of matroids. With Joseph Rabinoff and David Zureick-Brown, he has given bounds on rational and torsion points on curves.
Education
Katz went to Beachwood High School, in Beachwood, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. After earning a B.S. in Mathematics from The Ohio State University in 1999, he pursued graduate studies at Stanford University, obtaining his Ph.D. in 2004 with a thesis written under the direction of Yakov Eliashberg and Ravi Vakil.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20Internet%20Freedom
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The Declaration of Internet Freedom is a 2012 online declaration in defence of online freedoms signed by a number of prominent organisations and individuals. Notable signatories include Amnesty International, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Reporters Without Borders, and the Mozilla Foundation, among others.
The declaration supports the establishment of five basic principles for Internet policy:
Non-censorship of the Internet
Universal access to fast and affordable networks
Freedom to connect, communicate, create and innovate over the Internet.
Protection for new technologies and innovators whose innovations are abused by users.
Privacy rights and the ability for Internet user to control information about them is used.
The declaration started to be translated through a collaborative effort started by Global Voices in August 2012 and at the end of the first week of August, it had been made available into 70 languages, almost half of which were provided by Project Lingua volunteer translators.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forssman%20antigen
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The Forssman antigen is a glycolipid heterophil protein and a type of heterogenetic antigen found in certain animals like dogs, horses, cats, turtles and sheep, and enteric organisms such as pneumococci. In sheep, it is found on erythrocytes but not on tissue and organs, unlike hamsters and guinea pigs whose organ cells do carry the antigen. The Forssman antigen is distinct from the Paul-Bunnell antigen, antibodies to which are diagnostic of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis). Both antigens are present on the red blood cells of horse and sheep but guinea pig kidney cells have only the Forssman antigen. A serum positive for glandular fever therefore agglutinates horse or sheep red blood cells after absorption with guinea pig kidney.
Namesake
It is named for John Frederick Forssman (1868 – 1947), a pioneer Swedish Pathologist, who described it in 1930.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN-MEDICIS
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CERN-MEDical Isotopes Collected from ISOLDE (MEDICIS) is a facility located in the Isotope Separator Online DEvice (ISOLDE) facility at CERN, designed to produce high-purity isotopes for developing the practice of patient diagnosis and treatment. The facility was initiated in 2010, with its first radioisotopes (terbium-155) produced on 12 December 2017.
The target used to produce radioactive nuclei at the ISOLDE facility only absorbs 10% of the proton beam. MEDICIS positions a second target behind the first, which is irradiated by the leftover 90% of the proton beam. The target is then moved to an off-line mass separation system and isotopes are extracted from the target. These isotopes are implanted in metallic foil and can be delivered to research facilities and hospitals.
MEDICIS is a nuclear class A laboratory and takes into account various radioprotection procedures to prevent irradiation and contamination.
Background
An isotope of an element contains the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different mass number than the element found on the periodic table. Isotopes with a large variation in nucleon number will decay into more stable nuclei, and are known as radionuclides or radioisotopes.
The field of nuclear medicine uses radioisotopes to diagnose and treat patients. The radiation and particles emitted by these radioisotopes can be used to weaken or destroy target cells, for example in the case of cancer. For diagnosis, a radioactive dose is given to a patient and its activity can be tracked to study the functionality of a target organ. The tracers used within this process are generally short-lived isotopes.
Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals are used to examine organ functionality, blood flow, bone growth and other diagnostic procedures. Radioisotopes needed for this procedure must emit gamma radiation with a high energy and short half-life, in order for it to escape the body and decay quickly. There is currently a tren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20complementarity%20problem
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In applied mathematics, a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) with respect to a mapping ƒ : Rn → Rn, denoted by NCPƒ, is to find a vector x ∈ Rn such that
where ƒ(x) is a smooth mapping. The case of a discontinuous mapping was discussed by Habetler and Kostreva (1978).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URM1
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Ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1) is a ubiquitin-like protein that modifies proteins in the yeast ubiquitin-like urmylation pathway. Structural comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the ubiquitin superfamily has indicated that Urm1 has the most conserved structural and sequence features of the common ancestor of the entire superfamily.
Urm1 is characterized by a core β-grasp fold and an essential carboxy terminal glycine within a di-glycine motif. Urm1 is known to be conjugated to the peroxiredoxin Ahp1, ATPBD3, and CTU2 and human MOCS3, through a mechanism involving the E1-like protein Uba4 via lysine residues. Similar to ubiquitination, urmylation requires a thioester intermediate and forms isopeptide bonds between Urm1 and its substrates. Moreover, the urmylation process can be significantly enhanced by oxidative stress. Functions as a protein tag with roles in nutrient sensing and oxidative stress response.
Recently it has been demonstrated that Urm1 can acts as a sulfur carrier in the thiolation of eukaryotic tRNA via a mechanism that requires the formation of a thiocarboxylated Urm1. URM1 is involved in thiolation of cytoplasmic tRNAs; receives sulfur from the E1-like enzyme Uba4 and transfers it to tRNA.
Sequence and structural homology studies suggest that Urm1 can be more closely linked to the prokaryotic sulphur transfer proteins, ThiS and MoaD, that can be considered as prokaryotic counterparts of the eukaryotic UBls.
See also
Ubiquitin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinomalein
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Farinomalein is a natural maleimide with formula C10H13NO4 - was first isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria farinosa (Paecilomyces farinosus) - source H599 (Japan).
Farinomalein has shown potent and selective inhibition (0.15-5 μg/disk) against eight isolates of plant pathogenic Phytophthora sojae. These results suggest that farinomalein might be useful as a candidate pesticide for the treatment of Phytophthora stem rot in soybean.
Synthesis
A simple two-stage synthesis from the γ-hydroxybutenolide compound, 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-5(H)-furanone, has been reported. Firstly, the furanone is oxidized to 3-isopropylfuran-2,5-dione by Dess–Martin periodinane, followed by acetic acid reflux with beta-alanine. The white powdered product has a melting point of 75-77 °C.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20Roundtable
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The Business Roundtable (BRT) is a nonprofit lobbyist association based in Washington, D.C. whose members are chief executive officers of major United States companies. Unlike the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, whose members are entire businesses, BRT members are exclusively CEOs. The BRT lobbies for public policy that is favorable to business interests, such as lowering corporate taxes in the United States and internationally, as well as international trade policy, like NAFTA.
In 2019, BRT redefined its definition of the purpose of a corporation as participating in stakeholder capitalism, putting the interests of employees, customers, suppliers and communities on par with shareholders. BRT board members include, in 2021, chair Doug McMillon of Walmart, president and CEO, former White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten, Mary Barra of General Motors, Tim Cook of Apple, and Chuck Robbins of Cisco.
History
On October 13, 1972, the March Group, co-founded by Alcoa chairman John D. Harper and General Electric CEO Fred Borch, the Construction Users Anti-Inflation Roundtable, founded by retired U.S. Steel CEO Roger Blough, and the Labor Law Study Group (LLSG) merged to form the Business Roundtable.
The March Group consisted of chief executive officers who met informally to consider public policy issues; the Construction Users Anti-Inflation Roundtable was devoted to containing construction costs; and the Labor Law Study Committee was largely made up of labor relations executives of major companies. Harper was the newly founded group's first president, followed by Thomas Murphy of General Motors, Irving Shapiro of DuPont, then Clifford Garvin of Exxon.
In 2010, The Washington Post characterized the group as President Barack Obama's "closest ally in the business community."
On August 19, 2019, BRT redefined its decades-old definition of the purpose of a corporation, replacing its bedrock principle that shareholder interests must be placed above all else, as defined in 1970 b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundiform%20ligament
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The fundiform ligament or fundiform ligament of the penis is a specialization or thickening of the superficial (Scarpa's) fascia extending from the linea alba of the lower abdominal wall.
It runs from the level of the pubic bone, laterally around the sides of the penis like a sling, and then unites at the base of the penis before going to the septum of the scrotum.
It is just superficial to the suspensory ligament.
Although rarely mentioned, this ligament is also found in females.
External links
- "Anterior Abdominal Wall: Layers of the Superficial Fascia"
- "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Fundiform Ligament"
Mammal male reproductive system
Ligaments
Sexual anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal%20cytochrome%20B
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Duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb) also known as cytochrome b reductase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene.
