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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20fault%20tolerance | Software fault tolerance is the ability of computer software to continue its normal operation despite the presence of system or hardware faults. Fault-tolerant software has the ability to satisfy requirements despite failures.
Introduction
The only thing constant is change. This is certainly more true of software systems than almost any phenomenon, not all software change in the same way so software fault tolerance methods are designed to overcome execution errors by modifying variable values to create an acceptable program state. The need to control software fault is one of the most rising challenges facing software industries today. Fault tolerance must be a key consideration in the early stage of software development.
There exist different mechanisms for software fault tolerance, among which:
Recovery blocks
N-version software
Self-checking software
Operating system failure
Computer applications make a call using the application programming interface (API) to access shared resources, like the keyboard, mouse, screen, disk drive, network, and printer. These can fail in two ways.
Blocked Calls
Faults
Blocked calls
A blocked call is a request for services from the operating system that halts the computer program until results are available.
As an example, the TCP call blocks until a response becomes available from a remote server. This occurs every time you perform an action with a web browser. Intensive calculations cause lengthy delays with the same effect as a blocked API call.
There are two methods used to handle blocking.
Threads
Timers
Threading allows a separate sequence of execution for each API call that can block. This can prevent the overall application from stalling while waiting for a resource. This has the benefit that none of the information about the state of the API call is lost while other activities take place.
Threaded languages include the following.
Timers allow a blocked call to be interrupted. A periodic timer allows the prog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadim%20Zudilin | Wadim Zudilin (Вадим Валентинович Зудилин) is a Russian mathematician and number theorist who is active in studying hypergeometric functions and zeta constants. He studied under Yuri V. Nesterenko and worked at Moscow State University, the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics and the University of Newcastle, Australia. He now works at the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
He has reproved Apéry's theorem that ζ(3) is irrational, and expanded it. Zudilin proved that at least one of the four numbers ζ(5), ζ(7), ζ(9), or ζ(11) is irrational. For that accomplishment he won the Distinguished Award of the Hardy-Ramanujan Society in 2001.
With Doron Zeilberger, Zudilin improved upper bound of irrationality measure for π, which as of November 2022 is the current best estimate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20scrum%20software | This page compares software with specific support for the scrum framework. Although the features of some general project management software can be conceptualized around scrum, general project management software is not included on this list unless it has, or a plugin for it has, specific support for scrum.
General information
Sprint features
Story features
Task features
Integration features
See also
Comparison of project management software
Kanban (development)
Notes and references
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20structure | In mathematics, a structure is a set endowed with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Often, the additional features are attached or related to the set, so as to provide it with some additional meaning or significance.
A partial list of possible structures are measures, algebraic structures (groups, fields, etc.), topologies, metric structures (geometries), orders, events, equivalence relations, differential structures, and categories.
Sometimes, a set is endowed with more than one feature simultaneously, which allows mathematicians to study the interaction between the different structures more richly. For example, an ordering imposes a rigid form, shape, or topology on the set, and if a set has both a topology feature and a group feature, such that these two features are related in a certain way, then the structure becomes a topological group.
Mappings between sets which preserve structures (i.e., structures in the domain are mapped to equivalent structures in the codomain) are of special interest in many fields of mathematics. Examples are homomorphisms, which preserve algebraic structures; homeomorphisms, which preserve topological structures; and diffeomorphisms, which preserve differential structures.
History
In 1939, the French group with the pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki saw structures as the root of mathematics. They first mentioned them in their "Fascicule" of Theory of Sets and expanded it into Chapter IV of the 1957 edition. They identified three mother structures: algebraic, topological, and order.
Example: the real numbers
The set of real numbers has several standard structures:
An order: each number is either less than or greater than any other number.
Algebraic structure: there are operations of multiplication and addition that make it into a field.
A measure: intervals of the real line have a specific length, which can be extended to the Lebesgue measure on many of its subsets.
A metric: there is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20control%20%28Unix%29 | In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, job control refers to control of jobs by a shell, especially interactively, where a "job" is a shell's representation for a process group. Basic job control features are the suspending, resuming, or terminating of all processes in the job/process group; more advanced features can be performed by sending signals to the job. Job control is of particular interest in Unix due to its multiprocessing, and should be distinguished from job control generally, which is frequently applied to sequential execution (batch processing).
Overview
When using Unix or Unix-like operating systems via a terminal (or terminal emulator), a user will initially only have a single process running, their interactive shell (it may be login shell or may be not). Most tasks (directory listing, editing files, etc.) can easily be accomplished by letting the program take control of the terminal and returning control to the shell when the program exits – formally, by attaching to standard input and standard output to the shell, which reads or writes from the terminal, and catching signals sent from the keyboard, like the termination signal resulting from pressing .
However, sometimes the user will wish to carry out a task while using the terminal for another purpose. A task that is running but is not receiving input from the terminal is said to be running "in the background", while the single task that is receiving input from the terminal is "in the foreground". Job control is a facility developed to make this possible, by allowing the user to start processes in the background, send already running processes into the background, bring background processes into the foreground, and suspend or terminate processes.
The concept of a job maps the (shell) concept of a single shell command to the (operating system) concept of the possibly many processes that the command entails. Multi-process tasks come about because processes may create additional child processes, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20and%20highlight%20enhancement | Shadow and highlight enhancement refers to an image processing technique used to correct exposure.
The use of this technique has been gaining popularity, making its way onto magazine covers, digital media, and photos. It is, however, considered by some to be akin to other destructive Photoshop filters, such as the Watercolor filter, or the Mosaic filter.
Shadow recovery
A conservative application of the shadow/highlight tool can be very useful in recovering shadows, though it tends to leave a telltale halo around the boundary between highlight and shadow if used incorrectly. A way to avoid this is to use the bracketing technique, although this usually requires a tripod.
Highlight recovery
Recovering highlights with this tool, however, has mixed results, especially when using it on images with skin in them, and often makes people look like they have been "sprayed with fake tan".
Shadow brightening - manual
One way to brighten shadows in image editing software such as GIMP or Adobe Photoshop is to duplicate the background layer, invert the copy and set the blend modes of that top layer to "Soft Light". You can also use an inverted black and white copy of the image as a mask on a brightening layer, such as Curves or Levels.
Shadow brightening - automatic
Several automatic computer image processing-based shadow recovery and dynamic range compression methods can yield a similar effect. Some of these methods include the retinex method and homomorphic range compression. The retinex method is based on work from 1963 by Edwin Land, the founder of Polaroid.
Shadow enhancement can also be accomplished using adaptive image processing algorithms such as adaptive histogram equalization or contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE).
See also
HDR PhotoStudio — an HDR image editing tool that implements an advanced Shadow/highlight algorithm with halo reduction technique.
Tone mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer | Pfizer Inc. ( ) is an American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered at The Spiral in Manhattan, New York City. The company was established in 1849 in New York by two German entrepreneurs, Charles Pfizer (1824–1906) and his cousin Charles F. Erhart (1821–1891).
Pfizer develops and produces medicines and vaccines for immunology, oncology, cardiology, endocrinology, and neurology. The company's largest products by sales are the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine ($37 billion in 2022 revenues), Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir ($18 billion in 2022 revenues), Apixaban ($6 billion in 2022 revenues), a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ($6 billion in 2022 revenues), and Palbociclib ($5 billion in 2022 revenues). In 2022, 42% of the company's revenues came from the United States, 8% came from Japan, and 50% came from other countries.
Pfizer was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average stock market index from 2004 to August 2020. The company ranks 38th on the Fortune 500 and 39th on the Forbes Global 2000.
History
1849–1950: Early history
Pfizer was founded in 1849 as "Charles Pfizer & Company" by Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart, two cousins who had immigrated to the United States from Ludwigsburg, Germany, the year before. The business produced chemical compounds, and was headquartered on Bartlett Street in Williamsburgh, New York where they produced an antiparasitic called santonin. This was an immediate success, although it was production of citric acid that led to Pfizer's growth in the 1880s. Pfizer continued to buy property in the area (by now the Williamsburg district of the city of Brooklyn, New York and beginning in 1898, the City of Greater New York) to expand its lab and factory, retaining offices on Flushing Avenue until the 1960s; the Brooklyn plant ultimately closed in 2009. Following their success with citric acid, Pfizer (at the now-demolished 295 Washington Avenue) and Erhart (at 280 Washington Avenue) established their |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20War%20in%20the%20UK | Nuclear War in the UK is a 2019 non-fiction book by British historian and researcher Taras Young. It is a history of official British public information documents and guidance prepared in case of nuclear attack, drawn from the author's collection. The book charts the development of public information campaigns, such as posters, pamphlets and propaganda, from the dropping of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1946 up to the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s.
It includes detailed accounts of the creation of official guidance by the Home Office, including the Protect and Survive campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. It also includes materials produced by local authorities, as well as privately created publications such as Protect and Survive Monthly magazine and advertisements for nuclear bunkers.
The book was published as part of Four Corners Books' Irregulars series of books about modern British visual culture.
Critical reception
Response to Nuclear War in the UK was positive, with popular media citing the book's accessible take on the subject matter, and specialist publications praising its new take on the subject and previously unseen material. In its review of the book, the Morning Star called it "entertaining, informative and chilling", adding that it "offers a startling insight into the government's attitude to its citizens". Broadcaster Iain Lee praised the book on his talkSPORT radio show, calling it "fascinating, terrifying, and strangely comforting to see all this stuff gathered in one place".
In his review of the book, Fortean Times editor David Sutton called it a "a handsome book with excellent reproductions of rarely seen material ... Young’s succinct account provides the necessary context". Specialist underground exploration magazine Subterranea said the book was a "welcome addition covering a new angle on the UK's preparation for the Cold War," adding: "Many of us lived through the period under analysis, but few would have been aware of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METATOY | A METATOY is a sheet, formed by a two-dimensional array of small, telescopic optical components, that switches the path of transmitted light rays. METATOY is an acronym for "metamaterial for rays", representing a number of analogies with metamaterials; METATOYs even satisfy a few definitions of metamaterials, but are certainly not metamaterials in the usual sense. When seen from a distance, the view through each individual telescopic optical component acts as one pixel of the view through the METATOY as a whole. In the simplest case, the individual optical components are all identical; the METATOY then behaves like a homogeneous, but pixellated, window that can have very unusual optical properties (see the picture of the view through a METATOY).
METATOYs are usually treated within the framework of geometrical optics; the light-ray-direction change performed by a METATOY is described by a mapping of the direction of any incoming light ray onto the corresponding direction of the outgoing ray. The light-ray-direction mappings can be very general. METATOYs can even create pixellated light-ray fields that could not exist in non-pixellated form due to a condition imposed by wave optics.
Much of the work on METATOYs is currently theoretical, backed up by computer simulations. A small number of experiments have been performed to date; more experimental work is ongoing.
Examples of METATOYs
Telescopic optical components that have been used as the unit cell of two-dimensional arrays, and which therefore form homogeneous METATOYs, include a pair of identical lenses (focal length ) that share the same optical axis (perpendicular to the METATOY) and that are separated by , that is they share one focal plane (a special case of a refracting telescope with angular magnification -1); a pair of non-identical lenses (focal lengths and ) that share the same optical axis (again perpendicular to the METATOY) and that are separated by , that is they again share one focal plane ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20B.%20M%C3%BCller | Gerd B. Müller (born 1953) is an Austrian biologist who is emeritus professor at the University of Vienna where he was the head of the Department of Theoretical Biology in the Center for Organismal Systems Biology. His research interests focus on vertebrate limb development, evolutionary novelties, evo-devo theory, and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. He is also concerned with the development of 3D based imaging tools in developmental biology.
Biography
Müller received an M.D. in 1979 and a Ph.D. in zoology in 1985, both from the University of Vienna. He has been a sabbatical fellow at the Department of Developmental Biology, Dalhousie University, Canada, (1988) and a visiting scholar at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and received his Habilitation in Anatomy and Embryology in 1989. He is a founding member of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria, of which he has been President since 1997. Müller is on the editorial boards of several scientific journals, including Biological Theory where he serves as an associate editor. He is editor-in-chief of the Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology, a book series devoted to theoretical developments in the biosciences, published by MIT Press.
Scientific contribution
Müller has published on developmental imaging, vertebrate limb development, the origins of phenotypic novelty, EvoDevo theory, and evolutionary theory.
With the cell and developmental biologist Stuart Newman, Müller co-edited the book Origination of Organismal Form (MIT Press, 2003). This book on evolutionary developmental biology is a collection of papers on generative mechanisms that were plausibly involved in the origination of disparate body forms during early periods of organismal life. Particular attention is given to epigenetic factors, such as physical determinants and environmental parameters, that may have led to the spontaneous emergence of bodyplans and organ forms during a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20physics%20articles%20%28K%29 | The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below.
K
K-65 residues
K-Long
K-Poincaré algebra
K-Poincaré group
K-Short
K-edge
K-factor (aerospace)
K-factor (centrifugation)
K-theory (physics)
K. R. Ramanathan
K. R. Sreenivasan
K2K experiment
K3 surface
KALI (laser)
KAMINI
KAON Factory
KARMEN
KASCADE
KAT-7
KATRIN
KEK
KEKB (accelerator)
KM3NeT
KMQ viewer
KMS state
KOALA – Quasi Laue Diffractometer
KOWARI
KSTAR
KT (energy)
K band (IEEE)
K band (infrared)
K band (NATO)
K correction
Ka band
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
Kadowaki–Woods ratio
Kagome lattice
Kai-Ming Ho
Kai Puolamäki
Kai Siegbahn
Kaido Reivelt
Kalb–Ramond field
Kalina cycle
Kalliroscope
Kaluza–Klein theory
Kamaloddin Jenab
Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector
Kamioka Observatory
Kammback
Kamran Vafa
Kaon
Kaon oscillation
Kaonic hydrogen
Kaonium
Kapitsa–Dirac effect
Kaplan–Yorke map
Karatmeter
Karel Niessen
Karen Kavanagh
Karen Ter-Martirosian
Kari Enqvist
Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
Karl-Heinrich Riewe
Karl-Heinz Höcker
Karl-Henning Rehren
Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer
Karl Alexander Müller
Karl Baedeker (scientist)
Karl Bechert
Karl Eugen Guthe
Karl Ferdinand Braun
Karl Friedrich Küstner
Karl G. Kessler
Karl Glitscher
Karl Guthe Jansky
Karl Heinz Beckurts
Karl Herzfeld
Karl Ledersteger
Karl Leo
Karl Lintner
Karl Meissner
Karl Mey
Karl Scheel
Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Taylor Compton
Karl Weissenberg
Karl Wirtz
Karl Zimmer
Karol Olszewski
Kasner metric
Kasson S. Gibson
Katabatic wind
Kate Hutton
Kater's pendulum
Katharine Burr Blodgett
Katherine Freese
Katherine McAlpine
Katherine Sopka
Kathy Sykes
Kato theorem
Katsunori Wakabayashi
Kaufmann (Scully) vortex
Kautsky effect
Kauzmann paradox
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics
Kavli Institute of Nanoscience
Kaye effect
Kazim Ergin
Kazimierz Fajans
Kazuhiko Nishijima
Kazys Almenas
Keiiti Aki
Keith Brueckner
Keith Burnett
Keith Burton
Keith Edward Bullen
Kei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophyte | A Hygrophyte (Greek hygros = wet + phyton = plant) is a plant living above ground that is adapted to the conditions of abundant moisture pads of surrounding air. These plants inhabit mainly wet and dark forests and islands darkened swamp and very humid and floody meadows. Within the group of all types of terrestrial plants, they are at least resistant to drought.
