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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon%20Radio | Spoon is a social digital audio live streaming service. It is developed by Spoon Radio Inc., a South Korea-based company with a US office located in San Francisco, California. It allows users to listen to streamers and even start their own live streams using their smartphones and web, without any other equipment. It provides services in four languages, including South Korea, the United States, Japan, and Middle Eastern and North African regions.
History
CEO Neil Choi, together with founders Hyuk Jun Choi and Hee-jae Lee, started their company Mykoon in 2013 with Plugger, a smartphone battery sharing service. They created Spoon Radio as their flagship on March 23, 2016. Two years since its inception, it got its backing in Series B funding from investors – namely Softbank Ventures Asia, KB Investment (KBIC), and Goodwater Capital – wherein they invested a total of $17 million. As part of its global expansion effort, Spoon has also hired Fernando Pizarro, media and internet executive from Disney, Discovery Communications and Yahoo!, as vice president.
Reception
By August 2018, the application has generated net revenue that surpassed more than $20 million, becoming the most famous audio-only streaming service in South Korea. Popular among the youth between ages 18 to 24 years old, Spoon has been downloaded 2.5 million times daily and there have been millions of broadcast uploads. It has expanded to Japan, US, and has plans for further expansion. In 2019, it has generated net revenue of $41 million.
Features
Spoon is an internet-radio broadcasting mobile application which allows its users to stream through audio alone, hence the catchphrase "live stream without a camera". Listeners can give their favorite streamers digital gifts called "Spoons" which then can be redeemed for money. There is a Live Call feature which lets streamers invite other streamers or even their listeners to co-host the stream with them.
Live
Live-streaming is Spoon's most definitive feature. U |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Cameron%20%28mathematician%29 | Peter Jephson Cameron FRSE (born 23 January 1947) is an Australian mathematician who works in group theory, combinatorics, coding theory, and model theory. He is currently half-time Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews, and Emeritus Professor at Queen Mary University of London.
Cameron received a B.Sc. from the University of Queensland and a D.Phil. in 1971 from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, with Peter M. Neumann as his supervisor. Subsequently, he was a Junior Research Fellow and later a Tutorial Fellow at Merton College, Oxford, and also lecturer at Bedford College, London.
Work
Cameron specialises in algebra and combinatorics; he has written books about combinatorics, algebra, permutation groups, and logic, and has produced over 350 academic papers. In 1988, he posed the Cameron–Erdős conjecture with Paul Erdős.
Honours and awards
He was awarded the London Mathematical Society's Whitehead Prize in 1979 and is joint winner of the 2003 Euler Medal. In 2008, he was selected as the Forder Lecturer of the LMS and New Zealand Mathematical Society. In 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Books
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity%20Fixatives | Radioactivity or radionuclide fixatives are specialized polymer coatings used to “fix” radioactive isotopes or radioactive material to surfaces. These fixatives, also known as permanent coatings in the radioactive contamination control field, have been used for many decades in facilities processing radioactive material to control radioactive contamination. There has been increased interest in these fixatives or coatings recently due to the growing concern of contamination from a radioactivity dispersal device (RDD also known as a dirty bomb) and because radioactivity fixatives in use today lose the ability to contain the radioactivity to the surface during a fire.
Radioactivity fixatives reduce or eliminate the movement of radionuclides from surfaces thereby lowering the health risk of inhalation or other exposure to radioactive isotopes. There are many articles on the use of radioactive fixatives with a review article from 1983 often used as a reference. A more recent review article looks at the use of these radioactive fixatives for use after the detonation of a RDD. Current research is investigating new coatings that are effective at containing radioactive material to the surface during and after fires. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenpropimorph | Fenpropimorph is a morpholine-derived fungicide used in agriculture, primarily on cereal crops such as wheat. It has been reported to disrupt eukaryotic sterol biosynthesis pathways, notably by inhibiting fungal Δ14 reductases. It has also been reported to inhibit mammalian sterol biosynthesis by affecting lanosterol demethylation. Although used in agriculture for pest management purposes, it has been reported to have a strong adverse effect on sterol biosynthesis in higher-plants by inhibiting the cycloeucalenol-obtusifoliol isomerase. This inhibition was shown to not only alter the lipid composition of the plasma-membrane, but also impact cell division and growth, in plants.
In addition to its effects on fungi, fenpropimorph is also a very high affinity ligand of the mammalian sigma receptor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synge%27s%20world%20function | In general relativity, Synge's world function is a smooth locally defined function of pairs of points in a smooth spacetime with smooth Lorentzian metric . Let be two points in spacetime, and suppose belongs to a convex normal neighborhood of (referred to the Levi-Civita connection associated to ) so that there exists a unique geodesic from to included in , up to the affine parameter . Suppose and . Then Synge's world function is defined as:
where is the tangent vector to the affinely parametrized geodesic . That is, is half the square of the signed geodesic length from to computed along the unique geodesic segment, in , joining the two points. Synge's world function is well-defined, since the integral above is invariant under reparameterization. In particular, for Minkowski spacetime, the Synge's world function simplifies to half the spacetime interval between the two points: it is globally defined and it takes the form
Obviously Synge's function can be defined also in Riemannian manifolds and in that case it has non-negative sign.
Generally speaking, Synge’s function is only locally defined and an attempt to define an extension to domains larger than convex normal neighborhoods generally leads to a multivalued function since there may be several geodesic segments joining a pair of points in the spacetime. It is however possible to define it in a neighborhood of the diagonal of , though this definition requires some arbitrary choice.
Synge's world function (also its extension to a neighborhood of the diagonal of ) appears in particular in a number of theoretical constructions of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. It is the crucial object used to construct a parametrix of Green’s functions of Lorentzian Green hyperbolic 2nd order partial differential equations in a globally hyperbolic manifold, and in the definition of Hadamard Gaussian states. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadactyl | Pentadactyl is a discontinued Firefox extension forked from the Vimperator and designed to provide a more efficient user interface for keyboard-fluent users. The design is heavily inspired by the Vim text editor, and the authors try to maintain consistency with it wherever possible.
Features
Once activated, Pentadactyl removes all Firefox's default user interface chrome (except for the tab bar) and adds a Vim-inspired command line at the bottom of the window. The key bindings and dialog invocation are also changed to those familiar to Vim users.
Apart from Vim-like features, Pentadactyl includes the Lynx-like links hinting mode, allowing user to enter links manipulation commands referring to the links by labels or numbers.
As the key mappings of the Pentadactyl differ significantly from those typically expected by web application developers, occasional conflicts of browser- and site-defined key mapping occur. Pentadactyl deals with such cases by providing a special "pass-through" mode, which passes all the key press events (except for Esc key) directly to the site. This mode can either be activated manually or enforced on a per domain basis with a configuration file.
Development
Pentadactyl was forked from the Vimperator Firefox extension after the disagreement over the project directions and governance. After the split Pentadactyl differentiated itself with improved start timing, ability to use the extension without restarting Firefox after installation and some changes for consistency with Vim.
The extension is available as stable releases and nightly builds.
As of November 2020, the project has been on hiatus since March 2017 due to developer inactivity and noncommunication, and doesn't seem to work on Firefox 57.0 (Firefox Quantum) or newer versions. The project was reported still working for Waterfox, Basilisk and Pale Moon browsers, but has since started to degrade due to no updates and will only work after applying community made patches. For the Pal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact%20differential | In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential for some differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence is a multivariable function whose variables are independent, as they are always expected to be when treated in multivariable calculus).
An exact differential is sometimes also called a total differential, or a full differential, or, in the study of differential geometry, it is termed an exact form.
The integral of an exact differential over any integral path is path-independent, and this fact is used to identify state functions in thermodynamics.
Overview
Definition
Even if we work in three dimensions here, the definitions of exact differentials for other dimensions are structurally similar to the three dimensional definition. In three dimensions, a form of the type
is called a differential form. This form is called exact on an open domain in space if there exists some differentiable scalar function defined on such that
throughout , where are orthogonal coordinates (e.g., Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinates). In other words, in some open domain of a space, a differential form is an exact differential if it is equal to the general differential of a differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system.
Note: In this mathematical expression, the subscripts outside the parenthesis indicate which variables are being held constant during differentiation. Due to the definition of the partial derivative, these subscripts are not required, but they are explicitly shown here as reminders.
Integral path independence
The exact differential for a differentiable scalar function defined in an open domain is equal to , where is the gradient of , represents the scalar product, and is the general differential displacement vector, if an orthogonal coordinate system is u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20analyst | Public Analysts are scientists in the British Isles whose principal task is to ensure the safety and correct description of food by testing for compliance with legislation. Most Public Analysts are also Agricultural Analysts who carry out similar work on animal feedingstuffs and fertilisers. Nowadays this includes checking that the food labelling is accurate. They also test drinking water, and may carry out chemical and biological tests on other consumer products. While much of the work is done by other scientists and technicians in the laboratory, the Public Analyst has legal responsibility for the accuracy of the work and the validity of any opinion expressed on the results reported. There is an Association of Public Analysts, which includes members with similar roles if different titles in other countries.
History
The office of Public Analyst was established by the Adulteration of Food and Drink Act 1860, the first three appointments being in London, Birmingham and Dublin. The first Scottish analyst was Henry Littlejohn in Edinburgh in 1862, who, with a strong medicinal background and brilliant mind, established many of the critical foundations of public analysis. The Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 made food analysis compulsory and the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1899 extended its scope. Sampling officers generally operated through local public health or sanitary committees. By 1894 there were 99 public analysts overseeing 237 English and Welsh districts. The City of London Corporation had three food inspectors and a wharf and warehouse inspector in 1908. Bradford employed an inspector who made 756 visits to fish and chip shops in 1915. In the 1930s the staff in Birmingham comprised three qualified assistants, a clerk and a laboratory attendant.
The Nuisances Removal (England) Act 1855 and the Public Health Act 1875 gave authority for taking food samples "at all reasonable times". Inspectors, police constables and samplers were responsible for taking food |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO%20number | The IMO number of the International Maritime Organization is a generic term covering two distinct meanings. The IMO ship identification number is a unique ship identifier; the IMO company and registered owner identification number is used to identify uniquely each company and/or registered owner managing ships of at least 100 gross tons (gt). The schemes are managed in parallel, but IMO company/owner numbers may also be obtained by managers of vessels not having IMO ship numbers. IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and reduce fraud and pollution, under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
The IMO ship number scheme has been mandatory, for SOLAS signatories, for passenger and cargo ships above a certain size since 1996, and voluntarily applicable to various other vessels since 2013/2017. The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship's owner, country of registry (flag state) or name changes, unlike the official numbers used in some countries, e.g. the UK. The ship's certificates must also bear the IMO ship number. Since 1 July 2004, passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air.
History
IMO resolutions (1987–2017)
In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A.600(15) to create the IMO ship identification number scheme aimed at the "enhancement of maritime safety and pollution prevention and the prevention of maritime fraud" by assigning to each ship a unique permanent identification number. Lloyd's Register had already introduced permanent numbers for all the ships in their published register in 1963, and these were modified to seven-digit numbers in 1969. It is this number series that was adopted as the basis for IMO ship numbers in 1987.
Unique and permanent numbers are needed due to the frequent changes in ships' names or other details. As one example, the vessel with IMO ship number "IMO 9176187" was built in Japan, has been through the names Asia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic%20malformation%206%20syndrome | Lymphatic malformation 6 syndrome, also called generalized lymphatic dysplasia of Fotiou or PIEZO1 disease, is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the PIEZO1 gene. It results in lymphedema in multiple different types of tissue. In utero, it causes nonimmune hydrops fetalis that may result in stillbirth. There is no association with neurologic symptoms including Intellectual disability or seizures. It was characterized genetically in 2015. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei-Yuan%20Wei | Pei-Yuan Wei () (d. 2023) was a Taiwanese-American businessman who created ViolaWWW, the first popular graphical web browser.
Career
Pei-Yuan Wei was born in Pingtung County, Taiwan. He graduated from Berkeley High School in 1986. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and was a member of the student club, the eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF).
In the 1990s, Wei was a founding employee of Global Network Navigator, one of the first Internet-based businesses. Later he worked for various Palm OS-related businesses. Since 2008, Perry lived in both Taiwan and the US, and has devoted most of his time to taking care of his ill family member.
Controversy
Pei-Yuan Wei was at the center of a controversy over patents relating to embedded objects in a web browser, which revolves around whether his browser, ViolaWWW, had the capability to launch embedded objects, prior to the date a patent was filed by Michael David Doyle of Eolas, and the University of California. If it did, it would constitute prior art, which may invalidate the patent issued to Eolas. If it did not, in addition to major financial penalties against such companies as Microsoft, the way the World Wide Web and the way browsers that surf it work may be forced to change.
Eolas' claim was eventually found invalid by a Texas court. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144%20%28number%29 | 144 (one hundred [and] forty-four) is the natural number following 143 and preceding 145. 144 is a dozen dozens, or one gross.
In mathematics
144 is the square of 12. It is also the twelfth Fibonacci number, following 89 and preceding 233, and the only Fibonacci number (other than 0, and 1) to also be a square. 144 is the smallest number with exactly 15 divisors, but it is not highly composite since the smaller number 120 contains 16. 144 is also equal to the sum of the eighth twin prime pair, (71 + 73). It is divisible by the value of its φ function, which returns 48 in its case, and there are 21 solutions to the equation φ(x) = 144. This is more than any integer below it, which makes it a highly totient number.
As a square number in decimal notation, 144 = 12 × 12, and if each number is reversed the equation still holds: 21 × 21 = 441. 169 shares this property, 13 × 13 = 169, while 31 × 31 = 961. Also in decimal, 144 is the largest of only four sum-product numbers, and it is a Harshad number, since 1 + 4 + 4 = 9, which divides 144.
144 is the smallest number whose fifth power is a sum of four (smaller) fifth powers. This solution was found in 1966 by L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin, and disproved Euler's sum of powers conjecture. It was famously published in a paper by both authors, whose body consisted of only two sentences:
A regular ten-sided decagon has an internal angle of 144 degrees, which is equal to four times its own central angle, and equivalently twice the central angle of a regular five-sided pentagon.
The snub 24-cell, one of three semiregular polytopes in the fourth dimension, contains a total of 144 polyhedral cells: 120 regular tetrahedra and 24 regular icosahedra.
The maximum determinant in a 9 by 9 matrix of zeroes and ones is 144.
In particular, 144 is the sum of the divisors of 70: σ(70) = 144, where 70 is part of the only solution to the cannonball problem aside from the trivial solution, in-which the sum of the squares of the first twen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20optimizer | A power optimizer is a DC to DC converter technology developed to maximize the energy harvest from solar photovoltaic or wind turbine systems. They do this by individually tuning the performance of the panel or wind turbine through maximum power point tracking, and optionally tuning the output to match the performance of the string inverter (DC to AC inverter). Power optimizers are especially useful when the performance of the power generating components in a distributed system will vary widely, such as due to differences in equipment, shading of light or wind, or being installed facing different directions or widely separated locations.
Power optimizers for solar applications can be similar to microinverters in that both systems attempt to isolate individual panels in order to improve overall system performance. A smart module is a power optimizer integrated into a solar module. A microinverter essentially combines a power optimizer with a small inverter in a single enclosure that is used on every panel, while the power optimizer leaves the inverter in a separate box and uses only one inverter for the entire array. The claimed advantage to this "hybrid" approach is lower overall system costs, avoiding the distribution of electronics.
