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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous%20context-free%20grammar | Synchronous context-free grammars (SynCFG or SCFG; not to be confused with stochastic CFGs) are a type of formal grammar designed for use in transfer-based machine translation. Rules in these grammars apply to two languages at the same time, capturing grammatical structures that are each other's translations.
The theory of SynCFGs borrows from syntax-directed transduction and syntax-based machine translation, modeling the reordering of clauses that occurs when translating a sentence by correspondences between phrase-structure rules in the source and target languages. Performance of SCFG-based MT systems has been found comparable with, or even better than, state-of-the-art phrase-based machine translation systems.
Several algorithms exist to perform translation using SynCFGs.
Formalism
Rules in a SynCFG are superficially similar to CFG rules, except that they specify the structure of two phrases at the same time; one in the source language (the language being translated) and one in the target language. Numeric indices indicate correspondences between non-terminals in both constituent trees. Chiang gives the Chinese/English example:
(yu you , have with )
This rule indicates that an phrase can be formed in Chinese with the structure "yu you ", where and are variables standing in for subphrases; and that the corresponding structure in English is "have with " where and are independently translated to English.
Software
cdec, MT decoding package that supports SynCFGs
Joshua, a machine translation decoding system written in Java |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20dipole%20moment | The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity. The SI unit for electric dipole moment is the coulomb-meter (C⋅m). The debye (D) is another unit of measurement used in atomic physics and chemistry.
Theoretically, an electric dipole is defined by the first-order term of the multipole expansion; it consists of two equal and opposite charges that are infinitesimally close together, although real dipoles have separated charge.
Elementary definition
Often in physics the dimensions of a massive object can be ignored and can be treated as a pointlike object, i.e. a point particle. Point particles with electric charge are referred to as point charges. Two point charges, one with charge and the other one with charge separated by a distance , constitute an electric dipole (a simple case of an electric multipole). For this case, the electric dipole moment has a magnitude and is directed from the negative charge to the positive one. Some authors may split in half and use since this quantity is the distance between either charge and the center of the dipole, leading to a factor of two in the definition.
A stronger mathematical definition is to use vector algebra, since a quantity with magnitude and direction, like the dipole moment of two point charges, can be expressed in vector form where is the displacement vector pointing from the negative charge to the positive charge. The electric dipole moment vector also points from the negative charge to the positive charge. With this definition the dipole direction tends to align itself with an external electric field (and note that the electric flux lines produced by the charges of the dipole itself, which point from positive charge to negative charge then tend to oppose the flux lines of the external field). Note that this sign convention is used in physics, while the opposite sign convention for th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20AI | Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence is a book by Australian academic Kate Crawford. It is based on Crawford's research into the development and labor behind artificial intelligence, as well as AI's impact on the world.
Overview
The book is mainly concerned with the ethics of artificial intelligence.
Chapters 1 and 2 criticise Big Tech in general for exploitation of Earth's resources, such as in the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine, and human labor, such as in Amazon warehouses and the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Crawford also compares "TrueTime" in Google's Spanner with historical efforts to control time associated with colonialism.
In Chapters 3 and 4, attention is drawn to the practice of building datasets without consent, and of training on incorrect or biased data, with particular focus on ImageNet and on a failed Amazon project to classify job applicants.
Chapter 5 criticises affective computing for employing training sets which, although natural, were labelled by people who had been grounded in controversial emotional expression research by Paul Ekman, in particular his Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which had been based on posed images; it is implied that Affectiva's approach would not sufficiently attenuate the problems of FACS, and attention is drawn to potential inaccurate use of this technology in job interviews without addressing claims that human bias is worse.
In Chapter 6, Crawford gives an overview of the secret services' surveillance software as revealed in the leaks of Edward Snowden, with a brief comparison to Cambridge Analytica and the military use of metadata, and recounts Google employees' objections to their unwitting involvement in Project Maven (giving their image recognition a military use) before this was moved to Palantir.
Chapter 7 criticises the common perception of AlphaGo as an otherworldly intelligence instead of a natural product of massive brute-force calculation at environmental cost, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1337x | 1337x is a website that provides a directory of torrent files and magnet links used for peer-to-peer file sharing through the BitTorrent protocol. According to the TorrentFreak news blog, 1337x is the second most popular torrent website as of 2023.