Dcytb CYBRD1 was first identified as a ferric reductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ required for dietary iron absorption in the duodenum of mammals. Dcytb mRNA and protein levels in the gut are increased by iron deficiency and hypoxia which acts to promote dietary iron absorption. The effect of iron deficiency and hypoxia on Dcytb levels are medicated via the HIF2 (Hypoxia inducible factor 2) transcription factor which binds to hypoxia response elements within the Dcytb promoter and increases transcription of the gene. DCYTB protein has also been found in other tissues, such as lung epithelial cells and in the plasma membrane of mature red blood cells of scorbutic species (unable to make ascorbate) such as human and guinea pig but not in other species which have retained the ability to synthesise ascorbate like mice and rat. This has led to the notion that Dcytb may have an additional role in ascorbate metabolism in scorbutic species. DCYTB protein has also been found in breast tissue (epithelial and myoepithelial cells) and high DCYTB levels are associated with a favourable prognosis in patients with breast cancer. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the DCYTB promoter (SNP rs884409) which reduced functional DCYTB promoter activity was also associated with reduced serum ferritin levels in a patient cohort with C282Y haemochromatosis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied%20language%20processing
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Embodied cognition occurs when an organism's sensorimotor capacities (ability of the body to respond to its senses with movement), body and environment play an important role in thinking. The way in which a person's body and their surroundings interacts also allows for specific brain functions to develop and in the future to be able to act. This means that not only does the mind influence the body's movements, but the body also influences the abilities of the mind, also termed the bi-directional hypothesis.
There are three generalizations that are assumed to be true relating to embodied cognition. A person's motor system (that controls movement of the body) is activated when (1) they observe manipulable objects, (2) process action verbs, and (3) observe another individual's movements.
Embodied semantics is one of two theories concerning the location and processing of sensory motors inputs within the human brain. The theory of embodied semantics involves the existence of specialized hubs where the meaning of a word is tied with the sensory motor processing unit associated with the word meaning. For example, the concept of kicking would be represented in the sensory motor areas that control kicking actions. As a result, the theory assumes that individuals must possess a body to understand English.
Neural circuitry
The overlap between various semantic categories with sensory motor areas suggests that a common mechanism is used by neurons to process action, perception, and semantics. The correlation principle states that neurons that fire together, wire together. Also, neurons out of sync, delink. When an individual pronounces a word, the activation pattern for articulatory motor systems of the speaker leads to activation of auditory and somatosensory systems due to self-perceived sounds and movements.
If a word meaning is grounded in the visual shapes of the objects, the word form circuit is active together with neural activity in the ventral-temporal visual
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene%20wax
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Polyethylene wax can be used as a disperant, slip agent, resin additive, and mold release agent. As an oxidised product, OPEW is authorized in the EU as E number reference E914 only for the surface treatment of some fruits.
There are a variety of methods for producing Polyethylene wax. Polyethylene wax can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight and chain branching of the final polymer. Another method involves thermal and/or mechanical decomposition of high molecular weight polyethylene resin to create lower molecular weight fractions. A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from a production stream of high molecular weight polymer. These last two methods produce very low molecular weight fractions that should be removed to avoid a product with low flash point that can result in flammability, migration, equipment build up, fouling and other safety and processing issues. Volatiles in these un refined waxes can also account for significant yield loss during processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight%20mass%20spectrometry
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Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is a method of mass spectrometry in which an ion's mass-to-charge ratio is determined by a time of flight measurement. Ions are accelerated by an electric field of known strength. This acceleration results in an ion having the same kinetic energy as any other ion that has the same charge. The velocity of the ion depends on the mass-to-charge ratio (heavier ions of the same charge reach lower speeds, although ions with higher charge will also increase in velocity). The time that it subsequently takes for the ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time will depend on the velocity of the ion, and therefore is a measure of its mass-to-charge ratio. From this ratio and known experimental parameters, one can identify the ion.
Theory
The potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field is related to the charge of the particle and to the strength of the electric field:
where Ep is potential energy, q is the charge of the particle, and U is the electric potential difference (also known as voltage).
When the charged particle is accelerated into time-of-flight tube (TOF tube or flight tube) by the voltage U, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of any mass is:
In effect, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, meaning that equations () and () are equal
The velocity of the charged particle after acceleration will not change since it moves in a field-free time-of-flight tube. The velocity of the particle can be determined in a time-of-flight tube since the length of the path (d) of the flight of the ion is known and the time of the flight of the ion (t) can be measured using a transient digitizer or time to digital converter.
Thus,
and we substitute the value of v in () into ().
Rearranging () so that the flight time is expressed by everything else:
Taking the square root yields the time,
These factors for the time of flight have been grouped pur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20of%20Microstructure%20Physics
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The Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle (Saale) is a research institute in Germany in the field of materials research. It was founded in 1992 by Hellmut Fischmeister and is a follow-up to the German Academy of Sciences Institute of Solid State Physics and Electron Microscopy. The institute moved into new buildings from 1997 till 1999. It is one of 84 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft).
The institute has three main departments:
Stuart Parkin
Joyce Poon
Xinliang Feng
Former departments include the following:
The Theory Department, headed by Prof. Eberhard Gross, mainly carries out theoretical research on the electronic, magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of micro- and nanostructured solid-state systems'.
The Experimental Department 1, headed by Prof. Jürgen Kirschner, mainly deals with the magnetic properties of dimensionally reduced systems and their dependence on electronic structure, crystalline structure and morphology.
The Experimental Department 2, headed by Prof. Ulrich Gösele, is focussed on the scientific understanding, design and fabrication of new materials for information, communication, engineering as well as bio-technological applications.
The Experimental Department 3, headed by Prof. Johannes Heydenreich, is focused on analytical methods using high-resolution electronic microscopy.
PhD program
The Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials offer a PhD program under the "International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS) of Nanostructures".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerford%20knot
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The Hungerford or Hastings knot is a heraldic knot used as an heraldic badge in English heraldry by the Hungerford and Hastings families. The binding together of a Hungerford sickle and a Peverell garb (wheatsheaf) with the Hungerford knot commemorates the marriage between the Hungerfords and the Peverells in the early 15th century.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KickApps
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KickApps is a hosted platform for creating social networks and adding social software features, video players and widgets to websites. More than 100,000 sites use KickApps, including major media companies (e.g. NBC Universal, The BBC, H&R Block, and Scripps Networks) and a wide variety of niche websites.
The KickApps company was acquired in January 2011 by KIT digital.
Then, in December 2012, the company was acquired again by Perfect Sense Digital.
Features
KickApps is a hosted platform (SaaS) that provides a range of social media applications to website developers and publishers.
A SaaS platform allows websites to deploy a wide range of user experiences in a variety of ways: REST and SOAP APIs, feeds, programmable widgets and video players, customizable templates and single-sign services.
Members select a username and password (or use their existing site ID) to join your social network
Members can upload videos, photos, and audio
Member profiles contain standard social networking features, including: blogs (video, audio, and plain text), RSS feeds, guest books, friends, multi-media message boards, widgets and groups
Includes online media management, member management, reporting and advertising administration
KickApps is often compared with Brightcove, Flux and Ning.
Founder and Chairman, Eric Alterman, was also founder of MeshNetworks (acquired by Motorola), Military Commercial Technologies, TeraNex, SkyCross, Jed Broadcasting, Quadfore, Centerpoint and Triton Network Systems
In January 2011, KickApps was acquired by KIT digital.
Venture Funding
$7 million Series A round from Spark Capital and also included Prism VentureWorks and Jarl Mohn
$11 million Series B round from SoftBank Capital and a group of previous investors
$14 million Series C round from North Atlantic Capital and all previous investors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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Biotechnology in the United Kingdom is the British industry regarding organisms that manufacture commercial products, whether the genes of the organism have been naturally procured or not (synthetic biology). The industry can be controversial, and often overlaps with the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry (biopharmaceuticals). Currently, most industrial biotechnology expenditure in the UK is in the field of healthcare, and consequently the UK is the leader in Europe in the development of biopharmaceuticals, by some distance.
History
Celtech, founded in 1980, was one of the earliest British biotechs.
In 2015, the UK had around 225 main biotechnology companies, turning over around £2.9bn. Exports accounted for around £1.5bn of turnover. The UK has an estimated 5% share of the global market. In Europe, by patent applications submitted under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the UK is third, second to Germany and France but seventh in the world.
Employment
Around 8,800 people in the UK are directly employed in biotechnology, so it is not a labour-intensive industry. Other spending by British biotechnology companies supports around 11,000 other workers indirectly. The average income for a worker in the British industry is around £48,000; in London, this is £70,000. Employment is most found in London, South East England, North West England and Scotland.
Research
Around £920m is spent on biotechnology research in the UK, around 4.5% of all private sector research and development. According to an OECD study, the UK is fourth in the world for expenditure on biotechnology research, after the USA, France and Switzerland. France spends around twice that of the UK on biotechnology. The expenditure on biotechnology research in the USA is far larger than any other country.
