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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20shedding
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Disc shedding is the process by which photoreceptor cells in the retina are renewed. The disc formations in the outer segment of photoreceptors, which contain the photosensitive opsins, are completely renewed every ten days.
Photoreceptors
The retina contains two types of photoreceptor – rod cells and cone cells. There are about 6-7 million cones that mediate photopic vision, and they are concentrated in the macula at the center of the retina. There are about 120 million rods that are more sensitive than the cones and therefore mediate scotopic vision.
A vertebrate's photoreceptors are divided into three parts:
an outer segment that contains the photosensitive opsins
an inner segment that contains the cell's metabolic machinery (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria)
a synaptic terminal at which contacts with second-order neurons of the retina are made
Discs
The photosensitive outer segment consists of a series of discrete membranous discs .
While in the rod, these discs lack any direct connection to the surface membrane (with the exception of a few recently formed basal discs that remain in continuity with the surface), the cone's photosensitive membrane is continuous with the surface membrane. The outer segment (OS) discs are densely packed with rhodopsin for high-sensitivity light detection. These discs are completely replaced once every ten days and this continuous renewal continues throughout the lifetime of the sighted animal.
After the opsins are synthesized, they fuse to the plasma membrane, which then invaginates with discs budding off internally, forming the tightly packed stacks of outer segment discs. From translation of opsin to formation of the discs takes just a couple of hours.
Shedding
Disc shedding was first described by RW Young in 1967. Discs mature along with their distal migration; aged discs shed at the distal tip and are engulfed by the neighboring retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells for degradation.
One e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-crossing%20rate
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The zero-crossing rate (ZCR) is the rate at which a signal changes from positive to zero to negative or from negative to zero to positive. Its value has been widely used in both speech recognition and music information retrieval, being a key feature to classify percussive sounds.
ZCR is defined formally as
where is a signal of length and is an indicator function.
In some cases only the "positive-going" or "negative-going" crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings, since between a pair of adjacent positive zero-crossings there must be a single negative zero-crossing.
For monophonic tonal signals, the zero-crossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm. Zero crossing rates are also used for Voice activity detection (VAD), which determines whether human speech is present in an audio segment or not.
See also
Zero crossing
Digital signal processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20and%20evolution%20of%20the%20Solar%20System
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The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed.
This model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy, chemistry, geology, physics, and planetary science. Since the dawn of the Space Age in the 1950s and the discovery of exoplanets in the 1990s, the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations.
The Solar System has evolved considerably since its initial formation. Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets, while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later to have been captured by their planets. Still others, such as Earth's Moon, may be the result of giant collisions. Collisions between bodies have occurred continually up to the present day and have been central to the evolution of the Solar System. Beyond Neptune, many sub-planet sized objects formed. Several thousand trans-Neptunian objects have been observed. Unlike the planets, these trans-Neptunian objects mostly move on eccentric orbits, inclined to the plane of the planets. The positions of the planets might have shifted due to gravitational interactions. Planetary migration may have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution.
In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the distant future, the gravity of p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20binomial%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of successes (denoted ) occurs. For example, we can define rolling a 6 on a die as a success, and rolling any other number as a failure, and ask how many failure rolls will occur before we see the third success (). In such a case, the probability distribution of the number of failures that appear will be a negative binomial distribution.
An alternative formulation is to model the number of total trials (instead of the number of failures). In fact, for a specified (non-random) number of successes (r), the number of failures (n − r) are random because the total trials (n) are random. For example, we could use the negative binomial distribution to model the number of days n (random) a certain machine works (specified by r) before it breaks down.
The Pascal distribution (after Blaise Pascal) and Polya distribution (for George Pólya) are special cases of the negative binomial distribution. A convention among engineers, climatologists, and others is to use "negative binomial" or "Pascal" for the case of an integer-valued stopping-time parameter () and use "Polya" for the real-valued case.
For occurrences of associated discrete events, like tornado outbreaks, the Polya distributions can be used to give more accurate models than the Poisson distribution by allowing the mean and variance to be different, unlike the Poisson. The negative binomial distribution has a variance , with the distribution becoming identical to Poisson in the limit for a given mean (i.e. when the failures are increasingly rare). This can make the distribution a useful overdispersed alternative to the Poisson distribution, for example for a robust modification of Poisson regression. In epidemiology, it has been used to model disease transmi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor%20of%20apoptosis
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Inhibitors of apoptosis are a group of proteins that mainly act on the intrinsic pathway that block programmed cell death, which can frequently lead to cancer or other effects for the cell if mutated or improperly regulated. Many of these inhibitors act to block caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that play an integral role in apoptosis. Some of these inhibitors include the Bcl-2 family, viral inhibitor crmA, and IAP's.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly regulated process used by many multicellular organisms. Like any regulated process, apoptosis is subject to either activation or inhibition by a variety of chemical factors. Apoptosis can be triggered through two main pathways; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The extrinsic pathway mostly involves extracellular signals triggering intracellular apoptosis mechanisms by binding to receptors in the cell membrane and sending signals from the outside of the cell. Intrinsic pathways involved internal cell signaling primarily through the mitochondria.
Bcl-2 family
The Bcl-2 family of proteins can either inhibit or promote apoptosis and members are characterized by the Bcl-2 homologous domains BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4. The combinations of the domains in the proteins determine its role in the apoptosis process. Members of the family that inhibit apoptosis include Bcl-2 itself, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w, which possess all four of the domains. Bcl-2 is the most well known of the anti-apoptotic members, and is classified as an oncogene. Studies have shown that the Bcl-2 oncogene may inhibit apoptosis in two ways; either by directly controlling the activation of caspases, or by disrupting the channels that allow proapoptotic factors from leaving the mitochondria.
Activity in the cell
Regarding the activation of caspases, there exists a gene called ced-9 in C. elegans that protects against cell death that is a part of the Bcl-2 family. ced-9 encodes a protein that is structurally similar to Bcl-2 that binds to anot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent%20nerve%20fiber
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Afferent nerve fibers are axons (nerve fibers) of sensory neurons that carry sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Many afferent projections arrive at a particular brain region.
In the peripheral nervous system afferent nerve fibers are part of the sensory nervous system and arise from outside of the central nervous system. Sensory and mixed nerves contain afferent fibers.
Structure
Afferent neurons are pseudounipolar neurons that have a single process leaving the cell body dividing into two branches: the long one towards the sensory organ, and the short one toward the central nervous system (e.g. spinal cord).
These cells do have sensory afferent dendrites, similar to those typically inherent in neurons.
They have a smooth and rounded cell body located in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.
Just outside the spinal cord, thousands of afferent neuronal cell bodies are aggregated in a swelling in the dorsal root known as the dorsal root ganglion.
All of the axons in the dorsal root, which contains afferent nerve fibers, are used in the transduction of somatosensory information. Somatosensory receptors include senses such as pain, touch, temperature, itch, and stretch. For example, a specific muscle fiber called an intrafusal muscle fiber is a type of afferent neuron that lies parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers thus functions as a stretch receptor by detecting muscle length.
All of these sensations travel along the same general pathways towards the brain. One pathwaydorsal column–medial lemniscus pathwaybegins with sensation from the periphery being sent via afferent nerve fiber of the dorsal root ganglion (first order neuron) through the spinal cord to the dorsal column nuclei (second order neuron) in the brainstem. The second order neuron's projection decussates at the medulla through medial lemniscus to the third order neurons in the thalamus. The third order neuron's axon terminates at the primary somatos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Weierstrass%20theorem
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In transcendental number theory, the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem is a result that is very useful in establishing the transcendence of numbers. It states the following:
In other words, the extension field has transcendence degree over .
An equivalent formulation , is the following: This equivalence transforms a linear relation over the algebraic numbers into an algebraic relation over by using the fact that a symmetric polynomial whose arguments are all conjugates of one another gives a rational number.
The theorem is named for Ferdinand von Lindemann and Karl Weierstrass. Lindemann proved in 1882 that is transcendental for every non-zero algebraic number thereby establishing that is transcendental (see below). Weierstrass proved the above more general statement in 1885.
The theorem, along with the Gelfond–Schneider theorem, is extended by Baker's theorem, and all of these would be further generalized by Schanuel's conjecture.
Naming convention
The theorem is also known variously as the Hermite–Lindemann theorem and the Hermite–Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. Charles Hermite first proved the simpler theorem where the exponents are required to be rational integers and linear independence is only assured over the rational integers, a result sometimes referred to as Hermite's theorem. Although that appears to be a special case of the above theorem, the general result can be reduced to this simpler case. Lindemann was the first to allow algebraic numbers into Hermite's work in 1882. Shortly afterwards Weierstrass obtained the full result, and further simplifications have been made by several mathematicians, most notably by David Hilbert and Paul Gordan.
Transcendence of and
The transcendence of and are direct corollaries of this theorem.
Suppose is a non-zero algebraic number; then is a linearly independent set over the rationals, and therefore by the first formulation of the theorem is an algebraically independent set; or in other words is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20power%20conversion
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In all fields of electrical engineering, power conversion is the process of converting electric energy from one form to another. A power converter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device for converting electrical energy. A power converter can convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) and vice versa; change the voltage or frequency of the current or do some combination of these. The power converter can be as simple as a transformer or it can be a far more complex system, such as a resonant converter. The term can also refer to a class of electrical machinery that is used to convert one frequency of alternating current into another. Power conversion systems often incorporate redundancy and voltage regulation.
Power converters are classified based on the type of power conversion they do. One way of classifying power conversion systems is according to whether the input and output are alternating current or direct current. Finally, the task of all power converters is to "process and control the flow of electrical energy by supplying voltages and currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads".
DC power conversion
DC to DC
The following devices can convert DC to DC:
Linear regulator
Voltage regulator
Motor–generator
Rotary converter
Switched-mode power supply
DC to AC
The following devices can convert DC to AC:
Power inverter
Motor–generator
Rotary converter
Switched-mode power supply
Chopper (electronics)
AC power conversion
AC to DC
The following devices can convert AC to DC:
Rectifier
Mains power supply unit (PSU)
Motor–generator
Rotary converter
Switched-mode power supply
AC to AC
The following devices can convert AC to AC:
Transformer or autotransformer
Voltage converter
Voltage regulator
Cycloconverter
Variable-frequency transformer
Motor–generator
Rotary converter
Switched-mode power supply
Other systems
There are also devices and methods to convert between power systems designed for single and three-phase operation.
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass%20partitioning
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Biomass partitioning is the process by which plants divide their energy among their leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive parts. These four main components of the plant have important morphological roles: leaves take in CO2 and energy from the sun to create carbon compounds, stems grow above competitors to reach sunlight, roots absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil while anchoring the plant, and reproductive parts facilitate the continuation of species. Plants partition biomass in response to limits or excesses in resources like sunlight, carbon dioxide, mineral nutrients, and water and growth is regulated by a constant balance between the partitioning of biomass between plant parts. An equilibrium between root and shoot growth occurs because roots need carbon compounds from photosynthesis in the shoot and shoots need nitrogen absorbed from the soil by roots. Allocation of biomass is put towards the limit to growth; a limit below ground will focus biomass to the roots and a limit above ground will favor more growth in the shoot.
Plants photosynthesize to create carbon compounds for growth and energy storage. Sugars created through photosynthesis are then transported by phloem using the pressure flow system and are used for growth or stored for later use. Biomass partitioning causes this sugar to be divided in a way that maximizes growth, provides the most fitness, and allows for successful reproduction. Plant hormones play a large part in biomass partitioning since they affect differentiation and growth of cells and tissues by changing the expression of genes and altering morphology. By responding to environmental stimuli and partitioning biomass accordingly, plants are better able to take in resources from their environmental and maximize growth.
Abiotic Factors of Partitioning
It is important for plants to be able to balance their absorption and utilization of available resources and they adjust their growth in order to acquire more of the scarce, g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfactorial
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In mathematics, and more specifically number theory, the hyperfactorial of a positive integer is the product of the numbers of the form from to
Definition
The hyperfactorial of a positive integer is the product of the numbers . That is,
Following the usual convention for the empty product, the hyperfactorial of 0 is 1. The sequence of hyperfactorials, beginning with , is:
Interpolation and approximation
The hyperfactorials were studied beginning in the 19th century by Hermann Kinkelin and James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. As Kinkelin showed, just as the factorials can be continuously interpolated by the gamma function, the hyperfactorials can be continuously interpolated by the K-function.
Glaisher provided an asymptotic formula for the hyperfactorials, analogous to Stirling's formula for the factorials:
where is the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant.
Other properties
According to an analogue of Wilson's theorem on the behavior of factorials modulo prime numbers, when is an odd prime number
where is the notation for the double factorial.
The hyperfactorials give the sequence of discriminants of Hermite polynomials in their probabilistic formulation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NE612
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The NE612 is an integrated circuit for processing of signals, such as in the transmission of radio signals. It comprises an oscillator and a mixer.
It can handle signal frequencies up to 500 MHz and local oscillator frequencies up to 200 MHz. The
mixer is a “Gilbert cell” multiplier configuration which provides both a gain of 14 dB and a noise figure of at 45 MHz. The IC belongs to a family of the following ICs: NE602, SA602, NE612 and SA612. It is widely used in amateur radio applications, e.g. in the commercial Elecraft products, and others.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes%20the%20shepherd
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Magnes the shepherd, sometimes described as Magnes the shepherd boy, is a mythological figure, possibly based on a real person, who was cited by Pliny the Elder as discovering natural magnetism. His name, "Magnes", the Latin word for magnetite, has been attributed as the origin of the Latin root that has passed into English, giving its speakers the words magnet, magnetism, the mentioned ore, and related formulations. Other authorities have attributed the word origin to other sources.
As set out in Pliny's Naturalis Historia ("Natural History"), an early encyclopedia published c. 77 CE – c. 79 CE, and as translated from the Latin in Robert Jacobus Forbes' Studies in Ancient Technology, Pliny wrote the following (attributing the source of his information, in turn, to Nicander of Colophon):
Nicander is our authority that it [magnetite ore] was called Magnes from the man who first discovered it on Mount Ida and he is said to have found it when the nails of his shoes and the ferrule of his staff adhered to it, as he was pasturing his herds.
The passage appears at Book XXXVI of Naturalis Historia, covering "The Natural History of Stones", at chapter 25 entitled "The Magnet: Three Remedies". Although Pliny's description is often cited, the story of Magnes the shepherd is postulated by physicist Gillian Turner to be much older, dating from approximately 900 BCE.
Any writings Nicander may have made on the subject have since been lost.
Written in approximately 600 CE, book XVI of Etymologiae by Isidore of Seville tells the same story as Pliny, but places Magnes in India. This is repeated in Vincent of Beauvais' Miroir du Monde (c. 1250 CE) and in Thomas Nicols' 1652 work, Lapidary, or, the History of Pretious Stones, wherein he describes Magnes as a "shepherd of India, who was wont to keep his flocks about those mountains in India, where there was an abundance of lodestones".