According to the environmental attributes are a group of plants between categories hydrophytes (aquatic plants) and mesophytes (plants in moderate environmental conditions)
Plants living in the or moist habitats typically lack xeromorphic features.
Examples of hygrophyte's genera
Adoxa;
Agrostis;
Bidens;
Caltha;
Cardamine;
Carex;
Catabrosa;
Chelidonium;
Circea;
Cyperus;
Drosera;
Equisetum;
Galium;
Glyceria;
Hymenophyllum;
Juncus;
Lythrum:
Oxalis, etc.
See also
Hydrophyte
Mesophyte
Xerophyte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20differences%20in%20breast%20cancer%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment | Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment is influenced by different cultural backgrounds. Factors include differences in beliefs, attitudes, and treatment options that impact diverse populations throughout the world.
Breast cancer and spirituality
A patient's spirituality is so important that the National Health Society in Scotland requires boards to have a spiritual care policy for patients. This is often overlooked by health care providers. In studies it shows there is a positive correlation with religion or spirituality and women with breast cancer. Many African-American women have a positive correlation with religion and how it adds to their quality of life. They often have faith in their religious practices, belief in God, support system of family and friends to find meaning and purpose.
In Chile, women's spirituality is important and showed it through prayer, perceived dependence on God to intercede and guide them through this time in their life. They also had social support from their faith communities. Muslim women view their diagnoses as a will of God. They were also active in getting the medical treatment they needed. These women's quality of life was linked with their spiritual meaning.
Women often use their religion or spirituality to help them frame their diagnoses in a new way that provides meaning and purpose. Health care providers can benefit by knowing the role spirituality plays in these women's life, there will be a better awareness of the supporting networks these women need to help cope with their diagnoses. Providers will also be more sensitive to how they make meaning of their cancer, and this will help providers recognize and respond to their patient's spiritual experiences. This will open new doors for a greater empathic care.
Screening among women with intellectual disabilities
Despite the fact that governments have passed policies and an outreach to provide equal access to healthcare and screenings open, women who are intellectually di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20national%20flag%20problem | The Dutch national flag problem is a computational problem proposed by Edsger Dijkstra. The flag of the Netherlands consists of three colors: red, white, and blue. Given balls of these three colors arranged randomly in a line (it does not matter how many balls there are), the task is to arrange them such that all balls of the same color are together and their collective color groups are in the correct order.
The solution to this problem is of interest for designing sorting algorithms; in particular, variants of the quicksort algorithm that must be robust to repeated elements may use a three-way partitioning function that groups items less than a given key (red), equal to the key (white) and greater than the key (blue). Several solutions exist that have varying performance characteristics, tailored to sorting arrays with either small or large numbers of repeated elements.
The array case
This problem can also be viewed in terms of rearranging elements of an array.
Suppose each of the possible elements could be classified into exactly one of three categories (bottom, middle, and top).
For example, if all the elements are in 0 ... 1, the bottom could be defined as elements in 0 ... 0.25 (not including 0.25), the middle as 0.25 ... 0.5 (not including 0.5)
and the top as 0.5 and greater. (The choice of these values illustrates that the categories need not be equal ranges). The problem is then to produce an array such that all "bottom" elements come before (have an index less than the index of) all "middle" elements, which come before all "top" elements.
One algorithm is to have the top group grow down from the top of the array, the bottom group grow up from the bottom, and keep the middle group just above the bottom. The algorithm indexes three locations, the bottom of the top group, the top of the bottom group, and the top of the middle group. Elements that are yet to be sorted fall between the middle and the top group. At each step, examine the element just above t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Tree | The Stanford Tree is the Stanford Band's mascot and the unofficial mascot of Stanford University. Stanford's team name is "Cardinal", referring to the vivid red color (not the common songbird as at several other schools), and the university does not have an official mascot. The Tree, in various versions, has been called one of America's most bizarre and controversial college mascots. The tree regularly appears at the top of Internet "worst mascot" lists but has also appeared on at least one list of top mascots.
History
The Tree is a member of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB) and appears at football games, basketball games, and other events where the band performs. The "Tree" is representative of El Palo Alto, the tree that appears on both the official seal of the University and the municipal seal of Palo Alto, Stanford's nearby city.
From 1930 until 1972, Stanford's sports teams had been known as the Indians, and, during the period from 1951 to 1972, Prince Lightfoot (portrayed by Timm Williams, a member of the Yurok tribe) was the official mascot. But in 1972, Native American students and staff members successfully lobbied University President Richard Lyman to abolish the "Indian" name along with what they had come to perceive as an offensive and demeaning mascot. Stanford's teams reverted unofficially to the name "Cardinal", the color that had represented the school before 1930.
From 1972 until 1981, Stanford’s official nickname was the Cardinal, but, during this time, there was debate among students and administrators concerning what the mascot and team name should be. A 1972 student referendum on the issue was in favor of restoring the Indian, while a second 1975 referendum was against. The 1975 vote included new suggestions, many alluding to the industry of the school's founder, railroad tycoon Leland Stanford: the Robber Barons, the Sequoias, the Trees, the Cardinals, the Railroaders, the Spikes, and the Huns. The Robber Barons w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolForge | SolForge was a free-to-play digital collectible card game by Stone Blade Entertainment. The design team included Magic: The Gathering designer Richard Garfield and Pro Tour hall of famer Brian Kibler. The game was released in May 2016 following three years in early access. In January 2017, Stone Blade announced that the game would be shutting down that month, however, an agreement was later reached with two executives from Grinding Gear Games, but not the studio directly, keeping the game online.
The game's servers were still online in 2018, however, updates to the official client ceased so the fan community developed an unofficial client to address bugs and add features called ReForged (formerly KUSC). It had an Android and iOS version that could play matches with players using the official client. In December 2018, it was announced that Stone Blade had asked for the unofficial client to be shut down, and in January 2019 both the official server and the unofficial client were discontinued.
The official client is still available on Steam as of October 2019, however has been removed from mobile stores.
Development
SolForge was part funded through a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign, raising $429,715 towards its development in September 2012. According to Stone Blade CEO Justin Gary, the game ended up costing over five times this amount to develop.
Gameplay
SolForge is a competitive two-player turn-based strategy game. Each player begins with a deck of cards and 120 health points, they must play these cards and reduce the opponent's health zero to win the game. Players can play two cards per turn, each card may be played in one of five lanes. Cards deal damage to the opponent's card in its respective lane. If there is no opponent card in the lane, the damage is dealt directly to the opponent. Once a card is played, it is replaced by a more powerful variant of the card (upgrade) up to a maximum level. Other copies of that card in the player's deck are not affec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conley%E2%80%93Zehnder%20theorem | In mathematics, the Conley–Zehnder theorem, named after Charles C. Conley and Eduard Zehnder, provides a lower bound for the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of standard symplectic tori in terms of the topology of the underlying tori. The lower bound is one plus the cup-length of the torus (thus 2n+1, where 2n is the dimension of the considered torus), and it can be strengthen to the rank of the homology of the torus (which is 22n) provided all the fixed points are non-degenerate, this latter condition being generic in the C1-topology.
The theorem was conjectured by Vladimir Arnold, and it was known as the Arnold conjecture on fixed points of symplectomorphisms. Its validity was later extended to more general closed symplectic manifolds by Andreas Floer and several others. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Bunster | Marta Cecilia del Carmen Bunster Balocchi is a Chilean scientist, most noted for her work in the fields of biochemistry, biophysics and crystallography. She is also known as one of the main promoters of bioinformatics in her country.
Biography
She began studying biochemistry in 1969 at the University of Concepción, where she spent most of her academic and professional career. She obtained a biochemistry diploma in 1974 for her work about X-ray diffraction on synthetic polypeptides. After obtaining her degree, she moved to Santiago, where she worked at the laboratory of Osvaldo Cori and Aida Traverso, from the Faculty of Chemical Sciences of the University of Chile. There, she collaborated in the investigation of the kinetic properties of a potato apyrase. After 4 months, she returned to Concepción and entered to the Doctor of Sciences Program, with a major in chemistry. In 1975, she was conferred an academic position as instructor of biophysics for biochemistry teachers at the Department of Phisiology of the Institute of Medical Biological Sciences, precursor of the current Biological Sciences Faculty of the University of Concepción. Bunster obtained her doctoral degree in 1981 for her study on synthetic polymers of pharmacological application, at the University of Concepción and the laboratory of George B. Butler at the University of Florida. That year, she returned to Concepción once more and met doctor Hilda Cid, a renowned scientist in the fields of physics and crystallography, who had returned from Sweden after being politically persecuted. During those years, Cid specialized in crystallographic techniques at Uppsala University, which provided her the necessary equipment for her studies once she returned to Chile. Together, they established the Molecular Biophysics Laboratory of the Faculty of Biological Sciences and Natural Resources, now the Faculty of Biological Sciences, and started studying new methods for proteins structures and folding prediction. Amon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20mobile%20CRM%20systems | This article is a comparison of notable mobile CRM systems.
ERP systems are considered a superset of CRM systems.
Introduction
The market for mobile CRM applications is currently seeing record growth as new products and services around mobile CRM are being developed. The benefits of mobile CRM application have been demonstrated in a paper by Grandhi & Chugh (2012) through the case of Dow Corning and DirecTV where the introduction of SAP CRM system helped to improve their customer relations. Analysis of the two organisations revealed that mobile CRM applications are not only helping them to improve relationship with customers, but also helping to reduce the costs of acquiring new customers.
General
Only stable releases are considered.
See also
Comparison of CRM systems
List of ERP software packages (Enterprise Resource Planning)
Customer relationship management (CRM) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebe%20Julie | Loebe Julie (December 10, 1920 - June 7, 2015) was an American engineer who has been credited with inventing the first operational amplifier circuit with differential inputs (1943), a topology which allowed much greater versatility in applications circuits and remains in wide use today.
Career
After earning a BSEE from the City College of New York in 1941, Julie worked at the Army Signal Corps in Fort Monmouth, NJ, as a civilian engineer for two years. In 1943, NDRC Division 7 contracted Columbia University's Division of War Research to improve and simplify the multi-stage vacuum tube-based amplifier circuits designed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. for use in the Western Electric M9 gun director.
Encouraged by George A. Philbrick, who was part of the Division 7 team, Julie designed a circuit using two dual-triode vacuum tubes that not only had the novel feature of a differential input, but used fewer tubes, was much faster (100 kHz gain-bandwidth product) and more power efficient (2 × 300 V at 10 mA, plus tube heater) than the previous circuits.
After the war, Julie returned to university, earning an MS in mathematics from New York University in 1954. In 1956, he founded the company Julie Research Laboratories to produce precision resistors, calibration standards and related products. The company was acquired by Ohm-Labs in 2001.
See also
Operational amplifier
George A. Philbrick |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo%20Infinite | Halo Infinite is a 2021 first-person shooter game developed by 343 Industries and published by Xbox Game Studios. It is the sixth mainline entry in the Halo series, following Halo 5: Guardians (2015).
The campaign follows the human supersoldier Master Chief and his fight against the enemy Banished on the Forerunner ringworld Zeta Halo, also known as Installation 07. Unlike previous installments in the series, the multiplayer portion of the game is free-to-play.
The game was intended to release as a launch title for the Xbox Series X/S, but was delayed in August 2020 after Infinite'''s gameplay reveal in July 2020 drew negative feedback from both critics and Halo fans. Following an open beta release of the multiplayer component on November 15, 2021, coinciding with the franchise's 20th anniversary, the campaign was released for Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 8, 2021. Halo Infinite received mostly favorable reviews from critics, with some deeming the game a return to form for the series. Praise was directed towards its visuals, gameplay, open world design, soundtrack, and story.
GameplayHalo Infinite is a first-person shooter. In the game's story mode, players assume the role of player character Master Chief, as he wages a war against the Banished, an alien faction. Players traverse the open world Zeta Halo, fighting the Banished with a mixture of vehicles and weapons. Players also have access to special equipment, such as the Grappleshot, which pulls Chief towards foes, retrieves items, or help to traverse the terrain.
The campaign mode's semi-open world structure allows players to freely explore parts of the ring-world Zeta Halo setting, which are segmented off from each other and initially impassable. Scattered across the environment are Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), which can be captured once cleared of enemies. Captured bases serve as fast-travel points. Other points of interest found across Zeta Halo's surface include "high-value target |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20network%20analysis | In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Description
To direct water to many users, municipal water supplies often route it through a water supply network. A major part of this network will consist of interconnected pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design, with solution methods typically referred to as pipe network analysis. Water utilities generally make use of specialized software to automatically solve these problems. However, many such problems can also be addressed with simpler methods, like a spreadsheet equipped with a solver, or a modern graphing calculator.
Deterministic network analysis
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the network, taking into account the pipe specifications (lengths and diameters), pipe friction properties and known flow rates or head losses.
The steady-state flows on the network must satisfy two conditions:
At any junction, the total flow into a junction equals the total flow out of that junction (law of conservation of mass, or continuity law, or Kirchhoff's first law)
Between any two junctions, the head loss is independent of the path taken (law of conservation of energy, or Kirchhoff's second law). This is equivalent mathematically to the statement that on any closed loop in the network, the head loss around the loop must vanish.
If there are sufficient known flow rates, so that the system of equations given by (1) and (2) abov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Biological%20Intelligence | The Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (MPI-BI) is a non-university research institution of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG). The institute is dedicated to basic research on topics in behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience. Research at the international institute focuses on how animal organisms acquire, store, apply and pass on knowledge about their environment in order to find ever-new solutions to problems and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Model organisms include Drosophila, zebrafish, mice and various bird species.
Structure and History
The board of directors manages the institute, with around 500 employees coming from more than 50 nations. One of the institute's directors is taking over as managing director for a specific time. As of January 2022, Tobias Bonhoeffer is the managing director of the institute.
The MPI-BI emerged in January 2022 from the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
Campus
The institute has two locations: At the nature-oriented Seewiesen Campus, in the municipality of Pöcking near Starnberg, field research is combined with modern methods of behavioral biology. At the Martinsried Campus in the southwest of Munich, neuroscientific research is currently the main focus. Here, laboratory experiments are combined with state-of-the-art methods such as optogenetics, connectomics or machine learning.
Scientific scope
Scientific research at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence is thematically divided into seven research departments and 17 independent research groups. Numerous thematic connections between the groups result in a lively exchange and numerous collaborations within the institute.