The UK biotechnology industry leads in biopharmaceuticals research in Europe, well ahead of Switzerland and Germany, in terms of numbers of products being developed.
Organisations
Organisations that rep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantothermy
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Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly.
The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna, such as large turtles, and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs. Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherms. It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeothermic.
Disadvantages
Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency. Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to use in thermoregulation. An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically. More time is dedicated to basking than eating.
Advantages
Large ectotherms displaying the same body size as large endotherms have the advantage of a slow metabolic rate, meaning that it takes reptiles longer to digest their food. Consequently gigantothermic ectotherms would not have to eat as often as large endotherms that need to maintain a constant influx of food to meet energy demands. Although lions are much smaller than crocodiles, the lions must eat more often than crocodiles because o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e%204
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Chang'e 4 (; ) is a robotic spacecraft mission in the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program of the CNSA. China achieved humanity's first soft landing on the far side of the Moon with its touchdown on 3 January 2019.
A communication relay satellite, , was first launched to a halo orbit near the Earth–Moon L2 point in May 2018. The robotic lander and Yutu-2 () rover were launched on 7 December 2018 and entered lunar orbit on 12 December 2018, before landing on the Moon's far side. On 15 January it was announced that seeds had sprouted in the lunar lander's biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon. The mission is the follow-up to Chang'e 3, the first Chinese landing on the Moon.
The spacecraft was originally built as a backup for Chang'e 3 and became available after Chang'e 3 landed successfully in 2013. The configuration of Chang'e 4 was adjusted to meet new scientific and performance objectives. Like its predecessors, the mission is named after Chang'e, the Chinese Moon goddess.
In November 2019, Chang'e 4 mission team was awarded Gold Medal by the Royal Aeronautical Society. In October 2020, the mission was awarded the World Space Award by the International Astronautical Federation. Both were the first time for any Chinese mission to receive such awards.
Overview
The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is designed to be conducted in four phases of incremental technological advancement: The first is simply reaching lunar orbit, a task completed by Chang'e 1 in 2007 and Chang'e 2 in 2010. The second is landing and roving on the Moon, as Chang'e 3 did in 2013 and Chang'e 4 did in 2019. The third is collecting lunar samples from the near-side and sending them to Earth, a task Chang'e 5 completed in 2020, and Chang'e 6 will attempt in the future. The fourth phase consists of development of a robotic research station near the Moon's south pole.
The program aims to facilitate a crewed lunar landing in the 2030s and possibly the building of an outpost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wallis
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John Wallis (; ; ) was an English clergyman and mathematician, who is given partial credit for the development of infinitesimal calculus.
Between 1643 and 1689 he served as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court. He is credited with introducing the symbol ∞ to represent the concept of infinity. He similarly used 1/∞ for an infinitesimal. John Wallis was a contemporary of Newton and one of the greatest intellectuals of the early renaissance of mathematics.
Biography
Educational background
Cambridge, M.A., Oxford, D.D.
Grammar School at Tenterden, Kent, 1625–31.
School of Martin Holbeach at Felsted, Essex, 1631–2.
Cambridge University, Emmanuel College, 1632–40; B.A., 1637; M.A., 1640.
D.D. at Oxford in 1654
Family
On 14 March 1645 he married Susanna Glynde ( – 16 March 1687). They had three children:
Anne Blencoe (4 June 1656 – 5 April 1718), married Sir John Blencowe (30 November 1642 – 6 May 1726) in 1675, with issue
John Wallis (26 December 1650 – 14 March 1717), MP for Wallingford 1690–1695, married Elizabeth Harris (d. 1693) on 1 February 1682, with issue: one son and two daughters
Elizabeth Wallis (1658–1703), married William Benson (1649–1691) of Towcester, died with no issue
Life
John Wallis was born in Ashford, Kent. He was the third of five children of Reverend John Wallis and Joanna Chapman. He was initially educated at a school in Ashford but moved to James Movat's school in Tenterden in 1625 following an outbreak of plague. Wallis was first exposed to mathematics in 1631, at Felsted School (then known as Martin Holbeach's school in Felsted); he enjoyed maths, but his study was erratic, since "mathematics, at that time with us, were scarce looked on as academical studies, but rather mechanical" (Scriba 1970). At the school in Felsted, Wallis learned how to speak and write Latin. By this time, he also was proficient in French, Greek, and Hebrew. As it was intended he should be a doctor, he was sent in 1632 to Emmanu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-exponential
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A growth rate is said to be infra-exponential or subexponential if it is dominated by all exponential growth rates, however great the doubling time. A continuous function with infra-exponential growth rate will have a Fourier transform that is a Fourier hyperfunction.
Examples of sub-exponential growth rates arise in the analysis of algorithms, where they give rise to sub-exponential time complexity, and in the growth rate of groups, where a subexponential growth rate implies that a group is amenable.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teradici
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Teradici Corporation was a privately held software company founded in 2004, which was acquired by HP Inc. in October 2021.
Teradici initially developed a protocol (PCoIP) for compressing and decompressing images and sound when remotely accessing blade servers, and implemented it in hardware. This technology was later expanded to thin clients/zero clients for general Virtual Desktop Infrastructure. Teradici's protocol or hardware is used by HP, Dell-Wyse, Amulet Hotkey, Samsung, Amazon Web Services, Fujitsu, and VMware.
On 27 July, 2021, HP Inc announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire Teradici on undisclosed terms, with the deal set to close in calendar Q4, 2021.
History
Teradici was founded in 2004 by Dan Cordingley, Dave Hobbs, Ken Unger and Maher Fahmi. It operated in stealth mode until 2007 when they announced their first products, a blade server card and a small hockey puck shaped client, using a proprietary chip which implemented the PCoIP protocol.
In 2008, VMware announced it was licensing Teradici's PCoIP protocol. Teradici developed a software implementation of PCoIP, which VMware started shipping in VMware View 4.
The Teradici name originated from a previous company the founders were incubating. That company's product involved a 100-gigabit data center networking device. One-tenth of a tera is a deci, but "Teradeci" didn't roll off the tongue. "Teradici" was unique, sounded better and the domain name was available at the time.
PCoIP Protocol
PC-over-IP (PCoIP) is a proprietary remote display protocol developed by Teradici. The protocol is available in hardware and in software.
In 2008, VMware licensed Teradici's PCoIP protocol, and supports it in VMware Horizon View. In 2013 Amazon licensed the PCoIP protocol for use in AWS Amazon Workspaces.
PCoIP is a UDP-based protocol that is host rendered, multi-codec and dynamically adaptive. Images rendered on the server are captured as pixels, compressed and encoded and then sent to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation%20framework
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In artificial intelligence and related fields, an argumentation framework is a way to deal with contentious information and draw conclusions from it using formalized arguments.
In an abstract argumentation framework, entry-level information is a set of abstract arguments that, for instance, represent data or a proposition. Conflicts between arguments are represented by a binary relation on the set of arguments. In concrete terms, you represent an argumentation framework with a directed graph such that the nodes are the arguments, and the arrows represent the attack relation.
There exist some extensions of the Dung's framework, like the logic-based argumentation frameworks or the value-based argumentation frameworks.
Abstract argumentation frameworks
Formal framework
Abstract argumentation frameworks, also called argumentation frameworks à la Dung, are defined formally as a pair:
A set of abstract elements called arguments, denoted
A binary relation on , called attack relation, denoted
For instance, the argumentation system with and contains four arguments ( and ) and three attacks ( attacks , attacks and attacks ).
Dung defines some notions :
an argument is acceptable with respect to if and only if defends , that is such that such that ,
a set of arguments is conflict-free if there is no attack between its arguments, formally : ,
a set of arguments is admissible if and only if it is conflict-free and all its arguments are acceptable with respect to .
Different semantics of acceptance
Extensions
To decide if an argument can be accepted or not, or if several arguments can be accepted together, Dung defines several semantics of acceptance that allows, given an argumentation system, sets of arguments (called extensions) to be computed. For instance, given ,
is a complete extension of only if it is an admissible set and every acceptable argument with respect to belongs to ,
is a preferred extension of only if it is a maximal element (w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurosporine
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Staurosporine (antibiotic AM-2282 or STS) is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.
It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure. The chemical structure of staurosporine was elucidated by X-ray analysis of a single crystal and the absolute stereochemical configuration by the same method in 1994.
Staurosporine was discovered to have biological activities ranging from anti-fungal to anti-hypertensive.