Description
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
Most energy production or storage devices have a complex relationship between the power they produce, the load placed on them, and the efficiency of the delivery. A conventional battery, for instance, stores energy in chemical reactions in its electrolytes and plates. These reactions take time to occur, which limits the rate at which the power can be efficiently drawn from the cell. For this reason, large batteries used for power storage generally list two or more capacities, normally the "2 hour" and "20 hour" rates, with the 2 hour rate often being around 50% of the 20 hour rate.
Solar panels have similar issues due to the speed at which the cell can convert solar photons into ele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic%20nanoparticles | Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle due to the nature of the dielectric-metal interface between the medium and the particles: unlike in a pure metal where there is a maximum limit on what size wavelength can be effectively coupled based on the material size.
What differentiates these particles from normal surface plasmons is that plasmonic nanoparticles also exhibit interesting scattering, absorbance, and coupling properties based on their geometries and relative positions. These unique properties have made them a focus of research in many applications including solar cells, spectroscopy, signal enhancement for imaging, and cancer treatment. Their high sensitivity also identifies them as good candidates for designing mechano-optical instrumentation.
Plasmons are the oscillations of free electrons that are the consequence of the formation of a dipole in the material due to electromagnetic waves. The electrons migrate in the material to restore its initial state; however, the light waves oscillate, leading to a constant shift in the dipole that forces the electrons to oscillate at the same frequency as the light. This coupling only occurs when the frequency of the light is equal to or less than the plasma frequency and is greatest at the plasma frequency that is therefore called the resonant frequency. The scattering and absorbance cross-sections describe the intensity of a given frequency to be scattered or absorbed. Many fabrication processes or chemical synthesis methods exist for preparation of such nanoparticles, depending on the desired size and geometry.
The nanoparticles can form clusters (the so-called "plasmonic molecules") and interact with each other to form cluster states. The symmetry of the nanoparticles and the distribution of the electrons within them can affect a type of bonding or antibonding character between the nanoparticle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20microbiology | Cellular microbiology is a discipline that bridges microbiology and cell biology.
The term "cellular microbiology" was coined by the authors of the book of the same title published in 1996. Cooperation and mutual dependency between microbiology and cell biology had been increasing in the years before that, and the emergence of a new discipline had been suggested and discussed in several scientific conferences.
Cellular microbiology attempts to use pathogenic microorganisms as tools for cell-biology research, and to employ cell-biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microorganisms. Toxins and virulence factors from microbes have been used for decades to influence processes in eukaryotic cells and to study them. It has increasingly appeared that applying a purified toxin on a cell does not always provide the complete picture, and that understanding the role of the toxin in pathogenicity, the way the toxin promotes the microbe, the way the toxin is produced and the co-evolution of the toxin and its host-cell counterparts, is crucial.
Numerous eukaryotic cellular processes have been clarified using microbial "tools". A major subject in this category is the cytoskeleton. Many microbes modify and influence the synthesis or degradation of the host-cell cytoskeleton, in particular the actin network. Intracellular microbes, such as the bacteria Salmonella and Shigella, elicit actin polymerization in host cells that otherwise do not internalize microbes (non-phagocytes). This causes the formation of projections that eventually engulf the bacteria. Bacteria such as Yersinia inhibit actin polymerization in phagocytes, thereby preventing their uptake. Cellular microbiology tries to understand these processes and how they promote infection. Other eukaryotic processes that microbes influence and that are researched using microbes are signal transduction, metabolism, vesicle trafficking, cell cycle and transcriptional regulation, to name but a few.
Recently, the fie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatofocusing | Chromatofocusing is a protein-separation technique that allows resolution of single proteins and other ampholytes from a complex mixture according to differences in their isoelectric point. Chromatofocusing utilizes ion exchange resins and is typically performed on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) or similar equipment capable of producing continuous buffer gradients though this is not a requirement.
In contrast to typical ion exchange chromatography, where bound molecules are eluted from the resin by increasing the ionic strength of the buffer environment, chromatofocusing elutes bound species by altering the pH of the buffer. This changes the net surface charge of bound molecules, altering their avidity for the resin. As the changing pH of the buffer system traverses the pI of a given molecule, that molecule will elute from the resin as it will no longer possess a net surface charge (a requisite for molecular binding to ion exchange resins).
Chromatofocusing is a powerful purification technique with respect to proteins as it can resolve very similar species only differing by 0.02 pH units that may not separate well, or at all, using traditional ion exchange strategies.
A major drawback to this technique is that some proteins will aggregate when they are present at relatively high concentrations and carry no net surface charge. This can cause blockage of the resin, which is highly problematic when using sealed columns of ion exchange resin on FPLC equipment, resulting in pressure buildup and possible equipment failure. Apparent aggregation issues can sometimes be overcome by limiting the sample concentration and use of buffer additives that deter aggregate formation.
Chromatography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel%20program | The weasel program or Dawkins' weasel is a thought experiment and a variety of computer simulations illustrating it. Their aim is to demonstrate that the process that drives evolutionary systems—random variation combined with non-random cumulative selection—is different from pure chance.
The thought experiment was formulated by Richard Dawkins, and the first simulation written by him; various other implementations of the program have been written by others.
Overview
In chapter 3 of his book The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins gave the following introduction to the program, referencing the well-known infinite monkey theorem:
The scenario is staged to produce a string of gibberish letters, assuming that the selection of each letter in a sequence of 28 characters will be random. The number of possible combinations in this random sequence is 2728, or about 1040, so the probability that the monkey will produce a given sequence is extremely low. Any particular sequence of 28 characters could be selected as a "target" phrase, all equally as improbable as Dawkins's chosen target, "METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL".
A computer program could be written to carry out the actions of Dawkins's hypothetical monkey, continuously generating combinations of 26 letters and spaces at high speed. Even at the rate of millions of combinations per second, it is unlikely, even given the entire lifetime of the universe to run, that the program would ever produce the phrase "METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL".
Dawkins intends this example to illustrate a common misunderstanding of evolutionary change, i.e. that DNA sequences or organic compounds such as proteins are the result of atoms randomly combining to form more complex structures. In these types of computations, any sequence of amino acids in a protein will be extraordinarily improbable (this is known as Hoyle's fallacy). Rather, evolution proceeds by hill climbing, as in adaptive landscapes.
Dawkins then goes on to show that a process of cumu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthiessen%27s%20ratio | In optics, Matthiessen's ratio is the ratio between the distance from the centre of the lens to the retina, versus the lens radius.
This is of particular importance in fish, where the value may decrease from as high as 3.6 to 2.3, decreasing the focal ratio of the lens. A higher focal ratio is thought to compensate for the relatively high Matthiessen's ratio brought about by constraints of small eye size during early development. This provides a means for larval fish to focus images from different distances, before the ability to accommodate is gained.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-resistant%20security%20module | A tamper-resistant security module (TRSM) is a device that incorporates physical protections to prevent compromise of cryptographic security parameters that it contains.
There are varying levels of protection afforded by TRSMs:
Tamper-resistance: make intrusion difficult, usually by employing hardened casing
Tamper-evident: make intrusion attempts evident to subsequent viewers, often by employing seals which must be broken during intrusion
Tamper-responsive: detect the intrusion attempt and destroy the contents in the process
A TRSM is usually also a hardware security module (HSM).
Cryptographic hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETEDIT | SETEDIT is a computer software text editor that is an open source, multi-platform clone of the editor of Borland's Turbo* IDEs, with several improvements. According to the project page, it was started in 1996.
It is not vi or emacs, but may be familiar to DOS users, as noted in reviews.
It is the editor used by RHIDE.
SETEDIT is free software released under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TP-Link | TP-Link Technologies Co., Ltd. (), is a global manufacturer of computer networking products based in Shenzhen, China.
History
TP-Link was founded in 1996 by two brothers, Zhao Jianjun ( Zhào Jiànjūn) and Zhao Jiaxing ( Zhào Jiāxīng), to produce and market a network card they had developed. The company name was based on the concept of "twisted pair link" invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a kind of cabling that reduces electromagnetic interference, hence the "TP" in the company name.
TP-Link began its first international expansion in 2005. In 2007, the company moved into its new 100,000-square-meter headquarters and facilities at Shenzhen's Hi-Tech Industry Park. TP-Link USA was established in 2008.
In September 2016, TP-Link unveiled a new logo and slogan, "Reliably Smart"; the new logo is meant to portray the company as being a "lifestyle"-oriented brand as it expands into smart home products.
Product ranges
TP-Link products include high speed cable modems, wireless routers, mobile phones, ADSL, range extenders, routers, switches, IP cameras, power-line adapters, print servers, media converters, wireless adapters, power banks, USB hubs, and smart home devices. TP-Link also manufactured the OnHub router for Google. In 2016 the company launched the new brand Neffos for smart phones. TP-Link manufactures smart home devices under their Kasa Smart and Tapo product lines.
TP-Link sells through multiple sales channels globally, including traditional retailers, online retailers, wholesale distributors, direct market resellers ("DMRs"), value-added resellers ("VARs") and broadband service providers. Its main competition includes companies such as Netgear, Buffalo, Belkin, Linksys, D-Link and ASUS.
Brands
Deco
Deco is a family of mesh-network products. The first of this category was the TP-Link M5, followed up by the M9 Plus which had backhaul compatibility improving on the usable bandwidth in certain cases compared to the M5. At the same time, TP-Link also introduce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMD%20LED | The light from white LED lamps and LED strip lights is usually provided by industry standard surface-mounted device LEDs (SMD LEDs). Non-SMD types of LED lighting also exist, such as COB (chip on board) and MCOB (multi-COB).
Surface-mounted device LED modules are described by the dimensions of the LED package. A single multicolor module may have three individual LEDs within that package, one each of red, green and blue, to allow many colors or shades of white to be selected, by varying the brightness of the individual LEDs. LED brightness may be increased by using a higher driving current, at the cost of reducing the device's lifespan. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Petersburg%20Lyceum%20239 | Presidential Physics and Mathematics Lyceum No. 239 (), is a public high school in Saint Petersburg, Russia that specializes in mathematics and physics. The school opened in 1918 and it became a specialized city school in 1961. The school is noted for its strong academic programs. It is the alma mater of numerous winners of International Mathematical Olympiads and it has produced many notable alumni. The lyceum has been named the best school in Russia in 2015, 2016, and 2017.
History
The school was founded in 1918. Originally, it was located in the Lobanov-Rostovsky Palace, also known as "house with lions" at the corner of Saint Isaac's Square and Admiralteysky Prospect. It was one of only handful of schools to remain open during Siege of Leningrad. In 1961 the school was granted status of city's school with specialization in physics and mathematics. In 1964 the school moved to the building on Kazansky Street 48/1, which was previously occupied by school of working youth, and in 1966 it moved again to Moika River, 108. Finally, in 1975 the school relocated to its current location, into the historic Annenschule building.
In 1990, the Russian Ministry of Education granted school the status of physico-mathematical lyceum and experimental laboratory for standard of education in physics, mathematics and informatics in Saint Petersburg. In 1994, the school won the George Soros grant. The US Mathematical society voted the school as one of top ten schools of former Soviet Union. The first of January 2014 the school received a status of "Presidential Physics and Mathematics Lyceum №239".
Famous alumni
Yelena Bonner (1940) – human rights activist (widow of Andrei Sakharov)
Leonid Kharitonov – actor
Alisa Freindlich (c. 1942 – 1953) – major Russian movie and theater actress
Yuri Matiyasevich (1962–1963) – mathematician who solved Hilbert's tenth problem
Andrei Tolubeyev (?–1963) – theatrical and cinema actor, People's Artist of Russia
Natalia Kuchinskaya (1964–1966) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromino | A tromino or triomino is a polyomino of size 3, that is, a polygon in the plane made of three equal-sized squares connected edge-to-edge.
Symmetry and enumeration
When rotations and reflections are not considered to be distinct shapes, there are only two different free trominoes: "I" and "L" (the "L" shape is also called "V").
Since both free trominoes have reflection symmetry, they are also the only two one-sided trominoes (trominoes with reflections considered distinct). When rotations are also considered distinct, there are six fixed trominoes: two I and four L shapes. They can be obtained by rotating the above forms by 90°, 180° and 270°.
Rep-tiling and Golomb's tromino theorem
Both types of tromino can be dissected into n2 smaller trominos of the same type, for any integer n > 1. That is, they are rep-tiles. Continuing this dissection recursively leads to a tiling of the plane, which in many cases is an aperiodic tiling. In this context, the L-tromino is called a chair, and its tiling by recursive subdivision into four smaller L-trominos is called the chair tiling.
Motivated by the mutilated chessboard problem, Solomon W. Golomb used this tiling as the basis for what has become known as Golomb's tromino theorem: if any square is removed from a 2n × 2n chessboard, the remaining board can be completely covered with L-trominoes. To prove this by mathematical induction, partition the board into a quarter-board of size 2n−1 × 2n−1 that contains the removed square, and a large tromino formed by the other three quarter-boards. The tromino can be recursively dissected into unit trominoes, and a dissection of the quarter-board with one square removed follows by the induction hypothesis.
In contrast, when a chessboard of this size has one square removed, it is not always possible to cover the remaining squares by I-trominoes.
See also
Previous and next orders
Domino
Tetromino |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic%20convexity | In mathematics — specifically, in Riemannian geometry — geodesic convexity is a natural generalization of convexity for sets and functions to Riemannian manifolds. It is common to drop the prefix "geodesic" and refer simply to "convexity" of a set or function.
Definitions
Let (M, g) be a Riemannian manifold.
A subset C of M is said to be a geodesically convex set if, given any two points in C, there is a unique minimizing geodesic contained within C that joins those two points.
Let C be a geodesically convex subset of M. A function is said to be a (strictly) geodesically convex function if the composition
is a (strictly) convex function in the usual sense for every unit speed geodesic arc γ : [0, T] → M contained within C.
Properties
A geodesically convex (subset of a) Riemannian manifold is also a convex metric space with respect to the geodesic distance.
Examples
A subset of n-dimensional Euclidean space En with its usual flat metric is geodesically convex if and only if it is convex in the usual sense, and similarly for functions.
The "northern hemisphere" of the 2-dimensional sphere S2 with its usual metric is geodesically convex. However, the subset A of S2 consisting of those points with latitude further north than 45° south is not geodesically convex, since the minimizing geodesic (great circle) arc joining two distinct points on the southern boundary of A leaves A (e.g. in the case of two points 180° apart in longitude, the geodesic arc passes over the south pole). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebLOAD | WebLOAD is load testing tool, performance testing, stress test web applications. This web and mobile load testing and analysis tool is from RadView Software. Load testing tool WebLOAD combines performance, scalability, and integrity as a single process for the verification of web and mobile applications. It can simulate hundreds of thousands of concurrent users making it possible to test large loads and report bottlenecks, constraints, and weak points within an application.
Using its multi-protocol support, WebLOAD simulates traffic of hundreds of thousands of users and provides analysis data on how the application behaves under load. WebLOAD monitors and incorporates statistics from the various components of the system under test: servers, application server, database, network, load-balancer, firewall, etc., and can also monitor the End User Experience and Service Level Agreement (SLA) compliance in production environments.
History
WebLOAD was first launched in August 1997. Since its launch, RadView has released more than 20 versions of WebLOAD.
