source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekeke%20PBX | Brekeke PBX is a SIP-based IP-PBX system. This software was previously known as OnDO PBX from 2004 to 2006. Brekeke Software, Inc. released Version 2 of this software in 2007 and changed its name to Brekeke PBX. This software allows the user to establish relations among multiple phones (e.g., extensions, ring groups, etc.), to share lines among multiple phones and to provide call features such as voicemail, caller ID, call forwarding, call recording, etc. Brekeke Software, Inc. offers two versions of its Brekeke PBX software, single-tenant and Multi-Tenant version.
SIP-Compliant
Brekeke PBX comes with a bundled SIP server and is fully SIP-compliant (RFC 3261 Standard), which ensures that it has the highest level of interoperability with other SIP devices and services. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBLAS | OpenBLAS is an open-source implementation of the BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) and LAPACK APIs with many hand-crafted optimizations for specific processor types. It is developed at the Lab of Parallel Software and Computational Science, ISCAS.
OpenBLAS adds optimized implementations of linear algebra kernels for several processor architectures, including Intel Sandy Bridge
and Loongson. It claims to achieve performance comparable to the Intel MKL: this mostly holds true on the BLAS part, while the LAPACK part falls behind. On machines that support the AVX2 instruction set, OpenBLAS can achieve similar performance to MKL, but there are currently almost no open source libraries comparable to MKL on CPUs with the AVX512 instruction set.
OpenBLAS is a fork of GotoBLAS2, which was created by Kazushige Goto at the Texas Advanced Computing Center.
History and present
OpenBLAS was developed by the parallel software group led by Professor Yunquan Zhang from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
OpenBLAS was initially only for the Loongson CPU platform. Dr. Xianyi Zhang contributed a lot of work. Since GotoBLAS was abandoned, the successor OpenBLAS is now developed as an open source BLAS library for multiple platforms, including X86, ARMv8, MIPS, and RISC-V platforms, and is respected for its excellent portability.
The parallel software group is modernizing OpenBLAS to meet current computing needs. For example, OpenBLAS's level-3 computations were primarily optimized for large and square matrices (often considered as regular-shaped matrices). And now irregular-shaped matrix multiplication are also supported, such as tall and skinny matrix multiplication ( TSMM), which supports faster deep learning calculations on the CPU. TSMM is one of the core calculations in deep learning operations. Besides this, the compact function and small GEMM will also be supported by OpenBLAS.
See also
Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software (ATLAS)
BLIS (BLAS-like Library Instan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax%20weaponization | Anthrax weaponization is the development and deployment of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis or, more commonly, its spore (referred to as anthrax), as a biological weapon. As a biological weapon, anthrax has been used in biowarfare and bioterrorism since 1914. However, in 1975 the Biological Weapons Convention prohibited the "development, production and stockpiling" of biological weapons. It has since been used in bioterrorism.
Anthrax spores can cause infection from inhalation, skin contact, ingestion or injection and when untreated can lead to death. Likely delivery methods of weaponized anthrax include aerial dispersal or dispersal through livestock, notable bioterrorism uses include the 2001 anthrax attacks and an incident in 1993 by the Aum Shinrikyo group in Japan.
Biological overview
Concentrated anthrax spores, and not necessarily the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, pose the biggest risk as a biological weapons to humans. When airborne, anthrax spores are not easily detectable, and are several microns in diameter. They are able to reach deep into the lungs when inhaled. Once the spores are in the lungs they are then able to replicate in blood, travel to the lymph nodes, and produce toxins which lead to death. Post exposure symptoms resemble flu-like illness followed by a fulminant phase of severe acute respiratory distress, shock and, ultimately death.
Potential threats
Anthrax spores are able to be dispersed via multiple methods and infect humans with ease. The symptoms present as a common cold or flu, and may take weeks before appearing. The destructive effects of an anthrax attack on a large city may have the destructive capacity of a nuclear weapon.
Population
A mathematical model of a simulated large-scale airborne anthrax attack in a large city (1 kg anthrax spores in a city of 10 million people) was created, which takes into account the dispersion of spores, the age-dependent dose-response, the dynamics of disease progression and the timing and o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gribov%20ambiguity | In gauge theory, especially in non-abelian gauge theories, global problems at gauge fixing are often encountered. Gauge fixing means choosing a representative from each gauge orbit, that is, choosing a section of a fiber bundle. The space of representatives is a submanifold (of the bundle as a whole) and represents the gauge fixing condition. Ideally, every gauge orbit will intersect this submanifold once and only once. Unfortunately, this is often impossible globally for non-abelian gauge theories because of topological obstructions and the best that can be done is make this condition true locally. A gauge fixing submanifold may not intersect a gauge orbit at all or it may intersect it more than once. The difficulty arises because the gauge fixing condition is usually specified as a differential equation of some sort, e.g. that a divergence vanish (as in the Landau or Lorenz gauge). The solutions to this equation may end up specifying multiple sections, or perhaps none at all. This is called a Gribov ambiguity (named after Vladimir Gribov).
Gribov ambiguities lead to a nonperturbative failure of the BRST symmetry, among other things.
A way to resolve the problem of Gribov ambiguity is to restrict the relevant functional integrals to a single Gribov region whose boundary is called a Gribov horizon.
Still one can show that this problem is not resolved even when reducing the region to the first Gribov region. The only region for which this ambiguity is resolved is the fundamental modular region (FMR).
Background
When doing computations in gauge theories, one usually needs to choose a gauge. Gauge degrees of freedom do not have any direct physical meaning, but they are an artifact of the mathematical description we use to handle the theory in question. In order to obtain physical results, these redundant degrees of freedom need to be discarded in a suitable way
In Abelian gauge theory (i.e. in QED) it suffices to simply choose a gauge. A popular one is the Lorenz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%20diagram | Syntax diagrams (or railroad diagrams) are a way to represent a context-free grammar. They represent a graphical alternative to Backus–Naur form, EBNF, Augmented Backus–Naur form, and other text-based grammars as metalanguages. Early books using syntax diagrams include the "Pascal User Manual" written by Niklaus Wirth (diagrams start at page 47) and the Burroughs CANDE Manual. In the compilation field, textual representations like BNF or its variants are usually preferred. BNF is text-based, and used by compiler writers and parser generators. Railroad diagrams are visual, and may be more readily understood by laypeople, sometimes incorporated into graphic design. The canonical source defining the JSON data interchange format provides yet another example of a popular modern usage of these diagrams.
Principle of syntax diagrams
The representation of a grammar is a set of syntax diagrams. Each diagram defines a "nonterminal" stage in a process. There is a main diagram which defines the language in the following way: to belong to the language, a word must describe a path in the main diagram.
Each diagram has an entry point and an end point. The diagram describes possible paths between these two points by going through other nonterminals and terminals. Historically, terminals have been represented by round boxes and nonterminals by rectangular boxes but there is no official standard.
Example
We use arithmetic expressions as an example, in various grammar formats.
BNF:
<expression> ::= <term> | <term> "+" <expression>
<term> ::= <factor> | <factor> "*" <term>
<factor> ::= <constant> | <variable> | "(" <expression> ")"
<variable> ::= "x" | "y" | "z"
<constant> ::= <digit> | <digit> <constant>
<digit> ::= "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
EBNF:
expression = term , [ "+" , expression ];
term = factor , [ "*" , term ];
factor = constant | variable | "(" , expression , ")";
variable = "x" | "y" | "z";
constant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-brush%20dynamo | A third-brush dynamo was a type of dynamo, an electrical generator, formerly used for battery charging on motor vehicles. It was superseded, first by a two-brush dynamo equipped with an external voltage regulator, and later by an alternator.
Construction
As the name implies, the machine had three brushes in contact with the commutator. One was earthed to the frame of the vehicle and another was connected (through a reverse-current cut-out) to the live terminal of the vehicle's battery. The third was connected to the field winding of the dynamo. The other end of the field winding was connected to a switch which could be adjusted (by inserting or removing resistance) to give "low" or "high" charge. This switch was sometimes combined with the vehicle's light switch so that switching on the headlights simultaneously put the dynamo in high charge mode.
Disadvantages
The third-brush dynamo had the advantage of simplicity but, by modern standards, it gave poor voltage regulation. This led to short battery life as a result of over-charging or under-charging.
See also
Amplidyne
Metadyne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levilinea | Levilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species (Levilinea saccharolytica). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe%20belt | A steppe belt is a contiguous phytogeographic region of predominantly grassland (steppe), which has common characteristics in soil, climate, vegetation and fauna.
A forest-steppe belt is a region of forest steppe.
The largest steppe and (forest-steppe) belt is the Eurasian steppe belt which stretches from Central Europe via Ukraine, southern Russia, northern Central Asia, southern Siberia, into Mongolia and China, often called the Great Steppe.
The term "steppe belt" may also be applied to some grassland zones in biogeographical zoning of mountains. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols%20of%20Quebec | The people and province of Quebec have created and established several symbols throughout Quebec's history to represent the collective identity of its residents. Many of Quebec's symbols are related to its history, to catholicism, to Quebec's winters and/or the fauna and flora of Quebec. The motif most commonly seen in Quebec's various symbols is the fleur de lys, which is associated with the French language and New France.
Symbols
The fleur-de-lis, one of Quebec's most common symbols, is an ancient symbol of the French monarchy and was first shown in Quebec on the shores of Gaspésie in 1534 when Jacques Cartier arrived in Quebec for the first time. Saint-Jean-Baptiste, the patron saint of Canadiens, is honoured every 24 June during Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. The expression La belle province is still used as a nickname for the province. Finally, the Great Seal of Quebec is used to authenticate documents issued by the government of Quebec.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Quebec dates back to 1868, shortly after the creation of Quebec as a province of Canada. The arms were granted by a royal warrant issued by Queen Victoria.
The arms were adopted in their current form by the government of Quebec in 1939 to reflect Quebec's political history: the French regime is symbolised by the gold fleur-de-lis on a blue background; the British regime is symbolised by a gold lion on a red background; the pre-Confederation period is symbolised by three green maple leaves on a gold background.
Flag
The government of Quebec adopted the Fleurdelisé flag in 1948. The cross represents the faith of the province's founders, while the fleur-de-lys and blue colour recall Quebec's French origins.
When Samuel de Champlain founded Québec City in 1608, his ship hoisted the French merchant flag, which consisted of a white cross on a blue background. Later on, at the Battle of Carillon, in 1758, the Flag of Carillon was flown. This flag inspired the first members of the Saint-Jean-Baptist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20chlorophyll%20catabolite%20reductase | In molecular biology, the red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC reductase) family of proteins consists of several red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC reductase) proteins. Red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) reductase (RCCR) and pheophorbide (Pheide) a oxygenase (PaO) catalyse the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of Pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwina%20Luczak | Malwina J. Luczak is a mathematician specializing in probability theory and the theory of random graphs. She is Professor of Applied Probability and Leverhulme International Professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Manchester.
Education and research
Luczak grew up in Poland, and began her university studies at age 16 at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, studying the philology of the English language. However, after a second year studying philology at Keele University in the UK, she decided to switch to mathematics, and enrolled at St Catherine's College, Oxford. After her first year's examinations, she was able to obtain scholarship support and continue her studies and remain at Oxford for doctoral work. She completed her D.Phil. in 2001 with a dissertation, Probability, algorithms and telecommunication systems, supervised by Colin McDiarmid and Dominic Welsh.
She became an assistant lecturer at the Statistical Laboratory at the University of Cambridge and then a reader in mathematics at the London School of Economics. However, in 2010, failing to receive an expected promotion to professor, she took instead a professorial chair at the University of Sheffield and a five-year Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Leadership Fellowship. She moved again to Queen Mary University of London before taking a Professorship in Melbourne in 2017. Most recently, in 2023 she joined the University of Manchester.
Research
Luczak's publications include research on the supermarket model in queueing theory,
cores of random graphs, the giant component in random graphs with specified degree distributions, and the Glauber dynamics of the Ising model.
They include: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyatta | Vyatta is a software-based virtual router, virtual firewall and VPN product for Internet Protocol networks (IPv4 and IPv6). A free download of Vyatta has been available since March 2006. The system is a specialized Debian-based Linux distribution with networking applications such as Quagga, OpenVPN, and many others. A standardized management console, similar to Juniper JUNOS or Cisco IOS, in addition to a web-based GUI and traditional Linux system commands, provides configuration of the system and applications. In recent versions of Vyatta, web-based management interface is supplied only in the subscription edition. However, all functionality is available through KVM, serial console or SSH/telnet protocols. The software runs on standard x86-64 servers.
Vyatta is also delivered as a virtual machine file and can provide (, , VPN) functionality for Xen, VMware, KVM, Rackspace, SoftLayer, and Amazon EC2 virtual and cloud computing environments. As of October, 2012, Vyatta has also been available through Amazon Marketplace and can be purchased as a service to provide VPN, cloud bridging and other network functions to users of Amazon's AWS services.
Vyatta sells a subscription edition that includes all the functionality of the open source version as well as a graphical user interface, access to Vyatta's RESTful API's, Serial Support, TACACS+, Config Sync, System Image Cloning, software updates, 24x7 phone and email technical support, and training. Certification as a Vyatta Professional is now available. Vyatta also offers professional services and consulting engagements.
The Vyatta system is intended as a replacement for Cisco IOS 1800 through ASR 1000 series Integrated Services Routers (ISR) and ASA 5500 security appliances, with a strong emphasis on the cost and flexibility inherent in an open source, Linux-based system running on commodity x86 hardware or in VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Citrix XenServer, Open Source Xen and KVM virtual environments.
In 2012, Bro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Reviews%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in October 2000 and covers all aspects of molecular and cell biology. The editor-in-chief is Kim Baumann.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 113.915, ranking it 1st out of 194 journals in the category "Cell Biology". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine%20septum | A uterine septum is a congenital uterine malformation where the uterine cavity is partitioned by a longitudinal septum; the outside of the uterus has a normal typical shape. The wedge-like partition may involve only the superior part of the cavity resulting in an incomplete septum or a subseptate uterus, or less frequently the total length of the cavity (complete septum) and the cervix resulting in a double cervix. The septation may also continue caudally into the vagina resulting in a "double vagina".
Signs and symptoms
The condition may not be known to the affected individual and not result in any reproductive problems; thus normal pregnancies may occur. In more serious cases have reported high infertility rates. However, it is associated with a higher risk for miscarriage, premature birth, and malpresentation. According to the classical study by Buttram there is a 60% risk of a spontaneous abortion, this being more common in the second than in the first trimester. However, there is no agreement on this number and other studies show a lower risk. Woelfer found that the miscarriage risk is more pronounced in the first trimester.
