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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TestOps | TestOps (or test operations) refers to the discipline of managing the operational aspects of testing within the software delivery lifecycle.
Software testing is an evolving discipline that includes both functional and non-functional testing. Increasingly, software testing, especially in agile development processes is shifting to become more of a continuous testing process where software developers, quality engineers, manual testers, product owners, and more are involved in the quality process. As more people have become involved in the testing process and testing projects have grown, so too has the need to advance the discipline of software testing management and to manage the software quality processes, programmers, people, systems, and tests.
TestOps helps teams scale their teams, tests, and quality processes in and effectively.
Elements of test operations (TestOps)
TestOps involves several important disciplines that can be broken down into:
Planning — Helps identify how the software is going to be tested. What are the priorities for testing? How will it be tested? Who will do the testing? In addition, the planning phase should identify the environment for the tests. Will they be run in a test environment, or in production? Production data can be valuable to identify real user flows that help prioritize test cases. The outputs include identifying the type of tests to use, the test automation tools, the timing of the testing, the ownership of the testing at different phases, and the design and outputs of the tests.
Management — Test management includes the organization and governance of the team, the tools, the test environment, and the tests themselves. Tests follow a lifecycle pattern and must be managed whether they are in stages such as draft, active, or quarantine. TestOps helps ensure that the testing processes are efficient and scalable.
Control — As teams and tests grow in number and diversity, they naturally increase complexity. Change control proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Institute%20of%20Molecular%20Pathology | The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) is a biomedical research center, which conducts curiosity-driven basic research in the molecular life sciences.
The IMP is located at the Vienna Biocenter in Vienna, Austria. The institute employs around 270 people from 40 countries, of which over 200 are scientists. The working language at the IMP is English. The IMP was established in 1985 and is funded by the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim and research grants.
Research
IMP comprises 15 independent research groups performing basic biological research across the following areas:
molecular and cellular biology;
structural biology and biochemistry;
gene expression and chromosome biology;
stem cell biology and development;
immunology and cancer;
neuroscience.
Publications, awards and honours
Scientists at the IMP publish 60 to 90 papers in international peer-review journals per year: between 1985 and 2021, more than 2,200 research papers were published. 93 patents were filed based on discoveries made at the institute since 1985. IMP faculty was awarded 17 ERC Grants since the establishment of this grant scheme in 2007; about two thirds of the IMP faculty were ERC grantees by 2018. Five IMP faculty members received Wittgenstein Awards since 1996. About one third of the faculty are elected members of EMBO. In 2017, Kim Nasmyth received the Breakthrough Prize in life sciences for work on cohesin that he had done at the IMP. One year later, his former IMP PhD student Angelika Amon was awarded the same prize.
Facilities
IMP maintains a suite of in-house facilities, maintained in cooperation with IMBA, that provide support and scientific services to the scientists at IMP. In addition, the four research institutes of the Vienna Biocenter maintain a number of shared services jointly called "Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities" (VBCF). The services offered are available to all Vienna BioCenter scientists including IMP staff.
History
The establishment of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming/language%20dispersal%20hypothesis | The farming/language dispersal hypothesis proposes that many of the largest language families in the world dispersed along with the expansion of agriculture. This hypothesis was proposed by archaeologists Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew. It has been widely debated and archaeologists, linguists, and geneticists often disagree with all or part of the hypothesis.
The hypothesis
The farming/language dispersal hypothesis links the spread of farming in pre-historic times with the spread of languages and language families. The hypothesis is that a language family begins when a society with its own language adopts farming as a primary means of subsistence while its neighbors are hunter-gatherers who speak unrelated languages. A sedentary farming society supports a much greater density of population than its neighboring nomadic or semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers. The language of the farming society displaces that of the hunter-gatherer society which may also become agricultural. Farming and the language of the original farmers spread to more and more societies. In some cases the original language, which evolves over time into many different but related languages, has attained world-wide dispersion.
In sum, "the farming/language dispersal hypothesis makes the radical and controversial proposal that the present-day distributions of many of the world's languages and language families can be traced back to the early developments and dispersals of farming..."
Examples
Indo-European
The Anatolian hypothesis states that Proto-Indo-Europeans lived in Anatolia throughout the Neolithic period, and that the spread of the Indo-European language was associated with the Neolithic Revolution of the 7th-6th millennium BC. It claims that the Proto-Indo-European language spread from Asia Minor to Europe around 7000 BC with the Neolithic Revolution and peacefully mixed with indigenous peoples. Therefore, most Neolithic Europeans spoke an Indo-European language, and later migrations replaced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20DeLanda | Manuel DeLanda (born 1952) is a Mexican-American writer, artist and philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975. He is a lecturer in architecture at the Princeton University School of Architecture and the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, where he teaches courses on the philosophy of urban history and the dynamics of cities as historical actors with an emphasis on the importance of self-organization and material culture in the understanding of a city. DeLanda also teaches architectural theory as an adjunct professor of architecture and urban design at the Pratt Institute and serves as the Gilles Deleuze Chair and Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School. He holds a BFA from the School of Visual Arts (1979) and a PhD in media and communication from the European Graduate School (2010).
DeLanda was previously a visiting professor at the University of Southern California School of Architecture, where he taught an intensive two-week course in the spring 2012 term on self-organization and urbanity; adjunct associate professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation from 1995 to 2006; and adjunct professor at Cooper Union's Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture.
Films
After moving to New York, DeLanda created several experimental films between 1975 and 1982, some as part of an undergraduate coursework at the School of Visual Arts. While at SVA, DeLanda studied under video artist Joan Braderman; they were subsequently married in 1980 and collaborated on several works (including Braderman's Joan Does Dynasty [1986], DeLanda's Raw Nerves [1980] and Ismism [1979]) before divorcing at an indeterminate point.
Influenced by the No Wave movement, DeLanda's Super 8 and 16mm films also served as methodical, theory-based approaches to the form. He pulled them from circulation after the original negatives were lost; in 2011, Anthology Film Archives restored and reissued them.
Cited by filmmaker Nick Zedd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20draughts | International draughts (also called international checkers or Polish draughts) is a strategy board game for two players, one of the variants of draughts. The gameboard comprises 10×10 squares in alternating dark and light colours, of which only the 50 dark squares are used. Each player has 20 pieces, light for one player and dark for the other, at opposite sides of the board. In conventional diagrams, the board is displayed with the light pieces at the bottom; in this orientation, the lower-left corner square must be dark.
History
According to draughts historian Arie van der Stoep, the 100 square draughts board came into use in the Netherlands between 1550 and 1600, and the number of pieces was extended to 2x20 between 1650 and 1700. The name "Polish draughts" was following a Dutch convention of the time that "unnatural" ideas were considered "Polish".
Rules
The general rule is that all moves and captures are made diagonally. All references to squares refer to the dark squares only. The main differences from English draughts are: the size of the board (10×10), pieces can also capture backward (not only forward), the long-range moving and capturing capability of kings known as flying, and the requirement that the maximum number of men be captured whenever a player has capturing options.
Starting position
The game is played on a board with 10×10 squares, alternatingly dark and light. The lower-leftmost square should be dark.
Each player has 20 pieces. In the starting position (see illustration) the pieces are placed on the first four rows closest to the players. This leaves two central rows empty.
Moves and captures
The player with the light pieces moves first. Then turns alternate.
Ordinary pieces move one square diagonally forward to an unoccupied square.
Enemy pieces can and must be captured by jumping over the enemy piece, two squares forward or backward to an unoccupied square immediately beyond. If a jump is possible it must be done, even if doing so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCell | OpenCell is a laboratory in London.
Laboratories
OpenCell is primarily used for work related to biochemical and biomolecular activities such as DNA sequencing. It opened to the public in June 2018. The space uses shipping containers to house biotechnology laboratories. The laboratories contain biotechnology equipment including real-time PCR instruments, Plate reader, Opentrons liquid handling robots, flow hoods, non-ducted fume cupboards, -80, -20 and 4C storage, incubators (static/shaking), centrifuges (1ml-50ml refrigerated), and bench space
COVID-19 testing
In August 2020, a shipping container laboratory for COVID-19 diagnostics was delivered to the Bailiwick of Jersey. The laboratory began processing tests on Tuesday, September 15, with 170 samples, collected from arriving airport passengers, processed within an average of 12 hours. Deputy Medical Officer of Health Dr Ivan Muscat said: “The opening of the covid-19 laboratory is a significant milestone in managing Jersey’s testing requirements." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding%20potential | In pharmacokinetics and receptor-ligand kinetics the binding potential (BP) is a combined measure of the density of "available" neuroreceptors and the affinity of a drug to that neuroreceptor.
Description
Consider a ligand receptor binding system. Ligand with a concentration L associates with a receptor of concentration or availability R to form a ligand-receptor complex with concentration RL. The binding potential is then the ratio ligand-receptor complex to free ligand at equilibrium and in the limit of L tending to 0, and is given symbol BP:
This quantity, originally defined by Mintun, describes the capacity of a receptor to bind ligand. It is a limit (L << Ki) of the general receptor association equation:
and is thus also equivalent to:
These equations apply equally when measuring the total receptor density or the residual receptor density available after binding to second ligand - availability.
BP in Positron Emission Tomography
BP is a pivotal measure in the use of positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the density of "available" receptors, e.g. to assess the occupancy by drugs or to characterize neuropsychiatric diseases (yet, one should keep in mind that binding potential is a combined measure that depends on receptor density as well as on affinity). An overview of the related methodology is e.g. given in Laruelle et al. (2002).
Estimating BP with PET usually requires that a reference tissue is available. A reference tissue has negligible receptor density and its distribution volume should be the same as the distribution volume in the target region if all receptors were blocked. Although the BP can be measured in a relatively unbiased way by measuring the whole time course of labelled ligand association and blood radioactivity, this is practically not always necessary. Two other common measures have been derived, which involve assumptions, but result in measures that should correlate with BP: and .
: The "specific to nonspecific equilibrium p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian%20and%20vegan%20symbolism | Multiple symbols have been developed to represent lacto-vegetarianism and veganism. Several are used on food packaging, including voluntary labels such as the Vegan Society trademark or the V-Label (with support of the European Vegetarian Union) as well as the vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks mandated by the Indian government. Symbols may also be used by members of the vegetarian and vegan communities to represent their identities, and in the course of animal rights activism.
Vegetarian symbols
Indian vegetarian mark
Packaged food and toothpaste products sold in India are required to be labelled with a mandatory mark in order to be distinguished between lacto-vegetarian and non-vegetarian. The symbol is in effect following the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling) Act of 2006, and received a mandatory status after the framing of the respective regulations (Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling) Regulation) in 2011. According to the law, vegetarian food should be identified by a green symbol and non-vegetarian food with a brown symbol. They are defined as:
"Vegetarian food must have a symbol of a green color-filled circle inside a square with a green outline prominently displayed on the package, contrasting against the background on the principal display panel, in close proximity to name or brand name of the food."
"Non-vegetarian food (any food which contains whole or part of any animal including birds, marine animals, eggs, or products of any animal origin as an ingredient, excluding honey, milk or milk products), must have a symbol of a brown color-filled circle inside a square with a brown outline prominently displayed on the package, contrasting against the background on the principal display panel, in close proximity to the name or brand name of the food."
In 2021, FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) adopted a new symbol for non-vegetarian food items due to concerns that the combination of the old symbols wer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlbericht | In mathematics, the Zahlbericht (number report) was a report on algebraic number theory by .
History
In 1893 the German Mathematical Society invited Hilbert and Minkowski to write reports on the theory of numbers. They agreed that Minkowski would cover the more elementary parts of number theory while Hilbert would cover algebraic number theory. Minkowski eventually abandoned his report, while Hilbert's report was published in 1897. It was reprinted in volume 1 of his collected works, and republished in an English translation in 1998.
and and the English introduction to give detailed discussions of the history and influence of Hilbert's Zahlbericht.
Some earlier reports on number theory include the report by H. J. S. Smith in 6 parts between 1859 and 1865, reprinted in , and the report by . wrote an update of Hilbert's Zahlbericht that covered class field theory (republished in 1 volume as ).
Contents
Part 1 covers the theory of general number fields, including ideals, discriminants, differents, units, and ideal classes.
Part 2 covers Galois number fields, including in particular Hilbert's theorem 90.
Part 3 covers quadratic number fields, including the theory of genera, and class numbers of quadratic fields.
Part 4 covers cyclotomic fields, including the Kronecker–Weber theorem (theorem 131), the Hilbert–Speiser theorem (theorem 132), and the Eisenstein reciprocity law for lth power residues (theorem 140) .
Part 5 covers Kummer number fields, and ends with Kummer's proof of Fermat's last theorem for regular primes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teller%20assist%20unit | Teller Assist Units (TAU), also known as Automatic Teller Safes (ATS) or Teller Cash Dispensers (TCD), are devices used in retail banking for the disbursement of money at a bank teller wicket or a centralized area. Other areas of application of TAU include the automation of starting and reconciling teller or cashier drawers (tills) in retail, check cashing, payday loan / advance, grocery, and casino operations.
Cash supplies are held in a vault or safe. Disbursements and acceptance of money take place by means of inputting information through a separate computer to the cash dispensing mechanism inside the vault, which is similar in construction to an automatic teller machine vault.
A TAU provides a secure and auditable way of handling large amounts of cash by tellers without undue risk from robbery. Some TAUs can be networked and monitored remotely, from a central location - thereby reducing oversight and management resources.
Special security considerations
TAUs may delay dispensing of large amounts of money up to minutes to discourage bank robberies. It is however very likely that someone present on the premises has the means to open the cash vault of the device. TAUs may be accessed by keys, combination, or a mix of the two.
Construction
A TAU consists of:
A vault
Cash handling mechanism
Alarm sensors
In the TAU's cash handling mechanisms are several money cartridges. These can be equipped with different cash notes or coinage. The input into the controlling computer makes possible for this unit to disburse the correct amounts. Notes are tested to ensure that they are removed correctly from the cartridges and that no surplus notes are removed. False disbursements are possible, although very rare.
Modern TAUs can be used also for depositing and recycling of banknotes. They use bill validation technology to help ensure the authenticity and fitness of the received cash before it is accepted and recycled to be presented to the customer.
Differences from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung%20bud | The lung bud sometimes referred to as the respiratory bud forms from the respiratory diverticulum, an embryological endodermal structure that develops into the respiratory tract organs such as the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It arises from part of the laryngotracheal tube.
Early stage
In the fourth week of development, the respiratory diverticulum, starts to grow from the ventral (front) side of the foregut into the mesoderm that surrounds it, forming the lung bud. Around the 28th day, during the separation of the lung bud from the foregut it forms the trachea and splits into two bronchial buds, one on each side.
Molecular signaling
The molecular signaling involved in the specification of the respiratory bud starts with the expression of the Nkx2-1 gene, which determines the respiratory field – the area where the respiratory bud will begin to grow from. The signaling that makes the growth of the respiratory bud possible is complex and involves a number of interactions between the mesoderm and the respiratory bud epithelium, in which members of the Fgf and Fgfr family of genes express.
Separation of trachea and esophagus
At first, the posterior part of the trachea is open to the esophagus, but as the bud elongates two longitudinal mesodermal ridges known as the laryngotracheal folds, begin to form and grow until they join, forming a wall between the two organs. An incomplete separation of the organs leads to a congenital abnormality known as a tracheoesophageal fistula.
Larynx development
The epithelium of the larynx is of endodermal origin, but the laryngeal cartilages, unlike the rest of the respiratory bud connective tissue, come from the mesenchyme of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. The fourth pharyngeal arch, adjacent to what will be the root of the tongue, will become the epiglottis. The sixth pharyngeal arch, located around the laryngeal orifice, will become the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. These structures are formed in a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20V.%20Eleftheriades | George V. Eleftheriades is a researcher in the field of metamaterials. He has been endowed with a Canada Research Chair at the University of Toronto and is a professor in the Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering there. He has received notable awards for his achievements, is a fellow of the IEEE and the Royal Society of Canada.