Features
WebLOAD's features include:
IDE An integrated development environment for visually recording, editing & debugging load test scripts. WebLOAD's proxy-based recorder records HTTP activity. Test are generated in JavaScript and can be enhanced and edited using various tools in the IDE.
Correlation Automatic correlation of dynamic values such as Session IDs, enables a script to be executed dynamically with multiple virtual clients.
Load Generation WebLOAD generates load from on-premises machines or from the cloud.
Analytics A set of predefined analysis reports provides performance data, helping users identify bottlenecks. Reports and analysis data can also be viewed remotely via a customizable Web Dashboard.
PMM Collects server-side statistics during test runs, providing users with additional data for root-cause analysis.
Web Dashboard Analyzing performance test results from any browser or Mobile device.
S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5orf34 | C5orf34 (chromosome 5 open reading frame 34) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5orf34 gene (5p12).
C5orf34 is conserved in mammals, birds and reptiles with the most distant ancestor being the Burmese python, Python bivittatus. The C5orf34 protein contains two mammalian conserved domains: DUF 4520 and DUF 4524. The protein is also predicted to have a polo-box domain (PBD) of polo-like kinase 4 (plk4), which has predicted conservation in distant orthologs from the clade Aves.
Gene
C5orf34 is located on the negative DNA strand of the short arm of chromosome 6 at locus 12. The gene is 28,744 base pairs long and spans from base pair 43,486,701 to base pair 43,515,445. The gene produces a single transcript of 2,540 base pairs long and encodes for 638 amino acids.
Gene neighborhood
The gene PAIP1 is found on the negative strand just downstream of C5orf34 and is a member of the polyadenylate-binding family. PAIP1 extends from base pairs 43,526,267 to 43,557,419. CCL28 is found downstream on the negative strand and extends from base pairs 43378052 to 43413837.
Gene expression
There indication of multiple sources that suggest, in humans, C5orf34 protein is expressed non-ubiquitously in select tissues at low/moderate levels, with the most abundant expression in the tissues of the stomach, small intestine, testis, skeletal muscle and heart muscle. A study of Rho kinase inhibitor effect on primary cell lines also showed that C5orf34 is expressed in dermal fibroblasts of normal human tissue samples.
Promoter
The promoter region for C5orf34 is predicted to be between 43515079 and 43515773 and spans 695 base pairs.
Protein
C5orf34 consists of 638 amino acids, has a weight of 72.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.77 in humans.
Function
Although the precise function of C5orf34 in humans remains unknown, there is evidentiary support based on structure that it is involved in kinase-related cellular functions. In addition, C5orf34 is predicted to be n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexed%20Analogue%20Components | Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) was an analog television standard where luminance and chrominance components were transmitted separately. This was an evolution from older color TV systems (such as PAL or SECAM) where there was interference between chrominance and luminance.
MAC was originally proposed in the 1980s for use on a Europe-wide terrestrial HDTV system. Terrestrial transmission tests were conducted in France, although the system was never used for that purpose. Various variants were developed, collectively known as the "MAC/packet" family.
In 1985 MAC was recommended for satellite and cable broadcasts by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), with specific variants for each medium. C-MAC/packet was intended for Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), D-MAC/packet for wide-band cable, and D2-MAC/packet for both for DBS and narrow-band cable.
History
MAC was originally developed by the Independent Broadcasting Authority in the early 1980, as a system for delivering high quality pictures via direct broadcast satellites, that would be independent of European countries' choice of terrestrial colour-coding standard.
In 1982, MAC was adopted as the transmission format for the UK's forthcoming DBS television services, eventually provided by British Satellite Broadcasting. The following year, MAC was adopted by the EBU as the standard for all DBS broadcasts.
By 1986, despite there being two variants (D-MAC and D2-MAC) favoured by different countries, an EU Directive imposed MAC on the national DBS broadcasters. The justification was to provide a stepping stone from analogue formats (PAL and SECAM) the future HD and digital television, placing european TV manufacturers in a privileged position to provide the equipment required.
However, the Astra satellite system was also starting up at this time (the first satellite, Astra 1A, was launched in 1989), operating outside of the EU's MAC requirements, due to being a non-DBS satellite.
Despite further pressure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%E2%80%93Tao%20theorem | In number theory, the Green–Tao theorem, proved by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004, states that the sequence of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. In other words, for every natural number k, there exist arithmetic progressions of primes with k terms. The proof is an extension of Szemerédi's theorem. The problem can be traced back to investigations of Lagrange and Waring from around 1770.
Statement
Let denote the number of primes less than or equal to . If is a subset of the prime numbers such that
then for all positive integers , the set contains infinitely many arithmetic progressions of length . In particular, the entire set of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions.
In their later work on the generalized Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, Green and Tao stated and conditionally proved the asymptotic formula
for the number of k tuples of primes in arithmetic progression. Here, is the constant
The result was made unconditional by Green–Tao
and Green–Tao–Ziegler.
Overview of the proof
Green and Tao's proof has three main components:
Szemerédi's theorem, which asserts that subsets of the integers with positive upper density have arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. It does not a priori apply to the primes because the primes have density zero in the integers.
A transference principle that extends Szemerédi's theorem to subsets of the integers which are pseudorandom in a suitable sense. Such a result is now called a relative Szemerédi theorem.
A pseudorandom subset of the integers containing the primes as a dense subset. To construct this set, Green and Tao used ideas from Goldston, Pintz, and Yıldırım's work on prime gaps. Once the pseudorandomness of the set is established, the transference principle may be applied, completing the proof.
Numerous simplifications to the argument in the original paper have been found. provide a modern exposition of the proof.
Numerical work
The proof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%20ssl | mod_ssl is an optional module for the Apache HTTP Server. It provides strong cryptography for the Apache v1.3 and v2 webserver via the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) cryptographic protocols by the help of the Open Source SSL/TLS toolkit OpenSSL.
The original version created for Apache v1.3 was initially created in April 1998 by Ralf S. Engelschall via porting Ben Laurie's Apache-SSL 1.17 source patches for Apache 1.2.6 to Apache 1.3b6. This version is under a BSD-style license. The version for v2.0 and later, in contrast, is maintained by Apache Software Foundation and licensed under Apache License 2.0.
It is possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS with a single server machine, because HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports, so there is no direct conflict between them. It is either the maintainer who would run two separate Apache server instances (one binds to port 80, the other to port 443) or use Apache's virtual hosting facility where the maintainer can create two virtual servers which Apache dispatches: one responding to port 80 and speaking HTTP and one responding to port 443 speaking HTTPS.
Differences
The original mod_ssl in Apache 1.3 available at www.modssl.org is a third-party add-on package requiring additional steps in the compilation and configuration process. Also, the maintainer of the server needs to resolve additional system and Apache dependencies. Apache 2, in contrast, is a built-in module maintained by Apache Software Foundation, and mod_ssl can be easily activated in the compilation and configuration options.
History
The mod_ssl v1 package was initially created in April 1998 by Ralf S. Engelschall via porting Ben Laurie's Apache-SSL 1.17 source patches for Apache 1.2.6 to Apache 1.3b6. Because of conflicts with Ben Laurie's development cycle it then was re-assembled from scratch for Apache 1.3.0 by merging the old mod_ssl 1.x with the newer Apache-SSL 1.18. From this point on mod_ssl lived its own life |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodococcus%20rhodochrous | Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture.
It is gram positive, in the shape of rods/cocci, oxidase negative, and catalase positive.
It is industrially produced to catalyse acrylonitrile conversion to acrylamide. It is also used in the industrial production of nicotinamide (niacinamide), a derivative or active form of niacin, part of the B vitamin complex.
A 2015 study showed that Rhodococcus rhodochrous could inhibit the growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal species responsible for white nose syndrome in bats. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction%20window | An instruction window in computer architecture refers to the set of instructions which can execute out-of-order in a speculative processor.
In particular, in a conventional design, the instruction window consists of all instructions which are in the re-order buffer (ROB). In such a processor, any instruction within the instruction window can be executed when its operands are ready. Out-of-order processors derive their name because this may occur out-of-order (if operands to a younger instruction are ready before those of an older instruction).
The instruction window has a finite size, and new instructions can enter the window (usually called dispatch or allocate) only when other instructions leave the window (usually called retire or commit). Instructions enter and leave the instruction window in program order, and an instruction can only leave the window when it is the oldest instruction in the window and it has been completed. Hence, the instruction window can be seen as a sliding window in which the instructions can become out-of-order. All execution within the window is speculative (i.e., side-effects are not applied outside the CPU) until it is committed in order to support asynchronous exception handling like interrupts.
This paradigm is also known as restricted dataflow because instructions within the window execute in dataflow order (not necessarily in program order) but the window in which this occurs is restricted (of finite size).
The instruction window is distinct from pipelining: instructions in an in-order pipeline are not in an instruction window in the conventionally understood sense, because they cannot execute out of order with respect to one another. Out-of-order processors are usually built around pipelines, but many of the pipeline stages (e.g., front-end instruction fetch and decode stages) are not considered to be part of the instruction window.
See also
Superscalar processor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance%20Institute%20of%20Life%20Sciences | Reliance Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), established by Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation, is an institution of higher education in various fields of life sciences and related technologies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoid | A toxoid is an inactivated toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids are not secreted by bacteria. Thus, when used during vaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. Such a preparation is also known as an anatoxin. There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism.
Toxoids are used as vaccines because they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen since the toxoid markers and toxin markers are preserved. For example, the tetanus toxoid is derived from the tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. The latter causes tetanus and is vaccinated against by the DTaP vaccine. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.
Toxoids are also useful in the production of human antitoxins. Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by many plasma centers in the United States for the development of highly immune persons for the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (tetanus immune globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)), which has replaced horse serum-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.
Toxoids are also used in the production of conjugate vaccines. The highly antigenic toxoids help draw attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in the bacterial capsule.
List of toxoids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropower | Micropower describes the use of very small electric generators and prime movers or devices to convert heat or motion to electricity, for use close to the generator. The generator is typically integrated with microelectronic devices and produces "several watts of power or less." These devices offer the promise of a power source for portable electronic devices which is lighter weight and has a longer operating time than batteries.
Microturbine technology
The components of any turbine engine — the gas compressor, the combustion chamber, and the turbine rotor — are fabricated from etched silicon, much like integrated circuits. The technology holds the promise of ten times the operating time of a battery of the same weight as the micropower unit, and similar efficiency to large utility gas turbines. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have thus far succeeded in fabricating the parts for such a micro turbine out of six etched and stacked silicon wafers, and are working toward combining them into a functioning engine about the size of a U.S. quarter coin.
Researchers at Georgia Tech have built a micro generator 10 mm wide, which spins a magnet above an array of coils fabricated on a silicon chip. The device spins at 100,000 revolutions per minute, and produces 1.1 watts of electrical power, sufficient to operate a cell phone. Their goal is to produce 20 to 50 watts, sufficient to power a laptop computer.
Scientists at Lehigh University are developing a hydrogen generator on a silicon chip that can convert methanol, diesel, or gasoline into fuel for a microengine or a miniature fuel cell.
Professor Sanjeev Mukerjee of Northeastern University's chemistry department is developing fuel cells for the military that will burn hydrogen to power portable electronic equipment, such as night vision goggles, computers, and communication equipment. In his system, a cartridge of methanol would be used to produce hydrogen to run a small fuel cell for up to 5,000 ho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle%20Divine | Honeysuckle Divine (born Betty Jane Allsup; January 21, 1938) is a retired American stripper, erotic performance artist, and sexual columnist. Her specialty was inserting and ejecting things from her vagina onstage; when she performed at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, she was described in the program as "vaginiste", a performer using the vagina. She was often arrested. According to Bruce David, editor of SCREW in the 1970s, then editor of Hustler, she was at one point the best-known stripper in the United States. She is particularly associated with SCREW, for whom she was a sort of mascot. As Al Goldstein said, her act "was unbelievably disgusting, so naturally, we made her our symbol." She was the only female associated with SCREW over any period of time.
Early years
Born in Rock Island, Illinois, Divine was the tenth in a family of fourteen children. She described her father as a "hillbilly, banjo-playing lumberjack." She was a straight-A student until she hit puberty. Religion was not a significant part of her upbringing, but when she reached her teens it started to dominate her every thought. Divine did not drink, smoke, curse or gamble. She would help the elderly and those even poorer than her. She regularly prayed for the sick and the needy. She was a model Christian girl, but she dated boys, and had her heart broken. She became pregnant and had an abortion.
At 21, bored with life in Rock Island, she departed for Philadelphia, where she became a postulant (novice) at the Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart convent. After three months, unable to "understand the spiritual lessons they tried to teach me," she left the convent, climbing out of a window in the night, and went to the police, who assisted her in returning to Rock Island.
Working as a stripper
Unsuccessful in nursing school, she got a job as a waitress, but soon found out that she could make much more money as a stripper. She moved to Washington, D.C., and performed in burlesque clubs during the 1960s, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstar | Solstar Space Co., also known as Solstar, is an American company that provides commercial wireless internet services to space travelers and Internet of Things in space. It also provides a two-way internet link connecting people on earth to things in space. Based out of Santa Fe, New Mexico, the company was founded in March 2017.
History
Solstar was founded by M. Brian Barnett in March 2017, with Michael Potter and Mark Matossian as co-founders. Prior to this, Barnett had developed an initial design of a communication system which was used to successfully transmit the first-ever commercial text message from earth to space in November 2013, with students from Albuquerque sending 16 messages to a device aboard a UP Aerospace rocket launched from Spaceport America.
In 2017, Solstar received a Phase I small business contract with NASA to develop a preliminary design for a commercial router on the International Space Station, under the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. The device is intended for low Earth orbit service and was named the Slayton Space Communicator (SC-Slayton) after one of Mercury astronauts Deke Slayton who was NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office. The company also signed a Space Act Agreement with NASA to test WiFi technologies in space.
In April 2018, Solstar tested the Schmitt Space Communicator SC-1x, a three-pound device, in a Blue Origin capsule on a New Shepard rocket which was launched from the Blue Origin's launch facility near Van Horn, Texas, and reached a height of 66 miles. The test was successful, with the founder Barnett using the on-flight internet connection to send out a tweet. The project's 2 million cost was partly funded by NASA as part of its Flight Opportunities program. The device is named after Harrison Schmitt, one of the last men to walk on the Moon and Solstar's adviser. It conducted a second successful test in July 2018, with the flight reaching a peak height of 73.8 miles above sea level. The device |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Costa%20Rican%20flags | This is a list of flags used in Costa Rica. For more information about the national flag, visit the article Flag of Costa Rica.
National Flags
Provinces
Cantons
Historical flags
Flag Proposal
Political flags
Sources
The Flags of Costa Rica. Flags of the World
National symbols of Chile. Museums of Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Flags
Flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems%20of%20the%20Galaxy%20Zoos | Gems of the Galaxy Zoos (Zoogems) was a gap-filler project which used the Hubble Space Telescope to take images of unusual objects found by volunteers classifying data from both Galaxy Zoo (GZ) and Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ). Between the HSTs' main observations, there is a short time that objects within that field of view can be imaged using gaps which last approximately 12 - 25 mins. The Zoogems project sought to use those small observation gaps to image 300 candidates taken from the two Zoos in order to better study and comprehend them. Starting observations in May 2018, HST Proposal 15445 had by the end of September 2023 imaged 193 of the 300 candidates with many of them having near 11 minute exposures.