The condition is also associated with abnormalities of the renal system. Further, skeletal abnormalities have been linked to the condition.
Cause
The uterus is formed during embryogenesis by the fusion of the two Müllerian ducts. During this fusion a resorption process eliminates the partition between the two ducts to create a single cavity. This process begins caudally and advances cranially, thus a complete septum formation represents an earlier disturbance of this absorption than the incomplete form. Causes for incomplete absorption are not known.
Diagnosis
A pelvic examination may reveal a double vagina or double cervix that should be further investigated and may lead to the discovery of a uterine septum. In most patients, however, the pelvic examination is normal. Investigations are usually prompted on the basis of reproductive pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20operator | In abstract algebraic logic, a branch of mathematical logic, the Leibniz operator is a tool used to classify deductive systems, which have a precise technical definition and capture a large number of logics. The Leibniz operator was introduced by Wim Blok and Don Pigozzi, two of the founders of the field, as a means to abstract the well-known Lindenbaum–Tarski process, that leads to the association of Boolean algebras to classical propositional calculus, and make it applicable to as wide a variety of sentential logics as possible. It is an operator that assigns to a given theory of a given sentential logic, perceived as a term algebra with a consequence operation on its universe, the largest congruence on the algebra that is compatible with the theory.
Formulation
In this article, we introduce the Leibniz operator in the special case of classical propositional calculus, then we abstract it to the general notion applied to an arbitrary sentential logic and, finally, we summarize some of the most important consequences of its use in the theory of abstract algebraic logic.
Let
denote the classical propositional calculus. According to the classical
Lindenbaum–Tarski process, given a theory
of ,
if
denotes the binary relation on the set of formulas
of , defined by
if and only if
where denotes the usual
classical propositional equivalence connective, then
turns out to be a congruence
on the formula algebra. Furthermore, the quotient
is a Boolean algebra
and every Boolean algebra may be formed in this way.
Thus, the variety of Boolean algebras, which is,
in algebraic logic terminology, the
equivalent algebraic semantics (algebraic counterpart)
of classical propositional calculus, is the class of
all algebras formed by taking appropriate quotients
of term algebras by those special kinds of
congruences.
Notice that the condition
that defines
is equivalent to the
condition
for every formula : if and only if .
Passing now to an arbitrary sent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomechanical%20effect | Photomechanical effect is the change in the shape of a material when it is exposed to light. This effect was first documented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1880. More recently, Kenji Uchino demonstrated that a photostrictive material could be used for legs in the construction of a miniature optically-powered "walker".
The most common mechanism of photomechanical effect is light-induced heating.
Photomechanical materials may be considered smart materials due to their natural change implemented by external factors.
See also
Smart materials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz%20Schlick | Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick (; ; 14 April 1882 – 22 June 1936) was a German philosopher, physicist, and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
Early life and works
Schlick was born in Berlin to a wealthy Prussian family with deep nationalist and conservative traditions. His father was Ernst Albert Schlick and his mother was Agnes Arndt. At the age of sixteen, he started to read Descartes' Meditations and Schopenhauer's Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik. Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra especially impressed him.
He studied physics at the University of Heidelberg, the University of Lausanne, and, ultimately, the University of Berlin under Max Planck. Schlick explained this choice in his autobiography by saying that, despite his love for philosophy, he believed that only mathematical physics could help him obtain actual and exact knowledge. He felt deep distrust towards any metaphysical speculation.
In 1904, he completed his PhD thesis at the University of Berlin under the supervision of Planck. Schlick's thesis was titled Über die Reflexion des Lichts in einer inhomogenen Schicht (On the Reflection of Light in a Non-Homogeneous Medium). After a year as Privatdozent at Göttingen, he turned to the study of philosophy in Zurich. In 1907, he married Blanche Hardy. In 1908, he published Lebensweisheit (The Wisdom of Life), a slim volume about eudaemonism, the theory that happiness results from the pursuit of personal fulfillment as opposed to passing pleasures.
His habilitation thesis at the University of Rostock, Das Wesen der Wahrheit nach der modernen Logik (The Nature of Truth According to Modern Logic), was published in 1910. Several essays about aesthetics followed, whereupon Schlick turned his attention to problems of epistemology, the philosophy of science, and more general questions about science. In this last category, Schlick distinguished himself by publishing a paper in 1915 about Einstein's special theory of relativity, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyTuner%20Radio | myTuner Radio, or simply myTuner, is an Internet radio app directory/platform owned by AppGeneration – Software Technologies, Lda, a development company based in Porto, Portugal founded by Eduardo Carqueja in October 2010. myTuner Radio has over 50,000 radio stations and one million podcasts from all around the world (except in the UK where only UK stations are available). On June 7, 2017, AppGeneration announced that its service had over 30 million users and a database with radio stations of 200 countries. my Turner Radio platform is available for the web at mytuner-radio.com, for a suite of mobile apps: iOS, Google Play, Samsung, Huawei, Amazon, Windows Phone; for desktop devices: Web, Windows, and Mac, wearables: Apple Watch and Android Wearables, for connected devices like Apple TV, Samsung TVs, LG TVs, TV sets and set-top boxes with Android TV (Sony, Sharp, Philips, Mi Box, etc.), Amazon Fire TV, Roku TV and Chromecast, connected cars: Apple Carplay, Android Auto, Bosch mySPIN, Jaguar & Land Rover InControl Apps, and also on home appliances and smart speakers like Alexa and Sonos.
History
On April 27, 2012, myTuner Radio v1.0 was launched for iOS on the AppStore. This was the first version launched and the app was known as iTuner Radio app, owned by Digital Minds, a development company based in Coimbra, Portugal.
The Version 3 of the iOS app, brought a new and improved design and new features, such as the most popular podcasts in each country. It was launched on August 26, 2013.
During 2013, AppGeneration – Software Technologies, Lda acquired the software and started to change the brand's vision of a single app development to a multi-platform directory of Internet radio stations.
These changes were visible during 2014: in January it was launched for Android and in February it was rebranded as myTuner Radio and was launched to Mac OS X. During this year it was launched on several other platforms, including Windows Phone and Windows Desktop. The website my |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%203%27%2C5%27-bisphosphate | Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is a form of an adenosine nucleotide with two phosphate groups attached to different carbons in the ribose ring. This is distinct from adenosine diphosphate, where the two phosphate groups are attached in a chain to the 5' carbon atom in the ring.
Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is produced as a product of sulfotransferase enzymes from the donation of a sulfate group from the coenzyme 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. This product is then hydrolysed by 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase to give adenosine monophosphate, which can then be recycled into adenosine triphosphate.
See also
Adenine
Sulfur metabolism
Acetyl-CoA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd%20meridian%20east | The meridian 33° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Turkey, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 33rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 147th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 33rd meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Kvitøya, Svalbard
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Rybachy Peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Motovsky Gulf
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Kola Peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | White Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kandalaksha Gulf
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Black Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Karkinit Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Crimea (claimed and controlled by )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Black Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just east of Ankara
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mediterranean Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Area controlled by (claimed by the Republic of Cyprus) The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus Area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Akrotiri
| Sovereign Bas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged-helix%20transcription%20factors | Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the domain in winged-helix transcription factors (see Regulation of gene expression) has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet.
These proteins are classified into 19 families called FoxA-FoxS.
Mutations in FoxP proteins are implicated in human autoimmune diseases.
See also
FOX proteins
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20data%20gateway | Table Data Gateway is a design pattern in which an object acts as a gateway to a database table. The idea is to separate the responsibility of fetching items from a database from the actual usages of those objects. Users of the gateway are then insulated from changes to the way objects are stored in the database. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute%20%28magazine%29 | Mute is a British online magazine that covers a wide spectrum of subjects related to cyberculture, artistic practice, left-wing politics, urban regeneration, biopolitics, direct democracy, net art, the commons, horizontality and UK arts.
Founded in 1994 by art school graduates Simon Worthington and Pauline van Mourik Broekman, the magazine is an experimental hybrid of web and print formats, publishing articles weekly online, contributed by both staff and readers, and a biannual print compilation combining selections from current issues and other online content with specially commissioned and co-published projects. Contributors to Mute have included Heath Bunting, James Flint, Hari Kunzru, Anthony Davies and Simon Ford, Stewart Home, Kate Rich, Jamie King, Daniel Neofetou, Nils Norman, and Peter Linebaugh. The magazine was supported by the Arts Council of England from 1999 to 2012.
In 2009, the magazine produced an anthology, Proud to be Flesh: A Mute Magazine Anthology of Cultural Politics After the Net (), published by Autonomedia. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaidya%20metric | In general relativity, the Vaidya metric describes the non-empty external spacetime of a spherically symmetric and nonrotating star which is either emitting or absorbing null dusts. It is named after the Indian physicist Prahalad Chunnilal Vaidya and constitutes the simplest non-static generalization of the non-radiative Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equation, and therefore is also called the "radiating(shining) Schwarzschild metric".
From Schwarzschild to Vaidya metrics
The Schwarzschild metric as the static and spherically symmetric solution to Einstein's equation reads
To remove the coordinate singularity of this metric at , one could switch to the Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates. Thus, introduce the "retarded(/outgoing)" null coordinate by
and Eq(1) could be transformed into the "retarded(/outgoing) Schwarzschild metric"
or, we could instead employ the "advanced(/ingoing)" null coordinate by
so Eq(1) becomes the "advanced(/ingoing) Schwarzschild metric"
Eq(3) and Eq(5), as static and spherically symmetric solutions, are valid for both ordinary celestial objects with finite radii and singular objects such as black holes. It turns out that, it is still physically reasonable if one extends the mass parameter in Eqs(3) and Eq(5) from a constant to functions of the corresponding null coordinate, and respectively, thus
The extended metrics Eq(6) and Eq(7) are respectively the "retarded(/outgoing)" and "advanced(/ingoing)" Vaidya metrics. It is also sometimes useful to recast the Vaidya metrics Eqs(6)(7) into the form
where represents the metric of flat spacetime.
Outgoing Vaidya with pure Emitting field
As for the "retarded(/outgoing)" Vaidya metric Eq(6), the Ricci tensor has only one nonzero component
while the Ricci curvature scalar vanishes, because . Thus, according to the trace-free Einstein equation , the stress–energy tensor satisfies
where and are null (co)vectors (c.f. Box A below). Thus, is a "pure radiation field", w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-12-12%3A%20The%20Concert%20for%20Sandy%20Relief | 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief was a benefit concert that took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City on December 12, 2012.
The concert was held in response to Hurricane Sandy, which devastated portions of the Northeastern United States, the Caribbean and the Mid-Atlantic in late October 2012 and cost an estimated $60 billion in damage in the United States. The concert was broadcast live via television, radio, movie theaters and the Internet, and released on DVD and CD. A documentary film was also made about the concert. Proceeds from the event were collected by the Robin Hood Relief Fund to benefit victims of the hurricane in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.
Many famous performers took part in the charity event, including the Who, Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys, Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Billy Joel, the Rolling Stones, Roger Waters, Chris Martin, Michael Stipe, Kanye West, Eddie Vedder, and, for the first time in eighteen years, the surviving members of Nirvana (Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic and touring member Pat Smear) who performed together in a collaboration with Paul McCartney during his show-closing set.
Background
The benefit concert was first announced in mid-November 2012 and that the producers behind 2001's The Concert for New York City would also produce the Hurricane Sandy benefit which quickly attracted many big names from the music industry. The venue and on sale date for tickets were announced in early December. Madison Square Garden had originally been reserved on December 12 for a New York Rangers game against the Montreal Canadiens that was one of the 510 regular season games that were canceled due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout.
Proceeds from the event went to the Robin Hood Relief Fund and benefit victims of the hurricane in areas most impacted, especially New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. More than $30 million was raised through ticket sales alone.
Tickets
Tickets for the event went on sale through Ticketmaster on Decembe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20F.%20Ramsey%20Prize | The Norman F. Ramsey Prize in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, and in Precision Tests of Fundamental Laws and Symmetries is an prize given by the American Physical Society. It is awarded for outstanding work in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, especially in the precision measurement of physical constants, tests of fundamental laws and symmetries, and precision spectroscopy. Instituted in 2016, the prize pays tribute to Nobel Laureate Norman Ramsey, celebrated for pioneering contributions such as the separated oscillatory field method and the hydrogen maser. It consists of $10,000 plus travel expenses to the annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (DAMOP) where the prize is bestowed.
Recipients
2018: Peter Zoller
2019: Jun Ye
2020: Philip H. Bucksbaum
2021: Dmitry Budker
2022: Mikhail Lukin
2023: Olga Kocharovskaya
2024: David DeMille, Gerald Gabrielse, John Doyle
See also
List of physics awards
List of American Physical Society prizes and awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20Immunological%20Societies | The International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS), a member of the International Council for Science, is an organization which serves as an umbrella organization for many national and regionally grouped immunological societies. The organization was founded in 1969. The ten founding member societies were the American Association of Immunologists, British Society for Immunology, Canadian Society for Immunology, Dutch Society for Immunology, Gesellschaft fur Immunologie, Israel Immunological Society, Polish Society of Immunology, Scandinavian Society for Immunology, Societe Francaise d’immunologie, and Yugoslav Immunological Society. IUIS had 83 member societies in 2019.
The 2019–2022 executive committee of the IUIS is Faith Osier, President; Miriam Merad, Vice-President; Roslyn Kemp, Secretary General; Michael Ratcliffe, Treasurer; Alberto Mantovani, Past President.
Every three years the IUIS organizes an international congress, called the International Congress of Immunology (ICI), with one of its national society members. The 2016 ICI was held in Melbourne, Australia. Last ICI (rebranded as IUIS2019) took place in Beijing, China, in 2019. Cape Town, South Africa, will host IUIS2022.
Frontiers in Immunology is the IUIS' official journal. Immunopaedia.org is the official educational provider of online pre-course material for IUIS immunology courses in the developing world and in other countries.
The standing committees of the IUIS are Clinical Immunology, Education, Gender Equality and Career Development, Immunotherapy, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Nomenclature, Publications, Quality Assessment and Standardization, Vaccines, and Veterinary.
Among their activities is classification of primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Online immunology education
Immunopaedia, a non-profit educational website based in South Africa, is the official provider of online pre-course material for IUIS immunology courses.
See also
Gustav Nossal
Stefan H.E. Kaufmann |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioNTech | BioNTech SE ( ; or short for Biopharmaceutical New Technologies) is a German biotechnology company based in Mainz that develops and manufactures active immunotherapies for patient-specific approaches to the treatment of diseases. It develops pharmaceutical candidates based on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for use as individualized cancer immunotherapies, as vaccines against infectious diseases and as protein replacement therapies for rare diseases, and also engineered cell therapy, novel antibodies and small molecule immunomodulators as treatment options for cancer.
