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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-range%20hopping | Variable-range hopping is a model used to describe carrier transport in a disordered semiconductor or in amorphous solid by hopping in an extended temperature range. It has a characteristic temperature dependence of
where is the conductivity and is a parameter dependent on the model under consideration.
Mott variable-range hopping
The Mott variable-range hopping describes low-temperature conduction in strongly disordered systems with localized charge-carrier states and has a characteristic temperature dependence of
for three-dimensional conductance (with = 1/4), and is generalized to d-dimensions
.
Hopping conduction at low temperatures is of great interest because of the savings the semiconductor industry could achieve if they were able to replace single-crystal devices with glass layers.
Derivation
The original Mott paper introduced a simplifying assumption that the hopping energy depends inversely on the cube of the hopping distance (in the three-dimensional case). Later it was shown that this assumption was unnecessary, and this proof is followed here. In the original paper, the hopping probability at a given temperature was seen to depend on two parameters, R the spatial separation of the sites, and W, their energy separation. Apsley and Hughes noted that in a truly amorphous system, these variables are random and independent and so can be combined into a single parameter, the range between two sites, which determines the probability of hopping between them.
Mott showed that the probability of hopping between two states of spatial separation and energy separation W has the form:
where α−1 is the attenuation length for a hydrogen-like localised wave-function. This assumes that hopping to a state with a higher energy is the rate limiting process.
We now define , the range between two states, so . The states may be regarded as points in a four-dimensional random array (three spatial coordinates and one energy coordinate), with the "distance" betw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannery%20Workers%20and%20Farm%20Laborers%20Union%2C%20Local%207 | The Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7 was the first Filipino-led union in the United States.
Founded in 1933 as the Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 18257 of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), it represented Alaska salmon cannery workers and farm workers. In 1937, the union became Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7 of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America. In 1945, Local 7 became affiliated with the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers. In 1951 the union became Local 37 of International Longshore and Warehouse Union, and around 1987 it became Region 37 of IBU/ILWU. The membership historically was Filipino American cannery workers.
History
Founding
The Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union was organized June 19, 1933 in Seattle to represent the primarily Filipino-American laborers who worked in the Alaska salmon canneries. Filipino Alaskeros first appeared in the canneries around 1911. In the 1920s as exclusionary immigration laws went into effect, they replaced the Japanese, who had replaced the Chinese in the canneries. Workers were recruited through labor contractors who were paid to provide a work crew for the summer canning season. The contractor paid workers wages and other expenses. This system led to many abuses and harsh working conditions from which grew the movement toward unionization. Attempts to unionize in the salmon canneries was neither new, nor unique to the Filipinos, as during 1867 and again in 1877, the Chinese employees in the canneries that preceded them had also attempted to organize and strike for better job stability and wages, but with little to no improvement to their working conditions. Prior to 1936, the CWFLU also had to compete with other unions such as the Fishermen and Cannery Workers' Industrial Union (FCWIU), a union sponsored by the Trade Union Unity League as a rival and in response to the CWFLU's slow approach to combating the is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenology.org | Gardenology.org is a wiki, launched in 2007, meant to serve as a free, "complete plant and garden wiki encyclopedia." There are over 19,000 articles on the site, and a plant search box. Gardenology.org is a "reference database with botany basics, cultivation, propagation, plant maintenance, glossary of botanical names and glossary of gardening terms".
The site runs on MediaWiki as well as the Semantic MediaWiki extension.
Gardenology.org uses the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license for its content. Articles can cover an individual species or cultivar, a family, a gardening term or gardening topic. The site has message forums for gardening-related discussions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau-Mignotte%20bound | In algebra, a Landau-Mignotte bound (sometimes only referred to as Mignotte's bound) is one of a family of inequalities concerning a univariate integer polynomial f(x) and one of its factors h(x). A basic version states that the coefficients of h(x) are bounded independently of h(x) by an exponential expression involving only the degree and coefficients of f(x), i.e. only depending on f(x).
It has applications in computer algebra where these bounds can give a priori estimates on the run time and complexity of algorithms.
Basic version
For such that divides denote by resp. the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients of resp. and let be the degree of , then
Notation
will be univariate complex polynomials which later will be restricted to be integer polynomials, i.e. in . Explicitly
are the degrees, the leading coefficients are .
Define norms by considering the coefficients as vectors, explicitly
By the fundamental theorem of algebra has roots (with multiplicity). Set the Mahler measure of to be
Similarly define , , etc.
Landau's inequality and other basic properties
Landau proved in 1905 a key inequality linking the Mahler measure of a polynomial to its Euclidean norm.
In general norms obey the following inequalities
The Mahler measure satisfies which for non-trivial integer polynomials implies . See also Lehmer's conjecture.
The Mahler measure is multiplicative, i.e. if then
Mignotte's bound
Mignotte used Landau's inequality in 1974 to prove a basic version of the following bounds in the notation introduced above.
For complex polynomials in , if divides then
and individual coefficients obey the inequalities
If additionally and are integer polynomials in then and if is additionally monic then even . In these cases one can simplify by omitting the fraction. Including products in the analysis we have the following theorem.
Let such that divides then
Using Stirling's formula applied to binomial coefficients we get asy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Banchoff | Thomas Francis Banchoff (born April 7, 1938) is an American mathematician
specializing in geometry. He is a professor at Brown University, where he has taught since 1967. He is known for his research in differential geometry in three and four dimensions, for his efforts to develop methods of computer graphics in the early 1990s, and most recently for his pioneering work in methods of undergraduate education utilizing online resources.
Banchoff graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1960, receiving his B.A. in Mathematics, and received his Masters and Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1962 and 1964, where he was a student of Shiing-Shen Chern. Before going to Brown he taught at Harvard University and the University of Amsterdam. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In addition, he was a president of the Mathematical Association of America.
Selected works
with Stephen Lovett: Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces (2nd edition), A. K. Peters 2010
with Terence Gaffney, Clint McCrory: Cusps of Gauss Mappings, Pitman 1982
with John Wermer: Linear Algebra through Geometry, Springer Verlag 1983
Beyond the third dimension: geometry, computer graphics, and higher dimensions, Scientific American Library, Freeman 1990
Triple points and surgery of immersed surfaces. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 46 (1974), 407–413. (concerning the number of triple points of immersed surfaces in .)
Critical points and curvature for embedded polyhedra. Journal of Differential Geometry 1 (1967), 245–256. (Theorem of Gauß-Bonnet for Polyhedra)
Teaching Experience
Benjamin Peirce Instructor, Harvard, 1964 - 1966
Research Associate, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1966 - 1967;
Brown University:
Asst Professor, 1967
Associate Professor 1970
Professor 1973 - 2014
G. Leonard Baker Visiting Professor of Mathematics, Yale, 1998
Visiting Professor, University of Notre Dame, 2001
Visiting Professor, UCLA, 2002
Visiting Professor, University of Georgia, 2006
Vi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdiamagnetism | Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a volume magnetic susceptibility = −1) and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field.
Superdiamagnetism established that the superconductivity of a material was a stage of phase transition. Superconducting magnetic levitation is due to superdiamagnetism, which repels a permanent magnet which approaches the superconductor, and flux pinning, which prevents the magnet floating away.
Superdiamagnetism is a feature of superconductivity. It was identified in 1933, by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld, but it is considered distinct from the Meissner effect which occurs when the superconductivity first forms, and involves the exclusion of magnetic fields that already penetrate the object.
Theory
Fritz London and Heinz London developed the theory that the exclusion of magnetic flux is brought about by electrical screening currents that flow at the surface of the superconducting material and which generate a magnetic field that exactly cancels the externally applied field inside the superconductor. These screening currents are generated whenever a superconducting material is brought inside a magnetic field. This can be understood by the fact that a superconductor has zero electrical resistance, so that eddy currents, induced by the motion of the material inside a magnetic field, will not decay. Fritz, at the Royal Society in 1935, stated that the thermodynamic state would be described by a single wave function.
"Screening currents" also appear in a situation wherein an initially normal, conducting metal is placed inside a magnetic field. As soon as the metal is cooled below the appropriate transition temperature, it becomes superconducting. This expulsion of magnetic field upon the cooling of the metal cannot be explained any longer by merely assuming zero resistance and is calle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDepend | NDepend is a static analysis tool for .NET managed code. The tool proposes a large number features, from dependency visualization to Quality Gates and Smart Technical Debt Estimation. For that reasons the community refers to it as the "Swiss Army Knife" for .NET Developers.
Features
The main features of NDepend are:
Dependency Visualization (using dependency graphs, and dependency matrix)
Smart Technical Debt Estimation
Quality Gates
Declarative code rule over C# LINQ query (CQLinq). The NDepend default Rules-Set has few overlap with popular Roslyn analyzers. Roslyn analyzers are good at analyzing the code flow - what is happening inside a method - while the NDepend code model, on which the NDepend rules are based, is optimized for a 360 view of particular higher-scale areas including OOP, dependencies, metrics, breaking changes, mutability, naming...
Software metrics (NDepend currently supports 82 code metrics: Cyclomatic complexity; Afferent and Efferent Coupling; Relational Cohesion; Google page rank of .NET types; Percentage of code covered by tests, etc.)
Code Coverage data import from Visual Studio coverage, dotCover, OpenCover, NCover, NCrunch.
Version comparison of two versions of the same assembly
Integration with Visual Studio 2022, 2019, 2017, 2015, 2013, 2012, 2010, or can run as a standalone through VisualNDepend.exe, side by side with Jetbrains Rider or Visual Studio Code.
Reporting and CI/CD Integration with Azure DevOps, Bamboo, Jenkins, TeamCity, AppVeyor
Code rules through LINQ queries (CQLinq)
Live code queries and code rules through LINQ queries is the backbone of NDepend, all features use it extensively. Here are some sample code queries:
Base class should not use derivatives:
// <Name>Base class should not use derivatives</Name>
warnif count > 0
from baseClass in JustMyCodeTypes
where baseClass.IsClass && baseClass.NbChildren > 0 // <-- for optimization!
let derivedClassesUsed = baseClass.DerivedTypes.UsedBy(baseClass)
w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20psychology%20of%20parenting | Due to not carrying the child, the male is suggested to experience paternal uncertainty.
Different parenting styles across cultures also influence the temperament of an offspring. Additionally, varying attachment styles can influence the development of an offspring, impacting their future choices on their own mates and parenting skills.
Such parental influences lead to the theories of inclusive fitness as well as parental investment in illustrating the roots of parenting styles relayed upon offspring, such as to ensure the parents' reproductive success as well as their fitness through resources that which offspring obtain when making mating choices.
Gender differences
Female/maternal role
According to the parental investment theory, mothers are inclined to provide optimal care for their offspring due to the certainty of a genetic relationship. In regards to this, polyandry is rare in most societies as women will not take more than one husband in order to ensure the father with knowledge of the child's paternity and assistance with future care of their child from the father. Brain circuitry also evolved to favor monogamous attachment around the same time that our ancestors developed upright bipedal abilities. The development of upright movement led to the development of females caring for their children by carrying infants in their arms instead of on their backs.
Holding their infants in their arms led to greater bonds between mother and child. Upright bipedal abilities also developed stronger pairing-bonds between males and females as it became easier for males to protect just one female on the land instead of multiple females as they had done while living in trees. Natural selection favored males and females who had genes regulated towards forming pair-bonds because their young were more likely to survive, and brain circuitry gradually evolved to include attachment in parenting styles.
Women have adapted the ability to recognize infant facial expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts%20%28suit%29 | Hearts (, ) is one of the four suits in playing cards of both the French deck and the German deck. However, the symbol is slightly different: in a French deck and in a German-suited deck.
In Bridge, for which in Germany the French deck is common, it is called by its French name, Cœur. In games using German-suited cards the suit of Hearts is often called "Red" (Rot). In the game of Watten, the King of Hearts is the highest Trump. In Tiến Lên, Hearts are the highest-ranked suit.
This suit was invented in 15th century Germany and is a survivor from a large pool of experimental suit signs created to replace the Latin suits.
In Swiss-suited cards, the equivalent suit is Roses, typically with the following suit symbol: .
Name
The origin of the term "heart" to describe the symbol, which only very marginally resembles a true heart, is not known. In general, equivalents in other languages also mean "heart".
Characteristics
The heart typically has a form of cardioid, the lower part of which ends in a point. The symbol is drawn with its tip down, the two lobes of the cardioid pointing upwards. Generally, the hearts are coloured red.
French pattern
The following gallery shows the hearts of a 52-card deck of French playing cards. Not shown is the Knight of Hearts, used in tarot card games:
German pattern
The gallery below shows a suit of Hearts from a German suited deck of 32 cards. The pack is of the Saxonian pattern:
Coding
The symbol ♥ is already in the CP437 and therefore also in the WGL4. In Unicode, a black heart ♥ and a white ♡ heart are defined:
See also
Hearts (card game) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatovaginal%20canal | The palatovaginal canal (also pharyngeal canal) is a small canal formed between the sphenoidal process of palatine bone, and vaginal process of sphenoid bone. It connects the pterygopalatine fossa and and nasal cavity. It transmits the pharyngeal nerve (pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve), and the pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery.
Anatomy
Its proximal opening is situated inferoposteriorly in the pterygopalatine fossa.
Its distal opening is situated in the nasal cavity at the root of the pterygoid process near the lateral margin of the ala of vomer.
Variation
An inconstant vomerovaginal canal may lie between the ala of the vomer and the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone, medial to the palatovaginal canal, and lead into the anterior end of the palatovaginal canal.
Contents
The pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery supplies the nasopharynx, posterior part of the roof of the nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis | Sepsis, also known as septicemia, septicaemia, or blood poisoning, is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion. There may also be symptoms related to a specific infection, such as a cough with pneumonia, or painful urination with a kidney infection. The very young, old, and people with a weakened immune system may have no symptoms of a specific infection, and the body temperature may be low or normal instead of having a fever. Severe sepsis causes poor organ function or blood flow. The presence of low blood pressure, high blood lactate, or low urine output may suggest poor blood flow. Septic shock is low blood pressure due to sepsis that does not improve after fluid replacement.
Sepsis is caused by many organisms including bacteria, viruses and fungi. Common locations for the primary infection include the lungs, brain, urinary tract, skin, and abdominal organs. Risk factors include being very young or old, a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer or diabetes, major trauma, and burns. Previously, a sepsis diagnosis required the presence of at least two systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in the setting of presumed infection. In 2016, a shortened sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA score), known as the quick SOFA score (qSOFA), replaced the SIRS system of diagnosis. qSOFA criteria for sepsis include at least two of the following three: increased breathing rate, change in the level of consciousness, and low blood pressure. Sepsis guidelines recommend obtaining blood cultures before starting antibiotics; however, the diagnosis does not require the blood to be infected. Medical imaging is helpful when looking for the possible location of the infection. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated%20security | Differentiated security is a form of computer security that deploys a range of different security policies and mechanisms according to the identity and context of a user or transaction.
This makes it much more difficult to scale or replicate attacks, since each cluster/individual has a different security profile and there should be no common weaknesses.