Also, at the University of Toronto, he heads a group for research in novel electromagnetic materials. He has also contributed chapters to several books on antennas and transmission line theory that utilize metamaterials, along with other novel concepts, and is co-editor of one book in the same field. Eleftheriades is also the author and co-author of a significant volume of published research in peer reviewed journals.
Mr. Eleftheriades earned his Ph.D. and M.S.E.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1993 and 1989 respectively. He received a diploma (with distinction) in Electrical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece in 1988.
Awards and recognitions
Eleftheriades was elected IEEE fellow "for contributions to conception, analysis and fabrication of electromagnetic materials and their applications."
He received the 2008 IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award, a Technical Field Award conferred by the IEEE Board of Directors.
In 2004, he was awarded the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Published works
Books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20Monkey | The Martian Monkey is the name given to the monkey used by Edward Watters, Tom Wilson and Arnold Payne to perpetrate a hoax in Atlanta, Georgia in 1953.
The hoax
In 1953, young Atlanta barbers Edward Watters and Tom Wilson, along with butcher Arnold Payne, took a dead rhesus monkey and removed its tail, applied large doses of hair remover and used green food coloring to make the corpse of the monkey appear abnormal. They then used a blow torch to create a burning circle in the pavement. On July 8, 1953 Officer Sherley Brown came across the scene by accident and was told by the hoaxers that they had seen many creatures just like it. They claimed that they had hit the dead one with their truck and the other creatures had left in their flying saucer, which is what caused the scorch marks.
The prank was played at the height of UFO hysteria in the United States. As a result, the Atlanta Police Department received constant phone calls after news of the story broke, with multiple residents adamant they had seen the flying saucer that the pranksters described. The situation was propelled further when a veterinarian agreed that the animal was not from Earth. The United States Air Force was also called in to investigate.
Hoax revealed
The hoax was discovered hours after the event by Dr. Herman Jones and Emory University anatomy professor Dr. Marion Hines. They found that the anatomy of the creature was identical to that of a monkey and Hines is quoted as saying "If it came from Mars, they have monkeys on Mars."
Wilson, Payne and Watters eventually admitted to the hoax. Watters was made to pay a $40 fine "for obstructing a highway."
Present day
The Martian Monkey is now on display in the Georgia Bureau of Investigation mini-museum, along with other notable items, such as an illegal moonshine still and the fibers that solved the Atlanta child murders. The exhibit is showcased along with the news report that was published at the time.
In the media
Nate DiMeo retold t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Pontecorvo%20Prize | The Bruno Pontecorvo Prize () is an award for elementary particle physics, established in 1995 by the JINR in Dubna to commemorate Bruno Pontecorvo. The prize is mainly given for neutrino physics, which was Pontecorvo's principal research field, and usually to a single scientist. It is offered internationally every year.
Winners
See also
List of physics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20web%20service | A semantic web service, like conventional web services, is the server end of a client–server system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is usually not easily "understood" by computer programs).
The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
The mainstream XML standards for interoperation of web services specify only syntactic interoperability, not the semantic meaning of messages. For example, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) can specify the operations available through a web service and the structure of data sent and received but cannot specify semantic meaning of the data or semantic constraints on the data. This requires programmers to reach specific agreements on the interaction of web services and makes automatic web service composition difficult.
Semantic web services are built around universal standards for the interchange of semantic data, which makes it easy for programmers to combine data from different sources and services without losing meaning. Web services can be activated "behind the scenes" when a web browser makes a request to a web server, which then uses various web services to construct a more sophisticated reply than it would have been able to do on its own. Semantic web services can also be used by automatic programs that run without any connection to a web browser.
A semantic-web-services platform that uses OWL (Web Ontology Language) to allow data and service providers to semantically describe their resources using third-party ontologies is SSWAP: Simple Semantic Web Architecture and Protocol. SSWAP establishes a lightweight protocol (few OWL classes and predicates; see the SSWAP Protocol) and the concept of a "canonical graph" to enable providers to logically describe a service. A service is essentially a transformati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakt%C3%AAres | Charaktêres (singular: charaktêr) are letter-shaped signs lacking both semantic and phonetic correlations, which were used as magic signs in ancient literary documents.
Forms and use
In her 2013 thesis Kirsten Dzwiza studied 94 magical texts and recorded 699 different charaktêres occurring over 943 times. The character forms are mostly nonsensical and may include ring-letters, balls, points, closed elements, separate strokes, linear elements, small element, and hieroglyphs. The most common forms consists of asterisks and configurations of straight lines with small circles at their ends.
The signs appear mostly on apotropaic spells and phylacteries, but also on a few ancient curse tablets. They may appear as loose groups of characters on a magical gemstone or spell to large groups alongside other figures on a magical text or table. They are often used alongside comprehensible arcane words, like the voces magicae in the texts of the Greek Magical Papyri. Charaktêres were not intended as an alternative-alphabet or code - they were usually used only once or twice in the context of a single spell.
See also
Magic in the Greco-Roman world |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%2033 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 33 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
This family contains sialidases (CAZY GH_33), which hydrolyse alpha-(2->3)-, alpha-(2->6)-, alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid and synthetic substrates. Sialidases may act as pathogenic factors in microbial infections. The 1.8 A structure of trans-sialidase from leech (Macrobdella decora, ) in complex with 2-deoxy-2, 3-didehydro-NeuAc was solved. The refined model comprising residues 81-769 has a catalytic beta-propeller domain, a N-terminal lectin-like domain and an irregular beta-stranded domain inserted into the catalytic domain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Twitter%20features | Twitter, currently rebranding to X, is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets" (currently rebranding to "posts"). Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, and read those that are publicly available.
Twitter structure
Posts
Posts are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with, block accounts from viewing their tweets and remove accounts from their followers list. Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers" or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps. Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". In 2015, Twitter launched "quote tweet" (originally called "retweet with comment"), a feature that allows users to add a comment to their retweet, nesting one tweet in the other. Users can also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.
The counters for "likes", "retweets", and replies appear next to the respective buttons in timelines such as on profile pages and search results. Counters for likes and retweets exist on a tweet's standalone page too. Since September 2020, quote tweets, formerly known as "retweet with comment", have an own counter on their tweet page. Until the legacy desktop front end that was discontinued in 2020, a row with miniature profile pictures of up to ten liking or retweeting users was displayed (earliest documented implementation in December 2011 overhaul), as well as a tweet reply counter next to the according button on a tweet's page.
Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Transverse%20Mercator | Jordan Transverse Mercator (JTM) (Arabic: نظام تربيع ميركاتور الأردني المستعرض) is a grid system created by the Royal Jordan Geographic Center (RJGC). This system is based on 6° belts with a Central Meridian of 37° East and a Scale Factor at Origin (mo) = 0.9998. The JTM is based on the Hayford ellipsoid adopted by the IUGG in 1924. No transformation parameters are presently offered by the government. However, Prof. Stephen H. Savage of Arizona State University provides the following parameters for the projection:
Jordan Transverse Mercator
Geographic Coordinate System: GCS_International_1924
Datum: D:International_1924
Spheroid: International_1924
Axis: 6378388
Flattening: 297
Prime Meridian: Greenwich
Prime Meridian Longitude: 0
Units: Degree
Unit Scale Factor: 0.017453292519943295
Projection: Transverse Mercator
False Easting: 500,000
False Northing: -3,000,000
Central Meridian: 37
Scale Factor: 0.9998
Central Parallel: 0
Units: Meter
Scale Factor 1
Three-parameter transformation to WGS84 is:
ΔX = –86 meters
ΔY = –98 meters
ΔZ = –119 meters
Prof. Savage also offers software, ReprojectME!, which will convert coordinates between JTM and other systems. (See http://daahl.ucsd.edu/gaialab/# for more information.)
The central meridian of 37° East is roughly midway between the extremes of Jordan: the Karameh Border Crossing with Iraq is close to 39° East, while the city of Aqaba on the Red Sea is close to 35° East.
See also
Jordan
Mercator projection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOC3L2 | Exocyst complex component 3-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC3L2 gene.
The EXOC3L2 protein has been shown to interact with EXOC4 that is a component of the exocyst complex involved exocytosis and more specifically in the targeting of exocytic vesicles to the cell membrane.
The exocyst complex is important for several biological processes, such as the establishment of cell polarity and regulation of cell migration. The structure and functions of the exocyst complex are conserved from yeast to higher eukaryotes. Endothelial cells in blood vessels express high levels of EXOC3L2 that is required for proper VEGFR-2 signaling so that the endothelial cells can migrate towards the growth factor VEGF-A.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of EXOC3L2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Exoc3l2tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Ko%E2%80%93Rado%20theorem | In mathematics, the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem limits the number of sets in a family of sets for which every two sets have at least one element in common. Paul Erdős, Chao Ko, and Richard Rado proved the theorem in 1938, but did not publish it until 1961. It is part of the field of combinatorics, and one of the central results of
The theorem applies to families of sets that all have the same and are all subsets of some larger set of size One way to construct a family of sets with these parameters, each two sharing an element, is to choose a single element to belong to all the subsets, and then form all of the subsets that contain the chosen element. The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that when is large enough for the problem to be nontrivial this construction produces the largest possible intersecting families. When there are other equally-large families, but for larger values of only the families constructed in this way can be largest.
The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem can also be described in terms of hypergraphs or independent sets in Kneser graphs. Several analogous theorems apply to other kinds of mathematical object than sets, including linear subspaces, permutations, and strings. They again describe the largest possible intersecting families as being formed by choosing an element and forming the family of all objects that contain the chosen element.
Statement
Suppose that is a family of distinct subsets of an set and that each two subsets share at least one element. Then the theorem states that the number of sets in is at most the binomial coefficient
The requirement that is necessary for the problem to be nontrivial: all sets intersect, and the largest intersecting family consists of all sets, with
The same result can be formulated as part of the theory of hypergraphs. A family of sets may also be called a hypergraph, and when all the sets (which are called "hyperedges" in this context) are the same it is called an hypergraph. The theorem thus giv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20resonance | A shape resonance is a metastable state in which an electron is trapped due to the shape of a potential barrier.
Altunata describes a state as being a shape resonance if, "the internal state of the system remains unchanged upon disintegration of the quasi-bound level."
A more general discussion of resonances and their taxonomies in molecular system can be found in the review article by Schulz,; for the discovery of the Fano resonance line-shape and for the Majorana pioneering work in this field by Antonio Bianconi; and for
a mathematical review by Combes et al.
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, a shape resonance, in contrast to a Feshbach resonance, is a resonance which is not turned into a bound state if the coupling between some degrees of freedom and the degrees of freedom associated to the fragmentation (reaction coordinates) are set to zero. More simply, the shape resonance total energy is more than the separated fragment energy.
Practical implications of this difference for lifetimes and spectral widths are mentioned in works such as Zobel.
Related terms include a special kind of shape resonance, the core-excited shape resonance, and trap-induced shape resonance.
Of course in one-dimensional systems, resonances are shape resonances. In a system with more than one degree of freedom, this definition makes sense only if the separable model, which supposes the two groups of degrees of freedom uncoupled, is a meaningful approximation. When the coupling becomes large, the situation is much less clear.
In the case of atomic and molecular electronic structure problems, it is well known that the self-consistent field (SCF) approximation is relevant at least as a starting point of more elaborate methods. The Slater determinants built from SCF orbitals (atomic or molecular orbitals) are shape resonances if only one electronic transition is required to emit one electron.
Today, there is some debate about the definition and even existence of the shape resona |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncinate%20process%20of%20ethmoid%20bone | In the ethmoid bone, a sickle shaped projection, the uncinate process, projects posteroinferiorly from the ethmoid labyrinth.
Between the posterior edge of this process and the anterior surface of the ethmoid bulla, there is a two-dimensional space, resembling a crescent shape. This space continues laterally as a three-dimensional slit-like space - the ethmoidal infundibulum. This is bounded by the uncinate process, medially, the orbital lamina of ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), laterally, and the ethmoidal bulla, posterosuperiorly. This concept is easier to understand if one imagine the infundibulum as a prism so that its medial face is the hiatus semilunaris. The "lateral face" of this infundibulum contains the ostium of the maxillary sinus, which, therefore, opens into the infundibulum.
Variations
The uncinate process can be attached to either the lateral nasal wall, on the lamina papyracea (50%), the anterior cranial fossa, on the ethmoidal roof (25%), or the middle concha (25%). The superior attachment of the uncinate process determines the drainage pattern of the frontal sinus. In the first case, the infundibulum and the frontal recess are separated from each other, forcing the frontal sinus to drain directly into the middle meatus and not into the ethmoidal infundibulum. With the other configurations, the sinus will drain, firstly, into the infundibulum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20spiking | DNA spiking, also known as custom spiking, is the differing ratio of bases at a single degenerate position when synthesizing oligonucleotides. DNA spiking is a unequal proportions of bases at a given position (for example, 10% Adenine, 75% Guanine, 5% Cytosine & 10% Thymine). As an example, with the degenerate code R = A + G, 50% of the time that R position is adenine and the other 50% of the time it is guanine. However, with DNA Spiking, the R position could be adenine 70% of the time and guanine 30% of the time. The proportions do not need to be 70:30, the ratios can be anything else such as 12:82 and 64:36.
DNA spiking can also refer to a spike control in PCR, which is when DNA is added to a sample that will provide some signal (e.g. a plasmid or some synthetic DNA with a specific known sequence) to a reaction, and seeing if the reaction will amplify. This method is used to discover if the PCR method is working correctly, as in a PCR machine it may not amplify DNA properly, so by adding spiked DNA it can be observed how much DNA is produced. This is then compared to the amount of DNA that would be theoretically predicted if the machine was working properly so that any malfunctions can be discovered.
See also
RNA spike-in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20requirements | Business requirements, also known as stakeholder requirements specifications (StRS), describe the characteristics of a proposed system from the viewpoint of the system's end user like a CONOPS. Products, systems, software, and processes are ways of how to deliver, satisfy, or meet business requirements. Consequently, business requirements are often discussed in the context of developing or procuring software or other systems.
Three main reasons for such discussions:
A common practice is to refer to objectives, or expected benefits, as 'business requirements.'
People commonly use the term 'requirements' to describe the features of the product, system, software expected to be created.
A widely held model claims that these two types of requirements differ only in their level of detail or abstraction — wherein 'business requirements' are high-level, frequently vague, and decompose into the detailed product, system, or software requirements.
To Goldsmith, Robin F, such are confusions that can be avoided by recognizing that business requirements are not objectives, but rather meet objectives (i.e., provide value) when satisfied. Business requirements whats do not decompose into product/system/software requirement hows. Rather, products and their requirements represent a response to business requirements — presumably, how to satisfy what. Business requirements exist within the business environment and must be discovered, whereas product requirements are human-defined (specified). Business requirements are not limited to high-level existence, but need to be driven down to detail. Regardless of their level of detail, however, business requirements are always business deliverable whats that provide value when satisfied; driving them down to detail never turns business requirements into product requirements.
In system or software development projects, business requirements usually require authority from stakeholders. This typically leads to the creation or updat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa | Nephrozoa is a major clade of bilaterians, divided into the protostomes and the deuterostomes, containing almost all animal phyla and over a million extant species. Its sister clade is the Xenacoelomorpha. The Ambulacraria (conventionally deuterostomes) are occasionally thought to be sister to the Xenacoelomorpha, forming the Xenambulacraria as basal Deuterostomia, or basal Bilateria invalidating Nephrozoa and Deuterostomia in multiple studies. The coelom, the digestive tract and excretory organs (nephridia), and nerve cords developed in the Nephrozoa. It has been argued that, because protonephridia are only found in protostomes, they cannot be considered a synapomorphy of this group. This would make Nephrozoa an improper name, leaving Eubilateria as this clade's name.
