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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponni%20rice | Ponni rice is a variety of rice developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1986. It is widely cultivated in Tamil Nadu, a state in India and is a hybrid variety of Taichung 65 and Myang Ebos 6080/2. Since the Kaveri River is also called 'Ponni' in Tamil literature, the rice could have been named after the river. The rice is mostly cultivated along the banks of the Kaveri in the cities of Ariyalur, Trichy, Madurai and its mouth.
See also
List of rice varieties
External links
Malaysian firm registers Ponni as trademark
The Hindu on a new variety of Ponni
A farmers' movement to protect ‘Ponni'
Wanted: ad blitzkrieg and patent for Ponni rice
Rice varieties
Agriculture in Tamil Nadu
Rice production in India |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spending%20wave | In the economics of demography, the term spending wave refers to the economic effect of departure of children from the home. When a society experiences a high level of such family change then an economic decline follows from reduced spending overall.
Example
For example, in U.S. contemporary economics, Harry Dent, a University of South Carolina and Harvard Business School graduate and Fortune 100 consultant, has popularized the baby-boomer spending wave theory. According to Dent, the stock-market decline of 2008 was a result of baby boomers aging past their peak spending years. This prediction was based on the observation that consumer spending peaks near age 50. In 2002 Dan Arnold echoed this theory in his book The Great Bust Ahead, with the big spenders being 45- to 54-year-olds, and their numbers peaking in 2011–2012.
Other authors, such as Schieber and Shoven, suggest that the gradual peaking of the social security trust fund in the United States will occur around the 2007–2009 time period.
Some experts expected the worst consumer recession, since 1980, to occur when aging boomers start retiring, adding to rising unemployment, decline in house values, and declining stock prices. However other experts suggested that immigration to the US and the rise of emerging economies would offset the baby boomer demographic impact. Still other experts postulated that, due to the 2008 major stock market decline and home equity crash, many baby boomers lost so much equity that they will retire at a later age than was previously planned.
Not all of these forecasts proved accurate. While the retirement of the Baby Boomer generation did coincide with the most severe recession in the United States since 1980, the subsequent recovery was strong, with the unemployment rate falling to 5% by the end of 2015. The stockmarket also surged in the 2010s, with both the Dow Jones and Nasdaq climbing to all-time highs as the decade wore on.
See also
Kondratiev wave
Recession |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Colombian%20flags | This is a list of flags used in Colombia. For more information about the national flag, visit the article Flag of Colombia.
National flags
Presidential standards
Military
Army
Navy
Air Force
Police
Civil Ensign
Departments
Municipalities
Political flags
Ethnic groups flags
Historical Flags
Flag Proposal
Burgees of Colombia
See also
Cundinamarca flags
Coat of arms of Colombia
¡Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!
External links
Colombia
Flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivid%20designator | In modal logic and the philosophy of language, a vivid designator is a term which is believed to designate the same thing in all possible worlds and nothing else where such an object does not exist in a possible world. It is the analogue, in the sense of believing, of a rigid designator, which is (refers to) the same in all possible worlds, rather than is just believed to be so.
Willard Van Orman Quine
Willard Van Orman Quine credits David Kaplan (who in turn credits Montgomery Furth) for the term "vivid designator" in his 1977 paper "Intensions Revisited". He examines the separation between de re and de dicto and does away with de re statements, because de re statements can only work for names that are used referentially. In fact, both rigid designators and vivid designators are similarly dependent on context and empty otherwise. The same is true of the whole quantified modal logic of necessity because it collapses if essence is withdrawn.
See also
Naming and Necessity
Rigid designator
Non-rigid designator
Scientific essentialism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doignon%27s%20theorem | Doignon's theorem in geometry is an analogue of Helly's theorem for the integer lattice. It states that, if a family of convex sets in Euclidean space have the property that the intersection of every contains an integer point, then the intersection of all of the sets contains an integer point. Therefore, integer linear programs form an LP-type problem of combinatorial and can be solved by certain generalizations of linear programming algorithms in an amount of time that is linear in the number of constraints of the problem and fixed-parameter tractable in its The same theorem applies more generally to any lattice, not just the integer
The theorem can be classified as belonging to convex geometry, discrete geometry, and the geometry of numbers. It is named after Belgian mathematician and mathematical psychologist Jean-Paul Doignon, who published it in 1973. Doignon credits Francis Buekenhout with posing the question answered by this It is also called the Doignon–Bell–Scarf theorem, crediting mathematical economists David E. Bell and Herbert Scarf, who both rediscovered it and pointed out its applications to integer
The result is tight: there exist systems of half-spaces for which every have an integer point in their intersection, but for which the whole system has no integer intersection. Such a system can be obtained, for instance, by choosing halfspaces that contain all but one vertex of the unit cube. Another way of phrasing the result is that the Helly number of convex subsets of the integers is More generally, the Helly number of any discrete set of Euclidean points equals the maximum number of points that can be chosen to form the vertices of a convex polytope that contains no other point from the Generalizing both Helly's theorem and Doignon's theorem, the Helly number of the Cartesian product |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Ageing%20Survey | The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a main source of information about ageing and old age as a stage of life in Germany. It is a nationally representative, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of people in the second half of life (i. e. aged 40 and over).
The comprehensive study of people in their mid- and older adulthood provides individual data for use both in social and behavioural scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data is thus a source of information for political decision makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS allows to form a comprehensive picture of life situations and life contexts of old and ageing people in Germany and to respond to current political and academic questions.
Funding, history and structure of the study
The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The first survey wave was conducted in 1996. It was designed and carried out by the research group on ageing and the life course from the Freie Universität Berlin, the research group on psychogerontology of the University of Nijmegen and infas Institute for Applied Social Sciences, Bonn. From 2000 onwards, the German Centre of Gerontology (DZA) was responsible for the implementation and further development of the project. The second survey wave of DEAS followed in 2002, the third in 2008, the fourth in 2011, the fifth in 2014, the sixth in 2017, and the seventh in 2020. The data assessments are furthermore carried out by infas Institute for Applied Social Sciences. Starting from 2008, the DEAS panel is conducted every three years. A new cross-sectional sample is drawn every six years. This approach enables the investigation of social change as well as individual development over a 24-year span. A book containing about women and men in the second half of life, containing the key findings of the sixth wave, was published in 2019. Since 2020 several volumes o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile%20Service%20Engine | Versatile Service Engine is a second generation IP Multimedia Subsystem developed by Nortel Networks that is compliant with Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture specifications. Nortel's versatile service engine provides capability to telecommunication service provider to
offer global System for mobile communications and code-division multiple access services in both wireline and wireless mode.
History
The Versatile Service Engine is a joint effort of Nortel and Motorola. The aim of collaboration was to develop an Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture compliant platform for Nortel IP Multimedia Subsystem applications. Nortel joined the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group in 2002 and the work on Versatile Service Engine was started in 2004.
Architecture
A single versatile service engine frame consists of three shelves, each shelf having three slots.
A single slot can have many sub-slots staging a blade in it. Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture blades can be processors, switches, AMC carriers, etc. A typical shelf will contain one or more switch blades and several processor blades. The power supply and cooling fans are located in the back pane of the Versatile Service Engine.
Ericsson ownership
After Nortel Networks filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2009, Ericsson telecommunications then acquired the code-division multiple access and LTE based assets of then Canada's largest telecom equipment maker, hence taking the ownership of Versatile service engine. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glowing%20Plant%20project | The Glowing Plant project was the first crowdfunding campaign for a synthetic biology application. The project was started by the Sunnyvale-based hackerspace Biocurious as part of the DIYbio philosophy. According to the project's goals, funds were used to create a glowing Arabidopsis thaliana plant using firefly luminescence genes. Long-term ambitions (never realized) included the development of glowing trees that can be used to replace street lights, reducing CO2 emissions by not requiring electricity.
Project funding
Using Kickstarter, the project's founders raised $484,000 on June 8, 2063. This was significantly more than the initial target of $65,000.
Seeds were initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2014, and subsequently scheduled for the fall of 2014. In March 2016, delivery of seeds was forecast for 2016 on the Glowing Plant website. The company encountered difficulty in producing plants that emit significant amounts of light, resulting in a transition to producing moss that emits a patchouli scent. They later announced via email December 2017 that the company was permanently ceasing operations.
Methods
Biocurious planned to tweak the biobrick containing six genes, including luciferin-regenerating enzyme and luciferase from fireflies. During initial development, they would use Agrobacterium to test the transfer of the genetic circuit. When producing the final product, they intended to instead use a gene gun to avoid issues related to regulation of GM plants. Over the course of the project, several plants were mentioned as being recipients, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and roses. Issues surrounding the production included the difficulty of moving the six component genes of the metabolic pathway, increasing the dim light produced by the plant following insertion, and preventing the pathway from being silenced.
Controversy
The project generated widespread media attention and a discussion of appropriate uses of biotechnology. As |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20system | A hybrid system is a dynamical system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior – a system that can both flow (described by a differential equation) and jump (described by a state machine or automaton). Often, the term "hybrid dynamical system" is used, to distinguish over hybrid systems such as those that combine neural nets and fuzzy logic, or electrical and mechanical drivelines. A hybrid system has the benefit of encompassing a larger class of systems within its structure, allowing for more flexibility in modeling dynamic phenomena.
In general, the state of a hybrid system is defined by the values of the continuous variables and a discrete mode. The state changes either continuously, according to a flow condition, or discretely according to a control graph. Continuous flow is permitted as long as so-called invariants hold, while discrete transitions can occur as soon as given jump conditions are satisfied. Discrete transitions may be associated with events.
Examples
Hybrid systems have been used to model several cyber-physical systems, including physical systems with impact, logic-dynamic controllers, and even Internet congestion.
Bouncing ball
A canonical example of a hybrid system is the bouncing ball, a physical system with impact. Here, the ball (thought of as a point-mass) is dropped from an initial height and bounces off the ground, dissipating its energy with each bounce. The ball exhibits continuous dynamics between each bounce; however, as the ball impacts the ground, its velocity undergoes a discrete change modeled after an inelastic collision. A mathematical description of the bouncing ball follows. Let be the height of the ball and be the velocity of the ball. A hybrid system describing the ball is as follows:
When , flow is governed by
,
where is the acceleration due to gravity. These equations state that when the ball is above ground, it is being drawn to the ground by gravity.
When , jumps are governed by
,
where |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Entertainment%20Content%20Ecosystem | The Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem (DECE, LLC.) was a consortium of major film studios, consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers, networking hardware vendors, systems integrators, and Digital Rights Management (DRM) vendors listed below. The consortium was announced in September 2008 by its president, Mitch Singer, who was also the chief technology officer (CTO) of Sony Pictures Entertainment at the time. DECE was chartered to develop a set of standards for the digital distribution of premium Hollywood content. The consortium created a set of rules and a back-end system for the management of those rules that enabled consumers to share purchased digital content among a domain of registered consumer electronics devices.
DECE's digital locker system was named UltraViolet.
Amazon, Apple, Disney, and Google were not members of DECE. In February 2014, Disney launched its own digital locker system named Keychest and an associated streaming platform named Disney Movies Anywhere. In October 2017, Disney expanded Keychest to outside studios and renamed Disney Movies Anywhere to Movies Anywhere. Movies Anywhere currently connects to Amazon Video, FandangoNOW, Google Play/YouTube, Apple TV/iTunes, Microsoft Movies & TV, Vudu, Verizon Fios, and Xfinity.
On January 30, 2019, after servicing more than 30 million users with over 300 million pieces of TV and movie content, Variety reported the closure of the UltraViolet system on July 31, 2019; DECE recommended confirming connections of UltraViolet content to Vudu and FandangoNow in the US and connections to Flixster outside the US before the service's closure to maintain existing digital rights. DECE, LLC as an entity officially dissolved in August 2020.
Members
DECE members included:
Adobe Systems
Akamai Technologies
Alcatel Lucent
Arxan Technologies
Best Buy
BluFocus Inc.
British Sky Broadcasting
British Telecom
castLabs
Catch Media
Cineplex Entertainment
CinemaNow
Cisco
Comcast (Including NBCUniversal)
Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordonia%20%28bacterium%29 | Gordonia is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive bacterium in the Actinomycetota, closely related to the Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Skermania, and Nocardia genera. Gordonia bacteria are aerobic, motile, and non-sporulating. Gordonia is from the same lineage that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The genus was discovered by Tsukamura in 1971 and named after American bacteriologist Ruth Gordon.. Many species are often found in the soil, while other species have been isolated from aquatic environments. Gordonia species are rarely known to cause infections in humans.
Some pathogenic instances of Gordonia have been reported to cause skin and soft tissue infections, including bacteremia and cutaneous infections. Though infections are generally treated with antibiotics, surgical procedures are sometimes used to contain infections. Some investigations have found that 28 °C is the ideal temperature for the growth of Gordonia bacteria. Gordonia species often have high G-C base pair contents in DNA, ranging from 63% to 69%. G-C base pair content levels are generally positively correlated with melting temperature.
Some species of Gordonia, such as Gordonia rubripertincta, produce colonies that have a bright orange or orange-red color.
Some strains of Gordonia have recently garnered interest in the biotechnology industry due to their ability to degrade environmental pollutants.
Cases of Pathogenicity
Gordonia bronchialis has occasionally shown pathogenicity, infecting sternal wounds from surgery. However, since G. bronchialis infections can present with minimal and mild symptoms, few reporst of G. bronchialis infections have been documented.
Gordonia can infect immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.
Environmental Uses
Gordonia species are able to degrade various environmental pollutants toxins and other natural compounds that cannot regularly be biodegraded. Two common materials, natural and synthetic isoprene rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Sullivan | Betty Julia Sullivan (31 May 1902 — 25 December 1999) was an American biochemist between the 1920s and 1940s at Russell Miller Milling Company. In 1947, Sullivan began her executive career as research director and vice-president for Russell Miller until the company became part of Peavey Company in 1958. After the merger, Sullivan remained in her executive roles before leaving in 1967 to co-start an agribusiness consulting company. While working at Experience Inc., Sullivan became director of the company in 1975 and retired in 1992. During her career, Sullivan was the first woman to receive the Osbourne Medal from the American Association of Cereal Chemists, in 1948. In 1954, Sullivan was awarded the Garvan–Olin Medal from the American Chemical Society.
Early life and education
On May 31, 1902, Sullivan was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sullivan attended the University of Minnesota for her Bachelor of Science in 1922. In the mid-1920s, Sullivan left the United States and completed a master's degree at the University of Paris in 1925. The following year, she conducted research at the Pasteur Institute in 1926. In 1935, Sullivan returned to the University of Minnesota for a Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry and a minor degree in organic chemistry. Sullivan wrote her Bachelor of Science thesis on the chemical reactions in pinene and her PhD thesis about the lipids found in wheat.
Career
In 1922, Sullivan started her chemistry career as a lab assistant for the Russell Miller Milling Company in 1922. While at Russell Miller, Sullivan was promoted to head chemist in 1927 and research director in 1947. While researching the food chemistry of wheat and flour, Sullivan simultaneously held the position of vice-president. After Russell Miller became a part of Peavey Company in 1958, Sullivan continued her research and executive positions with Peavey while worked in food processing to create new products. When Sullivan left Peavey in 1967, she co-created an agribusiness c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Skladanowsky | Max Skladanowsky (30 April 1863 – 30 November 1939) was a German inventor and early filmmaker. Along with his brother Emil, he invented the Bioscop, an early movie projector the Skladanowsky brothers used to display a moving picture show to a paying audience on 1 November 1895, shortly before the public debut of the Lumière Brothers' Cinématographe in Paris on 28 December 1895.