Following from Pliny's account, the shepherd's name has been often cited as giving rise to the La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum%20cycle
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Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the lithosphere at 82,000 ppm. It occurs in low levels, 0.9 ppm, in humans. Aluminum is known to be an ecotoxicant and expected to be a health risk to people. Global primary production (GPP) of aluminum was about 52 million tons in 2013 and remains one of the world's most important metals. It is used for infrastructure, vehicles, aviation, energy and more due to its lightweight, ductility, and cheap cost. Aluminum is harvested from gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore which make up bauxite. The aluminum cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which aluminum is moved through the environment by natural and anthropogenic processes. The biogeochemical cycle of aluminum is integral with silicon and phosphorus. For example, phosphates store aluminum that has been sedimented and aluminum is found in diatoms (made of silica). Aluminum has been found to prevent growth in organisms by making phosphates less available. The humans/lithosphere ratio (B/L) is very low at 0.000011. This level shows that aluminum is more essential in the lithospheric cycle than in the biotic cycle.
Natural fluxes
Lithospheric cycle
Aluminum makes up 8% of the Earth’s crust. The majority of aluminum cycling takes place in the lithosphere via sedimentary processes, with 99.999% of aluminum cycled within the lithosphere in the form of primary and secondary minerals as well as colloidal phases. Primary aluminum-rich minerals, such as feldspars, in the Earth's crust are weathered to clay-like materials such as kaolinite. Feldspars are formed when magma cools within Earth’s crust and are weathered away from the parent material. The secondary mineral, kaolinite, forms from carbonic acid weathering. Other secondary minerals include hydroxyaluminosilicates and aluminum hydroxide which are insoluble. They adsorb on mineral and organic surfaces. Clays generally have low solubility and are eventually returned to crust through sedimentation and subduction. Aluminum is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calm%20technology
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Calm technology or calm design is a type of information technology where the interaction between the technology and its user is designed to occur in the user's periphery rather than constantly at the center of attention. Information from the technology smoothly shifts to the user's attention when needed but otherwise stays calmly in the user's periphery. Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown describe calm technology as "that which informs but doesn't demand our focus or attention."
The use of calm technology is paired with ubiquitous computing as a way to minimize the perceptible invasiveness of computers in everyday life.
Principles
For a technology to be considered calm technology, there are three core principles it should adhere to:
The user's attention to the technology must reside mainly in the periphery. This means that either the technology can easily shift between the center of attention and the periphery or that much of the information conveyed by the technology is present in the periphery rather than the center.
The technology increases a user's use of his or her periphery. This creates a pleasant user experience by not overburdening the user with information.
The technology relays a sense of familiarity to the user and allows awareness of the user's surroundings in the past, present, and future.
History
The phrase "calm technology" was first published in the article "Designing Calm Technology", written by Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown in 1995. The concept had developed amongst researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in addition to the concept of ubiquitous computing.
Weiser introduced the concept of calm technology by using the example of LiveWire or "Dangling String". It is an string connected to the mounted small electric motor in the ceiling. The motor is connected to a nearby Ethernet cable. When a bit of information flows through that Ethernet cable, it causes a twitch of the motor. The more the information flows, the motor runs f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporocarp%20%28ferns%29
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A sporocarp is a specialised type of structure in the aquatic ferns of the order Salviniales whose primary function is the production and release of spores.
Sporocarps are found only in the Salviniales, a group that is aquatic and heterosporous, but the structures are very different in the two families of the order. In the Salviniaceae family, the sporocarp is nothing more than a modified sorus, a single cluster of spore-producing tissues enclosed by a thin sphere of tissue and attached to the leaves. In the Marsileaceae (water-clover) family, the sporocarp is a more elaborate structure formed from an entire leaf whose development and form is greatly modified. These are hairy, short-stalked, bean-shaped structures (usually 3 to 8 mm in diameter) with a hardened outer covering. This outer covering is tough and resistant to drying out, allowing the spores inside to survive unfavorable conditions such as winter frost or summer desiccation. Despite this toughness, the sporocarps will open readily in water if conditions are favorable, and specimens have been successfully germinated after being stored for more than forty years. Each growing season, only one sporocarp develops per node along the rhizome near the base of the other leaf-stalks.
The sporocarps are functionally and developmentally modified leaves, although they have much shorter stalks than the vegetative leaves. Inside the sporocarp, the modified leaflets bear several sori, each of which consists of several sporangia covered by a thin hood of tissue (the indusium). Each sorus includes a mix of two types of sporangium, each type producing only one of two kinds of spores. Toward the center of each sorus and developing first are the megasporangia, each of which will produce a single large female megaspore. Surrounding them at the edge of the sorus and developing later are the microsporangia, each of which will produce many small male microspores.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20codec
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A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.
The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format. The compression is typically lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.
There are complex relationships between the video quality, the amount of data used to represent the video (determined by the bit rate), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, sensitivity to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, and end-to-end delay (latency).
History
Historically, video was stored as an analog signal on magnetic tape. Around the time when the compact disc entered the market as a digital-format replacement for analog audio, it became feasible to also store and convey video in digital form. Because of the large amount of storage and bandwidth needed to record and convey raw video, a method was needed to reduce the amount of data used to represent the raw video. Since then, engineers and mathematicians have developed a number of solutions for achieving this goal that involve compressing the digital video data.
In 1974, discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression was introduced by Nasir Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao. During the late 1980s, a number of companies began experimenting with DCT lossy compression for video coding, leading to the development of the H.261 standard. H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and was developed by a number of companies, including Hitachi, PictureTel, NTT, BT, and Toshiba, among others. Since H.2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20%28topology%29
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In mathematics, a loop in a topological space is a continuous function from the unit interval to such that In other words, it is a path whose initial point is equal to its terminal point.
A loop may also be seen as a continuous map from the pointed unit circle into , because may be regarded as a quotient of under the identification of 0 with 1.
The set of all loops in forms a space called the loop space of .
See also
Free loop
Loop group
Loop space
Loop algebra
Fundamental group
Quasigroup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards%20Heuer
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Richards "Dick" J. Heuer, Jr. (July 15, 1927 – August 21, 2018) was a CIA veteran of 45 years and most known for his work on analysis of competing hypotheses and his book, Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. The former provides a methodology for overcoming intelligence biases while the latter outlines how mental models and natural biases impede clear thinking and analysis. Throughout his career, he worked in collection operations, counterintelligence, intelligence analysis and personnel security. In 2010 he co-authored a book with Randolph (Randy) H. Pherson titled Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis.
Background
Richards Heuer graduated in 1950 from Williams College with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy. One year later, while a graduate student at the University of California in Berkeley, future CIA Director Richard Helms recruited Heuer to work at the Central Intelligence Agency. Helms, also a graduate of Williams College, was looking for recent graduates to hire at CIA. Heuer spent the next 24 years working with the Directorate of Operations before switching to the Directorate of Intelligence in 1975. His interest in intelligence analysis and "how we know" was rekindled by the case of Yuri Nosenko and his studies in social science methodology while a master's student at the University of Southern California. Richards Heuer is well known for his analysis of the extremely controversial and disruptive case of Soviet KGB defector Yuri Nosenko, who was first judged to be part of a "master plot" for penetration of CIA but was later officially accepted as a legitimate defector. Heuer worked within the DI for four years, eventually retiring in 1979 after 28 years of service as the head of the methodology unit for the political analysis office. (Though retired from the DI in 1979, Heuer continued to work as a contractor on various projects until 1995.) He eventually received an M.A. in international relations from the University of Southern Californi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick%20shaker
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A stick shaker is a mechanical device designed to rapidly and noisily vibrate the control yoke (the "stick") of an aircraft, warning the flight crew that an imminent aerodynamic stall has been detected. It is typically present on the majority of large civil jet aircraft, as well as most large military planes.
The stick shaker comprises a key component of an aircraft's stall protection system. Accidents, such as the 1963 BAC One-Eleven test crash, were attributable to aerodynamic stalls and motivated aviation regulatory bodies to establish requirements for certain aircraft to be outfitted with stall protection measures, such as the stick shaker and stick pusher, to reduce such occurrences. While the stick shaker has become relatively prevalent amongst airliners and large transport aircraft, such devices are not infallible and require flight crews to be appropriately trained on their functionality and how to respond to their activation. Several instances of aircraft entering stalls have occurred even with properly functioning stick shakers, largely due to pilots reacting improperly.
History
Stick shakers were being developed as early as 1949.
During 1963, a BAC One-Eleven airliner was lost after having crashed during a stall test. The pilots pushed the T-tailed plane past the limits of stall recovery and entered a deep stall state, in which the disturbed air from the stalled wing had rendered the elevator ineffective, directly leading to a loss of control and crash. As a consequence of the crash, a combined stick shaker/pusher system was installed in all production BAC One-Eleven airliners. A wider consequence of the incident was the instatement of a new requirement related to the pilot's ability to identify and overcome stall conditions; a design of Transport category aircraft that fails to comply with the specifics of this requirement may be acceptable if the aircraft is equipped with a stick pusher.
Following the crash of American Airlines Flight 191 on 25 May
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak%20Photo%20Spot
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A Kodak Photo Spot (also called Kodak Picture Spot or Kodak Photo Point) is a location with a Kodak-sponsored sign indicating a recommended spot from which to take a photograph. They are found in areas popular with tourists, and are particularly common in Disney theme parks. This was until 2012, when the Kodak company filed for bankruptcy, and ended their sponsorship as the camera and film supplier for Disney Parks. In 2013, Nikon became the official sponsor of camera supplies in Disney Parks in the US, and the Kodak Photo Spots were re-branded as Nikon Photo Spots.
One such sign reads, "This location recommended by top photographers to help you tell the story of your visit in pictures."
In a project for the Center for Land Use Interpretation, artists Melinda Stone and Igor Vamos installed "Suggested Photo Spots" signs at various locations across the United States; one of their spots included the wastewater treatment facility for Eastman Kodak's headquarters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic%20disease
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An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin. From Greek ἴδιος idios "one's own" and πάθος pathos "suffering", idiopathy means approximately "a disease of its own kind". For some medical conditions, one or more causes are somewhat understood, but in a certain percentage of people with the condition, the cause may not be readily apparent or characterized. In these cases, the origin of the condition is said to be idiopathic. With some other medical conditions, the root cause for a large percentage of all cases have not been established—for example, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or ankylosing spondylitis; the majority of these cases are deemed idiopathic. Certain medical conditions, when idiopathic, notably some forms of epilepsy, and stroke are preferentially described by the synonymous term of cryptogenic.
Medical advances and this term
Advances in medical science improve the understanding of causes of diseases and the classification of diseases; thus, regarding any particular condition or disease, as more root causes are discovered and as events that seemed spontaneous have their origins revealed, the percentage of cases designated as idiopathic decreases.
Usage of synonyms
The word essential is sometimes synonymous with idiopathic (as in essential hypertension, essential thrombocythemia, and essential tremor) and the same is true of primary (as in primary biliary cholangitis, or primary amenorrhea), with the latter term being used in such cases to contrast with secondary in the sense of "secondary to [i.e., caused by] some other condition." Another, less common synonym is agnogenic (agno-, "unknown" + -gen, "cause" + -ic).
The word cryptogenic (crypto-, "hidden" + -gen, "cause" + -ic) has a sense that is synonymous with idiopathic and a sense that is contradistinguished from it. Some disease classifications prefer the use of the synonymous term cryptogenic disease as in cryptogenic stroke, and crypt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic%20poisoning
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Arsenic poisoning (or arsenicosis) is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of arsenic in the body. If arsenic poisoning occurs over a brief period of time, symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, and watery diarrhea that contains blood. Long-term exposure can result in thickening of the skin, darker skin, abdominal pain, diarrhea, heart disease, numbness, and cancer.
The most common reason for long-term exposure is contaminated drinking water. Groundwater most often becomes contaminated naturally; however, contamination may also occur from mining or agriculture. It may also be found in the soil and air. Recommended levels in water are less than 10–50 µg/L (10–50 parts per billion). Other routes of exposure include toxic waste sites and pseudo-medicine. Most cases of poisoning are accidental. Arsenic acts by changing the functioning of around 200 enzymes. Diagnosis is by testing the urine, blood, or hair.
Prevention is by using water that does not contain high levels of arsenic. This may be achieved by the use of special filters or using rainwater. There is not good evidence to support specific treatments for long-term poisoning. For acute poisonings treating dehydration is important. Dimercaptosuccinic acid or dimercaptopropane sulfonate may be used while dimercaprol (BAL) is not recommended. Hemodialysis may also be used.
Through drinking water, more than 200 million people globally are exposed to higher-than-safe levels of arsenic. The areas most affected are Bangladesh and West Bengal. Exposure is also more common in people of low income and minorities. Acute poisoning is uncommon. The toxicity of arsenic has been described as far back as 1500 BC in the Ebers papyrus.
Signs and symptoms
Ingesting large amounts of arsenic can cause symptoms similar to food poisoning, with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea starting within hours. Bloody diarrhea can cause severe fluid loss, resuling in hypovolemic shock. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capecitabine
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Capecitabine, sold under the brand name Xeloda among others, is a anticancer medication used to treat breast cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. For breast cancer it is often used together with docetaxel. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and rashes. Other severe side effects include blood clotting problems, allergic reactions, heart problems such as cardiomyopathy, and low blood cell counts. Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the fetus. Capecitabine, inside the body, is converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) through which it acts. It belongs to the class of medications known as fluoropyrimidines, which also includes 5-FU and tegafur.
Capecitabine was patented in 1992 and approved for medical use in 1998. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Medical uses
Capecitabine is indicated for
adjuvant treatment of people with Stage III colon cancer as a single agent or as a component of a combination chemotherapy regimen;
perioperative treatment of adults with locally advanced rectal cancer as a component of chemoradiotherapy;
treatment of people with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer as a single agent or as a component of a combination chemotherapy regimen;
treatment of people with advanced or metastatic breast cancer as a single agent if an anthracycline- or taxane-containing chemotherapy is not indicated;
treatment of people with advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with docetaxel after disease progression on prior anthracycline-containing chemotherapy;
treatment of adults with unresectable or metastatic gastric, esophageal, or gastroesophageal junction cancer as a component of a combination chemotherapy regimen;
treatment of adults with HER2-overexpressing metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma who have not received prior treatment for metastatic disease as a component of a combination regimen;
adjuvant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owney%20%28dog%29
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Owney (ca. 1887 – June 11, 1897), was a terrier mix adopted in the United States as a postal mascot by the Albany, New York, post office about 1888. The Albany mail professionals recommended the dog to their Railway Mail Service colleagues, and he became a nationwide mascot for nine years (1888–1897). He traveled over 140,000 miles throughout the 48 contiguous United States and around the world as a mascot of the Railway Post Office and the United States Postal Service. He was the subject of commemorative activities, including a 2011 U.S. postage stamp.
Story
Unofficial mascot
Owney belonged to a clerk at the Albany post office who would often come with him to work. Owney seemed to love the smell of the mail bags and would sleep on the bags. The clerk quit the Albany post office but knew that Owney was happier at the post office with the mail bags.
Owney usually slept on the mail bags, and when they were moved, Owney went with them. He was considered to be good luck by postal railway clerks, since no train he rode on was ever in a wreck. He was a welcome addition in any railway post office; he was a faithful guardian of railway mail and the bags it was carried in, and would not allow anyone other than mail clerks to touch the bags.