One way of achieving this is by subdividing the population into small differentiated clusters. At the extreme, each individual belongs to a different class.
See also
Differentiated service (design pattern)
Separation of protection and security
External links
Differentiated security in wireless networks Andreas Johnsson, 2002.
Computer security procedures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi-Where | WiFi-Where is a tool that facilitates detecting wireless LANs using the 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.11g WLAN standards. Versions exist for the operating systems iOS and Palm OS. Originally created in June 2004 for the Palm OS by Jonathan Hays of Hazelware Software, the IP for WiFi-Where was licensed to 3Jacks Software in 2009. An iPhone version of the application was released in January 2010, but was pulled from the App Store by Apple in March 2010. As of 2010, it is available in the Jailbroken Cydia store.
Uses
The program is commonly used for:
Wardriving
Verifying network configurations
Finding locations with poor coverage in a WLAN
Detecting causes of wireless interference
Detecting unauthorized (rogue) access points
Features
Some of the unique features that the program implements are:
Continuous scanning mode
GPS logging (when a device supports it)
Email scan results
Email attachments (OS 3.0 only) in NetStumbler , CSV, or Google Earth KML formats
Option to filter hotspots by signal strength and location accuracy
Displays detailed information about each network, including name/SSID, signal strength, raw RSSI value, security and authentication modes (WEP/WPA/WPA2), location, MAC address
Save passwords for secure networks
Upload hotspots to popular wardriving website Wigle.net
App store removal
According to a blog post on 3Jacks web site, as of 3 March 2010, Apple removed all WiFi scanning apps, including WiFi-Where, from sale on the App Store for using private frameworks to access wireless information. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus%20pedatus | Pterocarpus pedatus is a taxonomic synonym of Pterocarpus macrocarpus that may refer to:
Pterocarpus pedatus
Pterocarpus pedatus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhereverTV | WhereverTV is an Over the Top (OTT) internet television platform provider located in Fort Myers, Florida. The company delivers linear television programming to SmartTVs, digital media receivers, and tablets via the public Internet.
The company has been providing access to free live-streaming TV channels over the internet since 2007 through its Global Interactive Program Guide (officially trademarked as Global IPG) internet TV software, allowing registered users to watch TV online. In 2011, the company began selling subscription services for live television from Morocco and Greece. In 2013, it began selling Arabic TV subscriptions. WhereverTV announced plans to launch two additional services for 2013: a software application aimed at managing US and international channels on portable and stationary internet-connected devices, and a traditional US-based subscription service.
WhereverTV is an alternative to fixed location subscription services such as those offered by cable companies and satellite television providers. Subscribers can personalize their viewing choices, and subscription services and watch from any location with Internet access. The company provides both wireless television and hard-wired access to TV over the internet.
History
The concept for what was to become WhereverTV was created by Mark Cavicchia while he was living in Shanghai, China, after becoming frustrated with the complexities of trying to stream the 2005 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament live on AOL by connecting his laptop to a big-screen television. He decided to create a portable channel guide that would work across devices and geographies and allow users to organize and watch TV online anywhere in the world. Upon returning to the United States in 2006, he wrote the patent application for WhereverTV's core technology.
To promote its Global Interactive Programme Guide concept, the Company wrote its own firmware to run on the popular open-source Neuros OSD hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut%20allergen%20powder | Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder, sold under the brand name Palforzia, is an oral medication for the treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in children typically aged between four and 17 years of age who have confirmed cases of peanut allergy. It is taken by mouth.
Peanut allergen powder is a powder that is manufactured from peanuts and packaged in pull-apart color-coded capsules for dose escalation and up-dosing, and in a sachet for maintenance treatment. The powder is emptied from the capsules or sachet and mixed with a small amount of semisolid food, such as applesauce, yogurt, or pudding for consumption.
The most common side effects of peanut allergen powder are abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, tingling in the mouth, itching (including in the mouth and ears), cough, runny nose, throat irritation and tightness, hives, wheezing and shortness of breath and anaphylaxis. Peanut allergen powder should not be administered to those with uncontrolled asthma.
To mitigate the risk of anaphylaxis associated with peanut allergen powder, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS). Peanut allergen powder is only available through specially certified healthcare providers, health care settings, and pharmacies to those who are enrolled in the REMS program. The FDA is requiring that healthcare providers who prescribe peanut allergen powder - and healthcare settings that dispense and administer peanut allergen powder - are educated on the risk of anaphylaxis associated with its use. In addition, the Initial Dose Escalation phase and first dose of each Up-Dosing level must only be administered to patients in a certified healthcare setting equipped to monitor patients and to identify and manage anaphylaxis. Patients or their parents or caregivers must also be counseled on the need for the patients to have injectable epinephrine available for immediate use at all times, the need for continued diet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally%20hyperbolic%20manifold | In mathematical physics, global hyperbolicity is a certain condition on the causal structure of a spacetime manifold (that is, a Lorentzian manifold). It is called hyperbolic in analogy with the linear theory of wave propagation, where the future state of a system is specified by initial conditions. (In turn, the leading symbol of the wave operator is that of a hyperboloid.) This is relevant to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, and potentially to other metric gravitational theories.
Definitions
There are several equivalent definitions of global hyperbolicity. Let M be a smooth connected Lorentzian manifold without boundary. We make the following preliminary definitions:
M is non-totally vicious if there is at least one point such that no closed timelike curve passes through it.
M is causal if it has no closed causal curves.
M is non-total imprisoning if no inextendible causal curve is contained in a compact set. This property implies causality.
M is strongly causal if for every point p and any neighborhood U of p there is a causally convex neighborhood V of p contained in U, where causal convexity means that any causal curve with endpoints in V is entirely contained in V. This property implies non-total imprisonment.
Given any point p in M, [resp. ] is the collection of points which can be reached by a future-directed [resp. past-directed] continuous causal curve starting from p.
Given a subset S of M, the domain of dependence of S is the set of all points p in M such that every inextendible causal curve through p intersects S.
A subset S of M is achronal if no timelike curve intersects S more than once.
A Cauchy surface for M is a closed achronal set whose domain of dependence is M.
The following conditions are equivalent:
The spacetime is causal, and for every pair of points p and q in M, the space of continuous future-directed causal curves from p to q is compact in the topology.
The spacetime has a Cauchy surface.
The spacetime i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitold%20Shmulyan | Vitold Lvovich Shmulyan (, 29 August 1914 – 27 August 1944) was a Soviet mathematician known for his work in functional analysis. The Eberlein–Šmulian theorem and Krein–Smulian theorem are named after him.
Notes
Functional analysts
Soviet mathematicians
1914 births
1944 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krohn%E2%80%93Rhodes%20theory | In mathematics and computer science, the Krohn–Rhodes theory (or algebraic automata theory) is an approach to the study of finite semigroups and automata that seeks to decompose them in terms of elementary components. These components correspond to finite aperiodic semigroups and finite simple groups that are combined in a feedback-free manner (called a "wreath product" or "cascade").
Krohn and Rhodes found a general decomposition for finite automata. The authors discovered and proved an unexpected major result in finite semigroup theory, revealing a deep connection between finite automata and semigroups.
Definitions and description of the Krohn–Rhodes theorem
Let T be a semigroup. A semigroup S that is a homomorphic image of a subsemigroup of T is said to be a divisor of T.
The Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite semigroups states that every finite semigroup S is a divisor of a finite alternating wreath product of finite simple groups, each a divisor of S, and finite aperiodic semigroups (which contain no nontrivial subgroups).
In the automata formulation, the Krohn–Rhodes theorem for finite automata states that given a finite automaton A with states Q and input set I, output alphabet U, then one can expand the states to Q' such that the new automaton A' embeds into a cascade of "simple", irreducible automata: In particular, A is emulated by a feed-forward cascade of (1) automata whose transformation semigroups are finite simple groups and (2) automata that are banks of flip-flops running in parallel. The new automaton A' has the same input and output symbols as A. Here, both the states and inputs of the cascaded automata have a very special hierarchical coordinate form.
Moreover, each simple group (prime) or non-group irreducible semigroup (subsemigroup of the flip-flop monoid) that divides the transformation semigroup of A must divide the transformation semigroup of some component of the cascade, and only the primes that must occur as divisors of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20predicate | In formal theories of truth, a truth predicate is a fundamental concept based on the sentences of a formal language as interpreted logically. That is, it formalizes the concept that is normally expressed by saying that a sentence, statement or idea "is true."
Languages which allow a truth predicate
Based on "Chomsky Definition", a language is assumed to be a countable set of sentences, each of finite length, and constructed out of a countable set of symbols. A theory of syntax is assumed to introduce symbols, and rules to construct well-formed sentences. A language is called fully interpreted if meanings are attached to its sentences so that they all are either true or false.
A fully interpreted language L which does not have a truth predicate can be extended to a fully interpreted language Ľ
that contains a truth predicate T, i.e., the sentence A ↔ T(⌈A⌉) is true for every sentence A of Ľ, where T(⌈A⌉) stands for "the sentence (denoted by) A is true". The main tools to prove this result are ordinary and transfinite induction, recursion methods, and ZF set theory (cf.
and ).
See also
Pluralist theory of truth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeg%C5%91%20polynomial | In mathematics, a Szegő polynomial is one of a family of orthogonal polynomials for the Hermitian inner product
where dμ is a given positive measure on [−π, π]. Writing for the polynomials, they obey a recurrence relation
where is a parameter, called the reflection coefficient or the Szegő parameter.
See also
Cayley transform
Schur class
Favard's theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Quinn | Jennifer J. Quinn is an American mathematician specializing in combinatorics, and professor of mathematics at the University of Washington Tacoma. She sits on the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America, and is serving as its president for the years 2021 and 2022. From 2004 to 2008 she was co-editor of Math Horizons.
Education and career
Quinn went to Williams College as an undergraduate, graduating in 1985. She earned a master's degree from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1987, and completed her doctorate at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1993. Her dissertation, Colorings and Cycle Packings in Graphs and Digraphs, was supervised by Richard A. Brualdi.
She taught at Occidental College until 2005, when she gave up her position as full professor and department chair to move with her husband, biologist Mark Martin, to Washington. She became a part-time lecturer, and executive director of the Association for Women in Mathematics, until earning a faculty position at Tacoma in 2007.
Recognition
Quinn won a Distinguished Teaching Award from the Mathematical Association of America in 2001, and the Deborah and Franklin Tepper Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics of the association in 2007.
Quinn's book with Arthur T. Benjamin, Proofs that Really Count: The Art of Combinatorial Proof (2003) won the CHOICE Award for Outstanding Academic Title of the American Library Association and the Beckenbach Book Prize of the Mathematical Association of America.
In 2018, Quinn was elected an officer-at-large member of the board of directors of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA). In 2020, Quinn joined the board of directors of the MAA as president-elect. Her term as president began in 2021. In 2022 she will become a fellow of the Association for Women in Mathematics, "For her outstanding achievements as a teacher, mentor, leader, expositor, and editor; for her pioneering service as AWM executive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20issue-tracking%20systems | Notable issue tracking systems, including bug tracking systems, help desk and service desk issue tracking systems, as well as asset management systems, include the following. The comparison includes client-server application, distributed and hosted systems.
General
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.
Features
Input interfaces
Notification interfaces
Revision control system integration
Authentication methods
Containers
See also
Comparison of help desk issue tracking software
List of personal information managers
Comparison of project management software
Networked Help Desk
OSS through Java
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyoD | MyoD, also known as myoblast determination protein 1, is a protein in animals that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation. MyoD, which was discovered in the laboratory of Harold M. Weintraub, belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). These bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. Vertebrate MRF family members include MyoD1, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (Myf6). In non-vertebrate animals, a single MyoD protein is typically found.
MyoD is one of the earliest markers of myogenic commitment. MyoD is expressed at extremely low and essentially undetectable levels in quiescent satellite cells, but expression of MyoD is activated in response to exercise or muscle tissue damage. The effect of MyoD on satellite cells is dose-dependent; high MyoD expression represses cell renewal, promotes terminal differentiation and can induce apoptosis. Although MyoD marks myoblast commitment, muscle development is not dramatically ablated in mouse mutants lacking the MyoD gene. This is likely due to functional redundancy from Myf5 and/or Mrf4. Nevertheless, the combination of MyoD and Myf5 is vital to the success of myogenesis.
History
MyoD was cloned by a functional assay for muscle formation reported in Cell in 1987 by Davis, Weintraub, and Lassar. It was first described as a nuclear phosphoprotein in 1988 by Tapscott, Davis, Thayer, Cheng, Weintraub, and Lassar in Science. The researchers expressed the complementary DNA (cDNA) of the murine MyoD protein in a different cell lines (fibroblast and adipoblast) and found MyoD converted them to myogenic cells. The following year, the same research team performed several tests to determine both the structure and function of the protein, confirming their initial proposal that the active site of the protein consisted of the helix loop helix (now referred to as basic helix loop helix) for dimerization and a basic site upstream of this bHLH r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20Theorem%20Proving%20%28conference%29 | Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP) is an annual international academic conference on the topic of automated theorem proving, proof assistants and related topics, ranging from theoretical foundations to implementation aspects and applications in program verification, security, and formalization of mathematics.
ITP brings together the communities using many systems based on higher-order logic such as ACL2, Coq, Mizar, HOL, Isabelle, Lean, NuPRL, PVS, and Twelf. Individual workshops or meetings devoted to individual systems are usually held concurrently with the conference.
Together with CADE and TABLEAUX, ITP is usually one of the three main conferences of the International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR) whenever it convenes,
History
The inaugural meeting of ITP was held on 11–14 July 2010 in Edinburgh, Scotland, as part of the Federated Logic Conference. It is the extension of the Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs) conference series to the broad field of interactive theorem proving. TPHOLs meetings took place every year from 1988 until 2009.
The first three were informal users' meetings for the HOL system and were the only ones without published papers. Since 1990 TPHOLs has published formal peer-reviewed proceedings, published by Springer's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. It has also entertained an increasingly wide field of interest.
External links
Automated theorem proving
Theoretical computer science conferences
Logic conferences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202100 | ITU-R Recommendation BT.2100, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 2100 or BT.2100, introduced high-dynamic-range television (HDR-TV) by recommending the use of the perceptual quantizer (PQ) or hybrid log–gamma (HLG) transfer functions instead of the traditional "gamma" previously used for SDR-TV.
It defines various aspects of HDR-TV such as display resolution (HDTV and UHDTV), frame rate, chroma subsampling, bit depth, color space, color primaries, white point, and transfer function. It was posted on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website on July 4, 2016. Rec. 2100 uses a wide color gamut (WCG) which is the same as Rec. 2020's.
Technical details
Transfer functions
Rec. 2100 defines two sets of HDR transfer functions which are perceptual quantization (PQ) and hybrid log-gamma (HLG). HLG is supported in Rec. 2100 with a nominal peak luminance of 1,000 cd/m2 and a system gamma value that can be adjusted depending on background luminance. For a reference viewing environment the peak luminance of display should be 1000 cd/m2 or more for small area highlights and the black level should be 0.005 cd/m2 or less. The surround light should be 5 cd/m2 and be neutral grey at standard illuminant D65. Avoid light falling on the screen.