Career
Born as the fourth child of glazier Carl Theodor Skladanowsky (1830–1897) and Luise Auguste Ernestine Skladanowsky, Max Skladanowsky was apprenticed as a photographer and glass painter, which led to an interest in magic lanterns. In 1879, he began to tour Germany and Central Europe with his father Carl and elder brother Emil, giving dissolving magic lantern shows. While Emil mostly took care of promotion, Max was mostly involved with the technology and for instance developed special multi-lens devices that allowed simultaneous projection of up to nine separate image sequences. Carl retired from this show business, but Max and Emil continued and added other attractions, including a type of naumachia that involved electro-mechanical effects and pyrotechnics.
Max would later claim to have constructed their first film camera on 20 August 1892, but this more likely happened in the summer or autumn of 1894. He also single-handedly constructed the Bioskop projector. Partially based on the dissolving view lantern, it featured two lenses and two separate film reels, one frame being projected alternately from each. It was hand-cranked to transport 44.5mm-wide unperforated Eastman-Kodak film-stock, which was carefully cut, perforated and re-assembled by hand and coated with an emulsion developed by Max. The projector was placed behind a screen, which was made properly transparent by keeping it wet to show the images optimally.
The Skladanowsky brothers shot several films in May 1895. Their first film recorded Emil performing overstated movements on a rooftop with a panorama of Berlin in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20mesenteric%20lymph%20nodes | The superior mesenteric lymph nodes may be divided into three principal groups:
mesenteric lymph nodes
ileocolic lymph nodes
mesocolic lymph nodes
Structure
Mesenteric lymph nodes
The mesenteric lymph nodes or mesenteric glands are one of the three principal groups of superior mesenteric lymph nodes and lie between the layers of the mesentery.
They number from one hundred to one hundred and fifty, and are sited as two main groups:
one ileocolic group lying close to the wall of the small intestine, among the terminal twigs of the superior mesenteric artery;
a second larger mesocolic group placed in relation to the loops and primary branches of the vessels.
Ileocolic lymph nodes
The ileocolic lymph nodes, from ten to twenty in number, form a chain around the ileocolic artery, but tend to subdivide into two groups, one near the duodenum and the other on the lower part of the trunk of the artery. Where the vessel divides into its terminal branches the chain is broken up into several groups:
(a) ileal, in relation to the ileal branch of the artery;
(b) anterior ileocolic, usually of three glands, in the ileocolic fold, near the wall of the cecum;
(c) posterior ileocolic, mostly placed in the angle between the ileum and the colon, but partly lying behind the cecum at its junction with the ascending colon;
(d) a single gland, between the layers of the mesenteriole of the appendix;
(e) right colic, along the medial side of the ascending colon.
Mesocolic lymph nodes
The mesocolic lymph nodes are numerous, and lie between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, in close relation to the transverse colon; they are best developed in the neighborhood of the right and left colic flexures.
One or two small glands are occasionally seen along the trunk of the right colic artery and others are found in relation to the trunk and branches of the middle colic artery.
Function
The superior mesenteric glands receive lymph from the jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental%20cotyledon | The placenta of humans, and certain other mammals contains structures known as cotyledons, which transmit fetal blood and allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients with the maternal blood.
Ruminants
The Artiodactyla have a cotyledonary placenta. In this form of placenta the chorionic villi form a number of separate circular structures (cotyledons) which are distributed over the surface of the chorionic sac. Sheep, goats and cattle have between 72 and 125 cotyledons whereas deer have 4-6 larger cotyledons.
Human
The form of the human placenta is generally classified as a discoid placenta. Within this the cotyledons are the approximately 15-25 separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and sub-branches.
Vasculature
The cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assured%20Food%20Standards | Assured Food Standards is a United Kingdom company which licenses the Red Tractor quality mark, a farm assurance programme for food products, animal feed and fertiliser. The scheme is subject to frequent media scrutiny because of the systematic and routine animal abuse that happens at Red Tractor assured farms and is permitted under Red Tractor standards.
History
The Red Tractor scheme was launched in 2000 by the National Farmers Union of England and Wales, with the logo originally known as the Little Red Tractor, and also the British Farm Standard. It was launched on 13 June 2000.
Around the time of the launch, the NFU found in a survey that 70% of the public had no idea what type of food their local farmers tended to produce.
In 2005, the organisation kept its Red Tractor quality mark, but was renamed from "British Farm Standard" to the "Assured Food Standards". The company is limited by guarantee and permitted to operate without the word "limited" in its company name.
In April 2009, Cains Brewery of Liverpool produced the first lager, Cains Export, to be accredited by the Red Tractor. Since June 2010, Carling cans of lager have displayed the logo, as the barley used has been certified.
Operations
All stages of food production are independently certified (inspected) to the Red Tractor standards before food can be labelled with the Red Tractor logo.
The Red Tractor Farm Assurance scheme is divided in different sectors:
Pigs (Assured British Pigs ) - 90% of British pig producers
Dairy (Assured Dairy Farms - former National Dairy Farm Assured Scheme)
Beef and Lamb
Fresh produce
Poultry (Assured Chicken Production . Members of the British Poultry Council will produce poultry meat to the Red Tractor standard, meaning they are kept in more humane surroundings.)
Crops and sugar beet (Assured Combinable Crops Scheme )
Processed Vegetable Growers' Association Red Tractor cover an extensive range of products, including meat and poultry, dairy products, breakfas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20hoc%20testing | Ad hoc testing is a commonly used term for planned software testing that is performed without initial test case documentation; however, ad hoc testing can also be applied to other scientific research and quality control efforts. Ad hoc tests are useful for adding additional confidence to a resulting product or process, as well as quickly spotting important defects or inefficiencies, but they have some disadvantages, such as having inherent uncertainties in their performance and not being as useful without proper documentation post-execution and -completion. Occasionally, ad hoc testing is compared to exploratory testing as being less rigorous, though others argue that ad hoc testing still has value as "improvised testing that deals well with verifying a specific subject."
Ad hoc testing of software
When testing software, that testing may be methodical or more improvisational. Methodical testing will include written test cases, which detail their own set of specified inputs, execution conditions, testing procedures, and expected results as a means of achieving a particular software testing objective. Ad hoc testing may have a more "improvisational" feel to it as initial test cases are not documented and the tester's intuition, skillset, and experience are more relevant; however, ad hoc testing of software is still largely a planned activity. The tester still intends to apply—as part of the overall software development process—their own methodology to find bugs not anticipated for by planned test cases using any means that seem appropriate given the situation. Ad hoc testing can, for example, be an extension of existing documented test cases but intend to apply invented variations of those test cases improvisationally without formally documenting the specifics beforehand. However, as Desikan notes, to get the most from an ad hoc test and limit its downsides, the test should be properly documented post-execution and -completion, and the results report should address h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20pinetorum | Boletus pinetorum is an edible bolete fungus generally found in Fennoscandia. It was described as a new species in 2009 from a collection made in Finland. It resembles the popular Boletus edulis but is distinct from that species genetically. Fruitbodies of B. pinetorum have greyish brown caps with wrinkled margins. The bolete is mycorrhizal with pines, and grows in dry sandy pine heaths and dry coniferous forests.
See also
List of Boletus species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Grid%20Services%20Architecture | Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) describes a service-oriented architecture for a grid computing environment for business and scientific use.
It was developed within the Open Grid Forum, which was called the Global Grid Forum (GGF) at the time, around 2002 to 2006.
Description
OGSA is a distributed interaction and computing architecture based around services, assuring interoperability on heterogeneous systems so that different types of resources can communicate and share information. OGSA is based on several other Web service technologies, such as the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), but it aims to be largely independent of transport-level handling of data.
OGSA has been described as a refinement of a Web services architecture, specifically designed to support grid requirements.
The concept of OGSA is derived from work presented in the 2002 Globus Alliance paper "The Physiology of the Grid" by Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Jeffrey M. Nick, and Steven Tuecke.
It was developed by GGF working groups which resulted in a document, entitled The Open Grid Services Architecture, Version 1.5 in 2006.
The GGF published some use case scenarios.
According to the "Defining the Grid: A Roadmap for OGSA Standards v 1.0", OGSA is:
An architectural process in which the GGF's OGSA Working Group collects requirements and maintains a set of informational documents that describe the architecture;
A set of normative specifications and profiles that document the precise requirements for a conforming hardware or software component;
Software components that adhere to the OGSA specifications and profiles, enabling deployment of grid solutions that are interoperable even though they may be based on implementations from multiple sources.
The Open Grid Services Architecture, Version 1.5 described these capabilities:
Infrastructure services
Execution Management services
Data services
Resource Management services
Security serv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent%20aura%20without%20infarction | Persistent aura without infarction (PAWOI) is a rare and seemingly benign condition, first described in case reports in 1982 as "prolonged/persistent migraine aura status", and in 2000 as "migraine aura status", that is not yet fully understood. PAWOI is said to possibly be a factor involved in a variety of neurological symptoms, including visual snow, loss of vision, increased afterimages, tinnitus, and others. The pathogenesis of PAWOI is unknown. It is not clear which medical examinations are useful in diagnosing PAWOI. At present, PAWOI is usually diagnosed solely based on the patient's current and past symptoms. It is possible that an "overactive brain" or a chemical imbalance underlies the disorder. Various medications have been tried as treatment, notably acetazolamide, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and furosemide. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter%20%28logic%20gate%29 | In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. It outputs a bit opposite of the bit that is put into it. The bits are typically implemented as two differing voltage levels.
Description
The NOT gate outputs a zero when given a one, and a one when given a zero. Hence, it inverts its inputs. Colloquially, this inversion of bits is called "flipping" bits. As with all binary logic gates, other pairs of symbols such as true and false, or high and low may be used in lieu of one and zero.
It is equivalent to the logical negation operator (¬) in mathematical logic. Because it has only one input, it is a unary operation and has the simplest type of truth table. It is also called the complement gate because it produces the ones' complement of a binary number, swapping 0s and 1s.
The NOT gate is one of three basic logic gates from which any Boolean circuit may be built up. Together with the AND gate and the OR gate, any function in binary mathematics may be implemented. All other logic gates may be made from these three.
The terms "programmable inverter" or "controlled inverter" do not refer to this gate; instead, these terms refer to the XOR gate because it can conditionally function like a NOT gate.
Symbols
The traditional symbol for an inverter circuit is a triangle touching a small circle or "bubble". Input and output lines are attached to the symbol; the bubble is typically attached to the output line. To symbolize active-low input, sometimes the bubble is instead placed on the input line. Sometimes only the circle portion of the symbol is used, and it is attached to the input or output of another gate; the symbols for NAND and NOR are formed in this way.
A bar or overline ( ‾ ) above a variable can denote negation (or inversion or complement) performed by a NOT gate. A slash (/) before the variable is also used.
Electronic implementation
An inverter circuit outputs a voltage representing the opposite logic-level to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonsound | Moonsound is the name of a sound card released for the MSX home-computer system at the Tilburg Computer Fair in 1995. It was designed by electronic engineer Henrik Gilvad and produced by Sunrise Swiss on a semi-hobby basis.
It arrived after the US branch of Microsoft abandoned the MSX system, instead focusing on the IBM PC. The name originates from the Moonblaster software that was written for people to use the hardware plug-in synthesizer.
Overview
Based on the Yamaha YMF278 (OPL4) sound chip, it is capable of 18 channels of FM synthesis as well as 24 channels of 12 and 16 bit sample-based synthesis. A 2 MB instrument ROM containing multisampled instruments was unusual for its time. From the factory it came equipped with one 128 KB SRAM chip for user samples.
History
Two generations were made. The first is a small size PCB without a box. Later, a larger size PCB which fit into an MSX cartridge was available. The later version had room for two sample SRAM chips resulting in 1 MB of compressed user samples.
Sound effects
Sound effects like chorus, delay and reverb are omitted due to cost, size and usability reasons. The Yamaha effect chip requires its own specialised memory and effect routing is basic. All 18 FM channels and 24 channels of sample-based sound shares the same effect setting. Creative step-time sequencer programmers made pseudo effects like chorus, reverb and delay by overdubbing or using dedicated channels to repeat notes with delay and stereo panning. This is effective but quickly reduces the musical complexity possible.
Specifications
Moonsound version 1.0 had one socket for user sample RAM.
Moonsound version 1.1 and 1.2 had two sockets for up to 1 MB SRAM.
Some hackers and modders found out how to stack two additional SRAM chips resulting in 2 MB of SRAM.
Being based on the OPL4 chip, The FM registers of Moonsound are compatible with the OPL, OPL2 and OPL3 chips. The MSX-AUDIO contains a chip which is similar to and also compatible with th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20oriented%20software%20development | Information Oriented Software Development is a software development methodology focused on working with information inside a computer program as opposed to working with just data. A significant difference exists between data and information. Information Oriented Software Development relies on data structures specifically designed to hold information, and relies on frameworks that support those data structures. Information oriented software development focuses on the conceptual needs of users and customers rather than the data storage models and object models.
Information data structures
Information data structures are data structures specifically intended to support information inside a computer program. Two common ones are as follows:
Data structures to support Fuzzy logic.
Data structures to support concept combinations and concept Permutations.
See also
Knowledge representation
Domain-driven design
Information model
Data science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20trait%20locus | A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a locus (section of DNA) that correlates with variation of a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms. QTLs are mapped by identifying which molecular markers (such as SNPs or AFLPs) correlate with an observed trait. This is often an early step in identifying the actual genes that cause the trait variation.
Definition
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a region of DNA which is associated with a particular phenotypic trait, which varies in degree and which can be attributed to polygenic effects, i.e., the product of two or more genes, and their environment. These QTLs are often found on different chromosomes. The number of QTLs which explain variation in the phenotypic trait indicates the genetic architecture of a trait. It may indicate that plant height is controlled by many genes of small effect, or by a few genes of large effect.
Typically, QTLs underlie continuous traits (those traits which vary continuously, e.g. height) as opposed to discrete traits (traits that have two or several character values, e.g. red hair in humans, a recessive trait, or smooth vs. wrinkled peas used by Mendel in his experiments).
Moreover, a single phenotypic trait is usually determined by many genes. Consequently, many QTLs are associated with a single trait.
Another use of QTLs is to identify candidate genes underlying a trait. The DNA sequence of any genes in this region can then be compared to a database of DNA for genes whose function is already known, this task being fundamental for marker-assisted crop improvement.
History
Mendelian inheritance was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century. As Mendel's ideas spread, geneticists began to connect Mendel's rules of inheritance of single factors to Darwinian evolution. For early geneticists, it was not immediately clear that the smooth variation in traits like body size (i.e., incomplete dominance) was caused by the inheritance of single genetic factors. Althoug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack%20tree | Attack trees are conceptual diagrams showing how an asset, or target, might be attacked. Attack trees have been used in a variety of applications. In the field of information technology, they have been used to describe threats on computer systems and possible attacks to realize those threats. However, their use is not restricted to the analysis of conventional information systems. They are widely used in the fields of defense and aerospace for the analysis of threats against tamper resistant electronics systems (e.g., avionics on military aircraft). Attack trees are increasingly being applied to computer control systems (especially relating to the electric power grid). Attack trees have also been used to understand threats to physical systems.