Background
GZ is a crowdsourced astronomy project which invites people to assist in the morphological classification of a large number of galaxies. Initially, many of the objects now being imaged were posted on the GZ forum and Talk pages from Summer 2007 through various versions until 2017.
The project Radio Galaxy Zoo started in December 2013, seeking to locate supermassive black holes. The science team wanted to identify black hole/jet pairs and associate them with their host galaxies. As a result of citizens' classifications, many unusual candidates visible in radio frequencies were flagged for further studies.
Through public analysis of more than 900,000 objects, volunteers collected a "menagerie of weird and wonderful galaxies" which few had seen before. The original proposal estimated that there were 1100 targets available, yet only 300 observation slots, so the public were asked to vote for which targets should be in the final list. Voting took place in February 2018 in order to meet the proposal's deadline of 28 February.
Project lead Dr. William Keel said in an interview on the University of Alabama site that Zoogems addressed a range of studies and that this happens rarely with galaxies. He explained that after volunteers had sifted through the images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar%20enlargement | The lumbar enlargement (or lumbosacral enlargement) is a widened area of the spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs.
It commences about the level of T11 and ends at L2, and reaches its maximum circumference, of about 33 mm. Inferior to the lumbar enlargement is the conus medullaris.
An analogous region for the upper limbs exists at the cervical enlargement.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCBI%20Epigenomics | The Epigenomics database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information was a database for whole-genome epigenetics data sets. It was retired on 1 June 2016.
The Epigenomics database
The Epigenomics database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) was launched in June 2010 as a means to collect maps of epigenetic modifications and their occurrence across the human genome. This database provides a publicly available resource for maps in stem cells and primary ex vivo tissues that detail genome-wide landscapes of epigenetic factors that occur in human development and disease.
Content of Epigenomics database
The primary resources for the content of the Epigenomics Database are derived from two archival databases at the NCBI: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The Gene Expression Omnibus is a data system for high-throughput genomic data that is generated from microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies. Data used in the Epigenomics database is a combination of GEO and SRA subsets that are specific to Epigenetic factors. This data is subjected to additional review and organized in a more easily attainable fashion before added to the Epigenomics database.
Database use
All of the experiments and corresponding samples in the Epigenomics database are displayed in the default browser. As of October 2013, there are currently 4112 experiments and 1257 samples available in the database. Five studied species are represented in the database, and many data tracks are available including expression of micro and small RNAs, histone modification and histone modifying enzymes, chromatin accessibility and chromatin associated factors, and transcription factors. One such example from the database is a study of certain epigenetic factors in Drosophila melanogaster at the 20- to 24-hour embryonic stage of development.
The Epigenomics database browser contain two fundame |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Encryption%20Scheme | Integrated Encryption Scheme (IES) is a hybrid encryption scheme which provides semantic security against an adversary who is able to use chosen-plaintext or chosen-ciphertext attacks. The security of the scheme is based on the computational Diffie–Hellman problem.
Two variants of IES are specified: Discrete Logarithm Integrated Encryption Scheme (DLIES) and Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES), which is also known as the Elliptic Curve Augmented Encryption Scheme or simply the Elliptic Curve Encryption Scheme. These two variants are identical up to the change of an underlying group.
Informal description of DLIES
As a brief and informal description and overview of how IES works, a Discrete Logarithm Integrated Encryption Scheme (DLIES) is used, focusing on illuminating the reader's understanding, rather than precise technical details.
Alice learns Bob's public key through a public key infrastructure or some other distribution method.Bob knows his own private key .
Alice generates a fresh, ephemeral value , and its associated public value .
Alice then computes a symmetric key using this information and a key derivation function (KDF) as follows:
Alice computes her ciphertext from her actual message (by symmetric encryption of ) encrypted with the key (using an authenticated encryption scheme) as follows:
Alice transmits (in a single message) both the public ephemeral and the ciphertext .
Bob, knowing and , can now compute and decrypt from .
Note that the scheme does not provide Bob with any assurance as to who really sent the message: This scheme does nothing to stop anyone from pretending to be Alice.
Formal description of ECIES
Required information
To send an encrypted message to Bob using ECIES, Alice needs the following information:
The cryptography suite to be used, including a key derivation function (e.g., ANSI-X9.63-KDF with SHA-1 option), a message authentication code (e.g., HMAC-SHA-1-160 with 160-bit keys or HMAC-SHA-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20strep%20test | The rapid strep test (RST) is a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) that is widely used in clinics to assist in the diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci (GAS), sometimes termed strep throat. There are currently several types of rapid strep test in use, each employing a distinct technology. However, they all work by detecting the presence of GAS in the throat of a person by responding to GAS-specific antigens on a throat swab.
Medical use
A rapid strep test may assist a clinician in deciding whether to prescribe an antibiotic to a person with pharyngitis, a common infection of the throat. Viral infections are responsible for the majority of pharyngitis, but a significant proportion (20% to 40% in children and 5% to 15% in adults) is caused by bacterial infection. The symptoms of viral and bacterial infection may be indistinguishable, but only bacterial pharyngitis can be effectively treated by antibiotics. Since the major cause of bacterial pharyngitis is GAS, the presence of this organism in a person's throat may be seen as a necessary condition for prescribing antibiotics. GAS pharyngitis is a self-limiting infection that will usually resolve within a week without medication. However, antibiotics may reduce the length and severity of the illness and reduce the risk of certain rare but serious complications, including rheumatic heart disease.
RSTs may also have a public health benefit. In addition to undesirable side-effects in the individual, inappropriate antibiotic use is thought to contribute to the development of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. By helping to identify bacterial infection, RSTs may help to limit the use of antibiotics in viral illnesses, where they are not beneficial.
Some clinical guidelines recommend the use of RSTs in people with pharyngitis, but others do not. US guidelines are more consistently in favor of their use than their European equivalents. The use of RSTs may be most beneficial in the third world, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostest | Rostest () is the largest organization of practical metrology and certification in the Russian Federation. Rostest attempts to ensure uniformity of measurements in industry, health care, communication systems, trading, military defense, and resource counting as well as environmental protection and other economic activities.
History
The new Rostest mark of certification was introduced in Russia in 1992 and went into effect on 1 July 1993. On the base of Rostest in Moscow they founded one of the first organs for certification of products and services and the quality systems within the system of obligatory certification in the early 1990s.
Certification in Russia
In order to import and sell goods in Russia it is necessary to draw up appropriate documents, including Correspondence Certificates, Correspondence Declaration, and Letters of Refusal. Rostest prepares certification documents. Rostest specialists check, calibrate, and test means of measurement. It then approves the type, the device, and the method of performing measurements.
Rostest owns a modern testing base and the most recent equipment. Cooperating institutions in Russia include: Russian Techno Regulation, Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES), Russian Consumer Rights' Supervision, and RRIS (Russian Research Institute of Certification).
Standards
Rostest-Moscow conducts certification in two systems: GOST R and Rostest-Quality ().
GOST standards include:
GOST 7.67: Country codes
GOST 5284-84: Tushonka (canned stewed beef)
GOST 7396: Standard for power plugs and sockets used in Russia and throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States
GOST 10859: A 1964 character set for computers, includes non-ASCII/non-Unicode characters required when programming in the ALGOL programming language
GOST 16876-71: A standard for Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration
GOST 27974-88: Programming language ALGOL 68
GOST 27975-88: Programming language ALGOL 68 extended
GOST 28147-89 block cipher – commonly referred |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirection%20%28computing%29 | In computing, redirection is a form of interprocess communication, and is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix shells that can redirect standard streams to user-specified locations.
In Unix-like operating systems, programs do redirection with the system call, or its less-flexible but higher-level stdio analogues, and .
Redirecting standard input and standard output
Redirection is usually implemented by placing certain characters between commands.
Basic
Typically, the syntax of these characters is as follows, using < to redirect input, and > to redirect output. command > file1 executes , placing the output in , as opposed to displaying it at the terminal, which is the usual destination for standard output. This will clobber any existing data in .
Using command < file1 executes , with as the source of input, as opposed to the keyboard, which is the usual source for standard input.
command < infile > outfile combines the two capabilities: reads from and writes to
Variants
To append output to the end of the file, rather than clobbering it, the >> operator is used: command1 >> file1.
To read from a stream literal (an inline file, passed to the standard input), one can use a here document, using the << operator:
$ tr a-z A-Z << END_TEXT
> one two three
> uno dos tres
> END_TEXT
ONE TWO THREE
UNO DOS TRES
To read from a string, one can use a here string, using the <<< operator: tr a-z A-Z <<< "one two three", or:
$ NUMBERS="one two three"
$ tr a-z A-Z <<< "$NUMBERS"
ONE TWO THREE
Piping
Programs can be run together such that one program reads the output from another with no need for an explicit intermediate file. command1 | command2 executes , using its output as the input for (commonly called piping, with the "|" character being known as the "pipe").
The two programs performing the commands may run in parallel with the only storage space being working buffers (Linux allows up to 64K for each buffer) plus whateve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20yeast%20rice | Red yeast rice (), red rice koji (べにこうじ, lit. 'red koji'), red fermented rice, red kojic rice, red koji rice, anka, or angkak, is a bright reddish purple fermented rice, which acquires its color from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus. Red yeast rice is what is referred to as a "koji" in Japanese, meaning "grain or bean overgrown with a mold culture", a food preparation tradition going back to ca. 300 BC. In both the scientific and popular literature in English that draws principally on Japanese traditional use, red yeast rice is most often referred to as "red rice koji." English language articles favoring Chinese literature sources prefer the translation "red yeast rice."
In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in Chinese herbology and Traditional Chinese medicine, possibly during the Tang dynasty around AD 800. Red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia Ben Cao Gang Mu by Li Shizhen.
A modern-era use as a dietary supplement developed in the late 1970s after researchers were isolating lovastatin from Aspergillus and monacolins from Monascus, the latter being the same fungus used to make red yeast rice. Chemical analysis soon showed that lovastatin and monacolin K were identical. Lovastatin became the patented prescription drug Mevacor. Red yeast rice went on to become a non-prescription dietary supplement in the United States and other countries. In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated action to ban a dietary supplement containing red yeast rice extract, stating that red yeast rice products containing monacolin K are identical to a prescription drug, and thus subject to regulation as a drug.
Production
Red yeast rice is produced by cultivating the mold species Monascus purpureus on rice for 3–6 days at room temperature. The rice grains turn bright red at the core and reddish purple on the outside. The fully cultured rice is then either sold as the dried grain, or cooked and pasteurized to b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritis | Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure.
It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli. Risk factors include sexual intercourse, prior urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, and spermicide use. The mechanism of infection is usually spread up the urinary tract. Less often infection occurs through the bloodstream. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis. If there is no improvement with treatment, medical imaging may be recommended.
Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids. Once present it is generally treated with antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Those with severe disease may require treatment in hospital. In those with certain structural problems of the urinary tract or kidney stones, surgery may be required.
Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults. Among people over the age of 65 the risk of death is about 40%, though this depends on the health of the elderly person, the precise organism involved, and how quickly they can get care through a provider or in hospital.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever, pain on passing urine, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back. There is often associated vomiting.
Chronic pyelonephritis causes persistent flank or abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever, unintentional weight loss, mala |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta%20function%20universality | In mathematics, the universality of zeta functions is the remarkable ability of the Riemann zeta function and other similar functions (such as the Dirichlet L-functions) to approximate arbitrary non-vanishing holomorphic functions arbitrarily well.
The universality of the Riemann zeta function was first proven by in 1975 and is sometimes known as Voronin's universality theorem.
Formal statement
A mathematically precise statement of universality for the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) follows.
Let U be a compact subset of the strip
such that the complement of U is connected. Let be a continuous function on U which is holomorphic on the interior of U and does not have any zeros in U. Then for any there exists a such that
for all .
Even more: the lower density of the set of values t satisfying the above inequality is positive. Precisely
where denotes the Lebesgue measure on the real numbers and denotes the limit inferior.
Discussion
The condition that the complement of U be connected essentially means that U does not contain any holes.
The intuitive meaning of the first statement is as follows: it is possible to move U by some vertical displacement it so that the function f on U is approximated by the zeta function on the displaced copy of U, to an accuracy of ε.
The function f is not allowed to have any zeros on U. This is an important restriction; if we start with a holomorphic function with an isolated zero, then any "nearby" holomorphic function will also have a zero. According to the Riemann hypothesis, the Riemann zeta function does not have any zeros in the considered strip, and so it couldn't possibly approximate such a function. The function which is identically zero on U can be approximated by ζ: we can first pick the "nearby" function (which is holomorphic and does not have zeros) and find a vertical displacement such that ζ approximates g to accuracy ε/2, and therefore f to accuracy ε.
The accompanying figure shows the zeta function on a repre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Quinze%20%28ship%20model%29 | Louis Quinze is a 1/36 scale model of a ship of the line of the French Navy, currently on display at the Musée national de la Marine. No actual ship of the French Navy bore the name or was built to these specifications.
History
Louis Quinze depicts a 110-gun ship of the line, the strongest type built in France in the late 17th century. The model is attributed to one of the model workshops of the shipyards of the Navy, and dated to around 1720.
The model is lavishly decorated, a feature characteristic of prestige warships of the Louis XIV era. It served as educational support for royal princes, including the actual Louis XV when he was still heir to the throne.
The model features unrealistic details, notably archaisms and English manierism that were in fashion when it was made.
Citations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20normal%20distribution | In statistics, the matrix normal distribution or matrix Gaussian distribution is a probability distribution that is a generalization of the multivariate normal distribution to matrix-valued random variables.
Definition
The probability density function for the random matrix X (n × p) that follows the matrix normal distribution has the form:
where denotes trace and M is n × p, U is n × n and V is p × p, and the density is understood as the probability density function with respect to the standard Lebesgue measure in , i.e.: the measure corresponding to integration with respect to .
The matrix normal is related to the multivariate normal distribution in the following way:
if and only if
where denotes the Kronecker product and denotes the vectorization of .
Proof
The equivalence between the above matrix normal and multivariate normal density functions can be shown using several properties of the trace and Kronecker product, as follows. We start with the argument of the exponent of the matrix normal PDF:
which is the argument of the exponent of the multivariate normal PDF with respect to Lebesgue measure in . The proof is completed by using the determinant property:
Properties
If , then we have the following properties:
Expected values
The mean, or expected value is:
and we have the following second-order expectations:
where denotes trace.
More generally, for appropriately dimensioned matrices A,B,C:
Transformation
Transpose transform:
Linear transform: let D (r-by-n), be of full rank r ≤ n and C (p-by-s), be of full rank s ≤ p, then:
Example
Let's imagine a sample of n independent p-dimensional random variables identically distributed according to a multivariate normal distribution:
.
When defining the n × p matrix for which the ith row is , we obtain:
where each row of is equal to , that is , is the n × n identity matrix, that is the rows are independent, and .