Within each set, the documented transfer functions include an:
electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) which maps the non-linear signal value into display light
opto-optical transfer function (OOTF) which maps relative scene linear light to display linear light
opto-electronic transfer function (OETF) which maps relative scene linear light into the non-linear signal value
System colorimetry
Rec. 2100 uses the same color primaries as Rec. 2020 which is a Wide Color Gamut.
Resolution
Rec. 2100 specifies three resolutions of 1920 × 1080 ("Full HD"), 3840 × 2160 ("4K UHD"), and 7680 × 4320 ("8K UHD"). These resolutions have an aspect ratio of 16:9 and use square pixels.
Frame rate
Rec. 2100 specifies the following |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSBI%20Medal | The FSBI Medal is an international fish biology and/or fisheries science prize awarded annually for exceptional advances by a scientist in the earlier stages of his or her career. Medallists have made a significant contribution to the field of fish biology through their achievements in scientific research. The medal is only awarded if a candidate of sufficient quality is nominated.
The medal was established by the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (FSBI) to recognize distinction in the field of fish biology and fisheries science, and to raise the profile of the discipline and of the Society in the wider scientific community. Medals are awarded to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to fish biology and/or fisheries.
The FSBI Medal is traditionally awarded in July at the Fisheries Society of the British Isles Annual International Conference.
Medallists
Source: FSBI
2023 - Rajeev Raghavan
2022 - Amy Deacon
2021 - Christos Ioannou
2020 - Julien Cucherousset
2019 - Shaun Killen
2018 - Aaron McNeil
2017 - Nick Graham
2016 - Stephen Simpson
2015 - Kathryn Elmer
2014 - Darren Croft
2013 - Katherine Sloman
2012 - Robert Arlinghaus
2011 - Ashley Ward
2010 - Iain Barber
2009 - John Pinnegar
2008 - Steven J. Cooke
2007 - David W. Sims
2006 - Victoria Braithwaite
2005 - Jason Link
2004 - Michel Kaiser
2003 - Jens Krause
2002 - Etienne Baras
2001 - Simon Jennings
2000 - John Reynolds
1999 - Neil Metcalfe
See also
List of biology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20environment | The mental environment refers to the sum of all societal influences upon mental health.
The term is often used in a context critical of the mental environment in industrialized societies. It is argued that just as industrial societies produce physical toxins and pollutants which harm humans physical health, they also produce psychological toxins (e.g. television, excessive noise, violent marketing tactics, Internet addiction, social media) that cause psychological damage.
This poor mental environment may help explain why rates of mental illness are reportedly higher in industrial societies which might also have its roots in poor educational environment and mechanical routinised life present. Magico-religious beliefs are an important contribution of such communal settings. Delusions such as these rooted from childhood are often hard to completely regulate from a person's life.
The idea has its roots in evolutionary psychology, as the deleterious consequences of a poor mental environment can be explained by the mismatch between the mental environment humans evolved to exist within and the one they exist within today.
"We live in both a mental and physical environment. We can influence the mental environment around us, but to a far greater extent we are influenced by the mental environment. The mental environment contains forces that affect our thinking and emotions and that can dominate our personal minds." - Marshall Vian Summers
See also
Effects of climate change on human health
Environmental psychology
Healthy building
Socioeconomic status and mental health |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiofuel | Microbiofuels are biofuels produced by microorganisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, fungi, etc. The term was first defined by Asen Nenov at TEDxBG event on 9 January, 2010.
Microbiofuels use biotechnologies for biofuel production;
Microbiofuels technology implements production methods based microbiorefineries, i.e. micro-organisms placed in a specific environment;
Microbiofuel technology could be used for recycling industrial waste, including gaseous waste such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide, and for producing valuable biofuels by biotransformation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20Pharmaceuticals | Spectrum Pharmaceuticals is an American biopharmaceutical company located in Boston, MA. It develops and markets drugs for treatments in hematology and oncology.
After a deal valued at $248 million was announced in April 2023, Assertio Holdings announced that it had completed its acquisition of the Massachusetts-based company on July 31.
Drugs
In January 2019, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals sold its entire portfolio of hematology and oncology related products to Acrotech Biopharma USA, Inc., a New Jersey-based subsidiary of India's Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. The seven drugs had a combined sales of $76.4 million in the first three quarters of 2018.
The products sold were Fusilev (levoleucovorin), Folotyn (pralatexate injection), Zevalin (ibritumomab tiuxetan), Marqibo (vincristine sulfate LIPOSOME injection), Beleodaq (belinostat) for injection, Evomela (melphalan) for injection, and Khapzory (levoleucovorin).
The divestiture of seven marketed products infused non-dilutive capital back into the organization and enabled Spectrum to further advance its two cornerstone, value driving assets.
In development
As of 2023, Spectrum has one FDA approved drug (ROLVEDON™ (eflapegrastim) is also formerly known as Rolontis) and one drug in advanced development (Poziotinib).
Key Events for Rolvedon
On September 9, 2022, FDA approved ROLVEDON™ (formerly known as Rolontis)(eflapegrastim-xnst) injection indicated to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in adult patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs associated with clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia.
Development timeline for Rolvedon:
Sep 9, 2022 Spectrum announced FDA Approval of Rolvedon (eflapegrastim-xnst) Injection to Decrease the Incidence of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia
April 11, 2022 FDA announced acceptance of Spectrum's re-submission of its Rolontis Biologics License Application (BLA)to FDA.
Aug 6, 2021
Spectrum r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the idea of descent extends the intuitive idea of 'gluing' in topology. Since the topologists' glue is the use of equivalence relations on topological spaces, the theory starts with some ideas on identification.
Descent of vector bundles
The case of the construction of vector bundles from data on a disjoint union of topological spaces is a straightforward place to start.
Suppose X is a topological space covered by open sets Xi. Let Y be the disjoint union of the Xi, so that there is a natural mapping
We think of Y as 'above' X, with the Xi projection 'down' onto X. With this language, descent implies a vector bundle on Y (so, a bundle given on each Xi), and our concern is to 'glue' those bundles Vi, to make a single bundle V on X. What we mean is that V should, when restricted to Xi, give back Vi, up to a bundle isomorphism.
The data needed is then this: on each overlap
intersection of Xi and Xj, we'll require mappings
to use to identify Vi and Vj there, fiber by fiber. Further the fij must satisfy conditions based on the reflexive, symmetric and transitive properties of an equivalence relation (gluing conditions). For example, the composition
for transitivity (and choosing apt notation). The fii should be identity maps and hence symmetry becomes (so that it is fiberwise an isomorphism).
These are indeed standard conditions in fiber bundle theory (see transition map). One important application to note is change of fiber: if the fij are all you need to make a bundle, then there are many ways to make an associated bundle. That is, we can take essentially same fij, acting on various fibers.
Another major point is the relation with the chain rule: the discussion of the way there of constructing tensor fields can be summed up as 'once you learn to descend the tangent bundle, for which transitivity is the Jacobian chain rule, the rest is just 'naturality of tensor constructions'.
To move closer towards the abstract theory we need to interpret t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th%20meridian%20east | The meridian 48° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 48th meridian east forms a great circle with the 132nd meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 48th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="115" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
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| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
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| Island of Alexandra Land, Franz Josef Land
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Cambridge Channel
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! scope="row" |
| Island of Zemlya Georga, Franz Josef Land
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| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the island of Kolguyev,
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! scope="row" |
|Passes through the center of the city of Astrakhan, Russia
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Caspian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
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! scope="row" |
| The meridian runs parallel to the border with Iran, which is about 3km to the east
|-
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! scope="row" |
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|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Persian Gulf
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kuwait Bay
|-
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! scope="row" |
| Passing through Kuwait City
|-
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| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Aden
|-
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! scope="row" |
| |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoscolex | Myoscolex is an early animal species known from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale in South Australia. It was interpreted as an annelid and some supports that theory, while it was also considered as an arthropod close to Opabinia, through other studies questions that interpretation. Myoscolex is the earliest known example of phosphotized muscle tissue, and as to which shows distinct annulation.
Myoscolex ateles was named by Glaessner in 1979.
Etymology
Myoscolex ateles derives its name from Greek, "Myo-" meaning muscle, "Scolex" meaning worm, and "Ateles" meaning incomplete. This definition of "Incomplete muscle worm" is due to its initial identification as a "muscular" annelid worm with indistinct features after fossilization.
Description
As an Opabiniid
When described as an Opabiniid, Myoscolex is said to have at least 3 eyes, a thin proboscis jutting from under the proposed eyes, lateral lobes on the trunk, a tail fan on the posterior segments, and an upwardly curving trunk. It would have lived as a fast nektonic carnivore. However in 2022, new opabiniid Utaurora was described and Myoscolex is considered as animal with unknown affinity.
As a Polychaete
Myoscolex as a polychaete worm was unconventional in appearance being laterally flattened body with "rods" protruding from the ventral side. Movement would have been an undulation similar to that of Pikaia, and without the use of chaetae for propulsion, unlike other polychaetes.
Preservation
Myoscolex was preserved laterally compressed and in 4 layers. The outer two layers are composed of calcium carbonate and represents the skin, rods, lateral lobes, and possibly eyes and proboscis. The inner two layers were the internal muscles mineralized in apatite in resounding detail. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall%20%28heraldry%29 | A pall (or pairle) in heraldry and vexillology is a Y-shaped charge, normally having its arms in the three corners of the shield. An example of a pall placed horizontally (fesswise) is the green portion of the South African national flag.
A pall that stops short of the shield's edges and that has pointed ends to its three limbs is called a shakefork, although some heraldic sources do not make a distinction between a pall and a shakefork. A pall standing upside down is named pall reversed.
A pall on a shield may indicate a connection with the clergy, particularly archbishoprics, although in these cases the pall's lower limb usually stops short of the bottom of the shield and is fringed. Such a pall is often called an ecclesiastical pall or pallium, representing the ecclesiastical vestment from which this heraldic charge derives.
If there is symmetry within the arms, its blazon can be simplified in the English language by use of the heraldic term 'between' -- 'in the midst of, so as to make a symmetrical composition'. The coat of Saint-Wandrille-Rançon is an example where the French blasonnement is similar to the traditional English blazon, yet can be described with a simplified English blazon.
Modified palls
A pall can be modified by most of the lines of partition, such as the pall wavy in the coat of Saint-Wandrille-Rançon.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat%20Mata | Bhārat Mātā (Mother India in English) is a national personification of India (Bharat) as a mother goddess. In the visual arts she is commonly depicted dressed in a red or saffron-coloured sari and holding a national flag; she sometimes stands on a lotus and is accompanied by a lion.
Although the mother and motherland were sometimes ranked higher than heaven in ancient Sanskrit literature, the idea of the mother goddess, Bharat Mata, dates to the late 19th century. She appeared first in the popular Bengali language-novel Anandamath (1882) in a form inseparable from the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali. After the controversial division of Bengal province in 1905, she was given wider notice during the boycott of British-made goods organized by Sir Surendranath Bannerjee. In numerous protest meetings, she appeared in the rallying cry Vande Mataram (I bow to the mother).
Bharat Mata was painted as a four-armed goddess by Abanindranath Tagore in 1904 in the style associated with the Bengal School of Art and is displayed in the Victoria Memorial Museum in Kolkata. Secular representations of India also came to accompany her. By the late-19th century, maps of India produced by the British Raj, and based on the Great Trigonometrical Survey, had become widely available. With the background of a map, Bharat Mata appeared on the cover of the poet Subramania Bharati's Tamil language-magazine Vijaya in 1909. In the decades following, she appeared throughout India in popular art—in magazines, posters, and calendars—becoming a symbol of Indian nationalism.
There are a handful of Bharat Mata temples in India. The first such was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in Benares (now Varanasi) in 1936. The temple has a large relief map of India sculpted in marble on its floor but lacks a murti or cult image statue. A wall displays a poem written for the inauguration by the nationalist Hindi language-poet Maithili Sharan Gupt and proclaiming the temple to be open to all castes and r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20Physical%20Society%20of%20Japan | Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (JPSJ) is a monthly, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by the Physical Society of Japan (JPS). It was first published in July 1946 (volume 1). The editor-in-chief was A. Kawabata until August 2010. The impact factor for JPSJ in 2017 is 1.485, according to Journal Citation Reports.
Volume 1 consists of a single issue designated, on the cover, from July to December 1946. Between 1967 and 1980, this journal published at a rate of two volumes per year. The other (Japanese) title for this journal is Nihon Butsuri Gakkai ōji hōkoku. Volumes for 1967 to the present day are accompanied by an annual supplement.
Research paper formats include full papers, letters, short notes, comments, addenda, errata, invited papers and special topics.
Organizational structure
The organizational structure of the journal is described as follows:
The Full Papers, Letters and Short Notes sections of the journal comprise the published original research results. Furthermore, the Full Papers section is intended to be self-contained, original research papers. The Short Notes are brief reporting on recent breakthroughs. Finally, invited reviews from a notable researcher in the field, and a collection of relevant subjects under Special Topics are occasionally included for publication.
All articles are published online in advance, before they are printed on paper. The online version of JPSJ is updated twice a month (on the 10th and 25th). The paper version of JPSJ is printed once per month (on the 15th). This version comprises the two groups of articles that are published online on two different dates.
Overview
The journal was established in 1946, succeeding its predecessor publication, Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. In its present state, JPSJ is an international journal, with submissions from authors worldwide. Additionally, financial support is available to those authors in need from developing countries.
The on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/146%20%28number%29 | 146 (one hundred [and] forty-six) is the natural number following 145 and preceding 147.
In mathematics
146 is an octahedral number, the number of spheres that can be packed into in a regular octahedron with six spheres along each edge. For an octahedron with seven spheres along each edge, the number of spheres on the surface of the octahedron is again 146. It is also possible to arrange 146 disks in the plane into an irregular octagon with six disks on each side, making 146 an octo number.
There is no integer with exactly 146 coprimes less than it, so 146 is a nontotient. It is also never the difference between an integer and the total of coprimes below it, so it is a noncototient. And it is not the sum of proper divisors of any number, making it an untouchable number.
There are 146 connected partially ordered sets with four labeled elements.
See also
146 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser%27s%20theorem%20%28combinatorics%29 | In the branch of mathematics known as additive combinatorics, Kneser's theorem can refer to one of several related theorems regarding the sizes of certain sumsets in abelian groups. These are named after Martin Kneser, who published them in 1953 and 1956. They may be regarded as extensions of the Cauchy–Davenport theorem, which also concerns sumsets in groups but is restricted to groups whose order is a prime number.
The first three statements deal with sumsets whose size (in various senses) is strictly smaller than the sum of the size of the summands. The last statement deals with the case of equality for Haar measure in connected compact abelian groups.
Strict inequality
If is an abelian group and is a subset of , the group is the stabilizer of .
Cardinality
Let be an abelian group. If and are nonempty finite subsets of satisfying and is the stabilizer of , then
This statement is a corollary of the statement for LCA groups below, obtained by specializing to the case where the ambient group is discrete. A self-contained proof is provided in Nathanson's textbook.