The company has developed an mRNA-based human therapeutic for intravenous administration to bring individualized mRNA-based cancer immunotherapy to clinical trials and to establish its own manufacturing process.
In 2020, BioNTech, partnering with Pfizer for testing and logistics, developed the RNA vaccine BNT162b2 for preventing COVID-19 infections, which at the time offered a 91% efficacy in preventing confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least 7 days after the second dose of vaccine. On 2 December 2020, temporary HMR authorization was granted by the United Kingdom government for BNT162b2 vaccinations within the United Kingdom. It was the first mRNA vaccine ever authorized. Some days later the vaccine also received an emergency approval in the United States, Canada and Switzerland. On 21 December 2020, the European Commission approved BioNTech/Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine in accordance with the positive recommendation of the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
History
Foundation (2008–2013)
BioNTech was founded in 2008 based on research by Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, and Christoph Huber, with a seed investment of €150 million from MIG Capital and AT Impf. The company's activities focus on the development and production of technologies and drugs for individualized cancer immunotherapy. Andreas and Thomas Strüngmann, Michael Motschmann, and Helmut Jeggle were cofounders. In 2009, the acquisition of EUFET |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20catenative%20sequence | In mathematics, a locally catenative sequence is a sequence of words in which each word can be constructed as the concatenation of previous words in the sequence.
Formally, an infinite sequence of words w(n) is locally catenative if, for some positive integers k and i1,...ik:
Some authors use a slightly different definition in which encodings of previous words are allowed in the concatenation.
Examples
The sequence of Fibonacci words S(n) is locally catenative because
The sequence of Thue–Morse words T(n) is not locally catenative by the first definition. However, it is locally catenative by the second definition because
where the encoding μ replaces 0 with 1 and 1 with 0. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | Seeds is a cellular automaton in the same family as the Game of Life, initially investigated by Brian Silverman and named by Mirek Wójtowicz. It consists of an infinite two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which may be in one of two states: on or off. Each cell is considered to have eight neighbors (Moore neighborhood), as in Life. In each time step, a cell turns on or is "born" if it was off or "dead" but had exactly two neighbors that were on; all other cells turn off. Thus, in the notation describing the family of cellular automata containing Life, it is described by the rule B2/S.
In Game of Life terminology, a pattern in which all cells that were on turn off at each step is called a phoenix. All patterns in Seeds have this form.
Even though all live cells are constantly dying, the small birth requirement of two cells means that nearly every pattern in Seeds explodes into a chaotic mess that grows to cover the entire universe. Thus, in Wolfram's classification of cellular automata, it is a Class III automaton, in which nearly all patterns evolve chaotically.
However, some patterns are known to behave in a more controlled fashion, repeating the same shape either in the same position of the grid (an oscillator) or translated some number of grid units after several steps (a spaceship). More complex rake and puffer patterns are known which move like spaceships leaving trails of oscillators or other spaceships behind them. Most of these patterns move at a speed of 1 cell per time step (the so-called speed of light, or c/1) including three commonly seen spaceships with four on cells each, but slower-moving patterns are also known. A collection of patterns for the Seeds rule collected by Jason Summers includes patterns found by Stephen Wright, Mirek Wójtowicz, Noam Elkies, Mark Niemiec, Peter Naszvadi, and David Eppstein.
See also
Brian's Brain, a similar cellular automaton by the same author |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile%20processor | Tile processors for computer hardware, are multicore or manycore chips that contain one-dimensional, or more commonly, two-dimensional arrays of identical tiles. Each tile comprises a compute unit (or a processing engine or CPU), caches and a switch. Tiles can be viewed as adding a switch to each core, where a core comprises a compute unit and caches.
In a typical Tile Processor configuration, the switches in each of the tiles are connected to each other using one or more mesh networks. The Tilera TILEPro64, for example, contains 64 tiles. Each of the tiles comprises a CPU, L1 and L2 caches, and switches for several mesh networks.
Other processors in a tile configuration include SEAforth24, Kilocore KC256, XMOS xCORE microcontrollers, and some massively parallel processor arrays. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete%20markets | In economics, incomplete markets are markets in which there does not exist an Arrow–Debreu security for every possible state of nature. In contrast with complete markets, this shortage of securities will likely restrict individuals from transferring the desired level of wealth among states.
An Arrow security purchased or sold at date t is a contract promising to deliver one unit of income in one of the possible contingencies which can occur at date t + 1. If at each date-event there exists a complete set of such contracts, one for each contingency that can occur at the following date, individuals will trade these contracts in order to insure against future risks, targeting a desirable and budget feasible level of consumption in each state (i.e. consumption smoothing). In most set ups when these contracts are not available, optimal risk sharing between agents will not be possible. For this scenario, agents (homeowners, workers, firms, investors, etc.) will lack the instruments to insure against future risks such as employment status, health, labor income, prices, among others.
Markets, securities and market incompleteness
In a competitive market, each agent makes intertemporal choices in a stochastic environment. Their attitudes toward risk, the production possibility set, and the set of available trades determine the equilibrium quantities and prices of assets that are traded. In an "idealized" representation agents are assumed to have costless contractual enforcement and perfect knowledge of future states and their likelihood. With a complete set of state contingent claims (also known as Arrow–Debreu securities) agents can trade these securities to hedge against undesirable or bad outcomes.
When a market is incomplete, it typically fails to make the optimal allocation of assets. That is, the First Welfare Theorem no longer holds. The competitive equilibrium in an Incomplete Market is generally constrained suboptimal. The notion of constrained suboptimality wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable%20CAD | Gable CAD, or Gable 4D Series, was a British architectural computer-aided design package initially developed in the early 1980s.
History
Gable CAD was developed at the University of Sheffield in the mid-1980s under the leadership of Professor Bryan Lawson. It was spun out into Gable CAD Systems Limited (incorporated in 1984) and retained links with the university until its demise in 1996 when a court order was made for compulsory winding up.
An early building information modeling application, Gable CAD was an advanced 2D and 3D design package with different modules, and was operated via a Windows-style interface and mouse running on UNIX. It was possible to create detailed 3D models and then generate 2D drawings or rendered visualisations from the data.
The assets of the company were acquired by Auxer in 1997 and aimed to complete the conversion of Gable CAD to Windows NT but this does not appear to have ever been released. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klikk | Klikk is an Indian subscription video on-demand and over-the-top streaming service, owned and maintained by Angel Television Private Limited with headquarters in Kolkata, India.
History
In 1986, Angel Television Private Limited was founded in Kolkata, India, and started its business with movie acquisitions. In 2020, when Klikk was launched by Vikas Tantiya, the company got transformed into a fully vertically integrated studio.
A short videos sharing mobile app Chingari was collaborated with Klikk in 2021.
KliKK is available for Android, iOS, Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Jio Store and Mi TV.
Content
Klikk focuses on original web series, feature films, short films, animated films, and a library of over 1000 Bengali language films across many genres.
Releases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophobacter%20wolinii | Syntrophobacter wolinii is a non-motile, gram-negative and rod-shaped species of bacteria that was originally isolated from a wastewater digester. This species is able to perform propionate degradation and sulfate reduction. S. wolinii can be grown in co-culture or pure culture. 16s rRNA analysis shows its close relation to other sulfate reducers.
Metabolism
Propionate is an intermediate in the process of methane production in sewage digesters, the main environment in which this species has been isolated from. S. wolinii degrades propionate via the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, resulting in the production of acetate, CO2 and H2. This process is energetically favorable only under low partial pressure of H2 gas, specifically below 10-5 atm. At high partial pressures of oxygen, the reaction is endergonic (ΔG° = +76.0 kJ). When H2 partial pressures are constrained by methanogenesis or sulfate-reduction, the reaction is exergonic (ΔG° = 26.5 kJ). S. wolinii can use additional substrates such as pyruvate and fumarate in place of propionate. Reduction of sulfate to sulfite and methylation of Hg(II) have also been observed by the bacterium.
Cultures
S. wolinii has been repeatedly grown in co-culture with sulfate-reducing Desulfovibrio sp. and methanogen Methanospirillum hungateii. Isolation in pure culture has been successful with propionate and sulfate together or pyruvate alone. S. wolinii optimum growth occurs when kept near neutral pH, yet has been observed to tolerate a pH of 6.1. Growth of this microbe appears to be sensitive to salinity, and is stunted at NaCl concentrations of 86 mM.
Phylogeny
16s rRNA analysis indicates that S. wolinii is closely related to Desulfomonile tiedjei and Desulfoarculus baarsi. All three of these microbes can perform sulfate reduction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20web%20service%20protocols | The following is a list of web service protocols.
BEEP - Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
CTS - Canonical Text Services Protocol
E-Business XML
Hessian
Internet Open Trading Protocol
JSON-RPC
JSON-WSP
SOAP - outgrowth of XML-RPC, originally an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)
Web Processing Service (WPS)
WSCL - Web Services Conversation Language
WSFL - Web Services Flow Language (superseded by BPEL)
XINS Standard Calling Convention - HTTP parameters in (GET/POST/HEAD), POX out
XLANG - XLANG-Specification (superseded by BPEL)
XML-RPC - XML Remote Procedure Call
See also
List of web service frameworks
List of web service specifications
Service-oriented architecture
Web service
Application layer protocols
web service |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Kernel%20Labs | Open Kernel Labs (OK Labs) is a privately owned company that develops microkernel-based hypervisors and operating systems for embedded systems. The company was founded in 2006 by Steve Subar and Gernot Heiser as a spinout from NICTA. It was headquartered in Chicago, while research and development was located in Sydney, Australia. The company was acquired by General Dynamics in September 2012.
Products
OKL4 Microvisor
The OKL4 Microvisor is an open-source software system software platform for embedded systems that can be used as a hypervisor, and as a simple real-time operating system with memory protection. It is a variant of the L4 microkernel. OKL4 is a Type I hypervisor and runs on single- and multi-core processors based on ARM, MIPS, and x86 processors.
OKL4 has been deployed on over 2 billion mobile phones, both as a baseband processor operating system and for hosting guest operating systems. Most notable and visible is the company's design win at Motorola for the Evoke QA4 messaging phone, the first phone which employs virtualization to support two concurrent operating systems (Linux and Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW)) on one processor core.
Paravirtualized guest OSes
OK Labs also supplies ready-to-integrate paravirtualized guest application operating systems, including OK:Symbian (SymbianOS), OK:Linux (Linux), OK:Windows (Windows) and OK:Android (Android).
Hardware virtualization
The OKL4 Microvisor supports ARM hardware virtualization extensions, as introduced in the Cortex-A15 processor. The use of hardware virtualization greatly reduces the changes required to a guest OS.
Background
OK Labs and OKL4 are the result of collaboration among academia, business, and open-source development. OK Labs technology is derived from the L4 microkernel which originated in the early 1990s at German research Lab GMD, further developed at IBM Watson Research Center, the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, the University of New South Wales and NICTA in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20method | In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective method or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem by any intuitively 'effective' means from a specific class. An effective method is sometimes also called a mechanical method or procedure.
Definition
The definition of an effective method involves more than the method itself. In order for a method to be called effective, it must be considered with respect to a class of problems. Because of this, one method may be effective with respect to one class of problems and not be effective with respect to a different class.
A method is formally called effective for a class of problems when it satisfies these criteria:
It consists of a finite number of exact, finite instructions.
When it is applied to a problem from its class:
It always finishes (terminates) after a finite number of steps.
It always produces a correct answer.
In principle, it can be done by a human without any aids except writing materials.
Its instructions need only to be followed rigorously to succeed. In other words, it requires no ingenuity to succeed.
Optionally, it may also be required that the method never returns a result as if it were an answer when the method is applied to a problem from outside its class. Adding this requirement reduces the set of classes for which there is an effective method.
Algorithms
An effective method for calculating the values of a function is an algorithm. Functions for which an effective method exists are sometimes called effectively calculable.
Computable functions
Several independent efforts to give a formal characterization of effective calculability led to a variety of proposed definitions (general recursive functions, Turing machines, λ-calculus) that later were shown to be equivalent. The notion captured by these definitions is known as recursive or effective computability.
The Church–Turing thesis states that the two notions coincide: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20modeling%20concepts | Fundamental modeling concepts (FMC) provide a framework to describe software-intensive systems. It strongly emphasizes the communication about software-intensive systems by using a semi-formal graphical notation that can easily be understood.
Introduction
FMC distinguishes three perspectives to look at a software system:
Structure of the system
Processes in the system
Value domains of the system
FMC defines a dedicated diagram type for each perspective. FMC diagrams use a simple and lean notation. The purpose of FMC diagrams is to facilitate the communication about a software system, not only between technical experts but also between technical experts and business or domain experts. The comprehensibility of FMC diagrams has made them famous among its supporters.
The common approach when working with FMC is to start with a high-level diagram of the compositional structure of a system. This “big picture” diagram serves as a reference in the communication with all involved stakeholders of the project. Later on, the high-level diagram is iteratively refined to model technical details of the system. Complementary diagrams for processes observed in the system or value domains found in the system are introduced as needed.
Diagram Types
FMC uses three diagram types to model different aspects of a system:
Compositional Structure Diagram depicts the static structure of a system. This diagram type is also known as FMC Block Diagram
Dynamic Structure Diagram depicts processes that can be observed in a system. This diagram type is also known as FMC Petri-net
Value Range Structure Diagram depicts structures of values found in the system. This diagram type is also known as FMC E/R Diagram
All FMC diagrams are bipartite graphs. Each bipartite graph consists of two disjoint sets of vertices with the condition that no vertex is connected to another vertex of the same set. In FMC diagrams, members of one set are represented by angular shapes, and members of the other set ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Mathematical%20Philosophy | Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education.
Background
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy was written while Russell was serving time in Brixton Prison due to his anti-war activities.
Contents
The book deals with a wide variety of topics within the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic including the logical basis and definition of natural numbers, real and complex numbers, limits and continuity, and classes.
Editions
Russell, Bertrand (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin. (Reprinted: Routledge, 1993.)
Russell, Bertrand (1920), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin / NY: Macmillan, Second Edition, reprintings 1920, 1924, 1930.
See also
Principia Mathematica
The Principles of Mathematics
Logicism
Footnotes
Logic books
Books about philosophy of mathematics
Books by Bertrand Russell
1919 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
Prison writings
Philosophy textbooks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma%20diversum | Ureaplasma diversum is a species of Ureaplasma, a genus of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. It possesses the sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: D78650. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20logarithm%20articles | This is a list of logarithm topics, by Wikipedia page. See also the list of exponential topics.