The interest in these activities resulted in a large investigative effort in chemistry and biology and the discovery of the potential for anti-cancer treatment.
Biological activities
The main biological activity of staurosporine is the inhibition of protein kinases through the prevention of ATP binding to the kinase. This is achieved through the stronger affinity of staurosporine to the ATP-binding site on the kinase. Staurosporine is a prototypical ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor in that it binds to many kinases with high affinity, though with little selectivity. Structural analysis of kinase pockets demonstrated that main chain atoms which are conserved in their relative positions to staurosporine contributes to staurosporine promiscuity. This lack of specificity has precluded its clinical use, but has made it a valuable research tool. In research, staurosporine is used to induce apoptosis. The mechanism of how it mediates this is not well understood. It has been found that one way in which staurosporine induces apoptosis is by activating caspase-3. At lower concentration, depending on the cell type, staurosporine induces specific cell cycle effects arresting cells either in G1 or in G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Chemistry family
Staurosporine is an indolocarbazole. It belongs to the most frequently isolated group of indolocarbazoles: Indolo(2,3-a)carbazoles. Of these, Staurosporine falls within the most common subgroup, called Indolo(2,3-a)pyrrole(3,4-c)car
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamino%20acid
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Casamino acid is the mixture of amino acids produced from acid hydrolysis of casein, a family of phosphoproteins found in mammalian milk. In comparison, tryptone describes casein that has undergone enzymatic degradation by the protease trypsin, leaving many smaller peptide chains alongside the free amino acids.
Casamino acid is used as a component of microbiological growth medium to support protein synthesis. However, tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is lost while digesting the casein with strong acids. Providing this abundant source of nitrogen can alter the phenotype of microorganisms, such as bacterial species recognizing nutrient-rich media and reducing their motility, as compared to their typical environmental behaviors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20chess
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Infinite chess is any variation of the game of chess played on an unbounded chessboard. Versions of infinite chess have been introduced independently by multiple players, chess theorists, and mathematicians, both as a playable game and as a model for theoretical study. It has been found that even though the board is unbounded, there are ways in which a player can win the game in a finite number of moves.
Background
Classical (FIDE) chess is played on an 8×8 board (64 squares). However, the history of chess includes variants of the game played on boards of various sizes. A predecessor game called courier chess was played on a slightly larger 12×8 board (96 squares) in the 12th century, and continued to be played for at least six hundred years. Japanese chess (shogi) has been played historically on boards of various sizes; the largest is taikyoku shōgi ("ultimate chess"). This chess-like game, which dates to the mid 16th century, was played on a 36×36 board (1296 squares). Each player starts with 402 pieces of 209 different types, and a well-played game would require several days of play, possibly requiring each player to make over a thousand moves.
Chess player Jianying Ji was one of many to propose infinite chess, suggesting a setup with the chess pieces in the same relative positions as in classical chess, with knights replaced by nightriders and a rule preventing pieces from travelling too far from opposing pieces. Numerous other chess players, chess theorists, and mathematicians who study game theory have conceived of variations of infinite chess, often with different objectives in mind. Chess players sometimes use the scheme simply to alter the strategy; since chess pieces, and in particular the king, cannot be trapped in corners on an infinite board, new patterns are required to form a checkmate. Theorists conceive of infinite chess variations to expand the theory of chess in general, or as a model to study other mathematical, economic, or game-playing st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge%20wave
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In fluid dynamics, an edge wave is a surface gravity wave fixed by refraction against a rigid boundary, often a shoaling beach. Progressive edge waves travel along this boundary, varying sinusoidally along it and diminishing exponentially in the offshore direction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Transaction%20Server
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Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) was software that provided services to Component Object Model (COM) software components, to make it easier to create large distributed applications. The major services provided by MTS were automated transaction management, instance management (or just-in-time activation) and role-based security. MTS is considered to be the first major software to implement aspect-oriented programming.
MTS was first offered in the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack. In Windows 2000, MTS was enhanced and better integrated with the operating system and COM, and was renamed COM+. COM+ added object pooling, loosely-coupled events and user-defined simple transactions (compensating resource managers) to the features of MTS.
COM+ is still provided with Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, and the Microsoft .NET Framework provides a wrapper for COM+ in the EnterpriseServices namespace. The Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) provides a way of calling COM+ applications with web services. However, COM+ is based on COM, and Microsoft's strategic software architecture is now web services and .NET, not COM. There are pure .NET-based alternatives for many of the features provided by COM+, and in the long term it is likely COM+ will be phased out.
Architecture
A basic MTS architecture comprises:
the MTS Executive (mtxex.dll)
the Factory Wrappers and Context Wrappers for each component
the MTS Server Component
MTS clients
auxiliary systems like:
COM runtime services
the Service Control Manager (SCM)
the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS-DTC)
the Microsoft Message Queue (MSMQ)
the COM-Transaction Integrator (COM-TI)
etc.
COM components that run under the control of the MTS Executive are called MTS components. In COM+, they are referred to as COM+ Applications. MTS components are in-process DLLs. MTS components are deployed and run in the MTS Executive which manages them. As with other COM components, an object implementing the IC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparata%20code
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In coding theory, the Preparata codes form a class of non-linear double-error-correcting codes. They are named after Franco P. Preparata who first described them in 1968.
Although non-linear over GF(2) the Preparata codes are linear over Z4 with the Lee distance.
Construction
Let m be an odd number, and . We first describe the extended Preparata code of length : the Preparata code is then derived by deleting one position. The words of the extended code are regarded as pairs (X, Y) of 2m-tuples, each corresponding to subsets of the finite field GF(2m) in some fixed way.
The extended code contains the words (X, Y) satisfying three conditions
X, Y each have even weight;
The Preparata code is obtained by deleting the position in X corresponding to 0 in GF(2m).
Properties
The Preparata code is of length 2m+1 − 1, size 2k where k = 2m + 1 − 2m − 2, and minimum distance 5.
When m = 3, the Preparata code of length 15 is also called the Nordstrom–Robinson code.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid
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A solenoid () is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical coil of wire whose length is substantially greater than its diameter, which generates a controlled magnetic field. The coil can produce a uniform magnetic field in a volume of space when an electric current is passed through it.
André-Marie Ampère coined the term solenoid in 1823, having conceived of the device in 1820.
The helical coil of a solenoid does not necessarily need to revolve around a straight-line axis; for example, William Sturgeon's electromagnet of 1824 consisted of a solenoid bent into a horseshoe shape (similarly to an arc spring).
Solenoids provide magnetic focusing of electrons in vacuums, notably in television camera tubes such as vidicons and image orthicons. Electrons take helical paths within the magnetic field. These solenoids, focus coils, surround nearly the whole length of the tube.
Physics
Infinite continuous solenoid
An infinite solenoid has infinite length but finite diameter. "Continuous" means that the solenoid is not formed by discrete finite-width coils but by many infinitely thin coils with no space between them; in this abstraction, the solenoid is often viewed as a cylindrical sheet of conductive material.
The magnetic field inside an infinitely long solenoid is homogeneous and its strength neither depends on the distance from the axis nor on the solenoid's cross-sectional area.
This is a derivation of the magnetic flux density around a solenoid that is long enough so that fringe effects can be ignored. In Figure 1, we immediately know that the flux density vector points in the positive z direction inside the solenoid, and in the negative z direction outside the solenoid. We confirm this by applying the right hand grip rule for the field around a wire. If we wrap our right hand around a wire with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the curl of the fingers shows how the field behaves. Since we are dealing with a long solenoid, all of the componen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow
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A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an object. It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The cross section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light.
Point and non-point light sources
A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". For a non-point or "extended" source of light, the shadow is divided into the umbra, penumbra, and antumbra. The wider the light source, the more blurred the shadow becomes. If two penumbras overlap, the shadows appear to attract and merge. This is known as the shadow blister effect.
The outlines of the shadow zones can be found by tracing the rays of light emitted by the outermost regions of the extended light source. The umbra region does not receive any direct light from any part of the light source and is the darkest. A viewer located in the umbra region cannot directly see any part of the light source.
By contrast, the penumbra is illuminated by some parts of the light source, giving it an intermediate level of light intensity. A viewer located in the penumbra region will see the light source, but it is partially blocked by the object casting the shadow.
If there is more than one light source, there will be several shadows, with the overlapping parts darker, and various combinations of brightnesses or even colors. The more diffuse the lighting is, the softer and more indistinct the shadow outlines become until they disappear. The lighting of an overcast sky produces few visible shadows.
The absence of diffusing atmospheric effects in the vacuum of outer space produces shadows that are stark and sharply delineated by high-contrast boundaries between light and dark.