This was an important duty and Owney was well-situated for it, as the Albany train station was a key division point on the New York Central railroad system, one of the two largest railroads in the U.S. at that time. Mail trains from Albany rolled eastward to Boston, south to New York City, and westward to Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, and points further west. As a contemporary book recounted: "The terrier 'Owney' travels from one end of the country to the other in the postal cars, tagged through, petted, talked to, looked out for, as a brother, almost. But sometimes, no matter what the attention, he suddenly departs for the south, the east, or the west, and is not seen again for months." In 1893 he was feared dead after having
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5test
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HTML5test is a web application for evaluating a web browser's accuracy in implementing the web standards HTML5 and Web SQL Database (developed by the World Wide Web Consortium), as well as the WebGL standard (developed by the Mozilla Foundation and the Khronos Group).
The test suite was developed by Dutch web programmer Niels Leenheer, and published in March 2010. To test a web browser, the user must visit the home page of the website which is located at html5test.com. The application returns an integer score out of a possible 555 points. The point total has changed multiple times through the evolution of the software; Leenheer introduced the present scoring system as part of a major redesign of the test introduced in November 2013.
HTML5test evaluates the browser's support for Web storage, the W3C Geolocation API, HTML5-specific HTML elements (including the canvas element), and other features. It does not evaluate a browser's conformance to other web standards, such as Cascading Style Sheets, ECMAScript, Scalable Vector Graphics, or the Document Object Model. Conformance testing for those standards is within the purview of Acid3, an automated test published by Ian Hickson in 2008. Similarly, Acid3 does not evaluate a browser's HTML5 conformance. The test scope of HTML5test and the test scope of Acid3 are mutually exclusive.
As of July 2020, the maximum score is 555 and Google Chrome scores 535, Microsoft Edge 84 scores 532, Falkon 3.1.0 scores 528, Opera 45 scores 518, Mozilla Firefox 112 scores 515, GNOME Web 3.36 scores 432 and Internet Explorer 11 scores 312.
See also
Acid1
Acid2
Acid3
XHTML
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteaceae
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In taxonomy, the Thermoproteaceae are a family of the Thermoproteales.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
See also
List of Archaea genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20channel
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In quantum information theory, a quantum channel is a communication channel which can transmit quantum information, as well as classical information. An example of quantum information is the state of a qubit. An example of classical information is a text document transmitted over the Internet.
More formally, quantum channels are completely positive (CP) trace-preserving maps between spaces of operators. In other words, a quantum channel is just a quantum operation viewed not merely as the reduced dynamics of a system but as a pipeline intended to carry quantum information. (Some authors use the term "quantum operation" to also include trace-decreasing maps while reserving "quantum channel" for strictly trace-preserving maps.)
Memoryless quantum channel
We will assume for the moment that all state spaces of the systems considered, classical or quantum, are finite-dimensional.
The memoryless in the section title carries the same meaning as in classical information theory: the output of a channel at a given time depends only upon the corresponding input and not any previous ones.
Schrödinger picture
Consider quantum channels that transmit only quantum information. This is precisely a quantum operation, whose properties we now summarize.
Let and be the state spaces (finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces) of the sending and receiving ends, respectively, of a channel. will denote the family of operators on In the Schrödinger picture, a purely quantum channel is a map between density matrices acting on and with the following properties:
As required by postulates of quantum mechanics, needs to be linear.
Since density matrices are positive, must preserve the cone of positive elements. In other words, is a positive map.
If an ancilla of arbitrary finite dimension n is coupled to the system, then the induced map where In is the identity map on the ancilla, must also be positive. Therefore, it is required that is positive for all n. Such maps are calle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%20Hope
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was a meat processing and wholesaling company headquartered in Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan. It went bankrupt in 2007 after several scandals of fraudulently labeling foodstuffs, including a ground beef fraud scandal.
The fraud came to light after a former executive felt called upon to become a whistleblower. This led to the opening of Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency on September 1, 2009, a month ahead of schedule.
Summary
Meat Hope was established in 1976 by Minoru Tanaka. When Mr. Tanaka, who originally worked for a different meat provider, founded his company, he originally focused on the production and supplying of meat products. In January 2006, they had about 100 employees and about 500 employees if including associated companies.
After graduating from junior high school, Mr. Tanaka worked his way up the corporate ladder. In doing so, he helped expand the business and grow the company. With Mr. Tanaka as the president and supported by his sons as executives and presidents of associated companies, the company was a typical family business (See also #Associated Companies).
Also, in April 2006, a year before the ground beef fraud scandal, Mr. Tanaka was awarded the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Commendation for Innovation (he later returned the commendation). He was awarded for the development of "a processor that could uniformly mix the red meat and fat in ground beef."
However, after getting the commendation and while the fraud was being conducted, .
Mr. Tanaka did research on meat himself and from within the company was said to be a "genius" who knew a lot about meat. However, the reality was that in order to bring the costs down on the so-called "product development", they would mix in food additives along with other inexpensive products such as cow and pig innards, and discarded meats. The plan was to make ground meat look good through artificial means (more details in the next section).
On June 6, 2007, the scandal ov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Jueves
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(Spanish for "Thursday") is a Spanish weekly satirical magazine based in Barcelona.
Throughout most of its life, El Jueves'''s masthead has featured the tagline "" ("the magazine that comes out on Wednesdays"). Its mascot is a nameless jester, known simply as "el bufón", who is always fully naked, except for his bell-bearing hat.
HistoryEl Jueves debuted on 27 May 1977, at a time when satirical magazines were highly popular in Spain despite the scant freedom of the press. Its founder, Josep Ilario, creator of other humor magazines such as Barrabás and Por favor, wished El Jueves to be an adult version of Bruguera's model of children's magazines, made of character-focused comic strips lampooning stereotypes of contemporary Spanish society. El Jueves was inspired from La Codorniz.
Its first editors, cartoonists Tom, Romeu and J. L. Martín, drew inspiration from French magazines such as Hara-Kiri and Charlie Hebdo, which they admired for their extremely irreverent tone. Its first director was journalist José Luis Erviti. Among the contributors in the first issue was Joaquim Aubert "Kim", whose comic strip "Martínez El Facha" (an archetypal Spanish Falange militant and Franco nostalgic) had the longest run in the history of the magazine, appearing without interruption for 1,972 weeks.
Some other of its earliest and most emblematic contributors were Óscar Nebreda, Ventura y Nieto, Gin, Mariel, and Ramón Tosas Ivà, whose most successful comic-strip, starring the street-wise delinquent "Makinavaja", has been adapted into a play, two feature films, and a television series.
The magazine was acquired by publishing group Grupo Zeta in October 1977. In 1982 Grupo Zeta sold El Jueves to its directors J. L. Martín, Óscar Nebreda and Gin, who went on to incorporate Ediciones El Jueves. Throughout the 80s, 90s and early 2000s, their company grew vastly and published several other magazines with a spin-off spirit, such as Puta Mili and Mister K. It also expanded into film and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20C90
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The Cray C90 series (initially named the Y-MP C90) was a vector processor supercomputer launched by Cray Research in 1991. The C90 was a development of the Cray Y-MP architecture. Compared to the Y-MP, the C90 processor had a dual vector pipeline and a faster 4.1 ns clock cycle (244 MHz), which together gave three times the performance of the Y-MP processor. The maximum number of processors in a system was also doubled from eight to 16. The C90 series used the same Model E IOS (Input/Output Subsystem) and UNICOS operating system as the earlier Y-MP Model E.
The C90 series included the C94, C98 and C916 models (configurations with a maximum of four, eight, and 16 processor respectively) and the C92A and C94A (air-cooled models). Maximum SRAM memory was between 1 and 8 GB, depending on model.
The D92, D92A, D94 and D98 (also known as the C92D, C92AD, C94D and C98D respectively) variants were equipped with slower, but higher-density DRAM memory, allowing increased maximum memory sizes of up to 16 GB, depending on the model.
The successor system was the Cray T90.
External links
Cray Research and Cray computers FAQ Part 5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty%20plasma
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A dusty plasma is a plasma containing micrometer (10−6) to nanometer (10−9) sized particles suspended in it. Dust particles are charged and the plasma and particles behave as a plasma. Dust particles may form larger particles resulting in "grain plasmas". Due to the additional complexity of studying plasmas with charged dust particles, dusty plasmas are also known as complex plasmas.
Dusty plasmas are encountered in:
Space plasmas
The mesosphere of the Earth
Specifically designed laboratory experiments
Dusty plasmas are interesting because the presence of particles significantly alters the charged particle equilibrium leading to different phenomena. It is a field of current research. Electrostatic coupling between the grains can vary over a wide range so that the states of the dusty plasma can change from weakly coupled (gaseous) to crystalline. Such plasmas are of interest as a non-Hamiltonian system of interacting particles and as a means to study generic fundamental physics of self-organization, pattern formation, phase transitions, and scaling.
Characteristics
The temperature of dust in a plasma may be quite different from its environment. For example:
The electric potential of dust particles is typically 1–10 V (positive or negative). The potential is usually negative because the electrons are more mobile than the ions. The physics is essentially that of a Langmuir probe that draws no net current, including formation of a Debye sheath with a thickness of a few times the Debye length. If the electrons charging the dust grains are relativistic, then the dust may charge to several kilovolts. Field electron emission, which tends to reduce the negative potential, can be important due to the small size of the particles. The photoelectric effect and the impact of positive ions may actually result in a positive potential of the dust particles.
Dynamics
Interest in the dynamics of charged dust in plasmas was amplified by the detection of spokes in the rings of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20law%20of%20cache%20misses
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A power law is a mathematical relationship between two quantities in which one is directly proportional to some power of the other. The power law for cache misses was first established by C. K. Chow in his 1974 paper, supported by experimental data on hit ratios for stack processing by Richard Mattson in 1971. The power law of cache misses can be used to narrow down the cache sizes to practical ranges, given a tolerable miss rate, as one of the early steps while designing the cache hierarchy for a uniprocessor system.
The power law for cache misses can be stated as
where M is the miss rate for a cache of size C and M0 is the miss rate of a baseline cache. The exponent α is workload-specific and typically ranges from 0.3 to 0.7.
Caveats
The power law can only give an estimate of the miss rate only up to a certain value of cache size. A large enough cache eliminates capacity misses and increasing the cache size further will not reduce the miss rate any further, contrary to the power law's prediction.
The validity of the power law of cache misses also depends on the size of the working memory set in a given process and also on the temporal re-reference pattern of cache blocks in a process. If a process has a small working memory set relative to the cache size, capacity misses are unlikely and the power law does not hold.
Although conflict misses reduce as associativity increases, Hartstein et al. showed that the power law holds irrespective of set associativity.
Hartstein et al. plotted the number of cache block re-accesses versus their re-reference times for a large number of workloads and found that most also follow an exponential relationship.
where R(t) is the rate of re-referencing. It was found that the exponent β ranged between 1.7 and 1.3. Theoretically, it was proved that the power laws of cache re-reference and cache miss rate are related by the equation . This means that for workloads that do not follow the re-reference power law, the power law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyly
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In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal. It comes from the Greek word () = "finger".
Sometimes the ending "-dactylia" is used. The derived adjectives end with "-dactyl" or "-dactylous".
As a normal feature
Pentadactyly
Pentadactyly (from Greek "five") is the condition of having five digits on each limb. It is traditionally believed that all living tetrapods are descended from an ancestor with a pentadactyl limb, although many species have now lost or transformed some or all of their digits by the process of evolution. However, this viewpoint was challenged by Stephen Jay Gould in his 1991 essay "Eight (Or Fewer) Little Piggies", where he pointed out polydactyly in early tetrapods and described the specializations of digit reduction. Despite the individual variations listed below, the relationship is to the original five-digit model.
In reptiles, the limbs are pentadactylous.
Dogs and cats have tetradactylous paws but the dewclaw makes them pentadactyls.
Tetradactyly
Tetradactyly (from Greek "four") is the condition of having four digits on a limb, as in many birds, amphibians, and theropod dinosaurs.
Tridactyly
Tridactyly (from Greek "three") is the condition of having three digits on a limb, as in the rhinoceros and ancestors of the horse such as Protohippus and Hipparion. These all belong to the Perissodactyla. Some birds also have three toes, including emus, bustards, and quail.
Didactyly
Didactyly (from Greek "two") or bidactyly is the condition of having two digits on each limb, as in the Hypertragulidae and two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus. In humans this name is used for an abnormality in which the middle digits are missing, leaving only the thumb and fifth finger, or big and little toes. Cloven-hoofed mammals (such as deer, sheep and cattle – Artiodactyla) have only two digits, as do ostriches.
Monodactyly
Monodactyly (from Greek "one") is the co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexi
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Nexi S.p.A. formerly known as Istituto Centrale delle Banche Popolari Italiane S.p.A. (ICBPI) is an Italian bank that specialises in payment systems such as Nexi Payments (formerly known as CartaSi). The bank was specialised as a central institution of Italian Popular Bank. ().
History
Istituto Centrale delle Banche Popolari Italiane (ICBPI) was founded by Banca Popolare di Cremona, Intra, Lecco, Lodi, Luino e Varese and Verona in 1939.
In 2006, it acquired Key Client Cards & Solutions, a spin-off of Deutsche Bank. Since January 28, 2008, the Automated Clearing House – ACH Sepa Compliant with ICCREA Banca has been activated. In April 2008, it incorporated the Centralized Services Joint Stock Company – Seceti. On 15 September, 2008, in Vienna ICBPI signed an agreement with Equens SE for the establishment of the Equens Italia joint venture, which will carry out the Automated Clearing House activity in Italy as insourcer of ICBPI and ICCREA.
At the end of 2008, the process of acquiring the majority of S.I. Holding (which controls 100% CartaSi S.p.A., Si Servizi S.p.A., Si Call S.p.A., Carta Facile S.p.A, CartaSi Capital S.p.A. and SiRe Business Services LTD), concluding the acquisition, following the obtaining of the required authorizations from the Italian Competition Authority, in particular the Bank of Italy and the Antitrust Authority, in June 2009.
In September 2010, the formalization of an agreement for the purchase of the custodian bank business from Banca Carige was announced for 19.5 million euro. In November 2010, the acquisition of the custodian bank activity from Banca Sella was announced, which at the same time became a shareholder of ICBPI with a 0.96% stake. In November 2010, the ICBPI was condemned by the Antitrust to pay a fine of 490,000 euros for agreements restricting competition in relation to the credit card sector, which was subsequently suspended by the Lazio TAR.
In 2015, the bank was acquired by a consortium of Bain Capital, Advent Intern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoping%20series
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In mathematics, a telescoping series is a series whose general term is of the form , i.e. the difference of two consecutive terms of a sequence .
As a consequence the partial sums only consists of two terms of after cancellation. The cancellation technique, with part of each term cancelling with part of the next term, is known as the method of differences.
For example, the series
(the series of reciprocals of pronic numbers) simplifies as
An early statement of the formula for the sum or partial sums of a telescoping series can be found in a 1644 work by Evangelista Torricelli, De dimensione parabolae.
In general
Telescoping sums are finite sums in which pairs of consecutive terms cancel each other, leaving only the initial and final terms.