Acoustic power
Antilogarithm
Apparent magnitude
Baker's theorem
Bel
Benford's law
Binary logarithm
Bode plot
Henry Briggs
Bygrave slide rule
Cologarithm
Common logarithm
Complex logarithm
Discrete logarithm
Discrete logarithm records
e
Representations of e
El Gamal discrete log cryptosystem
Harmonic series
History of logarithms
Hyperbolic sector
Iterated logarithm
Otis King
Law of the iterated logarithm
Linear form in logarithms
Linearithmic
List of integrals of logarithmic functions
Logarithmic growth
Logarithmic timeline
Log-likelihood ratio
Log-log graph
Log-normal distribution
Log-periodic antenna
Log-Weibull distribution
Logarithmic algorithm
Logarithmic convolution
Logarithmic decrement
Logarithmic derivative
Logarithmic differential
Logarithmic differentiation
Logarithmic distribution
Logarithmic form
Logarithmic graph paper
Logarithmic growth
Logarithmic identities
Logarithmic number system
Logarithmic scale
Logarithmic spiral
Logarithmic timeline
Logit
LogSumExp
Mantissa is a disambiguation page; see common logarithm for the traditional concept of mantissa; see significand for the modern concept used in computing.
Matrix logarithm
Mel scale
Mercator projection
Mercator series
Moment magnitude scale
John Napier
Napierian logarithm
Natural logarithm
Natural logarithm of 2
Neper
Offset logarithmic integral
pH
Pollard's kangaroo algorithm
Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms
Polylogarithm
Polylogarithmic function
Prime number theorem
Richter magnitude scale
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent
Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa
Schnorr signature
Semi-log graph
Significand
Slide rule
Smearing retransformation
Sound intensity level
Super-logarithm
Table of logarithms
Weber-Fechner law
Exponentials
Logarithm topics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20abelian%20variety | In mathematics, a dual abelian variety can be defined from an abelian variety A, defined over a field K.
Definition
To an abelian variety A over a field k, one associates a dual abelian variety Av (over the same field), which is the solution to the following moduli problem. A family of degree 0 line bundles parametrized by a k-variety T is defined to be a line bundle L on
A×T such that
for all , the restriction of L to A×{t} is a degree 0 line bundle,
the restriction of L to {0}×T is a trivial line bundle (here 0 is the identity of A).
Then there is a variety Av and a line bundle ,, called the Poincaré bundle, which is a family of degree 0 line bundles parametrized by Av in the sense of the above definition. Moreover, this family is universal, that is, to any family L parametrized by T is associated a unique morphism f: T → Av so that L is isomorphic to the pullback of P along the morphism 1A×f: A×T → A×Av. Applying this to the case when T is a point, we see that the points of Av correspond to line bundles of degree 0 on A, so there is a natural group operation on Av given by tensor product of line bundles, which makes it into an abelian variety.
In the language of representable functors one can state the above result as follows. The contravariant functor, which associates to each k-variety T the set of families of degree 0 line bundles parametrised by T and to each k-morphism f: T → T the mapping induced by the pullback with f, is representable. The universal element representing this functor is the pair (Av, P).
This association is a duality in the sense that there is a natural isomorphism between the double dual Avv and A (defined via the Poincaré bundle) and that it is contravariant functorial, i.e. it associates to all morphisms f: A → B dual morphisms fv: Bv → Av in a compatible way. The n-torsion of an abelian variety and the n-torsion of its dual are dual to each other when n is coprime to the characteristic of the base. In general - for all n - the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOR%20method | The GOR method (short for Garnier–Osguthorpe–Robson) is an information theory-based method for the prediction of secondary structures in proteins. It was developed in the late 1970s shortly after the simpler Chou–Fasman method. Like Chou–Fasman, the GOR method is based on probability parameters derived from empirical studies of known protein tertiary structures solved by X-ray crystallography. However, unlike Chou–Fasman, the GOR method takes into account not only the propensities of individual amino acids to form particular secondary structures, but also the conditional probability of the amino acid to form a secondary structure given that its immediate neighbors have already formed that structure. The method is therefore essentially Bayesian in its analysis.
Method
The GOR method analyzes sequences to predict alpha helix, beta sheet, turn, or random coil secondary structure at each position based on 17-amino-acid sequence windows. The original description of the method included four scoring matrices of size 17×20, where the columns correspond to the log-odds score, which reflects the probability of finding a given amino acid at each position in the 17-residue sequence. The four matrices reflect the probabilities of the central, ninth amino acid being in a helical, sheet, turn, or coil conformation. In subsequent revisions to the method, the turn matrix was eliminated due to the high variability of sequences in turn regions (particularly over such a large window). The method was considered as best requiring at least four contiguous residues to score as alpha helices to classify the region as helical, and at least two contiguous residues for a beta sheet.
Algorithm
The mathematics and algorithm of the GOR method were based on an earlier series of studies by Robson and colleagues reported mainly in the Journal of Molecular Biology and The Biochemical Journal. The latter describes the information theoretic expansions in terms of conditional information measures. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20password%20generator | A random password generator is a software program or hardware device that takes input from a random or pseudo-random number generator and automatically generates a password. Random passwords can be generated manually, using simple sources of randomness such as dice or coins, or they can be generated using a computer.
While there are many examples of "random" password generator programs available on the Internet, generating randomness can be tricky, and many programs do not generate random characters in a way that ensures strong security. A common recommendation is to use open source security tools where possible, since they allow independent checks on the quality of the methods used. Simply generating a password at random does not ensure the password is a strong password, because it is possible, although highly unlikely, to generate an easily guessed or cracked password. In fact, there is no need at all for a password to have been produced by a perfectly random process: it just needs to be sufficiently difficult to guess.
A password generator can be part of a password manager. When a password policy enforces complex rules, it can be easier to use a password generator based on that set of rules than to manually create passwords.
Long strings of random characters are difficult for most people to memorize. Mnemonic hashes, which reversibly convert random strings into more memorable passwords, can substantially improve the ease of memorization. As the hash can be processed by a computer to recover the original 60-bit string, it has at least as much information content as the original string. Similar techniques are used in memory sport.
The naive approach
Here are two code samples that a programmer who is not familiar with the limitations of the random number generators in standard programming libraries might implement:
C
# include <time.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
int
main(void)
{
/* Length of the password */
unsigned short int length = 8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wish%20It%20Would%20Rain | "I Wish It Would Rain" is a 1967 song recorded by the Temptations for the Motown label (under the "Gordy" imprint) and produced by Norman Whitfield.
Release
Issued with the Melvin Franklin-led "I Truly, Truly Believe" as its B-side, "I Wish It Would Rain" peaked for three weeks in February and March 1968 at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart and at the number-one position on the Billboard R&B singles chart. The single was the focal point of the Temptations' 1968 album The Temptations Wish It Would Rain.
Billboard described the single as an "easy beat blues rocker" that "will soar to the top in short order." Cash Box said that "touches of Bacarachian style add a refreshingly new dimension to the terrific sound of the Temptations" and that "hard percussion and coasting strings give a solidity and gentleness to the soul vocal."
Personnel
Lead vocals by David Ruffin
Background vocals by Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, and Otis Williams
Written by Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong, and Rodger Penzabene
Produced by Norman Whitfield
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers.
Cover versions
"I Wish It Would Rain" has been covered by a number of artists, including:
The Faces recorded a 1973 cover, which was a hit in the United Kingdom.
Gladys Knight & the Pips, peaking in the US at number 41 pop and 15 R&B.
Aretha Franklin, on the 1983 album Get It Right.
New Zealand singer songwriter, Jon Stevens recorded and released a version of the song in 1994, with money raised benefiting drought-stricken farmers. The song peaked at number 49 in New Zealand.
Bruce Springsteen recorded the song for his 2022 album Only the Strong Survive.
Notes
1967 singles
1968 singles
1973 singles
1994 singles
2007 singles
The Temptations songs
Marvin Gaye songs
Gladys Knight & the Pips songs
Jon Stevens songs
Renée Geyer songs
Ike & Tina Turner songs
Songs written by Barrett Strong
Songs written by Norman Whitfield
Songs written by Rodger Penzabene
Song |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered%20dodecahedral%20number | A centered dodecahedral number is a centered figurate number that represents a dodecahedron. The centered dodecahedral number for a specific n is given by
The first such numbers are 1, 33, 155, 427, 909, 1661, 2743, 4215, 6137, 8569, … .
Congruence Relations
Figurate numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered%20octagonal%20number | A centered octagonal number is a centered figurate number that represents an octagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center dot in successive octagonal layers. The centered octagonal numbers are the same as the odd square numbers. Thus, the nth odd square number and tth centered octagonal number is given by the formula
The first few centered octagonal numbers are
1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169, 225, 289, 361, 441, 529, 625, 729, 841, 961, 1089, 1225
Calculating Ramanujan's tau function on a centered octagonal number yields an odd number, whereas for any other number the function yields an even number.
is the number of 2x2 matrices with elements from 0 to n that their determinant is twice their permanent.
See also
Octagonal number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey%20box | A jockey box is an insulated container containing ice and water, as well as a long coil of hollow tubing. The device is used to cool beverages being served on tap in temporary locations.
One end of the coiled tube in the box is fitted to the external supply of the beverage to be served (often moved from the supply container by gas pressure, as in the case of beer in kegs, and the other end is attached to taps for serving the beverage, which are often integrated into the box itself. Filling the jockey box with ice and water cools the coiled tubing, and when the beverage flows through the tube, the beverage is cooled to a temperature just above freezing, even if it was at room temperature before it entered the box. This allows cold drinks to be served on tap in temporary and outdoor venues.
Apart from the coil and taps, the jockey box resembles a cool box. Some jockey boxes force the liquid through a solid cold plate rather than a coil of tubing (see Alternative Portable Cooler Dispensers below).
A glove compartment is also sometimes referred to as a "jockey box," especially in the U.S. Upper Rocky Mountain states.
For the prior-to-use cleaning, use a flush-out hose to remove any residue or mold that might have built up inside the lines since the last time you used the jockey box.
Alternative Portable Cooler Dispensers
In the coil cooler, a stainless steel coil is covered with water and ice, in which the liquid is made to run through. At the contact with the cold coil, the beverage becomes cold.
On the flip side, the cold plate works making the beverage run across an ice covered aluminum cold plate. When the plate makes contact with the ice, the plate become cold provoking the liquid that runs over it becomes cold too.
A portable ice maker and water dispenser is a device that produces ice, and release chill water by a small in-house generator. Depending on the size, some of them require a water line connection, but most of them only needs to have water deposi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt%20equation | The Shunt equation (also known as the Berggren equation) quantifies the extent to which venous blood bypasses oxygenation in the capillaries of the lung. “Shunt” and “dead space“ are terms used to describe conditions where either blood flow or ventilation do not interact with each other in the lung, as they should for efficient gas exchange to take place. These terms can also be used to describe areas or effects where blood flow and ventilation are not properly matched, though both may be present to varying degrees. Some references refer to “shunt-effect” or “dead space-effect” to designate the ventilation/perfusion mismatch states that are less extreme than absolute shunt or dead space.
The following equation relates the percentage of blood flow that is not exposed to inhaled gas, called the shunt fraction , to the content of oxygen in venous, arterial, and pulmonary capillary blood.
Where:
Qs = Pulmonary Physiologic Shunt (mL/min)
Qt = Cardiac Output (mL/min)
CCO2 = End-pulmonary-capillary Oxygen Content
CaO2 = Arterial oxygen content
CVO2 = Mixed Venous Oxygen Content
Derivation
The blood entering the pulmonary system will have oxygen flux , where is oxygen content of the venous blood and is the total cardiac output.
Similarly, the blood emerging from the pulmonary system will have oxygen flux , where is oxygen content of the arterial blood.
This will be made up of blood which bypassed the lungs () and blood which went through the pulmonary capillaries ().
We can express this as
.
We can solve for :
.
If we add the oxygen content of Qs to Qc we get the oxygen content of Qt:
Substitute Qc as above, CCO2 is the oxygen content of pulmonary alveolar capillary blood (i.e. End-pulmonary-capillary Oxygen Content).
Multiply out the brackets.
Get the Qs terms and the Qt terms on the same side.
Factor out the Q terms.
Divide by Qt and by (CCO2 - CVO2).
Shunt calculation (Qp:Qs ratio) using the Fick principle
The above equation requires me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik%20C.%20Ferreira | Hendrik Christoffel Ferreira (1954- Johannesburg, Nov. 20, 2018) was a professor in Digital Communications and Information Theory at the University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Biography
He studied electrical engineering at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1980. He worked as a visiting researcher at Linkabit in San Diego. He joined the Rand Afrikaans University in 1983, where, in 1989, he was appointed full professor. In recognition of his excellence in research and educating post-graduate students, he has been appointed as a research professor at the University of Johannesburg in 2007. He is a Fellow of the SAIEE, the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers.
Ferreira published close to 250 research papers on topics such as digital communications, power line communications, vehicular communication systems. With his work he introduced and developed a new theme in Information Theory, namely coding techniques for constructing combined channel codes, where error correction and channel properties are considered jointly.
Ferreira was a pioneering initiator and stimulator of the research fields of Information Theory and Power Line Communications in South Africa. He also was an organizer of the IEEE Information Theory Society and Power Line Communications within South Africa and Africa. He was a member of the Technical Committee for Power Line Communications of the IEEE Communications Society, and he served on the Technical Program Committee of several IEEE conferences, including the IEEE (ISIT) International Symposium on Information Theory, the IEEE (ISPLC) International Symposium on Power Line Communications, and the IEEE Africon and Chinacom conferences.
An obituary by his colleague Han Vinck was presented during a workshop in 2019. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence%20weighting | Confidence weighting (CW) is concerned with measuring two variables: (1) what a respondent believes is a correct answer to a question and (2) what degree of certainty the respondent has toward the correctness of this belief.
Confidence weighting when applied to a specific answer selection for a particular test or exam question is referred to in the literature from cognitive psychology as item-specific confidence, a term typically used by researchers who investigate metamemory or metacognition, comprehension monitoring, or feeling-of-knowing. Item-specific confidence is defined as calibrating the relationship between an objective performance of accuracy (e.g., a test answer selection) with the subjective measure of confidence, (e.g., a numeric value assigned to the selection). Studies on self-confidence and metacognition during test taking (e.g.,) have used item-specific confidence as a way to assess the accuracy and confidence underlying knowledge judgments.