Maximum likelihood parameter estimation
Given k matrices, each of size n × p, d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20hypertension | The modern history of hypertension begins with the understanding of the cardiovascular system based on the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book De motu cordis. The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. Descriptions of what would come to be called hypertension came from, among others, Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836. Bright noted a link between cardiac hypertrophy and kidney disease, and subsequently kidney disease was often termed Bright's disease in this period. In 1850 George Johnson suggested that the thickened blood vessels seen in the kidney in Bright's disease might be an adaptation to elevated blood pressure. William Senhouse Kirkes in 1855 and Ludwig Traube in 1856 also proposed, based on pathological observations, that elevated pressure could account for the association between left ventricular hypertrophy to kidney damage in Bright's disease. Samuel Wilks observed that left ventricular hypertrophy and diseased arteries were not necessarily associated with diseased kidneys, implying that high blood pressure might occur in people with healthy kidneys; however, the first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed in 1874 using a sphygmograph. The concept of hypertensive disease as a generalized circulatory disease was taken up by Sir Clifford Allbutt, who termed the condition "hyperpiesia". However, hypertension as a medical entity really came into being in 1896 with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896, which allowed blood pressure to be measured in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. Tracking serial blood pressure measurements was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officinalis | Officinalis, or officinale, is a Medieval Latin epithet denoting organisms—mainly plants—with uses in medicine, herbalism and cookery. It commonly occurs as a specific epithet, the second term of a two-part botanical name. Officinalis is used to modify masculine and feminine nouns, while officinale is used for neuter nouns.
Etymology
The word literally means 'of or belonging to an ', the storeroom of a monastery, where medicines and other necessaries were kept. was a contraction of , from (gen. ) 'worker, maker, doer' (from 'work') + , , 'one who does', from 'do, perform'. When Linnaeus invented the binomial system of nomenclature, he gave the specific name officinalis, in the 1735 (1st Edition) of his , to plants (and sometimes animals) with an established medicinal, culinary, or other use.
Species
Althaea officinalis (marshmallow)
Anchusa officinalis (bugloss)
Asparagus officinalis (asparagus)
Avicennia officinalis (mangrove)
Bistorta officinalis (European bistort)
Borago officinalis (borage)
Buddleja officinalis (pale butterflybush)
Calendula officinalis (pot marigold)
Cinchona officinalis (quinine)
Cochlearia officinalis (scurvygrass)
Corallina officinalis (a seaweed)
Cornus officinalis (cornelian cherry)
Cyathula officinalis (ox knee)
Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue)
Euphrasia officinalis (eyebright)
Fumaria officinalis (fumitory)
Galega officinalis (goat's rue)
Gratiola officinalis (hedge hyssop)
Guaiacum officinale (lignum vitae)
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)
Jasminum officinale (jasmine)
Laricifomes officinalis (a wood fungus)
Levisticum officinale (lovage)
Lithospermum officinale (gromwell)
Magnolia officinalis
Melilotus officinalis (ribbed melilot)
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)
Morinda officinalis (Indian mulberry)
Nasturtium officinale (watercress)
Paeonia officinalis (common paeony)
Parietaria officinalis (upright pellitory)
Pulmonaria officinalis (lungwort)
Rheum officinale (a rhubarb)
Rosa gallica 'Officinalis' (apothecary rose)
Rosmar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20and%20horizontal%20bundles | In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle. More precisely, given a smooth fiber bundle , the vertical bundle and horizontal bundle are subbundles of the tangent bundle of whose Whitney sum satisfies . This means that, over each point , the fibers and form complementary subspaces of the tangent space . The vertical bundle consists of all vectors that are tangent to the fibers, while the horizontal bundle requires some choice of complementary subbundle.
To make this precise, define the vertical space at to be . That is, the differential (where ) is a linear surjection whose kernel has the same dimension as the fibers of . If we write , then consists of exactly the vectors in which are also tangent to . The name is motivated by low-dimensional examples like the trivial line bundle over a circle, which is sometimes depicted as a vertical cylinder projecting to a horizontal circle. A subspace of is called a horizontal space if is the direct sum of and .
The disjoint union of the vertical spaces VeE for each e in E is the subbundle VE of TE; this is the vertical bundle of E. Likewise, provided the horizontal spaces vary smoothly with e, their disjoint union is a horizontal bundle. The use of the words "the" and "a" here is intentional: each vertical subspace is unique, defined explicitly by . Excluding trivial cases, there are an infinite number of horizontal subspaces at each point. Also note that arbitrary choices of horizontal space at each point will not, in general, form a smooth vector bundle; they must also vary in an appropriately smooth way.
The horizontal bundle is one way to formulate the notion of an Ehresmann connection on a fiber bundle. Thus, for example, if E is a principal G-bundle, then the horizontal bundle is usually required to be G-invariant: such a choice is equivalent to a connection on the principal bundle. This notably occurs when E is the frame bundle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigenbaum%20constants | In mathematics, specifically bifurcation theory, the Feigenbaum constants are two mathematical constants which both express ratios in a bifurcation diagram for a non-linear map. They are named after the physicist Mitchell J. Feigenbaum.
History
Feigenbaum originally related the first constant to the period-doubling bifurcations in the logistic map, but also showed it to hold for all one-dimensional maps with a single quadratic maximum. As a consequence of this generality, every chaotic system that corresponds to this description will bifurcate at the same rate. Feigenbaum made this discovery in 1975, and he officially published it in 1978.
The first constant
The first Feigenbaum constant is the limiting ratio of each bifurcation interval to the next between every period doubling, of a one-parameter map
where is a function parameterized by the bifurcation parameter .
It is given by the limit
where are discrete values of at the th period doubling.
Names
Feigenbaum constant
Feigenbaum bifurcation velocity
delta
Value
30 decimal places : =
A simple rational approximation is: , which is correct to 5 significant values (when rounding). For more precision use , which is correct to 7 significant values.
Is approximately equal to , with an error of 0.0047%
Illustration
Non-linear maps
To see how this number arises, consider the real one-parameter map
Here is the bifurcation parameter, is the variable. The values of for which the period doubles (e.g. the largest value for with no period-2 orbit, or the largest with no period-4 orbit), are , etc. These are tabulated below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Period
! Bifurcation parameter ()
! Ratio
|-
| 1
|| 2
|| 0.75
|| —
|-
| 2
|| 4
|| 1.25
|| —
|-
| 3
|| 8
||
|| 4.2337
|-
| 4
|| 16
||
|| 4.5515
|-
| 5
|| 32
||
|| 4.6458
|-
| 6
|| 64
||
|| 4.6639
|-
| 7
|| 128
||
|| 4.6682
|-
| 8
|| 256
||
|| 4.6689
|-
|}
The ratio in the last column converges to the first Feigenbaum constant. The same numb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlainn%20O%27Raifeartaigh | Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh (; 11 March 1933 – 18 November 2000) was an Irish physicist in the field of theoretical particle physics. He is best known for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem, a result in unification theory, and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking.
O'Raifeartaigh was born in Clontarf, Dublin in 1933, and attended St. Joseph's C.B.S. in Fairview and Castleknock College.
Most of his scientific career was centred on that city, where he obtained his first degrees at University College Dublin (BA in 1953 and MSc in Mathematical Physics in 1956), and spent from 1968 until his death as Senior Professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1960, under Walter Heitler. He also visited many institutions, notably Madras, IHES Bures, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, but it was during an extended stay at Syracuse University (1964-8) that he made the discovery that established his reputation. This result, which became known as O'Raifeartaigh's no-go theorem, showed that it was impossible to combine internal and relativistic symmetries other than in a trivial fashion, thus ending a widespread quest by the particle physics community to achieve this fusion. The O'Raifeartaigh theorem was later generalized to a result known as the Coleman–Mandula theorem.
O'Raifeartaigh's prolific career in theoretical physics was manifested by many fundamental contributions to the application of symmetries in particle physics. In the 1970s he showed that the new supersymmetries could provide a mechanism (O'Raifeartaigh's mechanism) for circumventing his no-go theorem which had assumed only classical Lie group symmetries. In the 1980s he applied non-Abelian gauge theory to the analysis of magnetic monopoles. His interests encompassed the spin-statistics theorem, Kac–Moody and W-algebras, and included early contributions to the theory of non-invariance (dynamical) groups, among much el |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable%20theory | In physics, a hidden-variable theory is a deterministic physical model which seeks to explain the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics by introducing additional (possibly inaccessible) variables.
Indeterminacy of the state of a system previous to measurement is assumed to be a part of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics; moreover, bounds for indeterminacy can be expressed in a quantitative form by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Most hidden-variable theories are attempts to avoid this indeterminacy, but possibly at the expense of requiring that nonlocal interactions be allowed. One notable hidden-variable theory is the de Broglie–Bohm theory.
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen in their EPR paper argued that quantum entanglement might indicate quantum mechanics is an incomplete description of reality. John Stewart Bell in 1964, in his eponymous theorem proved that correlations between particles under a local hidden variable theory have certain limitations. Subsequent Bell tests have demonstrated experimentally that quantum mechanics violates this limitations, ruling out local hidden variable theories. Bell's theorem however does not rule out the possibility of nonlocal theories or superdeterminism, which cannot be closed by Bell tests.
Motivation
Per the standard mathematical formulation, quantum mechanics is non-deterministic, meaning that it generally does not predict the outcome of any measurement with certainty. Instead, it indicates what the probabilities of the outcomes are, with the indeterminism of observable quantities constrained by the uncertainty principle. The question arises whether there might some alternative dynamics based on yet unobserved variables that can predict the outcome of each measurement with certainty. Thus if the exact properties of a quantum system were revealed, quantum effects could be modeled exactly using deterministic physics similar to classical mechanics. In other words, it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-ion%20conductor | In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure.
Mechanism
Fast ion conductors are intermediate in nature between crystalline solids which possess a regular structure with immobile ions, and liquid electrolytes which have no regular structure and fully mobile ions. Solid electrolytes find use in all solid-state supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, and in various kinds of chemical sensors.
Classification
In solid electrolytes (glasses or crystals), the ionic conductivity σi can be any value, but it should be much larger than the electronic one. Usually, solids where σi is on the order of 0.0001 to 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) are called superionic conductors.
Proton conductors
Proton conductors are a special class of solid electrolytes, where hydrogen ions act as charge carriers. One notable example is superionic water.
Superionic conductors
Superionic conductors where σi is more than 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) and the activation energy for ion transport Ei is small (about 0.1 eV), are called advanced superionic conductors. The most famous example of advanced superionic conductor-solid electrolyte is RbAg4I5 where σi > 0.25 Ω−1 cm−1 and σe ~10−9 Ω−1 cm−1 at 300 K. The Hall (drift) ionic mobility in RbAg4I5 is about 2 cm2/(V•s) at room temperatures. The σe – σi systematic diagram distinguishing the different types of solid-state ionic conductors is given in the figure.
No clear examples have been described as yet, of fast ion conductors in the hypothetical advan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-card | E-card is an electronic postcard or greeting card, with the primary difference being that it is created using digital media instead of paper or other traditional materials. E-cards are made available in many different ways, usually on various Internet sites. They can be sent to a recipient virtually, usually via e-mail or an instant messaging service.
Since e-cards are digital "content", they are highly editable, allowing them to be extensively personalized by the sender. They are also capable of presenting animated gifs or videos.
Typically a catalog of E-cards is made available on a publisher's website. After selecting a card, the sender can personalize it to various degrees by adding a message, photo, or video. Finally, the sender specifies the recipient's e-mail address and the website delivers an e-mail message to the recipient on behalf of the sender.
Technological evolution
Since its conception in 1994 by Judith Donath, the technology behind the E-Card has changed significantly. One technical aspect that has remained mostly constant is the delivery mechanism: the e-mail received by the recipient contains not the E-card itself, but an individually coded link back to the publisher's website that displays the sender's card.
Postcards and greeting cards
Like their paper counterparts, "postcards" use visual art (static or animated images or video) and provide a space for a personal note to be added. These were the first type of E-cards in use. Like their paper counterparts, cyber "greeting cards" provide a greeting along with visual art. Variations range from E-cards with fixed greetings like a paper card to selectable greetings (from drop-down lists or other selection options) to changeable suggested greetings.
Flash animation
This type of E-card is based on two-dimensional vector animation controlled with a scripting language. The format is proprietary to Adobe; however, widespread usage of Adobe's software prior to its discontinuation allowed this type of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Alan%20Robinson | John Alan Robinson (9 March 1930 – 5 August 2016) was a philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. He was a professor emeritus at Syracuse University.
Alan Robinson's major contribution is to the foundations of automated theorem proving. His unification algorithm eliminated one source of combinatorial explosion in resolution provers; it also prepared the ground for the logic programming paradigm, in particular for the Prolog language.
Robinson received the 1996 Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automated Reasoning.
Life
Robinson was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, England in 1930 and left for the United States in 1952 with a classics degree from Cambridge University. He studied philosophy at the University of Oregon before moving to Princeton University where he received his PhD in philosophy in 1956. He then worked at DuPont as an operations research analyst, where he learned computer programming and taught himself mathematics. He moved to Rice University in 1961, spending his summers as a visiting researcher at the Argonne National Laboratory's Applied Mathematics Division. He moved to Syracuse University as Distinguished Professor of Logic and Computer Science in 1967 and became professor emeritus in 1993.
It was at Argonne that Robinson became interested in automated theorem proving and developed unification and the resolution principle. Resolution and unification have since been incorporated in many automated theorem-proving systems and are the basis for the inference mechanisms used in logic programming and the programming language Prolog.
Robinson was the Founding Editor of the Journal of Logic Programming, and has received numerous honours. These include a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967, the American Mathematical Society Milestone Award in Automatic Theorem Proving 1985, an AAAI Fellowship 1990, the Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automatic Reasoning 1996, and the Association for Logic Programming honorary title Fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20spraguei | Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slipperycap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is also frequently referred to as Suillus pictus in the literature. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages. The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring, and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales.
Suillus spraguei grows in a mycorrhizal association with several pine species, particularly eastern white pine, and the fruit bodies grow on the ground, appearing from early summer to autumn. It has a disjunct distribution, and is found in eastern Asia, northeastern North America, and Mexico throughout the range of the host tree. The mushroom is edible; opinions about its quality vary. The mushroom bears a resemblance to several other Suillus species, including the closely related S. decipiens; the species can be differentiated by variations in color and size.
Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming
Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomic history. The first specimen was originally collected in New England in 1856 by Charles James Sprague, and a formal scientific description was published in 1872 when Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis called it Boletus spraguei. In a publication that appeared the following year, American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named the species Boletus pictus. Berkeley and Curtis had also described what they believed to be a new species—Boletus murraii—although this was later considered by Rolf Singer to be merely a younger version of their Boletus spraguei. Peck's description appeared in print in 1873, but the date stamp on the original publication re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Data%20Representation | Network Data Representation (NDR) is an implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model. It is used for DCE/RPC and Microsoft RPC (MSRPC).
See also
DCE/RPC
Microsoft RPC
External links
NDR Specification
Internet Standards
Internet protocols
Presentation layer protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njalla | Njalla is an anonymous domain name registrar, hosting provider and VPN provider, established by The Pirate Bay founder Peter Sunde.
History
Peter Sunde started the company in 2017 as a middle man between domain registration and registrants in order to provide anonymity.
In 2020, RIAA and MPA flagged Njalla as well as CDNs, apps (such as Telegram), hosting providers and advertisers that worked with piracy sites to be blacklisted by US government. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilinyu | Qilinyu is an extinct genus of "maxillate" placoderm from the late Silurian (late Ludfordian stage, ~423 Ma) of China. It contains a single species, Qilinyu rostrata, from the Xiaoxiang fauna of the Kuanti Formation. Along with its contemporary Entelognathus, Qilinyu is an unusual placoderm showing some traits more similar to bony fish, such as dermal jaw bones and lobe-like fins. It can be characterized by adaptations for a benthic lifestyle, with the mouth and nostrils on the underside of the head, similar to the unrelated antiarch placoderms. The shape of the skull has been described as "dolphin-like", with a domed cranium and a short projecting rostrum.