Chordates (which include all the vertebrates) are deuterostomes. It seems very likely that the Kimberella was a protostome. If so, this means that the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split sometime before Kimberella appeared — at least , and hence well before the start of the Cambrian . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminergic | Catecholaminergic means "related to catecholamines". The catecholamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
A catecholaminergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the catecholamine systems in the body or brain. Examples include adrenergics and dopaminergics.
See also
Adenosinergic
Cannabinoidergic
Cholinergic
GABAergic
Glutamatergic
Glycinergic
Histaminergic
Monoaminergic
Opioidergic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapto-pHluorin | Synapto-pHluorin is a genetically encoded optical indicator of vesicle release and recycling. It is used in neuroscience to study transmitter release. It consists of a pH-sensitive form of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the luminal side of a vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP). At the acidic pH inside transmitter vesicles, synapto-pHluorin is non-fluorescent (quenched). When vesicles get released, synapto-pHluorin is exposed to the neutral extracellular space and the presynaptic terminal becomes brightly fluorescent. Following endocytosis, vesicles become re-acidified and the cycle can start again. Chemical alkalinization of all vesicles is often used for normalization of the synapto-pHluorin signals. Synapto-pHluorin sometimes consists of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to monitor the cytoplasm because its pKa is higher than GFP (7.1 versus 6.0).
History
Synapto-pHluorin was invented by Gero Miesenböck in 1998. In 2006, an improved version was published, using synaptophysin to target the GFP to vesicles. In 2013, a two-color release sensor (ratio-sypHy) was introduced to determine the size of the recycling pool at individual synapses.
Applications
Synapto-pHluorin is mainly used by neurobiologists to study transmitter release and recycling at presynaptic terminals. It has also been applied to the study of insulin secretion in beta cells of the pancreas. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectrochemistry%20%28journal%29 | Bioelectrochemistry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the electrochemistry of biological systems. The current editor-in-chief is E. Neumann (Bielefeld University). It was established in 1974 as Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics () and obtained its current title in 2000.
Impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.373. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius%20cervicis%20muscle | The splenius cervicis () (also known as the splenius colli, ) is a muscle in the back of the neck. It arises by a narrow tendinous band from the spinous processes of the third to the sixth thoracic vertebrae; it is inserted, by tendinous fasciculi, into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae.
Its name is based on the Greek word σπληνίον, splenion (meaning a bandage) and the Latin word cervix (meaning a neck). The word collum also refers to the neck in Latin.
The function of the splenius cervicis muscle is extension of the cervical spine, rotation to the ipsilateral side and lateral flexion to the ipsilateral side.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae%20bioreactor | An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macroalgae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator), wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an algae scrubber. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors. Open reactors are exposed to the atmosphere while enclosed reactors, also commonly called photobioreactors, are isolated to varying extents from the atmosphere. Specifically, algae bioreactors can be used to produce fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol, to generate animal feed, or to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO2 in flue gases of power plants. Fundamentally, this kind of bioreactor is based on the photosynthetic reaction, which is performed by the chlorophyll-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight. The carbon dioxide is dispersed into the reactor fluid to make it accessible to the algae. The bioreactor has to be made out of transparent material.
Historical background
The first microalgae cultivation was of the unicellular Chlorella vulgaris by Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck in 1890. Later, during World War II, Germany used open ponds to increase algal cultivation for use as a protein supplement. Some of the first experiments with the aim of cultivating algae were conducted in 1957 by the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington. In these experiments, monocellular Chlorella were cultivated by adding and some minerals. The goal of this research was the cultivation of algae to produce a cheap animal feed.
Metabolism of microalgae
Algae are primarily eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms which perform oxygenic photosynthesis. These types of algae are classified by their light-harvesting pigments which give them their color. The green algae species, also known as Chlorophyta, are often used in bioreactors due to their high growth rate and ability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operative%20Media | Operative is an American advertising company, founded and with headquarters in New York City in 2000 and offices in Denver, Atlanta, London, India, Brazil, Israel, Romania, Australia and the Netherlands. It provides media companies with ad management technology, ad trafficking services, and business process management consulting. Its current president is Michael Grossi, who replaced Lorne Brown in 2022.
The company has three product lines: Managed Services- which includes campaign management and ad trafficking consultancy, Professional Services- facilitating software implementation and business process consulting, and the Operative Dashboard- an ASP-based web application that aims to allow media publishers to automate contract management, product packaging and pricing, inventory management, campaign reporting and revenue recognition.
In 2017, Operative Media was acquired by the Israel-based software company SintecMedia for just under $200 million. SintecMedia has been able to acquire Operative Media with funding from the private equity firm Francisco Partners
Awards
In December 2007, then Operative CEO Mike Leo was named in the Silicon Alley 100, at number 85. he was also included in the Madison Avenue IT list for January 2008.
Inc. magazine listed Operative Media #712 out of the top 5,000 companies for 2007, and ranked it at #56 in the Top Companies in Software, and #55 in its list of the Top Companies in New York City, Northern New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque%20converter | A torque converter is a device, usually implemented as a type of fluid coupling, that transfers rotating power from a prime mover, like an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. In a vehicle with an automatic transmission, the torque converter connects the prime mover to the automatic gear train, which then drives the load. It is thus usually located between the engine's flexplate and the transmission. The equivalent device in a manual transmission is the mechanical clutch.
A torque converter serves to increase transmitted torque when the output rotational speed is low. In the fluid coupling embodiment, it uses a fluid, driven by the vanes of an input turbine, and directed through the vanes of a fixed stator, to drive an output turbine in such a manner that torque on the output is increased when the output shaft is rotating more slowly than the input shaft, thus providing the equivalent of an adaptive reduction gear. This is a feature beyond what a simple fluid coupling provides, which can match rotational speed but does not multiply torque. Fluid coupling based torque converters also typically include a lock-up function to rigidly couple input and output and avoid the losses associated with transmitting torque by fluid flow when operating conditions permit.
Hydraulic systems
By far the most common form of torque converter in automobile transmissions is the hydrodynamic device described above. There are also hydrostatic systems which are widely used in small machines such as compact excavators.
Mechanical systems
There are also mechanical designs for torque converters, many of which are similar to mechanical continuously variable transmissions or capable of acting as such as well. They include the pendulum-based Constantinesco torque converter, the Lambert friction gearing disk drive transmission and the
Variomatic with expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
Usage
Automatic transmissions on automobiles, such as cars, buses, and on/off highway tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiji%20Takagi | Teiji Takagi (高木 貞治 Takagi Teiji, April 21, 1875 – February 28, 1960) was a Japanese mathematician, best known for proving the Takagi existence theorem in class field theory. The Blancmange curve, the graph of a nowhere-differentiable but uniformly continuous function, is also called the Takagi curve after his work on it.
Biography
He was born in the rural area of the Gifu Prefecture, Japan. He began learning mathematics in middle school, reading texts in English since none were available in Japanese. After attending a high school for gifted students, he went on to the Imperial University (later Tokyo Imperial University), at that time the only university in Japan before the Imperial University System was established on June 18, 1897. There he learned mathematics from such European classic texts as Salmon's Algebra and Weber's Lehrbuch der Algebra. Aided by Hilbert, he then studied at Göttingen. Aside from his work in algebraic number theory he wrote a great number of Japanese textbooks on mathematics and geometry.
During World War I, he was isolated from European mathematicians and developed his existence theorem in class field theory, building on the work of Heinrich Weber. As an Invited Speaker, he presented a synopsis of this research in a talk Sur quelques théoremes généraux de la théorie des nombres algébriques at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Strasbourg in 1920. There he found little recognition of the value of his research, since algebraic number theory was then studied mainly in Germany and German mathematicians were excluded from the Congress. Takagi published his theory in the same year in the journal of the University of Tokyo. However, the significance of Takagi's work was first recognized by Emil Artin in 1922, and was again pointed out by Carl Ludwig Siegel, and at the same time by Helmut Hasse, who lectured in Kiel in 1923 on class field theory and presented Takagi's work in a lecture at the meeting of the DMV in 1925 in Danzig a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo%20Gonzalo | Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal (Barcelona, Spain, March 2, 1910 – Madrid, Spain, September 28, 1986),
Spanish neuroscientist, after obtaining his bachelor's degree in medicine, he specialized in Austria and Germany (1933–35) with a grant from the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas (Council for the Extension of Studies and Scientific Research), and subsequently carried out extensive research on human brain functions based largely on brain injuries from the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). He characterized what he called the central syndrome of the cortex (multisensory and bilateral disorder caused by a unilateral lesion in a parieto-occipital association area), which he interpreted based on physiological laws of nervous excitability and a model of brain dynamics where the cortex is conceived as a dynamic functional unit with specificity in gradation, providing a solution to the question of brain localization. He described and interpreted phenomena such as inverted perception and multisensory and motor facilitation, among others. By applying concepts of dynamic similarity, he formulated and proved potential allometric laws in the loss of functions and in the sensory organization. He belonged to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) from 1942 until his retirement, and he was lecturer of 21 PhD courses (1945–1966) on brain physiopathology at the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Madrid. He received awards from the CSIC (1941), the Royal Academy of Medicine (1950) and the Spanish Society of Psychology (1958).
His scientific contribution
His book Investigaciones sobre la nueva Dinámica Cerebral. La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa
contains part of his fundamental contributions and is the first time that the term Brain Dynamics is used in the scientific literature to describe the organization of sensory functions. It consists of two volumes, the first one published in 1945 focus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7000%20%28number%29 | 7000 (seven thousand) is the natural number following 6999 and preceding 7001.
Selected numbers in the range 7001–7999
7001 to 7099
7021 – triangular number
7043 – Sophie Germain prime
7056 = 842
7057 – cuban prime of the form x = y + 1, super-prime
7073 – Leyland number
7079 – Sophie Germain prime, safe prime
7100 to 7199
7103 – Sophie Germain prime, sexy prime with 7109
7106 – octahedral number
7109 – super-prime, sexy prime with 7103
7121 – Sophie Germain prime
7140 – triangular number, also a pronic number and hence = 3570 is also a triangular number, tetrahedral number
7151 – Sophie Germain prime
7155 – number of 19-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
7187 – safe prime
7192 – weird number
7193 – Sophie Germain prime, super-prime
7200 to 7299
7200 – pentagonal pyramidal number
7211 – Sophie Germain prime
7225 = 852, centered octagonal number
7230 = 362 + 372 + 382 + 392 + 402 = 412 + 422 + 432 + 442
7246 – centered heptagonal number
7247 – safe prime
7260 – triangular number
7267 – decagonal number
7272 – Kaprekar number
7283 – super-prime
7291 – nonagonal number
7300 to 7399
7316 – number of 18-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
7338 – Fine number.
7349 – Sophie Germain prime
7351 – super-prime, cuban prime of the form x = y + 1
7381 – triangular number
7385 – Keith number
7396 = 862
7400 to 7499
7417 – super-prime
7433 – Sophie Germain prime
7471 – centered cube number
7481 – super-prime, cousin prime
7500 to 7599
7503 – triangular number
7523 – balanced prime, safe prime, super-prime
7537 – prime of the form 2p-1
7541 – Sophie Germain prime
7559 – safe prime
7560 – highly composite number
7561 – Markov prime
7568 – centered heptagonal number
7569 = 872, centered octagonal number
7583 – balanced prime
7600 to 7699
7607 – safe prime, super-prime
7612 – decagonal number
7614 – nonagonal number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%20conjecture | The Kepler conjecture, named after the 17th-century mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler, is a mathematical theorem about sphere packing in three-dimensional Euclidean space. It states that no arrangement of equally sized spheres filling space has a greater average density than that of the cubic close packing (face-centered cubic) and hexagonal close packing arrangements. The density of these arrangements is around 74.05%.
In 1998, Thomas Hales, following an approach suggested by , announced that he had a proof of the Kepler conjecture. Hales' proof is a proof by exhaustion involving the checking of many individual cases using complex computer calculations. Referees said that they were "99% certain" of the correctness of Hales' proof, and the Kepler conjecture was accepted as a theorem. In 2014, the Flyspeck project team, headed by Hales, announced the completion of a formal proof of the Kepler conjecture using a combination of the Isabelle and HOL Light proof assistants. In 2017, the formal proof was accepted by the journal Forum of Mathematics, Pi.
Background
Imagine filling a large container with small equal-sized spheres: Say a porcelain gallon jug with identical marbles. The "density" of the arrangement is equal to the total volume of all the marbles, divided by the volume of the jug. To maximize the number of marbles in the jug means to create an arrangement of marbles stacked between the sides and bottom of the jug, that has the highest possible density, so that the marbles are packed together as closely as possible.
Experiment shows that dropping the marbles in randomly, with no effort to arrange them tightly, will achieve a density of around 65%. However, a higher density can be achieved by carefully arranging the marbles as follows:
For the first layer of marbles, arrange them in a hexagonal lattice (the honeycomb pattern)
Put the next layer of marbles in the lowest lying gaps you can find above and between the marbles in the first layer, r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201164 | The IEEE 1164 standard (Multivalue Logic System for VHDL Model Interoperability) is a technical standard published by the IEEE in 1993. It describes the definitions of logic values to be used in electronic design automation, for the VHDL hardware description language. It was sponsored by the Design Automation Standards Committee of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The standardization effort was based on the donation of the Synopsys MVL-9 type declaration.
The primary data type (standard unresolved logic) consists of nine character literals (see table on the right). This system promoted a useful set of logic values that typical CMOS logic designs could implement in the vast majority of modeling situations, including:
'Z' literal to make tri-state buffer logic easy
'H' and 'L' weak drives to permit wired-AND and wired-OR logic.
'U' for default value for all object declarations so that during simulations uninitialized values are easily detectable and thus easily corrected if necessary.
In VHDL, the hardware designer makes the declarations visible via the following library and use statements:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
Using values in simulation
Use of 'U'
Many hardware description language (HDL) simulation tools, such as Verilog and VHDL, support an unknown value like that shown above during simulation of digital electronics. The unknown value may be the result of a design error, which the designer can correct before synthesis into an actual circuit. The unknown also represents uninitialised memory values and circuit inputs before the simulation has asserted what the real input value should be.
HDL synthesis tools usually produce circuits that operate only on binary logic.
Use of '-'
When designing a digital circuit, some conditions may be outside the scope of the purpose that the circuit will perform. Thus, the designer does not care what happens under those conditions. In addition, the situation occurs that in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20M.%20Scanlon | Thomas Michael "Tim" Scanlon (; born 1940), usually cited as T. M. Scanlon, is an American philosopher. At the time of his retirement in 2016, he was the Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity in Harvard University's Department of Philosophy, where he had taught since 1984. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.
Life and career
Scanlon was born on June 28, 1940, and grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana. He obtained his undergraduate degree from Princeton University in 1962; earned his PhD in philosophy from Harvard under Burton Dreben in 1968; studied for a year at Oxford University on a Fulbright Scholarship; and returned to Princeton University, where he taught from 1966 until 1984. He was made a MacArthur Fellow in 1993.
His teaching in the department has included courses on theories of justice, equality, and recent ethical theory. His book, What We Owe to Each Other, was published by Harvard University Press in 1998; a collection of papers on political theory, The Difficulty of Tolerance, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2003.
Scanlon is the father-in-law of philosopher and African-American studies scholar Tommie Shelby.