Researchers outside of the field of cognitive psychology have used confidence weighting as applied to item-specific judgments in assessing alternative conceptions of difficult concepts in high school biology and physics (e.g.,), developing and evaluating computerized adaptive testing (e.g.,), testing computerized assessments of learning and understanding (e.g.,), and developing and testing formative and summative classroom assessments (e.g.,). Confidence weighting is one of three components of the Risk Inclination Model. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised%20bog | Raised bogs, also called ombrotrophic bogs, are acidic, wet habitats that are poor in mineral salts and are home to flora and fauna that can cope with such extreme conditions. Raised bogs, unlike fens, are exclusively fed by precipitation (ombrotrophy) and from mineral salts introduced from the air. They thus represent a special type of bog, hydrologically, ecologically and in terms of their development history, in which the growth of peat mosses over centuries or millennia plays a decisive role. They also differ in character from blanket bogs which are much thinner and occur in wetter, cloudier climatic zones.
Raised bogs are very threatened by peat cutting and pollution by mineral salts from the surrounding land (due to agriculture and industry). The last great raised bog regions are found in western Siberia and Canada.
Terminology
The term raised bog derives from the fact that this type of bog rises in height over time as a result of peat formation. They are like sponges of peat moss, full of water, that form a more or less dome shape in the landscape. In Germany, the term () strictly refers only to the classical, lens-shaped bogs of northwest Germany. The bogs are not influenced by mineral-rich groundwater or surface water, but are fed exclusively by precipitation — mainly rainwater, hence their alternative German designation of Regenmoor or "rain-fed bog". Thus the latter refers to all bogs, not just those that are arched or only slightly arched, but which nevertheless are characterized by an extreme mineral salt deficiency and other resulting ecological properties.
Formation and development
A living raised bog needs a moist, balanced climate in which to grow. The quantity of precipitation has to be greater than the water losses through discharge and evaporation. In addition, the precipitation must be evenly spread through the year.
Raised bogs in Europe have been developing for about 11,000 years, since the beginning of the Holocene and after the ret |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn%20installation | In personal computer games, a spawn installation is an installed copy of a game that may only be used to play in multiplayer mode, or otherwise limits the amount of single-player content accessible to the user. Additionally, some spawn implementations only allow the user to join games hosted by the installer's cd-key. There are several purposes for a spawn installation, including but not limited to creating added value by allowing the owner of the game to experience the multiplayer mode with friends and demonstrating the game to more potential buyers.
A similar concept (for example, in some Command & Conquer games) is the use of multiple game discs. Each disc contains a discrete portion of the game, such as an individual campaign. Sharing a disc with a friend allows both the owner and the friend to experience the full content of each respective disc, but not at the same time. In contrast with spawn installations, the disadvantage to the multiple-disc approach was that the game could only be shared among as many people as there were discs, while spawn installations could be used on any number of systems.
This concept is very similar to the single-card-multiplayer "Download Play" option that some Nintendo DS games offer (such as Super Mario 64 DS). The difference here, however, is that a spawn installation is installed on the system like a normal program, whereas the Nintendo DS only keeps its downloaded copy in memory while it is powered on.
Games with spawn installation
Carmageddon
Joint Strike Fighter - Innerloop
Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit - Electronic Arts
Diablo - Blizzard Entertainment
Diablo II - Blizzard Entertainment
StarCraft - Blizzard Entertainment
StarCraft II - Blizzard Entertainment
Warcraft: Orcs & Humans - Blizzard Entertainment
Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness - Blizzard Entertainment
Earth 2150 - Reality Pump
Total Annihilation - Cavedog Entertainment
Disciples: Sacred Lands - Strategy First
Enemy Territory: Quake Wars - id Software
Halo Custo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam%E2%80%93Sheriff%E2%80%93Phillips%20syndrome | Zamzam–Sheriff–Phillips syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder. It is characterized by aniridia, ectopia lentis, abnormal upper incisors and intellectual disability. Not a lot of research has been undertaken of this particular disease so thus far there is no known gene that affects this condition. However it has been hypothesised that the symptoms described are found at a particular gene, though intellectual disability is believed to be due to a different genetic cause.
Consanguinuity (intermarrying among relatives such as cousins), often associated with autosomal recessive inheritance, has been attributed to the inheritance of this disease. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morph%20%28TV%20series%29 | Morph is a British series of clay stop-motion comedy animations, named after the main character, who is a small Plasticine man, who speaks an unintelligible language and lives on a tabletop, his bedroom being a small wooden box. The character was initially seen interacting with Tony Hart, beginning in 1977, on several of his British television programmes, notably Take Hart, Hartbeat and SMart.
History
Morph was produced for the BBC by Aardman Animations, later famous for the "Sledgehammer" music video, Wallace and Gromit, and Shaun the Sheep. Morph appears mainly in one-minute "shorts" interspersed throughout the Take Hart show. These are connected to the main show by having Hart deliver a line or two to Morph, who replies in gibberish but with meaningful gestures. Later on, Morph is joined by the cream-coloured Chas, who is much more troublesome and mischievous.
Morph can change shape. He becomes spheres in order to move around and extrudes into cylinders to pass to different levels of his environment. He can also mimic other objects or creatures. Morph lives in a wooden microscope box on an artist's desk. He and Chas both love to eat cake, as seen in many of the shorts. Most appearances of Morph revolve around his friendship and rivalry with Chas, with each often playing tricks on the other and laughing at each other's misfortune. While Morph's nature is that of an innocent, curious character, Chas is much more mischievous and prone to bad behaviour.
After Hart's shows ended, Morph and Chas appeared in shorts on the Children's BBC's successor programme SMart from 1994 to 2005.
Some of the early plasticine models of Morph were destroyed in a fire at the warehouse where they were being stored on 10 October 2005.
Morph's 30th birthday was celebrated in 2007 by creator Peter Lord and celebrity fan and comedian Phill Jupitus at events for the Encounters Film Festival in Bristol. In March 2009, shortly after Hart's death, a flashmob of Morph characters w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler%20wobble | The Chandler wobble or Chandler variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by and named after American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to change of about in the point at which the axis intersects the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days. This wobble, which is an astronomical nutation, combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so that the total polar motion varies with a period of about 7 years.
The Chandler wobble is an example of the kind of motion that can occur for a freely rotating object that is not a sphere; this is called a free nutation. Somewhat confusingly, the direction of the Earth's rotation axis relative to the stars also varies with different periods, and these motions—caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and Sun—are also called nutations, except for the slowest, which are precessions of the equinoxes.
Predictions
The existence of Earth's free nutation was predicted by Isaac Newton in Corollaries 20 to 22 of Proposition 66, Book 1 of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, and by Leonhard Euler in 1765 as part of his studies of the dynamics of rotating bodies. Based on the known ellipticity of the Earth, Euler predicted that it would have a period of 305 days. Several astronomers searched for motions with this period, but none was found. Chandler's contribution was to look for motions at any possible period; once the Chandler wobble was observed, the difference between its period and the one predicted by Euler was explained by Simon Newcomb as being caused by the non-rigidity of the Earth. The full explanation for the period also involves the fluid nature of the Earth's core and oceans—the wobble, in fact, produces a very small ocean tide with an amplitude of approximately , called a pole tide, which is the only tide not caused by an extraterrestrial body. Despite the small amplitude, the gravitational effect of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecophyte | Myrmecophytes (; literally "ant-plant") are plants that live in a mutualistic association with a colony of ants. There are over 100 different genera of myrmecophytes. These plants possess structural adaptations that provide ants with food and/or shelter. These specialized structures include domatia, food bodies, and extrafloral nectaries. In exchange for food and shelter, ants aid the myrmecophyte in pollination, seed dispersal, gathering of essential nutrients, and/or defense. Specifically, domatia adapted to ants may be called myrmecodomatia.
Mutualism
Myrmecophytes share a mutualistic relationship with ants, benefiting both the plants and ants. This association may be either facultative or obligate.
Obligate
In obligate mutualisms, both of the organisms involved are interdependent; they cannot survive on their own. An example of this type of mutualism can be found in the plant genus Macaranga. All species of this genus provide food for ants in various forms, but only the obligate species produce domatia. Some of the most common species of myrmecophytic Macaranga interact with ants in the genus Crematogaster. C. borneensis have been found to be completely dependent on its partner plant, not being able to survive without the provided nesting spaces and food bodies. In laboratory tests, the worker ants did not survive away from the plants, and in their natural habitat they were never found anywhere else.
Facultative
Facultative mutualism is a type of relationship where the survival of both parties (plant and ants, in this instance) is not dependent upon the interaction. Both organisms can survive without the other species. Facultative mutualisms most often occur in plants that have extrafloral nectaries but no other specialized structures for the ants. These non-exclusive nectaries allow a variety of animal species to interact with the plant. Facultative relationships can also develop between non-native plant and ant species, where co-evolution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapinesthis | Tapinesthis is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 1914 by Simon. , it contains only one European species, Tapinesthis inermis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20measure | In measure theory, the Euler measure of a polyhedral set equals the Euler integral of its indicator function.
The magnitude of an Euler measure
By induction, it is easy to show that independent of dimension, the Euler measure of a closed bounded convex polyhedron always equals 1, while the Euler measure of a d-D relative-open bounded convex polyhedron is .
See also
Measure theory
Notes
External links
Exponentiation and Euler measure
Measures (measure theory)
Measure theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Alaoglu%20theorem | In functional analysis and related branches of mathematics, the Banach–Alaoglu theorem (also known as Alaoglu's theorem) states that the closed unit ball of the dual space of a normed vector space is compact in the weak* topology.
A common proof identifies the unit ball with the weak-* topology as a closed subset of a product of compact sets with the product topology.
As a consequence of Tychonoff's theorem, this product, and hence the unit ball within, is compact.
This theorem has applications in physics when one describes the set of states of an algebra of observables, namely that any state can be written as a convex linear combination of so-called pure states.
History
According to Lawrence Narici and Edward Beckenstein, the Alaoglu theorem is a “very important result—maybe most important fact about the weak-* topology—[that] echos throughout functional analysis.”
In 1912, Helly proved that the unit ball of the continuous dual space of is countably weak-* compact.
In 1932, Stefan Banach proved that the closed unit ball in the continuous dual space of any separable normed space is sequentially weak-* compact (Banach only considered sequential compactness).
The proof for the general case was published in 1940 by the mathematician Leonidas Alaoglu.
According to Pietsch [2007], there are at least twelve mathematicians who can lay claim to this theorem or an important predecessor to it.
The Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem is a generalization of the original theorem by Bourbaki to dual topologies on locally convex spaces.
This theorem is also called the Banach–Alaoglu theorem or the weak-* compactness theorem and it is commonly called simply the Alaoglu theorem.
Statement
If is a vector space over the field then will denote the algebraic dual space of and these two spaces are henceforth associated with the bilinear defined by
where the triple forms a dual system called the .
If is a topological vector space (TVS) then its continuous dual space will |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanostat | The Mechanostat is a term describing the way in which mechanical loading influences bone structure by changing the mass (amount of bone) and architecture (its arrangement) to provide a structure that resists habitual loads with an economical amount of material. As changes in the skeleton are accomplished by the processes of formation (bone growth) and resorption (bone loss), the mechanostat models the effect of influences on the skeleton by those processes, through their effector cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The term was invented by Harold Frost: an orthopaedic surgeon and researcher described extensively in articles referring to Frost and Webster Jee's Utah Paradigm of Skeletal Physiology in the 1960s. The Mechanostat is often defined as a practical description of Wolff's law described by Julius Wolff (1836–1902), but this is not completely accurate. Wolff wrote his treatises on bone after images of bone sections were described by Culmann and von Meyer, who suggested that the arrangement of the struts (trabeculae) at the ends of the bones were aligned with the stresses experienced by the bone. It has since been established that the static methods used for those calculations of lines of stress were inappropriate for work on what were, in effect, curved beams, a finding described by Lance Lanyon, a leading researcher in the area as "a triumph of a good idea over mathematics." While Wolff pulled together the work of Culmann and von Meyer, it was the French scientist Roux, who first used the term "functional adaptation" to describe the way that the skeleton optimized itself for its function, though Wolff is credited by many for that.
According to the Mechanostat, bone growth and bone loss is stimulated by the local, mechanical, elastic deformation of bone. The reason for the elastic deformation of bone is the peak forces caused by muscles (e.g. measurable using mechanography). The adaptation (feed-back control loop) of bone according to the maximu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20monoid | In abstract algebra, the free monoid on a set is the monoid whose elements are all the finite sequences (or strings) of zero or more elements from that set, with string concatenation as the monoid operation and with the unique sequence of zero elements, often called the empty string and denoted by ε or λ, as the identity element. The free monoid on a set A is usually denoted A∗. The free semigroup on A is the subsemigroup of A∗ containing all elements except the empty string. It is usually denoted A+.
More generally, an abstract monoid (or semigroup) S is described as free if it is isomorphic to the free monoid (or semigroup) on some set.
As the name implies, free monoids and semigroups are those objects which satisfy the usual universal property defining free objects, in the respective categories of monoids and semigroups. It follows that every monoid (or semigroup) arises as a homomorphic image of a free monoid (or semigroup). The study of semigroups as images of free semigroups is called combinatorial semigroup theory.
Free monoids (and monoids in general) are associative, by definition; that is, they are written without any parenthesis to show grouping or order of operation. The non-associative equivalent is the free magma.
Examples
Natural numbers
The monoid (N0,+) of natural numbers (including zero) under addition is a free monoid on a singleton free generator, in this case the natural number 1.
According to the formal definition, this monoid consists of all sequences like "1", "1+1", "1+1+1", "1+1+1+1", and so on, including the empty sequence.
Mapping each such sequence to its evaluation result
and the empty sequence to zero establishes an isomorphism from the set of such sequences to N0.
This isomorphism is compatible with "+", that is, for any two sequences s and t, if s is mapped (i.e. evaluated) to a number m and t to n, then their concatenation s+t is mapped to the sum m+n.
Kleene star
In formal language theory, usually a finite set of "symbols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia%20O%27Reilly-Regueiro | Eugenia O'Reilly-Regueiro is a Mexican mathematician specializing in algebraic combinatorics and particular in the symmetries of combinatorial designs, circulant graphs, and abstract polytopes. She is a researcher in the Institute of Mathematics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Education and career
O'Reilly-Regueiro is originally from Mexico City. She was a mathematics student at UNAM, graduating in 1995. For the next two years she continued to work at UNAM as an assistant in the mathematics department of the Faculty of Chemistry, while studying harpsichord at UNAM's , working there with musician Luisa Durón.