Let be a sequence of numbers. Then,
If
Telescoping products are finite products in which consecutive terms cancel denominator with numerator, leaving only the initial and final terms.
Let be a sequence of numbers. Then,
If
More examples
Many trigonometric functions also admit representation as a difference, which allows telescopic canceling between the consecutive terms.
Some sums of the form where f and g are polynomial functions whose quotient may be broken up into partial fractions, will fail to admit summation by this method. In particular, one has The problem is that the terms do not cancel.
Let k be a positive integer. Then where Hk is the kth harmonic number. All of the terms after cancel.
Let k,m with k m be positive integers. Then
An application in probability theory
In probability theory, a Poisson process is a stochastic process of which the simplest case involves "occurrences" at random times, the waiting time until the next occurrence having a memoryless exponential distribution, and the number of "occurrences" in any time interval having a Poisson distribution whose expected value is proportional to the length of the time interval. Let Xt be the number of "occurrences" before ti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler%20Communications%20System
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The Bowler Communications System is an open protocol developed by Neuron Robotics for simplified communications between components in cyber-physical systems.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20140527071007/http://neuronrobotics.github.io/Protocol/
Robotics
Computer-mediated communication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20knots%20and%20links
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This article contains a list of mathematical knots and links. See also list of knots, list of geometric topology topics.
Knots
Prime knots
01 knot/Unknot - a simple un-knotted closed loop
31 knot/Trefoil knot - (2,3)-torus knot, the two loose ends of a common overhand knot joined together
41 knot/Figure-eight knot (mathematics) - a prime knot with a crossing number four
51 knot/Cinquefoil knot, (5,2)-torus knot, Solomon's seal knot, pentafoil knot - a prime knot with crossing number five which can be arranged as a {5/2} star polygon (pentagram)
52 knot/Three-twist knot - the twist knot with three-half twists
61 knot/Stevedore knot (mathematics) - a prime knot with crossing number six, it can also be described as a twist knot with four twists
62 knot - a prime knot with crossing number six
63 knot - a prime knot with crossing number six
71 knot, septafoil knot, (7,2)-torus knot - a prime knot with crossing number seven, which can be arranged as a {7/2} star polygon (heptagram)
74 knot, "endless knot"
818 knot, "carrick mat"
10161/10162, known as the Perko pair; this was a single knot listed twice in Dale Rolfsen's knot table; the duplication was discovered by Kenneth Perko
12n242/(−2,3,7) pretzel knot
(p, q)-torus knot - a special kind of knot that lies on the surface of an unknotted torus in R3
Composite
Square knot (mathematics) - a composite knot obtained by taking the connected sum of a trefoil knot with its reflection
Granny knot (mathematics) - a composite knot obtained by taking the connected sum of two identical trefoil knots
Links
0 link/Unlink - equivalent under ambient isotopy to finitely many disjoint circles in the plane
2 link/Hopf link - the simplest nontrivial link with more than one component; it consists of two circles linked together exactly once (L2a1)
4 link/Solomon's knot (a two component "link" rather than a one component "knot") - a traditional decorative motif used since ancient times (L4a1)
5 link/Whitehead link - two projections of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20liking
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Drug liking is a measure of the pleasurable (hedonic) experience when a person consumes drugs. It is commonly used to study the misuse liability of drugs. Drug liking is often measured using unipolar and bipolar visual analogue scales (VAS), such as the Drug Liking VAS, the High VAS, the Take Drug Again (TDA) VAS, and the Overall Drug Liking (ODL) VAS. There is a dissociation of drug liking from drug wanting (unconscious attribution of incentive salience). Drugs that increase scores on drug-liking measures include amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA, opioids, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, barbiturates, alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine (limitedly), among others.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser%20Grammar%20Engine
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The Parser Grammar Engine (PGE, originally the Parrot Grammar Engine) is a compiler and runtime for Raku rules for the Parrot virtual machine. PGE uses these rules to convert a parsing expression grammar into Parrot bytecode. It is therefore compiling rules into a program, unlike most virtual machines and runtimes, which store regular expressions in a secondary internal format that is then interpreted at runtime by a regular expression engine. The rules format used by PGE can express any regular expression and most formal grammars, and as such it forms the first link in the compiler chain for all of Parrot's front-end languages.
When executed, the bytecode generated by PGE will parse text as described in the input rules, generating a parse tree. The parse tree can be manipulated directly, or fed into the next stage of the Parrot compiler toolchain in order to generate an AST from which code generation can occur (if the grammar describes a programming language).
History
Originally named P6GE and written in C, PGE was translated to native Parrot and renamed not long after its initial release in November 2004. Its author is Patrick R. Michaud. PGE was written in order to reduce the amount of work required to implement a compiler on top of Parrot. It was also written to allow Perl 6 to easily self-host, though current Pugs development no longer uses PGE as its primary rules back-end in favor of a native engine called PCR.
Internals
PGE combines three styles of parsing:
Raku rules
an operator precedence parser
custom parse subroutines
The primary form is Raku rules, so a PGE rule might look like this for an addition-only grammar:
rule term { <number> | \( <expr> \) }
rule number { \d+ }
rule expr { <term> ( '+' <term> )* }
The operator precedence parser allows an operator table to be built and used directly in a Perl 6 rule style parser like so:
rule expr is optable { ... }
rule term { <number> | \( <expr> \) }
rule number { \d+ }
proto term: is prece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation%20%28computer%20vision%29
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In computer vision, triangulation refers to the process of determining a point in 3D space given its projections onto two, or more, images. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to know the parameters of the camera projection function from 3D to 2D for the cameras involved, in the simplest case represented by the camera matrices. Triangulation is sometimes also referred to as reconstruction or intersection.
The triangulation problem is in principle trivial. Since each point in an image corresponds to a line in 3D space, all points on the line in 3D are projected to the point in the image. If a pair of corresponding points in two, or more images, can be found it must be the case that they are the projection of a common 3D point x. The set of lines generated by the image points must intersect at x (3D point) and the algebraic formulation of the coordinates of x (3D point) can be computed in a variety of ways, as is presented below.
In practice, however, the coordinates of image points cannot be measured with arbitrary accuracy. Instead, various types of noise, such as geometric noise from lens distortion or interest point detection error, lead to inaccuracies in the measured image coordinates. As a consequence, the lines generated by the corresponding image points do not always intersect in 3D space. The problem, then, is to find a 3D point which optimally fits the measured image points. In the literature there are multiple proposals for how to define optimality and how to find the optimal 3D point. Since they are based on different optimality criteria, the various methods produce different estimates of the 3D point x when noise is involved.
Introduction
In the following, it is assumed that triangulation is made on corresponding image points from two views generated by pinhole cameras. Generalization from these assumptions are discussed here.
The image to the left illustrates the epipolar geometry of a pair of stereo cameras of pinhole model.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20XT4
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The Cray XT4 (codenamed Hood during development) is an updated version of the Cray XT3 supercomputer. It was released on November 18, 2006. It includes an updated version of the SeaStar interconnect router called SeaStar2, processor sockets for Socket AM2 Opteron processors, and 240-pin unbuffered DDR2 memory. The XT4 also includes support for FPGA coprocessors that plug into riser cards in the Service and IO blades. The interconnect, cabinet, system software and programming environment remain unchanged from the Cray XT3. It was superseded in 2007 by the Cray XT5.
External links
News release regarding Hood
"Cray Introduces XMT and XT4 Supercomputers" on HPCwire
Cray XT4 at top500.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmine
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Redmine is a free and open source, web-based project management and issue tracking tool. It allows users to manage multiple projects and associated subprojects. It features per project wikis and forums, time tracking, and flexible, role-based access control. It includes a calendar and Gantt charts to aid visual representation of projects and their deadlines. Redmine integrates with various version control systems and includes a repository browser and diff viewer.
The design of Redmine is significantly influenced by Trac, a software package with some similar features.
Redmine is written using the Ruby on Rails framework. It is cross-platform and cross-database and supports 49 languages.
Features
Redmine's features include the following:
Allows tracking of multiple projects
Supports flexible role-based access control
Includes an issue tracking system
Features a Gantt chart and calendar
Integrates News, documents and files management
Allows Web feeds and e-mail notifications.
Supports a per-project wiki and per-project forums
Allows simple time tracking
Includes custom fields for issues, time-entries, projects and users
Supports a range of SCM integration, including (SVN, CVS, Git, Mercurial, Bazaar and Darcs)
Supports multiple LDAP authentication
Allows user self-registration
Supports 49 languages
Allows multiple databases
Allows for plugins
Provides a REST API
Adoption
, there were more than 80 major Redmine installations worldwide. Among the users of Redmine is Ruby. In 2015, Redmine was the most popular open source project planning tool.
Forks
Following concerns with the way the feedback and patches from the Redmine community were being handled a group of Redmine developers created a fork of the project in February 2011. The fork was initially named Bluemine, but changed to ChiliProject. After the leader of the fork moved on from ChiliProject in 2012 and development and maintenance had been announced to shut down, the project was officially d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20Access%20Control%20System
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Distributed Access Control System (DACS) is a light-weight single sign-on and attribute-based access control system for web servers and server-based software. DACS is primarily used with Apache web servers to provide enhanced access control for web pages, CGI programs and servlets, and other web-based assets, and to federate
Apache servers.
Released under an open-source license, DACS provides a modular authentication framework that supports an array of common authentication methods and a rule-based authorization engine that can grant or deny access to resources, named by URLs, based on the identity of the requestor and other contextual information. Administrators can configure DACS to identify users by employing authentication methods and user accounts already available within their organization. The resulting DACS identities are recognized at all DACS jurisdictions that have been federated.
In addition to simple web-based APIs, command-line interfaces are also provided to much of the functionality.
Most web-based APIs can return XML or JSON documents.
Development of DACS began in 2001, with the first open source release made available in 2005.
Authentication
DACS can use any of the following authentication methods and account types:
X.509 client certificates via SSL
self-issued or managed Information Cards (InfoCards) (deprecated)
two-factor authentication
Counter-based, time-based, or grid-based one-time passwords, including security tokens
Unix-like systems' password-based accounts
Apache authentication modules and their password files
Windows NT LAN Manager (NTLM) accounts
LDAP or Microsoft Active Directory (ADS) accounts
RADIUS accounts
Central Authentication Service (CAS)
HTTP-requests (e.g., Google ClientLogin)
PAM-based accounts
private username/password databases with salted password hashing using SHA-1, SHA-2, or SHA-3 functions, PBKDF2, or scrypt
imported identities
computed identities
The extensible architecture allows new methods to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing%20of%20advanced%20thermoplastic%20composite%20welds
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Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites is a beneficial method of joining these materials compared to mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding. Mechanical fastening requires intense labor, and creates stress concentrations, while adhesive bonding requires extensive surface preparation, and long curing cycles. Welding these materials is a cost-effective method of joining concerning preparation and execution, and these materials retain their properties upon cooling, so no post processing is necessary. These materials are widely used in the aerospace industry to reduce weight of a part while keeping strength.
For many industries there are codes and standards that need to be followed when being implemented into service. The quality of the welds made on these materials are important in ensuring people receive safe products. There are not codes made specifically for the welding of advanced thermoplastic composite welds, so the codes for adhesive bonding of plastics and metals are slightly altered, and used in order to properly test these materials. Even though the joining method is different these materials have mechanical requirements they need to meet.
Weld testing and analysis
There are several mechanical properties that need to be tested to ensure the quality of welds. The testing methods talked about in this article will be referenced from the ASTM adhesive bonding standards. The properties needed to be tested are shear strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue properties. Optical microscopy is also often done to look for weld defects.
Testing for shear strength
According to ASTM D1002 The specimens tested will be configured as lap joints. They will need to be sectioned in a way that they can fit in the grips used for the tensile testing. The length of the overlap for the lap joint is determined by the thickness of the material, the yield point of the metal, and the value that is 50% of the estimated average shear strength in an adhesive bond, but for the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex%20Xolotl
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The Codex Xolotl (also known as Codicé Xolotl) is a postconquest cartographic Aztec codex, thought to have originated before 1542. It is annotated in Nahuatl and details the preconquest history of the Valley of Mexico, and Texcoco in particular, from the arrival of the Chichimeca under the king Xolotl in the year 5 Flint (1224) to the Tepanec War in 1427.
The codex describes Xolotl's and the Chichimeca's entry to the then unpopulated valley as peaceful. Although this picture is confirmed by the Texcocan historian Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl (1568 or 1580–1648), there is other evidence that suggests that the area was inhabited by the Toltecs.
Ixtlilxochitl, a direct descendant of Ixtlilxochitl I and Ixtlilxochitl II, based much of his writings on the documents which he most probably obtained from relatives in Texcoco or Teotihuacan. The codex was first brought to Europe in 1840 by the French scientist , and is currently held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.
The manuscript consists of six amatl boards measuring , with ten pages and three fragments from one or more pages. While it is unknown who did the binding of the manuscript, it is cast like a European book back to back. The Codex Xolotl has been an important source in giving detailed information on material, social, political and cultural changes in the region during the period. It is one of the few still surviving cartographic histories from the Valley of Mexico and one of the earliest of its type.
Historical Significance
The Codex Xolotl is an example of material culture. This means that the codex can be used as an object to understand the culture of the Aztecs. The object itself shows the Aztec understanding of the history of Texcoco. It is also a document that includes an early instance of Nahuatl writings referencing specific dates. There is some ongoing debate regarding how many writers were involved in creating the codex itself. This can propose discrepancy about how much per
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20%28software%29
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Gauge is a light weight cross-platform test automation tool. It uses markdown to author test cases and scenarios. Its modular architecture makes it flexible and scalable.
Markdown
Gauge specifications are written in the business language. For example,
Find movies playing near me
===========================
The System Under Test in this example is a web application to find and book movie tickets
Search for movies
-----------------
* Specify location as "Bangalore"
* Search for movie "Star Wars"
* Verify that "INOX" is playing "Star Wars" at "7:30 pm"
Book movie ticket
-----------------
* Sign up with email address <user@example.com>
* Complete the verification
* Select location as "Bangalore", the movie "Star Wars" and "3" seats
* Confirm and pay
* Verify the "e-ticket" has been sent to the registered email.
This Gauge specification describes a feature of the System Under Test. The scenarios Search for movies and Book movie ticket represent a flow in this specification. Steps are executable parts of a specification.
Test Code
Specifications in Markdown abstracts code behind the steps.
For example, the step Specify location as "Bangalore" implementation in Java would look like
// This Method can be written in any java class as long as it is in classpath.
public class StepImplementation {
@Step("Specify location as <location>")
public void helloWorld(String location) {
// Step implementation
}
}
Gauge has Support for writing test code in:
Java
Ruby
C#
The Community contributed language runners are:
JavaScript
Python
Golang
Execution
Gauge tests can be executed from the command line or the supported IDEs.
The default command gauge specs run the tests sequentially.
The command gauge -p specs will execute the tests in Parallel.
Reports
Gauge gives comprehensive test reports that provides the required details of a given run.