Biological intelligence describes the ability to achieve complex goals. Animal organisms are able to attain this for example by means of calculation, planning and decision-making – as individuals or in groups. The brain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILC2 | ILC2 cells, or type 2 innate lymphoid cells are a type of innate lymphoid cell. Not to be confused with the ILC. They are derived from common lymphoid progenitor and belong to the lymphoid lineage. These cells lack antigen specific B or T cell receptor because of the lack of recombination activating gene. ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) and are involved in responses to helminths, allergens, some viruses, such as influenza virus and cancer.
The cell type was first described in 2001 as non-B/non-T cells, which produced IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and expressed MHC class II and CD11c. In 2006, a similar cell population was identified in a case of helminthic infection. The name "ILC2" was not proposed until 2013. They were previously identified in literature as natural helper cells, nuocytes, or innate helper 2 cells. It is believed that ILC2s are rather old cell type with ancestor populations emerging in lamprey and bony fish.
Parasitic infection
ILC2s play the crucial role of secreting type 2 cytokines in response to large extracellular parasites. They express characteristic surface markers and receptors for chemokines, which are involved in distribution of lymphoid cells to specific organ sites. They require IL-7 for their development, which activates two transcription factors (both required by these cells)—RORα and GATA3. After stimulation with Th2 polarising cytokines, which are secreted mainly by epithelia (e.g. IL-25, IL-33, TSLP, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene D4), ILC2s begin to produce IL-5, IL-13, IL-9, IL-4 rapidly. ILC2s are critical for primary responses to local Th2 antigens e.g. helminths and viruses and that is why ILC2s are abundant in the tissues of skin, lungs, liver and gut. It has been observed that ILC2s originate in the gut, enter lymphatic vessels and then circulate in the bloodstream so they can migrate to other organs to help fight the parasitic infection. The trafficking is partly sphingosine 1-phosp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian%20threshold | Darwinian threshold or Darwinian transition is a term introduced by Carl Woese to describe a transition period during the evolution of the first cells when genetic transmission moves from a predominantly horizontal mode to a vertical mode. The process starts when the ancestors of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (the LUCA) become refractory to horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer (HGT) and become individual entities with vertical heredity upon which natural selection is effective. After this transition, life is characterized by genealogies that have a modern tree-like phylogeny.
Before the Darwinian threshold
The Last Universal Common Ancestor is often considered to be an already complex organism with a DNA-based genome, a complex informational flow and an efficient metabolism, but some authors, like Carl Woese, believe instead that the LUCA was not a discrete entity but rather a diverse community of cells that survived and evolved as a biological unit.
Carl Woese indicated that most likely there existed high mutation rates and small genomes. Also present were small proteins and larger imprecisely translated "statistical proteins". Entities in which translation had not yet developed to the point that proteins of the modern type could arise, have been termed “progenotes,” and the era during which these were the most advanced forms of life, the “progenote era”.
These organisms or biological entities, these progenotes (or ribocytes), had RNA as informational molecule instead of DNA. RNA is capable of both catalysis and replication and could have been central to the origins of heredity and life itself. It has been proposed that the initial molecular events were carried out by transfer RNAs (tRNAs). It is hypothesized that structured tRNAs could have provided amino acids during a process called self-translation of a single extended tRNA strand.
Compartmentalization with membranes was not yet completed and translation of proteins was not precise. Not every progeno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMA%20instruction%20set | The FMA instruction set is an extension to the 128 and 256-bit Streaming SIMD Extensions instructions in the x86 microprocessor instruction set to perform fused multiply–add (FMA) operations. There are two variants:
FMA4 is supported in AMD processors starting with the Bulldozer architecture. FMA4 was performed in hardware before FMA3 was. Support for FMA4 has been removed since Zen 1.
FMA3 is supported in AMD processors starting with the Piledriver architecture and Intel starting with Haswell processors and Broadwell processors since 2014.
Instructions
FMA3 and FMA4 instructions have almost identical functionality, but are not compatible. Both contain fused multiply–add (FMA) instructions for floating-point scalar and SIMD operations, but FMA3 instructions have three operands, while FMA4 ones have four. The FMA operation has the form d = round(a · b + c), where the round function performs a rounding to allow the result to fit within the destination register if there are too many significant bits to fit within the destination.
The four-operand form (FMA4) allows a, b, c and d to be four different registers, while the three-operand form (FMA3) requires that d be the same register as a, b or c. The three-operand form makes the code shorter and the hardware implementation slightly simpler, while the four-operand form provides more programming flexibility.
See XOP instruction set for more discussion of compatibility issues between Intel and AMD.
FMA3 instruction set
CPUs with FMA3
AMD
Piledriver (2012) and newer microarchitectures
2nd gen APUs, "Trinity" (32nm), May 15, 2012
2nd gen "Bulldozer" (bdver2) with Piledriver cores, October 23, 2012
Intel
Haswell (2013) and newer processors, except Pentiums and Celerons
Excerpt from FMA3
Supported commands include
Note
VFNMADD is result = − a · b + c, not result = − (a · b + c).
VFNMSUB generates a −0 for all inputs are zero.
Explicit order of operands is included in the mnemonic using numbers "132", "2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make%20People%20Better | Make People Better is a 2022 documentary film about the use of genetic engineering (called CRISPR gene editing) to enhance two twins girls to be immune to HIV. Directed by Cody Sheehy of Rhumbline Media, it was originated by Samira Kiani, a biotechnologist then at Arizona State University. It focuses on the circumstances involving Chinese biologist He Jiankui who created the first genetically modified humans in 2018. Featured experts included Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine of MIT Technology Review, who first discovered and revealed the secret experiment, and Benjamin Hurlbut, a bioethicist at the Arizona State University.
The film was released on 13 December 2022 by Gravitas Films and Internationally by Cats & Docs. It premiered at Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, and simultaneously launched on iTunes Store and Amazon Prime Video. The title was taken from James Watson's reply as He asked him, "Do you think that that's [genetically modifying babies is] a good thing to do?"
The Make People Better Podcast released in March of 2023. https://makepeoplebetterfilm.com/podcast/
Background
Code of the Wild: The Nature of Us
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene editing is a scientific method by which DNA molecules are cut using an enzyme, CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) so that specific genes can be removed or replaced. The technique, independently developed by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, had been used to make genetically modified organisms and better genes in genetic diseases. Samira Kiani was a researcher on CRISPR gene editing at Arizona State University and teamed up with Cody Sheehy of the Rhumbline Media to make a documentary film on the revolutionary technique. They started a project called Code of the Wild: The Nature of Us in 2018.
They first approached expert in the field, George Church at Harvard University, who was popularly known as the "Founding Father of Genomics", |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated%20immunity | Cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
History
In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells. CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens. Naive T cells, which are immature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen, are converted into activated effector T cells after encountering antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells in some circumstances, load antigenic peptides onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the cell, in turn presenting the peptide to receptors on T cells. The most important of these APCs are highly specialized dendritic cells; conceivably operating solely to ingest and present antigens. Activated effector T cells can be placed into three functioning classes, detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen: The first class being 1) Cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells by apoptosis without using cytokines, 2) Th1 cells, which primarily function to activate macrophages, and 3) Th2 cells, which primarily function to stimulate B cells into producing antibodies.
In another ideology, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system each comprise both humoral and cell-mediated components. Some cell-mediated components of the innate immune system include myeloid phagocytes, innate lymphoid cells (NK cells) and intraepithelial lymphocytes.
Synopsis
Cellular immunity protects the body through:
T-ce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical%20imaging | Preclinical imaging is the visualization of living animals for research purposes, such as drug development. Imaging modalities have long been crucial to the researcher in observing changes, either at the organ, tissue, cell, or molecular level, in animals responding to physiological or environmental changes. Imaging modalities that are non-invasive and in vivo have become especially important to study animal models longitudinally. Broadly speaking, these imaging systems can be categorized into primarily morphological/anatomical and primarily molecular imaging techniques. Techniques such as high-frequency micro-ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are usually used for anatomical imaging, while optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are usually used for molecular visualizations.
These days, many manufacturers provide multi-modal systems combining the advantages of anatomical modalities such as CT and MR with the functional imaging of PET and SPECT. As in the clinical market, common combinations are SPECT/CT, PET/CT and PET/MR.
Micro-ultrasound
Principle: High-frequency micro-ultrasound works through the generation of harmless sound waves from transducers into living systems. As the sound waves propagate through tissue, they are reflected back and picked up by the transducer, and can then be translated into 2D and 3D images. Micro-ultrasound is specifically developed for small animal research, with frequencies ranging from 15 MHz to 80 MHz.
Strengths: Micro-ultrasound is the only real-time imaging modality per se, capturing data at up to 1000 frames per second. This means that not only is it more than capable of visualizing blood flow in vivo, it can even be used to study high speed events such as blood flow and cardiac function in mice. Micro-ultrasound systems are portable, do not require any dedicated facilities, and is extr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20Project | Code Project (formerly The Code Project) is a community for computer programmers with articles on different topics and programming languages such as web development, software development, C++, Java, and other topics. Once a visitor registers a user account on the site, they can gain reputation which allows users to unlock different privileges such as the ability to store personal files in the user's account area, have live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more. Members can also write and upload their own articles and code for other visitors to view.
Articles can be related to general programming, GUI design, algorithms or collaboration. Most of the articles are uploaded by visitors and do not come from an external source. Nearly every article is accompanied with source code and examples which can be downloaded independently. Most articles and sources are released under the Code Project Open License (CPOL), although the license can be configured by the user. These articles either go through a moderation and editing phase or are immediately posted as unedited reader contributions.
Code Project employs a rating and comment system that helps to filter the good articles from the poor. It also has forums, and is a resource for resolving difficult software development issues.
Rather than being just a collection of samples, contributors are encouraged to explain concepts and ideas, and discuss design decisions. A separate format, "Tips and Tricks", was introduced in 2010 as a place to post short code snippets that don't fit the requirements for an article.
Code Project strives to be a wealth of information and a valuable resource. The site encourages users to share what source code or knowledge they can in order to give back to the community.
Code Project also conducts interviews with notable developers. Code Project also awards Code Project Members Choice Awards in various categories. These awards are based on the votes of Code Project members and editors, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20psychology%20%28sociology%29 | In sociology, social psychology (also known as sociological social psychology) studies the relationship between the individual and society. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of psychology, sociological social psychology places relatively more emphasis on the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Researchers broadly focus on higher levels of analysis, directing attention mainly to groups and the arrangement of relationships among people. This subfield of sociology is broadly recognized as having three major perspectives: Symbolic interactionism, social structure and personality, and structural social psychology.
Some of the major topics in this field include social status, structural
power, sociocultural change, social inequality and prejudice, leadership and intra-group behavior, social exchange, group conflict, impression formation and management, conversation structures, socialization, social constructionism, social norms and deviance, identity and roles, and emotional labor.
The primary methods of data collection are sample surveys, field observations, vignette studies, field experiments, and controlled experiments.
History
Sociological social psychology is understood to have emerged in 1902 with a landmark study by sociologist Charles Cooley, entitled Human Nature and the Social Order, in which he introduces the concept of the looking-glass self. Sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross would subsequently publish the first sociological textbook in social psychology, known as Social Psychology, in 1908. Following a few decades later, Jacob L. Moreno would go on to found the field's major academic journal in 1937, entitled Sociometry—though its name would change in 1978 to Social Psychology and to its current title, Social Psychology Quarterly, the year after.
Foundational concepts
Symbolic interactionism
In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%C3%B0ar%20longwave%20transmitter | The Eiðar longwave transmitter was a facility previously used by RÚV (the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service) for longwave radio broadcasting on 207 kHz with a power of 100 kW. The transmitter was situated at Eiðar near Egilsstaðir in East Iceland. At the time of its closure, it used an omnidirectional aerial in the form of a tall steel lattice mast radiator insulated against the ground.
Along with the more powerful Hellissandur longwave transmitter, it formed RÚV's longwave service. It was intended to fill in gaps of the FM radio, serve seafarers and act as a critical communications facility.
History
The first transmission towers at Eiðar were built in 1938, consisting of two masts forming a T-antenna. Eiðar first broadcast on medium-wave, with a power of 1 kW. This was later increased to 5 kW with new equipment in 1950. In 1951, the original towers were demolished and replaced with a single tall mast. In 1966, a second 75m mast was erected, forming a T-antenna, and the transmitter was converted to longwave, at a power of 20 kW.
In 1998, the mast was again reconstructed at a height of and its power increased to 100 kW. Originally a tall mast was planned, but aircraft flight safety considerations precluded this.
RÚV announced the retirement of its longwave transmissions in 2023, citing its inadequacy as a backup service as most vehicles and radios do not support longwave broadcasts anymore. The Eiðar tower was the first to be removed due to its proximity to Egilsstaðir Airport.
On 2 March 2023 the mast was demolished, ceasing 207 kHz transmissions.
See also
RÚV
List of tallest structures in Europe
List of tallest structures in Iceland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20field%20%28acoustics%29 | In acoustics, a free field is a situation or space in which no sound reflections occur.
Characteristics
The lack of reflections in a free field means that any sound in the field is entirely determined by a listener or microphone because it is received through the direct sound of the sound source. This makes the open field a direct sound field. In a free field, sound is attenuated with increased distance according to the inverse-square law.
Examples and uses
In nature, free field conditions occur only when sound reflections from the floor can be ignored, e.g. in new snow in a field, or approximately at good sound-absorbing floors (deciduous, dry sand, etc.) Free field conditions can be artificially produced in anechoic chambers. In particular, free field conditions play a major role in acoustic measurements and sound perception experiments as results are isolated from room reflections.
With voice and sound recordings, one often seeks a condition free from sound reflections similar to a free field, even when during post-processing specifically desired spatial impression will be added, because this is not distorted by any sound reflections of the recording room.
In the simple example shown in Figure 1, a singular sound source emits sound evenly and spherically with no obstructions.
Equations
The sound intensity and pressure level of any point in a free field is calculated below, where r (in meters) is the distance from the source and "where ρ and c are the air density and speed of sound respectively.
To calculate for air pressure, the equation can be written differently:
In order to simplify this equation we can remove elements:
Measuring the sound pressure level at a reference distance (Rm) from the source allows us measure another distance (r) more easily than other methods:
This means that as the distance from the sources doubles, the noise level decreases by 6 dB for each doubling. However if the sound field is not truly free of reflections, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoanalytic%20function | In mathematics, pseudoanalytic functions are functions introduced by that generalize analytic functions and satisfy a weakened form of the Cauchy–Riemann equations.
Definitions
Let and let be a real-valued function defined in a bounded domain . If and and are Hölder continuous, then is admissible in . Further, given a Riemann surface , if is admissible for some neighborhood at each point of , is admissible on .
The complex-valued function is pseudoanalytic with respect to an admissible at the point if all partial derivatives of and exist and satisfy the following conditions:
If is pseudoanalytic at every point in some domain, then it is pseudoanalytic in that domain.
Similarities to analytic functions
If is not the constant , then the zeroes of are all isolated.
Therefore, any analytic continuation of is unique.