Lower asymptotic density in the natural numbers
The main result of Kneser's 1953 article is a variant of Mann's theorem on Schnirelmann density.
If is a subset of , the lower asymptotic density of is the number . Kneser's theorem for lower asymptotic density states that if and are subsets of satisfying , then there is a natural number such that satisfies the following two conditions:
is finite,
and
Note that , since .
Haar measure in locally compact abelian (LCA) groups
Let be an LCA group with Haar measure and let denote the inner measure induced by (we also assume is Hausdorff, as usual). We are forced to consider inner Haar measure, as the sumset of two -measurable sets can fail to be -measurable. Satz 1 of Kneser's 1956 article can be stated as follows:
If and are nonempty -measurable subsets of satisfying , then the stabilizer is compact and open. Thus is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindly%20growth | Spindly growth, also known as leggy growth, is a term used when two plants compete for sunlight and nutrients in order to develop.
Causes
Spindly growth occurs when one plant receives a great amount of sunlight, while the other would develop as a deformed one, due to lack of sunlight and other natural resources needed for photosynthesis. Another reason includes the fact that the sprout has been left under an artificial light source for more than 12 to 16 hours (the recommended amount to keep the plant under), overwatering, and excessive addition of fertilizer.
Solutions
After germination, transport plants to an area with a temperature of .
Keep under light for at least 12 hours a day.
Plant seeds apart to prevent crowding.
Remove deceased plants to promote growth for newly planted ones. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPR1 | Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITPR1 gene.
Interactions
ITPR1 has been shown to interact with:
AHCYL1,
CA8,
EPB41L1
FKBP1A,
MRVI1,
PRKG1,
RHOA, and
TRPC4.
Caspr2,
See also
Inositol triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s%20Sulem | Agnès Sulem (born 1959) is a French applied mathematician whose research topics include stochastic control, jump diffusion, and mathematical finance.
Education
Sulem earned a Ph.D. in 1983 at Paris Dauphine University, with the dissertation Résolution explicite d'Inéquations Quasi-Variationnelles associées à des problèmes de gestion de stock supervised by Alain Bensoussan.
Career
She is a director of research at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) in Paris, where she heads the MATHRISK project on mathematical risk handling. She is currently a professor at the University of Luxembourg in the Mathematics department. She is a coauthor of the book Applied Stochastic Control of Jump Diffusions (with Bernt Øksendal, Springer, 2005; 2nd ed., 2007; 3rd ed., 2019). Sulem is also an associate editor at the Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications and at the SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIP%20%28software%29 | SIP is an open source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with the scripting language Python. It is an alternative to SWIG.
SIP was originally developed in 1998 for PyQt — the Python bindings for the Qt GUI toolkit — but is suitable for generating bindings for any C or C++ library.
Concept
SIP takes a set of specification () files describing the API and generates the required C++ code. This is then compiled to produce the Python extension modules. A .sip file is essentially the class header file with some things removed (because SIP does not include a full C++ parser) and some things added (because C++ does not always provide enough information about how the API works).
Notable applications that use SIP
PyQt, a python port of the application framework and widget toolkit Qt
QGIS, a free and open-source cross-platform desktop geographic information system (GIS)
QtiPlot, a computer program to analyze and visualize scientific data
calibre (software), a free and open-source cross-platform e-book manager
Veusz, a free and open-source cross-platform program to visualize scientific data |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-7100LC | The PA-7100LC is a microprocessor that implements the PA-RISC 1.1 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP). It is also known as the PCX-L, and by its code-name, Hummingbird. It was designed as a low-cost microprocessor for low-end systems. The first systems to feature the PA-7100LC were introduced in January 1994. These systems used 60 and 80 MHz parts. A 100 MHz part debuted in June 1994. The PA-7100LC was the first PA-RISC microprocessor to implement the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, an early single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) multimedia instruction set extension that provided instructions for improving the performance of MPEG video decoding.
The PA-7100LC was based on the PA-7100. Major improvements were improved superscalar execution and an extra integer unit. The PA-7100LC also implemented architectural improvements including the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, uncacheable memory pages, and bi-endian support. Superscalar execution was improved by adding the extra integer unit and modifying the control logic so that two integer instructions, two load-store units, or an integer and a load-store can be issued in one cycle in addition to the existing instruction combinations supported by the PA-7100.
A number of modifications were made to circuits derived from the PA-7100LC. Prominently, the floating-point unit multiplier was modified to take up less area by halving the tree of carry-save adders that summed the partial products of the mantissa. This simplification left the latency of single precision multiplies unchanged (two cycles), but increased the latency of double precision multiplies to three cycles. The performance loss was deemed acceptable as the PA-7100LC was designed for mid-range multimedia workstations where single-precision multiplies are more prevalent. Integrated on-die to lower costs is a memory controller that supports up to 2 GB of memory and an I/O controller.
The organization of the caches is different from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%20invariance | In mathematics, a function defined on an inner product space is said to have rotational invariance if its value does not change when arbitrary rotations are applied to its argument.
Mathematics
Functions
For example, the function
is invariant under rotations of the plane around the origin, because for a rotated set of coordinates through any angle θ
the function, after some cancellation of terms, takes exactly the same form
The rotation of coordinates can be expressed using matrix form using the rotation matrix,
or symbolically x′ = Rx. Symbolically, the rotation invariance of a real-valued function of two real variables is
In words, the function of the rotated coordinates takes exactly the same form as it did with the initial coordinates, the only difference is the rotated coordinates replace the initial ones. For a real-valued function of three or more real variables, this expression extends easily using appropriate rotation matrices.
The concept also extends to a vector-valued function f of one or more variables;
In all the above cases, the arguments (here called "coordinates" for concreteness) are rotated, not the function itself.
Operators
For a function
which maps elements from a subset X of the real line ℝ to itself, rotational invariance may also mean that the function commutes with rotations of elements in X. This also applies for an operator that acts on such functions. An example is the two-dimensional Laplace operator
which acts on a function f to obtain another function ∇2f. This operator is invariant under rotations.
If g is the function g(p) = f(R(p)), where R is any rotation, then (∇2g)(p) = (∇2f )(R(p)); that is, rotating a function merely rotates its Laplacian.
Physics
In physics, if a system behaves the same regardless of how it is oriented in space, then its Lagrangian is rotationally invariant. According to Noether's theorem, if the action (the integral over time of its Lagrangian) of a physical system is invariant under rot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20tuning | Neuronal tuning refers to the hypothesized property of brain cells by which they selectively represent a particular type of sensory, association, motor, or cognitive information. Some neuronal responses have been hypothesized to be optimally tuned to specific patterns through experience. Neuronal tuning can be strong and sharp, as observed in primary visual cortex (area V1) (but see Carandini et al 2005 ), or weak and broad, as observed in neural ensembles. Single neurons are hypothesized to be simultaneously tuned to several modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory. Neurons hypothesized to be tuned to different signals are often hypothesized to integrate information from the different sources. In computational models called neural networks, such integration is the major principle of operation. The best examples of neuronal tuning can be seen in the visual, auditory, olfactory, somatosensory, and memory systems, although due to the small number of stimuli tested the generality of neuronal tuning claims is still an open question.
Visually Tuned System
Accepted neuronal tuning models suggest that neurons respond to different degrees based on the similarity between the optimal stimulus of the neuron and the given stimulus. (Teller (1984), however, has challenged the "detector" view of neurons on logical grounds) The first major evidence of neuronal tuning in the visual system was provided by Hubel and Wiesel in 1959. They discovered that oriented slits of light were the most effective (of a very small set tested) stimuli for striate cortex “simple cell” neurons. Other neurons, “complex cells," responded best to lines of a certain orientation moving in a specific direction. Overall, the V1 neurons were found to be selectively tuned to certain orientations, sizes, positions, and forms. Hubel and Wiesel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. (More recently, Carandini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanovid%20microscopy | Nanovid microscopy, from "nanometer video-enhanced microscopy", is a microscopic technique aimed at visualizing colloidal gold particles of 20–40 nm diameter (nanogold, immunogold) as dynamic markers at the light-microscopic level. The nanogold particles as such are smaller than the diffraction limit of light, but can be visualized by using video-enhanced differential interference contrast (VEDIC). The technique is based on the use of contrast enhancement by video techniques and digital image processing. Nanovid microscopy, by combining small colloidal gold probes with video-enhanced quantitative microscopy, allows studying the intracellular dynamics of specific proteins in living cells.
See also
Microscopy
Single-particle tracking
Differential interference contrast microscopy
Microtubule |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning%20tree | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a spanning tree T of an undirected graph G is a subgraph that is a tree which includes all of the vertices of G. In general, a graph may have several spanning trees, but a graph that is not connected will not contain a spanning tree (see about spanning forests below). If all of the edges of G are also edges of a spanning tree T of G, then G is a tree and is identical to T (that is, a tree has a unique spanning tree and it is itself).
Applications
Several pathfinding algorithms, including Dijkstra's algorithm and the A* search algorithm, internally build a spanning tree as an intermediate step in solving the problem.
In order to minimize the cost of power networks, wiring connections, piping, automatic speech recognition, etc., people often use algorithms that gradually build a spanning tree (or many such trees) as intermediate steps in the process of finding the minimum spanning tree.
The Internet and many other telecommunications networks have transmission links that connect nodes together in a mesh topology that includes some loops.
In order to avoid bridge loops and routing loops, many routing protocols designed for such networks—including the Spanning Tree Protocol, Open Shortest Path First, Link-state routing protocol, Augmented tree-based routing, etc.—require each router to remember a spanning tree.
A special kind of spanning tree, the Xuong tree, is used in topological graph theory to find graph embeddings with maximum genus. A Xuong tree is a spanning tree such that, in the remaining graph, the number of connected components with an odd number of edges is as small as possible. A Xuong tree and an associated maximum-genus embedding can be found in polynomial time.
Definitions
A tree is a connected undirected graph with no cycles. It is a spanning tree of a graph G if it spans G (that is, it includes every vertex of G) and is a subgraph of G (every edge in the tree belongs to G). A spanning tree of a connected g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy | Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men. It is used, both as a technical anthropological term for families or clans controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males and in feminist theory where it is used to describe broad social structures in which men dominate over women and children. In these theories it is often extended to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others causing exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of property.
Patriarchy is associated various ideas forming patriarchal ideology that acts to explain and justify it and attributes it to inherent natural differences between men and women, divine commandment or other fixed structures. Sociologists hold varied opinions on whether patriarchy is a social product or an outcome of innate differences between the sexes. Sociobiologists compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women. Social constructionists contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women.
Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures. Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal.
Etymology and usage
Patriarchy literally means "the rule of the father" and comes from the Greek (patriarkhēs), "father or chief of a race", which is a compound of (patria), "lineage, descent, family, fatherland" (from patēr, "father") and (arkhē), "domination, authority, sovereignty".
Historically, the term patriarchy has been used to refer to autocratic rule by the male head of a family; however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoCyc | In bioinformatics EcoCyc is a biological database for the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12. The EcoCyc project performs literature-based curation of the E. coli genome, and of E. coli transcriptional regulation, transporters, and metabolic pathways. EcoCyc contains written summaries of E. coli genes, distilled from over 36,000 scientific articles. EcoCyc is also a description of the genome and cellular networks of E. coli that supports scientists to carry out computational analyses.
Data objects in the EcoCyc database describe each E. coli gene and gene product. Database objects also describe molecular interactions, including metabolic pathways, transport events, and the regulation of gene expression. EcoCyc provides several genome-scale visualization tools to aid in the analysis of omics data, such as by painting gene expression or metabolomics data onto the full regulatory network of E. coli.
EcoCyc can be accessed through the EcoCyc web site, as a set of downloadable files, and in conjunction with the Pathway Tools software that can be installed locally on Macintosh, PC/Windows, and PC/Linux computers. The downloadable software provides capabilities that go well beyond the web version of EcoCyc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20vibration%20control | Active vibration control is the active application of force in an equal and opposite fashion to the forces imposed by external vibration. With this application, a precision industrial process can be maintained on a platform essentially vibration-free.
Many precision industrial processes cannot take place if the machinery is being affected by vibration. For example, the production of semiconductor wafers requires that the machines used for the photolithography steps be used in an essentially vibration-free environment or the sub-micrometre features will be blurred. Active vibration control is now also commercially available for reducing vibration in helicopters, offering better comfort with less weight than traditional passive technologies.
In the past, passive techniques were used. These include traditional vibration dampers, shock absorbers, and base isolation.
The typical active vibration control system uses several components:
A massive platform suspended by several active drivers (that may use voice coils, hydraulics, pneumatics, piezo-electric or other techniques)
Three accelerometers that measure acceleration in the three degrees of freedom
An electronic amplifier system that amplifies and inverts the signals from the accelerometers. A PID controller can be used to get better performance than a simple inverting amplifier.
For very large systems, pneumatic or hydraulic components that provide the high drive power required.
If the vibration is periodic, then the control system may adapt to the ongoing vibration, thereby providing better cancellation than would have been provided simply by reacting to each new acceleration without referring to past accelerations.
Active vibration control has been successfully implemented for vibration attenuation of beam, plate and shell structures by numerous researchers.
For effective active vibration control, the structure should be smart enough to sense external disturbances and react accordingly. In order to devel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Data%20Driven%20Applications%20Systems | Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems (DDDAS) is a new paradigm whereby the computation and instrumentation aspects of an application system are dynamically integrated in a feed-back control loop, in the sense that instrumentation data can be dynamically incorporated into the executing model of the application, and in reverse the executing model can control the instrumentation. Such approaches have been shown that can enable more accurate and faster modeling and analysis of the characteristics and behaviors of a system and can exploit data in intelligent ways to convert them to new capabilities, including decision support systems with the accuracy of full scale modeling, efficient data collection, management, and data mining. The DDDAS concept - and the term - was proposed by Frederica Darema for the National Science Foundation (NSF) workshop in March 2000.
There are several affiliated annual meetings and conferences, including:
DDDAS workshop at ICCS (since 2003)
DyDESS conference and workshop at MIT organized by Sai Ravela and Adrian Sandu
DDDAS special session at the ACC organized by Puneet Singla and Dennis Bernstein and Sai Ravela
DDDAS Special Session Information Fusion
DDDAS 2016 at Hartford, the first full-fledged conference hosted and sponsored by MIT and some support from UTRC.
DDDAS 2017 at MIT, the second conference hosted and managed by MIT.
DDDAS 2020 Online, the third conference hosted by MIT.
DDDAS 2022 at MIT, the fourth conference hosted by MIT together with CLEPS22.