For a person or object touching the surface where the shadow is projected (e.g. a person standing on the ground, or a pole in the ground) the shadows converge at the point of contact.
A shadow shows,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20force
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Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a material body.
Normal forces and shear forces between objects are types of surface force. All cohesive forces and contact forces between objects are considered as surface forces.
Surface force can be decomposed into two perpendicular components: normal forces and shear forces. A normal force acts normally over an area and a shear force acts tangentially over an area.
Equations for surface force
Surface force due to pressure
, where f = force, p = pressure, and A = area on which a uniform pressure acts
Examples
Pressure related surface force
Since pressure is , and area is a ,
a pressure of over an area of will produce a surface force of .
See also
Body force
Contact force
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANCF
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Fanconi anemia group F protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCF gene.
Interactions
FANCF has been shown to interact with Fanconi anemia, complementation group C, FANCG, FANCA and FANCE.
Function
FANCF is an adaptor protein that plays a key role in the proper assembly of the FA core complex. The FA core complex is composed of eight proteins (FANCA, -B, -C, -E, -F, -G, -L and -M). FANCF stabilizes the interaction between the FANCC/FANCE subcomplex and the FANCA/FANCG subcomplex and locks the whole FA core complex in a conformation that is essential to perform its function in DNA repair.
The FA core complex is a nuclear core complex that is essential for the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and this modified form of FANCD2 colocalizes with BRCA1, RAD51 and PCNA in foci that also contain other DNA repair proteins. All these proteins function together to facilitate DNA interstrand cross-link repair. They also function in other DNA damage response repair processes including recovering and stabilizing stalled replication forks. FoxF1 protein also interacts with the FA protein core and induces its binding to chromatin to promote DNA repair.
Cancer
DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer, and deficiencies in expression of DNA repair genes appear to underlie many forms of cancer. If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage may increase mutations due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Excess DNA damage may also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair. Such mutations and epigenetic alterations may give rise to cancer.
Reductions in expression of DNA repair genes (usually caused by epigenetic alterations) are very common in cancers, and are most often much more frequent than mutational defects in DNA repair genes in cancers. (Also see Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes.)
Methylation of the promoter region of the FANCF gene causes reduced expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20malate
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Sodium malate is a compound with formula Na2(C2H4O(COO)2). It is the sodium salt of malic acid. As a food additive, it has the E number E350.
Properties
Sodium malate is an odorless white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water.
Use
It is used as an acidity regulator and flavoring agent. It tastes similar to sodium chloride (table salt).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincotto
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Vincotto () is a dark, sweet, thick paste produced in rural areas of Italy. It is made by the slow cooking and reduction over many hours of non-fermented grape must until it has been reduced to about one-fifth of its original volume and the sugars present have caramelized. It can be made from a number of varieties of local red wine grapes, including Primitivo, Negroamaro and Malvasia Nera, and before the grapes are picked they are allowed to wither naturally on the vine for about thirty days. In Roman times it was known as sapa in Latin and epsima in Greek, the same names that are often used for it in Italy and Cyprus, respectively, today.
The paste is made in the Emilia Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy, Apulia, Basilicata, Sardinia and Marche regions of Italy.
Description
Although it may be used as a basis to make sweet vinegar, vincotto has a pleasant flavor and is not a type of vinegar. This additional product is called a Vinegar of Vincotto, Vincotto vinegar, or Vincotto balsamic and can be used in the same way as a good mellow Balsamic vinegar.
Vincotto appears to be related to defrutum and other forms of grape juice boiled down to varying strengths (carenum, sapa) that were produced in Ancient Rome. Defrutum was used to preserve, sweeten, and/or flavor many foods (including wine), by itself or with honey or garum. Defrutum was also consumed as a drink when diluted with water, or fermented into a heady Roman "wine". (Note: defrutum should not be confused with passum, a wine made from fermented raisins that originated in ancient Carthage and was popular in ancient Rome. Passum was therefore more similar to modern Vin Santo than to vincotto.)
Over many centuries, the vincotto produced in Basilicata and the Salento area of Apulia, was further developed into several different varieties of higher quality and culinary sophistication and is produced from the slow reduction together of a blend of cooked grape must and of a wine that has started to spoil and sour attainin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild%20metric
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In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild metric (also known as the Schwarzschild solution) is an
exact solution to the Einstein field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumption that the electric charge of the mass, angular momentum of the mass, and universal cosmological constant are all zero. The solution is a useful approximation for describing slowly rotating astronomical objects such as many stars and planets, including Earth and the Sun. It was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916.
According to Birkhoff's theorem, the Schwarzschild metric is the most general spherically symmetric vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations. A Schwarzschild black hole or static black hole is a black hole that has neither electric charge nor angular momentum. A Schwarzschild black hole is described by the Schwarzschild metric, and cannot be distinguished from any other Schwarzschild black hole except by its mass.
The Schwarzschild black hole is characterized by a surrounding spherical boundary, called the event horizon, which is situated at the Schwarzschild radius, often called the radius of a black hole. The boundary is not a physical surface, and a person who fell through the event horizon (before being torn apart by tidal forces), would not notice any physical surface at that position; it is a mathematical surface which is significant in determining the black hole's properties. Any non-rotating and non-charged mass that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius forms a black hole. The solution of the Einstein field equations is valid for any mass , so in principle (according to general relativity theory) a Schwarzschild black hole of any mass could exist if conditions became sufficiently favorable to allow for its formation.
In the vicinity of a Schwarzschild black hole, space curves so much that even light rays are deflected, and very nearby light can be deflected so much that it travels several tim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-listed
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Blue-listed species are species that belong to the Blue List and includes any indigenous species or subspecies (taxa) considered to be vulnerable in their locale in order to provide early warning to federal and regional governments. Vulnerable taxa are of special concern because of characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Blue-listed taxa are at risk, but are not extirpated, endangered or threatened.
History
The concept of a Blue List was derived in 1971 by Robert Arbib from the National Audubon Society in his article, "Announcing-- The Blue List: an 'early warning' system for birds". The article stated that the list was made up for species that appear to be locally common in North America, but is undergoing non-cyclic declines. Starting from 1971, it was utilized to list vulnerable bird species throughout North America. Unlike the US Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species List, the Blue List was made to identify patterns of population losses for regional bird populations before they could be listed as endangered. Every decade after its release, the list is revisited and revised based on regional editors and species get "nominated" to be added to the list. From then on, species that are part of the Blue List were referred to as Blue-listed species.
Status Ranks
Initially, in order to identify the types of risks that each Blue-Listed species have, the Blue List has identified various categories for Blue-Listed species based on the following alphabets:
"A" : the species population is "greatly down in numbers"
"B" : the species population is "down in numbers"
"C" : the species population is experiencing no change
"D" : the species population is "up in numbers"
"E" : the species population is "greatly up in numbers"
Using this metric reginal editors were able to report on the species along with their status ranks in order to identify the patterns of population growth that each species is facing. Later on, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20Journal%20of%20Applied%20Physics
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The Japanese Journal of Applied Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1962 and is published by the Japan Society of Applied Physics. From 1982 until 2008, the journal was published in two editions, Part 1 and Part 2:
Part 1 was published monthly and was for regular papers, short notes and review papers.
Part 2 was published semi-monthly and was for letters and express letters.
In 2008, Part 2 was separated as an independent journal and renamed Applied Physics Express. Part 1 continues to be published as the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.
In June 2013, the Japan Society of Applied Physics signed an agreement with IOP Publishing for its journals to be published by IOP Publishing.
See also
Applied Physics Express
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20McClelland%20%28physicist%29
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David Ernest McClelland is an Australian physicist, with his research focused on the development of the manipulation and control of optical quantum states, and its implementation into gravitational wave observatories. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America. Since 2001, he has been a professor at the Australian National University (ANU) in the Research School of Physics and Engineering, in Canberra (Australia). He is Director of the ANU's Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics and Deputy Director of OzGrav - the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Gravitational Wave Discovery.
Biography
Career
David McClelland received his PhD degree from the University of Otago, New Zealand, in 1987. He was awarded a Beverly Research Fellowship before being appointed in 1988 to the Australian National University, as a Lecturer.
In 1990, at the ANU, he and his colleagues (H. Bachor, P. Manson, P. Fisk and D. Hope) demonstrated -0.8 dB of optical squeezing at a few hundred mega Hertz using barium atoms. Over the years he establish the Centre for Gravitational Physics at the ANU, and build a rich and vibrant research group working on a squeezed light source in the audio-frequency band for future gravitational wave detectors.