Examples
Complex constants are pseudoanalytic.
Any linear combination with real coefficients of pseudoanalytic functions is pseudoanalytic.
See also
Quasiconformal mapping
Elliptic partial differential equations
Cauchy-Riemann equations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domatium | A domatium (plural: domatia, from the Latin "domus", meaning home) is a tiny chamber that houses arthropods, produced by a plant.
Ideally domatia differ from galls in that they are produced by the plant rather than being induced by their inhabitants, but the distinction is not sharp; the development of many types of domatia is influenced and promoted by the inhabitants. Most domatia are inhabited either by mites or ants, in what can be a mutualist relationship, but other arthropods such as thrips may take parasitic advantage of the protection offered by this structure.
Domatia occupied by ants are called myrmecodomatia. An important class of myrmecodomatia comprise large, hollow spines of certain acacias such as Acacia sphaerocephala, in which ants of the genera Pseudomyrmex and Tetraponera make their nests. Plants that provide myrmecodomatia are called myrmecophytes. The variety of the plants that provide myrmecodomatia, and the ranges of forms of such domatia are considerable. Some plants, such as Myrmecodia, grow large bulbous structures riddled with channels in which their ants may establish themselves, both for mutual protection and for the nutritive benefit of the ants' wastes.
Often domatia are formed on the lower surface of leaves, at the juncture of the midrib and the veins. They usually consist of small depressions partly enclosed by leaf tissue or hairs. Many members of the family Lauraceae develop leaf domatia. Domatia are also found in some rainforest tree species in the families Alangiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Icacinaceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Simaroubaceae.
See also
Acarodomatia
External links
A video showing ants living inside a domatium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20decision%20diagram | In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as a compressed representation of sets or relations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on the compressed representation, i.e. without decompression.
Similar data structures include negation normal form (NNF), Zhegalkin polynomials, and propositional directed acyclic graphs (PDAG).
Definition
A Boolean function can be represented as a rooted, directed, acyclic graph, which consists of several (decision) nodes and two terminal nodes. The two terminal nodes are labeled 0 (FALSE) and 1 (TRUE). Each (decision) node is labeled by a Boolean variable and has two child nodes called low child and high child. The edge from node to a low (or high) child represents an assignment of the value FALSE (or TRUE, respectively) to variable . Such a BDD is called 'ordered' if different variables appear in the same order on all paths from the root. A BDD is said to be 'reduced' if the following two rules have been applied to its graph:
Merge any isomorphic subgraphs.
Eliminate any node whose two children are isomorphic.
In popular usage, the term BDD almost always refers to Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (ROBDD in the literature, used when the ordering and reduction aspects need to be emphasized). The advantage of an ROBDD is that it is canonical (unique) for a particular function and variable order. This property makes it useful in functional equivalence checking and other operations like functional technology mapping.
A path from the root node to the 1-terminal represents a (possibly partial) variable assignment for which the represented Boolean function is true. As the path descends to a low (or high) child from a node, then that node's variable is assigned to 0 (respectively 1).
Example
The left figure below shows a binary decision tree |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology%20%28rule%20of%20inference%29 | In propositional logic, tautology is either of two commonly used rules of replacement. The rules are used to eliminate redundancy in disjunctions and conjunctions when they occur in logical proofs. They are:
The principle of idempotency of disjunction:
and the principle of idempotency of conjunction:
Where "" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a logical proof with."
Formal notation
Theorems are those logical formulas where is the conclusion of a valid proof, while the equivalent semantic consequence indicates a tautology.
The tautology rule may be expressed as a sequent:
and
where is a metalogical symbol meaning that is a syntactic consequence of , in the one case, in the other, in some logical system;
or as a rule of inference:
and
where the rule is that wherever an instance of "" or "" appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with "";
or as the statement of a truth-functional tautology or theorem of propositional logic. The principle was stated as a theorem of propositional logic by Russell and Whitehead in Principia Mathematica as:
and
where is a proposition expressed in some formal system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbler%20%28video%20game%29 | Bubbler is a ZX Spectrum video game developed and published by Ultimate Play the Game in 1987. It was Ultimate's final release for 8-bit home computers before evolving into Rare. The game is an isometric platform game in the style of Marble Madness (1984).
Development
A Commodore 64 version was outsourced to Lynsoft but the release was cancelled as Ultimate thought the game was running too slowly.
Reception
Crash magazine reviewer Ricky disliked the impreciseness of the controls. Sinclair User were more impressed by the game; they did not consider it to be one of Ultimate's most original game or particularly well presented but thought it was very addictive. It was awarded a 5 star rating. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Anastasi | Anne Anastasi (December 19, 1908 – May 4, 2001) was an American psychologist best known for her pioneering development of psychometrics. Her generative work, Psychological Testing, remains a classic text in which she drew attention to the individual being tested and therefore to the responsibilities of the testers. She called for them to go beyond test scores, to search the assessed individual's history to help them to better understand their own results and themselves.
Known as the test guru, Anastasi focused on what she believed to be the appropriate use of psychometric tests. As stated in an obituary, "She made major conceptual contributions to the understanding of the manner in which psychological development is influenced by environmental and experiential factors. Her writings have provided incisive commentary on test construction and the proper application of psychological tests." According to Anastasi, such tests only revealed what the test-taker knows at the time; they did not explain test scores. In addition, any psychometric measurement must take into account that aptitude is context-dependent. Anastasi stressed the importance of the role of the tester to correctly select, conduct, and evaluate tests.
She was president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1972, the third ever woman to be elected. In 1984, she was given the American Psychological Foundation's gold medal. In 1987, she was awarded the National Medal of Science.
Family and education
Anne Anastasi was born on December 19, 1908, in New York City to Anthony Anastasi and Theresa Gaudiosi Anastasi. Her father died when she was a baby, and his family did not remain in contact. She grew up with her mother, her mother's brother, and her grandmother. Theresa supported the family, eventually working for the Italian newspaper Il Progresso. Anne was homeschooled by her grandmother until sixth grade. After brief periods in public and preparatory schools, she entered Barnard College at age |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20method%20of%20moments | In econometrics and statistics, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is a generic method for estimating parameters in statistical models. Usually it is applied in the context of semiparametric models, where the parameter of interest is finite-dimensional, whereas the full shape of the data's distribution function may not be known, and therefore maximum likelihood estimation is not applicable.
The method requires that a certain number of moment conditions be specified for the model. These moment conditions are functions of the model parameters and the data, such that their expectation is zero at the parameters' true values. The GMM method then minimizes a certain norm of the sample averages of the moment conditions, and can therefore be thought of as a special case of minimum-distance estimation.
The GMM estimators are known to be consistent, asymptotically normal, and most efficient in the class of all estimators that do not use any extra information aside from that contained in the moment conditions. GMM were advocated by Lars Peter Hansen in 1982 as a generalization of the method of moments, introduced by Karl Pearson in 1894. However, these estimators are mathematically equivalent to those based on "orthogonality conditions" (Sargan, 1958, 1959) or "unbiased estimating equations" (Huber, 1967; Wang et al., 1997).
Description
Suppose the available data consists of T observations , where each observation Yt is an n-dimensional multivariate random variable. We assume that the data come from a certain statistical model, defined up to an unknown parameter . The goal of the estimation problem is to find the “true” value of this parameter, θ0, or at least a reasonably close estimate.
A general assumption of GMM is that the data Yt be generated by a weakly stationary ergodic stochastic process. (The case of independent and identically distributed (iid) variables Yt is a special case of this condition.)
In order to apply GMM, we need to have "moment conditions", |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigencolloid | Eigencolloid is a term derived from the German language (eigen: own) and used to designate colloids made of pure phases. Also known as intrinsic colloids.
Eigencolloids are metal oxyhydroxide colloids on the nanometer scale formed by aggregation of hydrolyzed metal ions. They are characterized by a very large specific surface area (up to 2000 m2/g) and a high reactivity. They hold promise for the development of new industrial catalysts.
Many such colloids are formed by the hydrolysis of heavy metals cations or radionuclides, such as, for example, Tc(OH)4, Th(OH)4, U(OH)4, Pu(OH)4, or Am(OH)3.
The term 'eigencolloid' or 'intrinsic colloid', is often used in distinction to a pseudocolloid. A pseudocolloid is one in which elements (colloids or cations) become adsorbed onto pre-existing groundwater colloids due to their affinity to these colloids or to the hydrophobic properties of the dispersing medium.
In environmental chemistry, enhanced migration of heavy metal and radioactive metal contaminants in ground and surface waters is often facilitated by eigencolloid formation.
Actinide eigencolloids
Eigencolloid formation occurs readily in groundwater upon storage of radioactive waste. Colloid-facilitated transport is a mechanism responsible for the mobilisation of radionuclides into the wider environment, causing radioactive contamination. This is a public health concern, since elevated radioactivity in the environment is mutagenic and can lead to cancer.
Eigencolloids have been implicated in the long-range transport of plutonium on the Nevada Test Site.
See also
Cations hydrolysis
Colloid-facilitated transport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme%20Shelter | "Gimme Shelter" is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones. It is the opening track on their 1969 album Let It Bleed. The song covers the brutal realities of war, including murder, rape and fear. It features prominent guest vocals by American singer Merry Clayton.
American author, music journalist and cultural critic Greil Marcus, writing for Rolling Stone magazine at the time of its release, praised the song, stating that the band has "never done anything better". "Gimme Shelter" has placed in various positions on many "best of/greatest" lists including that of Rolling Stone magazine. In 2021 "Gimme Shelter" was ranked at number 13 on Rolling Stones list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
Inspiration and recording
"Gimme Shelter" was written by the Rolling Stones' lead vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards, the band's primary songwriting team. Richards began working on the song's signature opening riff in London while Jagger was away filming Performance with Richards' then-girlfriend, Anita Pallenberg. In his autobiography Life, Richards revealed that the tension of the song was inspired by his jealousy at seeing the relationship between Pallenberg and Jagger, and his suspicions of an affair between them.
As released, the song begins with Richards performing a guitar intro, soon joined by Jagger's lead vocal. Of Let It Bleeds bleak world view, Jagger said in a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone magazine:
Similarly, on NPR in 2012:
The song's inspiration was not initially Vietnam or social unrest, however, but Richards seeing people scurrying for shelter from a sudden rain storm. According to him:
The recording features guest vocals by Merry Clayton, recorded at a last-minute late-night recording session in Los Angeles during the mixing phase, arranged by her friend and record producer Jack Nitzsche. After the first verse is sung by Jagger, Clayton enters and they share the next three verses. A harmonica solo by Jagger and guitar sol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robodebt%20scheme | The Robodebt scheme was an unlawful method of automated debt assessment and recovery implemented under the Liberal-National Coalition governments of Tony Abbott, Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison, and employed by the Australian government agency, Services Australia, as part of its Centrelink payment compliance program. Put in place in July 2016 and announced to the public in December of the same year, the scheme aimed to replace the formerly manual system of calculating overpayments and issuing debt notices to welfare recipients with an automated data-matching system that compared Centrelink records with averaged income data from the Australian Taxation Office.
The scheme has been the subject of considerable controversy, having been criticised by media, academics, advocacy groups, and politicians due to allegations of false or incorrectly calculated debt notices being issued, concerns over impacts on the physical and mental health of debt notice recipients, and questions around the lawfulness of the scheme. Robodebt has been the subject of an investigation by the Commonwealth Ombudsman, two Senate committee inquiries, several legal challenges and a royal commission, Australia's highest form of public inquiry.
In May 2020, the Morrison government announced that it would scrap the debt recovery scheme, with 470,000 wrongly-issued debts to be repaid in full. Amid enormous public pressure, Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated during Question Time that "I would apologise for any hurt or harm in the way that the Government has dealt with that issue and to anyone else who has found themselves in those situations." However, the Morrison government never offered a formal apology before it was voted out of office in 2022.
The Australian government lost a 2019 lawsuit over the legality of the income averaging process, and settled a class-action lawsuit in 2020. The scheme was further condemned by Federal Court Justice Bernard Murphy in his June 2021 ruling against the G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization%20%28psychology%29 | Maximization is a style of decision-making characterized by seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives. It is contrasted with satisficing, in which individuals evaluate options until they find one that is "good enough".
Definition
The distinction between "maximizing" and "satisficing" was first made by Herbert A. Simon in 1956. Simon noted that although fields like economics posited maximization or "optimizing" as the rational method of making decisions, humans often lack the cognitive resources or the environmental affordances to maximize. Simon instead formulated an approach known as bounded rationality, which he also referred to as satisficing. This approach was taken to be adaptive and, indeed, necessary, given our cognitive limitations. Thus, satisficing was taken to be a universal of human cognition.
Although Simon's work on bounded rationality was influential and can be seen as the origin of behavioral economics, the distinction between maximizing and satisficing gained new life 40 years later in psychology. Schwartz, Ward, Monterosso, Lyubomirsky, White, and Lehman (2002) defined maximization as an individual difference, arguing that some people were more likely than others to engage in a comprehensive search for the best option. Thus, instead of conceptualizing satisficing as a universal principle of human cognitive abilities, Schwartz et al. demonstrated that some individuals were more likely than others to display this style of decision-making.
Based on the work of Schwartz et al. (2002), much of the literature on maximization has defined maximization as comprising three major components:
High standards (wanting the best option)
Alternative search (engaging in a process of examining all the options)
Decision difficulty (frustration with making choices)
Since these components were identified, the majority of the research on maximization has focused on which of these components are relevant (or most relevant) to the de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20J.%20Williamson | Malcolm John Williamson (2 November 1950 – 15 September 2015) was a British mathematician and cryptographer. In 1974 he developed what is now known as Diffie–Hellman key exchange. He was then working at GCHQ and was therefore unable to publicise his research as his work was classified. Martin Hellman, who independently developed the key exchange at the same time, received credit for the discovery until Williamson's research was declassified by the British government in 1997.
Williamson studied at Manchester Grammar School, winning first prize in the 1968 British Mathematical Olympiad. He also won a Silver prize at the 1967 International Mathematical Olympiad in Cetinje, Yugoslavia and a Gold prize at the 1968 International Mathematical Olympiad in Moscow. He read mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1971. After a year at Liverpool University, he joined GCHQ, and worked there until 1982.
From 1985 to 1989 Williamson worked at Nicolet Instruments in Madison, Wisconsin where he was the primary author on two digital hearing aid patents. After that, he moved to the IDA Center for Communications Research, La Jolla, where he worked for the rest of his career.
His contributions to the invention of public-key cryptography, together with Clifford Cocks and James Ellis, have been recognized by the IEEE Milestone Award #104 in 2010 and by induction into the Cryptologic Hall of Honor in 2021.
See also
James H. Ellis
Clifford Cocks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Force%20One | Air Force One is the official air traffic control designated call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the president of the United States. In common parlance, the term is used to denote U.S. Air Force aircraft modified and used to transport the president and a metonym for the primary presidential aircraft, VC-25, although it can be used to refer to any Air Force aircraft the president travels on.