Philosophical work
Scanlon's dissertation and some of his first papers were in mathematical logic, where his main concern was in proof theory, but he turned to ethics and political philosophy, where he developed a version of contractualism in the line of John Rawls, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Scanlon has also published important work on freedom of speech, equality, tolerance, foundations of contract law, human rights, conceptions of welfare, and theories of justice, as well as on foundational questions in moral theory.
Contractualism
Contractualism is a constructivist attempt at providing a unified account of the subject matter of a central part of morality which Scanlon calls "what we owe to each other." The normative domain of what we owe to each other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken%20tube | The Aiken tube was the first successful flat panel black and white television. Originally designed in the early 1950s, a small number of tubes were built in 1958 for military use in a collaboration with Kaiser Industries. An extended patent battle followed with a similar technology developed in the United Kingdom and planned commercial production for the home market never started. Further development was carried out by a number of companies, including Sinclair Electronics and RCA after the patents had expired. The displays were only produced in small quantities for military applications and oscilloscopes.
History
Genesis
William Ross Aiken was an electrical engineering undergraduate student at UC Berkeley in 1941. Originally expecting to graduate in the Class of 1942, he decided to take a year off and work in industry. He got a job at the Kaiser Shipyards plant number 2 in Richmond, California, and was promoted to head of the electrical department. When the US entered World War II, Aiken's selective service status was declared as category 1-B. He was one of seven people in the country "frozen" in their jobs by Admiral Land and unable to leave their job under any circumstances.
When the war ended Aiken was drafted, but declared 4-F due to asthma, and was instead sent to work in industry in a variety of jobs. He spent the next six years working for the University of California Radiation Laboratory, today's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, designing controls for the cyclotrons being built there. He was then put in charge of developing an x-ray spectrometer for measuring the temperature of the fireballs from nuclear weapons. While working on these developments he was sent to Eniwetok during a series of nuclear tests.
It was during this time that he came up with the idea for a new type of thin cathode ray tube (CRT) while he was working with oscilloscopes. He thought the display tubes in use at the time were too long, and a shorter tube would be much more prac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20360%20%282006%E2%80%932014%29 | Norton 360 was an "all-in-one" security suite for the consumer market developed by Symantec (now Gen Digital). Originally released in 2006, it was discontinued in 2014; its features were carried over to its successor, Norton Security. However, in 2019, Symantec (under former corporate name Norton LifeLock) released a "NEW Norton 360", as a product replacement for Norton Security.
Version history
Project Genesis
Symantec announced Project Genesis on February 7, 2006. Genesis would differ from Symantec's other consumer security products by incorporating file backup and performance optimization tools with antivirus capabilities and a firewall. Phishing protection and real-time heuristics were also planned. Windows Vista compatibility was a major aspect of Genesis. Genesis was slated for release in September. In May 2005, Microsoft announced Windows Live OneCare, a security suite with similar functionalities, slated for release in 2006.
Genesis was renamed Norton 360 on May 31, 2006. Its feature set was confirmed—it would have the same functionalities as Norton Internet Security—with file backup, performance tools, phishing protection, and real-time heuristics. A public beta test was planned for summer 2006. The final release date was set at the end of 2006. The same day, McAfee announced Falcon, a security suite with similar functionalities as Norton 360 and OneCare. However, those dates were delayed. OneCare was launched in summer 2006 while Falcon entered public beta testing.
Some viewed Norton 360 as a response to Microsoft's antivirus software, OneCare. However, with the release of OneCare, some saw Symantec as lagging behind its rivals. Mark Bregman, Symantec's vice president, claimed the upcoming Norton 360 was not intended to compete with OneCare, stating "We somehow left the wrong impression in the market place that there's Windows Live OneCare from Microsoft, there's Falcon from McAfee, and there's nothing from Symantec."
The first public beta was deliver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical%20region | The umbilical region is one of the nine regions of the abdomen. It is the region that surrounds the area around the umbilicus and is placed approximately half way between the xiphoid process and the pubic symphysis. This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a section of the transverse colon and the lower aspects of the left and right kidney. The upper three regions, from left to right, are the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and right hypochondriac regions. The middle three regions, from left to right, are the left lumbar, umbilical, and right lumbar regions. The bottom three regions, from left to right, are the left inguinal, hypogastric, and right inguinal regions.
External links
Abdomen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright%20syndrome | McCune–Albright syndrome is a complex genetic disorder affecting the bone, skin and endocrine systems. It is a mosaic disease arising from somatic activating mutations in GNAS, which encodes the alpha-subunit of the Gs heterotrimeric G protein.
It was first described in 1937 by American pediatrician Donovan James McCune and American endocrinologist Fuller Albright.
Signs and symptoms
McCune–Albright syndrome is suspected when two or more of the following features are present:
Fibrous dysplasia (specifically, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia)
Hyperpigmented skin lesions with characteristic features, including jagged "coast of Maine" borders and tendency occur along the midline of the body. These lesions are historically termed café au lait macules, however the term "cafe-au-lait" only describes their appearance on lighter-skinned individuals.
Hyperfunctioning endocrine disease
Patients may have one or many of these features, which may occur in any combination. As such, the clinical presentation of patients with McCune Albright syndrome varies greatly depending on the disease features.
Various endocrine diseases may present in McCune–Albright syndrome due to increased hormone production.
Precocious puberty: The most common endocrinopathy is precocious puberty, which presents in girls (~85%) with recurrent estrogen-producing cysts leading to episodic breast development, growth acceleration, and vaginal bleeding. Precocious puberty may also occur in boys with McCune–Albright syndrome, but is much less common (~10–15%). In children of both sexes, growth acceleration may lead to tall stature in childhood, however premature bone maturation may lead to early growth plate fusion and short stature in adulthood.
Testicular abnormalities: Testicular abnormalities are seen in a majority (~85%) of boys with McCune–Albright syndrome. These typically present with macro-orchidism. On pathology lesions show Leydig and Sertoli cell hyperplasia.
Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ann%20Horton | Mary Ann Horton (born Mark R. Horton, on November 21, 1955), is a Usenet and Internet pioneer. Horton contributed to Berkeley UNIX (BSD), including the vi editor and terminfo database, created the first email binary attachment tool uuencode, and led the growth of Usenet in the 1980s.
Horton successfully requested the first transgender-inclusive language added to the Equal Employment Policy in a large American company, and championed the language and insurance coverage of transgender health benefits at other companies.
Horton is a computer scientist and a transgender educator and activist.
Education
Horton was born in Richland, Washington, and raised in the Pacific Northwest. Finding an interest in computer programming in 1970, Horton moved to San Diego County in 1971, and quickly fell in love with California. She graduated from San Dieguito High School in 1973. Earning a BSCS from the University of Southern California in 1976, Horton went on to obtain an MSCS at the University of Wisconsin, and transfer to the University of California at Berkeley in 1978, earning a PhD in Computer Science in 1981.
Horton was introduced to UNIX at Wisconsin, creating an enhanced UNIX text editor called hed. At Berkeley, she contributed to the development of Berkeley UNIX, including the vi text editor, uuencode (the first mechanism for binary Email attachments), w and load averages, termcap, and curses. Her PhD dissertation was the creation of a new type of syntax-directed editor with a textual interface. This technology was later used to create computer-aided software engineering tools.
In 1980, Horton brought Usenet's A News system to Berkeley and began to champion its growth from a 10-site network. To Usenet's original dialup UUCP technology, she added support for Berknet and ARPANET, and added a gateway between several popular ARPANET mailing lists and usenet "fa" newsgroups. In 1981, high school student Matt Glickman asked Horton for a spring break project, and the two desi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20structure%20diagram | A data structure diagram (DSD) is the visual representation of a certain kind of data model that contains entities, their relationships, and the constraints that are placed on them. It is an older alternative to the entity–relationship model.
The basic graphic notation elements of DSDs are boxes which represent entities. Arrow symbols represent relationships. Data structure diagrams are most useful for documenting complex data entities.
Overview
A data structure diagram is a diagram type that is used to depict the structure of data elements in the data dictionary. The data structure diagram is a graphical alternative to the composition specifications within such data dictionary entries.
The data structure diagrams is a predecessor of the entity–relationship model (E–R model). In DSDs, attributes are specified inside the entity boxes rather than outside of them, while relationships are drawn as boxes composed of attributes which specify the constraints that bind entities together. DSDs differ from the E–R model in that the E–R model focuses on the relationships between different entities, whereas DSDs focus on the relationships of the elements within an entity.
There are several styles for representing data structure diagrams, with the notable difference in the manner of defining cardinality. The choices are between arrow heads, inverted arrow heads (crow's feet), or numerical representation of the cardinality.
Bachman diagram
A Bachman diagram is a certain type of data structure diagram, and is used to design the data with a network or relational "logical" model, separating the data model from the way the data is stored in the system. The model is named after database pioneer Charles Bachman, and mostly used in computer software design.
In a relational model, a relation is the cohesion of attributes that are fully and not of every key in that relation. The coupling between the relations is based on accordant attributes. For every relation, a rectangle has t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor-homing%20bacteria | Tumor-homing bacteria are facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria (capable of producing ATP when oxygen is absent or is destroyed in normal oxygen levels) that are able to target cancerous cells in the body, suppress tumor growth and survive in the body for a long time even after the infection. When this type of bacteria is administered into the body, it migrates to the cancerous tissues and starts to grow, and then deploys distinct mechanisms to destroy solid tumors. Each bacteria species uses a different process to eliminate the tumor. Some common tumor homing bacteria include Salmonella, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Listeria, and Streptococcus. The earliest research of this type of bacteria was highlighted in 1813 when scientists began observing that patients that had gas gangrene, an infection caused by the bacteria Clostridium, were able to have tumor regressions.
Tumor-inhibition mechanisms
Different strains of tumor homing bacteria in distinct environments use unique or similar processes to inhibit or destroy tumor growth.
Unique mechanisms
Salmonella bacteria kill tumor cells by uncontrolled bacterial multiplication that can lead to the bursting of cancerous cells. Moreover, the macrophages and dendritic cells (type of white blood cells) in these Salmonella-colonized tumors secrete IL-1β, a protein responsible for anti-tumor activity.
S. Typhimurium flagellin increases both innate and adaptive immunity (nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms) of the bacteria by stimulating NK cells (Natural Killer cells) to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), an important cytokine (regulatory protein) for this immunity.
Listeria inhibits tumors through NADPH oxidase mediated production (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) of ROS (reactive oxygen species) which is a cell signaling process that activates CD8+ T cells (cells that kill cancerous tissue) which target primary tumors.
Similar mechanisms
Clostridium, S. Typhimurium, Listeria produce e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally%20manipulated%20cells | Minimally manipulated cells are non-cultured (non-expanded) cells isolated from the biological material by its grinding, homogenization or selective collection of cells, which undergo minimal manipulation. Minimally manipulated cells are usually using for the treatment of skin ulceration, alopecia, and arthritis. Minimally manipulated cells can be used for the intraoperative creation of tissue-engineered grafts in situ.
International regulation
Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of manufacture and homologous transplantation in USA and European Countries. The criteria of "minimal manipulation" are variative in different countries. European regulations, according to the Reflection Paper on the classification of advanced therapy medicinal products of the European Medicines Agency, define "minimal manipulation" as the procedure that does not change biological characteristics and functions of cells. In particular, enzymatic digestion of biomaterial is prohibited, when cell-to-cell contacts are dissociated.
According to the US regulations (US 21 Code of Federal Regulations § 1271.3(f)(1), Section 361) human cells and tissues and tissue-based products (section 361 HCT/Ps), “minimal manipulation” is a processing that does not alter the original relevant characteristics of the structural tissue relating to the tissue’s utility for reconstruction, repair, or replacement.
Russian regulations provide no specific definition for “minimally manipulated” cells. However, it follows from the content of the Order of Russian Ministry of Health No. 1158n “On amending the list of transplantation objects”. According to the Order, cells obtained from the biomaterial by its grinding, homogenization, enzymatic treatment, removal of unwanted components or by selective collection of cells, could be considered as “minimally manipulated”. Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of transplantation, when they do not contain any other substances except for w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20tooling | Rapid tooling (RT) in the plastic injection molding industry refers to molds that are manufactured in a very short period of time, also known as prototype tooling. Some of the main advantages to rapid tooling trades is that it decreases the time and cost of the product. With rapid tools being fast and easily reproducible, it requires less stock for finished tools. These tools will be produced on demand and are available almost immediately. Special tools or tools where no supplier is existing on the market any more can be reproduced without bigger design and production efforts. However, the disadvantages are that it is not as accurate and also shortens the lifespan of the product.
Rapid tooling is mainly used for specific needs including prototyping and troubleshooting existing problems. Rapid prototyping is not often used for large scale and long term operations for a part. Nevertheless, rapid tooling is starting to be used to create molds for commercial operations because the time lag is so short between start to finish and since a CAD file is the only thing needed for the design stage. Since alternate methods require precious time and resources, rapid tooling provides a way to quickly provide molds for the required products. This allows companies to quickly make commercial products with the advances of rapid prototyping.
In addition, rapid tooling provides the customization necessary for personal applications. Instead of tedious trial and error measurements, rapid prototyping processes allow scientists and doctors the ability to scan and digitize the item or patient. Then by putting it through a CAD program, a personal custom mold can be created to fix the problem. An example of this procedure is for dental patients. Originally to fabricate an oral application, an alginate impression or a wax registration is used to fit the teeth with the mold. With new advances, doctors can take a scan of the dental arches to correctly and quickly make a mold out of silicone fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20robot | A continuum robot is a type of robot that is characterised by infinite degrees of freedom and number of joints. These characteristics allow continuum manipulators to adjust and modify their shape at any point along their length, granting them the possibility to work in confined spaces and complex environments where standard rigid-link robots cannot operate. In particular, we can define a continuum robot as an actuatable structure whose constitutive material forms curves with continuous tangent vectors. This is a fundamental definition that allows to distinguish between continuum robots and snake-arm robots or hyper-redundant manipulators: the presence of rigid links and joints allows them to only approximately perform curves with continuous tangent vectors.
The design of continuum robots is bioinspired, as the intent is to resemble biological trunks, snakes and tentacles. Several concepts of continuum robots have been commercialised and can be found in many different domains of application, ranging from the medical field to undersea exploration.
Classification
Continuum robots can be categorised according to two main criteria: structure and actuation.
Structure
The main characteristic of the design of continuum robots is the presence of a continuously curving core structure, named backbone, whose shape can be actuated. The backbone must also be compliant, meaning that the backbone yields smoothly to external loads.
According to the design principles chosen for the continuum manipulator, we can distinguish between:
single-backbone: these continuum manipulators have one central elastic backbone through which actuation/transmission elements can run.
multi-backbone: the structure of these continuum robots has two or more elastic elements (either rods or tubes) parallel to each other and constrained with one another in some way.
concentric-tube: the backbone is made of concentric tubes that are free to rotate and translate between each other, depending on the a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-24 | un-24 is a gene in fungus such as Neurospora crassa, encode Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large chain, involved in their heterokaryon incompatibility.
See also
Un-25 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional%20antibody | A trifunctional antibody is a monoclonal antibody with binding sites for two different antigens, typically CD3 and a tumor antigen, making it a type of bispecific monoclonal antibody. In addition, its intact Fc-part can bind to an Fc receptor on accessory cells like conventional monospecific antibodies. The net effect is that this type of drug links T cells (via CD3) and monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells or other Fc receptor expressing cells to the tumor cells, leading to their destruction.
At an equivalent dose a trifunctional antibody is more potent (more than 1,000-fold) in eliminating tumor cells than conventional antibodies. These drugs evoke the removal of tumor cells by means of (i) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity, a process also described for conventional antibodies and more importantly by (ii) polyclonal cytotoxic T cell responses with emphasis on CD8 T cells. These trifunctional antibodies also elicit individual anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients treated with e.g. catumaxomab; i.e. autologous antibodies as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells directed against the tumor were detected. Furthermore, putative cancer stem cells from malignant ascites fluid were eliminated due to catumaxomab treatment.