Discovery
Qilinyu rostrata is based on several well-preserved specimens found in the Qilin district of Yunnan, China. The holotype specimen is the most complete, representing a set of fully articulated head and trunk armor missing only the dentaries (lower jaws). All specimens were collected from the Xiaoxiang fauna, a lagerstätte in the Kuanti Formation. Fossils of the Xiaxiang fauna were excavated over several trips from 1999 to 2016, and are now stored at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP). They include a number of ancient fish, including Entelognathus, a relative of Qilinyu described in 2013.
Conodont biostratigraphy has indicated that the fauna was deposited in the later part of the Silurian, specifically the late Ludfordian stage near the end of the Ludlow Epoch. In numerical terms, Qilinyu rostrata is about 423 million years old.
Qilinyu is named after the Qilin district, which in turn is named after the Qilin, a legendary beast in Chinese mythology. The chimeric nature of the mythological Qilin is referenced by the combination of placoderm-like and osteichthyan-like traits apparent in Qilinyu. The species name rostrata refers to the distinctive rostrum.
Description
The preserved armored head and trunk region of Qilinyu measures 12.6 cm (5.0 inches) in length. Like o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUI1 | In molecular biology, the single-domain protein SUI1 is a translation initiation factor often found in the fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) but it is also found in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as archaea. It is otherwise known as Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1) in eukaryotes or YciH in bacteria.
Function
SUI1 is a translation initiation factor that directs the ribosome to the translation start site, helped by eIF2 and the initiator Met-tRNAiMet. SUI1 ensures that translation initiation commences from the correct start codon (usually AUG), by stabilizing the pre-initiation complex around the start codon. SUI1 promotes a high initiation fidelity for the AUG codon, discriminating against non-AUG codons.
In E. coli however, it seems that the SUI1 homolog YciH is an inhibitor of translation during stress instead.
Structure
The primary structure of the SUI1 protein is made up of 108 amino acids. The protein domain has a structure made of a seven-bladed beta-propeller and it also contains a C-terminal alpha helix. Homologues of SUI1 have been found in mammals, insects and plants. SUI1 is also evolutionary related to proteins from Escherichia coli (yciH), Haemophilus influenzae (HI1225) and Methanococcus vannielii. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20loss%20%28duct%20acoustics%29 | Transmission loss (TL) in duct acoustics describes the acoustic performances of a muffler-like system. It is frequently used in the industry areas such as muffler manufacturers and NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) department of automobile manufacturers, and in academic studies. Generally the higher transmission loss of a system it has, the better it will perform in terms of noise cancellation.
Introduction
Transmission loss (TL) in duct acoustics is defined as the difference between the power incident on a duct acoustic device (muffler) and that transmitted downstream into an anechoic termination. Transmission loss is independent of the source, if only plane waves are incident at the inlet of the device. Transmission loss does not involve the radiation impedance inasmuch as it represents the difference between incident acoustic energy and that transmitted into an anechoic environment. Being made independent of the terminations, TL finds favor with researchers who are sometimes interested in finding the acoustic transmission behavior of an element or a set of elements in isolation of the terminations. But measurement of the incident wave in a standing wave acoustic field requires uses of impedance tube technology, may be quite laborious, unless one makes use of the two-microphone method with modern instrumentation.
Mathematical definition
By definition the plane wave TL on an acoustic component with negligible mean flow may be described as:
where:
is the incident sound power in the inlet coming towards muffler;
is the transmitted sound power going downstream in the outlet out of the muffler;
stand for the cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet of muffler;
is the acoustic pressure of the incident wave in the inlet, towards muffler;
is the acoustic pressure of the transmitted wave in the outlet, away from muffler.
is the particle velocity of the incident wave in the inlet, towards muffler;
is the particle velocity of the transmitted wave in the o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torula | Torula (Cyberlindnera jadinii) is a species of yeast.
Use
Torula, in its inactive form (usually labeled as torula yeast), is widely used as a flavoring in processed foods and pet foods. It is often grown on wood liquor, a byproduct of paper production, which is rich in wood sugars (xylose). It is pasteurized and spray-dried to produce a fine, light grayish-brown powder with a slightly yeasty odor and gentle, slightly meaty taste.
Cyberlindnera jadinii (which in these contexts is often still labelled with its synonym Candida utilis) can be used, in a blend of various other yeasts, as secondary cheese starter culture "... to inoculate pasteurised milk, which mimic the natural yeast flora of raw milk and improve cheese flavour. Other functions of the added yeast organisms are the neutralisation of the curd (lactate degradation) and galactose consumption."
Like the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG), torula is rich in glutamic acid. Therefore, it has become a popular replacement among manufacturers wishing to eliminate MSG or hide flavor enhancer usage in an ingredients list. It also enables the marketing of "all-natural" ingredients.
Torula finds accepted use in Europe and California for the organic control of olive flies. When dissolved in water, it serves as a food attractant, with or without additional pheromone lures, in McPhail and OLIPE traps, which drown the insects. In field trials in Sonoma County, California, mass trappings reduced crop damage to an average of 30% compared to almost 90% in untreated controls.
See also
Nutritional yeast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20weapon | A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves."
Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas, and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the World War I, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas, and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
During World War II the Nazi regime used a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade-named Zyklon B to commit industrialised genocide against Jews and other targeted popul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolab | Biolab (Biological Experiment Laboratory) is a single-rack multi-user science payload designed for use in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station. Biolab support biological research on small plants, small invertebrates, microorganisms, animal cells, and tissue cultures. It includes an incubator equipped with centrifuges in which the preceding experimental subjects can be subjected to controlled levels of accelerations.
These experiments help to identify "the role that microgravity plays at all levels of an organism, from the effects on a single cell up to a complex organism including humans."
Description
Summary :
BioLab provides an on-orbit biology laboratory that enables scientists to study the effects of microgravity and space radiation on unicellular and multicellular organisms, including bacteria, insects, protists (simple eukaryotic organisms), seeds, and cells.
The BioLab facility includes an incubator, microscope, spectrophotometer (instrument used to measure the spectrum of light absorbed by a sample), and two centrifuges to provide artificial gravity. BioLab allows researchers to illuminate and observe individual experiment containers (ECs), and BioLab's life support system can regulate the content of the atmosphere (including humidity).
BioLab is integrated into a single International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) within the European Columbus laboratory, which was launched on space shuttle mission STS-122.
Results from BioLab experiments could affect biomedical research in areas such as immunology, pharmacology, bone demineralization, cellular signal transduction (the processing of electrochemical stimuli in cells), cellular repair, and biotechnology.
The BioLab facility, which has been integrated into a single International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) in the European Columbus laboratory, is divided into two sections: the automated section, or core unit, and the manual section, designed for crew interaction with the experiments. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Runge%E2%80%93Kutta%20methods | Runge–Kutta methods are methods for the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation
Explicit Runge–Kutta methods take the form
Stages for implicit methods of s stages take the more general form, with the solution to be found over all s
Each method listed on this page is defined by its Butcher tableau, which puts the coefficients of the method in a table as follows:
For adaptive and implicit methods, the Butcher tableau is extended to give values of , and the estimated error is then
.
Explicit methods
The explicit methods are those where the matrix is lower triangular.
Forward Euler
The Euler method is first order. The lack of stability and accuracy limits its popularity mainly to use as a simple introductory example of a numeric solution method.
Explicit midpoint method
The (explicit) midpoint method is a second-order method with two stages (see also the implicit midpoint method below):
Heun's method
Heun's method is a second-order method with two stages. It is also known as the explicit trapezoid rule, improved Euler's method, or modified Euler's method. (Note: The "eu" is pronounced the same way as in "Euler", so "Heun" rhymes with "coin"):
Ralston's method
Ralston's method is a second-order method with two stages and a minimum local error bound:
Generic second-order method
Kutta's third-order method
Generic third-order method
See Sanderse and Veldman (2019).
for α ≠ 0, , 1:
Heun's third-order method
Van der Houwen's/Wray third-order method
Ralston's third-order method
Ralston's third-order method is used in the embedded Bogacki–Shampine method.
Third-order Strong Stability Preserving Runge-Kutta (SSPRK3)
Classic fourth-order method
The "original" Runge–Kutta method.
3/8-rule fourth-order method
This method doesn't have as much notoriety as the "classic" method, but is just as classic because it was proposed in the same paper (Kutta, 1901).
Ralston's fourth-order method
This fourth order method has minimum truncation er |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20research | Herpes simplex research includes all medical research that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure herpes, as well as fundamental research about the nature of herpes. Examples of particular herpes research include drug development, vaccines and genome editing. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are commonly thought of as oral and genital herpes respectively, but other members in the herpes family include chickenpox (varicella/zoster), cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. There are many more virus members that infect animals other than humans, some of which cause disease in companion animals (cats, dogs, horses) or have economic impacts in the agriculture industry (e.g., pigs, cows, sheep, chicken, oysters).
Vaccine research
Various vaccine candidates have been developed, the first ones in the 1920s, but none has been successful to date.
Due to the genetic similarity of both herpes simplex virus types (HSV-1 and HSV-2), the development of a prophylactic-therapeutic vaccine that proves effective against one type of the virus would likely prove effective for the other virus type, or at least provide most of the necessary fundamentals. , several vaccine candidates are in different stages of clinical trials, see list below.
An ideal herpes vaccine should induce immune responses adequate to prevent infection. Short of this ideal, a candidate vaccine might be considered successful if it (a) mitigates primary clinical episodes, (b) prevents colonization of the ganglia, (c) helps reduce the frequency or severity of recurrences, and (d) reduces viral shedding in actively infected or asymptomatic individuals. The fact that a live-attenuated vaccine induced better protection from HSV infection and symptoms is not new, because live-attenuated vaccines account for most of the successful vaccines in use today. However, governmental and corporate bodies seem to support the more recent and safer but possibly less effective approaches such as glycoprotein- and DNA-based vaccines.
Advocacy
Due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-learning%20%28computer%20science%29 | Meta learning
is a subfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments. As of 2017, the term had not found a standard interpretation, however the main goal is to use such metadata to understand how automatic learning can become flexible in solving learning problems, hence to improve the performance of existing learning algorithms or to learn (induce) the learning algorithm itself, hence the alternative term learning to learn.
Flexibility is important because each learning algorithm is based on a set of assumptions about the data, its inductive bias. This means that it will only learn well if the bias matches the learning problem. A learning algorithm may perform very well in one domain, but not on the next. This poses strong restrictions on the use of machine learning or data mining techniques, since the relationship between the learning problem (often some kind of database) and the effectiveness of different learning algorithms is not yet understood.
By using different kinds of metadata, like properties of the learning problem, algorithm properties (like performance measures), or patterns previously derived from the data, it is possible to learn, select, alter or combine different learning algorithms to effectively solve a given learning problem. Critiques of meta learning approaches bear a strong resemblance to the critique of metaheuristic, a possibly related problem. A good analogy to meta-learning, and the inspiration for Jürgen Schmidhuber's early work (1987) and Yoshua Bengio et al.'s work (1991), considers that genetic evolution learns the learning procedure encoded in genes and executed in each individual's brain. In an open-ended hierarchical meta learning system using genetic programming, better evolutionary methods can be learned by meta evolution, which itself can be improved by meta meta evolution, etc.
Definition
A proposed definition for a meta learning system combines three |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker%27s%20lemma | In mathematics, Tucker's lemma is a combinatorial analog of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem, named after Albert W. Tucker.
Let T be a triangulation of the closed n-dimensional ball . Assume T is antipodally symmetric on the boundary sphere . That means that the subset of simplices of T which are in provides a triangulation of where if σ is a simplex then so is −σ.
Let be a labeling of the vertices of T which is an odd function on , i.e, for every vertex .
Then Tucker's lemma states that T contains a complementary edge - an edge (a 1-simplex) whose vertices are labelled by the same number but with opposite signs.
Proofs
The first proofs were non-constructive, by way of contradiction.
Later, constructive proofs were found, which also supplied algorithms for finding the complementary edge. Basically, the algorithms are path-based: they start at a certain point or edge of the triangulation, then go from simplex to simplex according to prescribed rules, until it is not possible to proceed any more. It can be proved that the path must end in a simplex which contains a complementary edge.
An easier proof of Tucker's lemma uses the more general Ky Fan lemma, which has a simple algorithmic proof.
The following description illustrates the algorithm for . Note that in this case is a disc and there are 4 possible labels: , like the figure at the top-right.
Start outside the ball and consider the labels of the boundary vertices. Because the labeling is an odd function on the boundary, the boundary must have both positive and negative labels:
If the boundary contains only or only , there must be a complementary edge on the boundary. Done.
Otherwise, the boundary must contain edges. Moreover, the number of edges on the boundary must be odd.
Select an edge and go through it. There are three cases:
You are now in a simplex. Done.
You are now in a simplex. Done.
You are in a simplex with another edge. Go through it and continue.
The last case can take you outside th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthon%20%28company%29 | Synthon is a Dutch multinational that produces generic human drugs.
The company was founded in 1991 by Jacques Lemmens and Huub Sanders, two organic chemists of the Radboud University Nijmegen. Synthon is active in the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Spain, the United States, Argentina, Chile, Russia, Mexico and South Korea with about 1,500 employees. The company is headquartered in Nijmegen.
Medications made by Synthon include:
Simvastatin (A statin)
Tamsulosin (An alpha blocker for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia)
Paroxetine (An antidepressant)
Fluvoxamine (An antidepressant)
The products are marketed by partners of the company. The name Synthon is not mentioned on the packaging.
History
In 2007 the company started developing biopharmaceuticals.
In May 2012 Synthon announced that it bought the Biolex LEX System for manufacturing biopharmaceuticals in Lemna. The sale also included two preclinical biologics made with the LEX System, BLX-301, a humanized and glyco-optimized anti-CD20 antibody for non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma and other B-cell malignancies and BLX-155, a direct-acting thrombolytic. The financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20digestibility | Protein digestibility refers to how well a given protein is digested. Along with the amino acid score, protein digestibility determines the values for PDCAAS and DIAAS.
See also
Biological value |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Vegetarian%20Union | The European Vegetarian Union (EVU) is a non-profit, non-governmental umbrella organisation for vegan and vegetarian societies and groups in Europe. The union works in the areas of vegetarianism, nutrition, health, consumer protection, climate and environment, and food labelling.
History
The EVU distributed the 1995 film Devour the Earth about the global consequences of meat consumption. The film was produced by the Vegetarian Society, written by Tony Wardle and narrated by Paul McCartney.
In October 2011, Renato Pichler, Board Member of the EVU, reported that the French government's Décret 2011-1227 and associated (September 30, 2011) effectively outlaws the serving of vegan meals at any public or private school in France. Similar decrees are proposed for kindergartens, hospitals, prisons and retirement homes.
Purpose
The main activities of the EVU are:
To support and represent member societies on a European level, and to offer a platform for close cooperation;
To raise public awareness of, and promote vegetarianism, vegetarian/plant-based issues and the benefits of a vegetarian/plant-based lifestyle;
To lobby governments, European institutions and organisations for greater recognition of plant-based issues in policy decisions; and
To promote transparent food labelling in the interest of all vegetarian and vegan consumers across Europe and the rest of the world.