Some of the earliest descriptions of attack trees are found in papers and articles by Bruce Schneier, when he was CTO of Counterpane Internet Security. Schneier was clearly involved in the development of attack tree concepts and was instrumental in publicizing them. However, the attributions in some of the early publicly available papers on attack trees also suggest the involvement of the National Security Agency in the initial development.
Attack trees are very similar, if not identical, to threat trees. Threat trees were developed by Jonathan Weiss of Bell Laboratories to comply with guidance in MIL STD 1785 for AT&T's work on Command and Control for federal applications, and were first described in his paper in 1982. This work was later discussed in 1994 by Edward Amoroso.
Basic
Attack trees are multi-leveled diagrams consisting of one root, leaves, and children. From the bottom up, child nodes are conditions which must be satisfied to make the direct parent node true; when the root is satisfied, the attack is complete. Each node may be satisfied only by its direct child nodes.
A node may be the child of another node; in such a case, it becomes logical that multiple steps must be taken to carry out an attack. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EISPACK | EISPACK is a software library for numerical computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, written in FORTRAN. It contains subroutines for calculating the eigenvalues of nine classes of matrices: complex general, complex Hermitian, real general, real symmetric, real symmetric banded, real symmetric tridiagonal, special real tridiagonal, generalized real, and generalized real symmetric matrices.
In addition it includes subroutines to perform a singular value decomposition.
Originally written around 1972–1973, EISPACK, like LINPACK and MINPACK, originated from Argonne National Laboratory, has always been free, and aims to be portable, robust and reliable. The library drew heavily on algorithms developed by James Wilkinson, which were originally implemented in ALGOL. Brian Smith led a team at Argonne developing EISPACK, initially by translating these algorithms into FORTRAN. Jack Dongarra joined the team as an undergraduate intern at Argonne, and later went on to create LAPACK, which has largely superseded EISPACK and LINPACK.
Documentation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasad%20V.%20Tetali | Prasad V. Tetali is an Indian-American mathematician and computer scientist who works as a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. His research concerns probability theory, discrete mathematics, and approximation algorithms.
Tetali was born in Visakhapatnam, India but is now a United States citizen. He graduated from Andhra University in 1984, earned a master's degree in computer science in 1986 from the Indian Institute of Science, and completed his doctorate in 1991 at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University under the supervision of Joel Spencer. After postdoctoral studies, he joined the School of Mathematics at Georgia Tech in 1994, and added a joint appointment in computing in 2001. At Georgia Tech, his doctoral students have included Adam Marcus. He was editor-in-chief of SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics from 2009 to 2011. He moved to Carnegie Mellon University in 2021 to become the head of the Department of Mathematical Sciences.
Tetali became a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2009, and one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20H%C3%A9lein | Frédéric Hélein (born 22 April 1963) is a French mathematician. He is university professor at Paris Diderot University.
Hélein earned his doctorate at École polytechnique under supervision of Jean-Michel Coron. In 1998 Hélein was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. He won the 1999 Fermat Prize, jointly with Fabrice Bethuel, for several important contributions to the theory of variational calculus.
Notable publications
Research articles
Frédéric Hélein. Régularité des applications faiblement harmoniques entre une surface et une variété riemannienne. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 312 (1991), no. 8, 591–596.
Fabrice Bethuel, Haïm Brezis, and Frédéric Hélein. Asymptotics for the minimization of a Ginzburg-Landau functional. Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 1 (1993), no. 2, 123–148.
Books
Fabrice Bethuel, Haïm Brezis, and Frédéric Hélein. Ginzburg-Landau vortices. Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications, 13. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1994. xxviii+159 pp.
Frédéric Hélein. Constant mean curvature surfaces, harmonic maps and integrable systems. Notes taken by Roger Moser. Lectures in Mathematics ETH Zürich. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2001. 122 pp.
Frédéric Hélein. Harmonic maps, conservation laws and moving frames. Translated from the 1996 French original. With a foreword by James Eells. Second edition. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 150. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. xxvi+264 pp. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuiyousphaeridium | Shuiyousphaeridium is an extinct genus of acritarch discovered in 1993. Dated to 1.8Ga, it represents one of the earliest fossil eukaryote taxa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ball%20%28detector%29 | The Crystal Ball was a hermetic particle detector used initially with the SPEAR particle accelerator at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center beginning in 1979. It was designed to detect neutral particles and was used to discover the ηc meson. Its central section was a spark chamber surrounded by a nearly-complete sphere of scintillating crystals (NaI(Tl)), for which it was named. With the addition of endcaps of similar construction, the detector covered 98% of the solid angle around the interaction point.
After its decommissioning at SLAC, the detector was carried to DESY, where it was used for b-physics experiments.
In 1996, it was moved to the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where it was used in a series of pion- and kaon-induced experiments on the proton. Currently it is located at Mainz Microtron facility, where it is being used by the A2 Collaboration for a diverse program of measurements using energy tagged Bremsstrahlung photons. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow%20escape%20problem | The narrow escape problem is a ubiquitous problem in biology, biophysics and cellular biology.
The mathematical formulation is the following: a Brownian particle (ion, molecule, or protein) is confined to a bounded domain (a compartment or a cell) by a reflecting boundary, except for a small window through which it can escape. The narrow escape problem is that of calculating the mean escape time. This time diverges as the window shrinks, thus rendering the calculation a singular perturbation problem.
When escape is even more stringent due to severe geometrical restrictions at the place of escape, the narrow escape problem becomes the dire strait problem.
The narrow escape problem was proposed in the context of biology and biophysics by D. Holcman and Z. Schuss, and later on with A.Singer and led to the narrow escape theory in applied mathematics and computational biology.
Formulation
The motion of a particle is described by the Smoluchowski limit of the Langevin equation:
where is the diffusion coefficient of the particle, is the friction coefficient per unit of mass, the force per unit of mass, and is a Brownian motion.
Mean first passage time and the Fokker-Planck equation
A common question is to estimate the mean sojourn time of a particle diffusing in a bounded domain before it escapes through a small absorbing window in its boundary . The time is estimated asymptotically in the limit
The probability density function (pdf) is the probability of finding the particle at position at time .
The pdf satisfies the Fokker–Planck equation:
with initial condition
and mixed Dirichlet–Neumann boundary conditions ()
The function
represents the mean sojourn time of particle, conditioned on the initial position . It is the solution of the boundary value problem
The solution depends on the dimension of the domain. For a particle diffusing on a two-dimensional disk
where is the surface of the domain. The function does not depend on the initial positi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone | 20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). It is a progestogen similarly to progesterone, with about 20 to 50% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. It can be converted by 20β-HSD into progesterone in the uterus. The effects of 20β-HSD on the uterus, mammary glands, and in maintaining pregnancy have been studied. The progestogenic activity of 20β-HSD has also been characterized in women.
See also
20α-Dihydroprogesterone
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
5α-Dihydroprogesterone
11-Deoxycorticosterone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20borate | Barium borate is an inorganic compound, a borate of barium with a chemical formula BaB2O4 or Ba(BO2)2. It is available as a hydrate or dehydrated form, as white powder or colorless crystals. The crystals exist in the high-temperature α phase and low-temperature β phase, abbreviated as BBO; both phases are birefringent, and BBO is a common nonlinear optical material.
Barium borate was discovered and developed by Chen Chuangtian and others of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Properties
Barium borate exists in three major crystalline forms: alpha, beta, and gamma. The low-temperature beta phase converts into the alpha phase upon heating to 925 °C. β-Barium borate (BBO) differs from the α form by the positions of the barium ions within the crystal. Both phases are birefringent, however the α phase possesses centric symmetry and thus does not have the same nonlinear properties as the β phase.
Alpha barium borate, α-BaB2O4 is an optical material with a very wide optical transmission window from about 190 nm to 3500 nm. It has good mechanical properties and is a suitable material for high-power ultraviolet polarization optics. It can replace calcite, titanium dioxide or lithium niobate in Glan–Taylor prisms, Glan–Thompson prisms, walk-off beam splitters and other optical components. It has low hygroscopicity, and its Mohs hardness is 4.5. Its damage threshold is 1 GW/cm2 at 1064 nm and 500 MW/cm2 at 355 nm.
Beta barium borate, β-BaB2O4, is a nonlinear optical material transparent in the range ~190–3300 nm. It can be used for spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Its Mohs hardness is also 4.5.
Gamma barium borate, γ-BaB2O4, discovered recently, was produced by heating beta barium borate 900 °C under 3 GPa of pressure. It was found to have a monoclinic crystal structure.
Barium borate has strong negative uniaxial birefringence and can be phase-matched for type I (ooe) second-harmonic generation from 409.6 to 3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20kernel | In mathematics, and specifically in potential theory, the Poisson kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel can be understood as the derivative of the Green's function for the Laplace equation. It is named for Siméon Poisson.
Poisson kernels commonly find applications in control theory and two-dimensional problems in electrostatics.
In practice, the definition of Poisson kernels are often extended to n-dimensional problems.
Two-dimensional Poisson kernels
On the unit disc
In the complex plane, the Poisson kernel for the unit disc is given by
This can be thought of in two ways: either as a function of r and θ, or as a family of functions of θ indexed by r.
If is the open unit disc in C, T is the boundary of the disc, and f a function on T that lies in L1(T), then the function u given by
is harmonic in D and has a radial limit that agrees with f almost everywhere on the boundary T of the disc.
That the boundary value of u is f can be argued using the fact that as , the functions form an approximate unit in the convolution algebra L1(T). As linear operators, they tend to the Dirac delta function pointwise on Lp(T). By the maximum principle, u is the only such harmonic function on D.
Convolutions with this approximate unit gives an example of a summability kernel for the Fourier series of a function in L1(T) . Let f ∈ L1(T) have Fourier series {fk}. After the Fourier transform, convolution with Pr(θ) becomes multiplication by the sequence {r|k|} ∈ ℓ1(Z). Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the resulting product {r|k|fk} gives the Abel means Arf of f:
Rearranging this absolutely convergent series shows that f is the boundary value of g + h, where g (resp. h) is a holomorphic (resp. antiholomorphic) function on D.
When one also asks for the harmonic extension to be holomorphic, then the solutions are elements of a Hardy space. This is true when |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20order | In mathematical set theory, the Mitchell order is a well-founded preorder on the set of normal measures on a measurable cardinal κ. It is named for William Mitchell. We say that M ◅ N (this is a strict order) if M is in the ultrapower model defined by N. Intuitively, this means that M is a weaker measure than N (note, for example, that κ will still be measurable in the ultrapower for N, since M is a measure on it).
In fact, the Mitchell order can be defined on the set (or proper class, as the case may be) of extenders for κ; but if it is so defined it may fail to be transitive, or even well-founded, provided κ has sufficiently strong large cardinal properties. Well-foundedness fails specifically for rank-into-rank extenders; but Itay Neeman showed in 2004 that it holds for all weaker types of extender.
The Mitchell rank of a measure is the order type of its predecessors under ◅; since ◅ is well-founded this is always an ordinal. Using the method of coherent sequences, for any rank Mitchell constructed an inner model for a measurable cardinal of rank .
A cardinal that has measures of Mitchell rank α for each α < β is said to be β-measurable. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweed | A tumbleweed is a structural part of the above-ground anatomy of a number of species of plants. It is a diaspore that, once mature and dry, detaches from its root or stem and rolls due to the force of the wind. In most such species, the tumbleweed is in effect the entire plant apart from the root system, but in other plants, a hollow fruit or inflorescence might detach instead. Xerophyte tumbleweed species occur most commonly in steppe and arid ecosystems, where frequent wind and the open environment permit rolling without prohibitive obstruction.
Apart from its primary vascular system and roots, the tissues of the tumbleweed structure are dead; their death is functional because it is necessary for the structure to degrade gradually and fall apart so that its seeds or spores can escape during the tumbling, or germinate after the tumbleweed has come to rest in a moist location. In the latter case, many species of tumbleweed open mechanically, releasing their seeds as they swell when they absorb water.
The tumbleweed diaspore disperses seeds, but the tumbleweed strategy is not limited to the seed plants; some species of spore-bearing cryptogams—such as Selaginella—form tumbleweeds, and some fungi that resemble puffballs dry out, break free of their attachments and are similarly tumbled by the wind, dispersing spores as they go.
Plants that form tumbleweeds
The tumbleweed dispersal strategies are unusual among plants; most species disperse their seeds by other mechanisms. Many tumbleweeds establish themselves on broken soil as opportunistic agricultural weeds. Tumbleweeds have been recorded in the following plant groups:
Amaranthaceae (including Chenopodiaceae)
Amaryllidaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Boraginaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
In the family Amaranthaceae s.l. (i.e. broadly defined to include Chenopodiaceae), several annual species of the genus Kali are tumbleweeds. They are thought to be native to Eurasia, but w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfernrohr%207 | The Carl Zeiss Lotfernrohr 7 (Lot meant "Vertical" and Fernrohr meant "Telescope"), or Lotfe 7, was the primary series of bombsights used in most Luftwaffe level bombers, similar to the United States' Norden bombsight, but much simpler to operate and maintain. Several models were produced and eventually completely replaced the simpler Lotfernrohr 3 and BZG 2 bombsights. The Lotfe 7C, appearing in January 1941, was the first one to have gyroscopic stabilization.
Design
In spite of the security precautions, the entire Norden system had been passed to the Germans before the war started. A member of the German Duquesne Spy Ring, Herman W. Lang, who had been employed by the Carl L. Norden Corporation (manufacturers of the Norden bombsight), was able to provide vital details of the new bombsight to the Abwehr. During a visit to Germany in 1938, Lang conferred with German military authorities (Oberst Nikolaus Ritter of the Abwehr) and reconstructed sketches and plans of the confidential materials from memory.
The Norden consisted of two primary parts, the optical system, and a large stabilization platform. Both were complex and had to be separately maintained to keep them operational.
German instruments were actually fairly similar to the Norden, even before World War II. In the Lotfe 7, a similar set of gyroscopes provided a stabilized platform for the bombardier to sight through, although the more complex interaction between the bombsight and autopilot of the Norden was not used. The Lotfe 7 was dramatically simpler, consisting of a single metal box containing the vast majority of the mechanism, with a tube (Rohr) extending out the bottom with a mirror that reflected the image of the target into a small telescope in the box. The mechanisms within combined the functions of the Norden's stabilizer and optics, moving the mirror to stabilize the image as well as tracking the target. The controls were likewise much simpler than the Nordens', consisting primarily of three |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological%20gradient | In mathematical morphology and digital image processing, a morphological gradient is the difference between the dilation and the erosion of a given image. It is an image where each pixel value (typically non-negative) indicates the contrast intensity in the close neighborhood of that pixel. It is useful for edge detection and segmentation applications.
Mathematical definition and types
Let be a grayscale image, mapping points from a Euclidean space or discrete grid E (such as R2 or Z2) into the real line. Let be a grayscale structuring element. Usually, b is symmetric and has short-support, e.g.,
.
Then, the morphological gradient of f is given by:
,
where and denote the dilation and the erosion, respectively.
An internal gradient is given by:
,
and an external gradient is given by:
.