In 1998 he became the chair of the Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA). This is a consortium of 6 Australian institutions collaborating and working on research and development for current and future gravitational wave detectors around the world. Its members contributed to the LIGO instrument and data analyses for the first direct detection of gravitational waves of a merger of a binary black hole merger.
In late 2003 with his graduate students they demonstrated squeezing down to a few hundred Hertz using nonlinear crystals. This technique and implementation is still used to produce the best optical squeezers in the world.
In 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroD
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NeuroD, also called Beta2, is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in certain parts of brain, beta pancreatic cells and enteroendocrine cells. It is involved in the differentiation of nervous system and development of pancreas. It heterodimerizes with the products of E2A gene and controls the transcription of a variety of genes by identifying and binding E boxes in their promoter region. In rodents NeuroD is involved in the development of the retina.
In mammals there are two types of this factor:
NeuroD1
NeuroD2
NeuroD4
NeuroD6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Dean%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Mark E. Dean (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and computer engineer. He developed the ISA bus, and he led a design team for making a one-gigahertz computer processor chip. He holds three of nine PC patents for being the co-creator of the IBM personal computer released in 1981. In 1995, Dean was named the first ever African-American IBM Fellow.
Dean was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 for innovative and pioneering contributions to personal computer development.
In 2000, Mark discussed a hand held device that would be able to display media content, like a digital newspaper. In August 2011, Dean stated that he uses a tablet computer instead of a PC in his blog.
Early life
Dean was born in Jefferson City, Tennessee. Dean displayed an affinity for technology and invention at a young age. His father, James, worked with electrical equipment for turbines and spillways. James would often bring Mark with him on work trips, introducing him to engineering. When Mark was young, he and his dad constructed a tractor from scratch. In middle school, Mark had made up his mind on becoming a computer engineer. Dean attended Jefferson City High School in Tennessee, where he excelled in both academics and athletics. While in high school, during the 1970s, Mark built his own personal computer.
Recognition
Dean is the first African-American to become an IBM Fellow, which is the highest level of technical excellence at the company. In 1997, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2001. In 1997, Dean was awarded the Black Engineer of the Year Presidents Award. From August 2018 to July 2019, Dean was the interim dean of the UT's Tickle College of Engineering.
As of April 26, 2019, April 25 is now officially Mark Dean Day in Knox County, Tennessee.
Career
Mark graduated with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering during 1979. Soon after, Mark got a job at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical%20unitary%20group%20approach
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Graphical unitary group approach (GUGA) is a technique used to construct Configuration state functions (CSFs) in computational quantum chemistry. As reflected in its name, the method uses the mathematical properties of the unitary group.
The foundation of the unitary group approach (UGA) can be traced to the work of Moshinsky. Later, Shavitt introduced the graphical aspect (GUGA) drawing on the earlier work of Paldus.
Computer programs based on the GUGA method have been shown to be highly efficient. offering certain performance advantages over the older, sometimes called traditional, techniques for CSF construction. However traditional methods can offer other advantages such as the ability to handle degenerate symmetry point groups, such as .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDLS
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TDLS, shortened from Tunneled Direct Link Setup, is "a seamless way to stream media and other data faster between devices already on the same Wi-Fi network." Devices using it communicate directly with one another, without involving the wireless network's router.
Wi-Fi Alliance added certification for TDLS in 2012. It describes this feature as technology that enables devices to link directly to one another when connected to a traditional Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi CERTIFIED TDLS devices can set up secure links and transfer data directly between them. TDLS-linked devices benefit from an optimized connection to do things such as streaming video or synching content, without burdening the network as a whole.
The IEEE has endorsed this as the IEEE 802.11z standard.
Google's Cast protocol used by Chromecast utilizes TDLS to initiate screen mirroring.
See also
Wi-Fi Direct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Campanato
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Sergio Campanato (17 February 1930 – 1 March 2005) was an Italian mathematician who studied the theory of regularity for elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations.
Career
He graduated in mathematics and physics at the University of Modena in the academic year 1952/54 with a thesis relating to the heat equation. In 1956, he became an assistant to Enrico Magenes, with whom he worked on a problem of Picone relating to the equilibrium state of an elastic body, and on other differential equations related to electrostatics.
In 1964, he moved to the University of Pisa at the invitation of Alessandro Faedo, joining a group of mathematicians which included Aldo Andreotti, Jacopo Barsotti, Enrico Bombieri, Gianfranco Capriz, Ennio De Giorgi, Giovanni Prodi, Edoardo Vesentini, and Guido Stampacchia, with whom Campanato collaborated fruitfully.
From 1975 until 2000 he taught Nonlinear Analysis at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. He died in Pisa on 1 March 2005.
Honors
In 1985, the Accademia dei Lincei awarded him the "Premio Linceo" prize for his work on the regularity of nonlinear problems as relating to his eponymous Morrey–Campanato spaces.
In 2000, a conference was held in honor of his 70th birthday at SNS Pisa.
In 2006, there was a conference held to commemorate his work at Erice, Sicily.
Selected works
Sui problemi al contorno relativi al sistema di equazioni differenziali dell'elastostatica piana. Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Di Padova 1956 XXV pp. 307–342
Osservazioni sul problema di trasmissione per equazioni differenziali lineari del secondo ordine, Edizioni dell'Università di Genova, 1960.
Sergio Campanato, Guido Stampacchia, Sulle maggiorazioni in Lp nella teoria delle equazioni ellittiche, Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana, Serie 3, Vol. 20 (1965), n.3, p. 393–399. Bologna, Zanichelli, 1965.
Lezioni di analisi matematica, Pisa, Libreria scientifica Giordano Pellegrini, 1966.
Sistemi ellittici in forma divergenza: regolarità all'interno, Pisa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiocrine%20growth%20factors
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Angiocrine growth factors are molecules found in blood vessels' endothelial cells that can stimulate organ-specific repair activities in damaged or diseased organs. Endothelial cells possess tissue-specific genes that code for unique growth factors, adhesion molecules and factors regulating metabolism.
The discovery emerged after the entirety of active genes in endothelial cells was decoded, resulting in an atlas of organ-specific blood vessel cells. The atlas documented hundreds of already-known genes that had never been associated with these cells. Organs dictate the structure and function of their own blood vessels, including the repair molecules they secrete. Each organ produces blood vessels with unique shape and function that comply that organ's metabolic demands.
Organ repair
When an organ is injured, its blood vessels may not be able to repair the damage because they may themselves be damaged or inflamed. An infusion of engineered endothelial cells may be able to engraft into injured tissue and acquire the capacity to repair the organ.
Endothelial cells generated from mouse embryonic stem cells were functional, transplantable and responsive to microenvironmental signals. Such cells can be transplanted into different tissues, become educated by the tissue and acquire the characteristic phenotype of that organ type's endothelials. Such cells were transplanted into the liver and kidney of mice and found became indistinguishable from existing endothelial cells.
In a clinical setting the cells must be immunocompatible with the recipient patient. They could be derived from the patient's embryonic pluripotent stem cells as well as by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In SCNT the nucleus is introduced into a human egg producing embryonic stem cells that are a genetic match of the patient. Another approach takes cells discarded after a diagnostic prenatal amniocentesis.
Additional preclinical investigation is required before investigation with humans.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenkert%20Brenograph%20Jr.
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The Brenkert Brenograph Jr. was a projector used in atmospheric theatres to project moving clouds over ceilings painted blue. The effect created the illusion that theatre patrons were outdoors. The device was used primarily in theatre designs of John Eberson.
The machine was manufactured by the Brenkert Light Projection Company of Detroit. The company sold the projector for $225 in the 1920s.
The projector operated automatically with a universal electrical motor, capable of varying speeds. It used a powerful 1500 watt light bulb to display nimbus and cumulus clouds. The clouds were images on a strip of negatives that moved continuously in front of the light. The negatives were affixed to a circular disc that rotated once every 105 minutes—about the length of a typical performance.
The projector was small enough to be hidden in the theatre architectural design so that the illusion of floating clouds would be maintained.
Notes and references
Craig, Robert M. Atlanta Architecture: Art Deco to Modern Classic, 1929–1959. Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1974, p. 74.
Hoffman, Scott L. A Theatre History of Marion, Ohio: John Eberson's Palace and Beyond. Charlotte, NC: The History Press, 2015, p. 30, 32–34, 62.
Welling, David. Cinema Houston: From Nickelodeon to Cineplex. Austin, TX: U. Texas P., 2010, p. 54.
The Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL), May 22, 1983, p. 13.