Catumaxomab, was the first to be approved for clinical use (in 2009 for the treatment of malignant ascites in cancer patients).
Examples include catumaxomab (EpCAM / CD3), ertumaxomab (HER2/neu / CD3), FBTA05 (CD20 / CD3, proposed trade name Lymphomun) and TRBS07 (GD2 / CD3, proposed trade name Ektomab), drugs against various types of cancer.
History
Trifunctional antibodies were the first type of bispecific monoclonal antibodies to be produced. The first concepts date back to the mid-1980s. For over twenty years, no such antibody was approved for clinical use, mainly because of manufacturing difficulties. Immunogenicity results from the fact that appropriate parental antibodies are obtained from rat and mice. After ap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanada%20effect | The Tanada effect refers to the adhesion of root tips to glass surfaces. It is believed to involve electric potentials. It is named for the scientist who first described the effect, Takuma Tanada.
The phenomenon was observed while Dr. Tanada was rinsing glassware and noticed that excised root tips occasionally stuck to pyrex beakers. Upon investigating the phenomenon closely he determined that this process could be studied in a mixture of ATP, ascorbate, auxin, magnesium, manganese and potassium. The tips would stick when the beaker was swirled slowly.
Most importantly, the reaction was light-dependent. Exposure to red light would cause the tips to stick, while exposure to far-red would allow them to release. This simple experiment was indicative of phytochrome function, and the rapid nature of the response suggested that changes in bioelectric potential were seminal events in phytochrome signal propagation.
Root tips stick to glass surfaces because they acquire a positive electrostatic charge due to some unknown effect from exposure to red light. The glass surface has a negative charge due to adsorbed phosphate ions. The opposite charges attract each other.
This phenomenon is the first reported generation of a bioelectric potential by a photomorphogenic pigment.
Several years later, Dr. Tanada found that the electric charge is generated by the trace element boron. Root tips from plants deficient in boron fail to stick to glass. In a dilute solution of boric acid, these tips gradually stick to the glass. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MouseText | MouseText is a set of 32 graphical characters designed by Bruce Tognazzini and first implemented in the Apple IIc. They were then retrofitted to the Apple IIe forming part of the Enhanced IIe upgrade. A slightly revised version was then released with the Apple IIGS.
By including box-drawing characters, MouseText made it possible to display simple text user interfaces resembling the Macintosh graphical user interface. Since the Apples lacked the ability to display user-defined characters in text mode, all GUI-like displays beyond crude ASCII art approximations had to use the slower and more memory-hungry graphical mode before MouseText was available. MouseText resulted in an eightfold increase in display speed for mouse applications, bringing such text-based applications as word processors up to the same speed as the original Macintosh. Word processors running on the two computers would not be confused with one another, however, as the mouse under MouseText would move in discrete jumps from character cell to character cell, rather than the smooth movement of the Macintosh, and text was still monospaced.
Running Man
The original version of MouseText in the Apple IIc included a depiction of a figure running, perhaps to portray the action of running a program. This icon was later found to be unnecessary, and Tognazzini sent a letter to Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine warning developers not to use them, as they would be replaced.
The MouseText characters replaced a redundant set of inverse uppercase characters (@,A..Z,[,\,],^,_) in the Alternate character set.
Accessing MouseText characters
There are two main ways to put MouseText characters on the screen.
Enable the alternate character set by writing to location 0xC00F (49167). Then write values in the 0x40 (64) through 0x5F (95) range to the screen.
Enable the 80-column firmware (which also enables the alternate character set), and use the control character sequence 0x0F, 0x1B (15, 27) to turn inverse and MouseTe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible%20with%20life | The term incompatible with life is used in circumstances of injury or developmental disorder that are considered to render life impossible.
Injury and death
Examples of the former include injuries such as decapitation or gross dismemberment. Other circumstances that are regarded as self-evidently incompatible with life include traumatic hemicorporectomy, decomposition, incineration, hypostasis and rigor mortis; in these circumstances, paramedics and other similar workers may be allowed to regard a person as dead in the absence of a physician.
Fetal abnormality
The latter includes very severe developmental disorders in which essential structures or biological functions necessary for the preservation of life are not formed; they may result in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal death. Examples of conditions generally considered incompatible with life include Potter's syndrome and anencephaly. Where disorders incompatible with life are found before birth, patients may elect to have an induced abortion.
The definition of which conditions are incompatible with life can change as medicine advances, such as where medical techniques have made it possible for some people born with some conditions generally regarded as incompatible with life such as Potter's syndome to survive. There have even been extremely rare cases of short-term survival into infancy with conditions as severe as anencephaly. However, others remain beyond help. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR1A | Alpha-centractin (yeast) or ARP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR1A gene.
Function
This gene encodes a 42.6 kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 10-11 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. It is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit is present in 8-13 copies per dynactin molecule, and is the most abundant molecule in the dynactin complex. It is an actin-related protein, and is approximately 60% identical at the amino acid level to conventional actin. ARP1 forms a 37 nm filament-like structure and is the core of the dynactin complex. It only exists in the dynactin complex in vivo. Highly purified, native Arp1 polymerize rapidly at extremely low concentrations into short filaments in vitro that were similar, but not identical, in length to those in dynactin. With time, these Arp1 filaments appeared to anneal to form longer assemblies but never attained the length of conventional actin filaments. As for conventional actin, Arp1 can bind and hydrolyze ATP, and Arp1 assembly is accompanied by nucleotide hydrolysis.
It has been reported that Arp1 interacts with other dynactin components including DCTN1/p150Glued, DCTN4/p62 and Actr10/Arp11. Arp1 has been shown as the domain for dynactin binding to membrane vesicles (such as Golgi or late endosome) through its association with β-spectrin.
Interactions
ACTR1A has been shown to interact with SPTBN2. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective%20colloid | A protective colloid is a lyophilic colloid that when present in small quantities keeps lyophobic colloids from precipitating under the coagulating action of electrolytes.
Need for protective colloids
When a small amount of hydrophilic colloid is added to hydrophobic colloids it may coagulate the latter. This is due to neutralisation of the charge on the hydrophobic colloidal particles. However, the addition of large amount of hydrophilic colloid increases the stability of the hydrophobic colloidal system. This is due to adsorption.
When lyophilic sols are added to lyophobic sols, depending on their sizes, either lyophobic sol is adsorbed in the surface of lyophilic sol or lyophilic sol is adsorbed on the surface of lyophobic sol. The layer of the protective colloid prevents direct collision between the hydrophobic colloidal particles and thus prevents coagulation.
Examples
Lyophilic sols like starch and gelatin act as protective colloids.
Measurement of protective action
For a comparative study Zsigmondy introduced a scale of protective
action for different protective colloids in terms of gold number. The gold number is the weight in milligrams of a protective colloid which checks the coagulation of 10ml of a given gold sol on adding 1 ml of 10% sodium chloride.
Thus smaller the gold number, greater is the protective action.
Gold numbers of some materials
Gelatin 0.005-0.01
Albumin 0.1
Acacia 0.1-0.2
Sodium oleate 1-5
Tragacanth 2 [4] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella%20punctipes | Morchella punctipes is a species of morel fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is native to North America, found widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. It was first found in Michigan and described scientifically by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1903.
Morchella punctipes is one of three species of fungi commonly referred to as half-free morels, the others being Morchella populiphila in western North America and Morchella semilibera in Europe.
They are an edible species but, like all morels, need to be cooked before they are consumed.
Description
The fruit bodies of Morchella punctipes are 2.5–18 cm (1–7.1 in) tall.
The cap is glabrous, conical, or occasionally, almost convex in shape and feature ridges and round, vertical pits. Ridges are pale yellow to dull yellowish brown when young and darken to brown, dark brown, or black with maturity. Pits are whitish to pale yellowish when immature and darken to brownish to yellowish brown at maturity. Caps attach to the stipe in a skirt-like manner, roughly halfway from the apex, and grow to be 2–4.5 cm (0.8–1.8 in) tall and 2–4.5 cm (0.8–1.8 in) wide.
The stipe is equal, fragile, and white to whitish or watery brownish in color. The surface of the stipe can have shallow, longitudinal grooves, and typically features white, mealy granules. The inside of the stipe is hollow and can have chambers near the bulbous base. When young, the stipe is short and can be hidden by the cap, but gains significant length with age. The stipe grows to be 1.5–15 cm (0.6–6 in) tall and 0.8–4.5 cm (0.3–1.8 in) wide.
Microscopic characteristics
The ascospores are elliptical and smooth with homogenous contents. They are 20-27 x (10-)14-18 µm in size and whitish to bright yellowish orange in deposit. Asci eight-spored; 175-350 x 15-25 µm; cylindrical; hyaline. The paraphyses are cylindrical with rounded, subcapitate, clavate, mucronate or irregularly inflated apices; septate; hyaline in KOH (2%); 120-275 x 10-22 µm. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20on%20a%20chip | A network on a chip or network-on-chip (NoC or ) is a network-based communications subsystem on an integrated circuit ("microchip"), most typically between modules in a system on a chip (SoC). The modules on the IC are typically semiconductor IP cores schematizing various functions of the computer system, and are designed to be modular in the sense of network science. The network on chip is a router-based packet switching network between SoC modules.
NoC technology applies the theory and methods of computer networking to on-chip communication and brings notable improvements over conventional bus and crossbar communication architectures. Networks-on-chip come in many network topologies, many of which are still experimental as of 2018.
In 2000s researchers had started to propose a type of on-chip interconnection in the form of packet switching networks in order to address the scalability issues of bus-based design. Preceding researches proposed the design that routes data packets instead of routing the wires. Then, the concept of "network on chips" was proposed in 2002. NoCs improve the scalability of systems-on-chip and the power efficiency of complex SoCs compared to other communication subsystem designs. They are an emerging technology, with projections for large growth in the near future as multicore computer architectures become more common.
Structure
NoCs can span synchronous and asynchronous clock domains, known as clock domain crossing, or use unclocked asynchronous logic. NoCs support globally asynchronous, locally synchronous electronics architectures, allowing each processor core or functional unit on the System-on-Chip to have its own clock domain.
Architectures
NoC architectures typically model sparse small-world networks (SWNs) and scale-free networks (SFNs) to limit the number, length, area and power consumption of interconnection wires and point-to-point connections.
Topology
The topology is the first fundamental aspect of NoC design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Marine%20Observation%20and%20Data%20Network | The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) is a web portal that brings together marine data, data products and metadata from diverse sources within Europe in a uniform way. It was initiated by the European Commission in response to the EU Green Paper on Future Maritime Policy, launched in June 2006. The main purpose of EMODnet is to unlock fragmented and hidden marine data resources and to make these available to individuals and organisations without restriction, except in special cases. The primary motivation for EMODnet is to stimulate investment in sustainable coastal and offshore activities through improved access to quality-assured, standardised and harmonised marine data.
Now fully operational, the EMODnet web portal provides access to various sub-portals, each of which pertains to a specific thematic group, with some overlap. The thematic groups allow the appropriate experts to define a common structure for the data within each theme, thus ensuring interoperability. There are seven sub-portals: the Bathymetry Portal, the Geology Portal, the Physics Portal, the Chemistry Portal, the Biology Data Portal, the Seabed Habitats Portal, and the Human Activities Portal. The result will be a portfolio of seamless data layers across European and adjacent sea basins. Individuals and organisations are encouraged to contribute marine data on a voluntary basis to ensure that the system remains current. The Data Ingestion portal facilitates this process to ingest marine data for further processing, publishing as open data and contributing to applications for society.
EMODnet Development
The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) is a network of organisations supported by the EU’s integrated maritime policy of the European Commission.
Phase I
The portals are presently operational, delivered during phase I of EMODnet development by a network of 53 organisations. Their progress was guided and monitored by an independent group of experts, i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience%20Research%20Program | The Neuroscience Research Program (NRP) is an inter-university and international organisation founded during 1962 by Francis Otto Schmitt and others, which marked a key moment in the foundation of neuroscience as a discipline.
A primary activity of the NRP was in making links between neural and behavioural sciences. The programs three core areas of interest were molecular biology, the Nervous system (neural) and psychology
Funded by federal grants from the government of the United States of America, and additionally sponsored by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the program was headquartered at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences based in Boston House. It operated a twice weekly meeting with guest speakers talking on key issues pertaining to neuroscience, and published its findings through the Neuroscience Research program Bulletin to libraries and other individuals working in the field.
Frank Schmitt had earlier organised a meeting (seminar series) of persons at M.I.T. during 1960 and 1961, who were interested in developing cross-disciplinary understandings in the fields of physics, chemistry, and the structural examination of the brain, together with using knowledge of new psychological, psychiatric and behavioural findings. During February 1962, Schmitt invited a select number of highly esteemed scientists to a meeting within New York city, at which they all agreed to formulate a new organisation, which was named at Schmitts' bequest, and due to be located at Brookline Massachusetts.
The program held six work-sessions each year, conferences which gave rise to published reports, intensive study programs (ISP's) triannually, and special conferences which were held for specific projects, where scientists suggested ways in which the most progress in neuroscience might be made, these were referred to generally by the term Whither, held both within the United States of America, and also at other international locations.
Katheryn Cusick was executive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20disorder | In X-ray crystallography, crystallographic disorder describes the cocrystallization of more than one rotamer, conformer, or isomer where the center of mass of each form is identical or unresolvable. As a consequence of disorder, the crystallographic solution is the sum of the various forms. In many cases, the components of the disorder are equally abundant, and, in other cases, the weighting coefficients for each component differ. Disorder can entail a pair or several components, and usually arises when the forms are nearly equal in energy and the crystal lattice is sufficiently spacious to accommodate the various components. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARMA%20attack | In information security, KARMA is an attack that exploits a behaviour of some Wi-Fi devices, combined with the lack of access point authentication in numerous WiFi protocols. It is a variant of the evil twin attack. Details of the attack were first published in 2004 by Dino dai Zovi and Shaun Macaulay.
Vulnerable client devices broadcast a "preferred network list" (PNL), which contains the SSIDs of access points to which they have previously connected and are willing to automatically reconnect without user intervention. These broadcasts are not encrypted and hence may be received by any WiFi access point in range. The KARMA attack consists in an access point receiving this list and then giving itself an SSID from the PNL, thus becoming an evil twin of an access point already trusted by the client.
Once that has been done, if the client receives the malicious access point's signal more strongly than that of the genuine access point (for example, if the genuine access point is nowhere nearby), and if the client does not attempt to authenticate the access point, then the attack should succeed. If the attack succeeds, then the malicious access point becomes a man in the middle (MITM), which positions it to deploy other attacks against the victim device.
What distinguishes KARMA from a plain evil twin attack is the use of the PNL, which allows the attacker to know, rather than simply to guess, which SSIDs (if any) the client will automatically attempt to connect to.
See also
Wireless security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection | A bijection is a function that is both injective (one-to-one) and surjective (onto). In other words, every element in the codomain of the function is mapped to by exactly one element in the domain of the function.
Equivalently, a bijection is a binary relation between two sets, such that each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set.
A bijection is also called as a bijective function, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible function.
The term one-to-one correspondence must not be confused with one-to-one function, which refers to an injective function (see examples on figures).
A bijection from a set X to a set Y has an inverse function from Y to X. There exists a bijection between two sets if and only if they have the same cardinal number, which, in the case of finite sets is simply the number of their elements.
A bijective function from a set to itself is also called a permutation, and the set of all permutations of a set forms its symmetric group.