The idea of designating specific military aircraft to transport the president arose during World War II when military advisors in the War Department were concerned about the risk of using commercial airlines for presidential travel. A C-54 Skymaster was then converted for presidential use; dubbed the Sacred Cow, it carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and was used for another two years by President Harry S. Truman.
The "Air Force One" call sign was created in 1953, after a Lockheed Constellation carrying President Dwight D. Eisenhower entered the same airspace as a commercial airline flight using the same flight number. Since the introduction of SAM 26000 in 1962, the primary presidential aircraft has carried the distinctive livery designed by Raymond Loewy.
Other aircraft designated as Air Force One have included another Lockheed Constellation, Columbine III, three Boeing 707s, introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, and the current Boeing VC-25As. Since 1990, the presidential fleet has consisted of two highly customized Boeing 747-200B (VC-25A) aircraft. The USAF has ordered two Boeing 747-8s to serve as the next presidential aircraft, with designation VC-25B.
History
Background
On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first US president to fly in an aircraft, an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field near St. Louis, Missouri. He was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was noneth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRTM-aist | OpenRTM-aist is a software platform developed on the basis of the RT middleware standard. OpenRTM-aist is developed by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology which also contributes to definition of the RT-middleware standard.
Abstract
In RT middleware, all robotic technological elements, such as actuators and sensors, are regarded as RT-components (RTC). Each RTC provides ports to communicate with other RTCs, and developers can implement their own robotics technology (RT) systems as RTCs. The RT-middleware can thus be considered as a distributed control architecture.
RT-middleware is originally a platform independent model (PIM). Implementations of this model include CORBA, Enterprise JavaBean (EJB), and .NET Framework. OpenRTM-aist is based on the CORBA technology and implements the extended RTC specification. Experiences with OpenRTM-aist will be fed back to the RT-middleware standardization process.
Characteristics
OpenRTM-aist implements some extended RTC features, and it also includes a Manager component to help manipulating RTCs. RTCs in OpenRTM-aist can be implemented using many programming languages, and RTCs programmed in different languages can communicate with each other. A lot of tools to ease RTC manipulations are also released by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology and their co-workers (in a strict sense, OpenRTM-aist itself is a library and does not include these tools).
RT-component
The RT-component is a functional unit which conforms to the RT-component specification defined by OMG. In OpenRTM-aist, RTCs have data ports, service ports, and execution context which controls the RTC's state.
State Machine
In standards of RT-component, RTC must have 4 states such as CREATED, INACTIVE, ACTIVE, and ERROR. When the state changes, corresponding event-handlers are called by the execution context which manages the RTCs' state machine.
For example, "on_activated" callback function is called w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anytime%20A%2A | In computer science, anytime A* is a family of variants of the A* search algorithm. Like other anytime algorithms, it has a flexible time cost, can return a valid solution to a pathfinding or graph traversal problem even if it is interrupted before it ends, by generating a fast, non-optimal solution before progressively optimizing it. This ability to quickly generate solutions has made it attractive to Search-base sites and AI designs.
Background and history
Running the optimal A* algorithm to completion is too expensive for many purposes. A*'s optimality can be sacrificed in order to reduce the execution time by inflating the heuristic, as in weighted A* from 1970. Iteratively reducing the degree the heuristic is "inflated" provides a naive anytime algorithm (ATA*, 2002), but this repeats previous work. A more efficient and error-bounded version that reuses results, Anytime Repairing A* (ARA*), was reported in 2003. A dynamic (in the sense of D*) modification of ARA*, Anytime Dynamic A* (ADA*) was published in 2005. It combines aspects of D* Lite and ARA*. Anytime Weighted A* (1997, 2007) is similar to weighted A*, except that it continues the search after finding the first solution. It finds better solutions iteratively and ultimately finds the optimal solution without repeating previous work and also provides error bounds throughout the search. Randomized Weighted A* (2021) introduced randomization into Anytime Weighted A* and demonstrated better empirical performance.
Difference from A*
A* search algorithm can be presented by the function of , where is the last node on the path, is the cost of the path from the start node to , and is a heuristic that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from to the goal. Different than the A* algorithm, the most important function of Anytime A* algorithm is that, they can be stopped and then can be restarted at any time. Anytime A* family of algorithms typically build upon the weighted version of the A* search: where |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Computing%20Olympiad | The Indian Computing Olympiad is an annual computer programming competition that selects four participants to represent India at the International Olympiad in Informatics. ICO is conducted by the Indian Association for Research in Computing Science. The competition is held in three stages. For the first stage, students may compete in the Zonal Computing Olympiad (a programming contest), or the Zonal Informatics Olympiad (a paper-based algorithmic test). The following two rounds are the Indian National Olympiad in Informatics and the International Olympiad in Informatics Training Camp.
Stages of competition
Students first attempt the Zonal Informatics Olympiad (ZIO), which is a written paper. Most of the questions can be solved with the use of algorithmic techniques, although logic is usually sufficient. Alternatively, students can attempt the Zonal Computing Olympiad (ZCO), an online programming contest. In 2017, students can attempt both the ZIO and ZCO.
The second round of competition is the Indian National Olympiad in Informatics (INOI), a programming competition round. Students are expected to solve two algorithmic problems in 3 hours in C++. Questions in this round are similar to those in the International Olympiad in Informatics.
Based on the results of these competitions, about 30 students are selected for the International Olympiad in Informatics Training Camp, at which students are selected and trained to represent India at the International Olympiad in Informatics. The training camp is usually held at The International School, Bangalore. In 2017, the training camp was held at Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai.
Incentives
The top students in the Indian Computing Olympiad receive several incentives for admission to undergraduate institutions in both India and abroad. A list of some of the incentives in India is as follows:
Amrita University offers a fully funded BTech Honors CSE program for students who perform well in ICO.
Chennai Mathematical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric%20labeling | Isobaric labeling is a mass spectrometry strategy used in quantitative proteomics. Peptides or proteins are labeled with chemical groups that have (at least nominally) identical mass (isobaric), but vary in terms of distribution of heavy isotopes in their structure. These tags, commonly referred to as tandem mass tags, are designed so that the mass tag is cleaved at a specific linker region upon high-energy CID (HCD) during tandem mass spectrometry yielding reporter ions of different masses. The most common isobaric tags are amine-reactive tags. However, tags that react with cysteine residues and carbonyl groups have also been described. These amine-reactive groups go through N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactions, which are based around three types of functional groups. Isobaric labeling methods include tandem mass tags (TMT), isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), mass differential tags for absolute and relative quantification, and dimethyl labeling. TMTs and iTRAQ methods are most common and developed of these methods. Tandem mass tags have a mass reporter region, a cleavable linker region, a mass normalization region, and a protein reactive group and have the same total mass.
Workflow
A typical bottom-up proteomics workflow is described by (Yates, 2014). Protein samples are enzymatically digested by a protease to produce peptides. Each digested experimental sample is derivative with a different isotopic variant of the tag from a set. The samples are mixed in typically equal ratios and analyzed simultaneously in one MS run. Since the tags are isobaric and have identical chemical properties, the isotopic variants of the tags appear as a single composite peak at the same m/z value in an MS1 scan with identical liquid chromatography (LC) retention times. During a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the fragmented peptides produce sequence-specific product ions. These product ions are used to determine the peptide sequen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaqMan | TaqMan probes are hydrolysis probes that are designed to increase the specificity of quantitative PCR. The method was first reported in 1991 by researcher Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation, and the technology was subsequently developed by Hoffmann-La Roche for diagnostic assays and by Applied Biosystems (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific) for research applications.
The TaqMan probe principle relies on the 5´–3´ exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase to cleave a dual-labeled probe during hybridization to the complementary target sequence and fluorophore-based detection. As in other quantitative PCR methods, the resulting fluorescence signal permits quantitative measurements of the accumulation of the product during the exponential stages of the PCR; however, the TaqMan probe significantly increases the specificity of the detection. TaqMan probes were named after the videogame Pac-Man (Taq Polymerase + PacMan = TaqMan) as its mechanism is based on the Pac-Man principle.
Principle
TaqMan probes consist of a fluorophore covalently attached to the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide probe and a quencher at the 3’-end. Several different fluorophores (e.g. 6-carboxyfluorescein, acronym: FAM, or tetrachlorofluorescein, acronym: TET) and quenchers (e.g. tetramethylrhodamine, acronym: TAMRA) are available. The quencher molecule quenches the fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore when excited by the cycler’s light source via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). As long as the fluorophore and the quencher are in proximity, quenching inhibits any fluorescence signals.
TaqMan probes are designed such that they anneal within a DNA region amplified by a specific set of primers. (Unlike the diagram, the probe binds to single stranded DNA.) TaqMan probes can be conjugated to a minor groove binder (MGB) moiety, dihydrocyclopyrroloindole tripeptide (DPI3), in order to increase its binding affinity to the target sequence; MGB-conjugated probes have a higher melting temperature (T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20bandicoot%20rat | The lesser bandicoot rat, Sindhi rice rat, bengal rat or Indian mole-rat (Bandicota bengalensis) is a giant rat of Southern Asia, not related to the true bandicoots which are marsupials. They can be up to 40 cm long (including the tail), are considered a pest in the cereal crops and gardens of India and Sri Lanka, and emit piglike grunts when attacking. The name bandicoot is derived from the Telugu language word pandikokku, which translates loosely to "pig-rat". Like the better known rats in the genus Rattus, bandicoot rats are members of the family Muridae. Their fur is dark or (rarely) pale brown dorsally, occasionally blackish, and light to dark grey ventrally. The head-body length is around 250 mm, and the uniformly dark tail is shorter than the head-body length.
Distribution and habitat
These rats are also known to inhabit houses in villages and are particularly aggressive when threatened. The controls are done by mechanical (mouse trap etc.), rodenticides and biological control (by introducing rodent diseases etc.)
Behaviour and ecology
Commonly, it lives in cultivated plains and gardens and is one of the most destructive pests to crops and cultivation. It digs burrows with characteristic pile of earth around the entrance, hence its name. The burrow system is extensive and elaborate, consisting of numerous chambers (sleeping, storing, etc.), galleries and exits or 'bolt-holes', which are covered with loose earth, facilitating an easy escape during emergencies. The storage chambers are stocked with large amounts of grain, specially during harvest time. Usually, one mole-rat is found in one burrow, except when a mother is with young. It has a habit of erecting its long guard hairs scattered over the back and emitting harsh grunts when disturbed.
Reproduction
The lesser bandicoot and two other species are nocturnal or most active at twilight. They construct burrows to nest and bear their litters. The number of bandicoot babies can range from two to 18. Their s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Lorenzen | Paul Lorenzen (March 24, 1915 – October 1, 1994) was a German philosopher and mathematician, founder of the Erlangen School (with Wilhelm Kamlah) and inventor of game semantics (with Kuno Lorenz).
Biography
Lorenzen studied at the University of Göttingen until he earned his PhD there in 1938 under Helmut Hasse with a thesis titled Zur Abstrakten Begründung der multiplikativen Idealtheorie. In 1933, he joined the SA and the German Nazionalist Studenti Union (NSDStB), while, four years later, he became a member of the Nazi Party. In early 1940 he was drafted into the Army. Through Hasse's mediation, Lorenzen worked with Wilhelm Tranow from July 1940 to April 1941 on the Bavy's decoding project.
In 1939, he became an assistant to Wolfgang Krull at the University of Bonn, where he officially remained until 1949. His main work was on the foundations of mathematics—proof theory. He created and modified constructive mathematics. Lorenzen taught at Stanford, the University of Texas, and Boston University in the USA. He was John Locke Lecturer in 1967/1968.
Theory
Lorenzen came in 1962 to University of Erlangen (South Germany) and founded the Erlangen School of epistemological constructivism there.
He wrote with Wilhelm Kamlah the famous book Logical Propaedeutic ("Logische Propädeutik") and worked on game semantics (Dialogische Logik) with Kuno Lorenz. With Peter Janich he invented protophysics of time and space. He developed constructive logic, constructive type theory and constructive analysis.
Lorenzen's work on calculus Differential and Integral was dedicated to Hermann Weyl. Lorenzen used Weyl's technique to develop a predicative analysis, which can reconstruct classical analysis, without the principle of excluded middle or the axiom of choice. He worked also on Gerhard Gentzen's cut elimination to find a way to continue Hilbert's program after the results of Gödel.
In the theory of geometry and physics, Lorenzen was influenced by Hugo Dingler. He followed Dingle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door%20Door | is a single-screen puzzle-platform game developed by Enix and published in Japan in 1983. Originally released for the NEC PC-8801, it was ported to other platforms, including the Family Computer. Controlling a small character named Chun, the player is tasked with completing each stage by trapping different kinds of aliens behind sliding doors. Chun can jump over the aliens and climb ladders, and must also avoid obstacles such as large nails and bombs.
Door Door was designed and programmed by Koichi Nakamura, known as one of the creators of Dragon Quest. The game was the runner-up in the Enix-sponsored "First Game and Hobby Program Contest" in 1982, winning the Outstanding Program Award with a prize of 500,000 yen. Enix was given the rights to the game and ported it to several Japanese home computers. Chun, the name of the protagonist, was a nickname given to Nakamura by one of his friends. Door Door was a critical and commercial success— the PC-8801 port alone had sold 200,000 copies, and is considered a classic title for the Famicom.
Gameplay
Players control Chun, a small, egg-shaped creature outfitted with a baseball cap. Chun is relentlessly pursued by a quartet of aliens traveling in deterministic algorithm paths. The most predictable aliens Namegon and Amechan follow Chun in the most direct path possible, Invekun deviates and follows roundabout paths using ladders, and Otapyon shadows Chun's jumps.
The player's objective is to trap the aliens behind sliding doors positioned throughout each level, courses composed of platforms conjoined by assorted ladders. To trap the aliens, players approach the door from the side its handle is on, open it by running across it, lure the advancing villains inside, and shut the door before they escape. Trapped doors cannot be opened again. Chun can jump to avoid the aliens, who can kill him on touch. Bombs and nails, which sometimes appear on the screen, are also lethal. When the player dies (provided they have continues) th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxheim%20Organ%20Book | The Buxheim Organ Book (German: Buxheimer Orgelbuch) is a manuscript created around 1460/1470 with 256 original compositions and arrangements for keyboard instruments for the Buxheim Charterhouse in Germany, in today's district of Unterallgäu. Most of the composers are anonymous, but some are also known composers of the time (e.g. John Dunstable, Guillaume Du Fay, Gilles Binchois, Walter Frye, Conrad Paumann).
Structure
In addition to arrangements of secular chansons, dances and songs, it contains about fifty pieces of liturgical character and about thirty preludes, in which rhapsodic-figurative and purely chordal parts alternate. The pieces are mostly two- and three-part, but several are four-part.