As time progressed, it was suggested by Dr. Ravela that DDDAS grow into its own conference, adding workshops to special subjects. The first full-fledged but environmentally-focussed DDDAS conference was DyDESS, held at MIT, and the community has since not looked back. MIT sponsored and setup the DyDESS conference, and continues to be the host and event organizer through its Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences department. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BsuBI/PstI%20restriction%20endonuclease | In molecular biology, the BsuBI/PstI restriction endonuclease family is a family of type II restriction endonucleases. It includes BsuBI and PstI. The enzymes of the BsuBI restriction/modification (R/M) system recognise the target sequence 5'CTGCAG and are functionally identical with those of the PstI R/M system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustnet | Dustnet (stylized as DUSTNET) is a 2019 asymmetrical, action, sandbox video game developed by Canadian studio SCRNPRNT. The game explores the theme of "dying" or disappearing multiplayer video games and their player bases, with the gameplay being set around a copy of the Dust II multiplayer map, originally created for Counter-Strike in 2001.
Gameplay
Many of Dustnets features are in direct reference to Counter-Strike, such as an unlockable "Bunny hopping" feature, selection between one "Counter-Terrorist" and one "Terrorist" team upon joining a server, and the presence of a bomb to be defused. A deathmatch mechanic is present, with available weapons being references to the Counter-Strike and Quake video game series.
However, many of these features are inserted merely as references to the game's theme. For example, the bomb to be defused, which is a central point of importance in the Counter-Strike series, is of no particular importance in Dustnet. Instead, players may edit and build upon the original "Dust II" layout, copying parts of it or laying down new map pieces such as teleporters, jump pads, and ammo pickups. Players with access to virtual reality headsets will appear to normal PC players as giant floating pairs of hands, which may smite or haul other players around the game world, as well as edit and build upon the level on a greater scale.
As a tie-in to the game's themes, a server's player-made creations are permanent for as long as there are players connected to it, but will be erased if the server becomes empty. Besides this, a server may go into a state named "low-energy mode", where the game's visuals and audio become more dull and muted. This can be prevented by executing game-related actions such as joining a server, searching through a defeated player's inventory, or planting the bomb.
The game features a free augmented reality companion app, available for Android and iOS. It allows players to observe and interact with one of the game's server |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20nanoball%20sequencing | DNA nanoball sequencing is a high throughput sequencing technology that is used to determine the entire genomic sequence of an organism. The method uses rolling circle replication to amplify small fragments of genomic DNA into DNA nanoballs. Fluorescent nucleotides bind to complementary nucleotides and are then polymerized to anchor sequences bound to known sequences on the DNA template. The base order is determined via the fluorescence of the bound nucleotides This DNA sequencing method allows large numbers of DNA nanoballs to be sequenced per run at lower reagent costs compared to other next generation sequencing platforms. However, a limitation of this method is that it generates only short sequences of DNA, which presents challenges to mapping its reads to a reference genome. After purchasing Complete Genomics, the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) refined DNA nanoball sequencing to sequence nucleotide samples on their own platform.
Procedure
DNA Nanoball Sequencing involves isolating DNA that is to be sequenced, shearing it into small 100 – 350 base pair (bp) fragments, ligating adapter sequences to the fragments, and circularizing the fragments. The circular fragments are copied by rolling circle replication resulting in many single-stranded copies of each fragment. The DNA copies concatenate head to tail in a long strand, and are compacted into a DNA nanoball. The nanoballs are then adsorbed onto a sequencing flow cell. The color of the fluorescence at each interrogated position is recorded through a high-resolution camera. Bioinformatics are used to analyze the fluorescence data and make a base call, and for mapping or quantifying the 50bp, 100bp, or 150bp single- or paired-end reads.
DNA Isolation, fragmentation, and size capture
Cells are lysed and DNA is extracted from the cell lysate. The high-molecular-weight DNA, often several megabase pairs long, is fragmented by physical or enzymatic methods to break the DNA double-strands at random interv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20M.%20Durbin | Richard Michael Durbin (born 1960) is a British computational biologist and Al-Kindi Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge. He also serves as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Sanger Institute where he was previously a senior group leader.
Education
Durbin was educated at The Hall School, Hampstead and Highgate School in London. After competing in the 1978/9 International Mathematical Olympiad, he went on to study at the University of Cambridge graduating in 1982 with a second class honours degree in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos. After graduating, he continued to study for a PhD at St John's College, Cambridge studying the development and organisation of the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans whilst working at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, supervised by John Graham White.
Career and research
Durbin's early work included developing the primary instrument software for one of the first X-ray crystallography area detectors and the MRC Biorad confocal microscope, alongside contributions to neural modelling.
He then led the informatics for the Caenorhabditis elegans genome project, and alongside Jean Thierry-Mieg developed the genome database AceDB, which evolved into the WormBase web resource. Following this he played an important role in data collection for and interpretation of the human genome sequence.
He has developed numerous methods for computational sequence analysis. These include gene finding (e.g. GeneWise) with Ewan Birney and Hidden Markov models for protein and nucleic acid alignment and matching (e.g. HMMER) with Sean Eddy and Graeme Mitchison. A standard textbook Biological Sequence analysis coauthored with Sean Eddy, Anders Krogh and Graeme Mitchison describes some of this work. Using these methods Durbin worked with colleagues to build a series of important genomic data resources, including the protein family database Pfam, the genome database Ensembl, and the gene family database TreeF |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiopure%20drug | An enantiopure drug is a pharmaceutical that is available in one specific enantiomeric form. Most biological molecules (proteins, sugars, etc.) are present in only one of many chiral forms, so different enantiomers of a chiral drug molecule bind differently (or not at all) to target receptors. Chirality can be observed when the geometric properties of an object is not superimposable with its mirror image. Two forms of a molecule are formed (both mirror images) from a chiral carbon, these two forms are called enantiomers. One enantiomer of a drug may have a desired beneficial effect while the other may cause serious and undesired side effects, or sometimes even beneficial but entirely different effects. The desired enantiomer is known as an eutomer while the undesired enantiomer is known as the distomer. When equal amounts of both enantiomers are found in a mixture, the mixture is known as a racemic mixture. If a mixture for a drug does not have a 1:1 ratio of its enantiomers it is a candidate for an enantiopure drug. Advances in industrial chemical processes have made it economical for pharmaceutical manufacturers to take drugs that were originally marketed as a racemic mixture and market the individual enantiomers, either by specifically manufacturing the desired enantiomer or by resolving a racemic mixture. On a case-by-case basis, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has allowed single enantiomers of certain drugs to be marketed under a different name than the racemic mixture. Also case-by-case, the United States Patent Office has granted patents for single enantiomers of certain drugs. The regulatory review for marketing approval (safety and efficacy) and for patenting (proprietary rights) is independent, and differs country by country.
History
In 1848, Louis Pasteur became the first scientist to discover chirality and enantiomers while he was working with tartaric acid. During the experiments, he noticed that there were two crystal structures produced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen-door%20effect | The screen-door effect (SDE) is a visual artifact of displays, where the fine lines separating pixels (or subpixels) become visible in the displayed image. This can be seen in digital projector images and regular displays under magnification or at close range, but the increases in display resolutions have made this much less significant. More recently, the screen door effect has been an issue with virtual reality headsets and other head-mounted displays, because these are viewed at a much closer distance, and stretch a single display across a much wider field of view.
SDE in projectors
In LCD and DLP projectors, SDE can be seen because projector optics typically have significantly lower pixel density than the size of the image they project, enlarging these fine lines, which are much smaller than the pixels themselves, to be seen. This results in an image that appears as if viewed through a fine screen or mesh such as those used on anti-insect screen doors.
The screen door effect was noticed on the first digital projector: an LCD projector made in 1984 by Gene Dolgoff. To eliminate this artifact, Dolgoff invented depixelization, which used various optical methods to eliminate the visibility of the spaces between the pixels. The dominant method made use of a microlens array, wherein each micro-lens caused a slightly magnified image of the pixel behind it, filling in the previously-visible spaces between pixels. In addition, when making a projector with a single, full-color LCD panel, an additional appearance of pixelation was visible due to the noticeability of green pixels (appearing bright) adjacent to red and blue pixels (appearing dark), forming a noticeable repeating light and dark pattern. Use of a micro-lens array at a slightly greater distance created new pixel images, with each "new" pixel being a summation of six neighboring sub-pixels (made up of two full color pixels, one above the other). Since there were as many micro-lenses as there were original pi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafnuty%20Chebyshev | Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev () ( – ) was a Russian mathematician and considered to be the founding father of Russian mathematics.
Chebyshev is known for his fundamental contributions to the fields of probability, statistics, mechanics, and number theory. A number of important mathematical concepts are named after him, including the Chebyshev inequality (which can be used to prove the weak law of large numbers), the Bertrand–Chebyshev theorem, Chebyshev polynomials, Chebyshev linkage, and Chebyshev bias.
Transcription
The surname Chebyshev has been transliterated in several different ways, like Tchebichef, Tchebychev, Tchebycheff, Tschebyschev, Tschebyschef, Tschebyscheff, Čebyčev, Čebyšev, Chebysheff, Chebychov, Chebyshov (according to native Russian speakers, this one provides the closest pronunciation in English to the correct pronunciation in old Russian), and Chebychev, a mixture between English and French transliterations considered erroneous. It is one of the most well known data-retrieval nightmares in mathematical literature. Currently, the English transliteration Chebyshev has gained widespread acceptance, except by the French, who prefer Tchebychev. The correct transliteration according to ISO 9 is Čebyšëv. The American Mathematical Society adopted the transcription Chebyshev in its Mathematical Reviews.
His first name comes from the Greek Paphnutius (Παφνούτιος), which in turn takes its origin in the Coptic Paphnuty (Ⲡⲁⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ), meaning "that who belongs to God" or simply "the man of God".
Biography
Early years
One of nine children, Chebyshev was born in the village of Okatovo in the district of Borovsk, province of Kaluga. His father, Lev Pavlovich, was a Russian nobleman and wealthy landowner. Pafnuty Lvovich was first educated at home by his mother Agrafena Ivanovna Pozniakova (in reading and writing) and by his cousin Avdotya Kvintillianovna Sukhareva (in French and arithmetic). Chebyshev mentioned that his music teacher also played an import |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-351%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-351 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59%20%28number%29 | 59 (fifty-nine) is the natural number following 58 and preceding 60.
In mathematics
Fifty-nine is the 17th prime number. The next is sixty-one, with which it comprises a twin prime. 59 is an irregular prime, a safe prime and the 14th supersingular prime. It is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form . Since is divisible by 59 but 59 is not one more than a multiple of 15, 59 is a Pillai prime.
It is also a highly cototient number.
There are 59 stellations of the regular icosahedron, inclusive of the icosahedron.
59 is one of the factors that divides the smallest composite Euclid number. In this case 59 divides the Euclid number 13# + 1 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 + 1 = 59 × 509 = 30031.
59 is the highest integer a single symbol may represent in the Sexagesimal system.
As 17 is prime, 59 is a super-prime.
The number 59 takes 3 iterations of the "reverse and add" process to form the palindrome 1111. All smaller integers (1 through 58) take either one or two iterations to form a palindrome through this process.
In science
The atomic number of praseodymium, a lanthanide.
Astronomy
Messier object M59, a magnitude 11.5 galaxy in the constellation Virgo.
The New General Catalogue object NGC 59, a magnitude 12.4 spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.
In music
Beethoven's Opus 59 consists of the three so-called Razumovsky Quartets
59, an album by Puffy AmiYumi
The 1960s song "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" was popularized by Simon & Garfunkel and Harpers Bizarre
The '59 Sound, an album by The Gaslight Anthem; includes the song of the same name
The album 14:59 by Sugar Ray
"11:59", a song by Blondie from Parallel Lines
.59 is a song by from beatmania IIDX 2nd Style and Dance Dance Revolution 4thMIX
'59 is the sixth track on the album Ignition! by Brian Setzer
59 is an area code of Andheri, Mumbai. Used by Vivian Divine in various songs with Gully Gang.
In sports
Satchel Paige became the oldest Major League B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20Credit | Sound Credit is a music credits platform with computer software applications for Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android. It includes the Sound Credit Publisher cross-platform desktop application, the Tracker cross-platform digital audio workstation (DAW) plug-in, physical kiosks, smart card check-in system, and online database.
Sound Credit is used in the music industry through multimodal interaction, with a free user profile option including identifier code generation, data entry and editing software developed for information quality (IQ). It also functions as a data hub and exporter for data transmission throughout the music industry supply chain for royalty payment and attribution purposes.
Music credits are loaded and saved into Sound Credit's DDEX RIN format implementation, as the first software available to the public with this capability. As of 2019, Sound Credit is included with Pro Tools subscriptions.
History
Sound Credit was originally released under the brand Soundways RIN-M. Soundways later renamed as Soundways dba Sound Credit. RIN-M was renamed as the Sound Credit Tracker plug-in during the platform expansion.
In 2019, Sound Credit partnered with Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL), a British music copyright collective, for an International Performer Number (IPN) integration as part of its cloud profile services.
Sound Credit also partnered with Avid Technologies, the makers of Pro Tools, and the Sound Credit platform applications are included with Pro Tools subscriptions.
In July 2020, Sound Credit partnered to become an ISO International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) Registration Agency, and released the first fully automated ISNI Registration feature as part of its cloud profile services.
Sound Credit was noted as being used in the delivery of credits and information on Blake Shelton's release God's Country to Warner Music. The release received a GRAMMY Award nomination in 2020 and won Single of the Year for the 2019 Country Music Asso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20to%20exchange | Exchange to exchange (sometimes Exchange-to-exchange, abbreviated E2E) is integration, between certain pairs of computer systems. To qualify as E2E, each of the paired systems must have a primary use of acting as an exchange, or gateway, among its own customers.
A common example is a connection between stock brokerage firms' internal systems and systems of a stock market in which the broker trades. These connections are often facilitated by middleware services, such as object request brokers.
Each E2E partner system has a primary function to its own clients of allowing them to transfer information or conduct other transactions, This is a form of the business to business (B2B) commerce model, as each E2E partner is a B2B gateway for its clients, and in turn exchanges information with at least one other B2B gateway. The connection between the two B2B systems (exchanges) is then an exchange to exchange integration.
E2E is an alternative to direct application to application integration (A2A), though some A2A can be classified as E2E. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxospore | In certain species of diatoms, auxospores are specialised cells that are produced at key stages in their cell cycle or life history. Auxospores typically play a role in growth processes, sexual reproduction or dormancy.
Auxospores are involved in re-establishing the normal size in diatoms, as successive mitotic cell divisions leads to a decrease in cell size. This occurs because each daughter cell produced by cell division inherits one of the two valves that make up the frustule (a silica cell wall), and then grows a smaller valve within it. Consequently, each division cycle decreases the average size of diatom cells in a population. When its size becomes too small, a dividing diatom cell produces an auxospore to expand its cell size back to that which is normal for vegetative cells.
Auxospores can also play a role in sexual reproduction in diatoms, and may be formed after haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Finally, auxospores can be produced by diatoms to act as dormant stages, sometimes referred to as "resting spores." These are used to survive periods of time that are unfavourable to growth, such as the low-light period of winter or while nutrients are depleted. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Map%20at%20Lake%20Klejtrup | The World Map at Lake Klejtrup () is a miniature world map built of stones and grass in Klejtrup Sø near the village of Klejtrup, Viborg Municipality, Denmark.