Labelling
V-Label
EVU has acted as the background organisation for the V-Label in the past. Some of EVU's member organisations certify products with the label. The label was launched in 1995 and redesigned in 2023 to better differentiate between the vegan and the vegetarian label.
Other labels in the European Union
The European Vegetarian Union has tried to legally define the use of the labels "vegetarian" and "vegan" on food items. They have argued that the vegan label on a product should have a clear and standard meaning. They have put forth two main requirements:
"The deliberate use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20crystal%20truncation%20rod | X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering is a powerful method in surface science, based on analysis of surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) patterns from a crystalline surface.
For an infinite crystal, the diffracted pattern is concentrated in Dirac delta function like Bragg peaks. Presence of crystalline surfaces results in additional structure along so-called truncation rods (linear regions in momentum space normal to the surface). Crystal Truncation Rod (CTR) measurements allow detailed determination of atomic structure at the surface, especially useful in cases of oxidation, epitaxial growth, and adsorption studies on crystalline surfaces.
Theory
A particle incident on a crystalline surface with momentum will undergo scattering through a momentum change of . If and represent directions in the plane of the surface and is perpendicular to the surface, then the scattered intensity as a function of all possible values of is given by
Where is the penetration coefficient, defined as the ratio of x-ray amplitudes scattered from successive planes of atoms in the crystal, and , , and are the lattice spacings in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.
In the case of perfect absorption, , and the intensity becomes independent of , with a maximum for any (the component of parallel to the crystal surface) that satisfies the 2D Laue condition in reciprocal space
for integers and . This condition results in rods of intensity in reciprocal space, oriented perpendicular to the surface and passing through the reciprocal lattice points of the surface, as in Fig. 1. These rods are known as diffraction rods, or crystal truncation rods.
When is allowed to vary from 0, the intensity along the rods varies according to Fig. 2. Note that in the limit as approaches unity, the x-rays are fully penetrating, and the scattered intensity approaches a periodic delta function, as in bulk diffraction.
This calculation has been done according to the kinematic (single-scattering) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20of%20the%20Incas | The mathematics of the Incas (or of the Tawantinsuyu) was the set of numerical and geometric knowledge and instruments developed and used in the nation of the Incas before the arrival of the Spaniards. It can be mainly characterized by its usefulness in the economic field. The quipus and yupanas are proof of the importance of arithmetic in Inca state administration. This was embodied in a simple but effective arithmetic, for accounting purposes, based on the decimal numeral system; they too had a concept of zero, and mastered addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The mathematics of the Incas had an eminently applicative character to tasks of management, statistics, and measurement that was far from the Euclidean outline of mathematics as a deductive corpus, since it was suitable and useful for the needs of a centralized administration.
On the other hand, the construction of roads, canals and monuments, as well as the layout of cities and fortresses, required the development of practical geometry, which was indispensable for the measurement of lengths and surfaces, in addition to architectural design. At the same time, they developed important measurement systems for length and volume, which took parts of the human body as reference. In addition, they used appropriate objects or actions that allowed to appreciate the result in another way, but relevant and effective.
Inca numeral system
The prevailing numeral system was the base-ten. One of the main references confirming this are the chronicles that present a hierarchy of organized authorities, using the decimal numeral system with its arithmometer: Quipu.
It is also possible to confirm the use of the decimal system in the Inca system by the interpretation of the quipus, which are organized in such a way that the knots — according to their location — can represent: units, tens, hundreds, etc.
However, the main confirmation of the use of this system is expressed in the denomination of the numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower%20trypsin%20inhibitor | Sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI) is a small, circular peptide produced in sunflower seeds, and is a potent inhibitor of trypsin. It is the smallest known member of the Bowman-Birk family of serine protease inhibitors.
One example of Sunflower trypsin inhibitor is Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 is a potent Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 is the simplest cysteine-rich peptide scaffold because it is a bicyclic 14 amino acid peptide and only has one disulfide bond. The disulfide bond divides the peptide into two loops. One loop is a functional trypsin inhibitory and the second loop is a nonfunctional loop. The nonfunctional loop can be replaced by a bioactive loop. It is extracted from a seed of a sunflower called Helianthus annuus. The synthesis of SFTI is not known however, it can evolutionarily linked to a gene-coded product from classic Bowman-Birk inhibitors. STFI is used in radiopharmaceutical, antimicrobial, and pro-angiogenic peptides.
Synthetic inhibitors and the structure of SFTI
By modifying the amino acid sequence of sunflower trypsin inhibitor, more specifically, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), researchers have been able to develop synthetic serine protease inhibitors that have specificity and improved inhibitory activity towards certain serine proteases that are found in the human body, such as tissue kallikreins and human matriptase-1. For instance, researchers from the Institute of Child Health and the Department of Chemistry of the University College London, have created two SFTI-1 analogs (I10G and I10H) by substituting residue 10 of SFTI-1 (isoleucine, I) with glycine (G) and histidine (H), respectively. Out of the two analogs, SFTI-I10H was found to be the more potent KLK5 inhibitor. Another group of researchers from the previously mentioned institute and department of the University College London, conducted further research on the development of synthetic kallikrein inhibitors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexose%20phosphate%20uptake | The Uptake of Hexose Phosphates (Uhp) is a protein system found in bacteria. It is a type of two-component sensory transduction pathway which helps bacteria react to their environment.
Protein components
The uhp system is composed of UhpA, UhpB, UhpC, and UhpT. UhpB and UhpC are both transmembrane proteins which form a complex with each other. UhpA is a signal protein found in the cytoplasm. UhpT is a transporter protein which facilitates the uptake of phosphorylated hexose molecules into the cell.
Functionality
The Uhp system uptakes phosphorylated hexose sugars into bacteria. The system is triggered by phosphorylated hexose sugars on the outside of the cell. UhpC binds to the phosphorylated hexose, which allows the phosphorylation of UhpB on one of its cytoplasmic histidines. This facilitates the phosphorylation of an aspartate on UhpA, and the phosphorylated UhpA activates the transcription of UhpT. UhpT then facilitates the transport of the phosphorylated hexose sugars into the cell. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20of%20confusion | In optics, a circle of confusion (CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus when imaging a point source. It is also known as disk of confusion, circle of indistinctness, blur circle, or blur spot.
In photography, the circle of confusion is used to determine the depth of field, the part of an image that is acceptably sharp. A standard value of CoC is often associated with each image format, but the most appropriate value depends on visual acuity, viewing conditions, and the amount of enlargement. Usages in context include maximum permissible circle of confusion, circle of confusion diameter limit, and the circle of confusion criterion.
Real lenses do not focus all rays perfectly, so that even at best focus, a point is imaged as a spot rather than a point. The smallest such spot that a lens can produce is often referred to as the circle of least confusion.
Two uses
Two important uses of this term and concept need to be distinguished:
{{ordered list
|1=
For describing the largest blur spot that is indistinguishable from a point. A lens can precisely focus objects at only one distance; objects at other distances are defocused. Defocused object points are imaged as blur spots rather than points; the greater the distance an object is from the plane of focus, the greater the size of the blur spot. Such a blur spot has the same shape as the lens aperture, but for simplicity, is usually treated as if it were circular. In practice, objects at considerably different distances from the camera can still appear sharp; the range of object distances over which objects appear sharp is the depth of field (DoF). The common criterion for "acceptable sharpness" in the final image (e.g., print, projection screen, or electronic display) is that the blur spot be indistinguishable from a point.
|2=
For describing the blur spot achieved by a lens, at its best focus or more generally. Recognizing that real lenses do not focus all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrodon | Dimetrodon ( or ; ) is a genus of non-mammalian synapsid that lived during the Cisuralian age of the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago. It is a member of the family Sphenacodontidae. With most species measuring long and weighing , the most prominent feature of Dimetrodon is the large neural spine sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending from the vertebrae. It was an obligate quadruped (it could only walk on four legs) and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the Southwestern United States, the majority of these coming from a geological deposit called the Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, its fossils have also been found in Germany and over a dozen species have been named since the genus was first erected in 1878.
Dimetrodon is often mistaken for a dinosaur or as a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the advent of dinosaurs. Although reptile-like in appearance and physiology, Dimetrodon is much more closely related to mammals than to reptiles, though it is not a direct ancestor of mammals. Dimetrodon is assigned to the "non-mammalian synapsids", a group traditionally – but incorrectly – called "mammal-like reptiles", but now known as stem mammals. This groups Dimetrodon together with mammals in the clade Synapsida, while reptiles are placed in a separate clade, Sauropsida. Single openings in the skull behind each eye, known as temporal fenestrae, and other skull features distinguish Dimetrodon and true mammals from most of the earliest sauropsids.
Dimetrodon was probably one of the apex predators of the Cisuralian ecosystems, feeding on fish and tetrapods, including reptiles and amphibians. Smaller Dimetrodon species may have had different ecological roles. The sail of Dimetrodon may have been used to stabilize its spine or to heat and cool its body as a form of thermoregulation. Som |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20of%20anonymity | In anonymity networks (e.g., Tor, Crowds, Mixmaster, I2P, etc.), it is important to be able to measure quantitatively the guarantee that is given to the system. The degree of anonymity is a device that was proposed at the 2002 Privacy Enhancing Technology (PET) conference. Two papers put forth the idea of using entropy as the basis for formally measuring anonymity: "Towards an Information Theoretic Metric for Anonymity", and "Towards Measuring Anonymity". The ideas presented are very similar with minor differences in the final definition of .
Background
Anonymity networks have been developed and many have introduced methods of proving the anonymity guarantees that are possible, originally with simple Chaum Mixes and Pool Mixes the size of the set of users was seen as the security that the system could provide to a user. This had a number of problems; intuitively if the network is international then it is unlikely that a message that contains only Urdu came from the United States, and vice versa. Information like this and via methods like the predecessor attack and intersection attack helps an attacker increase the probability that a user sent the message.
Example With Pool Mixes
As an example consider the network shown above, in here and are users (senders), , and are servers (receivers), the boxes are mixes, and , and where denotes the anonymity set. Now as there are pool mixes let the cap on the number of incoming messages to wait before sending be ; as such if , or is communicating with and receives a message then knows that it must have come from (as the links between the mixes can only have message at a time). This is in no way reflected in 's anonymity set, but should be taken into account in the analysis of the network.
Degree of Anonymity
The degree of anonymity takes into account the probability associated with each user, it begins by defining the entropy of the system (here is where the papers differ slightly but only with notation, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-matrix | In mathematics, a -matrix is a complex square matrix with every principal minor is positive. A closely related class is that of -matrices, which are the closure of the class of -matrices, with every principal minor 0.
Spectra of -matrices
By a theorem of Kellogg, the eigenvalues of - and - matrices are bounded away from a wedge about the negative real axis as follows:
If are the eigenvalues of an -dimensional -matrix, where , then
If , , are the eigenvalues of an -dimensional -matrix, then
Remarks
The class of nonsingular M-matrices is a subset of the class of -matrices. More precisely, all matrices that are both -matrices and Z-matrices are nonsingular -matrices. The class of sufficient matrices is another generalization of -matrices.
The linear complementarity problem has a unique solution for every vector if and only if is a -matrix. This implies that if is a -matrix, then is a -matrix.
If the Jacobian of a function is a -matrix, then the function is injective on any rectangular region of .
A related class of interest, particularly with reference to stability, is that of -matrices, sometimes also referred to as -matrices. A matrix is a -matrix if and only if is a -matrix (similarly for -matrices). Since , the eigenvalues of these matrices are bounded away from the positive real axis.
See also
Hurwitz matrix
Linear complementarity problem
M-matrix
Q-matrix
Z-matrix
Perron–Frobenius theorem
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20graph%20theory | This is a glossary of graph theory. Graph theory is the study of graphs, systems of nodes or vertices connected in pairs by lines or edges.
Symbols
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
See also
List of graph theory topics
Gallery of named graphs
Graph algorithms
Glossary of areas of mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphocyte | Metaphocytes are myeloid-like cells considered among tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) and are present in the skin, gill, and intestine of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Originating from the ectoderm during development, metaphocytes share many similarities, in terms of cellular morphology and gene expression profile with macrophages (which are of mesodermal origin) in particular the Langerhans cells in the skin.
Function
Similar to many immune cells, metaphocytes are highly motile cells found in mucosal tissues such as skin, gills, and intestines. Interestingly, by contrast to conventional macrophages, metaphocytes do not migrate or respond to wound-induced inflammation, and they lack phagocytosis ability. The main function of the metaphocytes is to uptake soluble antigens from the external environment and to transfer these antigens to Langerhans cells (TRM of the skin), most probably to regulate the immune response. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntomic%20topology | In algebraic geometry, the syntomic topology is a Grothendieck topology introduced by .
Mazur defined a morphism to be syntomic if it is flat and locally a complete intersection. The syntomic topology is generated by surjective syntomic morphisms of affine schemes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit%20computing | 16-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 16-bit microprocessors.
A 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 65,535 (216 − 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and −32,768 (−1 × 215) through 32,767 (215 − 1) for representation as two's complement. Since 216 is 65,536, a processor with 16-bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KB (65,536 bytes) of byte-addressable memory. If a system uses segmentation with 16-bit segment offsets, more can be accessed.
16-bit architecture
The MIT Whirlwind ( 1951) was quite possibly the first-ever 16-bit computer. It was an unusual word size for the era; most systems used six-bit character code and used a word length of some multiple of 6-bits. This changed with the effort to introduce ASCII, which used a 7-bit code and naturally led to the use of an 8-bit multiple which could store a single ASCII character or two binary coded decimal digits.
The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers ( 1965–70) include the IBM 1130, the HP 2100, the Data General Nova, and the DEC PDP-11. Early 16-bit microprocessors, often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s. Examples ( 1973–76) include the five-chip National Semiconductor IMP-16 (1973), the two-chip NEC μCOM-16 (1974), the three-chip Western Digital MCP-1600 (1975), and the five-chip Toshiba T-3412 (1976).
Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ( 1975–76) include the Panafacom MN1610 (1975), National Semiconductor PACE (1975), General Instrument CP1600 (1975), Texas Instruments TMS9900 (1976), Ferranti F100-L, and the HP BPC. Other notable 16-bit processors include the Intel 8086, the Intel 80286, the WDC 65C816, and the Zilog Z8000. The Intel 8088 was binary compatible with the Intel 8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20of%20Longitude | The Commissioners for the Discovery of the Longitude at Sea, or more popularly Board of Longitude, was a British government body formed in 1714 to administer a scheme of prizes intended to encourage innovators to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea.
Origins
Navigators and scientists had been working on the problem of not knowing a ship's longitude. The establishment of the Board of Longitude was motivated by this problem and by the 1707 grounding of four ships of Vice-Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet off the Isles of Scilly, resulting in heavy loss of life. Established by Queen Anne the Longitude Act 1714 named 24 Commissioners of Longitude, key figures from politics, the Navy, astronomy and mathematics. However, the Board did not meet until at least 1737 when interest grew in John Harrison's marine timekeeper.
The Board administered prizes for those who could demonstrate a working device or method. The main longitude prizes were:
£10,000 for a method that could determine longitude within (£ as of )
£15,000 for a method that could determine longitude within (£ as of )
£20,000 for a method that could determine longitude within (£ as of ).