IDE support
Gauge's IDE support helps to write and maintain the test suite.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilofix
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Bilofix is the name of a Danish construction toy product primarily consisting of wooden beams and plastic screws and bolts. It was produced and marketed primarily in the 1960s first by the Lego company and then by a separate Bilofix company. The name Bilofix is usually written stylized as "BILOfix".
History
The "Bilo" part of the name is a combination of the first three letters of Billund, Denmark, birthplace of Lego and Bilofix, and the first initial of Ole Kirk Christiansen, founder and inventor of Lego and Bilofix. When LEGO decided in 1960 to stop producing wooden toys, two sons of Lego founder Ole Kirk Christiansen, Karl Georg and Gerhardt (brothers of Godtfred Kirk Christiansen), decided to leave the Lego company and to start Bilofix as their own independent business in a new factory in Kolding, Denmark.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20muscular%20atrophy
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Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), also called Duchenne–Aran disease and Duchenne–Aran muscular atrophy, is a disorder characterised by the degeneration of lower motor neurons, resulting in generalised, progressive loss of muscle function.
PMA is classified among motor neuron diseases (MND) where it is thought to account for around 4% of all MND cases.
PMA affects only the lower motor neurons, in contrast to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common MND, which affects both the upper and lower motor neurons, or primary lateral sclerosis, another MND, which affects only the upper motor neurons. The distinction is important because PMA is associated with a better prognosis than ALS.
Signs and symptoms
As a result of lower motor neuron degeneration, the symptoms of PMA include:
muscle weakness
muscle atrophy
fasciculations
Some patients have symptoms restricted only to the arms or legs (or in some cases just one of either). These cases are referred to as flail limb (either flail arm or flail leg) and are associated with a better prognosis.
Diagnosis
PMA is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is no specific test which can conclusively establish whether a patient has the condition. Instead, a number of other possibilities have to be ruled out, such as multifocal motor neuropathy or spinal muscular atrophy. Tests used in the diagnostic process include MRI, clinical examination, and EMG. EMG tests in patients who do have PMA usually show denervation (neuron death) in most affected body parts, and in some unaffected parts too.
It typically takes longer to be diagnosed with PMA than ALS, an average of 20 months for PMA vs 15 months in ALS.
Differential diagnosis
In contrast to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or primary lateral sclerosis, PMA is distinguished by the absence of:
brisk reflexes
spasticity
Babinski's sign
emotional lability
The importance of correctly recognizing progressive muscular atrophy as opposed to ALS is important for several reasons.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezospectroscopy
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Piezospectroscopy (also known as photoluminescence piezospectroscopy) is an analytical technique that reveals internal stresses in alumina-containing materials(Al2O3, also known as aluminum oxide), particularly thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A typical procedure involves illuminating the sample with laser light of a known wavelength, causing the material to release its own radiation in response(see fluorescence). By measuring the emitted radiation and comparing the location of the peaks to a stress-free sample, stresses in the material can be revealed without any destructive interaction.
Piezospectroscopy can be used on any material that exhibits fluorescence, but is almost exclusively used on samples containing alumina because of the presence of chromium ions, either as part of the composition or as an impurity, that greatly increase the fluorescent response. As opposed to other methods of stress measurement, such as powder diffraction or the use of a strain gauge, piezospectroscopy can measure internal stresses at higher resolution, on the order of 1 μm, and can measure very quickly, with most systems taking less than one second to acquire data.
Theory
Piezospectroscopy takes advantage of both the microstructure and composition of TBCs to generate accurate results.
A typical candidate for piezospectroscopy contains three layers:
Ceramic topcoat – A thick, highly porous layer, usually composed of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which displays low thermal conductivity and stability at high operating temperatures
Thermally grown oxide (TGO) – A thin layer that results from oxidation of the bond coat. Because oxidation is inevitable at high temperatures, the goal of an effective TBC is slow and uniform growth of an oxide.
Metallic bond coat – A metallic layer directly above the substrate intended to prevent corrosion and oxidation
Coating failure is usually a result of spalling or cracking of the TGO layer. Because the TGO is buried beneath a thick layer o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Hay%20Whitney%20Foundation
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The Helen Hay Whitney Foundation, established in New York in 1943 by Joan Whitney Payson in cooperation with the estate planning of her mother, Helen Hay Whitney (1875–1944), awards the "Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellowship" for support postdoctoral research in the biomedical sciences.
Currently the Foundation awards 20 fellowships per year. The award is one of four highly competitive postdoctoral awards in the life sciences, and many of North America's leading scientists and medical researchers were supported in the early stages of their career by the Whitney Foundation.
Members of the Scientific Advisory Committee have included:
Barbara Meyer
Erin O'Shea
Matthew Scharff
Daniel Kahne
Thomas Jessell
Stephen C. Harrison
Julie Theriot
Jonathan Weissman
S. Lawrence Zipursky
Notable fellows have included:
Eric J. Ackerman
David Agard
Ronald A. Albright
David J. Anderson
Karen M. Arndt
Cornelia Bargmann
Margaret Baron
Mary Anne Berberich
Megan Carey
Elizabeth Chen
Stephen Dinardo
Thomas P. Dooley
Stephen J. Elledge
Stanley Fields
Steven Finkel
Andrew Fire
Stephen C. Harrison
Richard Henderson
Tyler Jacks
Wendell Lim
Tomas Lindahl
Santa J. Ono
Susan Parkhurst
Stanley Perlman
Ronald T. Raines
Michael Rosbash
Gerald M. Rubin
Rao Yi
Keith Yamamoto
Robert Weinberg
Chris Q Doe
See also
Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
Life Sciences Research Foundation
Notes
Biomedical research foundations
Organizations established in 1943
Fellowships
1943 establishments in New York (state)
Medical and health foundations in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidocarb
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Imidocarb is a urea derivative used in veterinary medicine as an antiprotozoal agent for the treatment of infection with Babesia (babesiosis) and other parasites.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCcker%27s%20conoid
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In geometry, Plücker's conoid is a ruled surface named after the German mathematician Julius Plücker. It is also called a conical wedge or cylindroid; however, the latter name is ambiguous, as "cylindroid" may also refer to an elliptic cylinder.
Plücker's conoid is the surface defined by the function of two variables:
This function has an essential singularity at the origin.
By using cylindrical coordinates in space, we can write the above function into parametric equations
Thus Plücker's conoid is a right conoid, which can be obtained by rotating a horizontal line about the with the oscillatory motion (with period 2π) along the segment of the axis (Figure 4).
A generalization of Plücker's conoid is given by the parametric equations
where denotes the number of folds in the surface. The difference is that the period of the oscillatory motion along the is . (Figure 5 for )
See also
Ruled surface
Right conoid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected%20set
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In music, a projected set is a technique where a collection of pitches or pitch classes is extended in a texture through the emphasized simultaneous statement of a set followed or preceded by a successive emphasized statement of each of its members. For example, a set may be stated as a simultaneity and then a series of phrases may end on notes which are the members of the set, as in the downbeat of m. 19 through measures 46 of Béla Bartók's Second String Quartet. (Wilson 1992, p. 23)
Pattern completion is "the use of a projected set to organize a work over a long span of time" (ibid, p. 210n5).
Sources
Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók. .
Musical set theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose%20syrup
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Glucose syrup, also known as confectioner's glucose, is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch. Glucose is a sugar. Maize (corn) is commonly used as the source of the starch in the US, in which case the syrup is called "corn syrup", but glucose syrup is also made from potatoes and wheat, and less often from barley, rice and cassava.p. 21
Glucose syrup containing over 90% glucose is used in industrial fermentation, but syrups used in confectionery contain varying amounts of glucose, maltose and higher oligosaccharides, depending on the grade, and can typically contain 10% to 43% glucose. Glucose syrup is used in foods to sweeten, soften texture and add volume. By converting some glucose in corn syrup into fructose (using an enzymatic process), a sweeter product, high fructose corn syrup can be produced.
Glucose syrup was first made in 1811 in Russia by Gottlieb Kirchhoff using heat and sulfuric acid.
Types
Depending on the method used to hydrolyse the starch and on the extent to which the hydrolysis reaction has been allowed to proceed, different grades of glucose syrup are produced, which have different characteristics and uses. The syrups are broadly categorised according to their dextrose equivalent (DE). The further the hydrolysis process proceeds, the more reducing sugars are produced, and the higher the DE. Depending on the process used, glucose syrups with different compositions, and hence different technical properties, can have the same DE.
Confectioner's syrup
The original glucose syrups were manufactured by acid hydrolysis of corn starch at high temperature and pressure. The typical product had a DE of 42, but quality was variable due to the difficulty of controlling the reaction. Higher DE syrups made by acid hydrolysis tend to have a bitter taste and a dark colour, due to the production of hydroxymethylfurfural and other byproducts.p. 26 This type of product is now manufactured using a continuous converting process and is still widely used du
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect%20branch
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An indirect branch (also known as a computed jump, indirect jump and register-indirect jump) is a type of program control instruction present in some machine language instruction sets. Rather than specifying the address of the next instruction to execute, as in a direct branch, the argument specifies where the address is located. An example is 'jump indirect on the r1 register', which means that the next instruction to be executed is at the address in register r1. The address to be jumped to is not known until the instruction is executed. Indirect branches can also depend on the value of a memory location.
An indirect branch can be useful to make a conditional branch, especially a multiway branch. For instance, based on program input, a value could be looked up in a jump table of pointers to code for handling the various cases implied by the data value. The data value could be added to the address of the table, with the result stored in a register. An indirect jump could then be made based on the value of that register, efficiently dispatching program control to the code appropriate to the input.
In a similar manner, subroutine call instructions can be indirect, with the address of the subroutine to be called specified in memory. Function Pointers are typically implemented with indirect subroutine calls.
Indirect branches were one of the attack surfaces of Spectre. To mitigate the attack GCC 8.1 introduced the following new options: -mindirect-branch=, -mfunction-return= and -mindirect-branch-register.
Example assembler syntax
{|
| MSP430: ||br r15
|-
| SPARC: ||jmpl %o7
|-
| MIPS: ||
|-
| x86 (AT&T Syntax): ||
|-
| x86 (Intel Syntax): ||
|-
| ARM: ||
|-
| Itanium (x86 family): ||br.ret.sptk.few rp
|-
| 6502: ||
|-
| 65C816: ||
|-
| 6809: ||jmp [$0DEA], jmp B,X, jmp [B,X]
|-
| 6800: ||jmp 0,X
|-
| Z80: ||jp (hl)
|-
| Intel 8080: ||pchl
|-
| IBM System z: ||bcr cond,r1
|-
|RISC-V:
|jalr x0, 0(x1)
|}
See also
Branch table
Indirect thread
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20%28database%29
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Effective is a database of predicted bacterial secreted proteins.
See also
Secreted proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented%20user%20interface
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In computing, an object-oriented user interface (OOUI) is a type of user interface based on an object-oriented programming metaphor, and describes most modern operating systems ("object-oriented operating systems") such as MacOS and Windows. In an OOUI, the user interacts explicitly with objects that represent entities in the domain that the application is concerned with. Many vector drawing applications, for example, have an OOUI – the objects being lines, circles and canvases. The user may explicitly select an object, alter its properties (such as size or colour), or invoke other actions upon it (such as to move, copy, or re-align it). If a business application has any OOUI, the user may be selecting and/or invoking actions on objects representing entities in the business domain such as customers, products or orders.
Jakob Nielsen defines the OOUI in contrast to function-oriented interfaces: "Object-oriented interfaces are sometimes described as turning the application inside-out as compared to function-oriented interfaces. The main focus of the interaction changes to become the users' data and other information objects that are typically represented graphically on the screen as icons or in windows."
Dave Collins defines an OOUI as demonstrating three characteristics:
Users perceive and act on objects
Users can classify objects based on how they behave
In the context of what users are trying to do, all the user interface objects fit together into a coherent overall representation.
Jef Raskin suggests that the most important characteristic of an OOUI is that it adopts a 'noun-verb', rather than a 'verb-noun' style of interaction, and that this has several advantages in terms of usability.
Relationship to other user interface ideas
There is a great deal of potential synergy between the OOUI concept and other important ideas in user interface design including:
graphical user interface (GUI).
direct manipulation interface
interface metaphor
Many futuri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20office%20suite
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An online office suite, online productivity suite or cloud office suite is an office suite offered in the form of a web application, accessed online using a web browser. This allows people to work together worldwide and at any time, thereby leading to web-based collaboration and virtual teamwork. Some online office suites can be installed either on-premise or online and some are offered only as online as a software as a service. Some versions can be free of charge, some have a subscription fee. Some online office suites can run as progressive web applications which no longer require an online connection to function. Online office suites exist as both open-source and proprietary software.
Components
Online office suites typically includes this base set of applications
Word processor
Spreadsheet
Presentation program
Other frequently available applications
Webmail
Calendar
Instant messaging including voice and video conferencing
Diagramming
Raster graphics editor
Publishing applications
Content management system
Web portal
Wiki
Blog
Forums
Other applications
Data management
Project management
Customer relationship management
Enterprise resource planning
Accounting
Maps
Notetaking
News
Considerations for weighing Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages between locally installed office suites and online office suites vary significantly, here are some considerations:
Online office suites provide the ability for a group of people to collaboratively edit a document from anywhere easily using just a web browser, without the need for special servers, or networking customizations, or devices running specific operating systems
They provide varying levels of functionality. Some have nearly full desktop application functionality, whereas some have less functionality and will prompt to use their desktop office suites for the functionality that is missing, which creates extra costs and problems, such as their desktop office suite may not be compatible, or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20blob%20%28Chukchi%20Sea%20algae%29
|
The blob was the name given to a large black algal bloom that was first spotted floating in the Chukchi Sea between the Alaskan cities of Wainwright and Utqiaġvik in July 2009.
Discovery and location
The mass was first discovered by a civilian boat from Wainwright, and was reported to the U.S. Coast Guard for concerns that it could have been an oil spill. Analysis of samples taken by the North Slope Borough government and sent to a lab in Anchorage determined that it was a type of marine alga.
The mass was discovered floating in the Chukchi Sea, a shallow stretch of the Arctic Ocean that spans the distance between western Alaska and the northeastern coasts of Russia. Typical algae blooms are common in similar areas, shallow waters where light can penetrate to the sea bed. However, locals reported that there was no recollection in any communities in the area of any sort of mass like it.
Appearance
One strand of the mass was estimated to be 12 to 15 miles long. It was frequently described by those who saw it as 'hairy' or 'stringy', with scientific analysis explaining it as a type of filamentous alga. It was also reported to have a distinct odor. Though toxicity tests on the organism have yet to be conducted, concern is minimal as the area is not host to commercial seafood production, though locals do fish and hunt there.
The algae are noted for their color, which is black. This is considered to be unusual for marine algae, which are typically shades of green or red. Several hypotheses have been put forth about the cause of this color. Terry Whitledge, director of the Institute of Marine Science at the University of Alaska Fairbanks postulated that it could be due to the algae having undergone some level of decomposition.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20United%20States%20presidential%20debates
|
The 2020 United States presidential debates between Joe Biden and Donald Trump, the major candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election, were sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates. There were three initially planned scheduled debates. The first debate took place on September 29, 2020. The next debate was scheduled to take place on October 15 but was later canceled due to Trump's COVID-19 diagnosis and refusal to appear remotely rather than in person. As a result, 2020 had the fewest debates since 1996. The final debate took place on October 22. Additionally, a debate between the vice presidential candidates Mike Pence and Kamala Harris took place on October 7.