History
In 1943, Søren Poulsen, a local farmer, was working on the drainage of the surrounding meadows when he found a stone shaped like the Jutland peninsula. This inspired him to create a small world of his own. During the winter months, with the use of primitive tools, he placed big stones carefully on the ice. When spring arrived, the stones could easily be tilted into place, and in this way the World Map took shape. Some of the stones used weighted more than 2 tonnes.
Poulsen created the World Map between 1944 and 1969. It measures 45 by 90 metres (49 by 98 yards), covering an area of over 4000 square meters (1 acre). One 111-kilometre (69 mi) degree of latitude corresponds to 27 centimetres (11 inches) on the map. On Poulsen's map, Antarctica is not present and the Northern Hemisphere is marked in two places, ensuring a better impression of the correct distances between the countries to avoid the difficulties of spreading out our planet's globular shape. Red poles mark the equator, and each country is represented by miniature flags, which are updated yearly. State borders in the United States of America are marked with yellow bricks; Poulsen lived 20 years in America.
The map is the epicenter of a park, which has, among other attractions, a picnic area, a coffee shop and a playground.
The World Map is an important attraction in the area, and attracts about 40,000 visitors per year, most of them Danish.
Gallery
See also
Great Polish Map of Scotland
Relief map of Guatemala |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo%E2%80%93Dember%20effect | In semiconductor physics, the photo–Dember effect (named after its discoverer Harry Dember) is the formation of a charge dipole in the vicinity of a semiconductor surface after ultra-fast photo-generation of charge carriers.
The dipole forms owing to the difference of mobilities (or diffusion constants) for holes and electrons which combined with the break of symmetry provided by the surface lead to an effective charge separation in the direction perpendicular to the surface. In an isolated sample, where the macroscopic flow of an electric current is prohibited, the fast carriers (often the electrons) are slowed and the slow carriers (often the holes) are accelerated by an electric field, called the Dember field.
One of the main applications of the photo–Dember effect is the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation pulses for terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. This effect is present in most semiconductors but it is particularly strong in narrow-gap semiconductors (mainly arsenides and antimonides) such as InAs and InSb owing to their high electron mobility. The photo–Dember terahertz emission should not be confused with the surface field emission, which occurs if the surface energy bands of a semiconductor fall between its valence and conduction bands, which produces a phenomenon known as Fermi level pinning, causing, at its time, band bending and consequently the formation of a depletion or accumulation layer close to the surface which contributes to the acceleration of charge carriers. These two effects can contribute constructively or destructively for the dipole formation depending on the direction of the band-bending.
See also
Photoelectrochemical process |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent%20reinforcement%20learning | Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is a sub-field of reinforcement learning. It focuses on studying the behavior of multiple learning agents that coexist in a shared environment. Each agent is motivated by its own rewards, and does actions to advance its own interests; in some environments these interests are opposed to the interests of other agents, resulting in complex group dynamics.
Multi-agent reinforcement learning is closely related to game theory and especially repeated games, as well as multi-agent systems. Its study combines the pursuit of finding ideal algorithms that maximize rewards with a more sociological set of concepts. While research in single-agent reinforcement learning is concerned with finding the algorithm that gets the biggest number of points for one agent, research in multi-agent reinforcement learning evaluates and quantifies social metrics, such as cooperation, reciprocity, equity, social influence, language and discrimination.
Definition
Similarly to single-agent reinforcement learning, multi-agent reinforcement learning is modeled as some form of a Markov decision process (MDP). For example,
A set of environment states.
One set of actions for each of the agents .
is the probability of transition (at time ) from state to state under joint action .
is the immediate joint reward after the transition from to with joint action .
In settings with perfect information, such as the games of chess and Go, the MDP would be fully observable. In settings with imperfect information, especially in real-world applications like self-driving cars, each agent would access an observation that only has part of the information about the current state. In the partially observable setting, the core model is the partially observable stochastic game in the general case, and the decentralized POMDP in the cooperative case.
Cooperation vs. competition
When multiple agents are acting in a shared environment their interests might be alig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%2010 | In molecular biology, Glycoside hydrolase family 10 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
Glycoside hydrolase family 10 CAZY GH_10 comprises enzymes with a number of known activities; xylanase (); endo-1,3-beta-xylanase (); cellobiohydrolase (). These enzymes were formerly known as cellulase family F.
The microbial degradation of cellulose and xylans requires several types of enzymes such as endoglucanases (), cellobiohydrolases () (exoglucanases), or xylanases (). Fungi and bacteria produces a spectrum of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases) and xylanases which, on the basis of sequence similarities, can be classified into families. One of these families is known as the cellulase family F or as the glycosyl hydrolases family 10. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%20Yingliang | Baby Yingliang (YLSNHM01266) is a remarkably intact dinosaur embryo discovered in Ganzhou, southern China. It is estimated to be 72 to 66 million years old. The embryo is considered to be a toothless theropod dinosaur, or oviraptorosaur. Researcher Dr. Fion Waisum Ma said, "It was the best dinosaur embryo found in history." The embryo appears to be an extremely early organism displaying an embryonic positioning similar to modern birds, but Baby Yingliang is the first example to be found in dinosaurs. In birds, the behavior known as "tucking" is controlled by the central nervous system and positions the head below the body, the feet on either side of the head and the back curled. The position aids in successful hatching. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Intelligent%20Network | Wireless Intelligent Network (also referred to as a WIN) is a concept developed by the TR-45 Mobile and Personal Communications Systems Standards engineering committee of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Its objective is to transport the resources of the Intelligent Network to the wireless network, utilizing the TIA-41 set of technical standards. Basing WIN standards on this protocol allows changing to an intelligent network without making current network infrastructure obsolete.
Overview
Today's wireless subscribers are much more sophisticated telecommunications users than they were five years ago. No longer satisfied with just completing a clear call, today's subscribers demand innovative ways to use the wireless phone. They want multiple services that allow them to handle or select incoming calls in a variety of ways.
Enhanced services are very important to wireless customers. They have come to expect, for instance, services such as caller ID and voice messaging bundled in the package when they buy and activate a cellular or personal communications service (PCS) phone. Whether prepaid, voice/data messaging, Internet surfing, or location-sensitive billing, enhanced services will become an important differentiator in an already crowded, competitive service-provider market. Enhanced services will also entice potentially new subscribers to sign up for service and will drive up airtime through increased usage of PCS or cellular services. As the wireless market becomes increasingly competitive, rapid deployment of enhanced services becomes critical to a successful wireless strategy.
Intelligent Network (IN) solutions have revolutionized wireline networks. Rapid creation and deployment of services has become the hallmark of a wireline network based on IN concepts. Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) will bring those same successful strategies into the wireless networks.
The evolution of wireless networks to a WIN concept of service deployment deliv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK3 | SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.
SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-dependent after hyperpolarisation current (IAHP). It belongs to a family of channels known as small-conductance potassium channels, which consists of three members – SK1, SK2 and SK3 (encoded by the KCNN1, 2 and 3 genes respectively), which share a 60-70% sequence identity. These channels have acquired a number of alternative names, however a NC-IUPHAR has recently achieved consensus on the best names, KCa2.1 (SK1), KCa2.2 (SK2) and KCa2.3 (SK3). Small conductance channels are responsible for the medium and possibly the slow components of the IAHP.
Structure
KCa2.3 contains 6 transmembrane domains, a pore-forming region, and intracellular N- and C- termini and is readily blocked by apamin. The gene for KCa2.3, KCNN3, is located on chromosome 1q21.
Expression
KCa2.3 is found in the central nervous system (CNS), muscle, liver, pituitary, prostate, kidney, pancreas and vascular endothelium tissues. KCa2.3 is most abundant in regions of the brain, but has also been found to be expressed in significant levels in many other peripheral tissues, particularly those rich in smooth muscle, including the rectum, corpus cavernosum, colon, small intestine and myometrium.
The expression level of KCNN3 is dependent on hormonal regulation, particularly by the sex hormone estrogen. Estrogen not only enhances transcription of the KCNN3 gene, but also affects the activity of KCa2.3 channels on the cell membrane. In GABAergic preoptic area neurons, estrogen enhanced the ability of α1 adrenergic receptors to inhibit KCa2.3 activity, increasing cell excitability. Links between hormonal regulation of sex organ function and KCa2.3 expression have been established. The expression of KCa2.3 in the corpus cavernosum in patients undergoing estrogen treat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtome | A microtome (from the Greek mikros, meaning "small", and temnein, meaning "to cut") is a cutting tool used to produce extremely thin slices of material known as sections, with the process being termed microsectioning. Important in science, microtomes are used in microscopy for the preparation of samples for observation under transmitted light or electron radiation.
Microtomes use steel, glass or diamond blades depending upon the specimen being sliced and the desired thickness of the sections being cut. Steel blades are used to prepare histological sections of animal or plant tissues for light microscopy. Glass knives are used to slice sections for light microscopy and to slice very thin sections for electron microscopy. Industrial grade diamond knives are used to slice hard materials such as bone, teeth and tough plant matter for both light microscopy and for electron microscopy. Gem-quality diamond knives are also used for slicing thin sections for electron microscopy.
Microtomy is a method for the preparation of thin sections for materials such as bones, minerals and teeth, and an alternative to electropolishing and ion milling. Microtome sections can be made thin enough to section a human hair across its breadth, with section thickness between 50 nm and 100 μm.
History
In the beginnings of light microscope development, sections from plants and animals were manually prepared using razor blades. It was found that to observe the structure of the specimen under observation it was important to make clean reproducible cuts on the order of 100 μm, through which light can be transmitted. This allowed for the observation of samples using light microscopes in a transmission mode.
One of the first devices for the preparation of such cuts was invented in 1770 by George Adams, Jr. (1750–1795) and further developed by Alexander Cummings. The device was hand operated, and the sample held in a cylinder and sections created from the top of the sample using a hand crank.
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a number of concepts employ the word harmonic. The similarity of this terminology to that of music is not accidental: the equations of motion of vibrating strings, drums and columns of air are given by formulas involving Laplacians; the solutions to which are given by eigenvalues corresponding to their modes of vibration. Thus, the term "harmonic" is applied when one is considering functions with sinusoidal variations, or solutions of Laplace's equation and related concepts.
Mathematical terms whose names include "harmonic" include:
Projective harmonic conjugate
Cross-ratio
Harmonic analysis
Harmonic conjugate
Harmonic form
Harmonic function
Harmonic mean
Harmonic mode
Harmonic number
Harmonic series
Alternating harmonic series
Harmonic tremor
Spherical harmonics
Mathematical terminology
Harmonic analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trix%20%28dinosaur%29 | Trix is a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen excavated in 2013 in Montana, United States by a team of paleontologists from the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, the Netherlands and Black Hills institute of Geological Research in South Dakota. This Tyrannosaurus, over thirty years old the oldest known Tyrannosaurus specimen lived about 67 million years ago. It is considered to be the third most complete Tyrannosaurus found, with between 78% and 80% of its bone volume recovered. The specimen was named Trix after the former Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. It is one of only two Tyrannosaurus specimens on permanent exhibit in mainland Europe. The other one is a specimen named Tristan on exhibit at the Natural History Museum of Berlin.
At Naturalis, Trix has the accession or inventory number "RGM 792.000" in which "RGM" refers to the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, one of the former museums that merged to form the constituent parts of Naturalis.
Discovery
In 2012, Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Leiden, the largest natural history museum of the Netherlands, planned to open a new exhibition hall in 2017. In order to increase the structural number of visitors from 300,000 to 400,000 per annum, the management decided to try and procure an authentic Tyrannosaurus skeleton, preferably one excavated by the museum itself. In September 2012, a museum delegation travelled to the US to contact the Black Hills Institute, a company that had been involved in nine Tyrannosaurus excavations. As it happened, the BHI had just received a report from a farmer in Wyoming about a Tyrannosaurus discovery. Senior Naturalis paleontologist John Vos immediately visited the site and identified the remains as those of Tyrannosaurus. As it was late in the season, it was decided to postpone the excavation until the next Spring. In April and May 2013, the site was thoroughly excavated, but apart from some foot bones, a skeleton proved to be absent. However, five Triceratops skeletons we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20isotope%20geochemistry | Xenon isotope geochemistry uses the abundance of xenon (Xe) isotopes and total xenon to investigate how Xe has been generated, transported, fractionated, and distributed in planetary systems. Xe has nine stable or very long-lived isotopes. Radiogenic 129Xe and fissiogenic 131,132,134,136Xe isotopes are of special interest in geochemical research. The radiogenic and fissiogenic properties can be used in deciphering the early chronology of Earth. Elemental Xe in the atmosphere is depleted and isotopically enriched in heavier isotopes relative to estimated solar abundances. The depletion and heavy isotopic enrichment can be explained by hydrodynamic escape to space that occurred in Earth's early atmosphere. Differences in the Xe isotope distribution between the deep mantle (from Ocean Island Basalts, or OIBs), shallower Mid-ocean Ridge Basalts (MORBs), and the atmosphere can be used to deduce Earth's history of formation and differentiation of the solid Earth into layers.
Background
Xe is the heaviest noble gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It has seven stable isotopes (126Xe,128Xe,129Xe,130Xe,131Xe, 132Xe, 134Xe) and two isotopes (124Xe, 136Xe) with long-lived half-lives. Xe has four synthetic radioisotopes with very short half-lives, usually less than one month.
Xenon-129 can be used to examine the early history of the Earth. 129Xe was derived from the extinct nuclide of iodine, iodine-129 or 129I (with a half-life of 15.7 Million years, or Myr), which can be used in iodine-xenon (I-Xe) dating. The production of 129Xe stopped within about 100 Myr after the start of the Solar System because 129I became extinct. In the modern atmosphere, about 6.8% of atmospheric 129Xe originated from the decay 129I in the first ~100 Myr of the Solar System's history, i.e., during and immediately following Earth's accretion.
Fissiogenic Xe isotopes were generated mainly from the extinct nuclide, plutonium-244 or 244Pu (half-life of 80 Myr), and also the extant nuclide, uranium-238 or 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolamination | Nanolamination is the production of materials that are fully dense, ultra-fine grained solids that exhibit a high concentration of interface defects. The properties of fabricated nanolaminates depend on their compositions and thicknesses.
Production
Nanolaminates can be grown using atom-by-atom deposition techniques that are designed with different stacking sequences and layer thicknesses.
Electrolytic reduction
Electrolytic reduction allows the production of metals and metal alloys in sub-µm-thick layers. It can be employed to create alloys with properties such as improved toughness, strength, thermal properties and corrosion that are a function of the interfaces in the nanolayers. They can be created using a bath containing multiple metal ion elements. By changing the current at precise moments to select a different element, it can create a layered structure. Coatings of up to a centimeter thick have been created.
It is claimed to offer the benefits of high-cost materials at much lower costs, because such materials can coat lower-cost materials that have other necessary properties such as strength.
Commercial production was introduced in the 2010s by a new company named Modumetal.
Atomic layer deposition
Many hybrid thin film oxides can be created using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. For example, a rough oxide layer can be further coated with a smooth oxide layer to provide a required surface texture. Properties may also depend on deposition temperature and the stratum to which the nanolaminate is applied.