In addition, the Board had the discretion to make awards to persons who were making significant contributions to the effort or to provide financial support to those who were working towards a solution. The Board could also make advances of up to £2,000 for experimental work deemed promising. Under this heading, the Board made many lesser awards, including some awards in total £5,000 made to John Harrison before he received his main prize, an award of £3,000 to the widow of Tobias Mayer, whose lunar tables were the basis of the lunar data in the early decades of The Nautical Almanac, £300 to Leonhard Euler for his (assumed) contribution to the work of Mayer, £50 each to Richard Dunthorne and Israel Lyons for contributing methods to shorten the calculations connected with lunar distances, and awards made to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan-to-value%20ratio | The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is a financial term used by lenders to express the ratio of a loan to the value of an asset purchased.
In Real estate, the term is commonly used by banks and building societies to represent the ratio of the first mortgage line as a percentage of the total appraised value of real property. For instance, if someone borrows to purchase a house worth , the LTV ratio is or , or 87%. The remaining 13% represent the lender's haircut, adding up to 100% and being covered from the borrower's equity. The higher the LTV ratio, the riskier the loan is for a lender.
The valuation of a property is typically determined by an appraiser, but a better measure is an arms-length transaction between a willing buyer and a willing seller. Typically, banks will utilize the lesser of the appraised value and purchase price if the purchase is "recent" (within 1–2 years).
Risk
Loan to value is one of the key risk factors that lenders assess when qualifying borrowers for a mortgage. The risk of default is always at the forefront of lending decisions, and the likelihood of a lender absorbing a loss increases as the amount of equity decreases. Therefore, as the LTV ratio of a loan increases, the qualification guidelines for certain mortgage programs become much more strict. Lenders can require borrowers of high LTV loans to buy mortgage insurance to protect the lender from the buyer's default, which increases the costs of the mortgage.
Low LTV ratios (below 80%) may carry with them lower rates for lower-risk borrowers and allow lenders to consider higher-risk borrowers, such as those with low credit scores, previous late payments in their mortgage history, high debt-to-income ratios, high loan amounts or cash-out requirements, insufficient reserves and/or no income. However, an LTV higher than 80% may carry Mortgage Insurance requirements, which will in turn offer the borrower a lower interest rate. Higher LTV ratios are primarily reserved for borrowers with h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgenomic%20era | In genomics, the postgenomic era (or post-genomic era) refers to the time period from after the completion of the Human Genome Project to the present day. The name refers to the fact that the genetic epistemology of contemporary science has progressed beyond the gene-centered view of the earlier genomic era. It is defined by the widespread availability of both the human genome sequence and of the complete genomes of many reference organisms.
The postgenomic era is characterized by a paradigm shift in which new genetic research has upended many dogmas about the way in which genes influence phenotypes, and the way in which the term "gene" itself is defined. This has included a new conceptualization of genes as being constituted during "genome expression", and the creation of the discipline of functional genomics to analyze genomic data and convert it to useful information. It has also seen major changes in the way scientific research is conducted and its results publicized, with open science initiatives allowing knowledge creation to occur well outside the traditional environment of the laboratory. This has led to extensive debate about whether the best way to conduct genomic research is at a small or large scale.
Soon after the HGP's results were initially announced in 2000, researchers predicted that these results would lead to individualized treatment and more accurate testing for human diseases. More recently, researchers have suggested that the way in which human diseases are classified needs to be updated in light of the results of the HGP. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta%20constant | In mathematics, a theta constant or
Thetanullwert' (German for theta zero value; plural Thetanullwerte) is the restriction θm(τ) = θm(τ,0) of a theta function θm(τ,z) with rational characteristic m to z = 0. The variable τ may be a complex number in the upper half-plane in which case the theta constants are modular forms, or more generally may be an element of a Siegel upper half plane in which case the theta constants are Siegel modular forms. The theta function of a lattice is essentially a special case of a theta constant.
Definition
The theta function θm(τ,z) = θa,b(τ,z)is defined by
where
n is a positive integer, called the genus or rank.
m = (a,b) is called the characteristic
a,b are in Rn
τ is a complex n by n matrix with positive definite imaginary part
z is in Cn
t means the transpose of a row vector.
If a,b are in Qn then θa,b(τ,0) is called a theta constant.
Examples
If n = 1 and a and b are both 0 or 1/2, then the functions θa,b(τ,z) are the four Jacobi theta functions, and the functions θa,b(τ,0) are the classical Jacobi theta constants. The theta constant θ1/2,1/2(τ,0) is identically zero, but the other three can be nonzero. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindstr%C3%B6m%20quantifier | In mathematical logic, a Lindström quantifier is a generalized polyadic quantifier. Lindström quantifiers generalize first-order quantifiers, such as the existential quantifier, the universal quantifier, and the counting quantifiers. They were introduced by Per Lindström in 1966. They were later studied for their applications in logic in computer science and database query languages.
Generalization of first-order quantifiers
In order to facilitate discussion, some notational conventions need explaining. The expression
for A an L-structure (or L-model) in a language L, φ an L-formula, and a tuple of elements of the domain dom(A) of A. In other words, denotes a (monadic) property defined on dom(A). In general, where x is replaced by an n-tuple of free variables, denotes an n-ary relation defined on dom(A). Each quantifier is relativized to a structure, since each quantifier is viewed as a family of relations (between relations) on that structure. For a concrete example, take the universal and existential quantifiers ∀ and ∃, respectively. Their truth conditions can be specified as
where is the singleton whose sole member is dom(A), and is the set of all non-empty subsets of dom(A) (i.e. the power set of dom(A) minus the empty set). In other words, each quantifier is a family of properties on dom(A), so each is called a monadic quantifier. Any quantifier defined as an n > 0-ary relation between properties on dom(A) is called monadic. Lindström introduced polyadic ones that are n > 0-ary relations between relations on domains of structures.
Before we go on to Lindström's generalization, notice that any family of properties on dom(A) can be regarded as a monadic generalized quantifier. For example, the quantifier "there are exactly n things such that..." is a family of subsets of the domain of a structure, each of which has a cardinality of size n. Then, "there are exactly 2 things such that φ" is true in A iff the set of things that are such that φ is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme%20C | Heme C (or haem C) is an important kind of heme.
History
The correct structure of heme C was published, in mid 20th century, by the Swedish biochemist K.-G. Paul. This work confirmed the structure first inferred by the great Swedish biochemist Hugo Theorell. The structure of heme C, based upon NMR and IR experiments of the reduced, Fe(II), form of the heme, was confirmed in 1975. The structure of heme C including the absolute stereochemical configuration about the thioether bonds was first presented for the vertebrate protein, cytochrome c and is now extended to many other heme C containing proteins.
Properties
Heme C differs from heme B in that the two vinyl side chains of heme B are replaced by covalent, thioether linkages to the apoprotein. The two thioether linkages are typically made by cysteine residues of the protein. These linkages do not allow the heme C to easily dissociate from the holoprotein, cytochrome c, compared with the more easily dissociated heme B that may dissociate from the holoprotein, the heme-protein complex, even under mild conditions. This allows a very wide range of cytochrome c structure and function, with myriad c type cytochromes acting primarily as electron carriers. The redox potential for cytochrome c can also be "fine-tuned" by small changes in protein structure and solvent interaction.
The number of heme C units bound to a holoprotein is highly variable. For vertebrate cells one heme C per protein is the rule but for bacteria this number is often 2, 4, 5, 6 or even 16 heme C groups per holoprotein. It is generally agreed the number and arrangement of heme C groups are related and even required for proper holoprotein function. For instance, those proteins containing several heme C groups are involved with multiple electron transfer reactions, particularly important is the 6 electron reduction required to reduce atmospheric nitrogen into two organic ammonia molecules. It is common for the heme C to amino acid ratio to be h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20sphere | In mathematics, a unit sphere is simply a sphere of radius one around a given center. More generally, it is the set of points of distance 1 from a fixed central point, where different norms can be used as general notions of "distance". A unit ball is the closed set of points of distance less than or equal to 1 from a fixed central point. Usually the center is at the origin of the space, so one speaks of "the unit ball" or "the unit sphere".
Special cases are the unit circle and the unit disk.
The importance of the unit sphere is that any sphere can be transformed to a unit sphere by a combination of translation and scaling. In this way the properties of spheres in general can be reduced to the study of the unit sphere.
Unit spheres and balls in Euclidean space
In Euclidean space of n dimensions, the -dimensional unit sphere is the set of all points which satisfy the equation
The n-dimensional open unit ball is the set of all points satisfying the inequality
and the n-dimensional closed unit ball is the set of all points satisfying the inequality
General area and volume formulas
The classical equation of a unit sphere is that of the ellipsoid with a radius of 1 and no alterations to the x-, y-, or z- axes:
The volume of the unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space, and the surface area of the unit sphere, appear in many important formulas of analysis. The volume of the unit ball in n dimensions, which we denote Vn, can be expressed by making use of the gamma function. It is
where n!! is the double factorial.
The hypervolume of the (n−1)-dimensional unit sphere (i.e., the "area" of the boundary of the n-dimensional unit ball), which we denote An−1, can be expressed as
where the last equality holds only for . For example, is the "area" of the boundary of the unit ball , which simply counts the two points. Then is the "area" of the boundary of the unit disc, which is the circumference of the unit circle. is the area of the boundary of the unit ball , |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostowski%20model | In mathematical set theory, the Mostowski model is a model of set theory with atoms where the full axiom of choice fails, but every set can be linearly ordered. It was introduced by . The Mostowski model can be constructed as the permutation model corresponding to the group of all automorphisms of the ordered set of rational numbers and the ideal of finite subsets of the rational numbers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Superconductor | American Superconductor (AMSC) is an American energy technologies company headquartered in Ayer, Massachusetts. The firm specializes in using superconductors for the development of diverse power systems, including but not limited to superconducting wire. Moreover, AMSC employs superconductors in the construction of ship protection systems. The company has a subsidiary, AMSC Windtech, located in Klagenfurt, Austria.
Projects
Detroit Edison Project
American Superconductor installed a test of a superconducting electric power transmission power cable in the Detroit Edison Frisbee substation in 2001.
Holbrook Superconductor Project
The world's first production superconducting transmission power cable, the Holbrook Superconductor Project, was commissioned in late June 2008. The suburban Long Island electrical substation is fed by about 600 meters of high-temperature superconductor wire manufactured by American Superconductor, installed underground and chilled to superconducting temperatures with liquid nitrogen.
Tres Amigas Project
American Superconductor was chosen as a supplier for the Tres Amigas Project, the United States' first renewable energy market hub. The Tres Amigas renewable energy market hub will be a multi-mile, triangular electricity pathway of Superconductor Electricity Pipelines capable of transferring and balancing many gigawatts of power between three U.S. power grids (the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection). Unlike traditional powerlines, it will transfer power as DC instead of AC current. It will be located in Clovis, New Mexico.
Korea's LS Cable
AMSC will sell three million meters of wire to allow LS Cable to build 10–15 miles of superconducting cabling for the grid. This represents an order of magnitude increase over the size of the current largest installation, at Long Island Power.
HTS rotors
AMSC has demonstrated a 36.5 MW (49,000 horsepower) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) electric m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Somali%20flags | This is a list of flags of entities named related to Somalia.
National flags
Regional flags
State flags
Regions
Other
Military flags
Police flags
Political flags
Historical flags
The following are the flags historically used in the territory of present-day Somalia:
Pre-colonial states
Italian Somaliland
British Somaliland
See also
Flag of Somalia
Flag of Somaliland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent%20sign | The percent sign (sometimes per cent sign in British English) is the symbol used to indicate a percentage, a number or ratio as a fraction of 100. Related signs include the permille (per thousand) sign and the permyriad (per ten thousand) sign (also known as a basis point), which indicate that a number is divided by one thousand or ten thousand, respectively. Higher proportions use parts-per notation.
Correct style
Form and spacing
English style guides prescribe writing the percent sign following the number without any space between (e.g. 50%). However, the International System of Units and ISO 31-0 standard prescribe a space between the number and percent sign, in line with the general practice of using a non-breaking space between a numerical value and its corresponding unit of measurement.
Other languages have other rules for spacing in front of the percent sign:
In Czech and in Slovak, the percent sign is spaced with a non-breaking space if the number is used as a noun. In Czech, no space is inserted if the number is used as an adjective (e.g. “a 50% increase”), whereas Slovak uses a non-breaking space in this case as well.
In Finnish, the percent sign is always spaced, and a case suffix can be attached to it using the colon (e.g. 50 %:n kasvu 'an increase of 50%').
In French, the percent sign must be spaced with a non-breaking space.
According to the Real Academia Española, in Spanish, the percent sign should be spaced now, despite the fact that it is not the linguistic norm. Despite that, in North American Spanish (Mexico and the US), several style guides and institutions either recommend the percent sign be written following the number without any space between or do so in their own publications in accordance with common usage in that region.
In Russian, the percent sign is rarely spaced, contrary to the guidelines of the GOST 8.417-2002 state standard.
In Chinese, the percent sign is almost never spaced, probably because Chinese does not use sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-richness | In ecology, base-richness is the level of chemical bases in water or soil, such as calcium or magnesium ions. Many organisms prefer base-rich environments. Chemical bases are alkalis, hence base-rich environments are either neutral or alkaline. Because acid-rich environments have few bases, they are dominated by environmental acids (usually organic acids). However, the relationship between base-richness and acidity is not a rigid one – changes in the levels of acids (such as dissolved carbon dioxide) may significantly change acidity without affecting base-richness.
Base-rich terrestrial environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are limestone. Seawater is also base-rich, so maritime and marine environments are themselves base-rich.
Base-poor environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are sandstone or granite, or where the water is derived directly from rainfall (ombrotrophic).
Examples of base-rich environments
Calcareous grassland
Fen
Limestone pavement
Maquis shrubland
Yew woodland
Examples of base-poor environments
Bog
Heath (habitat)
Poor fen
Moorland
Pine woodland
Tundra
See also
Soil
Calcicole
Calcifuge
Ecology
Soil chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20valence%20bond | In theoretical chemistry, the Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) approach is an approximation for calculating free-energies of a chemical reaction in condensed-phase. It was first developed by Israeli chemist Arieh Warshel, and was inspired by the way Marcus theory uses potential surfaces to calculate the probability of electron transfer.
Where most methods for reaction free-energy calculations require at least some part of the modeled system to be treated using quantum mechanics, EVB uses a calibrated Hamiltonian to approximate the potential energy surface of a reaction. For a simple 1-step reaction, that typically means that a reaction is modeled using 2 states. These states are valence bond descriptions of the reactants and products of the reaction. The function that gives the ground energy then becomes:
where and are the valence bond descriptions of the reactant and product state respectively, and is the coupling parameter. The and potentials are usually modeled using force field descriptions and . is a bit trickier as it needs to be parameterized using a reference reaction. This reference reaction can be experimental, typically from a reaction in water or other solvents. Alternatively quantum chemical calculations can be used for calibration.
Free energy calculations
To obtain free-energies from the created ground state energy potential one needs to perform sampling. This can be done using sampling methods like molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations at different states along the reaction coordinates. Typically this is done using a free energy perturbation / umbrella sampling approach.
Application
EVB has been successfully applied to calculating reaction free energies of enzymes. More recently it has been looked at as a tool to study enzyme evolution and to assist in enzyme design.
Software
Molaris
Q
RAPTOR (Rapid Approach for Proton Transport and Other Reactions)
See also
Electron equivalent
Gregory A. Voth |
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