The internal and external gradients are "thinner" than the gradient, but the gradient peaks are located on the edges, whereas the internal and external ones are located at each side of the edges. Notice that .
If , then all the three gradients have non-negative values at all pixels. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmanu | Parmanu is an Indian superhero published by Raj Comics His super powers include splitting into atoms and flying to travel from one place to other and to reduce or increase his own size. The character is inspired from Atom. Parmanu got killed in akhiri series by blasting himself in space to save earth.
Fictional Character Background
Vinay saw a group of criminals kill his classmate when he was in high school. He vowed to avenge her death. He found the murder weapon, a revolver, and discovered that the killer was the head of police himself. To protect himself from the law, the head of police attempted to recover the revolver and tried to kill Vinay to accomplish this. Vinay was rescued by his maternal Uncle, Prof. K.K. Verma, and was brought to his lab. The monster Bufalo attacked them there and Prof. K.K. Verma revealed to Vinay that he had made a costume that could give him superpowers. Vinay put on the costume and became the Wonderman Parmanu. After a long struggle, Vinay succeeded in killing Bufalo. Thereafter, he avenged his classmate by killing the head of police.
Vinay's parents, along with most of his family, were killed during the hunt for the criminal. His brother, Vijay, and his uncle, Prof K.K. Verma, were the only surviving members of his family. The first comic of the series shows that Vijay helped the gangsters, and in this situation he had to kill his own brother.
Allies
Mamta Pathak (Pralayanka)
Professor Kamal Kumar Verma
Shipra
Sheena
Probot
Inspector Dhanush
Hawaldaar Baan
Enemies
Itihaas
Diamond Killer
General Kharonch
Dr. No
Dr. Madagascar
Baluchi
Madam Cold
Ratan Daga
Gunaakar
Holika
Vriksha
Fandebaaz
Hyena
Typhoon
BuddhiPalat
Ghonga
Angaar
Cactus
Neem Hakim
ZeroG
Nashketu
Programmer
Aakaa
Principal
Powers and Abilities
Parmanu's costume gives him various superpowers. He can fly up to speed of sound with ease and can go beyond it. He can fire atomic bolts from his chest. His wrist gadgets can fire atomic bolts as well and reel out atomic r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st%20meridian%20east | The meridian 31° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Turkey, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 31st meridian east forms a great circle with the 149th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 31st meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Kvitøya, Svalbard, Passing just east of Kong Karls Land, Svalbard,
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Varanger Peninsula - easternmost point of the country
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Varangerfjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through Lake Ladoga and Lake Ilmen
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 3 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 4 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 7 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 3 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 2 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 610 km.
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Black Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For 474 km.
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mediterranean Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just west of Cairo
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! sc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-evolving%20block%20decimation | The time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm is a numerical scheme used to simulate one-dimensional quantum many-body systems, characterized by at most nearest-neighbour interactions. It is dubbed Time-evolving Block Decimation because it dynamically identifies the relevant low-dimensional Hilbert subspaces of an exponentially larger original Hilbert space. The algorithm, based on the Matrix Product States formalism, is highly efficient when the amount of entanglement in the system is limited, a requirement fulfilled by a large class of quantum many-body systems in one dimension.
Introduction
Considering the inherent difficulties of simulating general quantum many-body systems, the exponential increase in parameters with the size of the system, and correspondingly, the high computational costs, one solution would be to look for numerical methods that deal with special cases, where one can profit from the physics of the system. The raw approach, by directly dealing with all the parameters used to fully characterize a quantum many-body system is seriously impeded by the lavishly exponential buildup with the system size of the amount of variables needed for simulation, which leads, in the best cases, to unreasonably long computational times and extended use of memory. To get around this problem a number of various methods have been developed and put into practice in the course of time, one of the most successful ones being the quantum Monte Carlo method (QMC). Also the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, next to QMC, is a very reliable method, with an expanding community of users and an increasing number of applications to physical systems.
When the first quantum computer is plugged in and functioning, the perspectives for the field of computational physics will look rather promising, but until that day one has to restrict oneself to the mundane tools offered by classical computers. While experimental physicists are putting a lot of effort in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional%20neural%20network | Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a regularized type of feed-forward neural network that learns feature engineering by itself via filters (or kernel) optimization. Vanishing gradients and exploding gradients, seen during backpropagation in earlier neural networks, are prevented by using regularized weights over fewer connections. For example, for each neuron in the fully-connected layer 10,000 weights would be required for processing an image sized 100 × 100 pixels. However, applying cascaded convolution (or cross-correlation) kernels, only 25 neurons are required to process 5x5-sized tiles. Higher-layer features are extracted from wider context windows, compared to lower-layer features.
They have applications in:
image and video recognition,
recommender systems,
image classification,
image segmentation,
medical image analysis,
natural language processing,
brain–computer interfaces, and
financial time series.
CNNs are also known as Shift Invariant or Space Invariant Artificial Neural Networks (SIANN), based on the shared-weight architecture of the convolution kernels or filters that slide along input features and provide translation-equivariant responses known as feature maps. Counter-intuitively, most convolutional neural networks are not invariant to translation, due to the downsampling operation they apply to the input.
Feed-forward neural networks are usually fully connected networks, that is, each neuron in one layer is connected to all neurons in the next layer. The "full connectivity" of these networks make them prone to overfitting data. Typical ways of regularization, or preventing overfitting, include: penalizing parameters during training (such as weight decay) or trimming connectivity (skipped connections, dropout, etc.) Robust datasets also increases the probability that CNNs will learn the generalized principles that characterize a given dataset rather than the biases of a poorly-populated set.
Convolutional networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autospore | An autospore is a non-motile (non-flagellated) aplanospore that is produced within a parent cell, and has the same shape as the parent cell, before release. Autospores, in addition to zoospore and aplanospore, are one of the three types of spores that algae use to reproduce and spread asexually. Autospores occur in several groups of algae, including Eustigmatophyceae, Dinoflagellates and green algae. For example, the colonial alga Dichotomococcus produces two autospores per reproducing cell; the autospores escape through a slit in the cell wall and remain attached to the mother cell.
Autospore Formation
An autospore is defined one of the daughter cells formed by the internal division of a single cell. Autospores are formed as a result of fission in the mitotic phase of cell division of green algae. There are multiple methods that a cell can take to form autospores. The cell can undergo a multiple fission after 2 nuclear divisions where 4 autospores will form which is the preferred mechanism in organisms such as P. subcapitata. In addition to this mechanism, there is binary fission (the split into 2 autospores) also known as the "two-autospore type" and the "eight-autospore type". There are two stages of autospore formation. There is moderate synthesis during the process of cell growth. During the cell division stage, there is rapid synthesis. After being released from the cell's autosporangium, the cell will begin to synthesis a new daughter cell.
Notes
Bibliography
Yamagishi T, Yamaguchi H, Suzuki S, Horie Y, Tatarazako N (2017) Cell reproductive patterns in the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum) and their variations under exposure to the typical toxicants potassium dichromate and 3,5-DCP. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171259. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0171259
Autospore | Definition of Autospore by Merriam-Webster.
Yamamoto, M. (Tokyo Univ. (Japan)) ; Fujishita, M ; Hirata, A ; Kawano, S: Journal of plant research, 2004-08, Vol.117 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20multi-coloured%20composite | A mobile multi-coloured composite (MMCC) is a two dimensional coloured barcode designed to distribute media via traditional print media, without the need for network connectivity. MMCC barcodes are designed to be scanned with ordinary camera-phones (from VGA resolution onward).
MMCC is being developed at Edith Cowan University by Drs Alfred Tan and Douglas Chai. "A provisional patent has been filed and capital is being sought to develop a suite of mobile encoding and decoding software for mainstream, low-resolution camera mobile phones. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20the%20Americas | All countries in the Americas use codes that start with "5", with these exception of the countries of the North American Numbering Plan, such as Canada, the United States, which use country code 1, and Greenland and Aruba with country codes starting with the digit "2", which mostly is used by countries in Africa.
See also
Telephone numbering plan
National conventions for writing telephone numbers
List of country calling codes
List of international call prefixes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
Area codes in the Caribbean
:Category:Telephone numbers by country
International telecommunications
Telecommunications in Central America
Telecommunications in the Caribbean
Telecommunications in North America
Telecommunications in South America
Telephone numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20cassette | In biology, a gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Each cassette usually contains a single gene and tends to be very small; on the order of 500–1000 base pairs. They may exist incorporated into an integron or freely as circular DNA. Gene cassettes can move around within an organism's genome or be transferred to another organism in the environment via horizontal gene transfer. These cassettes often carry antibiotic resistance genes. An example would be the kanMX cassette which confers kanamycin (an antibiotic) resistance upon bacteria.
Integrons
Integrons are genetic structures in bacteria which express and are capable of acquiring and exchanging gene cassettes. The integron consists of a promoter, an attachment site, and an integrase gene that encodes a site-specific recombinase There are three classes of integrons described. The mobile units that insert into integrons are gene cassettes. For cassettes that carry a single gene without a promoter, the entire series of cassettes is transcribed from an adjacent promoter within the integron. The gene cassettes are speculated to be inserted and excised via a circular intermediate. This would involve recombination between short sequences found at their termini and known as 59 base elements (59-be)—which may not be 59 bases long. The 59-be are a diverse family of sequences that function as recognition sites for the site-specific integrase (enzyme responsible for integrating the gene cassette into an integron) that occur downstream from the gene coding sequence.
Diversity and prevalence
The ability of genetic elements like gene cassettes to excise and insert into genomes results in highly similar gene regions appearing in distantly related organisms. The three classes of integrons are similar in structure and are identified by where the insertions occur and what systems they coincide with. Class 1 integrons are seen in a diverse group of bacterial genomes and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20selection | Developmental selection is selection that occurs on developmental units in an organism, such as cell lineages, embryos, and gametes or gametophytes. Generally, developmental selection is differentiated from natural selection because the targets of selection are internal to an organism contain the developmental units, rather than selection due to external environmental factors that favor specific phenotypes. However, in animals, developmental selection against offspring can manifest in the external environment, in which parents might select against offspring with developmental instabilities, or when offspring with deleterious malformations may not survive.
Developmental selection in plants
Selective embryo abortion
A common form of developmental selection in plants is selective ovule abortion, where the maternal parent selects against unstable embryos. Abortion of low-viability offspring may be driven by either genetic factors or environmental stress. Developmental selection may also occur as the loss of embryos through expressed mutations in developing embryos that cause them to be unable to successfully survive, or from competition for maternal resources among the developing embryos.
Gametophytic selection
Developmental selection during the haploid life stage of plants may occur through gametophytic selection due to pollen competition and self-incompatibility. Gametophytic selection occurs when a large amount of pollen is deposited on the stigma, and may either occur by pollen competition or by the maternal plant inhibiting self-pollen or pollen from other species.
Cell lineage selection
Developmental selection can also occur as cell lineage selection due to differential growth rates among germ cell lineages in the apical meristem. In cell lineage selection, favorable mutations that arise in the meristem of plants are selected for and proliferate to become the dominant cells comprising the tip of the meristem, while deleterious mutations are selected agains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision%20model | A decision model in decision theory is the starting point for a decision method within a formal (axiomatic) system. Decision models contain at least one action axiom.
An action is in the form "IF <this> is true, THEN do <that>". An action axiom tests a condition (antecedent) and, if the condition has been met, then (consequent) it suggests (mandates) an action: from knowledge to action. A decision model may also be a network of connected decisions, information and knowledge that represents a decision-making approach that can be used repeatedly (such as one developed using the Decision Model and Notation standard).
Excepting very simple situations, successful action axioms are used in an iterative manner. For example, for decision analysis, the sole action axiom occurs in the Evaluation stage of a four-step cycle: Formulate, Evaluate, Interpret/Appraise, Refine. Decision models are used both to model a decision being made once, as well as to model a repeatable decision-making approach that will be used over and over again.
Formulation
Formulation is the first and often most challenging stage in using formal decision methods (and in decision analysis in particular). The objective of the formulation stage is to develop a formal model of the given decision. This may be represented as a network of decision-making elements, as a decision tree or in other ways depending on the specific situation. The formulation may be conceptual or may include all the necessary decision logic (business rules) required to define the decision-making.
Evaluation
Evaluation is the second and most algorithmic stage in using formal decision methods. For a decision being made once, the objective of the evaluation stage is to produce a formal recommendation (and its associated sensitivities) from a formal model of the decision situation. For a repeatable decision evaluation occurs each time the decision is made by applying the decision model that has been developed.
Appraisal
Appraisal is th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca | Tapioca (; ) is a starch extracted from the storage roots of the cassava plant (Manihot esculenta, also known as manioc), a species native to the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, but whose use is now spread throughout South America. It is a perennial shrub adapted to the hot conditions of tropical lowlands. Cassava copes better with poor soils than many other food plants.
Tapioca is a staple food for millions of people in tropical countries. It provides only carbohydrate food value, and is low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. In other countries, it is used as a thickening agent in various manufactured foods.
Etymology and origin
Tapioca is derived from the word tipi'óka, its name in the Tupi language spoken by natives when the Portuguese first arrived in the Northeast Region of Brazil around 1500. This Tupi word is translated as 'sediment' or 'coagulant' and refers to the curd-like starch sediment that is obtained in the extraction process.
Production
The cassava plant has either red or green branches with blue spindles on them. The root of the green-branched variant requires treatment to remove linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside occurring naturally in the plant, which otherwise may be converted into cyanide. Konzo (also called mantakassa) is a paralytic disease associated with several weeks of almost exclusive consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava.
In Brazil's north and northeast, traditional community-based tapioca production is a byproduct of manioc flour production from cassava roots. In this process, the manioc (after treatment to remove toxicity) is ground to a pulp with a small hand- or diesel-powered mill. This masa is then squeezed to dry it out. The wet masa is placed in a long woven tube called a tipiti. The top of the tube is secured while a large branch or lever is inserted into a loop at the bottom and used to stretch the entire implement vertically, squeezing a starch-rich liquid out through the weave and ends. This liqu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocin | Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the class Actinomycetia. Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include clorobiocin and coumermycin A1. Novobiocin was first reported in the mid-1950s (then called streptonivicin).
Clinical use
It is active against Staphylococcus epidermidis and may be used to differentiate it from the other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which is resistant to novobiocin, in culture.
Novobiocin was licensed for clinical use under the tradename Albamycin (Upjohn) in the 1960s. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in
preclinical and clinical trials. The oral form of the drug has since been withdrawn from the market due to lack of efficacy. A combination product of novobiocin and tetracycline, sold by Upjohn under brand names such as Panalba and Albamycin-T, was in particular the subject of intense FDA scrutiny before it was finally taken off the market. Novobiocin is an effective antistaphylococcal agent used in the treatment of MRSA.
Mechanism of action
The molecular basis of action of novobiocin, and other related drugs clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 has been examined. Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by targeting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy transduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. The potency of novobiocin is considerably higher than that of the fluoroquinolones that also target DNA gyrase, but at a different site on the enzyme. The GyrA subunit is involved in the DNA nicking and ligation activity.
Novobiocin has been shown to weakly inhibit the C-terminus of the eukaryotic Hsp90 protein (high micromolar IC50). Modification of the novobiocin scaffold has led to more selective Hsp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20desktop%20publishing%20software | The following is a comparison of major desktop publishing software.