Background
On October 11, 2019, the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) announced that it would host three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate.
In 2019, Trump claimed that the 2016 debates were "biased", and suggested that he may not participate in further CPD-hosted debates. In December 2019, Frank J. Fahrenkopf Jr., the co-chairman of the CPD, met with Brad Parscale, Trump's campaign chairman, to discuss Trump's comments. Fahrenkoph said "the president wanted to debate, but they had concerns about whether or not to do it with the commission." While Trump did not press the issue further publicly, in June 2020, he requested additional debates to the traditional three, which Biden's campaign declined. At the end of June, representatives of the Biden campaign confirmed that they had agreed to the original schedule.
The Trump campaign submitted a request to the CPD to move the scheduled debates up in the calendar, or to add a fourth debate in relation to mail-in voting; the request was declined in August 2020. Later that month, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi suggested that Biden should skip the debates, claiming that Trump will "probably act in a way that is beneath the dignity of the presidency". Biden responded by stating that he would go ahead and partic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Wallace%20%28naturalist%29
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Ali Wallace (fl. 1840-1907) was the name used for a Malay from Sarawak, who accompanied and assisted Alfred Russel Wallace in his travels and explorations from 1855 to 1862. Initially recruited as a cook for his expedition, Ali was later responsible for independently collecting many significant specimens that are credited to Wallace. He also made observations of the birds and the people which were communicated to Wallace. It has been estimated that Ali collected and prepared nearly 5,150 bird specimens. Many of his specimens survive in collections of natural history museums.
Travels with Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace travelled to the Malay archipelago in March 1854 along with his collecting assistant Charles Martin Allen (1839–92). During his travels he hired as many as 1200 people at various points of time and in various places. Among them some made an impression on him and were credited in his writings. When they arrived in Singapore on 18 April 1854, Wallace hired a Malay boy named Ali. He described him:
Ali later became an expert at shooting and skinning birds. He accompanied Wallace and Allen and became one his most trusted servants, alongside two other young boys, named Baderoon and Baso.
Ali accompanied Wallace to New Guinea in 1858 before returning to Ternate. Ali collected an ivory-breasted pitta (described as Pitta gigas) for Wallace from Dodinga in early 1858. On Batchian, on 24 August 1858, Ali went to collect birds while Wallace collected insects. Wallace wrote:
The species was named by George Robert Gray as Semioptera wallacii or Wallace's standardwing.
While at Ternate, Ali married a woman and he did not join Wallace in 1859. Ali joined Wallace again in 1861 on a trip to the island of Bouru. In 1862 Wallace went to Singapore where he began preparations to return home to England. Here he provided Ali with money, guns, ammunition and various supplies. Wallace had him photographed and in his 1905 book notes:
Life after Wallace
In 1907 American he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20buffalo
|
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Today, it is also found in Italy, the Balkans, Australia, North America, South America and some African countries.
Two extant types of water buffalo are recognized, based on morphological and behavioural criteria: the river buffalo of the Indian subcontinent and further west to the Balkans, Egypt and Italy and the swamp buffalo, found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east.
The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) most likely represents the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo. Results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the river-type water buffalo probably originated in western India and was domesticated about 6,300 years ago, whereas the swamp-type originated independently from Mainland Southeast Asia and was domesticated about 3,000 to 7,000 years ago. The river buffalo dispersed west as far as Egypt, the Balkans, and Italy; while swamp buffalo dispersed to the rest of Southeast Asia and up to the Yangtze River valley.
Water buffaloes were traded from the Indus Valley civilisation to Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, in 2500 BC by the Meluhhas. The seal of a scribe employed by an Akkadian king shows the sacrifice of water buffaloes.
Water buffaloes are especially suitable for tilling rice fields, and their milk is richer in fat and protein than that of dairy cattle. A large feral population became established in northern Australia in the late 19th century, and there are smaller feral herds in Papua New Guinea, Tunisia and northeastern Argentina. Feral herds are also present in New Britain, New Ireland, Irian Jaya, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and Uruguay.
Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus first described the genus Bos and the water buffalo under the binomial Bos bubalis in 1758; the species was known to occur in Asia and was held as a domesti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado%20de%20Concini
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Corrado de Concini (born 28 July 1949 in Rome) is an Italian mathematician and professor at the Sapienza University of Rome. He studies algebraic geometry, quantum groups, invariant theory, and mathematical physics.
Life and work
He was born in Rome in 1949, the son of Ennio de Concini, a noted screenwriter and film director.
Corrado de Concini received in 1971 the mathematics degree from
Sapienza University of Rome and in 1975 a Ph.D. from the University of Warwick under the supervision of George Lusztig (The mod-2 cohomology of the orthogonal groups over a finite field).
In 1975 he was a lecturer (Professore Incaricato) at the University of Salerno, and in 1976 was associate professor at the University of Pisa. In 1981 he went to the University of Rome, where in 1983 he was a professor of higher algebra. From 1988 to 1996 he was professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, and from 1996 professor at the Sapienza University of Rome.
De Concini was also a visiting scientist at the Brandeis University, the Mittag-Leffler Institute (1981), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (1982), Harvard University (1987), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1989), the University of Paris VI, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (1992, 1996), the École Normale Supérieure (2004, Lagrange Michelet Chair), and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (2000, 2002).
From 2003 to 2007 he was president of Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica Francesco Severi.
In 1986 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley (Equivariant embeddings of homogeneous spaces). In 1992, he held a plenary lecture on the first European Congress of Mathematicians in Paris (Representations of quantum groups at roots of 1). In 1986 he was awarded the Caccioppoli Prize. Since 1993 he is a corresponding member and since 2009 a full member of
the Accademia dei Lincei (whose gold medal he won in 1990) and since 2005 a corresponding m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20management%20theory
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Error management theory (EMT) is an extensive theory of perception and cognition biases created by David Buss and Martie Haselton. How humans think and make decisions using heuristics and biases may be embedded in the human brain. Error management training is a related area that uses this theory. The objective of it is to encourage trainees to make errors and encourage them in reflection to understand the causes of those errors and to identify suitable strategies to avoid making them in future.
An example of error management theory is the Ebbinghaus–Titchener circles that can illustrate, a person's view of which of the (orange) centre circles is bigger is subjective, and can cause a misinterpretation of reality. That is to say, both circles are the same size but each person may interpret the information presented differently depending on which bias they rely on to make the decision.
Various biases in thinking and decision-making have been highlighted by Daniel Kahneman and have been shown to cause cognitive errors in psychological and economic decisions. Cognitive biases in error management theory refer to biases and heuristics that have survived evolutionary history, because they hold some benefits towards reproductive success. Based on Darwinian principles those that "out mate" others have a greater chance of successfully producing offspring. According to this theory, when there are differences in costs of errors made under conditions of uncertainty, selection favours "adaptive biases". Humans are animals, and evolution charts their passage from single celled organisms to the media and technology-consuming organisms of today. These adaption biases ensure that less costly survival or reproductive errors will be committed.
Error management theory asserts that evolved mind-reading agencies will be biased to produce more of one type of inferential error than another. These mind-reading biases have been further researched in terms of the mating world. Error m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Directory%20of%20Important%20Wetlands%20in%20Australia
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A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (DIWA) is a list of wetlands of national importance to Australia published by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Intended to augment the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, it was formerly published in report form, but is now essentially an online publication. Wetlands that appear in the Directory are commonly referred to as "DIWA wetlands" or "Directory wetlands".
Criteria for determining wetland importance
Using criteria agreed in 1994, a wetland can be considered “nationally important” if it satisfies at least one of the following criteria:
It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.
It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex.
It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.
The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.
The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level.
The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.
Types of wetlands
The directory uses a classification system consisting of the following three categories (i.e. A, B and C) which are further sub-divided into a total of 40 different wetland types:
A. Marine and Coastal Zone wetlands, which consists of 12 wetland types
B. Inland wetlands, which consists of 19 wetland types
C. Human-made wetlands, which consists of 9 wetland types.
See also
List of Ramsar sites in Australia
Wetland classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguishing%20attack
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In cryptography, a distinguishing attack is any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. Modern symmetric-key ciphers are specifically designed to be immune to such an attack. In other words, modern encryption schemes are pseudorandom permutations and are designed to have ciphertext indistinguishability. If an algorithm is found that can distinguish the output from random faster than a brute force search, then that is considered a break of the cipher.
A similar concept is the known-key distinguishing attack, whereby an attacker knows the key and can find a structural property in the cipher, where the transformation from plaintext to ciphertext is not random.
Overview
To prove that a cryptographic function is safe, it is often compared to a random oracle. If a function were a random oracle, then an attacker is not able to predict any of the output of the function. If a function is distinguishable from a random oracle, it has non-random properties. That is, there exists a relation between different outputs, or between input and output, which can be used by an attacker for example to find (a part of) the input.
Example
Let T be a sequence of random bits, generated by a random oracle and S be a sequence generated by a pseudo-random bit generator. Two parties use one encryption system to encrypt a message M of length n as the bitwise XOR of M and the next n bits of T or S respectively. The output of the encryption using T is truly random. Now, if the sequence S cannot be distinguished from T, the output of the encryption with S will appear random as well. If the sequence S is distinguishable, then the encryption of M with S may reveal information of M.
Two systems S and T are said to be indistinguishable if there exists no algorithm D, connected to either S or T, able to decide whether it is connected to S or T.
A distinguishing attack is given by such an algorithm D. It is bro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signature%20in%20Estonia
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Electronic signature allows users to electronically perform the actions for which they previously had to give a signature on paper. Estonia's digital signature system is the foundation for some of its most popular e-services including registering a company online, e-banks, the e-voting system and electronic tax filing – essentially any services that require signatures to prove their validity.
History and usage
The first digital signature was given in 2002. A number of freeware programs were released to end users and system integrators. All of the components of the software processed the same document format – the DigiDoc format.
As of October 2013, over 130 million digital signatures have been given in Estonia.
In September 2013 the European Commissioner for Digital Agenda Neelie Kroes gave her first digital signature with an Estonian test ID-card issued to her as a present.
In October 2014 Estonian parliament passed a bill which gives any person, regardless of their citizenship or residency, possibility to apply for Estonian digital identity (e-Residency of Estonia) to give digital signatures and use Estonian government online services. The law came into force on December 1, 2014.
Legislation
The nature and use of digital signature in Estonia is regulated by the Digital Signature Act. The Estonian parliament Riigikogu passed the Digital Signature Act on March 8, 2000, and it entered into force on December 15, 2000. According to this legislation, a digital signature is equal to a hand-written signature. Pursuant to the Act it is also necessary to distinguish between valid and void digital signatures, any signatures given with a void or suspended certificate are null and void. The Digital Signature Act has been superseded by the EU-wide eSignature Directive (eIDAS) since 2016. It should also mandate that rest of the EU member nations accept Estonian e-signatures amongst other countries e-signatures. The eSignature Directive also specifies that member nations s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology%20in%20biology
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Teleology in biology is the use of the language of goal-directedness in accounts of evolutionary adaptation, which some biologists and philosophers of science find problematic. The term teleonomy has also been proposed. Before Darwin, organisms were seen as existing because God had designed and created them; their features such as eyes were taken by natural theology to have been made to enable them to carry out their functions, such as seeing. Evolutionary biologists often use similar teleological formulations that invoke purpose, but these imply natural selection rather than actual goals, whether conscious or not. Biologists and religious thinkers held that evolution itself was somehow goal-directed (orthogenesis), and in vitalist versions, driven by a purposeful life force. With evolution working by natural selection acting on inherited variation, the use of teleology in biology has attracted criticism, and attempts have been made to teach students to avoid teleological language.
Nevertheless, biologists still often write about evolution as if organisms had goals, and some philosophers of biology such as Francisco Ayala and biologists such as J. B. S. Haldane consider that teleological language is unavoidable in evolutionary biology.
Context
Teleology
Teleology, from Greek τέλος, telos "end, purpose" and -λογία, logia, "a branch of learning", was coined by the philosopher Christian von Wolff in 1728. The concept derives from the ancient Greek philosophy of Aristotle, where the final cause (the purpose) of a thing is its function. However, Aristotle's biology does not envisage evolution by natural selection.
Phrases used by biologists like "a function of ... is to ..." or "is designed for" are teleological at least in language. The presence of real or apparent teleology in explanations of natural selection is a controversial aspect of the philosophy of biology, not least for its echoes of natural theology.
Natural theology
Before Darwin, natural theology bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20domain%20sensor
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Frequency domain (FD) sensor is an instrument developed for measuring soil moisture content. The instrument has an oscillating circuit, the sensing part of the sensor is embedded in the soil, and the operating frequency will depend on the value of soil's dielectric constant.
Types of sensors
Capacitance probe, or fringe capacitance sensor. Capacitance probes use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of the soil. The volume of water in the total volume of soil most heavily influences the dielectric permittivity of the soil because the dielectric constant of water (80) is much greater than the other constituents of the soil (mineral soil: 4, organic matter: 4, air: 1). Thus, when the amount of water changes in the soil, the probe will measure a change in capacitance (from the change in dielectric permittivity) that can be directly correlated with a change in water content. Circuitry inside some commercial probes change the capacitance measurement into a proportional millivolt output. Other configuration are like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil. The probe consists of sensing head at fixed depth. The sensing head consists of an oscillator circuit, the frequency is determined by an annular electrode, fringe-effect capacitor, and the dielectric constant of the soil.
Electrical impedance sensor, which consists of soil probes and using electrical impedance measurement. The most common configuration is based on the standing wave principle (Gaskin & Miller, 1996). The device comprises a 100 MHz sinusoidal oscillator, a fixed impedance coaxial transmission line, and probe wires which is buried in the soil. The oscillator signal is propagated along the transmission line into the soil probe, and if the probe's impedance differs from that of the transmission line, a proportion of the incident signal is reflected back along the line towards the signal source.
Benefits and limitations
Compared to time domain reflect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th%20meridian%20west
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The meridian 90° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
In Antarctica, the meridian defines the western limit of Chile's territorial claim. The land further west is not claimed by any nation.
The 90th meridian west forms a great circle with the 90th meridian east, located midway between the Prime meridian and the 180th meridian; thus, the center of the Western Hemisphere is on this meridian.
In the United States, the Mississippi River runs close to the 90th meridian, crossing the meridian several times. The cities of St. Louis, Memphis and New Orleans are all close to the meridian.
One of the four 45 x 90 points is located in Rietbrock, Wisconsin, where the 45th parallel north intersects with the 90th meridian west, marking the halfway point between the 90° Latitude North, 180th Meridian East & West, 0° latitude, and 0° longitude.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 90th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
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| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
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! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellesmere Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Nansen Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Axel Heiberg Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Norwegian Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Graham Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Norwegian Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
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! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — North Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymopoietin
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Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), isoforms beta/gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMPO gene. LAP2 is an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein.