History
1337x was founded in 2007 and saw increasing popularity in 2016 after the closure of KickassTorrents. In October 2016, it introduced a website redesign with new functionalities. The site is banned from Google search queries and does not appear when searching through Google search. This action was taken following a request by Feelgood Entertainment in 2015. In 2015, the site moved from its older .pl domain to .to, partly in order to evade the block.
1337x's design can be compared to the now defunct h33t. It has been touted as an alternative to the Pirate Bay in the face of its potential demise.
See also
Comparison of BitTorrent sites
Online piracy
Leet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclitic | Autoclitics are verbal responses that modify the effect on the listener of the primary operants that comprise B.F. Skinner's classification of Verbal Behavior.
Autoclitics
An autoclitic is a verbal behavior that modifies the functions of other verbal behaviors. For example, "I think it is raining" possesses the autoclitic "I think," which moderates the strength of the statement "it is raining." Research that involves autoclitics includes Lodhi & Greer (1989).
Descriptive autoclitics
A speaker may acquire verbal behavior that describes their own behavior. "I said Noam C. Hayes is wrong" is a descriptive autoclitic that describes the behavior of talking about one's own behavior. They may also describe strength of response, as the emission of "I think" is often used to indicate some level of weakness, as in "Noam Chomsky is smart, I think." Descriptive autoclitics modify the listener's reaction by specifying something about the circumstances of the emission of a response or the condition of the speaker providing the verbal response. For example, the "I guess" in "I guess he is here" describes strength of the statement "he is here." It does so because "I guess" specifies that the speaker is not sure he is here, just guessing, thus showing weakness in the strength of the response "he is here." In describing something about a response, descriptive autoclitics specify some condition of a response, such as "I said" in "I said 'Hello. The "I said" describes the condition under which "Hello" was said. Descriptive autoclitics can include information regarding the type of verbal operant it accompanies, the strength of the verbal response, the relation between responses, or the emotional or motivation conditions of the speaker. In addition, negative autoclitics quantify or cancel the responses they accompany. For example, the not in "it is not raining" cancels the response "it is raining." Descriptive autoclitics can also just indicate a response is being emitted, or that the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20electron%20paramagnetic%20resonance | Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an electron paramagnetic resonance technique that involves the alignment of the net magnetization vector of the electron spins in a constant magnetic field. This alignment is perturbed by applying a short oscillating field, usually a microwave pulse. One can then measure the emitted microwave signal which is created by the sample magnetization. Fourier transformation of the microwave signal yields an EPR spectrum in the frequency domain. With a vast variety of pulse sequences it is possible to gain extensive knowledge on structural and dynamical properties of paramagnetic compounds. Pulsed EPR techniques such as electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) or pulsed electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) can reveal the interactions of the electron spin with its surrounding nuclear spins.
Scope
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) is a spectroscopic technique widely used in biology, chemistry, medicine and physics to study systems with one or more unpaired electrons. Because of the specific relation between the magnetic parameters, electronic wavefunction and the configuration of the surrounding non-zero spin nuclei, EPR and ENDOR provide information on the structure, dynamics and the spatial distribution of the paramagnetic species. However, these techniques are limited in spectral and time resolution when used with traditional continuous wave methods. This resolution can be improved in pulsed EPR by investigating interactions separately from each other via pulse sequences.
Historical overview
R. J. Blume reported the first electron spin echo in 1958, which came from a solution of sodium in ammonia at its boiling point, -33.8˚C. A magnetic field of 0.62 mT was used requiring a frequency of 17.4 MHz. The first microwave electron spin echoes were reported in the same year by Gordon and Bowers using 23 GHz excitation of dopants in silicon.
Much of the pioneering early pulsed EPR w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae | Saccharomyces cerevisiae () (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungus microorganisms). The species has been instrumental in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. It is believed to have been originally isolated from the skin of grapes. It is one of the most intensively studied eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology, much like Escherichia coli as the model bacterium. It is the microorganism behind the most common type of fermentation. S. cerevisiae cells are round to ovoid, 5–10 μm in diameter. It reproduces by budding.
Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes. S. cerevisiae is currently the only yeast cell known to have Berkeley bodies present, which are involved in particular secretory pathways. Antibodies against S. cerevisiae are found in 60–70% of patients with Crohn's disease and 10–15% of patients with ulcerative colitis, and may be useful as part of a panel of serological markers in differentiating between inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), their localisation and severity.