Some bijections with further properties have received specific names, which include automorphisms, isomorphisms, homeomorphisms, diffeomorphisms, permutation groups, and most geometric transformations. Galois correspondences are bijections between sets of mathematical objects of apparently very different nature.
Definition
For a pairing between X and Y (where Y need not be different from X) to be a bijection, four properties must hold:
each element of X must be paired with at least one element of Y,
no element of X may be paired with more than one element of Y,
each element of Y must be paired with at least one element of X, and
no element of Y may be paired with more than one element of X.
Satisfying properties (1) and (2) means that a pairing is a function with domain X. It is more common to see properties (1) and (2) written as a single statement: Every element of X is paired with exactl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout%20moss | A knockout moss is one kind of genetically modified moss, which are GM plants. One or more of the moss's specific genes are deleted or inactivated ("knocked out"), for example by gene targeting or other methods. After the deletion of a gene, the knockout moss has lost the trait encoded by this gene. Thus, the function of this gene can be inferred. This scientific approach is called reverse genetics as the scientist wants to unravel the function of a specific gene. In classical genetics the scientist starts with a phenotype of interest and searches for the gene that causes this phenotype. Knockout mosses are relevant for basic research in biology as well as in biotechnology.
Scientific background
The targeted deletion or alteration of genes relies on the integration of a DNA strand at a specific and predictable position into the genome of the host cell. This DNA strand must be engineered in such a way that both ends are identical to this specific gene locus. This is a prerequisite for being efficiently integrated via homologous recombination (HR). Basically, a knockout mouse is engineered in the same way.
So far, this method of gene targeting in land plants has been carried out in the mosses Physcomitrella patens and Ceratodon purpureus, since in these non-seed plant species the efficiency of HR is several orders of magnitude higher than in seed plants.
Knockout mosses are stored at and distributed by a specialized biobank, the International Moss Stock Center.
Method
For altering moss genes in a targeted way, the DNA-construct needs to be incubated together with moss protoplasts and with polyethylene glycol (PEG). As mosses are haploid organisms, the regenerating moss filaments (protonemata) can be directly assayed for gene targeting within 6 weeks when utilizing PCR-methods.
Examples
Chloroplast division
The first scientific publication about identification of the function of a hitherto unknown gene utilizing knockout moss appeared 1998 and was authored by Ralf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricentis | Tricentis is a software testing company founded in 2007 and headquartered in Austin, Texas. It provides software testing automation and software quality assurance products for enterprise software.
History
Tricentis was founded in 2007 by Wolfgang Platz and Franz Fuchsberger, extending their previous consulting business into a software company. The same year, it opened an office in Germany. Tricentis opened further offices in Switzerland in 2008, Benelux in 2009, and London and Sydney in 2010. In 2011, the company entered the US markets and opened offices in New Jersey and Los Altos. By 2018, the company had extended its presence in Asia-Pacific. The company is headquartered in Austin, Texas.
In 2000, Platz developed Tricentis Tosca Explorer, the predecessor to the core component of Tricentis Tosca. By 2006 Tricentis Tosca Commander was developed and launched into the market as the central GUI for the product. The product has since been extended to cover risk-based testing, test design, SAP testing, API testing, service virtualization, exploratory testing, load testing, and test data management in addition to GUI testing.
In 2012, Tricentis raised $9 million in early-stage investment from Viewpoint, now part of Kennet Partners. In 2013, Sandeep Johri became the CEO.
In 2017, Tricentis received $165 million in series B funding from Insight Venture Partners.
In July 2020, Tricentis entered a partnership with SAP, an enterprise software corporation. Under the partnership, the Tricentis continuous testing platform will be the testing platform for the SAP Solution Extensions program and is being integrated into the SAP Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) portfolio. The Tricentis tools use machine learning algorithms to identify potential integration risks between SAP and third-party applications. They are also used to automate end-to-end testing across SAP and associated applications.
In April 2021, Kevin Thompson became the CEO and chairman of the board.
Acquis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICalendar | The Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar) is a media type which allows users to store and exchange calendaring and scheduling information such as events, to-dos, journal entries, and free/busy information, and together with its associated standards has been a cornerstone of the standardization and interoperability of digital calendars across different vendors. Files formatted according to the specification usually have an extension of . With supporting software, such as an email reader or calendar application, recipients of an iCalendar data file can respond to the sender easily or counter-propose another meeting date/time. The file format is specified in a proposed Internet standard (RFC 5545) for calendar data exchange. The standard and file type are sometimes referred to as "iCal", which was the name of the Apple Inc. calendar program until 2012 (see iCal), which provides one of the implementations of the standard.
iCalendar is used and supported by many products, including Google Calendar, Apple Calendar (formerly iCal), HCL Domino (formerly IBM Notes and Lotus Notes), Yahoo! Calendar, GNU Emacs, GNOME Evolution, eM Client, Lightning extension for Mozilla Thunderbird and SeaMonkey, and partially by Microsoft Outlook and Novell GroupWise.
iCalendar is designed to be independent of the transport protocol. For example, certain events can be sent by traditional email or whole calendar files can be shared and edited by using a WebDav server, or SyncML. Simple web servers (using just the HTTP protocol) are often used to distribute iCalendar data about an event and to publish busy times of an individual. Publishers can embed iCalendar data in web pages using hCalendar, a 1:1 microformat representation of iCalendar in semantic (X)HTML.
History
iCalendar was first created in 1998 by the Calendaring and Scheduling Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force, chaired by Anik Ganguly of Open Text Corporation, and was authore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Chuzhoy | Julia Chuzhoy is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist at the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, known for her research on approximation algorithms and graph theory.
Education and career
Chuzhoy earned bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1998, 2000, and 2004 respectively. Her dissertation, on approximation algorithms, was supervised by Seffi Naor. She has been at the Toyota Technological Institute since 2007, and also holds a position in the Computer Science Department of the University of Chicago.
Contributions and recognition
Chuzhoy won the best paper award at the 2012 Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science for her paper with Shi Li on approximating the problem of connecting many given pairs of vertices in a graph by edge-disjoint paths.
She is also known for her work showing a polynomial relation between the size of a grid graph minor of a graph and its treewidth. This connection between these two graph properties is a key component of the Robertson–Seymour theorem, is closely related to Halin's grid theorem for infinite graphs, and underlies the theory of bidimensionality for graph approximation algorithms.
She was an Invited Speaker at the 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians, in Seoul.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount%20technology | Surface-mount technology (SMT), originally called planar mounting, is a method in which the electrical components are mounted directly onto the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB). An electrical component mounted in this manner is referred to as a surface-mount device (SMD). In industry, this approach has largely replaced the through-hole technology construction method of fitting components, in large part because SMT allows for increased manufacturing automation which reduces cost and improves quality. It also allows for more components to fit on a given area of substrate. Both technologies can be used on the same board, with the through-hole technology often used for components not suitable for surface mounting such as large transformers and heat-sinked power semiconductors.
An SMT component is usually smaller than its through-hole counterpart because it has either smaller leads or no leads at all. It may have short pins or leads of various styles, flat contacts, a matrix of solder balls (BGAs), or terminations on the body of the component.
History
Surface-mount technology was developed in the 1960s. By 1986 surface mounted components accounted for 10% of the market at most, but was rapidly gaining popularity. By the late 1990s, the great majority of high-tech electronic printed circuit assemblies were dominated by surface mount devices. Much of the pioneering work in this technology was done by IBM. The design approach first demonstrated by IBM in 1960 in a small-scale computer was later applied in the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer used in the Instrument Unit that guided all Saturn IB and Saturn V vehicles. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be directly soldered to the surface of the PCB. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of a board became far more common with surface mounting than through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities and smaller circuit bo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20ulcerative%20keratitis | Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis (PUK) is a group of destructive inflammatory diseases involving the peripheral cornea in human eyes. The symptoms of PUK include pain, redness of the eyeball, photophobia, and decreased vision accompanied by distinctive signs of crescent-shaped damage of the cornea. The causes of this disease are broad, ranging from injuries, contamination of contact lenses, to association with other systemic conditions. PUK is associated with different ocular and systemic diseases. Mooren's ulcer is a common form of PUK. The majority of PUK is mediated by local or systemic immunological processes, which can lead to inflammation and eventually tissue damage. Standard PUK diagnostic test involves reviewing the medical history and a completing physical examinations. Two major treatments are the use of medications such as corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents and surgical resection of the conjunctiva. The prognosis of PUK is unclear with one study providing potential complications. PUK is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 3 per million annually.
Signs and symptoms
The most easily identifiable sign is a visible lesion of the cornea presented usually in a crescent shape. Common reasons for destruction are stromal degradation and epithelial defects on the inflammatory cells. There would be a change in conformation of the peripheral cornea, depending on the severity of corneal thinning. This process is usually accompanied by the possibility of concealing perforation. The formation of an oval-shaped ulcer at the margin of the cornea is also a sign.
Symptoms of PUK include pain, redness, tearing, increased sensitivity to bright light, impaired or blurred vision, and the feeling of foreign objects trapped in the eyes.
Association
There are several associations of PUK to ocular and systemic diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Wegner's granulomatosis (WG), and Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) are the most common systemic conditions.
Rh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanystropheus | Tanystropheus (~ 'long' + 'hinged') is an extinct genus of archosauromorph reptile which lived during the Triassic Period in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is recognisable by its extremely elongated neck, longer than the torso and tail combined. The neck was composed of 13 vertebrae strengthened by extensive cervical ribs. Tanystropheus is one of the most well-described non-archosauriform archosauromorphs, known from numerous fossils, including nearly complete skeletons. Some species within the genus may have reached a total length of , making Tanystropheus the longest non-archosauriform archosauromorph as well. Tanystropheus is the namesake of the family Tanystropheidae, a clade collecting many long-necked Triassic archosauromorphs previously described as "protorosaurs" or "prolacertiforms".
Tanystropheus contains at least two valid species as well as fossils which cannot be referred to a specific species. The type species of Tanystropheus is T. conspicuus, a dubious name applied to particularly large fossils from Germany and Poland. Complete skeletons are common in the Besano Formation at Monte San Giorgio, on the border of Italy and Switzerland. Monte San Giorgio fossils belong to two species: the smaller T. longobardicus and the larger T. hydroides. These two species were formally differentiated in 2020 primarily on the basis of their strongly divergent skull anatomy. When T. longobardicus was first described in 1886, it was initially mistaken for a pterosaur and given the name "Tribelesodon". Starting in the 1920s, systematic excavations at Monte San Giorgio unearthed many more Tanystropheus fossils, revealing that the putative wing bones of "Tribelesodon" were actually neck vertebrae.
Most Tanystropheus fossils hail from marine or coastal deposits of the Middle Triassic epoch (Anisian and Ladinian stages), with some exceptions. For example, a vertebra from Nova Scotia was recovered from primarily freshwater sediments. The youngest fossils in the genus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CII%20Iris%2050 | The Iris 50 computer is one of the computers marketed by the French company CII as part of plan Calcul at the end of the 1960s. Designed for the civilian market, it was produced from 1968 to 1975 and was the successor to the CII 10070 (SDS Sigma 7). Its main competitor in Europe was the IBM 360/50, which, like the Iris 50, was a universal 32 bits mainframe suitable for both business and scientific applications.
At the same time that the CII was building the Iris 50, it had to study military variants for the army called P0M, P2M, and P2MS. The Iris 35 M version, used in particular to process the information needed to fire the Pluton missile, had a magnetic core memory made up of elements of 16 kilobytes each; tolerant of severe environmental conditions. Its main peripherals were a printer, a monitor, and modems.
CII concluded that it was impossible to create another CPU compatible with Iris 50. It then decided to adopt the Sigma 9 architecture, inspired by the Sigma 7 and marketed by (SETI), one of the three companies that had merged in 1966 to create CII.
The operating system for the Iris 50 was Siris 7, designed and developed by CII.
Its successor, the Iris 80, was considerably transformed and improved, both in terms of the components, which moved from DTL to TTL, and the operating system (Siris 7/8) on which the IRIA researchers worked to increase its speed.
A slower-speed version, the Iris 45, was introduced in 1972. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franssen%20effect | The Franssen effect is an auditory illusion where the listener incorrectly localizes a sound. It was found in 1960 by Nico Valentinus Franssen (1926–1979), a Dutch physicist and inventor. There are two classical experiments, which are related to the Franssen effect, called Franssen effect F1 and Franssen effect F2.
Franssen effect F1
There are two loudspeakers to the left and right of the listener. Each is about 1 meter in distance from the listener, at approximately 45° angles.
The left speaker suddenly begins to produce a sharp pure tone. The two speakers are complementary to each other: i.e., as one increases, the other decreases. The left one is decreased exponentially, and the right speaker becomes the main source of the sound. The listener mistakenly perceives the sound as only coming from the left speaker, although the right speaker has been on most of the time.
Franssen effect F2
Experiment
Inside a room (auditorium) there are two loudspeakers at different positions. At the beginning of the presentation, loudspeaker 1 emits a pure tone with a steep attacking slope. Subsequently the power of this loudspeaker remains constant. The listeners can localize this loudspeaker easily. During the stationary part of the envelope the signal is very smoothly faded over from loudspeaker 1 to loudspeaker 2. Although loudspeaker 2 emits all the sound at the end, the listener's auditory events remain at the position of loudspeaker 1. This mislocalization remains, even if the test supervisor plugs off the cables of loudspeaker 1 demonstratively.
Conclusions
This effect gives some information about the capabilities of the human auditory system to localize sound sources in enclosed rooms:
The human auditory system is able to localize a sound source in reverberant sound fields, if there are fast signal changes or signal onsets. (Loudspeaker 1 was correctly localized at the beginning of the experiment.)
The human auditory system is not able to localize signals with a cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst%20mode%20%28computing%29 | Burst mode is a generic electronics term referring to any situation in which a device is transmitting data repeatedly without going through all the steps required to transmit each piece of data in a separate transaction.
Advantages
The main advantage of burst mode over single mode is that the burst mode typically increases the throughput of data transfer.
Any bus transaction is typically handled by an arbiter, which decides when it should change the granted master and slaves. In case of burst mode, it is usually more efficient if you allow a master to complete a known length transfer sequence.
The total delay in a data transaction can be typically written as a sum of initial access latency plus sequential access latency.
Here the sequential latency is same in both single mode and burst mode, but the total initial latency is decreased in burst mode, since the initial delay (usually depends on FSM for the protocol) is caused only once in burst mode. Hence the total latency of the burst transfer is reduced, and hence the data transfer throughput is increased.
It can also be used by slaves that can optimise their responses if they know in advance how many data transfers there will be. The typical example here is a DRAM which has a high initial access latency, but sequential accesses after that can be performed with fewer wait states.
Beats in burst transfer
A beat in a burst transfer is the number of write (or read) transfers from master to slave, that takes place continuously in a transaction. In a burst transfer, the address for write or read transfer is just an incremental value of previous address. Hence in a 4-beat incremental burst transfer (write or read), if the starting address is 'A', then the consecutive addresses will be 'A+m', 'A+2*m', 'A+3*m'. Similarly, in a 8-beat incremental burst transfer (write or read), the addresses will be 'A', 'A+n', 'A+2*n', 'A+3*n', 'A+4*n', 'A+5*n', 'A+6*n', 'A+7*n'.
Example
Q:- A certain SoC master uses a burst mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial%20weed | A beneficial weed is an invasive plant that has some companion plant effect, is edible, contributes to soil health, adds ornamental value, or is otherwise beneficial. These plants are normally not domesticated. However, some invasive plants, such as dandelions, are commercially cultivated, in addition to growing in the wild. Beneficial weeds include many wildflowers, as well as other weeds that are commonly removed or poisoned. Certain weeds that have obnoxious and destructive qualities have been shown to fight illness and are thus used in medicine. For example, Parthenium hysterophorus native to northern Mexico and parts of the US has been an issue for years due to its toxicity and ability to spread rapidly. In the past few decades, though, research has found that P. hysterophorus was "used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, pain, fever, and diseases like malaria dysentery." It is also known to create biogas that can be used as a bioremediation agent to break down heavy metals and other pollutants.