Thymopoietin is a protein involved in the induction of CD90 in the thymus. The thymopoetin (TMPO) gene encodes three alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding proteins of 75 kDa (alpha), 51 kDa (beta) and 39 kDa (gamma) which are ubiquitously expressed in all cells. The human TMPO gene maps to chromosome band 12q22 and consists of eight exons. TMPO alpha is present diffusely expressed with the cell nucleus while TMPO beta and gamma are localized to the nuclear membrane. TMPO beta is a human homolog of the murine protein LAP2. LAP2 plays a role in the regulation of nuclear architecture by binding lamin B1 and chromosomes. This interaction is regulated by phosphorylation during mitosis. Given the nuclear localization of the three TMPO isoforms, it is unlikely that these proteins play any role in CD90 induction.
Interactions
Thymopoietin has been shown to interact with Barrier to autointegration factor 1, AKAP8L, LMNB1 and LMNA.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5skaviar
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Smörgåskaviar ('sandwich caviar') is a fish roe spread eaten in the Nordic countries. Despite its name, smörgåskaviar is not actual caviar, i.e. sturgeon roe. Instead, it is a paste made from cod roe and a variable mix of other ingredients, which can include potato flakes, tomato sauce, onion, salt and sometimes dill or chives. It is usually sold in smoked and non-smoked variants, as well as in variants with a prominent taste of dill.
See also
Kalles Kaviar, a brand of smörgåskaviar
List of smoked foods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E2%80%93Bbar%20oscillation
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Neutral B meson oscillations (or – oscillations) are one of the manifestations of the neutral particle oscillation, a fundamental prediction of the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the phenomenon of B mesons changing (or oscillating) between their matter and antimatter forms before their decay. The meson can exist as either a bound state of a strange antiquark and a bottom quark, or a strange quark and bottom antiquark. The oscillations in the neutral B sector are analogous to the phenomena that produce long and short-lived neutral kaons.
– mixing was observed by the CDF experiment at Fermilab in 2006 and by LHCb at CERN in 2011 and 2021.
Excess of matter over antimatter
The Standard Model predicts that regular matter mesons are slightly favored in these oscillations over their antimatter counterpart, making strange B mesons of special interest to particle physicists. The observation of the – mixing phenomena led physicists to propose the construction of B-factories in the early 1990s. They realized that a precise – oscillation measure could pin down the unitarity triangle and perhaps explain the excess of matter over antimatter in the universe. To this end construction began on two "B factories" in the late nineties, one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California and one at KEK in Japan.
These B factories, BaBar and Belle, were set at the (4S) resonance which is just above the threshold for decay into two B mesons.
On 14 May 2010, physicists at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory reported that the oscillations decayed into matter 1% more often than into antimatter, which may help explain the abundance of matter over antimatter in the observed Universe. However, more recent results at LHCb in 2011, 2012, and 2021 with larger data samples have demonstrated no significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction of very nearly zero asymmetry.
See also
Baryogenesis
CP Violation
Kaon
Neutral particle oscillation
Stra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20velocity
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The relative velocity (also or ) is the velocity of an object or observer B in the rest frame of another object or observer A.
Classical mechanics
In one dimension (non-relativistic)
We begin with relative motion in the classical, (or non-relativistic, or the Newtonian approximation) that all speeds are much less than the speed of light. This limit is associated with the Galilean transformation. The figure shows a man on top of a train, at the back edge. At 1:00 pm he begins to walk forward at a walking speed of 10 km/h (kilometers per hour). The train is moving at 40 km/h. The figure depicts the man and train at two different times: first, when the journey began, and also one hour later at 2:00 pm. The figure suggests that the man is 50 km from the starting point after having traveled (by walking and by train) for one hour. This, by definition, is 50 km/h, which suggests that the prescription for calculating relative velocity in this fashion is to add the two velocities.
The diagram displays clocks and rulers to remind the reader that while the logic behind this calculation seem flawless, it makes false assumptions about how clocks and rulers behave. (See The train-and-platform thought experiment.) To recognize that this classical model of relative motion violates special relativity, we generalize the example into an equation:
where:
is the velocity of the Man relative to Earth,
is the velocity of the Man relative to the Train,
is the velocity of the Train relative to Earth.
Fully legitimate expressions for "the velocity of A relative to B" include "the velocity of A with respect to B" and "the velocity of A in the coordinate system where B is always at rest". The violation of special relativity occurs because this equation for relative velocity falsely predicts that different observers will measure different speeds when observing the motion of light.
In two dimensions (non-relativistic)
The figure shows two objects A and B moving at constant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20collapse
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In modal logic, modal collapse is the condition in which every true statement is necessarily true, and vice versa; that is to say, there are no contingent truths, or to put it another way, that "everything exists necessarily". In the notation of modal logic, this can be written as .
In the context of philosophy, the term is commonly used in critiques of ontological arguments for the existence of God and the principle of divine simplicity. For example, Gödel's ontological proof contains as a theorem, which combined with the axioms of system S5 leads to modal collapse. Since some regard divine freedom as essential to the nature of God, and modal collapse as negating the concept of free will, this then leads to the breakdown of Gödel's argument.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20expressed%20vaccine
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Plant expressed vaccine or project GreenVax In 2005 DARPA’s Accelerated Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals (AMP) program was created In response to emerging and novel biologic threats. In 2009 DARPA offered a government contract for a Non-GMO plant-based systems expressing recombinant proteins, due to The 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic that highlighted the national need for rapid and agile vaccine manufacturing capabilities. The Texas A&M University and a Texas company have been awarded a $40 million U.S. Department of Defense grant to develop a plant expressed vaccine made from tobacco. While egg-based vaccines typically take more than six months to develop after a virus is isolated, the new process will take only four to six weeks. The vice chancellor for research at A&M System declared that if the project works it will be one of the largest and most capable vaccine facilities in the world. However the major problem is the public acceptance of this technology, many of the companies are looking for the FDA approval
The plant-based vaccine production method works by isolating a specific antigen protein, one that triggers a human immune response from the targeted virus. A gene from the protein is transferred to bacteria, which are then used to “infect” plant cells. The plants then start producing the exact protein that will be used for vaccinations. Other uses of plant-expressed vaccines including the successful creation of edible bananas that protect against the Norwalk virus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturescaping
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Naturescaping (or nature scaping) is a method of landscape design and landscaping that allows people and nature to coexist with landscaping. By incorporating certain native plants into one's yard, one can attract beneficial insects, birds, and other creatures, and help keep our rivers and streams healthy.
Extensive urban growth and urban sprawl over the last century has had a significant impact on habitat that birds and other wildlife once called home. Homeowners with yards and gardens have a unique opportunity to curtail this loss of habitat by creating their own backyard wildlife garden, a wildlife sanctuary.
Origins
Naturescaping takes some of its principles from the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) "GreenScaping" or "Beneficial Landscaping" programs — which strive to reduce water, energy, and chemical usage. Naturescaping is an organic discipline of this practice, that is easily adapted to backyards.
The EPA has worked together with the Department of Homeland Security to encourage energy independence and reduce needs for hazardous materials. Water and energy use in residential landscaping accounts for x% (please cite correct figure) of the total water and energy use in the country. The EPA has found that one hour of lawn mowing contributes as much smog pollution as driving 10 cars for one hour (about 650 miles).
Since the 1995 Oklahoma City federal building bombing with explosives made from fertilizer, the distribution and use of household and garden chemicals has been more closely scrutinized. By providing alternatives, their use can be reduced.
History
Most universities throughout the country, that have agricultural programs, also have university cooperative extensions. These programs include Master Gardeners. The practice of naturescaping is being taught at several of these universities.
Current acceptance
The practice has spawned many non-profit groups to form near universities teaching this practice. Many include some form of the phrase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20time
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In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.
System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time ("Unix time") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both , represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and , represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times.
Many implementations that currently store system times as 32-bit integer values will suffer from the impending Year 2038 problem. These time values will overflow ("run out of bits") after the end of their system time epoch, leading to software and hardware errors. These systems will require some form of remediation, similar to efforts required to solve the earlier Year 2000 problem. This will also be a potentially much larger problem for existing data file formats that contain system timestamps stored as 32-bit values.
Other tim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20physics%20and%20representation%20theory
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There is a natural connection between particle physics and representation theory, as first noted in the 1930s by Eugene Wigner. It links the properties of elementary particles to the structure of Lie groups and Lie algebras. According to this connection, the different quantum states of an elementary particle give rise to an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group. Moreover, the properties of the various particles, including their spectra, can be related to representations of Lie algebras, corresponding to "approximate symmetries" of the universe.
General picture
Symmetries of a quantum system
In quantum mechanics, any particular one-particle state is represented as a vector in a Hilbert space . To help understand what types of particles can exist, it is important to classify the possibilities for allowed by symmetries, and their properties. Let be a Hilbert space describing a particular quantum system and let be a group of symmetries of the quantum system. In a relativistic quantum system, for example, might be the Poincaré group, while for the hydrogen atom, might be the rotation group SO(3). The particle state is more precisely characterized by the associated projective Hilbert space , also called ray space, since two vectors that differ by a nonzero scalar factor correspond to the same physical quantum state represented by a ray in Hilbert space, which is an equivalence class in and, under the natural projection map , an element of .
By definition of a symmetry of a quantum system, there is a group action on . For each , there is a corresponding transformation of . More specifically, if is some symmetry of the system (say, rotation about the x-axis by 12°), then the corresponding transformation of is a map on ray space. For example, when rotating a stationary (zero momentum) spin-5 particle about its center, is a rotation in 3D space (an element of ), while is an operator whose domain and range are each the space of possible quantum state
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildCRU
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The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) is part of the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford in England. Its mission is to achieve practical solutions to conservation problems through original scientific research, training conservation scientists to conduct research, putting scientific knowledge into practice, and educating and involving the public to achieve lasting solutions.
The Unit was founded in 1986 by Professor David W. Macdonald. In 2022 Professor Amy Dickman took over from David W. Macdonald as Director. Members come from more than 30 countries and many have returned to hold influential roles in conservation. WildCRU research has been used to advise policy-makers worldwide. More than 300 scientific papers and 25 reports have been published, over a hundred fruitful collaborations have been fostered, and over 45 students have completed doctoral theses.
WildCRU projects use all four elements of their Conservation Quartet: research to understand the problem, education to explain it, community involvement to ensure participation and acceptance, and implementation of a solution. The approach is interdisciplinary, linking to public health, community development and animal welfare. In a new initiative concerning ‘biodiversity and business’, WildCRU is working directly to influence policy making processes in industry.
Current project areas include saving endangered species, resolving conflict, reconciling farming and wildlife, researching fundamental ecology, and managing wildlife diseases, pests and invasive species.
Specific projects include protecting the Ethiopian wolf, Grevy's zebra and endemic birds in the Galapagos Islands, finding solutions to bushmeat exploitation in West Africa, community conservation education in Africa, sustainable farming, badger ecology and behavior, and the impact of American mink on native wildlife in Britain, Belarus, and Argentina.
WildCRU is located in Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Electric%20%28tube%20manufacturer%29
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Western Electric Export Corporation (or simply Western Electric) is a manufacturer of vacuum tubes and high end audio gear. Based in Rossville, Georgia, the company is best known for building an ultra-premium version of the 300B electron tube. It traces its roots to 1872 and the Bell Telephone Company and the original Western Electric. The original AT&T-based company was shut down in 1984. The current company was started in 1995, when AT&T granted Charles G. Whitener (Westrex Corporation) a license to the trademark and intellectual property of the original Western Electric company. In January of 2007 Western Electric announced the acquisition of the assets of former vacuum tube factory Ei Niš from Serbia.
The company has announced intentions to manufacture vacuum tubes for musical instruments, such as electric guitars
300B
Few factories make tubes of any kind as the market for these devices is small. Tubes have generally been replaced by transistors, which are much more efficient, smaller, produce less heat and are less expensive. However, there still exists a couple of markets for tubes, such as high end audio reproduction and many electric guitar amplifiers. The current product line consists of just the 300B, which was originally designed for use in telephone amplification in the 1930s. By the 1980s, they found use by audiophiles. Western Electric's tubes are considered "ultra-premium", designed for audiophiles who want the best and are willing to pay for it. In 2020, the price for a matched pair of these single-ended tubes was $1499, while a matched quad cost over twice as much.
Guitar amplifier tubes
In March of 2022, Western Electric announced it would soon be producing tubes for the guitar tube amplifier market. This includes the 6L6, EL34, 6V6, EL84, 12AX7 and others. This comes as most nations have banned imports from Russia because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the same time, Chinese manufacturing is being phased out, leaving only a single f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecophysiology
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Ecophysiology (from Greek , oikos, "house(hold)"; , physis, "nature, origin"; and , -logia), environmental physiology or physiological ecology is a biological discipline that studies the response of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions. It is closely related to comparative physiology and evolutionary physiology. Ernst Haeckel's coinage bionomy is sometimes employed as a synonym.
Plants
Plant ecophysiology is concerned largely with two topics: mechanisms (how plants sense and respond to environmental change) and scaling or integration (how the responses to highly variable conditions—for example, gradients from full sunlight to 95% shade within tree canopies—are coordinated with one another), and how their collective effect on plant growth and gas exchange can be understood on this basis.
In many cases, animals are able to escape unfavourable and changing environmental factors such as heat, cold, drought or floods, while plants are unable to move away and therefore must endure the adverse conditions or perish (animals go places, plants grow places). Plants are therefore phenotypically plastic and have an impressive array of genes that aid in acclimating to changing conditions. It is hypothesized that this large number of genes can be partly explained by plant species' need to live in a wider range of conditions.
Light
Light is the food of plants, i.e. the form of energy that plants use to build themselves and reproduce. The organs harvesting light in plants are leaves and the process through which light is converted into biomass is photosynthesis. The response of photosynthesis to light is called light response curve of net photosynthesis (PI curve). The shape is typically described by a non-rectangular hyperbola. Three quantities of the light response curve are particularly useful in characterising a plant's response to light intensities. The inclined asymptote has a positive slope representing the efficiency of light use, and is called quantum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-diastolic%20volume
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In cardiovascular physiology, end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the right or left ventricle at end of filling in diastole which is amount of blood present in ventricle at the end of diastole. Because greater EDVs cause greater distention of the ventricle, EDV is often used synonymously with preload, which refers to the length of the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle prior to contraction (systole). An increase in EDV increases the preload on the heart and, through the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart, increases the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole (stroke volume).
Sample values
The right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) ranges between 100 and 160 mL. The right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVI) is calculated by RVEDV/BSA and ranges between 60 and 100 mL/m2.
See also
End-systolic volume
Stroke volume
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe%20Animate
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Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator) is a multimedia authoring and computer animation program developed by Adobe Inc.
Animate is used to design vector graphics and animation for television series, online animation, websites, web applications, rich web applications, game development, commercials, and other interactive projects. The program also offers support for raster graphics, rich text, audio video embedding, and ActionScript 3.0 scripting. Animations may be published for HTML5, WebGL, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) animation and spritesheets, and legacy Flash Player (SWF) and Adobe AIR formats. The developed projects also extend to applications for Android, iOS, Windows Desktop and MacOS.