The research is still at odds with the origins of the Buxheim Organ Book. There are no records of its use, so it can therefore be regarded as a transcript for teaching (or illustration) purposes. Presumably it came from a writer from the southern German area and was in the possession of the Buxheim Charterhouse near Memmingen from 16th century and until 1883, when it was offered for sale and has been owned by the Bavarian State Library in Munich since then. The manuscript is often attributed to Conrad Paumann, because his "Fundamentum organisandi" is included in its entirety. This would mean that the manuscript originates from Munich, since from 1450 until his death in 1473, Paumann worked as a Bavarian court organist in Munich. Paumann's "Fundamentum organisandi" is also included in the Lochamer-Liederbuch, compiled around the same time.
The tabular inscription of the Buxheim Organ Book consists of a seven-line system and letters, the so-called "older" German organ tablature.
Discography
Buxheimer Orgelbuch vol. 1, Joseph Payne, Berner Münster (1995, Naxos 8.553 466)
Buxheimer Orgelbuch vol. 2, Joseph Payne, Emmaus-Kapelle, Hatzfeld (1995, Naxos 8.553 467)
Buxheimer Orgelbuch vol. 3, Joseph Payne, Southern College of 7th-Day Adventists, Tennessee (1995, Naxos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness-based%20stress%20reduction | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an eight-week evidence-based program that offers secular, intensive mindfulness training to assist people with stress, anxiety, depression and pain. Developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s by Professor Jon Kabat-Zinn, MBSR uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, yoga and exploration of patterns of behaviour, thinking, feeling and action. Mindfulness can be understood as the non-judgmental acceptance and investigation of present experience, including body sensations, internal mental states, thoughts, emotions, impulses and memories, in order to reduce suffering or distress and to increase well-being. Mindfulness meditation is a method by which attention skills are cultivated, emotional regulation is developed, and rumination and worry are significantly reduced. During the past decades, mindfulness meditation has been the subject of more controlled clinical research, which suggests its potential beneficial effects for mental health, as well as physical health. While MBSR has its roots in wisdom teachings of Zen Buddhism, Hatha Yoga, Vipassana and Advaita Vedanta, the program itself is secular. The MBSR program is described in detail in Kabat-Zinn's 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living.
History
In 1979, Jon Kabat-Zinn founded the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, and nearly twenty years later the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care and Society at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Both these institutions supported the growth and implementation of MBSR into hospitals worldwide. Kabat-Zinn described the MBSR program in detail in his bestselling 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living, which was reissued in a revised edition in 2013. In 1993, the MBSR course taught by Jon Kabat-Zinn was featured in Bill Moyer's Healing from Within. In the year 2015, close to 80% of medical schools are reported to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability%20of%20autism | The heritability of autism is the proportion of differences in expression of autism that can be explained by genetic variation; if the heritability of a condition is high, then the condition is considered to be primarily genetic. Autism has a strong genetic basis. Although the genetics of autism are complex, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is explained more by multigene effects than by rare mutations with large effects.
Autism is known to have a strong genetic component, with studies consistently demonstrating a higher prevalence among siblings and in families with a history of autism. This led researchers to investigate the extent to which genetics contribute to the development of autism. Numerous studies, including twin studies and family studies, have estimated the heritability of autism to be around 80 to 90%, indicating that genetic factors play a substantial role in its etiology. Heritability estimates do not imply that autism is solely determined by genetics, as environmental factors also contribute to the development of the disorder.
Studies of twins from 1977 to 1995 estimated the heritability of autism to be more than 90%; in other words, that 90% of the differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals are due to genetic effects. When only one identical twin is autistic, the other often has learning or social disabilities. For adult siblings, the likelihood of having one or more features of the broad autism phenotype might be as high as 30%, much higher than the likelihood in controls.
Though genetic linkage analysis have been inconclusive, many association analyses have discovered genetic variants associated with autism. For each autistic individual, mutations in many genes are typically implicated. Mutations in different sets of genes may be involved in different autistic individuals. There may be significant interactions among mutations in several genes, or between the environment and mutated genes. By identifying genetic markers inherited wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Colbert%27s%20AmeriCone%20Dream | Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream is a Ben & Jerry's ice cream flavor inspired by Stephen Colbert, host of the CBS television show The Late Show, and the fictionalized version of him who served as host of The Colbert Report on Comedy Central. The ice cream was introduced in 2007. The same flavor became available in Canada as "Oh Cone-ada" in 2010.
Ice cream
AmeriCone Dream is vanilla ice cream with fudge-covered waffle cone pieces and a caramel swirl. Colbert is donating the proceeds from the sale of AmeriCone Dream to charity through The Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund. The Fund will support charities of concern to Colbert, such as food and medical assistance for disadvantaged children, helping veterans and their families, and environmental causes. Identified by co-founder Ben Cohen as the most patriotic flavor that Ben & Jerry's has ever done, Colbert also says that the flavor is perfect for any federal holiday. The name "AmeriCone Dream" is a pun on the term American Dream.
History
On March 20, 2007, Willie Nelson appeared on The Colbert Report to settle a dispute provoked by Colbert over AmeriCone Dream and Nelson's Country Peach Cobbler flavor.
On September 13, 2010, the nonprofit organization VolunteerMatch challenged Colbert to an on-air "Ice Cream Taste-Off" between AmeriCone Dream and another Ben & Jerry's ice cream flavor, Berry Voluntary.
On March 3, 2011, Jimmy Fallon appeared on The Colbert Report to have a "duel" of their respective Ben & Jerry ice cream flavors. The skit also featured appearances by Jon Stewart of The Daily Show and Ben & Jerry founders Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. The skit ended with Fallon and Colbert singing a duet in peace.
On February 2, 2012, Colbert announced that AmeriCone Dream Ice Cream will be given away free at Ben and Jerry's Scoop Shops on February 14, 2012, from 5:00 p.m. through 8:00 p.m. as a promotion for the design of the new lid which features "Superpack," referring to the "Colbert Super PAC."
On Feb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20M.%20Luks | Eugene Michael Luks (born circa 1940) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, a professor emeritus of computer and information science at the University of Oregon. He is known for his research on the graph isomorphism problem and on algorithms for computational group theory.
Professional career
Luks did his undergraduate studies at the City College of New York, earning a bachelor's degree in 1960, and went on to graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning a doctorate in mathematics in 1966 under the supervision of Kenkichi Iwasawa. He taught at Tufts University from 1966 to 1968, and at Bucknell University from then until 1983, when he joined the University of Oregon faculty as chair of the computer and information science department. He retired in 2006, but was recalled in 2012–2013 to serve as interim chair.
Awards and honors
In 1985, Luks won the Fulkerson Prize for his work showing that graph isomorphism could be tested in polynomial time for graphs with bounded maximum degree. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard%20character | In software, a wildcard character is a kind of placeholder represented by a single character, such as an asterisk (), which can be interpreted as a number of literal characters or an empty string. It is often used in file searches so the full name need not be typed.
Telecommunication
In telecommunications, a wildcard is a character that may be substituted for any of a defined subset of all possible characters.
In high-frequency (HF) radio automatic link establishment, the wildcard character may be substituted for any one of the 36 upper-case alphanumeric characters.
Whether the wildcard character represents a single character or a string of characters must be specified.
Computing
In computer (software) technology, a wildcard is a symbol used to replace or represent one or more characters. Algorithms for matching wildcards have been developed in a number of recursive and non-recursive varieties.
File and directory patterns
When specifying file names (or paths) in CP/M, DOS, Microsoft Windows, and Unix-like operating systems, the asterisk character (, also called "star") matches zero or more characters. For example, matches and but not . If files are named with a date stamp, wildcards can be used to match date ranges, such as *.mp4 to select video recordings from , to facilitate file operations such as copying and moving.
In Unix-like and DOS operating systems, the question mark matches exactly one character. In DOS, if the question mark is placed at the end of the word, it will also match missing (zero) trailing characters; for example, the pattern will match and , but not .
In Unix shells and Windows PowerShell, ranges of characters enclosed in square brackets ( and ) match a single character within the set; for example, matches any single uppercase or lowercase letter. In Unix shells, a leading exclamation mark negates the set and matches only a character not within the list. In shells that interpret as a history substitution, a leading caret ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | The Hayashi track is a luminosity–temperature relationship obeyed by infant stars of less than in the pre-main-sequence phase (PMS phase) of stellar evolution. It is named after Japanese astrophysicist Chushiro Hayashi. On the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which plots luminosity against temperature, the track is a nearly vertical curve. After a protostar ends its phase of rapid contraction and becomes a T Tauri star, it is extremely luminous. The star continues to contract, but much more slowly. While slowly contracting, the star follows the Hayashi track downwards, becoming several times less luminous but staying at roughly the same surface temperature, until either a radiative zone develops, at which point the star starts following the Henyey track, or nuclear fusion begins, marking its entry onto the main sequence.
The shape and position of the Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram depends on the star's mass and chemical composition. For solar-mass stars, the track lies at a temperature of roughly 4000 K. Stars on the track are nearly fully convective and have their opacity dominated by hydrogen ions. Stars less than are fully convective even on the main sequence, but their opacity begins to be dominated by Kramers' opacity law after nuclear fusion begins, thus moving them off the Hayashi track. Stars between 0.5 and develop a radiative
zone prior to reaching the main sequence. Stars between 3 and are fully radiative at the beginning of the pre-main-sequence. Even heavier stars are born onto the main sequence, with no PMS evolution.
At an end of a low- or intermediate-mass star's life, the star follows an analogue of the Hayashi track, but in reverse—it increases in luminosity, expands, and stays at roughly the same temperature, eventually becoming a red giant.
History
In 1961, Professor Chushiro Hayashi published two papers that led to the concept of the pre-main-sequence and form the basis of the modern understanding of early stellar evolution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategies%20for%20engineered%20negligible%20senescence | Strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS) is a range of proposed regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development, for the periodic repair of all age-related damage to human tissue. These therapies have the ultimate aim of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in patients and postponing age-associated disease. SENS was first defined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey. Many mainstream scientists believe that it is a fringe theory.
While some biogerontologists support the SENS program, others contend that the ultimate goals of de Grey's programme are too speculative given the current state of technology. The 31-member Research Advisory Board of de Grey's SENS Research Foundation have signed an endorsement of the plausibility of the SENS approach.
Framework
The term "negligible senescence" was first used in the early 1990s by professor Caleb Finch to describe organisms such as lobsters and hydras, which do not show symptoms of aging. The term "engineered negligible senescence" first appeared in print in Aubrey de Grey's 1999 book The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging. De Grey defined SENS as a "goal-directed rather than curiosity-driven" approach to the science of aging, and "an effort to expand regenerative medicine into the territory of aging".
The ultimate objective of SENS is the eventual elimination of age-related diseases and infirmity by repeatedly reducing the state of senescence in the organism. The SENS project consists in implementing a series of periodic medical interventions designed to repair, prevent or render irrelevant all the types of molecular and cellular damage that cause age-related pathology and degeneration, in order to avoid debilitation and death from age-related causes.
Strategies
As described by SENS, the following table details major ailments and the program's proposed preventative strategies:
Scientific reception
While some fields mentioned as branches of SENS are suppor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed%20fluid | A compressed fluid (also called a compressed or unsaturated liquid, subcooled fluid or liquid) is a fluid under mechanical or thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a liquid.
At a given pressure, a fluid is a compressed fluid if it is at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature. This is the case, for example, for liquid water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. In a plot that compares pressure and specific volume (commonly called a p-v diagram), compressed fluid is the state to the left of the saturation curve.
Conditions that cause a fluid to be compressed include:
Specific volume and enthalpy inferior to that of a saturated liquid;
Temperature below the saturation temperature;
Pressure above the saturation pressure.
The term compressed liquid emphasizes that the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature. Compressed liquid properties are relatively independent of pressure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra%20Incognita%3A%20The%20Perils%20and%20Promise%20of%20Stem%20Cell%20Research | Terra Incognita: The Perils and Promise of Stem Cell Research, also known as Terra Incognita: Mapping Stem Cell Research, is a documentary film released by Kartemquin Films in 2007. The film follows Dr. Jack Kessler of Northwestern University in his search for a cure for spinal cord injuries using embryonic stem cells. When Kessler was invited to head up the Neurology Department at Northwestern, his focus was on using stem cells to help cure diabetes. However, soon after his move to Chicago, his daughter Allison – then age 15, was injured in a skiing accident and paralyzed from the waist down. In the moments following the accident, Dr. Kessler made the decision to change the focus of his research to begin looking for a cure for spinal cord injuries using embryonic stem cells.
Kessler's story brings the stem cell debate to the public for discussion. The film follows the constantly evolving interplay between the promise of new discoveries, the controversy of modern science and the resilience and courage of people living every day with devastating disease and injury.
The film was directed by Maria Finitzo (5 Girls), and was broadcast on PBS' award-winning series Independent Lens in 2008. Terra Incognita won a 2008 Peabody Award recognizing the film's uncompromising look at stem-cell research. The film also won Best Documentary Feature at the 2009 Kos International Health Film Festival in Greece. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifemapper | Lifemapper is building a species diversity map of the world. It is similar to the SETI@Home client, in that it uses a volunteer computing client running primarily on home user's computers to correlate georeferenced biological samples with environmental models of the Earth. It is an experimental GIS, or Geographic Information System, that uses a special genetic algorithm to see if predicted rules about where a species lives match up with the species' observed natural settings. It is hoped that this technique will be able to both represent a current "map" of all organisms habitats on Earth as well as predict where organisms may possibly thrive or face extinction due to climate change and other ecological transformations.
See also
List of volunteer computing projects
Environmental niche modelling
External links
Lifemapper website
Volunteer computing projects |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20lunar%20sample%20displays | The Oregon lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of Oregon by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description
Apollo 11
Apollo 17
History
The Oregon Apollo 11 lunar sample display is exhibited in the governor's ceremonial office at the Oregon State Capitol.
According to Moon rocks researcher Robert Pearlman, the Oregon Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rock" plaque display is at the Earth Science Hall of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in Portland.
See also
List of Apollo lunar sample displays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%27s%20approximation | In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of . It is named after James Stirling, though a related but less precise result was first stated by Abraham de Moivre.
One way of stating the approximation involves the logarithm of the factorial:
where the big O notation means that, for all sufficiently large values of , the difference between and will be at most proportional to the logarithm. In computer science applications such as the worst-case lower bound for comparison sorting, it is convenient to instead use the binary logarithm, giving the equivalent form
The error term in either base can be expressed more precisely as , corresponding to an approximate formula for the factorial itself,
Here the sign means that the two quantities are asymptotic, that is, that their ratio tends to 1 as tends to infinity. The following version of the bound holds for all , rather than only asymptotically:
Derivation
Roughly speaking, the simplest version of Stirling's formula can be quickly obtained by approximating the sum
with an integral:
The full formula, together with precise estimates of its error, can be derived as follows. Instead of approximating , one considers its natural logarithm, as this is a slowly varying function:
The right-hand side of this equation minus
is the approximation by the trapezoid rule of the integral
and the error in this approximation is given by the Euler–Maclaurin formula:
where is a Bernoulli number, and is the remainder term in the Euler–Maclaurin formula. Take limits to find that
Denote this limit as . Because the remainder in the Euler–Maclaurin formula satisfies
where big-O notation is used, combining the equations above yields the approximation formula in its logarithmic form:
Taking the exponential of both sides and choosing any positive integer , one obtains a formula involving an unknown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubachevsky%E2%80%93Stillinger%20algorithm | Lubachevsky-Stillinger (compression) algorithm (LS algorithm, LSA, or LS protocol) is a numerical procedure suggested by F. H. Stillinger and B.D. Lubachevsky that simulates or imitates a physical process of compressing an assembly of hard particles. As the LSA may need thousands of arithmetic operations even for a few particles, it is usually carried out on a computer.