Next, with a scholarship from the UNAM Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA), she traveled to England for graduate study at Imperial College London, at that time part of the University of London system. She completed her PhD in 2003. Her dissertation, Flag-Transitive Symmetric Designs, was supervised by Martin Liebeck.
On completing her doctorate, she returned to UNAM as a researcher for the Institute of Mathematics.
Recognition
O'Reilly-Regueiro was elected to the Mexican Academy of Sciences in 2022. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu%20L-function | In mathematics, the Shimizu L-function, introduced by , is a Dirichlet series associated to a totally real algebraic number field.
defined the signature defect of the boundary of a manifold as the eta invariant, the value as s=0 of their eta function, and used this to show that Hirzebruch's signature defect of a cusp of a Hilbert modular surface can be expressed in terms of the value at s=0 or 1 of a Shimizu L-function.
Definition
Suppose that K is a totally real algebraic number field, M is a lattice in the field, and V is a subgroup of maximal rank of the group of totally positive units preserving the lattice. The Shimizu L-series is given by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRC8B | Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8B gene. Researchers have found out that this protein, along with the other LRRC8 proteins LRRC8A, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E, is sometimes a subunit of the heteromer protein volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRACs are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various organic osmolytes, such as taurine or glutamate, across the plasma membrane, and that is not the only function these channels have been linked to.
While LRRC8B is one of many proteins that can be part of VRAC, research has found that it is not as crucial to the activity of the channel in comparison to LRRC8A and LRRC8D. However, while we know that LRRC8A and LRRC8D are necessary for VRAC function, other studies have found that they are not sufficient for the full range of usual VRAC activity. This is where the other LRRC8 proteins come in, such as LRRC8B, as the different composition of these subunits affects the range of specificity for VRACs.
In addition to its role in VRACs, the LRRC8 protein family is also associated with agammaglobulinemia-5. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore%20delay | Elmore delay is a simple approximation to the delay through an RC network in an electronic system. It is often used in applications such as logic synthesis, delay calculation, static timing analysis, placement and routing, since it is simple to compute (especially in tree structured networks, which are the vast majority of signal nets within ICs) and is reasonably accurate. Even where it is not accurate, it is usually faithful, in the sense that reducing the Elmore delay will almost always reduce the true delay, so it is still useful in optimization.
Elmore delay can be thought of in several ways, all mathematically identical.
For tree structured networks, find the delay through each segment as the R (electrical resistance) times the downstream C (electrical capacitance). Sum the delays from the root to the sink.
Assume the output is a simple exponential, and find the exponential that has the same integral as the true response. This is also equivalent to moment matching with one moment, since the first moment is a pure exponential.
Find a one pole approximation to the true frequency response. This is a first-order Padé approximation.
There are many extensions to Elmore delay. It can be extended to upper and lower bounds, to include inductance as well as R and C, to be more accurate (higher order approximations) and so on. See delay calculation for more details and references.
See also
Delay calculation
Static timing analysis
William Cronk Elmore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starquake%20%28video%20game%29 | Starquake is an action-adventure platform game written by Stephen Crow for the ZX Spectrum and published by Bubble Bus Software in 1985. It was ported to the Commodore 64, MSX, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit family, Tatung Einstein (all 1985), the BBC Micro (1987) and IBM compatibles and Atari ST (both 1988).
Plot
The player controls BLOB (Bio-Logically Operated Being), whose mission is to penetrate the unstable core of a rogue planet which has appeared from a black hole. If the core is not repaired within the set time limit, it will implode, causing a chain reaction which will destroy the entire universe. The planet is inhabited by various primitive creatures, all hazardous to the touch, and the remnants of a previous civilisation which provides the items needed to rebuild and stabilise the planet core.
Gameplay
Within the game, there are multiple ways to get around:
Running is the default.
Hover platforms can be used to fly, but prevent BLOB from picking up items. BLOB can only mount and dismount hover platforms at docking stations.
BLOB can build his own short-lived platforms to reach high places.
BLOB can get through some trap like doors by creating platforms then dropping onto them when they will disappear.
There are some tube-shaped lifts which will lift BLOB upwards to the top. BLOB cannot enter these whilst on a hover platform.
There are also multiple teleport booths scattered around the play area, each with its own destination code.
Secret passages allow BLOB to take short cuts from one part of the map to another. An infinite lives cheat printed by Your Sinclair inadvertently removed this ability.
BLOB is able to carry up to four items at once, using a FIFO arrangement. Some of the items encountered will be useful to repair the core, while others will need to be exchanged using a Cheops Pyramid for something more useful. There is an Access credit card, which can fill in for any of the numbered chips needed to get through security doors, and for u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20Security | Vera is an enterprise data security and information rights management platform that provides encryption and tracks and controls digital information shared across users, devices, applications, and platforms. Vera gives developers access to its IRM-as-a-service (IRMaaS) platform via a REST API and downloadable software development kit.
History
Vera launched its product in April 2015. Within the first year of operations, Vera announced partnerships with Dropbox, Okta, and Centrify, as well as strategic integrations with Box, VMware, and Microsoft Office. Vera focuses its sales and marketing efforts on large enterprises in industries such as financial services, media & entertainment, manufacturing, and technology sectors.
Awards
Vera was nominated as a top 10 finalist for the Innovation Sandbox competition at RSA Conference 2016, and CRN Magazine named Vera one of the "10 Coolest Security Startups of 2015".
Funding
Vera is a privately funded company with $31 million in venture financing. The company announced a $14 million Series A round in November 2014, which included the hiring of Robin Daniels as CMO. In February 2016, Vera announced a $17 million Series B round, led by Sutter Hill Ventures, with participation from existing investors, Battery Ventures, Amplify Partners, and other private investors. In May 2016, Capital One Growth Ventures joined the company's Series B round of financing and founding CEO of Veritas Software, Mark Leslie, joined Vera's board of directors. Roger Lee (Battery Ventures) and Stefan Dyckerhoff (Sutter Hill Ventures) also serve on the company's board.
Product architecture
In March 2016, Vera announced its SDK, which allows developers to add encryption, tracking, policy enforcement, and access control to custom and legacy business applications. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villitis%20of%20unknown%20etiology | Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), also known as chronic villitis, is a placental injury. VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR involves the poor growth of the foetus, stillbirth, miscarriage, and premature delivery. VUE recurs in about 1/3 of subsequent pregnancies.
VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the transfer of maternal lymphocytes across the placenta.
VUE is diagnosed in 7–10% placentas in pregnancies. Roughly 80% of the VUE cases are in term placentas (greater than 37 weeks of pregnancy). A case of VUE in a placenta less than 32 weeks old should be screened for infectious villitis.
Pathogenesis
Inflammatory cells of maternal origin could access the foetal villous stoma in multiple ways:
The villous trophoblast barrier could be damaged. In the third trimester, syncytial knots (nucleated clusters formed in the syncytiotrophoblast) break off and are shed from the foetal placental villi. The shedding can strip the villous stroma. The barrier could breakdown either by upstream foetal thrombosis or ischemic damage from maternal infarction. The necrosis of syncytiotrophoblasts could arise as a result of the activation of coagulation components, complement system or platelets by antibodies or antiphospholipids.
Syncytiotrophoblasts can be made to exhibit adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin) in VUE, although in normal conditions adhesion molecules are not expressed.
Maternal lymphocytes can enter the foetal stroma by passing the villous trophoblastic barrier via the anchoring villi. The anchoring villi lose their layer of continuous epithelial syncytiotrophoblast as the villi mature into invasive intermediate trophoblasts through the developmental course of the placenta. A trophic factor, IL-15, for CD8+ mem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph%20kernel | Aleph is a discontinued operating system kernel developed at the University of Rochester as part of their Rochester's Intelligent Gateway (RIG) project in 1975. Aleph was an early step on the road to the creation of the first practical microkernel operating system, Mach.
Aleph used inter-process communications to move data between programs and the kernel, so applications could transparently access resources on any machine on the local area network (which at the time was a 3-Mbit/s experimental Xerox Ethernet). The project eventually petered out after several years due to rapid changes in the computer hardware market, but the ideas led to the creation of Accent at Carnegie Mellon University, leading in turn to Mach.
Applications written for the RIG system communicated via ports. Ports were essentially message queues that were maintained by the Aleph kernel, identified by a machine unique (as opposed to globally unique) ID consisting of a process id, port id pair. Processes were automatically assigned a process number, or pid, on startup, and could then ask the kernel to open ports. Processes could open several ports and then "read" them, automatically blocking and allowing other programs to run until data arrived. Processes could also "shadow" another, receiving a copy of every message sent to the one it was shadowing. Similarly, programs could "interpose" on another, receiving messages and essentially cutting the original message out of the conversation.
RIG was implemented on a number of Data General Eclipse minicomputers. The ports were implemented using memory buffers, limited to 2 kB in size. This produced significant overhead when copying large amounts of data. Another problem, realized only in retrospect, was that the use of global ID's allowed malicious software to "guess" at ports and thereby gain access to resources they should not have had. And since those IDs were based on the program ID, the port IDs changed if the program was restarted, making it dif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop%20controller | A closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller.
A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop.
In the case of linear feedback systems, a control loop including sensors, control algorithms, and actuators is arranged in an attempt to regulate a variable at a setpoint (SP). An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as hills would cause speed changes, and the driver has the ability to alter the desired set speed. The PID algorithm in the controller restores the actual speed to the desired speed in an optimum way, with minimal delay or overshoot, by controlling the power output of the vehicle's engine.
Control systems that include some sensing of the results they are trying to achieve are making use of feedback and can adapt to varying circumstances to some extent. Open-loop control systems do not make use of feedback, and run only in pre-arranged ways.
Closed-loop controllers have the following advantages over open-loop controllers:
disturbance rejection (such as hills in the cruise control example above)
guaranteed performance even with model uncertainties, when the model structure does not match perfectly the real process and the model parameters are not exact
unstable processes can be stabilized
reduced sensitivity to parameter variations
improved reference tracking performance
In some systems, closed-loop and open-loop control are used simultaneously. In such systems, the open-loop control is termed feedforward and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiolaria | A brachiolaria is the second stage of larval development in many starfishes. It follows the bipinnaria. Brachiolaria have bilateral symmetry, unlike the adult starfish, which have a pentaradial symmetry. Starfish of the order Paxillosida (Astropecten and Asterina) have no brachiolaria stage, with the bipinnaria developing directly into an adult.
The brachiolaria develops from the bipinnaria larva when the latter grows three short arms at the underside of its anterior end. These arms each bear sticky cells at the tip, and they surround an adhesive sucker. The larva soon sinks to the bottom, attaching itself to the substrate, firstly with the tips of the arms, and then with the sucker. Once attached, it begins to metamorphose into the adult form.
The adult starfish develops only from the hind-part of the larva, away from the sucker. It is from this part that the arms of the adult grow, with the larval arms eventually degenerating and disappearing. The digestive system of the larva also degenerates, and is almost entirely rebuilt. A new mouth forming on the left side of the body, which eventually becomes the lower, or oral, surface of the adult. Similarly, a new anus forms on the right side, which becomes the upper, or aboral, surface.
The coelom, or body cavity is divided into three chambers in the larva, two of which form the water vascular system, while the other remains as the adult body cavity. Once the tube feet develop from the water vascular system, the larva frees itself from the bottom. At around the same time, the skeleton begins to develop, initially in a ring around the anus; at this point the larva has developed into an adult, although it will continue to grow for some years before reaching sexual maturity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic%20paradigm | In robotics, a robotic paradigm is a mental model of how a robot operates. A robotic paradigm can be described by the relationship between the three basic elements of robotics: Sensing, Planning, and Acting. It can also be described by how sensory data is processed and distributed through the system, and where decisions are made.
Hierarchical/deliberative paradigm
The robot operates in a top-down fashion, heavy on planning.
The robot senses the world, plans the next action, acts; at each step the robot explicitly plans the next move.
All the sensing data tends to be gathered into one global world model.
The reactive paradigm
Sense-act type of organization.
The robot has multiple instances of Sense-Act couplings.
These couplings are concurrent processes, called behaviours, which take the local sensing data and compute the best action to take independently of what the other processes are doing.
The robot will do a combination of behaviours.
Hybrid deliberate/reactive paradigm
The robot first plans (deliberates) how to best decompose a task into subtasks (also called “mission planning”) and then what are the suitable behaviours to accomplish each subtask.
Then the behaviours starts executing as per the Reactive Paradigm.
Sensing organization is also a mixture of Hierarchical and Reactive styles; sensor data gets routed to each behaviour that needs that sensor, but is also available to the planner for construction of a task-oriented global world model.
See also
Behavior-based robotics
Hierarchical control system
Subsumption architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20calculation | Mental calculation consists of arithmetical calculations using only the human brain, with no help from any supplies (such as pencil and paper) or devices such as a calculator. People may use mental calculation when computing tools are not available, when it is faster than other means of calculation (such as conventional educational institution methods), or even in a competitive context. Mental calculation often involves the use of specific techniques devised for specific types of problems. People with unusually high ability to perform mental calculations are called mental calculators or lightning calculators.
Many of these techniques take advantage of or rely on the decimal numeral system. Usually, the choice of radix is what determines which method or methods to use.
Methods and techniques
Casting out nines
After applying an arithmetic operation to two operands and getting a result, the following procedure can be used to improve confidence in the correctness of the result:
Sum the digits of the first operand; any 9s (or sets of digits that add to 9) can be counted as 0.
If the resulting sum has two or more digits, sum those digits as in step one; repeat this step until the resulting sum has only one digit.
Repeat steps one and two with the second operand. At this point there are two single-digit numbers, the first derived from the first operand and the second derived from the second operand.
Apply the originally specified operation to the two condensed operands, and then apply the summing-of-digits procedure to the result of the operation.
Sum the digits of the result that were originally obtained for the original calculation.
If the result of step 4 does not equal the result of step 5, then the original answer is wrong. If the two results match, then the original answer may be right, though it is not guaranteed to be.
Example
Assume the calculation 6,338 × 79, manually done, yielded a result of 500,702:
Sum the digits of 6,338: (6 + 3 = 9, so count tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne%20Fast%20Source%20Reactor | Argonne Fast Source Reactor (AFSR) was a research reactor which was located at the Argonne National Laboratory, a United States Department of Energy national laboratory, facility located in the high desert of southeastern Idaho between Idaho Falls, Idaho and Arco, Idaho.
History
The Argonne Fast Source Reactor was a tool used to calibrate instruments and to study fast reactor physics, augmenting the Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR) research program. Located at Argonne-West, this low-power reactor—designed to operate at a power of only one kilowatt—contributed to an improvement in the techniques and instruments used to measure experimental data.