Etymology
"Saccharomyces" derives from Latinized Greek and means "sugar-mould" or "sugar-fungus", saccharon (σάκχαρον) being the combining form "sugar" and myces (μύκης) being "fungus". cerevisiae comes from Latin and means "of beer". Other names for the organism are:
Brewer's yeast, though other species are also used in brewing
Ale yeast
Top-fermenting yeast
Baker's yeast
Ragi yeast, in connection to making tapai
Budding yeastThis species is also the main source of nutritional yeast and yeast extract.
History
In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial "Kaisersemmel" roll,
which in general lacked the sourness created by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided%20rat | A remotely guided rat, popularly called a ratbot or robo-rat, is a rat with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and sensorimotor cortex of its brain. They were developed in 2002 by Sanjiv Talwar and John Chapin at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center. The rats wear a small electronics backpack containing a radio receiver and electrical stimulator. The rat receives remote stimulation in the sensorimotor cortex via its backpack that causes the rat to feel a sensation in its left or right whiskers, and stimulation in the MFB that is interpreted as a reward or pleasure.
After a period of training and conditioning using MFB stimulation as a reward, the rats can be remotely directed to move left, right, and forward in response to whisker stimulation signals. It is possible to roughly guide the animal along an obstacle course, jumping small gaps and scaling obstacles.
Ethics
Concerns have been raised by animal rights groups about the use of animals in this context, particularly due to a concern about the removal of autonomy from an independent creature. For example, a spokesman of the Dr Hadwen Trust, a group funding alternatives to animal research in medicine, has said that the experiments are an "appalling example of how the human species instrumentalizes other species."
Researchers tend to liken the training mechanism of the robo-rat to standard operant conditioning techniques. Talwar himself has acknowledged the ethical issues apparent in the development of the robo-rat, but points out that the research meets standards for animal treatment laid down by the National Institute of Health. Moreover, the researchers emphasize that the animals are trained, not coerced, into particular behaviors. Because the rats are encouraged to act via the reward of pleasure, not muscularly compelled to behave in a particular manner, their behavior under MFB stimulation is likened to a carrot-and-stick model of encouraged behavior versus a sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick%20dragging | Tick dragging is a method for collecting ticks used by parasitologists and other researchers studying tick populations in the wild.
Method
To conduct a tick drag, a researcher uses a strip of white cloth, usually corduroy, mounted on a pole that is tied to a length of rope. The researcher drags the cloth behind themselves through terrain that is suspected of harboring ticks, working in a grid-like pattern. They may also "flag" low-lying bushes and other vegetation by waving the cloth over them.
Tick dragging is one of several methods of harvesting wild ticks for study in the lab. In at least one trial, the tick dragging method proved more successful than more technologically innovative techniques, such as live-baited traps and CO2-baited traps.
The dragging method is a useful way to collect ticks from a large area; CO2 trapping is another method for localized sampling of ticks. Different species of tick also have variable sensitivity or responsiveness to this form of trapping, so its effectiveness can vary with the species of tick the researcher is interested in sampling.
The dragging method have been tested for its repeatability and reliability.[6] It was concluded that the cloth-dragging technique is useful both for surveying ticks' and to estimate and compare abundance between years and areas.[6]
History
The practice of dragging a large white cloth across suspected tick-infested terrain is described in biological field guides from the early 20th century. More sophisticated methods have been developed, but the dragging method continues to be practised by researchers today.
See also
Insect trap
Sweep net |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%20behavior%20in%20vertebrates | Vertebrate maternal behavior is a form of parental care that is specifically given to young animals by their mother in order to ensure the survival of the young. Parental care is a form of altruism, which means that the behaviors involved often require a sacrifice that could put their own survival at risk. This encompasses behaviors that aid in the evolutionary success of the offspring and parental investment, which is a measure of expenditure (time, energy, etc.) exerted by the parent in an attempt to provide evolutionary benefits to the offspring. Therefore, it is a measure of the benefits versus costs of engaging in the parental behaviors. Behaviors commonly exhibited by the maternal parent include feeding, either by lactating or gathering food, grooming young, and keeping the young warm. Another important aspect of parental care is whether the care is provided to the offspring by each parent in a relatively equal manner, or whether it is provided predominantly or entirely by one parent. There are several species that exhibit biparental care, where behaviors and/or investment in the offspring is divided equally amongst the parents. This parenting strategy is common in birds. However, even in species who exhibit biparental care, the maternal role is essential since the females are responsible for the incubation and/or delivery of the young.