Performance
In autoclave testing, some nanolaminated alloys have shown 8 times the resistance of carbon steels to degradation and in some cases, no measurable degradation.
Applications
Application include those that take advantage of enhanced mechanical properties or for devices such as energy storage and memory storage capacitors.
Oil and gas
Corrosion-resistant, structural tubulars a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredding%20%28tree-pruning%20technique%29 | Shredding is a traditional European method of tree pruning by which all side branches are removed repeatedly leaving the main trunk and top growth. In the Middle Ages the practice was common throughout Europe, but it is now rare, found mainly in central and Eastern Europe.
The purpose of shredding is to allow harvest of firewood and animal fodder while preserving a tall main trunk which may be harvested for timber at a later date.
It was formerly practiced in Britain although Oliver Rackham notes that "The medieval practice of shredding – cropping the side-branches of a tree leaving a tuft at the top – vanished from Britain long ago. Only at Haresfield (Gloucestershire) have I seen a few ancient ashes that may once have been shredded".
Another name for cutting side branches off trees, used mainly in Northern England, is snagging.
Other similar woodland management techniques include pollarding and coppicing.
See also
Woodland management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20IntelliStation | The IntelliStation is a family of workstations developed by IBM and first released in March 1997 as the follow-on to the PC Series 360 and 365. Certain IntelliStation M Pro Series were near hardware identical to low end IBM Netfinity 1000 Series network servers (with variants in included video cards and SCSI options). In February 2002, POWER processor-based workstations, previously sold directly under the eServer pSeries brand, were also placed under the IntelliStation umbrella.
The last IntelliStation models were discontinued in January 2009, ending the product line.
IntelliStation Pro
Intel or AMD processor based workstations, discontinued in March 2008.
IntelliStation A Pro
Type 6224 (March 2004 to July 2005)
Dual AMD Opteron Models 244, 246, 248, 250 and 256 (no dual-core support)
Up to 16 GB PC3200 memory
Ultra320 SCSI or SATA150 HDD
10/100/1000 Mbit Ethernet
Graphic adapter options:
Nvidia Quadro NVS 280
Nvidia Quadro FX 1100
Nvidia Quadro FX 3000
Nvidia Quadro FX 4000
Type 6217 (April 2005 to April 2007)
Dual AMD Opteron Models 250, 252, 254, 256 or dual-core Model 275, 280 or 285
Up to 16 GB PC3200 memory
Ultra320 SCSI or SATA150 HDD
10/100/1000 Mbit Ethernet
Graphic adapter options:
Nvidia Quadro NVS 280
Nvidia Quadro NVS 285
Nvidia Quadro FX 1400
Nvidia Quadro FX 1500
Nvidia Quadro FX 3400
Nvidia Quadro FX 3500
Nvidia Quadro FX 4500
Nvidia Quadro FX 4500 X2
3DLabs Wildcat Realizm 800
IntelliStation E Pro
Type 6893 (June 1998 to June 1999)
Intel Pentium II at 350, 400 or 450 MHz (100 MHz FSB)
Up to 384 MB PC100 memory
Ultra Wide SCSI or ATA HDD
10/100 Mbit Ethernet
Graphic adapter options:
Matrox Millennium II
Matrox Millennium G200
3DLabs Permedia 2A
Type 6893 (March 1999 to June 2000)
Intel Pentium III at 450, 500, 550 or 600 MHz (100 MHz FSB)
Up to 768 MB PC100 memory
Ultra Wide SCSI or ATA HDD
10/100 Mbit Ethernet
Graphic adapter options:
Matrox Millennium G200
Matrox Millennium G400
IBM/Diamond Fire GL1 grap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic%20application | In software engineering, a monolithic application is a single unified software application which is self-contained and independent from other applications, but typically lacks flexibility. There are advantages and disadvantages of building applications in a monolithic style of software architecture, depending on requirements. Alternative styles to monolithic applications include multitier architectures, distributed computing and microservices.
The design philosophy is that the application is responsible not just for a particular task, but can perform every step needed to complete a particular function. Some personal finance applications are monolithic in the sense that they help the user carry out a complete task, end to end, and are private data silos rather than parts of a larger system of applications that work together. Some word processors are monolithic applications. These applications are sometimes associated with mainframe computers.
In software engineering, a monolithic application describes a software application that is designed as a single service. Multiple services can be desirable in certain scenarios as it can facilitate maintenance by allowing repair or replacement of parts of the application without requiring wholesale replacement.
Modularity is achieved to various extents by different modular programming approaches. Code-based modularity allows developers to reuse and repair parts of the application, but development tools are required to perform these maintenance functions (e.g. the application may need to be recompiled). Object-based modularity provides the application as a collection of separate executable files that may be independently maintained and replaced without redeploying the entire application (e.g. Microsoft's Dynamic-link library (DLL); Sun/UNIX shared object files). Some object messaging capabilities allow object-based applications to be distributed across multiple computers (e.g. Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM)). Service |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride | Fluoride () is an inorganic, monatomic anion of fluorine, with the chemical formula (also written ), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important chemical reagents and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of hydrogen fluoride for fluorocarbons. Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin.
Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ions occur on Earth in several minerals, particularly fluorite, but are present only in trace quantities in bodies of water in nature.
Nomenclature
Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example, sulfur hexafluoride and carbon tetrafluoride are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions.
The systematic name fluoride, the valid IUPAC name, is determined according to the additive nomenclature. However, the name fluoride is also used in compositional IUPAC nomenclature which does not take the nature of bonding involved into account.
Fluoride is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a trivial name, and the preferred IUPAC name for fluorane.
Occurrence
Fluorine is estimated to be the 13th-most abundant element in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. The vast majority is held in mineral deposits, the most commercially important of which is fluorite (CaF2). Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks, as well as human activities, releases fluorides into the biosphere through what is sometimes called |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20group | In mathematics, a rod group is a three-dimensional line group whose point group is one of the axial crystallographic point groups. This constraint means that the point group must be the symmetry of some three-dimensional lattice.
Table of the 75 rod groups, organized by crystal system or lattice type, and by their point groups:
The double entries are for orientation variants of a group relative to the perpendicular-directions lattice.
Among these groups, there are 8 enantiomorphic pairs.
See also
Point group
Crystallographic point group
Space group
Line group
Frieze group
Layer group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-random%20two-liquid%20model | The non-random two-liquid model (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate phase equilibria. The concept of NRTL is based on the hypothesis of Wilson that the local concentration around a molecule is different from the bulk concentration. This difference is due to a difference between the interaction energy of the central molecule with the molecules of its own kind and that with the molecules of the other kind . The energy difference also introduces a non-randomness at the local molecular level. The NRTL model belongs to the so-called local-composition models. Other models of this type are the Wilson model, the UNIQUAC model, and the group contribution model UNIFAC. These local-composition models are not thermodynamically consistent for a one-fluid model for a real mixture due to the assumption that the local composition around molecule i is independent of the local composition around molecule j. This assumption is not true, as was shown by Flemr in 1976. However, they are consistent if a hypothetical two-liquid model is used.
Derivation
Like Wilson (1964), Renon & Prausnitz (1968) began with local composition theory, but instead of using the Flory–Huggins volumetric expression as Wilson did, they assumed local compositions followed
with a new "non-randomness" parameter α. The excess Gibbs free energy was then determined to be
.
Unlike Wilson's equation, this can predict partially miscible mixtures. However, the cross term, like Wohl's expansion, is more suitable for than , and experimental data is not always sufficiently plentiful to yield three meaningful values, so later attempts to extend Wilson's equation to partial miscibility (or to extend Guggenheim's quasichemical theory for nonrandom mixtures to Wilson's different-sized molecules) eventually yielded v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglomerated%20food%20powder | Agglomerated food powder is a unit operation during which native particles are assembled to form bigger agglomerates, in which the original particle can still be distinguished. Agglomeration can be achieved through processes that use liquid as a binder (wet methods) or methods that do not involve any binder (dry methods).
Description
The liquid used in wet methods can be added directly to the product or via a humid environment. Using a fluidized bed dryer and multiple step spray drying are two examples of wet methods while roller compacting and extrusion are two examples of dry methods.
Advantages of agglomeration for food include:
Dust reduction: Dust reduction is achieved when the smallest particles (or "fines") in the product are combined into larger particles.
Improved flow: Flow improvement occurs as the larger, and sometimes more spherical, particles more easily pass over each other than the smaller or more irregularly-shaped particles in the original material.
Improved dispersion and/or solubility: Improved dispersion and solubility is sometimes achieved with instantization, in which the solubility of a product allows it to instantly dissolve upon its addition to water. For a powder to be considered instant it should go through wettability, sinkability, dispersibility, and solubility within a few seconds. Non-fat dry milk and high quality protein powders are good examples of instant powders.
Optimized bulk density: Consistent bulk density is important in accurate and consistent filling of packaging.
Improved product characteristics
Increased homogeneity of the finished product, reducing segregation of fine particles (such as powdered vitamins or spray-dried flavors) from larger particles (such as granulated sugars or acids). As a powder is agitated, smaller particles will fall to the bottom, and larger raise to the top. Agglomeration can reduce the range of particle sizes present in the product, reducing segregation.
Disadvantages of food aggl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode%20reader | A barcode reader or barcode scanner is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes, decode the data contained in the barcode to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor for translating optical impulses into electrical signals. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry that can analyse the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and send the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.
Types of barcode scanners
Technology
Barcode readers can be differentiated by technologies as follows:
Pen-type readers
Pen-type readers consist of a light source and photodiode that are placed next to each other in the tip of a pen. To read a barcode, the person holding the pen must move the tip of it across the bars at a relatively uniform speed. The photodiode measures the intensity of the light reflected back from the light source as the tip crosses each bar and space in the printed code. The photodiode generates a waveform that is used to measure the widths of the bars and spaces in the barcode. Dark bars in the barcode absorb light and white spaces reflect light so that the voltage waveform generated by the photodiode is a representation of the bar and space pattern in the barcode. This waveform is decoded by the scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and dashes are decoded.
Laser scanners
Laser scanners direct the laser beam back and forth across the barcode. As with the pen-type reader, a photo-diode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back from the barcode. In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light emitted by the reader is rapidly varied in brightness with a data pattern and the photo-diode receive circuitry is designed to detect only signals with the same modulated pattern.
CCD readers (also known as LED scanners)
Charge-coupled device (CCD) readers use an array of hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up in a row in the head of the r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladostephus | Cladostephus is a genus of marine brown alga. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20multiplicative%20inverse | In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer is an integer such that the product is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus . In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as
which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that divides (evenly) the quantity , or, put another way, the remainder after dividing by the integer is 1. If does have an inverse modulo , then there are an infinite number of solutions of this congruence, which form a congruence class with respect to this modulus. Furthermore, any integer that is congruent to (i.e., in 's congruence class) has any element of 's congruence class as a modular multiplicative inverse. Using the notation of to indicate the congruence class containing , this can be expressed by saying that the modulo multiplicative inverse of the congruence class is the congruence class such that:
where the symbol denotes the multiplication of equivalence classes modulo .
Written in this way, the analogy with the usual concept of a multiplicative inverse in the set of rational or real numbers is clearly represented, replacing the numbers by congruence classes and altering the binary operation appropriately.
As with the analogous operation on the real numbers, a fundamental use of this operation is in solving, when possible, linear congruences of the form
Finding modular multiplicative inverses also has practical applications in the field of cryptography, e.g. public-key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. A benefit for the computer implementation of these applications is that there exists a very fast algorithm (the extended Euclidean algorithm) that can be used for the calculation of modular multiplicative inverses.
Modular arithmetic
For a given positive integer , two integers, and , are said to be congruent modulo if divides their difference. This binary relation is denoted by,
This is an equivalence relation on t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued%20function | A Boolean-valued function (sometimes called a predicate or a proposition) is a function of the type f : X → B, where X is an arbitrary set and where B is a Boolean domain, i.e. a generic two-element set, (for example B = {0, 1}), whose elements are interpreted as logical values, for example, 0 = false and 1 = true, i.e., a single bit of information.
In the formal sciences, mathematics, mathematical logic, statistics, and their applied disciplines, a Boolean-valued function may also be referred to as a characteristic function, indicator function, predicate, or proposition. In all of these uses, it is understood that the various terms refer to a mathematical object and not the corresponding semiotic sign or syntactic expression.
In formal semantic theories of truth, a truth predicate is a predicate on the sentences of a formal language, interpreted for logic, that formalizes the intuitive concept that is normally expressed by saying that a sentence is true. A truth predicate may have additional domains beyond the formal language domain, if that is what is required to determine a final truth value.
See also
Bit
Boolean data type
Boolean algebra (logic)
Boolean domain
Boolean logic
Propositional calculus
Truth table
Logic minimization
Indicator function
Predicate
Proposition
Finitary boolean function
Boolean function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTR%20inhibitory%20factor | The CFTR inhibitory factor (Cif) is a protein virulence factor secreted by the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter nosocomialis. Discovered at Dartmouth Medical School, Cif is able to alter the trafficking of select ABC transporters in eukaryotic epithelial cells, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and P-glycoprotein by interfering with the host deubiquitinating machinery. By promoting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CFTR, Cif is able to phenocopy cystic fibrosis at the cellular level. The cif gene is transcribed as part of a 3 gene operon, whose expression is negatively regulated by CifR, a TetR family repressor.
Cellular mechanism of action
Cif was first discovered by co-culturing P. aeruginosa with human airway epithelial cells and monitoring the resulting effect on chloride ion efflux across a polarized monolayer. After co-culture, the CFTR specific chloride ion efflux was found to be drastically reduced. This was determined to be caused by reduced levels of CFTR at the apical surface of these cells. This effect was later found to be the result of a single secreted protein produced by P. aeruginosa, which was named the CFTR inhibitory factor for this initial phenotype. Cif is secreted by P. aeruginosa PA14 as soluble protein as well as packaged into outer membrane vesicles (OMV). Cif is far more potent when applied in OMVs, likely due to efficiency of delivery. Purified, recombinant Cif protein can be applied to polarized monolayers of mammalian cells and promote the removal of CFTR and P-glycoprotein from the apical membrane. Cif accomplishes this by interfering with the host deubiquitylation system.
Epoxide hydrolase enzyme mechanism
Cif is an epoxide hydrolase (EH) with unique substrate selectivity. Cif is the first example of an EH serving as a virulence factor. Based on structural comparison, it appears that the enzyme utilizes a catalytic triad of residues Asp129, Glu153 a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voddler | Voddler was a Stockholm, Sweden-based provider of a video-on-demand (VOD) platform and a streaming technology for over-the-top (OTT) streaming on the public Internet. In Scandinavia, Voddler was primarily known for the commercial VOD-service Voddler, which was launched in 2009. As a company, Voddler was founded in 2005 and developed its own streaming solution, called Vnet. Vnet is based on peer-to-peer (p2p), where all users contribute by streaming movies to each other, but, unlike traditional p2p, Vnet has a central administrator who decides which users that have access to which movies. Due to this exception, Vnet has been referred to as a "hybrid p2p distribution system", "walled garden p2p" or "controlled p2p". In addition to running the consumer service Voddler, the company Voddler also offers, since 2013, Vnet as a stand-alone technology for other streaming platforms. The service Bollyvod, a global VOD-service for Bollywood-content that Voddler built for the Indian movie industry, was released as a pilot in 2014.