The AFSR was designed to supplement the existing facilities of the Idaho Division of Argonne National Laboratory. It was designed as a readily available source of both fast and thermal neutrons for use as follows:
developing, testing, calibrating, and standardizing various counters;
preparation of radioactive metallic foils used in the development of counting and radiochemical techniques;
checking out complex experimental systems before operation in other reactors;
and development of potential experiments in the fast reactor field.
In the fall of 1970, this reactor was moved to a new location adjacent to the ZPPR facility at the ANL West site of the NRTS.
The reactor started up on October 29, 1959, and operated through the late 1970s.
Design
AFSR was designed and built in 1958 near EBR-I on the National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS). AFSR had a design power of one kilowatt.
Decommissioning
AFSR operated through the late 1970s. The reactor is now shutdown and defueled.
Bibliography
Stacy, Susan M. "Proving the Principle". Idaho Operations Office of the Department of Energy. Idaho Falls, Idaho. DOE/ID-10799. 2000. Retrieved from: https://factsheets.inl.gov/SitePages/Publications.aspx
This article incorporates text from the public domain (prepared by or on behalf of the US government) work "Proving the Principle" (20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App%20%28file%20format%29 | The HarmonyOS App Pack or the App file, identified with the file extension ".app", serves as the file format used by the HarmonyOS operating system. It functions as a native HarmonyOS app for distribution and installation through Huawei AppGallery, or for distribution through Huawei Ability Gallery in respect of installation-free apps.
Each HarmonyOS app contains one or more HarmonyOS Ability Package (HAP) files with the file extension ".hap", and the pack.info file that describes the attributes of the App file.
Most HarmonyOS apps contain at least one HAP file of the entry type, which is the main module of the app, and additional HAP files of the feature type, which is used to implement a specific app feature.
Overview
App Pack and HAP files
HarmonyOS apps are distributed as a software package file known as the App Pack or the App file, suffixed with .app, which is analogous to other software packages such as apk used by the Android operating system, appx in Microsoft Windows, or a Debian package in Debian-based operating systems.
To make a HarmonyOS app, a software development tool such as DevEco Studio is required to code and pack HarmonyOS Ability Package (HAP) and associated files into an app package.
The HAP files may consist of resources, third-party libraries and configuration files. They are classified into two types of modules, i.e., entry and feature. The entry type of the HAP files is the main module and must be included into an app package, while the feature type of the HAP files is additional modules for implementing the features of the apps.
Moreover, an App file that contains different builds and specifications optimized for the various devices may contain more than one HAP file of the entry type.
Prior to packing into an App Pack, HAP files are allowed to run directly on a real device or an emulator for developers to debug and verify the apps during the development phase.
After development, the apps containing signature information can be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia%20of%20Scarpa | The fascia of Scarpa is the deep membranous layer (stratum membranosum) of the superficial fascia of the abdomen. It is a layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is found deep to the fascia of Camper and superficial to the external oblique muscle.
Structure
It is thinner and more membranous in character than the superficial fascia of Camper, and contains a considerable quantity of orange elastic fibers.
It is loosely connected by areolar tissue to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, but in the midline it is more intimately adherent to the linea alba and the pubic symphysis, and is prolonged on to the dorsum of the penis, forming the fundiform ligament; above, it is continuous with the superficial fascia over the rest of the trunk; inferiorly, it is continuous with the fascia of Colles of the perineum; however, it does not extend into the thigh as it just attaches to its fascia, which is known as fascia lata; medially and below, it is continued over the penis and spermatic cord to the scrotum, where it helps to form the dartos.
From the scrotum it may be traced backward into continuity with the deep layer of the superficial fascia of the perineum (superficial perineal fascia or fascia of Colles).
In the female, it is continued into the labia majora and from there to the fascia of Colles.
History
It is named for Italian anatomist Antonio Scarpa. His description of the membranous superficial fascia is vague in his 1809 hernia monograph. Life-size illustrations included by Scarpa do not identify the layer even though some show all the other anatomical layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region. A probable description of the fascia is in the text which discusses femoral (called crural) hernia in the male. Scarpa describes that "below the skin" we find "a layer of condensed substance forming the second covering of the hernia" which adheres to "the aponeurosis of the fascia lata". A little later he describes this layer as being membranous and he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus%20kefiranofaciens | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens is a species of slime-forming, homofermentative, rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria first isolated from kefir grains, hence its name. Its type strain is WT-2B (ATCC 43761). Its genome has been sequenced. Lactobaccillus kefiranofaciens (L. kefiranofaciens) was first identified in 1967 in Russia through studying kefir granules. Lactobaccillus kefiranofaciens is part of the lactobacillus genus and firmicutes phylum of bacteria. These bacterium metabolize carbohydrates and produce lactic acid, which can be useful in fermentation. Two subspecies have been identified as kefirgranum and kefiranofaciens, which share properties such as being gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and rod-shaped. L. kefiranofaciens is the subspecies related to kefir granules. Studies have investigated the origins and causes for variation in kefir composition and led to conflicting results. Some studies indicate the presence of L. kefiranofaciens was due to geographical location, while others indicate it was due to the different milks used.
Contribution to Kefir and Other Fermented Products
L. kefiranofaciens produces kefiran, an extracellular polysaccharide that helps in creating a biofilm, or kefir granule. When combined with milk, kefir granules help produce the drink kefir. Kefir is a probiotic drink containing lactic and acetic acid bacteria as well as yeasts and is commonly known to help with intestinal health. Due to its diverse microbial composition, evidence indicates kefir could have numerous additional health benefits including regulating blood lipid levels and high blood pressure along with antimicrobial properties. L. kefiranofaciens is often included in starters for food/drink fermentation. There is no evidence of pathogenicity nor toxicity from kefir, leading to L. kefiranofaciens being widely regarded as a safe for ingestion and assisting in fermentation.
Possible Future Applications
Evidence from a mice study indicates that through the gut micro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20taxonomy | Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things).
Plant taxonomy is closely allied to plant systematics, and there is no sharp boundary between the two. In practice, "plant systematics" involves relationships between plants and their evolution, especially at the higher levels, whereas "plant taxonomy" deals with the actual handling of plant specimens. The precise relationship between taxonomy and systematics, however, has changed along with the goals and methods employed.
Plant taxonomy is well known for being turbulent, and traditionally not having any close agreement on circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy.
Background
Classification systems serve the purpose of grouping organisms by characteristics common to each group. Plants are distinguished from animals by various traits: they have cell walls made of cellulose, polyploidy, and they exhibit sedentary growth. Where animals have to eat organic molecules, plants are able to change energy from light into organic energy by the process of photosynthesis. The basic unit of classification is species, a group able to breed amongst themselves and bearing mutual resemblance, a broader classification is the genus. Several genera make up a family, and several families an order.
History of classification
The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words ( 'bottle, vessel') and ( 'seed'), was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690 but he used this term to refer to a group of plants which form only a subset of what today are known as angiosperms. Hermannn's Angiospermae including only flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his Gymnospermae, which were flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin%20equation | In physics, a Langevin equation (named after Paul Langevin) is a stochastic differential equation describing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing only slowly in comparison to the other (microscopic) variables of the system. The fast (microscopic) variables are responsible for the stochastic nature of the Langevin equation. One application is to Brownian motion, which models the fluctuating motion of a small particle in a fluid.
Brownian motion as a prototype
The original Langevin equation describes Brownian motion, the apparently random movement of a particle in a fluid due to collisions with the molecules of the fluid,
Here, is the velocity of the particle, is its damping coefficient, and is its mass. The force acting on the particle is written as a sum of a viscous force proportional to the particle's velocity (Stokes' law), and a noise term representing the effect of the collisions with the molecules of the fluid. The force has a Gaussian probability distribution with correlation function
where is Boltzmann's constant, is the temperature and is the i-th component of the vector . The -function form of the time correlation means that the force at a time is uncorrelated with the force at any other time. This is an approximation: the actual random force has a nonzero correlation time corresponding to the collision time of the molecules. However, the Langevin equation is used to describe the motion of a "macroscopic" particle at a much longer time scale, and in this limit the -correlation and the Langevin equation becomes virtually exact.
Another common feature of the Langevin equation is the occurrence of the damping coefficient in the correlation function of the random force, which in an equilibrium system is an expression of the Einstein relation.
Mathematical aspects
A strict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation%20ratio | Consolidation ratio within network infrastructure for Internet hosting, is the number of virtual servers that can run on each physical host machine. Many companies arrive at that figure through trial and error by stacking virtual machines on top of each other until performance slows to a crawl. “It’s sort of capacity planning by bloody nose,” observes Bob Gill, managing director of server research for analyst firm TheInfoPro Inc. of New York.
The recent V-index showed that the average consolidation ratio is actually lower than was expected - 6.3:1 VMs per physical host (actual ratio) vs. 9.8:1 (perceived)
See also
Nagle's algorithm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonk%20%28wine%29 | Plonk is a term used primarily in Commonwealth English for generally cheap, low-quality wine. It is believed to come from Australian slang, in reference to blanc (the French word for "white"), before it became naturalised in Britain. Despite the reference to the colour white, the term is not limited to white wine, and can as easily indicate a red wine or rosé. In this context, the phrase has even spawned the title of a novel which evokes the perceived tackiness of the 1980s.
In Australia, plonk packaged and sold in a cask or simply in a bag is commonly called "goon".
The term has also been adopted in other Commonwealth countries, particularly in Canada.
Other usages
The term is not always used in a wholly derogatory manner. It can indicate a degree of strange affection for the wine in question. Telegraph journalist Max Davidson has equated plonk with "youth, ... excess, ... self-indulgence in times of penury. Forget grown-up wine. With plonk, the sweetest bouquet of all is the taste of a few pence saved."
Today, the term can often be used to indicate that a particular social gathering is not a fancy affair. For example, if a party guest is worried about the social level of the occasion, a host might assuage his or her concerns with the phrase: "Oh, just bring a bottle of plonk." Indeed, probably the most famous literary use of "plonk" comes in Willy Russell's play Educating Rita. Working-class Rita decides she cannot attend a party to which academic Frank has invited her, since she is ashamed of the wine she has bought and feels out-of-place. When Rita reports her anxieties to Frank the following week, he castigates Rita for being too self-conscious, reassuring her: "It wouldn't have mattered if you'd walked in carrying a bottle of Spanish plonk."
Another well-known usage of the word was that of Horace Rumpole, the title character of John Mortimer's television series "Rumpole of the Bailey" (1975–1992). Rumpole would frequently suggest to a fellow barrister, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopora%20cooperi | Geopora cooperi, commonly known as the pine truffle or the fuzzy truffle, is a species of fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. It has a fuzzy brown outer surface and an inner surface of whitish, convoluted folds of tissue. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the species has been recorded from Asia, Europe, and North America.
Taxonomy
First described by American mycologist Harvey Willson Harkness in 1885, the fungus is named for the original collector, J.D. Cooper. It is commonly known as the "pine truffle" or the "fuzzy truffle".
Description
The roughly spherical fruit bodies grow underground. Ranging from in diameter, they are yellow-brown to darker brown with a fuzzy, furrowed external surface. The inside of the fruit body, the whitish gleba, comprises deeply folded and convoluted tissue with some internal open spaces between them. Young pine truffles ooze a whitish juice when they are cut. The odor of the internal flesh is usually mild, but David Arora has noted the existence of a form in the Western United States that smells similar to fermented cider. Geopora cooperi fruit bodies are edible and considered good by some.
The smooth, elliptical or roughly spherical spores measure 18–27 by 13–21 µm and have an oil droplet. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are typically eight-spored. They are arranged as a palisade of cells forming a hymenium that covers the inner surfaces of the internal folds.
Habitat and distribution
Fruit bodies grow singly or in groups under the soil surface near conifers and Eucalyptus trees. In the field, they can sometimes be detected by the mound of soil they push up as they grow. In western North America, it is found from Mexico to as far north as Alaska. Specimens from the latter location have been found under aspen and willow trees. Geopora cooperi is a snowbank mushroom, as it commonly occurs after snow has melted. The fungus has also been recorded in China, western Asia (Turkey), Pakistan, and Europe. In Turkey, it is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkard%20Polster | Burkard Polster (born 26 February 1965 in Würzburg) is a German mathematician who runs and presents the Mathologer channel on YouTube. He is a professor of mathematics at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
Education and career
Polster earned a doctorate from the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg in 1993 under the supervision of Karl Strambach. Other universities that Polster has been affiliated with, before joining Monash University in 2000, include the University of Würzburg, University at Albany, University of Kiel, University of California, Berkeley, University of Canterbury, and University of Adelaide.
Polster's research involves topics in geometry, recreational mathematics, and the mathematics of everyday life, including how to tie shoelaces or stabilize a wobbly table.
Books
Polster is the author of multiple books including:
Included in the four-book compilation Scientia: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Astronomy for All (2011) and translated into German as Sciencia: Mathematik, Physik, Chemie, Biologie und Astronomie für alle verständlich (Librero, 2014, in German). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteromormyrus | Steindachner's Angolan mormyrid (Heteromormyrus pauciradiatus) is a species of elephantfish in the family Mormyridae being the only member of its genus. It is found only in the coastal river basins in Angola in Africa. It reaches a length of about . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis | Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella type. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines can result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Migration of larvae to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause swelling of the face, inflammation of the whites of the eyes, fever, muscle pains, and a rash. Minor infection may be without symptoms. Complications may include inflammation of heart muscle, central nervous system involvement, and inflammation of the lungs.
Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts is eaten. In North America this is most often bear, but infection can also occur from pork, boar, and dog meat. Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. After the infected meat has been eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. They then invade the wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. After one week, the females release new larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles, where they form cysts. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and confirmed by finding specific antibodies in the blood, or larvae on tissue biopsy.
The best way to prevent trichinosis is to fully cook meat. A food thermometer can verify that the temperature inside the meat is high enough. Infection is typically treated with antiparasitic medication such as albendazole or mebendazole. Rapid treatment may kill adult worms and thereby stop further worsening of symptoms. Both medications are considered safe, but have been associated with side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Their use during pregnancy or in children under the age of 2 years is poorly studied, but appears to be safe. Treatment with steroids is sometimes also required in severe cases. Without treatment, symptoms typically resolve within three months.