Projectors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Hay
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Mark Edward Hay (born May 3, 1952) is an American marine ecologist. He is Regents Professor and Harry and Linda Teasley Chair in the School of Biological Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. A fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he is known for his research on the coral reefs of Fiji. He received the Cody Award from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2012, the Lowell Thomas Award from the Explorers Club in 2015, and the Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 2018.
He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2022.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20synergy
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Antibiotic synergy is one of three responses possible when two or more antibiotics are used simultaneously to treat an infection. In the synergistic response, the applied antibiotics work together to produce an effect more potent than if each antibiotic were applied singly. Compare to the additive effect, where the potency of an antibiotic combination is roughly equal to the combined potencies of each antibiotic singly, and antagonistic effect, where the potency of the combination is less than the combined potencies of each antibiotic.
Clinical interest
Clinical interest in synergism dates back to the early 1950s when practitioners noted that patients with enterococcal endocarditis experienced a high relapse rate when penicillin G alone was used for treatment and a demonstrably lower relapse rate when streptomycin was combined with penicillin G to combat the infection. Since that time the research community has conducted numerous studies regarding the effects and possibilities of antibiotic combinations. Today, combination therapy is recognized as providing a broad spectrum of antibiotic coverage, effectively fighting polymicrobial infections, minimizing selection for antibiotic resistant strains, lowering dose toxicity where applicable, and in some cases providing synergistic activity.
Desirability
Antibiotic synergy is desirable in a clinic sense for several reasons. At the patient level, the boosted antimicrobial potency provided by synergy allows the body to more rapidly clear infections, resulting in shorter courses of antibiotic therapy. Shorter courses of therapy in turn reduce the effects of dose-related toxicity, if applicable. Additionally, synergy aids in total bacterial eradication, more completely removing an infection than would be possible without synergy. At a higher level, synergistic effects are useful for combating resistant bacterial strains through increased potency and for stalling the spread of bacterial resistance through the total eradic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%201401
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The IBM 1401 is a variable-wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing unit record equipment for processing data stored on punched cards and at providing peripheral services for larger computers. The 1401 is considered to be the Ford Model-T of the computer industry, because it was mass-produced and because of its sales volume. Over 12,000 units were produced and many were leased or resold after they were replaced with newer technology. The 1401 was withdrawn on February 8, 1971.
History
The 1401 project evolved from an IBM project named World Wide Accounting Machine (WWAM), which in turn was a reaction to the success of the Bull Gamma 3.
The 1401 was used as an independent system in conjunction with IBM punched card equipment. It was also operated as auxiliary equipment to IBM 700 or 7000 series systems.
Monthly rental for 1401 configurations started at US$2,500 (worth about $ today). Demand exceeded expectations.
"IBM was pleasantly surprised (perhaps shocked) to receive 5,200 orders in just the first five weeks – more than predicted for the entire life of the machine!" By late 1961, the 2000 installed in the USA were about one quarter of all electronic stored-program computers by all manufacturers. The number of installed 1401s peaked above 10,000 in the mid-1960s. "In all, by the mid-1960s nearly half of all computer systems in the world were 1401-type systems." The system was marketed until February 1971.
Commonly used by small businesses as their primary data processing machines, the 1401 was also frequently used as an off-line peripheral controller for mainframe computers. In such installations, with an IBM 7090 for example, the mainframe computers used only magnetic tape for input-output. It was the 1401 that transferred input data from slow peripherals (such as the IBM 1402 Card Read-Punch) to tape, and transferred output data from tap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20optimization
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Online optimization is a field of optimization theory, more popular in computer science and operations research, that deals with optimization problems having no or incomplete knowledge of the future (online). These kind of problems are denoted as online problems and are seen as opposed to the classical optimization problems where complete information is assumed (offline). The research on online optimization can be distinguished into online problems where multiple decisions are made sequentially based on a piece-by-piece input and those where a decision is made only once. A famous online problem where a decision is made only once is the Ski rental problem. In general, the output of an online algorithm is compared to the solution of a corresponding offline algorithm which is necessarily always optimal and knows the entire input in advance (competitive analysis).
In many situations, present decisions (for example, resources allocation) must be made with incomplete knowledge of the future or distributional assumptions on the future are not reliable. In such cases, online optimization can be used, which is different from other approaches such as robust optimization, stochastic optimization and Markov decision processes.
Online problems
A problem exemplifying the concepts of online algorithms is the Canadian traveller problem. The goal of this problem is to minimize the cost of reaching a target in a weighted graph where some of the edges are unreliable and may have been removed from the graph. However, that an edge has been removed (failed) is only revealed to the traveller when they reach one of the edge's endpoints. The worst case for this problem is simply that all of the unreliable edges fail and the problem reduces to the usual shortest path problem. An alternative analysis of the problem can be made with the help of competitive analysis. For this method of analysis, the offline algorithm knows in advance which edges will fail and the goal is to minimize the rat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20b%20%28programming%20language%29
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Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems. It was designed and authored by Aneil Mallavarapu. Little b is being developed in the Virtual Cell Program at Harvard Medical School, headed by mathematician Jeremy Gunawardena.
This language is based on Lisp and is meant to allow modular programming to model biological systems. It will allow more flexibility to facilitate rapid change that is required to accurately capture complex biological systems.
The language draws on techniques from artificial intelligence and symbolic mathematics, and provides syntactic conveniences derived from object-oriented languages. The language was originally denoted with a lowercase b (distinguishing it from B, the predecessor to the widely used C programming language), but the name was eventually changed to "little b" to avoid confusion and to pay homage to Smalltalk.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe%20conservation%20status
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The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other organisms, as well as natural ecological communities, on the global, national or subnational levels. These designations are also referred to as NatureServe ranks, NatureServe statuses, or Natural Heritage ranks. While the Nature Conservancy is no longer substantially involved in the maintenance of these ranks, the name TNC ranks is still sometimes encountered for them.
NatureServe ranks indicate the imperilment of species or ecological communities as natural occurrences, ignoring individuals or populations in captivity or cultivation, and also ignoring non-native occurrences established through human intervention beyond the species' natural range, as for example with many invasive species).
NatureServe ranks have been designated primarily for species and ecological communities in the United States and Canada, but the methodology is global, and has been used in some areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. The NatureServe Explorer website presents a centralized set of global, national, and subnational NatureServe ranks developed by NatureServe or provided by cooperating U.S. Natural Heritage Programs and Canadian and other international Conservation Data Centers.
Introduction
Most NatureServe ranks show the conservation status of a plant or animal species or a natural ecological community using a one-to-five numerical scale (from most vulnerable to most secure), applied either globally (world-wide or range-wide) or to the entity's status within a particular nation or a specified subnational unit within a nation. Letter-based notations are used for various special cases to which the numerical scale does not apply, as explained below. Ranks at variou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslav%20Mlodzeevskii
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Boleslav Kornelievich Mlodzeevskii, also Mlodzievskii (, Pre-Reform Russian: Млодзѣевскій; born , died January 18, 1923) was a Russian mathematician, a former president of the Moscow Mathematical Society. He was working in differential and algebraic geometry.
Biography
Mlodzeevskii was born in Moscow July 10, 1858. His father was a doctor, a professor at Moscow University; he died when Boleslav was seven. After finishing Moscow gymnasium with a gold medal, he studied at Moscow University, where he received a Ph.D. degree in mathematics in 1886, in differential geometry. In his dissertation he studied the problem of deformation of surfaces; his advisor was Vasily Zinger. After two years of studies and work in Göttingen, Paris and Zürich, he return to Moscow to assume a professorship at Moscow University. With a short gap 1911-1917 when he was forced to leave, he continued working at the university until his death.
He died from diabetes complications in 1923 in Moscow.
Literary references
In an Andrei Bely fictional novel Moscow Under Siege, a mathematician named Boleslav Kornielich Mlodzievskii makes an appearance at a meeting of the Moscow Mathematical Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial%20charm
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Superficial charm (or insincere charm) refers to the social act of saying or doing things because they are well received by others, rather than what one actually believes or wants to do. It is sometimes referred to as "telling people what they want to hear". Generally, superficial charm is an effective way to ingratiate or persuade and it is one of the many elements of impression management/self-presentation.
Flattery and charm accompanied by obvious ulterior motives is generally not socially appreciated, and most people consider themselves to be skilled at distinguishing sincere compliments from superficial, however, researchers have demonstrated that even obviously manipulative charm can be effective. While expressed attitudes are negative or dismissive, implicit attitudes are often positively affected. The effectiveness of charm and flattery, in general, stems from the recipient’s natural desire to feel good about one's self.