It was first released in 1996 as FutureSplash Animator, and then renamed Macromedia Flash upon its acquisition by Macromedia. It served as the main authoring environment for the Adobe Flash platform, vector-based software for creating animated and interactive content. It was renamed Adobe Animate in 2016 to more accurately reflect its market position then, since over a third of all content created in Animate uses HTML5.
History
The first version of Adobe Flash/Adobe Animate was FutureSplash Animator, a vector graphics and vector animations program released in May 1996. FutureSplash Animator was developed by FutureWave Software, a small software company whose first product, SmartSketch, was a vector-based drawing program for pen-based computers. With the implosion of the pen-oriented operating systems, it was ported to Microsoft Windows as well as Apple Inc.'s Classic Mac OS. In 1995, the company decided to add animation abilities to their product and to create a vector-based animation platform for World Wide Web; hence FutureSplash Animator was created. (At that time, the only way to deploy such animations on the web was through the use of Java.) The FutureSplash animation technology was used on websites such as MSN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptivity%20%28NMR%29
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In NMR spectroscopy, receptivity refers to the relative detectability of a particular element. Some elements are easily detected, some less so. The receptivity is a function of the abundance of the element's NMR-responsive isotope and that isotope's gyromagnetic ratio (or equivalently, the nuclear magnetic moment). Some isotopes, tritium for example, have large gyromagnetic ratios but low abundance. Other isotopes, for example 103Rh, are highly abundant but have low gyromagnetic ratios. Widely used NMR spectroscopies often focus on highly receptive elements: 1H, 19F, and 31P.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20graph
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In graph theory, a regular graph is a graph where each vertex has the same number of neighbors; i.e. every vertex has the same degree or valency. A regular directed graph must also satisfy the stronger condition that the indegree and outdegree of each internal vertex are equal to each other. A regular graph with vertices of degree is called a graph or regular graph of degree . Also, from the handshaking lemma, a regular graph contains an even number of vertices with odd degree.
Regular graphs of degree at most 2 are easy to classify: a graph consists of disconnected vertices, a graph consists of disconnected edges, and a graph consists of a disjoint union of cycles and infinite chains.
A graph is known as a cubic graph.
A strongly regular graph is a regular graph where every adjacent pair of vertices has the same number of neighbors in common, and every non-adjacent pair of vertices has the same number of neighbors in common. The smallest graphs that are regular but not strongly regular are the cycle graph and the circulant graph on 6 vertices.
The complete graph is strongly regular for any .
A theorem by Nash-Williams says that every graph on vertices has a Hamiltonian cycle.
Existence
It is well known that the necessary and sufficient conditions for a regular graph of order to exist are that and that is even.
Proof: As we know a complete graph has every pair of distinct vertices connected to each other by a unique edge. So edges are maximum in complete graph and number of edges are and degree here is . So . This is the minimum for a particular . Also note that if any regular graph has order then number of edges are so has to be even.
In such case it is easy to construct regular graphs by considering appropriate parameters for circulant graphs.
Algebraic properties
Let A be the adjacency matrix of a graph. Then the graph is regular if and only if is an eigenvector of A. Its eigenvalue will be the constant degree of the graph. Eige
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant%20functor
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In category theory, an abstract branch of mathematics, a dominant functor is a functor F : C → D in which every object of D is a retract of an object of the form F(x) for some object X of C.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20goal
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A motor goal is a neurally planned motor outcome that is used to organize motor control.
Motor goals are experimentally shown to exist since planned movements can when disrupted adjust to achieve their planned outcome. If, for example, a person makes a movement of their hand to touch or grasp something and unexpected their arm is pushedtheir brain automatically reorganizes the movement so it so achieves its intended aim. This also occurs if an arm is perturbed which results in an automatic correction that enables it to fulfill its planned spatial-temporal target. If a lip articulating a consonant is knocked, the vocal apparatus makes a target related correction of movement. Spoken words are sequences of motor movements organized around motor targets. The motor cortex is involved in such compensatory adjustment of speech articulation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BharatPe
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BharatPe is an Indian fintech company that sells digital payment and financial services to small merchants and Grocery stores.
History
According to Peerzada Abrar of Business Standard, "BharatPe was founded in 2018 by Ashneer Grover and Shashvat Nakrani, with the vision of making financial inclusion a reality for Indian merchants."
In 2021, the company acquired Payback India, a "multi-brand loyalty programme"
2023 data theft allegations
In 2023 Grover, who has left the company, accused his fellow co-founder Bhavik Koladiya of data theft. Grover claimed that Koladiya, who has since left BharatPe, had stolen data of 150 million users.
Investments
BharatPe has a stake in Unity Small Finance Bank.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20range
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Cyber ranges are virtual environments used for cybersecurity, cyberwarfare training, simulation or emulation and development of technologies related to cybersecurity. Their scale can vary drastically, from just a single node to an internet-like network.
See also
National Cyber Range
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophyte
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Mesophytes are terrestrial plants which are neither adapted to particularly dry nor particularly wet environments. An example of a mesophytic habitat would be a rural temperate meadow, which might contain goldenrod, clover, oxeye daisy, and Rosa multiflora. Mesophytes prefer soil and air of moderate humidity and avoid soil with standing water or containing a great abundance of salts. They make up the largest ecological group of terrestrial plants, and usually grow under moderate to hot and humid climatic regions.
Morphological adaptations
Mesophytes do not have any specific morphological adaptations. They usually have broad, flat and green leaves; an extensive fibrous root system to absorb water; and the ability to develop perennating organs such as corms, rhizomes and bulbs to store food and water for use during drought.
Anatomical adaptations
Mesophytes do not have any special internal structure. Epidermis is single layered usually with obvious stomata. Opening or closing of stomata is related to water availability. In sufficient supply of water stromata remain open while in limited supply of water stomata are closed to prevent excessive transpiration leading to wilting.
Properties
Mesophytes generally require a more or less continuous water supply. They usually have larger, thinner leaves compared to xerophytes, sometimes with a greater number of stomata on the undersides of leaves. Because of their lack of particular xeromorphic adaptations, when they are exposed to extreme conditions they lose water rapidly, and are not tolerant of drought. Mesophytes are intermediate in water use and needs. These plants are found in average conditions of temperature and moisture and grow in soil that has no water logging. The roots of mesophytes are well developed, branched and provided with a root cap. The shoot system is well organised. The stem is generally aerial, branched, straight, thick and hard. Leaves are thin, broad in middle, dark green and of variable shape and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20castle
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A lead castle, also called a lead cave or a lead housing, is a structure composed of lead to provide shielding against gamma radiation in a variety of applications in the nuclear industry and other activities which use ionizing radiation.
Applications
Shielding of radioactive materials
Castles are widely used to shield radioactive "sources" (see notes) and radioactive materials, either in the laboratory or plant environment. The purpose of the castle is to shield people from gamma radiation. Lead will not efficiently attenuate neutrons. If an experiment or pilot plant is to be observed, a viewing window of lead glass may be used to give gamma shielding but allow visibility.
Shielding of radiation detectors
Plant radiation detectors that are operating in a high ambient gamma background are sometimes shielded to prevent the background swamping the detector. Such a detector may be looking for alpha and beta particles, and gamma radiation will affect this.
Laboratory or health physics detectors, even if remote from nuclear operations, may require shielding if very low levels of radiation are to be detected. This is the case with, for instance, a scintillation counter measuring low levels of contamination on a swab or sample.
Construction
The castle can be made from individual bricks; usually with interlocking chevron edges to prevent "shine paths" of direct radiation through the gaps. They can also be made from lead produced in bespoke shapes by machining or casting. Such an example would be the annular ring castle commonly used for shielding scintillation counters.
A typical lead brick weighs about ten kilograms. Lead castles can be made of hundreds of bricks and weigh thousands of kilograms, so the floor must be able to withstand a heavy load. It is best to set up on a floor designed to carry the weight, or in the basement of a building built on a concrete slab. If the castle is not put directly on such a floor, it will require a suitably strong structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertia
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Hubertia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.
Species
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEENT%20examination
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A HEENT examination is a portion of a physical examination that principally concerns the head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat.
Steps
IPPA
Inspection of scars or skin changes
Palpation of temporomandibular joint, thyroid, and lymph nodes
Percussion may involve the skin above the frontal sinuses and paranasal sinuses to detect any signs of pain
Auscultation for carotid bruits
Tests specific to HEENT examination
Eyes: eye examination and acuity (including ophthalmoscope)
Ears: hearing examination and evaluation of tympanic membrane (TM) (otoscope used in evaluation of ears, nose, and mouth)
A neurological examination is usually considered separate from the HEENT evaluation, although there can be some overlap in some cases.
Sample write-up
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leccinum%20rufum
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Leccinum rufum is a species of fungus in the genus Leccinum.
External links
rufum
Fungi of Europe
Edible fungi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28fibred%20manifold%29
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In differential geometry, a fibered manifold is surjective submersion of smooth manifolds . Locally trivial fibered manifolds are fiber bundles. Therefore, a notion of connection on fibered manifolds provides a general framework of a connection on fiber bundles.
Formal definition
Let be a fibered manifold. A generalized connection on is a section , where is the jet manifold of .
Connection as a horizontal splitting
With the above manifold there is the following canonical short exact sequence of vector bundles over :
where and are the tangent bundles of , respectively, is the vertical tangent bundle of , and is the pullback bundle of onto .
A connection on a fibered manifold is defined as a linear bundle morphism
over which splits the exact sequence . A connection always exists.
Sometimes, this connection is called the Ehresmann connection because it yields the horizontal distribution
of and its horizontal decomposition .
At the same time, by an Ehresmann connection also is meant the following construction. Any connection on a fibered manifold yields a horizontal lift of a vector field on onto , but need not defines the similar lift of a path in into . Let
be two smooth paths in and , respectively. Then is called the horizontal lift of if
A connection is said to be the Ehresmann connection if, for each path in , there exists its horizontal lift through any point . A fibered manifold is a fiber bundle if and only if it admits such an Ehresmann connection.
Connection as a tangent-valued form
Given a fibered manifold , let it be endowed with an atlas of fibered coordinates , and let be a connection on . It yields uniquely the horizontal tangent-valued one-form
on which projects onto the canonical tangent-valued form (tautological one-form or solder form)
on , and vice versa. With this form, the horizontal splitting reads
In particular, the connection in yields the horizontal lift of any vector field on to a project
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20category
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In mathematics, a concrete category is a category that is equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets (or sometimes to another category, see Relative concreteness below). This functor makes it possible to think of the objects of the category as sets with additional structure, and of its morphisms as structure-preserving functions. Many important categories have obvious interpretations as concrete categories, for example the category of topological spaces and the category of groups, and trivially also the category of sets itself. On the other hand, the homotopy category of topological spaces is not concretizable, i.e. it does not admit a faithful functor to the category of sets.
A concrete category, when defined without reference to the notion of a category, consists of a class of objects, each equipped with an underlying set; and for any two objects A and B a set of functions, called morphisms, from the underlying set of A to the underlying set of B. Furthermore, for every object A, the identity function on the underlying set of A must be a morphism from A to A, and the composition of a morphism from A to B followed by a morphism from B to C must be a morphism from A to C.
Definition
A concrete category is a pair (C,U) such that
C is a category, and
U : C → Set (the category of sets and functions) is a faithful functor.
The functor U is to be thought of as a forgetful functor, which assigns to every object of C its "underlying set", and to every morphism in C its "underlying function".
A category C is concretizable if there exists a concrete category (C,U);
i.e., if there exists a faithful functor U: C → Set. All small categories are concretizable: define U so that its object part maps each object b of C to the set of all morphisms of C whose codomain is b (i.e. all morphisms of the form f: a → b for any object a of C), and its morphism part maps each morphism g: b → c of C to the function U(g): U(b) → U(c) which maps each member f: a → b of U(
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%20set
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In mathematics, the cylinder sets form a basis of the product topology on a product of sets; they are also a generating family of the cylinder σ-algebra.
General definition
Given a collection of sets, consider the Cartesian product of all sets in the collection. The canonical projection corresponding to some is the function that maps every element of the product to its component. A cylinder set is a preimage of a canonical projection or finite intersection of such preimages. Explicitly, it is a set of the form,
for any choice of , finite sequence of sets and subsets for . Here denotes the component of .
Then, when all sets in are topological spaces, the product topology is generated by cylinder sets corresponding to the components' open sets. That is cylinders of the form where for each , is open in . In the same manner, in case of measurable spaces, the cylinder σ-algebra is the one which is generated by cylinder sets corresponding to the components' measurable sets.
The restriction that the cylinder set be the intersection of a finite number of open cylinders is important; allowing infinite intersections generally results in a finer topology. In the latter case, the resulting topology is the box topology; cylinder sets are never Hilbert cubes.
Cylinder sets in products of discrete sets
Let be a finite set, containing n objects or letters. The collection of all bi-infinite strings in these letters is denoted by
The natural topology on is the discrete topology. Basic open sets in the discrete topology consist of individual letters; thus, the open cylinders of the product topology on are
The intersections of a finite number of open cylinders are the cylinder sets
Cylinder sets are clopen sets. As elements of the topology, cylinder sets are by definition open sets. The complement of an open set is a closed set, but the complement of a cylinder set is a union of cylinders, and so cylinder sets are also closed, and are thus clopen.
Definition fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja%20project
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Caja (pronounced ) was a Google project for sanitizing third party HTML, CSS and JavaScript. On January 31, 2021, Google archived the project due to known vulnerabilities and lack of maintenance to keep up with the latest web security research, recommending instead the Closure toolkit.
Caja was designed by Google research scientist Mark S. Miller in 2008 as a JavaScript implementation for "virtual iframes" based on the principles of object-capabilities. It would take JavaScript (technically, ECMAScript 5 strict mode code), HTML, and CSS input and rewrite it into a safe subset of HTML and CSS, plus a single JavaScript function with no free variables. That means the only way such a function could modify an object, was if it was given a reference to the object by the host page. Instead of giving direct references to DOM objects, the host page typically gives references to wrappers that sanitize HTML, proxy URLs, and prevent redirecting the page; this allowed Caja to prevent certain phishing and cross-site scripting attacks, and prevent downloading malware. Also, since all rewritten programs ran in the same frame, the host page could allow one program to export an object reference to another program; then inter-frame communication was simply method invocation.
The word "caja" is Spanish for "box" or "safe" (as in a bank), the idea being that Caja could safely contain JavaScript programs as well as being a capabilities-based JavaScript.
Caja was used by Google in its Google Apps Script products. In 2008 MySpace and Yahoo! had both deployed a very early version of Caja.
See also
Joe-E, an object-capability subset of Java
E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumograph
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A pneumograph, also known as a pneumatograph or spirograph, is a device for recording velocity and force of chest movements during respiration.
Principle of operation
There are various kinds of pneumographic devices, which have different principles of operation. In one mechanism, a flexible rubber vessel is attached to the chest. The vessel is equipped with sensors. Others are impedance based. In these methods, a high frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) low amplitude current is injected across the chest cavity. The voltage resulting from this current injection is measured and the resistance is derived from the application of Ohm's law (R = V/I). Current flows less easily through the chest as the lungs fill, so the resistance rises with increasing lung volume.
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