Phenomenology
A physical process of compression often involves a contracting hard boundary of the container, such as a piston pressing against the particles. The LSA is able to simulate such a scenario. However, the LSA was originally introduced in the setting without a hard boundary where the virtual particles were "swelling" or expanding in a fixed, finite virtual volume with periodic boundary conditions. The absolute sizes of the particles were increasing but particle-to-particle relative sizes remained constant. In general, the LSA can handle an external compression and an internal particle expansion, both occurring simultaneously and possibly, but not necessarily, combined with a hard boundary. In addition, the boundary can be mobile.
In a final, compressed, or "jammed" state, some particles are not jammed, they are able to move within "cages" formed by their immobile, jammed neighbors and the hard boundary, if any. These free-to-move particles are not an artifact, or pre-designed, or target feature of the LSA, but rather a real phenomenon. The simulation revealed this phenomenon, somewhat unexpectedly for the authors of the LSA. Frank H. Stillinger coined the term "rattlers" for the free-to-move particles, because if one physically shakes a compressed bunch of hard particles, the rattlers will be rattling.
In the "pre-jammed" mode when the density of the configuration is low and when the particles are mobile, the compression and expansion can be stopped, if so desired. Then the LSA, in effect, would be simulating a granular flow. Various dynamics of the instantaneous collisions can be simu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained%20silicon%20directly%20on%20insulator | Strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) is a procedure developed by IBM which removes the silicon germanium layer in the strained silicon process leaving the strained silicon directly on the insulator. In contrast, strained silicon on SGOI provides a strained silicon layer on a relaxed silicon germanium layer on an insulator, as developed by MIT. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5/8 | S5/8 was a serial communications standard devised in the United Kingdom in the 1980s as a simplified subset of RS-232 intended to make interoperability easier. Although published by the British Standards Institution as standard DD 153:1990, it was not widely adopted, and the BSI standard was later withdrawn.
Description
S5/8 differed from RS-232 in using 0 and +5 V signalling levels, simplified handshaking, and a fixed data transfer rate of 9600 bits per second. An 8-pin DIN 45326 connector was specified as standard, although a physically compatible 180-degree 5-pin DIN connector could be used to carry a subset of the signals. Data transmission consisted of frames containing one start bit, 8 data bits and one stop bit, with no parity bit.
Two classes of device were specified, D and S. D-devices could supply power (5 V up to 20 mA) at the connector, whereas S-devices could derive power from a connected D-device.
Pin assignment
Applications
The S5/8 standard was adopted by a few British microcomputers, such as the Thorn EMI Liberator and the CST Thor XVI. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission-line%20pulse | Transmission-Line Pulse (TLP) is a way to study integrated circuit technologies and circuit behavior in the current and time domain of electrostatic-discharge (ESD) events. The concept was described shortly after WWII in pp. 175–189 of Pulse Generators, Vol. 5 of the MIT Radiation Lab Series. Also, D. Bradley, J. Higgins, M. Key, and S. Majumdar realized a TLP-based laser-triggered spark gap for kilovolt pulses of accurately variable timing in 1969. For investigation of ESD and electrical-overstress (EOS) effects a measurement system using a TLP generator has been introduced first by T. Maloney and N. Khurana in 1985. Since then, the technique has become indispensable for integrated circuit ESD protection development.
The TLP technique is based on charging a long, floating cable to a pre-determined voltage, and discharging it into a Device-Under-Test (DUT). The cable discharge emulates an electro-static discharge event, but employing time-domain reflectometry (TDR), the change in DUT impedance can be monitored as a function of time.
The first commercial TLP system was developed by Barth Electronics in 1990s. Since then, other commercial systems have been developed (e.g., by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grundtech, ESDEMC Technology, High Power Pulse Instruments, Hanwa, TLPsol).
A subset of TLP, VF-TLP (Very-Fast Transmission-Line Pulsing), has lately gained popularity with its improved resolution and bandwidth for analysis of ephemeral ESD events such as CDM (Charged Device Model) events. Pioneered by academia (University of Illinois) and commercialized by Barth Electronics, VF-TLP has become an important ESD analysis tool for analyzing modern high-speed semiconductor circuits.
TLP Standards
ANSI/ESD STM5.5.1-2016 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing – Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) – Component Level
ANSI/ESD SP5.5.2-2007 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) - Component Level
IEC 62615:2010 Electros |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20general%20relativity | General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.
Before the advent of general relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation had been accepted for more than two hundred years as a valid description of the gravitational force between masses, even though Newton himself did not regard the theory as the final word on the nature of gravity. Within a century of Newton's formulation, careful astronomical observation revealed unexplainable differences between the theory and the observations. Under Newton's model, gravity was the result of an attractive force between massive objects. Although even Newton was bothered by the unknown nature of that force, the basic framework was extremely successful at describing motion.
However, experiments and observations show that Einstein's description accounts for several effects that are unexplained by Newton's law, such as minute anomalies in the orbits of Mercury and other planets. General relativity also predicts novel effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and an effect of gravity on time known as gravitational time dilation. Many of these predictions have been confirmed by experiment or observation, while others are the subject of ongoing research.
General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape. Their strong gravity is thought to be responsible for the intense radiation emitted by certain types of astronomical objects (such as active galactic nuclei or microquasars). General relativity is also part of the framework of the standard Big Bang model of cosmo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20Medical%20Research%20Centre | The Uranium Medical Research Centre (UMRC) is an independent non-profit organization founded in 1997 to provide objective and expert scientific and medical research into the effects of uranium, transuranium elements, and radionuclides produced by the process of radioactive decay and fission. UMRC is also a registered charity in the United States and Canada. The founder of UMRC, Asaf Durakovic, claimed on CNN that: "Inhalation of uranium dust is harmful.... Even in the amount of one atom".
Vision
UMRC states at its website that its vision for the world, "is a full awareness of the risks of using nuclear products and by-products AND to contain the still reversible alterations of the earth's biosphere since the advent of nuclear events and the resulting contamination".
They go on to state further that: "There needs to be an appreciation of the enormous effects and damage of uranium on the environment and human health. Governments, scientific communities, and the general public need to understand the many forms of contamination and specific effects. Continued abuses of uranium and radioisotopes will only lead to the steady degradation and eventual end of meaningful life on earth." www.UMRC.net |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrammatic%20Monte%20Carlo | In mathematical physics, the diagrammatic Monte Carlo method is based on stochastic summation of Feynman diagrams with controllable error bars. It was developed by Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev. It was proposed as a generic approach to overcome the numerical sign problem that precludes simulations of many-body fermionic problems. Diagrammatic Monte Carlo works in the thermodynamic limit, and its computational complexity does not scale exponentially with system or cluster volume. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric%20theory | The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called caloric that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies. Caloric was also thought of as a weightless gas that could pass in and out of pores in solids and liquids. The "caloric theory" was superseded by the mid-19th century in favor of the mechanical theory of heat, but nevertheless persisted in some scientific literature—particularly in more popular treatments—until the end of the 19th century.
Early history
In the history of thermodynamics, the initial explanations of heat were thoroughly confused with explanations of combustion. After J. J. Becher and Georg Ernst Stahl introduced the phlogiston theory of combustion in the 17th century, phlogiston was thought to be the substance of heat.
There is one version of the caloric theory that was introduced by Antoine Lavoisier. Prior to Lavoisier's caloric theory, published references concerning heat and its existence, outside of being an agent for chemical reactions, were sparse only having been offered by Joseph Black in Rozier's Journal (1772) citing the melting temperature of ice. In response to Black, Lavoisier's private manuscripts revealed that he had encountered the same phenomena of a fixed melting point for ice and mentioned that he had already formulated an explanation which he had not published as of yet. Lavoisier developed the explanation of combustion in terms of oxygen in the 1770s. In his paper "Réflexions sur le phlogistique" (1783), Lavoisier argued that phlogiston theory was inconsistent with his experimental results, and proposed a 'subtle fluid' called caloric as the substance of heat. According to this theory, the quantity of this substance is constant throughout the universe, and it flows from warmer to colder bodies. Indeed, Lavoisier was one of the first to use a calorimeter to measure the heat released during chemical reaction. Lavoisier presented the idea that caloric was a subtle fluid, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His%20Majesty%27s%20Botanist | His Majesty's Botanist is a member of the Royal household in Scotland.
The office was created in 1699, and from 1768 until 1956 it was combined with the office of Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, who also held the post of Regius Professor of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. Since then the office of HM Botanist has been honorary, but conferred on a serving or retired Regius Keeper.
Office holders
1699: James Sutherland
1715: Dr William Arthur
1716: Charles Alston
1761: Dr John Hope
1786: Daniel Rutherford MD
1820: Robert Graham MD
1845: John Hutton Balfour MD
1880: Alexander Dickson MD LLD
1888: Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour
1922: Prof. Sir William Wright Smith (d 1956)
1966: Harold Roy Fletcher (d 1978)
1987: Prof. Douglas Mackay Henderson
2010: Prof Stephen Blackmore
See also
Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovanillin | Isovanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, an organic compound and isomer of vanillin. It is a selective inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is not a substrate of that enzyme, and is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase into isovanillic acid, which could make it a candidate drug for use in alcohol aversion therapy. Isovanillin can be used as a precursor in the chemical total synthesis of morphine. The proposed metabolism of isovanillin (and vanillin) in rat has been described in literature, and is part of the WikiPathways machine readable pathway collection.
See also
Vanillin
2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
ortho-Vanillin
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ%20Best%20Practice | BMJ Best Practice is an online decision-support tool for use at the point of care. It was created in 2009 by The BMJ.
Development
The BMJ launched Best Practice in 2009.
Product
In a 2016 article published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, BMJ Best Practice received maximum scores for strength of volume, editorial quality, and evidence-based methodology.
Access
The BMJ offers both personal and institutional subscriptions to the tool. Only institutional subscriptions are available to purchase in the United States and Canada. All institutional subscriptions include onsite and remote access as well as access to the mobile app for iOS and Android devices. It is also included in the Clinical Information Access Portal of the New South Wales Ministry of Health.
See also
UpToDate
DynaMed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous%20Monsters%20%28Heritage%20Models%29 | Famous Monsters is a set of miniatures published by Heritage Models.
Contents
Famous Monsters is a kit consisting of fifteen 25mm scale lead miniatures, a 4-page booklet of game rules, a map, and 10 paints and a brush, designed for beginners to play a game using these painted figures.
Reception
William A. Barton reviewed Famous Monsters in The Space Gamer No. 44. Barton commented that "I'd recommend this set to novice miniature gamers to whom the subject is of particular interest. Old hands might wish to wait for individual sets to be released." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th%20percentile%20speed | The 85th percentile speed or 85th percentile rule is a traffic engineering standard used to set the speed limit for automobiles on a public roadway. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp | Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use. The main difference between hemp and marijuana is their THC content. In legal terms, hemp or hemp products, must have less than 0.2 - 0.3% THC, depending on the country's laws. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50,000 years ago. It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.
Although chemotype I cannabis and hemp (types II, III, IV, V) are both Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they represent distinct cultivar groups, typically with unique phytochemical compositions and uses. Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which potentially mitigates the psychoactive effects of THC. The legality of hemp varies widely among countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production.
Etymology
The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term () is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word. Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and Germanic languages.
In the Germanic languages, following Grimm's law, the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift, giving Proto-Germanic *hanapiz, after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, , . Barber (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast%20milk%20protein | Osteoblast milk protein (OMP, ) is the name used by Mengniu, a Chinese dairy company, for a milk protein used as a food additive in their Milk Deluxe () since 2005. It is supposed to help the absorption of calcium and promote bone growth in the osteoblasts and prevent osteoporosis.
In February 2009, the safety of OMP was questioned by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), national quality supervision department in China, when they were doing a general clean-up on the use of food additives after the 2008 Chinese milk scandal where melamine was found in some milk products. Mengniu stopped adding OMP to its milk on February 2 after a government order, but did not recall products already on the market. On February 13 the Ministry of Health stated that OMP is "not harmful to human health", but the ban on its use stayed in place because the importer had not submitted the necessary paperwork.
The raw ingredients for OMP were imported from the Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company in New Zealand via Shanghai Tongyuan Food Technology Co. Ltd. (). Mengniu first stated that the major active ingredient in OMP is Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), but later denied adding IGF-1 and said that OMP is the same as Milk Basic Protein (MBP). IGF-1 could possibly cause cancer in extreme doses. The company claimed that the additive is widely used in Europe, the United States and Japan, and had been certified by the New Zealand Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However it turned out that the FDA letter referred to a perhaps different additive used by the Japanese Snow Brand Milk Products Company. A director of the Guangdong Dairy Industry Association said that OMP is seldom used in milk products overseas and no conclusion about the impact of OMP on human health has been proven globally. The association may contest any official declaration from the Ministry of Health that OMP is safe.
According to Mengniu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20dynamics | Network dynamics is a research field for the study of networks whose status changes in time. The dynamics may refer to the structure of connections of the units of a network, to the collective internal state of the network, or both. The networked systems could be from the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, sociology, economics, computer science, etc. Networked systems are typically characterized as complex systems consisting of many units coupled by specific, potentially changing, interaction topologies.
For a dynamical systems' approach to discrete network dynamics, see sequential dynamical system.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20risk%20management | Enterprise risk management (ERM) in business includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives. ERM provides a framework for risk management, which typically involves identifying particular events or circumstances relevant to the organization's objectives (threats and opportunities), assessing them in terms of likelihood and magnitude of impact, determining a response strategy, and monitoring process. By identifying and proactively addressing risks and opportunities, business enterprises protect and create value for their stakeholders, including owners, employees, customers, regulators, and society overall.
ERM can also be described as a risk-based approach to managing an enterprise, integrating concepts of internal control, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, data protection and strategic planning. ERM is evolving to address the needs of various stakeholders, who want to understand the broad spectrum of risks facing complex organizations to ensure they are appropriately managed. Regulators and debt rating agencies have increased their scrutiny on the risk management processes of companies.
According to Thomas Stanton of Johns Hopkins University, the point of enterprise risk management is not to create more bureaucracy, but to facilitate discussion on what the really big risks are.