Worldwide, about 10,000 infec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localized%20surface%20plasmon | A localized surface plasmon (LSP) is the result of the confinement of a surface plasmon in a nanoparticle of size comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light used to excite the plasmon. When a small spherical metallic nanoparticle is irradiated by light, the oscillating electric field causes the conduction electrons to oscillate coherently. When the electron cloud is displaced relative to its original position, a restoring force arises from Coulombic attraction between electrons and nuclei. This force causes the electron cloud to oscillate. The oscillation frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the effective electron mass, and the size and shape of the charge distribution. The LSP has two important effects: electric fields near the particle's surface are greatly enhanced and the particle's optical absorption has a maximum at the plasmon resonant frequency. Surface plasmon resonance can also be tuned based on the shape of the nanoparticle. The plasmon frequency can be related to the metal dielectric constant. The enhancement falls off quickly with distance from the surface and, for noble metal nanoparticles, the resonance occurs at visible wavelengths. Localized surface plasmon resonance creates brilliant colors in metal colloidal solutions.
For metals like silver and gold, the oscillation frequency is also affected by the electrons in d-orbitals. Silver is a popular choice in plasmonics, which studies the effect of coupling light to charges, because it can support a surface plasmon over a wide range of wavelengths (300-1200 nm), and its peak absorption wavelength is easily changed. For instance, the peak absorption wavelength of triangular silver nanoparticles was altered by changing the corner sharpness of the triangles. It underwent a blue-shift as corner sharpness of the triangles decreased. Additionally, peak absorption wavelength underwent a red-shift as a larger amount of reducing agent (HAuCl4) was added and porosity of the particle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%20and%20Cosmos | Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False is a 2012 book by the philosopher Thomas Nagel.
Summary
Nagel argues that the natural and social sciences are unable to account for the existence of mind and consciousness and that the methodologies employed must be revised. He writes that mind is a basic aspect of nature and that any philosophy of nature that cannot account for it is fundamentally misguided. He argues that the standard naturalistic view flies in the face of common sense.
Nagel's position is that principles of an entirely different kind may account for the emergence of life, and in particular conscious life, and that those principles may be teleological, rather than materialist or mechanistic. He stresses that his argument is not a religious one (he is an atheist) and that it is not based on the theory of intelligent design (ID), though he also writes that ID proponents such as Michael Behe, Stephen C. Meyer, and David Berlinski do not deserve the scorn with which their ideas have been met by the overwhelming majority of the scientific establishment.
Reception
Reviews of the book were polarizing, generating significant criticism from numerous scientists and philosophers, including from Steven Pinker, Daniel Dennett, and Elliott Sober. Michael Chorost wrote that Nagel raised valid criticisms but did not sufficiently engage with the large – though not dominant – body of scientific literature related to natural teleology. Chorost also suggests the book would have received less criticism had Nagel not endorsed criticisms raised by proponents of intelligent design, despite Nagel's not having endorsed intelligent design as a solution.
In an article in New Republic, Leon Wieseltier argued that Nagel was "not denounced for being wrong, but also for being heretical." Philosopher Gary Gutting noted that despite the book's argumentative failings, praised Nagel for developing an "atheism that is anti-material |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brando%20Huang | Brando Huang (; born 22 March 1981) is a Taiwanese actor and television host.
Career
Born in Huwei, Yunlin, Huang is originally an engineer at Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park, but had an interest in performing since young. Discovered by comedian Hsu Hsiao-shun, Huang started out by making numerous appearances in television shows where he is known for impersonating famous personalities such as the comedian Kang Kang and musician Wu Bai.
Huang's first acting role was in the series Your Home is My Home, and he has appeared in several films and television series since, including Monga, Monga Yao Hui, Partners in Crime and At Cafe 6. In 2015, he earned a Golden Bell Award nomination for his role in the television film Let the Sunshine In.
Filmography
Television series
Film
Variety show
Music video appearances
Awards and nominations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed%20system | A closed system is a natural physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, althoughin the contexts of physics, chemistry, engineering, etc.the transfer of energy (e.g. as work or heat) is allowed.
Physics
In classical mechanics
In nonrelativistic classical mechanics, a closed system is a physical system that doesn't exchange any matter with its surroundings, and isn't subject to any net force whose source is external to the system. A closed system in classical mechanics would be equivalent to an isolated system in thermodynamics. Closed systems are often used to limit the factors that can affect the results of a specific problem or experiment.
In thermodynamics
In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) but not matter, with its surroundings.
An isolated system cannot exchange any heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an open system can exchange energy and matter. (This scheme of definition of terms is not uniformly used, though it is convenient for some purposes. In particular, some writers use 'closed system' where 'isolated system' is used here.)
For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule), a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles. However, for systems which are undergoing a chemical reaction, there may be all sorts of molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by stating that the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically:
where is the number of j-type molecules, is the number of atoms of element in molecule and is the total number of atoms of element in the system, which remains constant, since the system is closed. There will be one such equation for each different element in the system.
In thermodynamics, a closed system is important for solving complicated thermodynamic p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiData | EpiData is a group of applications used in combination for creating documented data structures and analysis of quantitative data.
Overview
The EpiData Association, which created the software, was created in 1999 and is based in Denmark. EpiData was developed in Pascal and uses open standards such as HTML where possible.
EpiData is widely used by organizations and individuals to create and analyze large amounts of data. The World Health Organization (WHO) uses EpiData in its STEPS method of collecting epidemiological, medical, and public health data, for biostatistics, and for other quantitative-based projects.
Epicentre, the research wing of Médecins Sans Frontières, uses EpiData to manage data from its international research studies and field epidemiology studies. E.g.: Piola P, Fogg C et al.: Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Apr 23–29;365(9469):1467-73 ''. Other examples: '', '' or ''.
EpiData has two parts:
Epidata Entry – used for simple or programmed data entry and data documentation. It handles simple forms or related systems
EpiData Analysis – performs basic statistical analysis, graphs, and comprehensive data management, such as recoding data, label values and variables, and basic statistics. This application can create control charts, such as pareto charts or p-charts, and many other methods to visualize and describe statistical data.
The software is free; development is funded by governmental and non-governmental organizations like WHO.
See also
Clinical surveillance
Disease surveillance
Epidemiological methods
Control chart |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20Union%20of%20Agricultural%20and%20Food%20Workers | The Italian Union of Agricultural and Food Workers (, UILA) is a trade union representing workers in the agriculture and food processing sectors in Italy.
The union was founded in 1994, when the Italian Union of Agricultural Labourers and Workers merged with the Italian Union of Food Industry Workers. Like both its predecessors, it affiliated to the Italian Labour Union (UIL).
In 2004, UIL Monopoly was split up, with members who worked in the private sector transferring to the UILA, while in 2007, the Italian Union of Commerce and Sales Workers merged in. Finally, in 2009, it was joined by the Italian Union of Farm Owners and Tenants. The union's general secretary, Stefano Mantegazza, has been in post since 1995. As of 2017, the union had 226,551 members, making it the largest sectoral trade union affiliated to the UIL.
General Secretaries
1994: Pierluigi Bertinelli
1995: Stefano Mantegazza
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%2C6-Tribromophenol | 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP) is a brominated derivative of phenol. It is used as a fungicide, as a wood preservative, and an intermediate in the preparation of flame retardants.
Production
Although natural TBP has been identified in ocean sediments as a metabolite of marine fauna, the commercial product is prepared industrially. In 2001, the production volume of TBP was estimated to be 2500 tonnes/year in Japan and 9500 tonnes/year worldwide. TBP can be prepared by the controlled reaction of elemental bromine with phenol:
Uses
The predominant use of TBP is as an intermediate in the preparation of flame retardants such as brominated epoxy resins. TBP is reacted with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt, which is used as a fungicide and wood preservative.
Bismuth salt
The bismuth salt is the active ingredient in Xeroform dressing.
Metabolism
Microbial metabolism in products treated with TBP is known to produce 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA), which has a musty odor. In 2010 and 2011, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson voluntarily recalled some products due to TBA odors from wooden pallets which were treated with TBP. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXLE%20Linux | LXLE is a Linux distribution based upon the most recent Ubuntu/Lubuntu LTS release, using the LXDE desktop environment. LXLE is a lightweight distro, with a focus on visual aesthetics, that works well on both old and new hardware.
Reception
In a January 2014 review in Full Circle Magazine, Gabriele Tettamanzi noted that LXLE has some minor localization issues but otherwise described it as a nice "light and fast" desktop "rich" with software and "stable".
Jesse Smith reviewed LXLE 12.04.3 for DistroWatch Weekly:
Jesse Smith also reviewed LXDE 14.04, concluding, "Generally speaking, I enjoyed my time with LXLE. The distribution got off to a good start with a smooth installation process and the project features clear documentation and release notes, letting people know exactly what to expect from the distribution. I like the LXDE desktop as I feel it does an excellent job of balancing user friendliness, performance and features."
In reviewing LXLE 18.04.3, Marius Nestor of Softpedia said, "LXLE features unique Expose, Aero Snap, and Quick Launch apps, random or interval wallpaper changers, theme consistency throughout the system, as well as numerous other tweaks and additions you won't find in other distros. The system is very fast and boots in less than one minute, and it's perfect to revive that old PC."
The current version LXLE Focal is based on Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS with LXDE.
Releases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melena | Melena or melaena refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria.
Iron supplements may cause a grayish-black stool that should be distinguished from melena, as should black coloration caused by a number of medications, such as bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol), or by foods such as beetroot, black liquorice, or blueberries.
Causes
The most common cause of melena is peptic ulcer disease. However, any bleeding within the upper gastrointestinal tract or the ascending colon can lead to melena. Melena may also be a complication of anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin.
Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding that may result in melena include malignant tumors affecting the esophagus, stomach or small intestine, hemorrhagic blood diseases, such as thrombocytopenia and hemophilia, gastritis, stomach cancer, esophageal varices, Meckel's diverticulum and Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Causes of "false" melena include iron supplements, Pepto-Bismol, Maalox, and lead, blood swallowed as a result of a nose bleed (epistaxis), and blood ingested as part of the diet, as with consumption of black pudding (blood sausage), or with the traditional African Maasai diet, which includes much blood drained from cattle.
Melena is considered a medical emergency as it arises from a significant amount of bleeding. Urgent care is required to rule out serious causes and prevent potentially life-threatening emergencies.
A less serious, self-limiting case of melena can occur in newborns two to three days after delivery, due to swallowed maternal blood.
Diagnosis
In acute cases, with a large amount of blood loss, patients may present with anemia or low blood pressure. However, aside from the melena itself, many patients may present with few symptoms. Often, the first approac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20Mathematics%20Education%20Journal | The Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal published and edited by Paul Ernest (University of Exeter). It publishes articles relevant to the philosophy of mathematics education, a subfield of mathematics education that often draws in issues from the philosophy of mathematics. The journal includes articles, graduate student assignments, theses, and other pertinent resources.
Special issues of the journal have focussed on
social justice issues in mathematics education, part 1 (issue no. 20, 2007)
semiotics of mathematics education (issue no. 10, 1997)
See also
List of scientific journals in mathematics education
External links
Philosophy journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 1990
English-language journals
Mathematics education journals
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Lomas | Andy Lomas (born 1967 in Welwyn Garden City, England) is a British artist with a mathematical background, formerly a television and film CG supervisor and more recently a contemporary digital artist, with a special interest in morphogenesis using mathematical morphology.
Lomas previously worked on visual effects using computer graphics (CGI) for television and films such as The Matrix Reloaded (2003), The Matrix Revolutions (2003) and Avatar (2009). before becoming a digital artist. In 2006 he appeared in The Tech of 'Over the Hedge''', a short documentary. With his collaborators, in 1999 Lomas won the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries or a Movie for the 1999 film Alice in Wonderland.
Lomas's works are displayed in the form of videos, still images, and sculptures, produced using a mathematical programming approach. Some works include collaborative music, by Max Cooper for example. His artworks are inspired by the work of Ernst Haeckel, D'Arcy Thompson, and Alan Turing.
Lomas won the 2014 international Lumen Prize Gold Award for digital art, the top category. He has exhibited at the Butler Institute of American Art (Youngstown, Ohio, USA), the Computing Commons Art Gallery (Arizona State University), the Los Angeles Center for Digital Art, and SIGGRAPH.
In June–July 2016, Lomas held a solo exhibition of his work at the Watermans Arts Centre in west London, which has been acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum for its collection. His work is also held in the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum art collection at the University of Dundee in Scotland, funded by the UK Art Fund. In 2019, he contributed a chapter to the book Museums and Digital Culture''.
By way of summarizing his technique, Lomas counts himself among those who have entered into a "hybrid" relationship with the computer, wherein the latter is used to quickly generate a series of visual images based on an original idea or algorithm. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneReviews | GeneReviews is an online database containing standardized peer-reviewed articles that describe specific heritable diseases. It was established in 1997 as GeneClinics by Roberta A Pagon (University of Washington) with funding from the National Institutes of Health. Its focus is primarily on single-gene disorders, providing current disorder-specific information on diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling. Links to disease-specific and/or general consumer resources are included in each article when available. The database is published on the National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf site. Articles are updated every four to five years or as needed, and revised whenever significant changes in clinically relevant information occur. Articles are searchable by author, title, gene, and name of disease or protein, and are available free of charge. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeatherBug | WeatherBug is a brand based in New York City, that provides location-based advertising to businesses. WeatherBug consists of a mobile app reporting live and forecast data on hyperlocal weather to consumer users.
History
Originally owned by Automated Weather Source, the WeatherBug brand was founded by Bob Marshall and other partners in 1993. It started in the education market by selling weather tracking stations and educational software to public and private schools and then used the data from the stations on their website. Later, the company began partnering with TV stations so that broadcasters could use WeatherBug's local data and camera shots in their weather reports.
In 2000, the WeatherBug desktop application and website were launched. Later, the company launched WeatherBug and WeatherBug Elite as smartphone apps for iOS and Android, which won an APPY app design award in 2013. The company also sells a lightning tracking safety system that is used by schools and parks in southern Florida and elsewhere.
The company used lightning detection sensors throughout Guinea in Africa to track storms as they develop and has more than 50 lightning detection sensors in Brazil. Earth Networks received The Award for Outstanding Services to Meteorology by a Corporation in 2014 from the American Meteorological Society for "developing innovative lightning detection data products that improve severe-storm monitoring and warnings."
WeatherBug announced in 2004 it had been certified to display the TRUSTe privacy seal on its website. In 2005, Microsoft AntiSpyware flagged the application as a low-risk spyware threat. According to the company, the desktop application is not spyware because it is incapable of tracking users' overall Web use or deciphering anything on their hard drive.
In early 2011, AWS Convergence Technologies, Inc. (formerly Automated Weather Source) changed its name to Earth Networks, Inc.
In April 2013, WeatherBug was the second most popular weather informat |
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