Overview
This table provides general software information including the developer, latest stable version, the year in which the software was first released, and the license under which it is available.
Operating system
This table gives a comparison of what operating systems are compatible with each software in their latest version.
Input format
This table gives a comparison of the file formats each software can import or open.
Output format
This table gives a comparison of the file formats each software can export or save.
See also
List of desktop publishing software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pattern | An anti-pattern in software engineering, project management, and business processes is a common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective and risks being highly counterproductive. The term, coined in 1995 by computer programmer Andrew Koenig, was inspired by the book Design Patterns (which highlights a number of design patterns in software development that its authors considered to be highly reliable and effective) and first published in his article in the Journal of Object-Oriented Programming.
A further paper in 1996 presented by Michael Ackroyd at the Object World West Conference also documented anti-patterns.
It was, however, the 1998 book AntiPatterns that both popularized the idea and extended its scope beyond the field of software design to include software architecture and project management.
Other authors have extended it further since to encompass environmental/organizational/cultural anti-patterns.
Definition
According to the authors of Design Patterns, there are two key elements to an anti-pattern that distinguish it from a bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea:
The anti-pattern is a commonly-used process, structure or pattern of action that, despite initially appearing to be an appropriate and effective response to a problem, has more bad consequences than good ones.
Another solution exists to the problem the anti-pattern is attempting to address. This solution is documented, repeatable, and proven to be effective where the anti-pattern is not.
A guide to what is commonly used is a "rule-of-three" similar to that for patterns: to be an anti-pattern it must have been witnessed occurring at least three times.
Uses
Documenting anti-patterns can be an effective way to analyze a problem space and to capture expert knowledge.
While some anti-pattern descriptions merely document the adverse consequences of the pattern, good anti-pattern documentation also provides an alternative, or a means to ameliorate the anti-pattern.
Software e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra.
Cellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be cleared from the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. These by-products are expelled from the body during urination, which is the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. A urinalysis can detect nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body.
Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen cycle. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes the soil and thus helps plants to grow. Therefore, urine can be used as a fertilizer. Some animals use it to mark their territories. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as lant) was also used for gunpowder production, household cleaning, tanning of leather and dyeing of textiles.
Human urine and feces are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta, and are managed via sanitation systems. Livestock urine and feces also require proper management if the livestock population density is high.
Physiology
Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body.
Duration
Research looking at the duration |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | In a cellular automaton, a Garden of Eden is a configuration that has no predecessor. It can be the initial configuration of the automaton but cannot arise in any other way.
John Tukey named these configurations after the Garden of Eden in Abrahamic religions, which was created out of nowhere.
A Garden of Eden is determined by the state of every cell in the automaton (usually a one- or two-dimensional infinite square lattice of cells). However, for any Garden of Eden there is a finite pattern (a subset of cells and their states, called an orphan) with the same property of having no predecessor, no matter how the remaining cells are filled in.
A configuration of the whole automaton is a Garden of Eden if and only if it contains an orphan.
For one-dimensional cellular automata, orphans and Gardens of Eden can be found by an efficient algorithm, but for higher dimensions this is an undecidable problem. Nevertheless, computer searches have succeeded in finding these patterns in Conway's Game of Life.
The Garden of Eden theorem of Moore and Myhill asserts that a cellular automaton on the square grid, or on a tiling of any higher dimensional Euclidean space, has a Garden of Eden if and only if it has twins, two finite patterns that have the same successors whenever one is substituted for the other.
Definitions
A cellular automaton is defined by a grid of cells, a finite set of states that can be assigned to each cell, and an update rule.
Often, the grid of cells is the one- or two-dimensional infinite square lattice. The update rule determines the next state of each cell as a function of its current state and of the current states of certain other nearby cells (the neighborhood of the cell).
The neighborhood can be an arbitrary finite set of cells, but each two cells should have neighbors in the same relative positions and all cells must use the same update rule.
A configuration of the automaton is an assignment of a state to every cell.
The successor of a configurati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine%20sulfoxide | Methionine sulfoxide is the organic compound with the formula CH3S(O)CH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H. It is an amino acid that occurs naturally although it is formed post-translationally.
Oxidation of the sulfur of methionine results in methionine sulfoxide or methionine sulfone. The sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine are more easily oxidized than the other amino acids. Unlike oxidation of other amino acids, the oxidation of methionine can be reversed by enzymatic action, specifically by enzymes in the methionine sulfoxide reductase family of enzymes. The three known methionine sulfoxide reductases are MsrA, MsrB, and fRmsr. Oxidation of methionine results in a mixture of the two diastereomers methionine-S-sulfoxide and methionine-R-sulfoxide, which are reduced by MsrA and MsrB, respectively. MsrA can reduce both free and protein-based methionine-S-sulfoxide, whereas MsrB is specific for protein-based methionine-R-sulfoxide. fRmsr, however, catalyzes the reduction of free methionine-R-sulfoxide. Thioredoxin serves to recycle by reduction some of the methionine sulfoxide reductase family of enzymes, whereas others can be reduced by metallothionein.
Biochemical function
Methionine sulfoxide (MetO), the oxidized form of the amino acid methionine (Met), increases with age in body tissues, which is believed by some to contribute to biological ageing. Oxidation of methionine residues in tissue proteins can cause them to misfold or otherwise render them dysfunctional. Uniquely, the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) group of enzymes act with thioredoxin to catalyze the enzymatic reduction and repair of oxidized methionine residues. Moreover, levels of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) decline in aging tissues in mice and in association with age-related disease in humans. There is thus a rationale for thinking that by maintaining the structure, increased levels or activity of MsrA might retard the rate of aging.
Indeed, transgenic Drosophila (fruit flies) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20correlation | Phase correlation is an approach to estimate the relative translative offset between two similar images (digital image correlation) or other data sets. It is commonly used in image registration and relies on a frequency-domain representation of the data, usually calculated by fast Fourier transforms. The term is applied particularly to a subset of cross-correlation techniques that isolate the phase information from the Fourier-space representation of the cross-correlogram.
Example
The following image demonstrates the usage of phase correlation to determine relative translative movement between two images corrupted by independent Gaussian noise. The image was translated by (30,33) pixels. Accordingly, one can clearly see a peak in the phase-correlation representation at approximately (30,33).
Method
Given two input images and :
Apply a window function (e.g., a Hamming window) on both images to reduce edge effects (this may be optional depending on the image characteristics). Then, calculate the discrete 2D Fourier transform of both images.
Calculate the cross-power spectrum by taking the complex conjugate of the second result, multiplying the Fourier transforms together elementwise, and normalizing this product elementwise.
Where is the Hadamard product (entry-wise product) and the absolute values are taken entry-wise as well. Written out entry-wise for element index :
Obtain the normalized cross-correlation by applying the inverse Fourier transform.
Determine the location of the peak in .
Commonly, interpolation methods are used to estimate the peak location in the cross-correlogram to non-integer values, despite the fact that the data are discrete, and this procedure is often termed 'subpixel registration'. A large variety of subpixel interpolation methods are given in the technical literature. Common peak interpolation methods such as parabolic interpolation have been used, and the OpenCV computer vision package uses a centroid-based method, though the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fileless%20malware | Fileless malware is a variant of computer related malicious software that exists exclusively as a computer memory-based artifact i.e. in RAM. It does not write any part of its activity to the computer's hard drive, thus increasing its ability to evade antivirus software that incorporate file-based whitelisting, signature detection, hardware verification, pattern-analysis, time-stamping, etc., and leaving very little evidence that could be used by digital forensic investigators to identify illegitimate activity. Malware of this type is designed to work in memory, so its existence on the system lasts only until the system is rebooted.
Definition
Fileless malware is sometimes considered synonymous with in-memory malware as both perform their core functionalities without writing data to disk during the lifetime of their operation. This has led some commentators to claim that this variant strain is nothing new and simply a “redefinition of the well-known term, memory resident virus”, whose pedigree can be traced back to the 1980s with the birth of the Lehigh Virus that was developed by the originator of the term, Fred Cohen, and became influential with his paper on the topic.
This synonymy is however incorrect. Although the aforementioned behavioral execution environment is the same, in both cases i.e. both malware variants are executed in system memory, the crucial differentiation is the method of inception and prolongation. Most malware's infection vector involves some writing to the hard disk, in order for it to be executed, whose origin could take the form of an infected file attachment, external media device e.g. USB, peripheral, mobile phone etc., browser drive-by, side-channel etc.
Each of the aforementioned methods has to have contact with the host system's hard drive, in some form or another, meaning that even when employing the stealthiest anti-forensic methods, some form of the infected residue will be left on the host media.
Fileless malware on the other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20of%20matter | In physics, stability of matter refers to the problem of showing rigorously that a large number of charged quantum particles can coexist and form macroscopic objects, like ordinary matter. The first proof was provided by Freeman Dyson and Andrew Lenard in 1967–1968, but a shorter and more conceptual proof was found later by Elliott Lieb and Walter Thirring in 1975.
Background and history
In statistical mechanics, the existence of macroscopic objects is usually explained in terms of the behavior of the energy or the free energy with respect to the total number of particles. More precisely, it should behave linearly in for large values of .
In fact, if the free energy behaves like for some , then pouring two glasses of water would provide an energy proportional to , which is enormous for large . A system is called stable of the second kind or thermodynamically stable when the (free) energy is bounded from below by a linear function of . Upper bounds are usually easy to show in applications, and this is why people have worked more on proving lower bounds.
Neglecting other forces, it is reasonable to assume that ordinary matter is composed of negative and positive non-relativistic charges (electrons and nuclei), interacting solely via the Coulomb force. A finite number of such particles always collapses in classical mechanics, due to the infinite depth of the electron-nucleus attraction, but it can exist in quantum mechanics thanks to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Proving that such a system is thermodynamically stable is called the stability of matter problem and it is very difficult due to the long range of the Coulomb potential. Stability should be a consequence of screening effects, but those are hard to quantify.
Let us denote by
the quantum Hamiltonian of electrons and nuclei of charges and masses in atomic units. Here denotes the Laplacian, which is the quantum kinetic energy operator. At zero temperature, the question is whether the ground |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsoring%20Consortium%20for%20Open%20Access%20Publishing%20in%20Particle%20Physics | The Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (or SCOAP3) is an international collaboration in the high-energy physics community to convert traditional closed access physics journals to open access, freely available for everyone to read and reuse, shifting away the burden of the publishing cost from readers (traditional model) and authors (in the case of hybrid open access journals). Under the terms of the agreement, authors retain copyrights and the articles published under SCOAP3 will be in perpetuity under a CC BY license. The initiative was promoted by CERN in collaboration with international partners.
Participating countries in the agreement sponsor SCOAP3 journals through the consortium, and contribute according to their scientific output. More productive countries pay more, while lower-output countries pay less.
Participating journals
SCOAP3 supports journals mostly publishing High-Energy Physics content fully, and those articles in other journals that have been submitted by their authors to a High-Energy Physics category on arXiv.org. Each year more than 4,000 articles are published in open access as part of the initiative.
In 2012, SCOAP3 reached agreements with 12 subscription journals to make their articles openly accessible. This agreement would cover 90% of all published particle physics articles from 2014 onwards. Of the original 12 journals, two journals pulled out of the agreement: Physical Review C and Physical Review D.
On April 19, 2016, SCOAP3 announced the extension of the initiative until 2019 with 8 journals participating. From 2018 on also APS joined with three journals to a total of 11 supported journals at the moment.
The following journals participate currently, or have participated in the first phase of the consortia:
Book programme
In 2022 SCOAP3 entered into partnerships with leading academic publishers, including Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20pumping | Spin pumping is the dynamical generation of pure spin current by the coherent precession of magnetic moments, which can efficiently inject spin from a magnetic material into an adjacent non-magnetic material. The non-magnetic material usually hosts the spin Hall effect that can convert the injected spin current into a charge voltage easy to detect. A spin pumping experiment typically requires electromagnetic irradiation to induce magnetic resonance, which converts energy and angular momenta from electromagnetic waves (usually microwaves) to magnetic dynamics and then to electrons, enabling the electronic detection of electromagnetic waves. The device operation of spin pumping can be regarded as the spintronic analog of a battery.
Spin pumping involves an AC effect and a DC effect:
The AC effect generates a spin current that oscillates at the same frequency with the microwave source.
The DC effect requires that the magnetic dynamic is circularly polarized or elliptically polarized, whereas a linear oscillation can only generate an AC component.
Both effects result in a net enhancement of the effective magnetic damping.
Spin pumping in ferromagnets
The spin current pumped into an adjacent layer by a precessing magnetic moment is given by
where is the spin current (the vector indicates the orientation of the spin, not the direction of the current), is the spin-mixing conductance characterizing the spin transparency of the interface, is the saturation magnetization, and is the time-dependent orientation of the moment.
Optical, microwave and electrical methods are also being explored. These devices could be used for low-power data transmission in spintronic devices or to transmit electrical signals through insulators.
Spin pumping in antiferromagnets
Spin pumping in antiferromagnetic materials does not vanish because the antiparallel magnetic moments contribute constructively rather than destructively to spin current, which was theoretically predicted in 2014 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20suicide | Animal suicide is when an animal intentionally ends its own life through its actions. It implies a wide range of higher cognitive capacities that experts have been wary to ascribe to nonhuman animals such as a concept of self, death, and future intention. There is currently not enough empirical data on the subject for there to be a consensus among experts. For these reasons, the occurrence of animal suicide is controversial among academics.
While it has not been proven that non-human animals do, or even can, die by suicide, many animals behave in ways that may seem suicidal. There are anecdotes of animals refusing to eat in periods of grief or stress. Some social insects have been known to defend their colony by sacrificing themselves. Other animals are victims of parasites that are known to alter the behavior of their host to complete their lifecycle, which result in the host's death.
Characteristics
There are yet to be definitive, unanimously agreed upon, instances of non-human animal suicide. This is due to the many components of suicide which are difficult to empirically observe without interpretation bias. An animal would need to be aware of its own existence as distinct from other individuals. It would need to have an understanding of mortality and sufficient for it to realize that it is a possibility. To choose death for itself, the animal has to know about itself and that it can die. It would also need some concept of the future in order to intend to die. Each of these requisites have been studied independently, and there is some evidence of some animals being capable of each. The Mirror test is currently used to determine whether an animal has a concept of self. Some animals, such as some species of cetaceans and primates, are believed to grasp the concept of death enough to mourn conspecifics.
Some animals, such as octopuses, stop eating food and waste away after reproducing, seemingly losing any desire to live. As this is a genetically programmed beha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force | The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (g, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams).
It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1 g, equaling the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, about .
More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock.
When the g-force is produced by the surface of one object being pushed by the surface of another object, the reaction force to this push produces an equal and opposite force for every unit of each object's mass. The types of forces involved are transmitted through objects by interior mechanical stresses. Gravitational acceleration is one cause of an object's acceleration in relation to free fall.
The g-force experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of all gravitational and non-gravitational forces acting on an object's freedom to move. In practice, as noted, these are surface-contact forces between objects. Such forces cause stresses and strains on objects, since they must be transmitted from an object surface. Because of these strains, large g-forces may be destructive.