Soil health
These are erroneously considered to compete with neighboring plants for food and moisture. However, some "weeds" provide the soil with nutrients, either directly or indirectly.
For example, if they are colonized by certain bacteria (most commonly Rhizobium), legumes such as white clover, they add nitrogen to the soil through the process of nitrogen fixation. These bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of their host, "fixing" atmospheric nitrogen by combining it with oxygen or hydrogen to make the nitrogen available to the plant as NH4 or NO3.
Others use deep taproots to bring up nutrients and moisture from beyond the range of normal plants so that the soil improves in quality over generations of that plant's presence.
Weeds with strong, widespread roots also introduce organic matter to the earth in the form of those roots, turning hard, dense clay dirt into richer, more fertile soil.
Some plants like tomatoes and maize will " |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate | Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, or Custodiol HTK solution, is a high-flow, low-potassium preservation solution used for organ transplantation. The solution was initially developed by Hans-Jürgen Bretschneider.
HTK solution is intended for perfusion and flushing of donor liver, kidney, heart, lung and pancreas prior to removal from the donor and for preserving these organs during hypothermic storage and transport to the recipient. HTK solution is based on the principle of inactivating organ function by withdrawal of extracellular sodium and calcium, together with intensive buffering of the extracellular space by means of histidine/histidine hydrochloride, so as to prolong the period during which the organs will tolerate interruption of oxygenated blood. The composition of HTK is similar to that of intracellular fluid. All of the components of HTK occur naturally in the body. The osmolarity of HTK is 310 mOsm/L.
Composition
Sodium: 15 mmol/L
Potassium: 9 mmol/L
Magnesium: 4 mmol/L
Calcium: 0.015 mmol/L
Ketoglutarate/glutamic acid: 1 mmol/L
Histidine: 198 mmol/L
Mannitol: 30 mmol/L
Tryptophan: 2 mmol/L
Clinical Application
HTK (branded as Custodiol® by Essential Pharmaceuticals LLC), has been presented by industry to surgeons as an alternative solution that exceeds other cardioplegias in myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. This claim relies on the single-dose administration of HTK compared with other multidose cardioplegias (MDC), sparing time in the adjustment of equipment during cardioplegia re-administration, allowing greater time to operate and thus a decreased CPB duration. Other benefits include a lower concentration of sodium, calcium, and potassium compared with other cardioplegias with cardiac arrest arising from the deprivation of sodium. Finally, histidine is thought to aid buffering, mannitol and tryptophan to improve membrane stability, and ketoglutarate to help ATP production during reperfusion.
A 2021 meta-analysis demonstrated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy%20Thompson%20Zoology%20Museum | The D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum is a museum of zoology at the University of Dundee in Scotland.
The museum is named after the Scottish biologist and mathematician D'Arcy Thompson (1860–1948), who founded it in the 1880s. Thompson began acquiring specimens for a museum immediately on taking up the post of Professor of Biology at what was then University College, Dundee in 1885. An extension to his department in 1893 allowed the creation of a purpose-built museum, which grew to become one of the largest museums of its kind in Britain at the time.
The original museum building was demolished along with its neighbours in 1956–57 to make way for the Tower Building, and much of Thompson's original collection was dispersed. The remaining material was kept in storage for many years before new museum displays were created in the Biological Sciences Institute in the 1980s. This building was itself later demolished, and in 2007 a new museum was created in the Carnelley Building, formally named the D’Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum after its founder.
The museum has a collection of birds, fish, insects, mammals, and reptiles from around the world, together with many of D'Arcy Thompson's original models and teaching aids, including Glass Sea Creatures by Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and model and fluid preparations by Vaclav Fric. Many of the specimens and models relate to Thompson's interest in mathematical biology, which led to his celebrated book On Growth and Form.
The museum has 27 specimens from the voyage of of 1872–1876 and material from several other notable expeditions including the Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892–3, the Ingolf Expedition of 1895–6, the Nimrod Expedition of 1907-9 and the Discovery Investigations of the 1930s. There are also specimens of various extinct species including Huia and Thylacine.
The museum also has an art collection inspired by the work of D'Arcy Thompson including his 1917 book On Growth and Form, part of which was funded by the UK |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid%20bone | The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended.
Structure
It is divided into the following parts:
a median portion, known as the body of sphenoid bone, containing the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland as well as the paired paranasal sinuses, the sphenoidal sinuses
two greater wings on the lateral side of the body and two lesser wings from the anterior side.
Pterygoid processes of the sphenoides, directed downwards from the junction of the body and the greater wings.
Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body.
Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid
The more important of these are:
the pterygospinous, stretching between the spina angularis and the lateral pterygoid plate (see cervical fascia);
the interclinoid, a fibrous process joining the anterior to the posterior clinoid process;
and the caroticoclinoid, connecting the anterior to the middle clinoid process.
These ligaments occasionally ossify.
Features
pterygoid notch
pterygoid fossa
scaphoid fossa
pterygoid hamulus
pterygoid canal
pterygospinous process
sella turcica
Articulations
The sphenoid articulates with the frontal, parietal, ethmoid, temporal, zygomatic, palatine, vomer, and occipital bones and helps to connect the neurocranium to the facial skeleton.
Body of sphenoid
Superior or cerebral surface
Articulates with ethmoid bone anteriorly and basilar part of occipital bone posteriorly.
It shows:
Jugum sphenoidale
Sulcus chiasmaticus
Tuberculum sellae
Sella turcica
Dorsum sellae
Clivus
Inferior surface
Rostrum of sphenoid
Sphenoidal conchae
Vaginal processes of medial pterygoid plate
Anterior surface
Sphenoidal crest articulates with the per |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber%27s%20pole | A barber's pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft. The trade sign is, by a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, a staff or pole with a helix of colored stripes (often red and white in many countries, but usually red, white and blue in Japan and the United States). The pole may be stationary or may rotate, often with the aid of an electric motor.
A "barber's pole" with a helical stripe is a familiar sight, and is used as a secondary metaphor to describe objects in many other contexts. For example, if the shaft or tower of a lighthouse has been painted with a helical stripe as a daymark, the lighthouse could be described as having been painted in "barber's pole" colors.
Origin in barbering and surgery
During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gripped during the procedure to encourage blood flow and the twined pole motif is likely related to the staff of the Greek god of speed and commerce Hermes, aka the Caduceus, evidenced for example by early physician van Helmont's description of himself as "Francis Mercurius Van Helmont, A Philosopher by that one in whom are all things, A Wandering Hermite.
At the Council of Tours in 1163, the clergy was banned from the practice of surgery. From then, physicians were clearly separated from the surgeons and barbers. Later, the role of the barbers was defined by the College de Saint-Côme et Saint-Damien, established by Jean Pitard in Paris circa 1210, as academic surgeons of the long robe and barber surgeons of the short robe.
In Renaissance-era Amsterdam, the surgeons used the colored stripes to indicate that they were prepared to bleed their patients (red), set bones or pull teeth (white), or gi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native-language%20identification | Native-language identification (NLI) is the task of determining an author's native language (L1) based only on their writings in a second language (L2). NLI works through identifying language-usage patterns that are common to specific L1 groups and then applying this knowledge to predict the native language of previously unseen texts. This is motivated in part by applications in second-language acquisition, language teaching and forensic linguistics, amongst others.
Overview
NLI works under the assumption that an author's L1 will dispose them towards particular language production patterns in their L2, as influenced by their native language. This relates to cross-linguistic influence (CLI), a key topic in the field of second-language acquisition (SLA) that analyzes transfer effects from the L1 on later learned languages.
Using large-scale English data, NLI methods achieve over 80% accuracy in predicting the native language of texts written by authors from 11 different L1 backgrounds. This can be compared to a baseline of 9% for choosing randomly.
Applications
Pedagogy and language transfer
This identification of L1-specific features has been used to study language transfer effects in second-language acquisition. This is useful for developing pedagogical material, teaching methods, L1-specific instructions and generating learner feedback that is tailored to their native language.
Forensic linguistics
NLI methods can also be applied in forensic linguistics as a method of performing authorship profiling in order to infer the attributes of an author, including their linguistic background.
This is particularly useful in situations where a text, e.g. an anonymous letter, is the key piece of evidence in an investigation and clues about the native language of a writer can help investigators in identifying the source.
This has already attracted interest and funding from intelligence agencies.
Methodology
Natural language processing methods are used to extract and id |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Eeghen%20Group | Van Eeghen Group is one of the oldest still functioning food producing companies in Amsterdam, Netherlands, founded in 1662.
It is a family business older than 200 years and is a member of the Henokiens association. The trading company Van Eeghen is also active under other names such as Van Eeghen International and Belegging- en Handelmaatschappij Van Eeghen.
Jacob van Eeghen was previously a merchant in Aardenburg, in State Flanders. Via Middelburg and Haarlem, the Protestant Van Eeghen family ends up in Amsterdam. Like his father and grandfather, he traded in wool and linen. Later also in products such as grain, herring and salt. Since 1969, the banking activities have been transferred to H. Oyens & Zonen under the name Oyens & Van Eeghen, now Bank Oyens & Van Eeghen. In 2014, he surrendered his banking license and continued as an investment firm.
The part of the group is the Van Eeghen Functional Ingredients company producing various vitamins, antioxidants, amino acids, nutritional supplements, natural botanical extracts etc.
See also
Henokiens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%27s%20theorem | Nielsen's theorem is a result in quantum information concerning transformations between bipartite states due to Michael Nielsen. It makes use of majorization.
Statement
A bipartite state transforms to another using local operations and classical communication if and only if is majorized by where the are the Schmidt coefficients of the respective state.
This can be written more concisely as
iff .
Proof
The proof is detailed in the paper and will be added here at a later date. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signoff%20%28electronic%20design%20automation%29 | In the automated design of integrated circuits, signoff (also written as sign-off) checks is the collective name given to a series of verification steps that the design must pass before it can be taped out. This implies an iterative process involving incremental fixes across the board using one or more check types, and then retesting the design. There are two types of sign-off's: front-end sign-off and back-end sign-off. After back-end sign-off, the chip goes to fabrication. After listing out all the features in the specification, the verification engineer will write coverage for those features to identify bugs, and send back the RTL design to the designer. Bugs, or defects, can include issues like missing features (comparing the layout to the specification), errors in design (typo and functional errors), etc. When the coverage reaches a maximum percentage then the verification team will sign it off. By using a methodology like UVM, OVM, or VMM, the verification team develops a reusable environment. Nowadays, UVM is more popular than others.
History
During the late 1960s engineers at semiconductor companies like Intel used rubylith for the production of semiconductor lithography photomasks. Manually drawn circuit draft schematics of the semiconductor devices made by engineers were transeferred manually onto D-sized vellum sheets by a skilled schematic designer to make a physical layout of the device on a photomask.
The vellum would be later hand-checked and signed off by the original engineer; all edits to the schematics would also be noted, checked, and, again, signed off.
Check types
Signoff checks have become more complex as VLSI designs approach 22nm and below process nodes, because of the increased impact of previously ignored (or more crudely approximated) second-order effects. There are several categories of signoff checks.
Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) – Also known as schematic verification, this is used to verify that the placement and routing of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathFest | MathFest is a mathematics conference hosted annually in late summer by the Mathematical Association of America. It is known for its dual focus on teaching and research in mathematics, as well as for student participation.
MathFest Locations
The 2015 meeting in Washington, D.C. was an extra day long in order to include events to mark the centennial anniversary of the MAA.
The 2020 meeting in Philadelphia, PA was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The 2021 meeting was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Events
MathFest features many annual lectures, such as the Earle Raymond Hedrick Lecture Series, which consists of up to three lectures by the same presenter, on three consecutive days,
and the AWM-MAA Falconer Lecture, which is given by a distinguished female mathematician or mathematics educator.
Notes
External links
List of national Mathfest meetings of the MAA
Mathematics conferences
Mathematical Association of America
Mathematics education in the United States
Festival organizations in North America |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20drying | Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions. Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by using methods such as air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying, although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results.
Food types
Many different foods can be prepared by dehydration. Meat has held a historically significant role. For centuries, much of the European diet depended on dried cod—known as salt cod, bacalhau (with salt), or stockfish (without). It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations, and was a major economic force within the triangular trade. Dried fish most commonly cod or haddock, known as Harðfiskur, is a delicacy in Iceland, while dried reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food. Dried meats include prosciutto (Parma ham), bresaola, biltong and beef jerky.
Dried fruits have been consumed historically due to their high sugar content and sweet taste, and a longer shelf-life from drying. Fruits may be used differently when dried. The plum becomes a prune, the grape a raisin. Figs and dates may be transformed into different products that can either be eaten as they are, used in recipes, or rehydrated.
Freeze-dried vegetables are often found in food for backpackers, hunters, and the military. Garlic and onion are often dried and stored with their stalks braided. Edible mushrooms and fungi are sometimes dried for preservation or to be used as seasonings.
Preparation
Home drying of vegetables, fruit and meat can be carried out with electrical dehydrators (household appliance) or by sun-drying or by wind. Preservatives such as p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Proton%20Synchrotron%20experiments | This is a list of past and current experiments at the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) facility since its commissioning in 1959. The PS was CERN's first synchrotron and the world's highest energy particle accelerator at the time. It served as the flagship of CERN until the 1980s when its main role became to provide injection beams to other machines such as the Super Proton Synchrotron.
The information is gathered from the INSPIRE-HEP database.
See also
Experiments
List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
List of Large Hadron Collider experiments
Facilities
CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research
PS: Proton Synchrotron
SPS: Super Proton Synchrotron
ISOLDE: On-Line Isotope Mass Separator
ISR: Intersecting Storage Rings
LEP: Large Electron–Positron Collider
LHC: Large Hadron Collider |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome | A desmosome (; "binding body"), also known as a macula adherens (plural: maculae adherentes) (Latin for adhering spot), is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes are one of the stronger cell-to-cell adhesion types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechanical stress, such as cardiac muscle tissue, bladder tissue, gastrointestinal mucosa, and epithelia.
Structure
Desmosomes are composed of desmosome-intermediate filament complexes (DIFC), which is a network of cadherin proteins, linker proteins and intermediate filaments. The DIFCs can be broken into three regions: the extracellular core region, or desmoglea, the outer dense plaque, or ODP, and the inner dense plaque, or IDP.
The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. Extracellular calcium helps form the cadherin adhesion by allowing the cadherin extracellular domain on desmoglein and desmocollin to become rigid. They bind to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space near their N-termini, in contrast with the homophilic binding characteristic of other cadherins. Desmoglein and desmocollin have a single pass transmembrane region plus an intracellular anchor to secure its position in the cell membrane. Desmogleins and the desmocollin isoform "Dsc-a" contain an intracellular cadherin domain, which binds to plakoglobin.