On the contrary, superficial charm can be self damaging. However, the ability to be superficially charming often leads to success in areas like the theatre, salesmanship, or politics and diplomacy. In excess, being adept in social intelligence and endlessly taking social cues from other people, can lead to the sacrificing of one's motivations and sense of self.
Superficial charm can be exploitative. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder, for example, are known to have limited guilt or anxiety when it comes to exploiting others in harmful ways. While intimidation and violence are common means of exploitation, the use of superficial charm is not uncommon. Superficial charm is listed on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame%20animal
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A tame animal is an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence. Tameness may arise naturally (as in the case, for example, of island tameness) or due to the deliberate, human-directed process of training an animal against its initially wild or natural instincts to avoid or attack humans. The tameability of an animal is the level of ease it takes humans to train the animal, and varies among individual animals, breeds, or species.
In other languages, the word for taming is the same as the word for domestication. However, in the English language, the two words refer to two partially overlapping but distinct concepts. For example feral animals are domesticated, but not tamed. Similarly, taming is not the same as animal training, although in some contexts these terms may be used interchangeably.
Taming implies that the animal tolerates not merely human proximity, but at minimum human touching. Yet, more common usage limits the label "tame" to animals which do not threaten or injure humans who do not harm or threaten them. Tameness, in this sense, should be distinguished from "socialization" wherein the animals treat humans much like conspecifics, for instance by trying to dominate humans.
Taming versus domestication
Domestication and taming are related but distinct concepts. Taming is the conditioned behavioral modification of a wild-born animal when its natural avoidance of humans is reduced and it accepts the presence of humans, but domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans. Human selection included tameness, but domestication is not achieved without a suitable evolutionary response.
Domestic animals do not need to be tame in the behavioral sense, such as the Spanish fighting bull. Wild animals can be tame, such as a hand-raised cheetah. A domestic animal's breeding is controlled by humans and its tameness and tolerance of humans is genetically determined. Thus, an animal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed%20control
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Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species.
Weed control is important in agriculture. Methods include hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting with high heat, burning, and chemical control with herbicides (weed killers).
Need for control
Weeds compete with productive crops or pasture, they can be poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or interfering with livestock.
Weeds compete with crops for space, nutrients, water and light. Smaller, slower growing seedlings are more susceptible than those that are larger and more vigorous. Onions are one of the most vulnerable, because they are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems. By contrast broad beans produce large seedlings and suffer far fewer effects other than during periods of water shortage at the crucial time when the pods are filling out. Transplanted crops raised in sterile soil or potting compost gain a head start over germinating weeds.
Weeds also vary in their competitive abilities according to conditions and season. Tall-growing vigorous weeds such as fat hen (Chenopodium album) can have the most pronounced effects on adjacent crops, although seedlings of fat hen that appear in late summer produce only small plants. Chickweed (Stellaria media), a low growing plant, can happily co-exist with a tall crop during the summer, but plants that have overwintered will grow rapidly in early spring and may swamp crops such as onions or spring greens.
The presence of weeds does not necessarily mean that they are damaging a crop, especially during the early growth stages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare%20Breeds%20Survival%20Trust
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The Rare Breeds Survival Trust is a conservation charity whose purpose is to secure the continued existence and viability of the native farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) of the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1973 by Joe Henson to preserve native breeds; since then, no UK-native breed has become extinct.
It maintains a watch list of rare native breeds of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, goats and poultry, and an approved list of farm parks.
Projects have included the collection of genetic material to ensure the future of rare breeds in a farm animal "gene bank". This project received publicity in the wake of the foot-and-mouth disease crisis in the UK and was supported by Charles III (while he was the Prince of Wales). The Trust also supports the Manx Ark Project, which provides sanctuary for rare breeds at several sites in the Isle of Man.
See also
Genetic diversity
Similar organizations
The Livestock Conservancy
Ark of Taste
Cobthorn Trust
Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%20stool%20associated%20circular%20virus
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Chimpanzee stool associated circular virus is a single stranded DNA virus isolated from chimpanzee stool. This proposed species has not yet been accepted by the ICTV.
Genome
The genome is ~2.6 kilobases in length and encodes two open reading frames (ORFs). The larger of the ORFs encodes the replicase gene and the other the putative capsid protein. A stem-loop and TATA boxes are present in the non coding parts of the sequence.
Taxonomy
This virus appears to be related to the bovine stool associated circular virus, which is apparently a synonym of porcine stool-associated circular virus.
Chimpanzee stool associated circular virus appears to be an unclassified member species of ICTV-accepted genus Porprismacovirus (Smacoviridae), just like porcine stool-associated circular virus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request%E2%80%93response
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In computer science, request–response or request–reply is one of the basic methods computers use to communicate with each other in a network, in which the first computer sends a request for some data and the second responds to the request. More specifically, it is a message exchange pattern in which a requestor sends a request message to a replier system, which receives and processes the request, ultimately returning a message in response. It is analogous to a telephone call, in which the caller must wait for the recipient to pick up before anything can be discussed. This is a simple but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two-way conversation with one another over a channel; it is especially common in client–server architectures.
For simplicity, this pattern is typically implemented in a purely synchronous fashion, as in web service calls over HTTP, which holds a connection open and waits until the response is delivered or the timeout period expires. However, request–response may also be implemented asynchronously, with a response being returned at some unknown later time. When a synchronous system communicates with an asynchronous system, it is referred to as "sync over async" or "sync/async". This is common in enterprise application integration (EAI) implementations where slow aggregations, time-intensive functions, or human workflow must be performed before a response can be constructed and delivered.
In contrast, one-way computer communication, which is like the push-to-talk or "barge in" feature found on some phones and two-way radios, sends a message without waiting for a response. Sending an email is an example of one-way communication, and another example are fieldbus sensors, such as most CAN bus sensors, which periodically and autonomously send out their data, whether or not any other devices on the bus are listening for it. (Most of these systems use a "listen before talk" or other contention-based protocol so multiple s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-employment%20theorem
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In computer science and mathematics, a full employment theorem is a term used, often humorously, to refer to a theorem which states that no algorithm can optimally perform a particular task done by some class of professionals. The name arises because such a theorem ensures that there is endless scope to keep discovering new techniques to improve the way at least some specific task is done.
For example, the full employment theorem for compiler writers states that there is no such thing as a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler, as such a proof for the compiler would have to detect non-terminating computations and reduce them to a one-instruction infinite loop. Thus, the existence of a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler would imply a solution to the halting problem, which cannot exist. This also implies that there may always be a better compiler since the proof that one has the best compiler cannot exist. Therefore, compiler writers will always be able to speculate that they have something to improve. A similar example in practical computer science is the idea of no free lunch in search and optimization, which states that no efficient general-purpose solver can exist, and hence there will always be some particular problem whose best known solution might be improved.
Similarly, Gödel's incompleteness theorems have been called full employment theorems for mathematicians. Tasks such as virus writing and detection, and spam filtering and filter-breaking are also subject to Rice's theorem.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Osborne
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Adam Osborne (March 6, 1939 – March 18, 2003) was a British American author, software publisher, and computer designer who founded several companies in the United States and elsewhere. He introduced the Osborne 1, the first commercially successful portable computer.
Early life
Osborne was born to British parents in Bangkok, Thailand on March 6, 1939. His father, Arthur Osborne, was a teacher of eastern religion and philosophy and a lecturer in English at Chulalongkorn University. All members of the family were fluent in the Tamil language. He spent World War II in Tiruvannamalai,southern India, with his mother. There they were frequent visitors to Sri Ramana Maharshi's Ashram He attended Presentation Convent School in Kodaikanal until Class 6. In 1950, the Osborne family moved back to England. From the age of 11, he was educated at a Catholic boarding school in Warwickshire but from 1954 to 1957 was a pupil at the grammar school Leamington College for Boys, where he played chess. He graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Birmingham in 1961, and received his PhD from the University of Delaware in 1968. It was while living in the United States that he learned to write computer code. He obtained a position as a chemical engineer with Shell Oil, in California, but was dismissed.
Publishing
Osborne was a pioneer in the computer book field, founding a company in 1972 that specialized in easy-to-read computer manuals. By 1977, Osborne & Associates had 40 titles in its catalogue. In 1979, it was bought by McGraw-Hill and continued as an imprint of McGraw-Hill, "McGraw-Hill/Osborne". He also wrote several books. One of them, An Introduction To Microcomputers, sold 300,000 copies.
Computers
Osborne was known to frequent the Homebrew Computer Club's meetings around 1975. He created the first commercially available portable computer, the Osborne 1, released in April 1981. It weighed 24.5 pounds (12 kg), cost US$1795—just over half the cos
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