For example, a force of 1 g on an object sitting on the Earth's surface is caused by the mechanical force exerted in the upward direction by the ground, keeping the object from going into free fall. The upward contact force from the ground ensures that an object at rest on the Earth's surface is accelerating relative to the free-fall condition. (Free fall is the path that the object would follow when falling freely toward the Earth's center). Stress inside the object is ensured from the fact that the ground contact forces are transmitted only from the point of contact with the ground.
Objects allowed to free-fall in an inertial trajectory under the influence of gravitation only feel no g-force, a condi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass%20equivalence%20theorem | In geometry, the compass equivalence theorem is an important statement in compass and straightedge constructions. The tool advocated by Plato in these constructions is a divider or collapsing compass, that is, a compass that "collapses" whenever it is lifted from a page, so that it may not be directly used to transfer distances. The modern compass with its fixable aperture can be used to transfer distances directly and so appears to be a more powerful instrument. However, the compass equivalence theorem states that any construction via a "modern compass" may be attained with a collapsing compass. This can be shown by establishing that with a collapsing compass, given a circle in the plane, it is possible to construct another circle of equal radius, centered at any given point on the plane. This theorem is Proposition II of Book I of Euclid's Elements. The proof of this theorem has had a chequered history.
Construction
The following construction and proof of correctness are given by Euclid in his Elements. Although there appear to be several cases in Euclid's treatment, depending upon choices made when interpreting ambiguous instructions, they all lead to the same conclusion, and so, specific choices are given below.
Given points , , and , construct a circle centered at with radius the length of (that is, equivalent to the solid green circle, but centered at ).
Draw a circle centered at and passing through and vice versa (the red circles). They will intersect at point and form the equilateral triangle .
Extend past and find the intersection of and the circle , labeled .
Create a circle centered at and passing through (the blue circle).
Extend past and find the intersection of and the circle , labeled .
Construct a circle centered at and passing through (the dotted green circle)
Because is an equilateral triangle, .
Because and are on a circle around , .
Therefore, .
Because is on the circle , .
Therefore, .
Alternative construction without str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd%20meridian%20east | The meridian 53° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 53rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 127th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 53rd meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
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| Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
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| Yuzhny Island and Mezhdusharskiy Island, Novaya Zemlya
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pechora Sea
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| Passing through the Garabogazköl lake Passing just east of Türkmenbaşy
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Caspian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Krasnovodsk Gulf
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| An island
|-valign="top"
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Caspian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the island of Ogurja Ada,
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Persian Gulf
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| Emirate of Abu Dhabi
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Aden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSM2B | Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSM2B gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculus%20Medicinae | Fasciculus Medicinae is a "bundle" of six independent and quite different medieval medical treatises. The collection, which existed only in two manuscripts (handwritten copies), was first printed in 1491 in Latin and came out in numerous editions over the next 25 years. Johannes de Ketham, the German physician routinely associated with the Fasciculus, was neither the author nor even the original compiler but merely an owner of one of the manuscripts. The topics of the treatises cover a wide spectrum of medieval European medical knowledge and technique, including uroscopy, astrology, bloodletting, the treatment of wounds, plague, anatomical dissection, and women’s health. The book is remarkable as the first illustrated medical work to appear in print; notable illustrations include: a urine chart, a diagram of the veins for phlebotomy, a pregnant woman, Wound Man, Disease Man and Zodiac Man. In 1495, it appeared in Italian under the title Fasiculo de Medicina.
The ten handsome full-page woodcut illustrations influenced artists for some time – even as late as 1751 when the last of William Hogarth's Four Stages of Cruelty seems to borrow from the dissection scene (above). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit%20computing | In computer architecture, 64-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 64 bits wide. Also, 64-bit central processing units (CPU) and arithmetic logic units (ALU) are those that are based on processor registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. A computer that uses such a processor is a 64-bit computer.
From the software perspective, 64-bit computing means the use of machine code with 64-bit virtual memory addresses. However, not all 64-bit instruction sets support full 64-bit virtual memory addresses; x86-64 and ARMv8, for example, support only 48 bits of virtual address, with the remaining 16 bits of the virtual address required to be all zeros (000...) or all ones (111...), and several 64-bit instruction sets support fewer than 64 bits of physical memory address.
The term 64-bit also describes a generation of computers in which 64-bit processors are the norm. 64 bits is a word size that defines certain classes of computer architecture, buses, memory, and CPUs and, by extension, the software that runs on them. 64-bit CPUs have been used in supercomputers since the 1970s (Cray-1, 1975) and in reduced instruction set computers (RISC) based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. In 2003, 64-bit CPUs were introduced to the mainstream PC market in the form of x86-64 processors and the PowerPC G5.
A 64-bit register can hold any of 264 (over 18 quintillion or 1.8×1019) different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 64 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (264 − 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (−263) through 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (263 − 1) for representation as two's complement. Hence, a processor with 64-bit memory addresses can directly access 264 bytes (16 exbibytes or EiB) of byte-addressable memory.
With no further qualification, a 64-b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1%20broth | An A1 broth is a liquid culture medium used in microbiology for the detection of fecal coliforms in foods, treated wastewater and seawater bays using the most probable number (MPN) method. It is prepared according to the formulation of Andrews and Presnell given below. It is used with a Durham tube, a positive tube being one that exhibits a trapped bubble of gas.
Typical formula (g/L)
Directions
Suspend the dry ingredients in one liter of cold distilled water. Gently heat until completely dissolved and distribute 9 mL into test tubes with an inverted Durham tube. Sterilize in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. If needed, prepare multi-strength broth weighing the appropriate quantity of the dry medium. The final pH is 6.9 ± 0.1.
Widespread usage
Variants of this test has been used for potable water across the globe, for example by the Cree community of Split Lake, Manitoba, by the Mapuche people of Maquehue, Chile and in Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Veterinary%20Year%202011 | World Veterinary Year was celebrated in 2011, in recognition of the 250th anniversary of the founding of the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France, in 1761. World Veterinary Year was officially launched on 24 January 2011 in Versailles, France. The slogan was "Vet for health, Vet for food, Vet for the planet!"
The United States Congress proclaimed 2011 as World Veterinary Year, following a proposal by Senators John Ensign and Kurt Schrader, both veterinarians.
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and DG SANCO held a photography competition early in 2011 entitled "Vets in your daily life" as part of World Veterinary Year 2011. The competition was won by Indian photographer Somenath Mukhopadhyay, with a photograph of a veterinarian taking the temperature of a goat affected by peste des petits ruminants.
Selected celebrations
24 January 2011: Official Opening Ceremony of World Veterinary Year (Versailles, France)
February 2011: Veterinary Council of Ireland hosted a ceremony awarding medals to veterinary surgeons who had practiced for over 50 years.
12–16 May 2011: World conference on veterinary education (Lyon, France).
17 July 2011: Symposium "World Veterinary Year: 250 Years of Improving Animal and Human Health" at the American Veterinary Medical Association Convention (St. Louis, Missouri, United States).
10–14 October 2011: International Closing Ceremony (Cape Town, South Africa), alongside the 30th World Veterinary Conference. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferribacter%20thermophilus | Deferribacter thermophilus is an iron-reducing bacteria. It is a manganese- and iron-reducing bacterium. It is thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium, its type strain being designated as strain BMAT. The cells are straight to bent rods (1 to 5 by 0.3 to 0.5 μm). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a duality translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of is , then the dual of is . Such involutions sometimes have fixed points, so that the dual of is itself. For example, Desargues' theorem is self-dual in this sense under the standard duality in projective geometry.
In mathematical contexts, duality has numerous meanings. It has been described as "a very pervasive and important concept in (modern) mathematics" and "an important general theme that has manifestations in almost every area of mathematics".
Many mathematical dualities between objects of two types correspond to pairings, bilinear functions from an object of one type and another object of the second type to some family of scalars. For instance, linear algebra duality corresponds in this way to bilinear maps from pairs of vector spaces to scalars, the duality between distributions and the associated test functions corresponds to the pairing in which one integrates a distribution against a test function, and Poincaré duality corresponds similarly to intersection number, viewed as a pairing between submanifolds of a given manifold.
From a category theory viewpoint, duality can also be seen as a functor, at least in the realm of vector spaces. This functor assigns to each space its dual space, and the pullback construction assigns to each arrow its dual .
Introductory examples
In the words of Michael Atiyah,
The following list of examples shows the common features of many dualities, but also indicates that the precise meaning of duality may vary from case to case.
Complement of a subset
A simple, maybe the most simple, duality arises from considering subsets of a fixed set . To any subset , the complement consists of all those elements in that are not contained in . It is again a subset of . Taking the complement has the foll |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld%20%28software%29 | Rietveld is a web-based collaborative code review tool for Subversion written by Guido van Rossum to run on Google's cloud service. Van Rossum based Rietveld on the experience he had writing Mondrian. Mondrian was a proprietary application used internally by Google to review their code.
Gerrit is a fork of Rietveld started because ACL patches would not get integrated into Rietveld.
Rietveld was named by its author Guido van Rossum after Gerrit Rietveld, who was "one of [Rossum's] favorite Dutch architects and the designer of the Zig-Zag chair."
See also
List of tools for code review |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20DAO | The DAO was a digital decentralized autonomous organization and a form of investor-directed venture capital fund. After launching in April 2016 via a token sale, it became one of the largest crowdfunding campaigns in history, but it ceased activity after much of its funds were taken in a hack in June 2016.
The DAO had an objective to provide a new decentralized business model for organizing both commercial and non-profit enterprises. It was instantiated on the Ethereum blockchain and had no conventional management structure or board of directors. The code of the DAO is open-source.
In June 2016, users exploited a vulnerability in The DAO code to enable them to siphon off one-third of The DAO's funds to a subsidiary account. The Ethereum community controversially decided to hard-fork the Ethereum blockchain to restore approximately all funds to the original contract. This split the Ethereum blockchain into two branches, each with its own cryptocurrency, where the original unforked blockchain continued as Ethereum Classic.
By September 2016, the value token of The DAO, known by the moniker DAO, was delisted from major cryptocurrency exchanges (such as Poloniex and Kraken). The DAO and had in effect become defunct.
History
The open source computer code behind the organization was written principally by Christoph Jentzsch, and released publicly on GitHub, where other contributors added to and modified the code. Simon Jentzsch, Christoph Jentzsch's brother, was also involved in the venture.
The DAO was launched on 30 April 2016 with a website and a 28-day crowdsale to fund the organization.
The token sale had raised more than by 10 May 2016, and more than -worth of Ether (ETH)—the digital value token of the Ethereum network—by 12 May, and over by 15 May 2016. On 17 May 2016, the largest investor in the DAO held less than 4% of all DAO tokens and the top 100 holders held just over 46% of all DAO tokens. The fund's Ether value was more than , from more than 11,0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis%20%28botany%29 | The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures such as potato tubers produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.
Description
The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialized parenchyma cells, but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, whereas parenchyma is classified as ground tissue. The epidermis is the main component of the dermal tissue system of leaves (diagrammed below), and also stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is usually transparent (epidermal cells have fewer chloroplasts or lack them completely, except for the guard cells.)
The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants like Ficus elastica and Peperomia, which have a periclinal cellular division within the protoderm of the leaves, have an epidermis with multiple cell layers. Epidermal cells are tightly linked to each other and provide mechanical strength and protection to the plant. The walls of the epidermal cells of the above-ground parts of plants contain cutin, and are covered with a cuticle. The cuticle reduces water loss to the atmosphere, it is sometimes covered with wax in smooth sheets, granules, p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinCARD | Bcl10-interacting CARD protein, also known as BinCARD, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf89 gene on chromosome 9. BinCARD is a member of the death-domain superfamily and contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD). This protein regulates apoptosis and the immune response by inhibiting Bcl10, thus implicating it in diseases stemming from Bcl10 dysfunction.
Structure
BinCARD, as a CARD-containing protein, is a member of the death-domain superfamily, which shares a six—helix bundle. In humans, the protein has two alternatively spliced isoforms: BinCARD-1 and BinCARD-2. Both isoforms share identical sequences until residue 101, which include the CARD domain and exons 1 to 3. The longer isoform, BinCARD-1, has an extended exon 3, while the shorter BinCARD-2 has an extra transmembrane domain. The conserved CARD domain has three cysteines in its native form: Cys7, Cys77, and Cys63, of which Cys7 and Cys77 form a disulfide bond and Cys63 becomes a cysteine sulfenic acid when oxidized.
Function
The BinCARD protein is a member of the death-domain superfamily, which is known for regulating apoptosis and the immune response. BinCARD is a negative regulator that binds to, and thus blocks the phosphorylation of, Bcl10, effectively inhibiting Bcl10 from activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In particular, the BinCARD-1 isoform contains an extended C-terminal that has been observed to bind Bcl10, though it mostly localizes to the nucleus. The second isoform, BinCARD-2, is more abundantly expressed and localizes to both the ER and the mitochondria. This isoform is expected to contribute to apoptosis via redox processes, as its three modifiable cysteines can be oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to stimulate an innate immune response.
Clinical significance
Mutations in BinCARD and other proteins containing CARD domains are linked to Bcl10-related diseases, including lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Bcl10 has been shown to induce apop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo%20%28radio%20control%29 | Servos (also RC servos) are small, cheap, mass-produced servomotors or other actuators used for radio control and small-scale robotics.
Most servos are rotary actuators although other types are available. Linear actuators are sometimes used, although it is more common to use a rotary actuator with a bellcrank and pushrod. Some types, originally used as sail winches for model yachting, can rotate continuously.
Construction
A typical servo consists of a small electric motor driving a train of reduction gears. A potentiometer is connected to the output shaft. Some simple electronics provide a closed-loop servomechanism.
Operation
The position of the output, measured by the potentiometer, is continually compared to the commanded position from the control (i.e., the radio control). Any difference gives rise to an error signal in the appropriate direction, which drives the electric motor either forwards or backwards, and moving the output shaft to the commanded position. When the servo reaches this position, the error signal reduces and then becomes zero, at which point the servo stops moving.
If the servo position changes from that commanded, whether this is because the command changes, or because the servo is mechanically pushed from its set position, the error signal will re-appear and cause the motor to restore the servo output shaft to the position needed.
Almost all modern servos are proportional servos, where this commanded position can be anywhere within the range of movement. Early servos, and a precursor device called an escapement, could only move to a limited number of set positions.
Connection
Radio control servos are connected through a standard three-wire connection: two wires for a DC power supply and one for control, carrying a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal. Each servo has a separate connection and PWM signal from the radio control receiver. This signal is easily generated by simple electronics, or by microcontrollers such as the Arduino. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff%20distance | In mathematics, the Hausdorff distance, or Hausdorff metric, also called Pompeiu–Hausdorff distance, measures how far two subsets of a metric space are from each other. It turns the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space into a metric space in its own right. It is named after Felix Hausdorff and Dimitrie Pompeiu.
Informally, two sets are close in the Hausdorff distance if every point of either set is close to some point of the other set. The Hausdorff distance is the longest distance you can be forced to travel by an adversary who chooses a point in one of the two sets, from where you then must travel to the other set. In other words, it is the greatest of all the distances from a point in one set to the closest point in the other set.
This distance was first introduced by Hausdorff in his book Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, first published in 1914, although a very close relative appeared in the doctoral thesis of Maurice Fréchet in 1906, in his study of the space of all continuous curves from .