The outer dense plaque, which is about 15–20 nm in length, contains the intracellular ends of desmocollin and desmoglein, the N-terminus side of desmoplakin, and the armadillo family of mediatory proteins plakoglobin and plakophilin. Armadillo proteins are involved in mediating attachment to intracellular filaments and cell m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenke%E2%80%93Chihara%20polynomials | In mathematics, Brenke polynomials are special cases of generalized Appell polynomials, and Brenke–Chihara polynomials are the Brenke polynomials that are also orthogonal polynomials.
introduced sequences of Brenke polynomials Pn, which are special cases of generalized Appell polynomials with generating function of the form
Brenke observed that Hermite polynomials and Laguerre polynomials are examples of Brenke polynomials, and asked if there are any other sequences of orthogonal polynomials of this form. found some further examples of orthogonal Brenke polynomials. completely classified all Brenke polynomials that form orthogonal sequences, which are now called Brenke–Chihara polynomials, and found their orthogonality relations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20data%20inertial%20reference%20unit | An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS), which supplies air data (airspeed, angle of attack and altitude) and inertial reference (position and attitude) information to the pilots' electronic flight instrument system displays as well as other systems on the aircraft such as the engines, autopilot, aircraft flight control system and landing gear systems. An ADIRU acts as a single, fault tolerant source of navigational data for both pilots of an aircraft. It may be complemented by a secondary attitude air data reference unit (SAARU), as in the Boeing 777 design.
This device is used on various military aircraft as well as civilian airliners starting with the Airbus A320 and Boeing 777.
Description
An ADIRS consists of up to three fault tolerant ADIRUs located in the aircraft electronic rack, an associated control and display unit (CDU) in the cockpit and remotely mounted air data modules (ADMs). The No 3 ADIRU is a redundant unit that may be selected to supply data to either the commander's or the co-pilot's displays in the event of a partial or complete failure of either the No 1 or No 2 ADIRU. There is no cross-channel redundancy between the Nos 1 and 2 ADIRUs, as No 3 ADIRU is the only alternate source of air and inertial reference data. An inertial reference (IR) fault in ADIRU No 1 or 2 will cause a loss of attitude and navigation information on their associated primary flight display (PFD) and navigation display (ND) screens. An air data reference (ADR) fault will cause the loss of airspeed and altitude information on the affected display. In either case the information can only be restored by selecting the No 3 ADIRU.
Each ADIRU comprises an ADR and an inertial reference (IR) component.
Air data reference
The air data reference (ADR) component of an ADIRU provides airspeed, Mach number, angle of attack, temperature and barometric altitude data. Ram air pressure and static pre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle%20ring | A puzzle ring is a jewelry ring made up of multiple interconnected bands, which is a type of mechanical puzzle most likely developed as an elaboration of the European gimmal ring.
The puzzle ring is also sometimes called a "Turkish wedding ring" or "harem ring." According to popular legend, the ring would be given by the husband as a wedding ring, because if the wife removed it (presumably to commit adultery), the bands of the ring would fall apart, and she would be unable to reassemble it before its absence would be noticed. However, a puzzle ring can be easily removed without the bands falling apart.
In Sweden, Norway and Finland, puzzle rings are often carried by military veterans (in Norway the rings are often called the "Lebanon ring" after military people have served in the United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon UNIFIL), where the number of rings correspond to the number of tours made, starting at 4 rings for 1 tour (mostly for Sweden, not usually for Norwegian veterans). In Finland you can use the ring if you have served more than 6 months. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20lobule | The central lobule is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation (ala), on each side, as the alae of the central lobule or alae lobuli centralis.
Additional Images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kervaire%20invariant | In mathematics, the Kervaire invariant is an invariant of a framed -dimensional manifold that measures whether the manifold could be surgically converted into a sphere. This invariant evaluates to 0 if the manifold can be converted to a sphere, and 1 otherwise. This invariant was named after Michel Kervaire who built on work of Cahit Arf.
The Kervaire invariant is defined as the Arf invariant of the skew-quadratic form on the middle dimensional homology group. It can be thought of as the simply-connected quadratic L-group , and thus analogous to the other invariants from L-theory: the signature, a -dimensional invariant (either symmetric or quadratic, ), and the De Rham invariant, a -dimensional symmetric invariant .
In any given dimension, there are only two possibilities: either all manifolds have Arf–Kervaire invariant equal to 0, or half have Arf–Kervaire invariant 0 and the other half have Arf–Kervaire invariant 1.
The Kervaire invariant problem is the problem of determining in which dimensions the Kervaire invariant can be nonzero. For differentiable manifolds, this can happen in dimensions 2, 6, 14, 30, 62, and possibly 126, and in no other dimensions. The final case of dimension 126 remains open.
Definition
The Kervaire invariant is the Arf invariant of the quadratic form determined by the framing on the middle-dimensional -coefficient homology group
and is thus sometimes called the Arf–Kervaire invariant. The quadratic form (properly, skew-quadratic form) is a quadratic refinement of the usual ε-symmetric form on the middle dimensional homology of an (unframed) even-dimensional manifold; the framing yields the quadratic refinement.
The quadratic form q can be defined by algebraic topology using functional Steenrod squares, and geometrically via the self-intersections
of immersions determined by the framing, or by the triviality/non-triviality of the normal bundles of embeddings (for ) and the mod 2 Hopf invariant of maps
(for ).
History
The K |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20edible%20cacti | This is a list of edible plants in the family Cactaceae.
Acanthocereus tetragonus, the sword pear,
Browningia candelaris,
Carnegiea gigantea, the Saguaro,
Cereus repandus - California and Florida
genus Corryocactus (also known as Erdisia), the tasty berrylike
C. brevistylis, C. pulquiensis, and C. erectus
Coryphantha
C. robbinsorum and C. recurvata.
genus Echinocereus ("Strawberry Cactus")
E. engelmannii, E. bonkerae, E. boyce-thompsonii
E. enneacanthus, E. cincerascens, E. stramineus
E. dasyacanthus, E. fendleri and E. fasciculatus
E. brandegeei, E. ledingii and E. nicholii
E. engelmannii ("Strawberry Vanilla")
genus Echinopsis
South American species
E. (or T.) atacamensis, E./T. coquimbana and E./T. schickendanzii
genus Epiphyllum, the Orchid cactus
E. anguliger (also called Phyllocactus darrahii, said to be like gooseberries)
genus Epithelantha (the fruit of all species said to be edible)
genus Eulychnia
E. acida
genus Ferocactus
Ferocactus hamatacanthus
F. histrix ("borrachitos") and F. latispinus ("pochas")
genus Harrisia (of Florida and the Caribbean), the "Prickly Apples"
Harrisia martinii
NOTE: The following 5 are said to be "endangered endemic" :
H. aboriginum, H.simpsonii, H. adscendens, H fragrans and H. eriophora
H. pomanensis
Argentinian H. balansae
genus Mammillaria ("chilitos" as they look like tiny red chili peppers)
M. applanata, M. meiacantha, M. macdougalii, M. lasiacantha
M. grahamii, M. oliviae, M. mainiae, M. microcarpa, M. thornberi and many others
Myrtillocactus geometrizans ("garambulos", taste like less-acid cranberries)
genus Opuntia, the prickly pears
Opuntia engelmannii
Opuntia ficus-indica
Opuntia matudae
Opuntia fragilis
Opuntia basilaris
genus Pachycereus,
Pachycereus pringlei, the Cardon
P. schottii, the Senita and P. weberi, the Candelabro
genus Peniocereus,
Peniocereus greggii, the Arizona Queen of the Night
P. johnstonii and P. serpentinus
genus Pereskia
P. aculeata, the "Ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%207 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 7 is a family of glycoside hydrolases , which are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
Glycoside hydrolase family 7 CAZY GH_7 comprises enzymes with several known activities including endoglucanase () and cellobiohydrolase (). These enzymes were formerly known as cellulase family C.
Exoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases play a role in the conversion of cellulose to glucose by cutting the disaccharide cellobiose from the non-reducing end of the cellulose polymer chain. Structurally, cellulases and xylanases frequently consist of a catalytic domain joined to a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) via a linker region that is rich in proline and/or hydroxy-amino acids. In type I exoglucanases, the CBD domain is found at the C-terminal extremity of these enzyme (this short domain forms a hairpin loop structure stabilised by 2 disulphide bridges). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic%20hybrid | A cytoplasmic hybrid (or cybrid, a portmanteau of the two words) is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast. Cytoplasts are enucleated cells. This enucleation can be effected by simultaneous application of centrifugal force and treatment of the cell with an agent that disrupts the cytoskeleton. A special case of cybrid formation involves the use of rho-zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion. Rho-zero cells are cells which have been depleted of their own mitochondrial DNA by prolonged incubation with ethidium bromide, a chemical which inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication. The rho-zero cells do retain mitochondria and can grow in rich culture medium with certain supplements. They do retain their own nuclear genome. A cybrid is then a hybrid cell which mixes the nuclear genes from one cell with the mitochondrial genes from another cell. Using this powerful tool, it makes it possible to dissociate contribution from the mitochondrial genes vs that of the nuclear genes.
Cybrids are valuable in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions.
Legal issues
Research utilizing cybrid embryos has been hotly contested due to the ethical implications of further cybrid research. Recently, the House of Lords passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, which allows the creation of mixed human-animal embryos for medical purposes only. Such cybrids are 99.9% human and 0.1% animal. A cybrid may be kept for a maximum of 14 days, owing to the development of the brain and spinal cord, after which time the cybrid must be destroyed. During the two-week period, stem cells may be harvested from the cybrid, for research or medical purposes. Under no circumstances may a cybrid be implanted into a human uterus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tools%20to%20create%20bootable%20USB | This is a list of utilities for creating a live USB. Only those listed on Wikipedia are included.
Overview
"Multiboot" means that the tool allows multiple systems on the USB stick, as well as a bootloader on the USB flash drive to choose which system to load at boot time. Multiboot is environmental technology since it requires only a single storage device to boot multiple files.
"Persistence" is the ability, for a Linux Live distribution, to save the changes (like softwares, documents, parameters, etc) in the live USB across reboots.
See also
List of Linux distributions that run from RAM
Multiboot specification
System installer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derailment%20%28thought%20disorder%29 |
In psychiatry, derailment (aka loosening of association, asyndesis, asyndetic thinking, knight's move thinking, entgleisen, disorganised thinking) categorises any speech that sequences of unrelated or barely related ideas compose; the topic often changes from one sentence to another.
In a mild manifestation, this thought disorder is characterized by slippage of ideas further and further from the point of a discussion. Derailment can often be manifestly caused by intense emotions such as euphoria or hysteria. Some of the synonyms given above (loosening of association, asyndetic thinking) are used by some authors to refer just to a loss of goal: discourse that sets off on a particular idea, wanders off and never returns to it. A related term is tangentiality—it refers to off-the-point, oblique or irrelevant answers given to questions. In some studies on creativity, knight's move thinking—while describing a similarly loose association of ideas—is not considered a mental disorder or the hallmark of one; it is sometimes used as a synonym for lateral thinking.
Examples
"The next day when I'd be going out you know, I took control, like uh, I put bleach on my hair in California."—given by Nancy C. Andreasen
"I think someone's infiltrated my copies of the cases. We've got to case the joint. I don't believe in joints, but they do hold your body together."—given by Elyn Saks.
"I have choose right over wrong. When there are two options, I have to look to the right. I can choose left or right, but always look right."—patient interview, Mayo Clinic.
History
Entgleisen (derailment in German) was first used with this meaning by Carl Schneider in 1930. The term asyndesis was introduced by N. Cameron in 1938, while loosening of association was introduced by A. Bleuler in 1950. The phrase knight's move thinking was first used in the context of pathological thinking by the psychologist Peter McKellar in 1957, who hypothesized that individuals with schizophrenia fail to suppres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20immunoprecipitation%20chip | RIP-chip (RNA immunoprecipitation chip) is a molecular biology technique which combines RNA immunoprecipitation with a microarray. The purpose of this technique is to identify which RNA sequences interact with a particular RNA binding protein of interest in vivo. It can also be used to determine relative levels of gene expression, to identify subsets of RNAs which may be co-regulated, or to identify RNAs that may have related functions. This technique provides insight into the post-transcriptional gene regulation which occurs between RNA and RNA binding proteins.
Procedural Overview
Collect and lyse the cells of interest.
Isolate all RNA fragments and the proteins bound to them from the solution.
Immunoprecipitate the protein of interest. The solution containing the protein-bound RNAs is washed over beads which have been conjugated to antibodies. These antibodies are designed to bind to the protein of interest. They pull the protein (and any RNA fragments that are specifically bound to it) out of the solution which contains the rest of the cell contents.
Dissociate the protein-bound RNA from the antibody-bead complex. Then, use a centrifuge to separate the protein-bound RNA from the heavier antibody-bead complexes, keeping the protein-bound RNA and discarding the beads.
Disassociate the RNA from the protein of interest.
Isolate the RNA fragments from the protein using a centrifuge.
Use Reverse Transcription PCR to convert the RNA fragments into cDNA (DNA that is complementary to the RNA fragments).
Fluorescently label these cDNA fragments.
Prepare the gene chip. This is a small chip that has DNA sequences bound to it in known locations. These DNA sequences correspond to all of the known genes in the genome of the organism that the researcher is working with (or a subset of genes that the researcher is interested in). The cDNA sequences that have been collected will be complementary to some of these DNA sequences, as the cDNAs represent a subset of the RN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs%20ambiguus | Situs ambiguus is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen. Clinically heterotaxy spectrum generally refers to any defect of Left-right asymmetry and arrangement of the visceral organs; however, classical heterotaxy requires multiple organs to be affected. This does not include the congenital defect situs inversus, which results when arrangement of all the organs in the abdomen and chest are mirrored, so the positions are opposite the normal placement. Situs inversus is the mirror image of situs solitus, which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs. Situs ambiguus can also be subdivided into left-isomerism and right isomerism based on the defects observed in the spleen, lungs and atria of the heart.
Individuals with situs inversus or situs solitus do not experience fatal dysfunction of their organ systems, as general anatomy and morphology of the abdominothoracic organ-vessel systems are conserved. Due to abnormal arrangement of organs in situs ambiguus, orientation across the left-right axis of the body is disrupted early in fetal development, resulting in severely flawed cardiac development and function in 50–80% of cases. They also experience complications with systemic and pulmonary blood vessels, significant morbidity, and sometimes death. All patients with situs ambiguus lack lateralization and symmetry of organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities and are clinically considered to have a form of heterotaxy syndrome.
Heterotaxy syndrome with atrial isomerism occurs in 1 out of every 10,000 live births and is associated with approximately 3% of congenital heart disease cases. Additional estimation of incidence and prevalence of isomerism proves difficult due to failure to diagnose and underestimation of the disease by clinicians. Furthermore, right isomerism is much more easily recognized than left isomerism, contributing to the failure to diagnose. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet%20cleaner | Toilet cleaners are chemical solutions designed specifically for cleaning a toilet bowl, usually in conjunction with a toilet brush.
Usage
Toilet cleaner is sprayed around the rim and into the bowl of the toilet prior to the use of the toilet brush. The toilet brush is used to scrub the toilet, removing stubborn stains and biological debris. In recent times, automatic toilet bowl cleaners that clip onto the rim of the toilet and clean with every flush have also become prevalent.
Toilet cleaners tend to be toxic, as they contain disinfectants which can cause skin irritations. "Heavy duty" formulations often include hydrochloric acid (HCl) in varying amounts, necessitating care in handling and storage, as well as adequate ventilation while in use.
Commercial brands
Domestos
Harpic
Toilet Duck
Lysol
Poo-Pourri
Sani-Flush
Vanish
See also
Pumice stone, may be used for cleaning a hard water line |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Tracking%20Network | The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) is a global network research and monitoring effort using implanted acoustic transmitters to study fish migration patterns. It is based at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia. The technology used by the Ocean Tracking Network comes from the Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project (POST) and the Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP) project.
Operations
OTN operates a fleet of autonomous vehicles—Teledyne Webb Slocum gliders and Liquid Robotics Wave Gliders. The TWS gliders are electrically powered and collect physical, biological and chemical information. The LRW glides are solar and wave powered. They each gather data on weather and sea surface conditions. Additionally, OTN maintains a rental fleet of Innovasea Vemco acoustic receiver units for use by those in academia, government, non-profits and industry. |
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