Voddler Group went bankrupt in January 2018.
Voddler's streaming technology Vnet
Voddler's streaming technology, called Vnet by the company, is a peer-to-peer-based video content delivery solution. With p2p-streaming, movies are not streamed from a central server or content delivery network (CDN), but from other users who have parts of the movie on their units after seeing the movie earlier. This process begins when a user clicks play for a movie and continues throughout the viewing time, allowing for seamless viewing. After the viewer has completed watching the video, parts of the video file remains for a time on the user's device. Popular content, that is watched by many other users, remain longer on any one user's device than less popular content, which more quickly is removed from the network nodes.
Compared to server-based streaming, p2p-based streaming saves on data costs for the service provider, at the same time as the distribution becomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node%20%28physics%29 | A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude. For instance, in a vibrating guitar string, the ends of the string are nodes. By changing the position of the end node through frets, the guitarist changes the effective length of the vibrating string and thereby the note played. The opposite of a node is an anti-node, a point where the amplitude of the standing wave is at maximum. These occur midway between the nodes.
Explanation
Standing waves result when two sinusoidal wave trains of the same frequency are moving in opposite directions in the same space and interfere with each other. They occur when waves are reflected at a boundary, such as sound waves reflected from a wall or electromagnetic waves reflected from the end of a transmission line, and particularly when waves are confined in a resonator at resonance, bouncing back and forth between two boundaries, such as in an organ pipe or guitar string.
In a standing wave the nodes are a series of locations at equally spaced intervals where the wave amplitude (motion) is zero (see animation above). At these points the two waves add with opposite phase and cancel each other out. They occur at intervals of half a wavelength (λ/2). Midway between each pair of nodes are locations where the amplitude is maximum. These are called the antinodes. At these points the two waves add with the same phase and reinforce each other.
In cases where the two opposite wave trains are not the same amplitude, they do not cancel perfectly, so the amplitude of the standing wave at the nodes is not zero but merely a minimum. This occurs when the reflection at the boundary is imperfect. This is indicated by a finite standing wave ratio (SWR), the ratio of the amplitude of the wave at the antinode to the amplitude at the node.
In resonance of a two dimensional surface or membrane, such as a drumhead or vibrating metal plate, the nodes become nodal lines, lines on the surface where the surface is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union-closed%20sets%20conjecture | The union-closed sets conjecture, also known as Frankl’s conjecture, is an open problem in combinatorics posed by Péter Frankl in 1979. A family of sets is said to be union-closed if the union of any two sets from the family belongs to the family. The conjecture states: For every finite union-closed family of sets, other than the family containing only the empty set, there exists an element that belongs to at least half of the sets in the family.
Professor Timothy Gowers has called this "one of the best known open problems in combinatorics" and has said that the conjecture "feels as though it ought to be easy (and as a result has attracted a lot of false proofs over the years). A good way to understand why it isn't easy is to spend an afternoon trying to prove it. That clever averaging argument you had in mind doesn't work ..."
Example
The family of setsconsists of five different sets and is union-closed. The element is contained in three of the five sets (and so is the element ), thus the conjecture holds in this case.
Basic results
It is easy to show that if a union-closed family contains a singleton (as in the example above), then the element must occur in at least half of the sets of the family.
If there is a counterexample to the conjecture, then there is also a counterexample consisting only of finite sets. Therefore, without loss of generality, we will assume that all sets in the given union-closed family are finite.
Given a finite non-empty set , the power set consisting of all subsets of is union-closed. Each element of is contained in exactly half of the subsets of . Therefore, in general we cannot ask for an element contained in more than half of the sets of the family: the bound of the conjecture is sharp.
Equivalent forms
Intersection formulation
The union-closed set conjecture is true if and only if a set system which is intersection-closed contains an element of in at most half of the sets of , where is the universe set, i.e. the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suslin%20cardinal | In mathematics, a cardinal λ < Θ is a Suslin cardinal if there exists a set P ⊂ 2ω such that P is λ-Suslin but P is not λ'-Suslin for any λ' < λ. It is named after the Russian mathematician
Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin (1894–1919).
See also
Suslin representation
Suslin line
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended%20primary-inductor%20converter | The single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a type of DC/DC converter that allows the electrical potential (voltage) at its output to be greater than, less than, or equal to that at its input. The output of the SEPIC is controlled by the duty cycle of the control switch (S1).
A SEPIC is essentially a boost converter followed by an inverted buck-boost converter, therefore it is similar to a traditional buck-boost converter, but has advantages of having non-inverted output (the output has the same electrical polarity as the input), using a series capacitor to couple energy from the input to the output (and thus can respond more gracefully to a short-circuit output), and being capable of true shutdown: when the switch S1 is turned off enough, the output (V0) drops to 0 V, following a fairly hefty transient dump of charge.
SEPICs are useful in applications in which a battery voltage can be above and below that of the regulator's intended output. For example, a single lithium ion battery typically discharges from 4.2 volts to 3 volts; if other components require 3.3 volts, then the SEPIC would be effective.
Circuit operation
The schematic diagram for a basic SEPIC is shown in Figure 1. As with other switched mode power supplies (specifically DC-to-DC converters), the SEPIC exchanges energy between the capacitors and inductors in order to convert from one voltage to another. The amount of energy exchanged is controlled by switch S1, which is typically a transistor such as a MOSFET. MOSFETs offer much higher input impedance and lower voltage drop than bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and do not require biasing resistors as MOSFET switching is controlled by differences in voltage rather than a current, as with BJTs.
Continuous mode
A SEPIC is said to be in continuous-conduction mode ("continuous mode") if the currents through inductors L1 and L2 never fall to zero during an operating cycle. During a SEPIC's steady-state operation, the average voltage a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20task%20scheduling | Parallel task scheduling (also called parallel job scheduling or parallel processing scheduling) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. In a general job scheduling problem, we are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on m machines while trying to minimize the makespan - the total length of the schedule (that is, when all the jobs have finished processing). In the specific variant known as parallel-task scheduling, all machines are identical. Each job j has a length parameter pj and a size parameter qj, and it must run for exactly pj time-steps on exactly qj machines in parallel.
Veltman et al. and Drozdowski denote this problem by in the three-field notation introduced by Graham et al. P means that there are several identical machines running in parallel; sizej means that each job has a size parameter; Cmax means that the goal is to minimize the maximum completion time. Some authors use instead. Note that the problem of parallel-machines scheduling is a special case of parallel-task scheduling where for all j, that is, each job should run on a single machine.
The origins of this problem formulation can be traced back to 1960. For this problem, there exists no polynomial time approximation algorithm with a ratio smaller than unless .
Definition
There is a set of jobs, and identical machines. Each job has a processing time (also called the length of j), and requires the simultaneous use of machines during its execution (also called the size or the width of j).
A schedule assigns each job to a starting time and a set of machines to be processed on. A schedule is feasible if each processor executes at most one job at any given time.
The objective of the problem denoted by is to find a schedule with minimum length , also called the makespan of the schedule.
A sufficient condition for the feasibility of a schedule is the follow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILIOS | ILIOS is an acronym of InterLink Internet Operating System. It is an attempt to create a router-only operating system; one specifically oriented towards computer networking purposes, especially routing. It supports IPv4 routing and is a good educational OS, though it is single tasking and does everything via interrupts.
It is released under the BSD License. The author of this research OS is Rink Springer, who is also responsible for porting FreeBSD to the Xbox.
External links
ILIOS - Trac Rink Springer's website
Free software operating systems
Software using the BSD license |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RARA%20Gene | The RARA gene, also known as NR1B1, is a protein coding gene located on chromosome 17
that provides the instructions required to make transcription factor Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (or RARα).
Interactions and roles
The RARα protein interacts with Vitamin A-derived retinoic acid to control the transcription of genes required for many processes involved in early embryonic development including neural differentiation, organogenesis, cardiogenesis, and limb development. It also plays an important role in the development of the immune system by inducing T-regulatory cells, promoting tolerance, and controlling the differentiation of immature immune cells in the bone marrow called promyelocytes into mature white blood cells.
Defects
RARA’s role in the developing immune system leaves it subject to possible defects, the most common of which is a condition known as Acute Promyeloid Leukemia (APL) caused by a somatic mutation described by the fusion of RARA and the PML gene located on chromosome 15. This fusion results in the formation of the protein complex PML-RARα Under normal circumstances, PML produces a tumor suppressing protein that works by inhibiting uncontrolled rapid cell growth. When the two proteins fuse together, their normal functions are hindered, resulting in the accumulation of promyelocytes in the bone marrow unable to differentiate past this immature phase. This fusion makes up for the cause of 98% of APL cases, with some other rare mutations and fusions making up the other 2%. Current treatment approaches include all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) which works by targeting and degrading the PML-RARα protein complex, in addition to chemotherapy and platelet transfusions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FitNesse | FitNesse is a web server, a wiki and an automated testing tool for software. It is based on Ward Cunningham's Framework for Integrated Test and is designed to support acceptance testing rather than unit testing in that it facilitates detailed readable description of system function.
FitNesse allows users of a developed system to enter specially formatted input (its format is accessible to non-programmers). This input is interpreted and tests are created automatically. These tests are then executed by the system and output is returned to the user. The advantage of this approach is very fast feedback from users. The developer of the system to be tested needs to provide some support (classes named "fixtures", conforming to certain conventions).
FitNesse is written in Java (by Micah Martin with help from Robert C. Martin and others). The program first supported only Java, but versions for several other languages have been added over time (C++, Python, Ruby, Delphi, C#, etc.).
Principles of FitNesse
FitNesse as a testing method
FitNesse was originally designed as a highly usable interface around the Fit framework. As such its intention is to support an agile style of black-box testing acceptance and regression testing. In this style of testing the functional testers in a software development project collaborate with the software developers to develop a testing suite.
FitNesse testing is based around the notation of black-box testing, in which a system under test is considered to be a black box and is tested in terms of the outputs generated in response to predetermined inputs. A functional tester is responsible for designing the tests in a functional sense and expressing them within the FitNesse tool, whereas the software developer is responsible for connecting the FitNesse tool to the system under test so that FitNesse can execute the test and compare the actual output to the expected output.
The idea behind this testing method, as described in Fit for Developing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E2%80%91banding | R-banding is a cytogenetics technique that produces the reverse of the G-band stain on chromosomes. R-banding is obtained by incubating the slides in hot phosphate buffer, then a subsequent treatment of giemsa dye. Resulting chromosome patterns shows darkly stained R bands, the complement to G-bands. Darkly colored R bands are guanine-cytosine rich, and adenine-thymine rich regions are more readily denatured by heat. The technique is useful for analyzing genetic deletions or chromosomal translocations that involve the telomeres of chromosomes.
Cytogenetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20D | Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a satellite (a type of subviral agent) because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).
HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type of viral hepatitis due to its severity of complications. These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections. In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. A recent estimate from 2020 suggests that currently 48 million people are infected with this virus.
Virology
Structure and genome
The hepatitis delta viruses, or HDV, are eight species of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (or virus-like particles) classified together as the genus Deltavirus, within the realm Ribozyviria. The HDV virion is a small, spherical, enveloped particle with a 36 nm diameter; its viral envelope contains host phospholipids, as well as three proteins taken from the hepatitis B virus—the large, medium, and small hepatitis B surface antigens. This assembly surrounds an inner ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle, which contains the genome surrounded by about 200 molecules of hepatitis D antigen (HDAg) for each genome. The central region of HDAg has been shown to bind RNA. Several interactions are also mediated by a coiled-coil region at the N terminus of HDAg.
The HDV genome is negative sense, single-stranded, closed circular RNA; with a genome of approximately 1700 nucleotides, HDV is the smallest " |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble%20motion%20problems | The pebble motion problems, or pebble motion on graphs, are a set of related problems in graph theory dealing with the movement of multiple objects ("pebbles") from vertex to vertex in a graph with a constraint on the number of pebbles that can occupy a vertex at any time. Pebble motion problems occur in domains such as multi-robot motion planning (in which the pebbles are robots) and network routing (in which the pebbles are packets of data). The best-known example of a pebble motion problem is the famous 15 puzzle where a disordered group of fifteen tiles must be rearranged within a 4x4 grid by sliding one tile at a time.
Theoretical formulation
The general form of the pebble motion problem is Pebble Motion on Graphs formulated as follows:
Let be a graph with vertices. Let be a set of pebbles with . An arrangement of pebbles is a mapping such that for . A move consists of transferring pebble from vertex to adjacent unoccupied vertex . The Pebble Motion on Graphs problem is to decide, given two arrangements and , whether there is a sequence of moves that transforms into .
Variations
Common variations on the problem limit the structure of the graph to be:
a tree
a square grid,
a bi-connected graph.
Another set of variations consider the case in which some or all of the pebbles are unlabeled and interchangeable.
Other versions of the problem seek not only to prove reachability but to find a (potentially optimal) sequence of moves (i.e. a plan) which performs the transformation.
Complexity
Finding the shortest solution sequence in the pebble motion on graphs problem (with labeled pebbles) is known to be NP-hard and APX-hard. The unlabeled problem can be solved in polynomial time when using the cost metric mentioned above (minimizing the total number of moves to adjacent vertices), but is NP-hard for other natural cost metrics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscation | Obfuscation is the obscuring of the intended meaning of communication by making the message difficult to understand, usually with confusing and ambiguous language. The obfuscation might be either unintentional or intentional (although intent usually is connoted), and is accomplished with circumlocution (talking around the subject), the use of jargon (technical language of a profession), and the use of an argot (ingroup language) of limited communicative value to outsiders.
In expository writing, unintentional obfuscation usually occurs in draft documents, at the beginning of composition; such obfuscation is illuminated with critical thinking and editorial revision, either by the writer or by an editor. Etymologically, the word obfuscation derives from the Latin , from obfuscāre (to darken); synonyms include the words beclouding and abstrusity.
Medical
Doctors are faulted for using jargon to conceal unpleasant facts from a patient; the American author and physician Michael Crichton said that medical writing is a "highly skilled, calculated attempt to confuse the reader". The psychologist B. F. Skinner said that medical notation is a form of multiple audience control, which allows the doctor to communicate to the pharmacist things which the patient might oppose if they could understand medical jargon.
Eschew
"Eschew obfuscation", also stated as "eschew obfuscation, espouse elucidation", is a humorous fumblerule used by English teachers and professors when lecturing about proper writing techniques. Literally, the phrase means "avoid being unclear" or "avoid being unclear, support being clear", but the use of relatively uncommon words causes confusion in much of the audience (those lacking the vocabulary), making the statement an example of irony, and more precisely a heterological phrase. The phrase has appeared in print at least as early as 1959, when it was used as a section heading in a NASA document.
An earlier similar phrase appears in Mark Twain's Fenimore Co |
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