Definition
Let be a metric space. For each pair of non-empty subsets and , the Hausdorff distance between and is defined as
where represents the supremum operator, the infimum operator, and where quantifies the distance from a point to the subset .
An equivalent definition is as follows. For each set let
which is the set of all points within of the set (sometimes called the -fattening of or a generalized ball of radius around ).
Then, the Hausedorff distance between and is defined as
Equivalently,
where is the smallest distance from the point to the set .
Remark
It is not true for arbitrary subsets that implies
For instance, consider the metric space of the real numbers with the usual metric induced by the absolute value,
Take
Then . However because , but .
But it is true that and ; in particular it is true if are closed.
Properties
In general, may be infinite. If both X and Y are bounded, then is guaranteed to be finite. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRAS1 | Extracellular matrix protein FRAS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAS1 (Fraser syndrome 1) gene. This gene encodes an extracellular matrix protein that appears to function in the regulation of epidermal-basement membrane adhesion and organogenesis during development.
Metastatic prostate cancer
A single nucleotide switch (polymorphism) in FRAS1 promoter region is associated with metastatic Prostate cancer. The promoter region is directly related to the NFkB pathway and has been shown to be associated with lethal prostate cancer.
Fras1 related extracellular matrix (FREM1) directly relates to congenital diaphragmatic hernia in developing fetuses. Decreased expression of FREM1 may be linked with disruptions in the growth of diaphragm cells. Both FRAS1 and FREM1 are among the proteins that are primarily interacting during embryonic development. It is shown that a decrease in these two proteins lead to an increase of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in both humans and mice.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been observed to cause fraser syndrome.
See also
Fraser syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Glotzer | Sharon C. Glotzer is an American scientist and "digital alchemist", the Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering, the John Werner Cahn Distinguished University Professor of Engineering and the Stuart W. Churchill Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she is also professor of materials science and engineering, professor of physics, professor of macromolecular science and engineering, and professor of applied physics. She is recognized for her contributions to the fields of soft matter and computational science, most notably on problems in assembly science and engineering, nanoscience, and the glass transition, for which the elucidation of the nature of dynamical heterogeneity in glassy liquids is of particular significance. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Education
Glotzer obtained her B.S in physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1987, and her PhD in 1993 in theoretical soft condensed matter physics research under the guidance of H. Eugene Stanley at Boston University.
Academic career
Sharon Glotzer joined the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, in 1993 as a National Research Council postdoctoral fellow in the Polymers Division of the Materials Science & Engineering Laboratory. She became a permanent member of the Polymers Division, and was the co-founder, deputy director, and then director of the NIST Center for Theoretical and Computational Materials Science from 1994 to 2000. In January 2001 she moved to the University of Michigan as a tenured associate professor in Chemical Engineering and in Materials Science & Engineering. She is now the Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering, the John Werner Cahn Distinguished University Professor of Engineering, and the Stuart W. Churchill Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial | In geometry, coaxial means that several three-dimensional linear or planar forms share a common axis. The two-dimensional analog is concentric.
Common examples:
A coaxial cable is a three-dimensional linear structure. It has a wire conductor in the centre (D), a circumferential outer conductor (B), and an insulating medium called the dielectric (C) separating these two conductors. The outer conductor is usually sheathed in a protective PVC outer jacket (A). All these have a common axis.
The dimension and material of the conductors and insulation determine the cable's characteristic impedance and attenuation at various frequencies.
Coaxial rotors are a three-dimensional planar structure: a pair of helicopter rotors (wings) mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation (but turning in opposite directions).
In loudspeaker design, coaxial speakers are a loudspeaker system in which the individual drivers are mounted close to one another on the same axis, and thus radiate sound along the same axis and roughly from the same point.
A coaxial weapon mount places two weapons on roughly the same axis – as the weapons are usually side-by-side or one on top of the other, and thus oriented in parallel directions – they are technically par-axial rather than coaxial, however the distances involved mean that they are effectively coaxial as far as the operator is concerned.
See also
Orthogonal
Perpendicular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20page%201115 | Code page 1115 (CCSID 1115), also known as Simplified Chinese PC Data, is a single byte character set (SBCS) used by IBM in its PC DOS operating system in China.
This code page is intended for use with code page 1380 (Simplified Chinese double byte character set). Together, code pages 1115 and 1380 make up 1381.
Code points 0x01 through 0x1F and x7F represent either graphic or control characters depending on the context.
Code points 0x8C through 0xFE are used as lead bytes for double byte characters.
Codepage layout |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RARAF | The Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF), located on the Columbia University Nevis Laboratories campus in Irvington, New York is a National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering biotechnology resource center (P41) specializing in microbeam technology.
The facility is currently built around a 5MV Singletron, a particle accelerator similar to a Van de Graaff.
The RARAF microbeam can produce with high accuracy and precision:
70-120 keV/μm alpha particles
8-25 keV/μm protons
0.6 μm diameter focused beam spot
10,000 cells/hour throughput
History
RARAF was conceived by Victor P. Bond and Harald H. Rossi in the late 1960s . Their aim was to provide a source of monoenergetic neutrons designed and operated specifically for studies in radiation biology, dosimetry, and microdosimetry. The facility was built around the 4 MV Van de Graaff particle accelerator that originally served as the injector for the Cosmotron, a 2 GeV accelerator operated at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in the 1950s and 1960s.
RARAF operated at BNL from 1967 until 1980, when it was dismantled to make room for the ISABELLE project, a very large accelerator which was never completed. A new site for RARAF was found at the Nevis Laboratories of Columbia University where its cyclotron was being disassembled. The U.S. Department of Energy provided funds to move RARAF to Nevis Laboratories and reassemble it in a new multi-level facility constructed within the cyclotron building. The new RARAF has been routinely operating for research since mid-1984.
RARAF was one of the first three microbeam facilities to be built, and it is the only original microbeam facility still in operation.
In 2006 the Van de Graaff was replaced by a 5 MV Singletron from High Voltage Engineering Europa (HVEE) in the Netherlands.
Microbeam Development
As an NIBIB biotechnology resource center, RARAF is dedicated to developing and improving microbeam technologies. Developments focus on adding an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Wagner graph is a 3-regular graph with 8 vertices and 12 edges. It is the 8-vertex Möbius ladder graph.
Properties
As a Möbius ladder, the Wagner graph is nonplanar but has crossing number one, making it an apex graph. It can be embedded without crossings on a torus or projective plane, so it is also a toroidal graph. It has girth 4, diameter 2, radius 2, chromatic number 3, chromatic index 3 and is both 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected.
The Wagner graph has 392 spanning trees; it and the complete graph have the most spanning trees among all cubic graphs with the same number of vertices.
The Wagner graph is a vertex-transitive graph but is not edge-transitive. Its full automorphism group is isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 16, the group of symmetries of an octagon, including both rotations and reflections.
The characteristic polynomial of the Wagner graph is
It is the only graph with this characteristic polynomial, making it a graph determined by its spectrum.
The Wagner graph is triangle-free and has independence number three, providing one half of the proof that the Ramsey number (the least number such that any -vertex graph contains either a triangle or a four-vertex independent set) is 9.
Graph minors
Möbius ladders play an important role in the theory of graph minors. The earliest result of this type is a 1937 theorem of Klaus Wagner (part of a cluster of results known as Wagner's theorem) that graphs with no K5 minor can be formed by using clique-sum operations to combine planar graphs and the Möbius ladder M8. For this reason M8 is called the Wagner graph.
The Wagner graph is also one of four minimal forbidden minors for the graphs of treewidth at most three (the other three being the complete graph K5, the graph of the regular octahedron, and the graph of the pentagonal prism) and one of four minimal forbidden minors for the graphs of branchwidth at most three (the other three being K |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifastuzumab%20vedotin | Lifastuzumab vedotin (INN; development code DNIB0600A) is an experimental monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of cancer.
This drug was developed by Genentech/Roche. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteg | Meteg (or meseg or metheg, Hebrew: , lit. 'bridle', also , lit. 'bellowing', , or ) is a punctuation mark used in Biblical Hebrew for stress marking. It is a vertical bar placed under the affected syllable.
Usage
Meteg is primarily used in Biblical Hebrew to mark secondary stress and vowel length.
Meteg is also sometimes used in Biblical Hebrew to mark a long vowel. While short and long vowels are largely allophonic, they are not always predictable from spelling, e.g. 'and they saw' vs. 'and they feared'. Meteg's indication of length also indirectly indicates that a following shva is vocal, as in the previous case. This may distinguish qamatz gadol and qatan, e.g. 'she guarded' vs. 'guard (volitive)'.
In modern usage meteg is only used in liturgical contexts and dictionaries. Siddurim and dictionaries may use meteg to mark primary stress, often only for non-final stress, since the majority of Hebrew words have final stress.
Appearance and placement
Its form is a vertical bar placed either to the left, the right, or in the middle of the niqqud (diacritics for vowels or cantillation) under a consonant. It is identical in appearance to silluq and is unified with it in Unicode.
Meteg differs from other Hebrew diacritics in that its placement is not totally fixed. While meteg is usually placed to the left of a vowel, some texts place it to the right, and some place it in the middle of hataf vowels. The Rabbinic Bible of 1524–25 always shifts meteg to the left, while the Aleppo and Leningrad codices are not consistent in meteg placement.
The different placements of meteg are subgrouped relatively to its order with surrounding vowel points occurring below letters before or after it and are summarized in the table below. Three types of metegs are generally considered, with the left meteg being the most common case for simple vowels (however there's some rare cases where this group must be subdivided according to the placement of cantillation accents), and t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6b/8b%20encoding | In telecommunications, 6b/8b is a line code that expands 6-bit codes to 8-bit symbols for the purposes of maintaining DC-balance in a communications system.
The 6b/8b encoding is a balanced code --
each 8-bit output symbol contains 4 zero bits and 4 one bits. So the code can, like a parity bit, detect all single-bit errors.
The number of 8-bit patterns with 4 bits set is the binomial coefficient = 70. Further excluding the patterns 11110000 and 00001111, this allows 68 coded patterns: 64 data codes, plus 4 additional control codes.
Coding rules
The 64 possible 6-bit input codes can be classified according to their disparity, the number of 1 bits minus the number of 0 bits:
The 6-bit input codes are mapped to 8-bit output symbols as follows:
The 20 6-bit codes with disparity 0 are prefixed with 10Example: 000111 → 10000111Example: 101010 → 10101010
The 15 6-bit codes with disparity +2, other than 001111, are prefixed with 00Example: 010111 → 00010111
The 15 6-bit codes with disparity −2, other than 110000, are prefixed with 11Example: 101000 → 11101000
The remaining 20 codes: 12 with disparity ±4, 2 with disparity ±6, 001111, 110000, and the 4 control codes, are assigned to codes beginning with 01 as follows:
No data symbol contains more than four consecutive matching bits, and because the patterns 11110000 and 00001111 are excluded, no data symbol begins or ends with more than three identical bits.
Thus, the longest run of identical bits that will be produced is 6. (I.e. this is a (0,5) RLL code, with a worst-case running disparity of +3 to −3.)
Any occurrence of 6 consecutive identical bits constitutes a comma sequence or sync mark or syncword; it identifies the symbol boundaries precisely.
Those 6 bits straddle the inter-symbol boundary with exactly 3 of those identical bits at the end of one symbol, and 3 of those identical bits at the start of the following next symbol.
See also
8b/10b encoding, another fixed-table system with a higher code rat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly-Bernoulli%20number | In mathematics, poly-Bernoulli numbers, denoted as , were defined by M. Kaneko as
where Li is the polylogarithm. The are the usual Bernoulli numbers.
Moreover, the Generalization of Poly-Bernoulli numbers with a,b,c parameters defined as follows
where Li is the polylogarithm.
Kaneko also gave two combinatorial formulas:
where is the number of ways to partition a size set into non-empty subsets (the Stirling number of the second kind).
A combinatorial interpretation is that the poly-Bernoulli numbers of negative index enumerate the set of by (0,1)-matrices uniquely reconstructible from their row and column sums. Also it is the number of open tours by a biased rook on a board (see A329718 for definition).
The Poly-Bernoulli number satisfies the following asymptotic:
For a positive integer n and a prime number p, the poly-Bernoulli numbers satisfy
which can be seen as an analog of Fermat's little theorem. Further, the equation
has no solution for integers x, y, z, n > 2; an analog of Fermat's Last Theorem.
Moreover, there is an analogue of Poly-Bernoulli numbers (like Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers) which is known as Poly-Euler numbers.
See also
Bernoulli numbers
Stirling numbers
Gregory coefficients
Bernoulli polynomials
Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind
Stirling polynomials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo | Duolingo ( ) is an American educational technology company that produces learning apps and provides language certification.
Duolingo offers courses on music, math and over 40 languages, from popular languages such as English, French, and Spanish to less commonly studied languages such as Welsh, Irish, and Swahili. Other services include the Duolingo English Test certification program; Duolingo ABC, a literacy app for children. The company uses a freemium model, with its optional premium service, Super Duolingo, being ad-free and offering more features.
As of February 2023, Duolingo was the most popular language learning app in the world based on monthly downloads, with almost 13.4 million users downloading the app that month. A systematic review of research on Duolingo from 2012 to 2020 found comparatively few studies on the platform's efficacy for language learning, but identified several studies that had reported relatively high user satisfaction and enjoyment and positive perceptions of the app's effectiveness. Subsequent studies have concluded that Duolingo is effective for language learning and the acquisition of vocabulary.
History
The idea for Duolingo originated in 2009 by Carnegie Mellon University professor Luis von Ahn and his Swiss-born post-graduate student Severin Hacker. Von Ahn had sold his second company, reCAPTCHA, to Google and, with Hacker, wanted to work on a project related to education. A driving motivation was Von Ahn's upbringing in Guatemala, where he saw how expensive it was for people in his community to learn English. Hacker (co-founder and current CTO of Duolingo) believed that "free education will really change the world" and wanted to provide an accessible means for doing so.
The project was originally sponsored by Von Ahn's MacArthur fellowship and a National Science Foundation grant. The founders considered creating Duolingo as a nonprofit organization, but Von Ahn judged this model unsustainable. An early revenue stream, a cr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIS%20hallmark | The BIS Hallmark is a hallmarking system for gold as well as silver jewellery sold in India, certifying the purity of the metal. It certifies that the piece of jewellery conforms to a set of standards laid by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the national standards organization of India. India is the second biggest market for gold and its jewellery.
India imports in excess of 1000 tons annually (including unofficially smuggled gold) with negligible local production. The annual gold imports are around 50 billion US$ next only to crude oil imports widening the trade deficit.
Gold
The BIS system of hallmarking of gold jewellery began in April 2000. The standard specifications governing this system are IS 1417 (grades of gold and gold alloys, jewellery/artefacts), IS 1418 (assaying of gold in gold bullion, gold alloys and gold jewellery/artefacts), IS 2790 (guidelines for manufacture of 14, 18 and 22 carat gold alloys only ), IS 3095 (gold solders for use in manufacture of jewellery).
The BIS hallmark
BIS hallmark for gold jewelry consists of several components:
The BIS logo
Purity of Gold either one of this 22K916 Corresponding to 22 Carat, 18K750 Corresponding to 18 Carat and 14K585 Corresponding to 14 Carat.
6 digit alphanumeric HUID- HALLMARK UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION
Silver
BIS introduced hallmarking for silver jewelry in December 2005 under IS 2112, the standard specification for 'Hallmarking of Silver Jewellery/Artefacts'.