ERM frameworks defined
There are various important ERM frameworks, each of which describes an approach for identifying, analyzing, responding to, and monitoring risks and opportunities, within the internal and external environment facing the enterprise. Management selects a risk response strategy for specific risks identified and analyzed, which may include:
Avoidance: exiting the activities giving rise to risk
Reduction: taking action to reduce the likelihood or impact related to the risk
Alternative Actions: deciding and considering other feasible steps to minimize risks
Share or Insure: transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfin%20saddle | The common name elfin saddle is given to a number of Ascomycete fungi in the order Pezizales. These medium to small fungi often have irregular saddle-shaped caps. Species include:
Gyromitra infula (elfin saddle)
Helvella lacunosa (fluted black elfin saddle)
Helvella elastica (brown elfin saddle)
Helvella crispa (elfin saddle)
Pezizales
Fungus common names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20Correlation%20of%20Electron%20Positron%20Annihilation%20Radiation | Angular Correlation of Electron Positron Annihilation Radiation (ACAR or ACPAR) is a technique of solid state physics to investigate the electronic structure of metals. It uses positrons which are implanted into a sample and annihilate with the electrons. In the majority of annihilation events, two gamma quanta are created that are, in the reference frame of the electron-positron pair, emitted in exactly opposite directions. In the laboratory frame, there is a small angular deviation from collinearity, which is caused by the momentum of the electron. Hence, measuring the angular correlation of the annihilation radiation yields information about the momentum distribution of the electrons in the solid.
Investigation of the electronic structure
All the macroscopic electronic and magnetic properties of a solid result from its microscopic electronic structure.
In the simple free electron model, the electrons do not interact with each other nor with the atomic cores. The relation between energy and momentum is given by
with the electron mass . Hence, there is an unambiguous connection between electron energy and momentum. Because of the Pauli exclusion principle the electrons fill all the states up to a maximum energy, the so-called Fermi energy. By the momentum-energy relation, this corresponds to the Fermi momentum . The border between occupied and unoccupied momentum states, the Fermi surface, is arguably the most significant feature of the electronic structure and has a strong influence on the solid's properties. In the free electron model, the Fermi surface is a sphere.
With ACAR it is possible to measure the momentum distribution of the electrons. A measurement on a free electron gas for example would give a positive intensity for momenta and zero intensity for . The Fermi surface itself can easily be identified from such a measurement by the discontinuity at .
In reality, there is interaction between the electrons with each other and the atomic cores of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20Dryopteris%20hybrid%20complex | Hybridization and polyploidy are common phenomena in ferns, and the genus Dryopteris is known to be one of the most freely-hybridizing fern genera. North American botanists recognized early that there were close relationships between many of the species of Dryopteris on the continent, and that these relationships reflected hybrid ancestry. The complex includes six sexual diploid parents (one of which, "D. semicristata", is hypothesized to be extinct), six sexual allopolyploids, and numerous sterile hybrids at various ploidal levels.
Diploid species
Dryopteris intermedia
Dryopteris expansa
Dryopteris goldieana
Dryopteris ludoviciana
Dryopteris marginalis
Dryopteris "semicristata"
Allopolyploid species
Dryopteris carthusiana (D. intermedia × "D. semicristata"; allotetraploid)
Dryopteris campyloptera (D. intermedia × D. expansa; allotetraploid)
Dryopteris celsa (D. goldieana × D. ludoviciana; allotetraploid)
Dryopteris clintoniana (D. cristata × D. goldieana; allohexaploid)
Dryopteris cristata (D. ludovicana × "D. semicristata"; allotetraploid)
Dryopteris filix-mas (progenitors D. caucasica and D. oreades)
Other hybrids
Dryopteris × australis (D. celsa × D. ludoviciana; triploid)
Dryopteris × bootii (D. cristata × D. intermedia; triploid)
Dryopteris × critica (D. borreri × D. filix-mas)
Dryopteris × complexa aggregate (D. filix-mas and D. affinis; tetraploid)
Dryopteris × convoluta (D. cambrensis × D. filix-mas)
Dryopteris × deweveri (D. dilatata × D. carthusiana)
Dryopteris × neo-wherryi (D. goldieana × D. marginalis; diploid)
Dryopteris × triploidea (D. carthusiana × D. intermedia; triploid) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20legalized%20cannabis | The use of cannabis as a recreational drug has been outlawed in many countries for several decades. As a result of long-fought legalization efforts, several countries such as Uruguay and Canada, as well as several states in the US, have legalized the production, sale, possession, and recreational and/or medical usage of cannabis. The broad legalization of cannabis in this fashion can have numerous effects on the economy and society in which it is legalized.
Region
Canada
See Cannabis in Canada.
United States
A 2015 study found that medical marijuana legalization increased use and abuse by those under and over the age of 21. A 2017 study found that frequency of marijuana use by students increased significantly after recreational legalization and that increase was especially large for females and for Black and Hispanic students.
A 2017 study found that the introduction of medical marijuana laws caused a reduction in violent crime in Americans states that border Mexico: "The reduction in crime is strongest for counties close to the border (less than 350km), and for crimes that relate to drug trafficking. In addition, we find that [medical marijuana laws] in inland states lead to a reduction in crime in the nearest border state. Our results are consistent with the theory that decriminalization of the production and distribution of marijuana leads to a reduction in violent crime in markets that are traditionally controlled by Mexican drug trafficking organisations."
A 2020 study found that junk food sales increased between 3.2 and 4.5 percent in states that had legalized cannabis.
A 2022 study found that legalization had led to a 20% increase in use of cannabis in the US.
Pharmaceutical companies had lower returns.
Colorado
In Colorado, effects since 2014 include increased state revenues, violent crime decreased, and an increase in homeless population. One Colorado hospital has received a 15% increase in babies born with THC in their blood.
Since legalization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactophenol%20cotton%20blue | Lactophenol cotton blue (LCB) is a mixture of methyl blue, a histological stain, and lactophenol (a solution of phenol, lactic acid, and glycerol in water). It is used in wet-mount preparations for visualization of fungal structures, especially in medical mycology.
Methyl blue stains fungal cell walls a bright cerulean color, while lactophenol acts as a mountant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphatase | Pyrophosphatases, also known as diphosphatases, are acid anhydride hydrolases that act upon diphosphate bonds.
Examples include:
Inorganic pyrophosphatase, which acts upon the free pyrophosphate ion
Tobacco acid pyrophosphatase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester
Various organic pyrophosphatases, which act upon organic molecules with the pyrophosphate group (but excluding triphosphatases that act on the final bond):
Thiamine pyrophosphatase
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%201 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene.
Nomenclature
SMAD1 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. The name is a combination of the two; and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
It was found that a mutation in the 'Drosophila' gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic, in the embryo. Mad mutations can be placed in an allelic series based on the relative severity of the maternal effect enhancement of weak dpp alleles, thus explaining the name Mothers against dpp.
Function
SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, morphogenesis, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1 and SMURF2, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
SMAD1 is a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinolophus%20ferrumequinum%20alphacoronavirus%20HuB-2013 | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013 is a species of coronavirus in the genus Alphacoronavirus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROAR%20Magazine | ROAR Magazine was an independent publication that described itself as a “journal of the radical imagination.” Its stated aim was to “provide grassroots perspectives from the front-lines of the global struggle for real democracy.”
Founded as an activist blog in 2010, the project had since expanded into an online magazine and quarterly print journal. In its early years, ROAR was particularly known for its coverage and analysis of the political fallout of the global financial crisis and the social movements that emerged in its wake, with Naomi Klein calling it “a very exciting window into the global uprisings.” The journal covered a broad set of social, political and economic issues.
ROAR announced its closure in April 2022.
Prominent contributors
Michael Albert
Janet Biehl
Aviva Chomsky
George Ciccariello-Maher
Colin Crouch
John Curl
Dilar Dirik
Eirik Eiglad
Silvia Federici
Peter Gelderloos
David Graeber
Michael Hardt
David Harvey
John Holloway
Srećko Horvat
George Katsiaficas
Maria Mies
Antonio Negri
Immanuel Ness
Oscar Olivera
Kristin Ross
Beverly Silver
Marina Sitrin
Nick Srnicek
Jonas Staal
Wolfgang Streeck
Opal Tometi
Richard D. Wolff
Raúl Zibechi
Political views
ROAR published a variety of left-leaning political perspectives. Its authors and editors have notably come out in support of social movements and democratic struggles like the Arab Spring, the European anti-austerity movement, Occupy Wall Street, the Gezi Park protests, the Free Fare Movement in Brazil, the Zapatistas of Mexico, the Rojava Revolution, the South African shack dwellers, Idle No More, Black Lives Matter, the No Border network, Nuit Debout and many others. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20Raghavarao | Damaraju Raghavarao (1938–2013) was an Indian-born statistician, formerly the Laura H. Carnell professor of statistics and chair of the department of statistics at Temple University in Philadelphia.
Raghavarao is an elected fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, American Statistical Association, and an elected member of The International Statistical Institute. He has been specialized in combinatorics and applications of experimental designs.
Raghavarao received his M.A. in mathematics from Nagpur University, India in 1957 and earned the gold medal. He earned his Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Mumbai in 1961 for his work in designs of experiments; his Ph.D. advisor was M. C. Chakrabarti. Raghavarao was a professor of statistics at Punjab Agricultural University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Cornell University, and University of Guelph before joining Temple University.
He died on February 6, 2013.
Books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Desktop%20Bus | Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) is a proprietary bit-serial peripheral bus connecting low-speed devices to computers. It was introduced on the Apple IIGS in 1986 as a way to support low-cost devices like keyboards and mice, allowing them to be connected together in a daisy chain without the need for hubs or other devices. Apple Desktop Bus was quickly introduced on later Macintosh models, on later models of NeXT computers, and saw some other third-party use as well. Like the similar PS/2 connector used in many PC-compatibles at the time, Apple Desktop Bus was rapidly replaced by USB as that system became popular in the late 1990s; the last external Apple Desktop Bus port on an Apple product was in 1999, though it remained as an internal-only bus on some Mac models into the 2000s.
History
AppleBus
Early during the creation of the Macintosh computer, the engineering team had selected the fairly sophisticated Zilog 8530 to supply serial communications. This was initially done to allow multiple devices to be plugged into a single port, using simple communication protocols implemented inside the 8530 to allow them to send and receive data with the host computer.
During development of this AppleBus system, computer networking became a vitally important feature of any computer system. With no card slots, the Macintosh was unable to easily add support for Ethernet or similar local area networking standards. Work on AppleBus was re-directed to networking purposes, and was released in 1985 as the AppleTalk system. This left the Mac with the original single-purpose mouse and keyboard ports, and no general-purpose system for low-speed devices to use.
Apple Desktop Bus
The first system to use Apple Desktop Bus was the Apple IIGS of 1986. It was used on all Apple Macintosh machines starting with the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE. Apple Desktop Bus was also used on later models of NeXT computers. The vast majority of Apple Desktop Bus devices are for input, including trackballs, joyst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus%20%C3%97%20macrocarpa | Crataegus × macrocarpa, is a hybrid between two species of Crataegus (hawthorn), C. laevigata and C. rhipidophylla, both in series Crataegus. A chemotaxonomic investigation comparing flavonoid patterns in C. × macrocarpa and its putative parent species corroborated their supposed relationship. It is sometimes confused with C. × media, the hybrid between C. monogyna and C. laevigata.
Under the rules of botanical nomenclature the name C. × macrocarpa covers all intermediate forms between the two parent species, including backcrosses. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha%20%28decompiler%29 | Mocha is a Java decompiler, which allows programmers to translate a program's bytecode into source code.
A beta version of Mocha was released in 1996, by Dutch developer Hanpeter van Vliet, alongside an obfuscator named Crema. A controversy erupted and he temporarily withdrew Mocha from public distribution. As of 2009 the program is still available for distribution, and may be used freely as long as it is not modified. Borland's JBuilder includes a decompiler based on Mocha. Van Vliet's websites went offline as he died of cancer on December 31, 1996 at the age of 34.
See also
JAD (JAva Decompiler)
JD |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-and-pry | Dye-n-Pry, also called Dye And Pry, Dye and Pull, Dye Staining, or Dye Penetrant, is a destructive analysis technique used on surface mount technology (SMT) components to either perform failure analysis or inspect for solder joint integrity. It is an application of dye penetrant inspection.
Method
Dye-n-Pry is a useful technique in which a dye penetrant material is used to inspect for interconnect failures in integrated circuits (IC). This is mostly commonly done on solder joints for ball grid array (BGA) components, although in some cases it can be done with other components or samples. The component of interest is submerged in a dye material, such as red steel dye, and placed under vacuum. This allows the dye to flow underneath the component and into any cracks or defects. The dye is then dried in an oven (preferably overnight) to prevent smearing during separation, which could lead to false results. The part of interest is mechanically separated from the printed circuit board (PCB) and inspected for the presence of dye. Any fracture surface or interface will have dye present, indicating the presence of cracks or open circuits. IPC-TM-650 Method 2.4.53 specifies a process for dye-n-pry.
Use in failure analysis of electronics
Dye-n-Pry is a useful failure analysis technique to detect cracking or open circuits in BGA solder joints. This has some practical advantages over other destructive techniques, such as cross sectioning, as it can inspect a full ball grid array which may consist of hundreds of solder joints. Cross sectioning, on the other hand, may only be able to inspect a single row of solder joints and requires a better initial idea of the failure site.
Dye-n-pry can be useful for detecting several different failure modes. This includes pad cratering or solder joint fracture from mechanical drop/shock, thermal shock, or thermal cycling. This makes it useful technique to incorporate into a reliability test plan as part of the post test failure inspection. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPINK6 | Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 6 (SPINK6) is a protein encoded by the SPINK6 gene in humans. It is a potent inhibitor of epidermal proteases involved in maintaining skin homeostasis, including KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14. SPINK6 is a member of a gene family cluster located on chromosome 5q33.1, which includes SPINK5 and SPINK9.
See also
Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20geocoding | Reverse geocoding is the process of converting a location as described by geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) to a human-readable address or place name. It is the opposite of forward geocoding (often referred to as address geocoding or simply "geocoding"), hence the term reverse. Reverse geocoding permits the identification of nearby street addresses, places, and/or areal subdivisions such as neighbourhoods, county, state, or country. Combined with geocoding and routing services, reverse geocoding is a critical component of mobile location-based services and Enhanced 911 to convert a coordinate obtained by GPS to a readable street address which is easier to understand by the end user, but not necessarily with a better accuracy.
Reverse geocoding can be carried out systematically by services which process a coordinate similarly to the geocoding process. For example, when a GPS coordinate is entered the street address is interpolated from a range assigned to the road segment in a reference dataset that the point is nearest to. If the user provides a coordinate near the midpoint of a segment that starts with address 1 and ends with 100, the returned street address will be somewhere near 50. This approach to reverse geocoding does not return actual addresses, only estimates of what should be there based on the predetermined range. Alternatively, coordinates for reverse geocoding can also be selected on an interactive map, or extracted from static maps by georeferencing them in a GIS with predefined spatial layers to determine the coordinates of a displayed point. Many of the same limitations of geocoding are similar with reverse geocoding.
Public reverse geocoding services are becoming increasingly available through APIs and other web services as well as mobile phone applications. These services require manual input of a coordinate, capture from a localisation tool (mostly GPS, but also cell tower signals or WiFi traces), or selection of a point on an i |
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