Assaying & Hallmarking Centres
The testing of the jewelry as well as the marking is done in approved Assaying & Hallmarking Centres across the nation. These are private undertakings approved as well as monitored by the BIS.
See also
Gold import policy of India
Certification marks in India
ISI mark |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Anellis | Irving H. Anellis (1946 to 2013) was a historian of philosophy.
Anellis began his study of philosophy in Boston, Massachusetts at Northeastern University, gaining his B.A. in 1969. He continued in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at Duquesne University, gaining the M.A. in 1971.
He studied with Jean van Heijenoort at Brandeis University and obtained the Ph.D. in 1977 with his thesis Ontological Commitment in Ideal Languages: Semantic Interpretations for Logical Positivism.
Anellis began his teaching career as a teaching assistant when at Northeastern. He taught at Mississippi Valley State University in 1980 and Mount Saint Clare College the next year. He was at University of Minnesota Duluth in 1982 and Des Moines Area Community College in the 1990s.
As a researching scholar he visited International Logic Review in Milan, Italy in 1982, and also the Bertrand Russell Editorial Project at McMaster University.
In 1989 he joined the Institute for American Thought and became a research associate in the Peirce Edition Project in 2008.
In 1990 he began to edit Modern Logic, a journal on 19th and 20th century logic. Later the title was changed to The Review of Modern Logic.
Irving Henry Anellis died 15 July 2013.
Works
1991: (with N. Houser) "Nineteenth Century Roots of Algebraic Logic and Universal Algebra"
1994: Jean van Heijenoort: Logic and its History in the Work and Writings of Jan van Heijenoort, Modern Logic Publishing
2005: Thirty-five biographical sketches in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2005: "Some views of Russell and Russell's logic by his Contemporaries, with particular reference to Peirce", Seminar at Peirce Edition Project
2011: "How Peircean was the 'Fregean' Revolution in Logic?"
2012 [2006]: Evaluating Bertrand Russell, the Logician and His Work, Docent Press |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20lacrimal%20crest | The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the bone into two parts. It gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Structure
The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital (lateral) surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the lacrimal bone into two parts. It is quite thin and fragile in most people.
The lacrimal groove is in front of this crest. The inner margin of it unites with the frontal process of the maxilla to complete the fossa for the lacrimal sac. The portion of the lacrimal bone behind the posterior lacrimal crest is smooth, and forms part of the medial wall of the orbit. The lacrimal crest ends below in the lacrimal hamulus (a small hook-like projection), which articulates with the lacrimal tubercle of the maxilla.
Relations
The posterior lacrimal crest is just behind the lacrimal sac, and its upper part lodges the lacrimal sac. The lower part lodges the nasolacrimal duct. Horner's muscle, part of the orbicularis oris muscle, inserts between 2 mm and 4 mm from the posterior lacrimal crest. Together with the thicker and more prominent anterior lacrimal crest, it forms the fossa for the lacrimal sac.
Variation
In most people, the posterior lacrimal crest is fairly prominent. However, in around 20% of people, it is fairly shallow. In contrast, the anterior lacrimal crest is almost always very prominent.
Function
The posterior lacrimal crest gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. It also helps to protect the lacrimal sac.
Clinical significance
The posterior lacrimal crest may be vulnerable to avulsion fractures. It is generally quite thin and fragile. 25% of such avulsion fractures are related to a Le Fort III skull fracture.
Additional images
See also
Anterior lacrimal crest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codomain | In mathematics, the codomain or set of destination of a function is the set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation . The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or image of a function.
A codomain is part of a function if is defined as a triple where is called the domain of , its codomain, and its graph. The set of all elements of the form , where ranges over the elements of the domain , is called the image of . The image of a function is a subset of its codomain so it might not coincide with it. Namely, a function that is not surjective has elements in its codomain for which the equation does not have a solution.
A codomain is not part of a function if is defined as just a graph. For example in set theory it is desirable to permit the domain of a function to be a proper class , in which case there is formally no such thing as a triple . With such a definition functions do not have a codomain, although some authors still use it informally after introducing a function in the form .
Examples
For a function
defined by
or equivalently
the codomain of is , but does not map to any negative number.
Thus the image of is the set ; i.e., the interval .
An alternative function is defined thus:
While and map a given to the same number, they are not, in this view, the same function because they have different codomains. A third function can be defined to demonstrate why:
The domain of cannot be but can be defined to be :
The compositions are denoted
On inspection, is not useful. It is true, unless defined otherwise, that the image of is not known; it is only known that it is a subset of . For this reason, it is possible that , when composed with , might receive an argument for which no output is defined – negative numbers are not elements of the domain of , which is the square root function.
Function composition therefore is a u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet%E2%80%93Kolmogorov%20theorem | In functional analysis, the Fréchet–Kolmogorov theorem (the names of Riesz or Weil are sometimes added as well) gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a set of functions to be relatively compact in an Lp space. It can be thought of as an Lp version of the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, from which it can be deduced. The theorem is named after Maurice René Fréchet and Andrey Kolmogorov.
Statement
Let be a subset of with , and let denote the translation of by , that is,
The subset is relatively compact if and only if the following properties hold:
(Equicontinuous) uniformly on .
(Equitight) uniformly on .
The first property can be stated as such that with
Usually, the Fréchet–Kolmogorov theorem is formulated with the extra assumption that is bounded (i.e., uniformly on ). However, it has been shown that equitightness and equicontinuity imply this property.
Special case
For a subset of , where is a bounded subset of , the condition of equitightness is not needed. Hence, a necessary and sufficient condition for to be relatively compact is that the property of equicontinuity holds. However, this property must be interpreted with care as the below example shows.
Examples
Existence of solutions of a PDE
Let be a sequence of solutions of the viscous Burgers equation posed in :
with smooth enough. If the solutions enjoy the -contraction and -bound properties, we will show existence of solutions of the inviscid Burgers equation
The first property can be stated as follows: If are solutions of the Burgers equation with as initial data, then
The second property simply means that .
Now, let be any compact set, and define
where is on the set and 0 otherwise. Automatically, since
Equicontinuity is a consequence of the -contraction since is a solution of the Burgers equation with as initial data and since the -bound holds: We have that
We continue by considering
The first term on the right-hand side satisfies
by a change of var |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza | Hamza ( ) () is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the glottal stop . Hamza is not one of the 28 "full" letters and owes its existence to historical reform of standard writing system. It is derived from the Arabic letter ʿAyn ( ). In the Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed by alif (𐤀), continued by Alif (ا) in the Arabic alphabet. However, Alif was used to express both a glottal stop and also a long vowel . In order to indicate that a glottal stop is used, and not a mere vowel, it was added to Alif diacritically. In modern orthography, hamza may also appear on the line, under certain circumstances as though it were a full letter, independent of an Alif.
Etymology
Hamza is derived from the verb () meaning 'to prick, goad, drive' or 'to provide (a letter or word) with hamzah'.
Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ)
The letter hamza () on its own is (, "the hamzah which breaks, ceases or halts", i.e. the broken, cessation, halting"), otherwise referred to as (), that is, a phonemic glottal stop unlike the (, "the hamzah which attaches, connects or joins", i.e. the attachment, connection, joining"), a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically only if at the beginning of an utterance, otherwise assimilated. Although the can be written as an alif carrying a sign (only in the Quran), it is normally indicated by a plain alif without a hamza.
occurs in:
the definite article
some short words with two of their three-consonant roots apparent: ism , ibn , imru (fem. imra'ah ), ithnāni (fem. ithnatāni )
the imperative verbs of forms I and VII to X
the perfective aspect of verb forms VII to X and their verbal nouns
some borrowed words that start with consonant clusters such as
It is not pronounced following a vowel (, ). This event occurs in the definite article or at the beginning of a noun following a preposition or a verb following a relative pronoun. If the definite articl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rp-process | The rp-process (rapid proton capture process) consists of consecutive proton captures onto seed nuclei to produce heavier elements. It is a nucleosynthesis process and, along with the s-process and the r-process, may be responsible for the generation of many of the heavy elements present in the universe. However, it is notably different from the other processes mentioned in that it occurs on the proton-rich side of stability as opposed to on the neutron-rich side of stability. The end point of the rp-process (the highest-mass element it can create) is not yet well established, but recent research has indicated that in neutron stars it cannot progress beyond tellurium. The rp-process is inhibited by alpha decay, which puts an upper limit on the end point at 104Te, the lightest observed alpha-decaying nuclide, and the proton drip line in light antimony isotopes. At this point, further proton captures result in prompt proton emission or alpha emission, and thus the proton flux is consumed without yielding heavier elements; this end process is known as the tin–antimony–tellurium cycle.
Conditions
The process has to occur in very high-temperature environments (above 109 kelvins) so that the protons can overcome the large Coulomb barrier for charged-particle reactions. A hydrogen-rich environment is also a prerequisite due to the large proton flux needed. The seed nuclei needed for this process to occur are thought to be formed during breakout reactions from the hot CNO cycle. Typically proton capture in the rp-process will compete with (α,p) reactions, as most environments with a high flux of hydrogen are also rich in helium. The time scale for the rp-process is set by β+ decays at or near the proton drip line, because the weak interaction is notoriously slower than the strong interaction and electromagnetic force at these high temperatures.
Possible sites
Sites suggested for the rp-process are accreting binary systems where one star is a neutron star. In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvirus | Dalvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dalvirus anatis.
Hosts
The grey teal (Anas gracilis), chestnut teal (A. castanea), and Pacific black duck (A. superciliosa) serve as its hosts. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDUFS4 | NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial (NDUFS4) also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 18 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS4 gene. This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Complex I removes electrons from NADH and passes them to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial complex I deficiencies such as Leigh syndrome.
Structure
NDUFS4 is located on the q arm of chromosome 5 in position 11.2 and has 8 exons. The NDUFS4 gene produces a 20.1 kDa protein composed of 175 amino acids. NDUFS4, the protein encoded by this gene, is a member of the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family. It is a peripheral membrane protein located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. NDUFS4 is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme and contains a transit peptide domain, 4 turns, 6 beta strands, and 4 alpha helixes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Function
Complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, plays a vital role in cellular ATP production, the primary source of energy for many crucial processes in living cells. It removes electrons from NADH and passes them by a series of different protein-coupled redox centers to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. In well-coupled mitochondria, the electron flux leads to ATP generation via the building of a proton gradient across the inner membrane. Complex I is composed of at least 41 subunits, of which 7 are encoded by the mitochondrial genome (ND1-6, ND4L) and the remainder by nuclear genes.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the NDUFS4 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell%20factor | The Kell factor, named after RCA engineer Raymond D. Kell, is a parameter used to limit the bandwidth of a sampled image signal to avoid the appearance of beat frequency patterns when displaying the image in a discrete display device, usually taken to be 0.7. The number was first measured in 1934 by Raymond D. Kell and his associates as 0.64 but has suffered several revisions given that it is based on image perception, hence subjective, and is not independent of the type of display. It was later revised to 0.85 but can go higher than 0.9, when fixed pixel scanning (e.g., CCD or CMOS) and fixed pixel displays (e.g., LCD or plasma) are used, or as low as 0.7 for electron gun scanning.
From a different perspective, the Kell factor defines the effective resolution of a discrete display device since the full resolution cannot be used without viewing experience degradation. The actual sampled resolution will depend on the spot size and intensity distribution. For electron gun scanning systems, the spot usually has a Gaussian intensity distribution. For CCDs, the distribution is somewhat rectangular, and is also affected by the sampling grid and inter-pixel spacing.
Kell factor is sometimes incorrectly stated to exist to account for the effects of interlacing. Interlacing itself does not affect Kell factor, but because interlaced video must be low-pass filtered (i.e., blurred) in the vertical dimension to avoid spatio-temporal aliasing (i.e., flickering effects), the Kell factor of interlaced video is said to be about 70% that of progressive video with the same scan line resolution.
The beat frequency problem
To understand how the distortion comes about, consider an ideal linear process from sampling to display. When a signal is sampled at a frequency that is at least double the Nyquist frequency, it can be fully reconstructed by low-pass filtering since the first repeat spectra does not overlap the original baseband spectra. In discrete displays the image signal is n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthreshold%20membrane%20potential%20oscillations | Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations are membrane oscillations that do not directly trigger an action potential since they do not reach the necessary threshold for firing. However, they may facilitate sensory signal processing.
Neurons produce action potentials when their membrane potential increases past a critical threshold. In order for neurons to reach threshold for action potential to fire, enough sodium (Na+) ions must enter the cell through voltage gated sodium channels through membrane and depolarize the cell. The threshold is reached to overcome the electrochemical equilibrium within a neuron, where there is a balance between potassium ions (K+) moving down their concentration gradient (inside the cell to outside), and the electrical gradient that prevents K+ from moving down its own gradient. Once the threshold value is reached, an action potential is produced, causing a rapid increase of Na+ enters the cell with more Na+ channels along the membrane opening, resulting in a rapid depolarization of the cell. Once the cell has been depolarized, voltage-gated sodium channels close, causing potassium channels to open; K+ ions then proceed to move against their concentration gradient out of the cell.
However, if the voltage is below the threshold, the neuron does not fire, but the membrane potential still fluctuates due to postsynaptic potentials and intrinsic electrical properties of neurons. Therefore, these subthreshold membrane potential oscillations do not trigger action potentials, since the firing of an action potential is an "all-or-nothing" response, and these oscillations do not allow for the depolarization of the neuron to reach the threshold needed, which is typically around -55 mV; an "all-or-nothing" response refers to the ability of a neuron to fire an action potential only after reaching the exact threshold. For example, figure 1 depicts the localized nature and the graded potential nature of these subthreshold membrane potential oscill |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center-of-momentum%20frame | In physics, the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), also known as zero-momentum frame, is the inertial frame in which the total momentum of the system vanishes. It is unique up to velocity, but not origin.
The center of momentum of a system is not a location, but a collection of relative momenta/velocities: a reference frame. Thus "center of momentum" is a short for "center-of-momentum ".
A special case of the center-of-momentum frame is the center-of-mass frame: an inertial frame in which the center of mass (which is a single point) remains at the origin. In all center-of-momentum frames, the center of mass is at rest, but it is not necessarily at the origin of the coordinate system.
In special relativity, the COM frame is necessarily unique only when the system is isolated.
Properties
General
The center of momentum frame is defined as the inertial frame in which the sum of the linear momenta of all particles is equal to 0. Let S denote the laboratory reference system and S′ denote the center-of-momentum reference frame. Using a Galilean transformation, the particle velocity in S′ is
where
is the velocity of the mass center. The total momentum in the center-of-momentum system then vanishes:
Also, the total energy of the system is the minimal energy as seen from all inertial reference frames.
Special relativity
In relativity, the COM frame exists for an isolated massive system. This is a consequence of Noether's theorem. In the COM frame the total energy of the system is the rest energy, and this quantity (when divided by the factor c2, where c is the speed of light) gives the rest mass (invariant mass) of the system:
The invariant mass of the system is given in any inertial frame by the relativistic invariant relation
but for zero momentum the momentum term (p/c)2 vanishes and thus the total energy coincides with the rest energy.
Systems that have nonzero energy but zero rest mass (such as photons moving in a single direction, or, equivalently, pla |
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