Although maternal care is essential in many classes of vertebrates, it is the most prevalent in mammals, since the care from the mother is essential for feeding and nourishing their young. Because the care exhibited by the mother plays such a large role in mammals, the role of the male is often very limited. Maternal care begins during fertilization and pregnancy however, the most prominent array of maternal behaviors are exhibited by the mother after the birth of their offspring and until the offspring are capable of being independent. The duration that the offspring stays with the mother and receives care, and the types of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndumu%20virus | Ndumu virus is an RNA virus in the genus Alphavirus. It was first isolated in 1961 from culicine mosquitoes collected in northern Natal, Union of South Africa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Bernoulli | Daniel Bernoulli ( , ; – 27 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family from Basel. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. His name is commemorated in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular example of the conservation of energy, which describes the mathematics of the mechanism underlying the operation of two important technologies of the 20th century: the carburetor and the airplane wing.
Early life
Daniel Bernoulli was born in Groningen, in the Netherlands, into a family of distinguished mathematicians.
The Bernoulli family came originally from Antwerp, at that time in the Spanish Netherlands, but emigrated to escape the Spanish persecution of the Protestants. After a brief period in Frankfurt the family moved to Basel, in Switzerland.
Daniel was the son of Johann Bernoulli (one of the early developers of calculus) and a nephew of Jacob Bernoulli (an early researcher in probability theory and the discoverer of the mathematical constant e). He had two brothers, Niklaus and Johann II. Daniel Bernoulli was described by W. W. Rouse Ball as "by far the ablest of the younger Bernoullis". He is said to have had a bad relationship with his father. Upon both of them entering and tying for first place in a scientific contest at the University of Paris, Johann, unable to bear the "shame" of being compared Daniel's equal, banned Daniel from his house. Johann Bernoulli also plagiarized some key ideas from Daniel's book Hydrodynamica in his own book Hydraulica which he backdated to before Hydrodynamica. Despite Daniel's attempts at reconciliation, his father carried the grudge until his death.
Around schooling age, his father, Johann Bernoulli, encouraged him to study business, there being poor rewards awaiting a mathematician. However, Daniel refused, because he w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime%20layer | A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removable (e.g. by centrifugation), unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Therefore, the slime layer is considered as a subset of glycocalyx.
While slime layers and capsules are found most commonly in bacteria, while rare, these structures do exist in archaea as well. This information about structure and function is also transferable to these microorganisms too.
Structure
Slime layers are amorphous and inconsistent in thickness, being produced in various quantities depending upon the cell type and environment. These layers present themselves as strands hanging extracellularly and forming net-like structures between cells that were 1-4μm apart. Researchers suggested that a cell will slow formation of the slime layer after around 9 days of growth, perhaps due to slower metabolic activity.
A bacterial capsule is similar, but is more rigid than the slime layer. Capsules are more organized and difficult to remove compared to their slime layer counterparts. Another highly organized, but separate structure is an S-layer. S-layers are structures that integrate themselves into the cell wall and are composed of glycoproteins, these layers can offer the cell rigidity and protection. Because a slime layer is loose and flowing, it does not aide the cell in its rigidity.
While biofilms can be composed of slime layer producing bacteria, it is typically not their main composition. Rather, a biofilm is made up of an array of microorganisms that come together to form a cohesive biofilm. Although, there are homogeneous biofilms that can form. For example, the plaque that forms on the surfaces of teeth is caused by a biofilm formation of primarily Streptococcus mutans and the slow breakdown of tooth enamel.
Cellular function
The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20veli%20palatini%20muscle | The tensor veli palatini muscle (tensor palati or tensor muscle of the velum palatinum) is a thin, triangular muscle of the head that tenses the soft palate and opens the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the middle ear.
Structure
The tensor veli palatini muscle is thin and triangular in shape.
Origin
It arises from the scaphoid fossa of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid anteriorly, the (medial aspect of the) spine of sphenoid boneposteriorly, and - between the aforementioned anterior and posterior attachments - from the anterolateral aspect of the membranous wall of the petrotympanic tube.
At the muscle's origin, some of its muscle fibres may be continuous with those of the tensor tympani muscle.
Insertion
Inferiorly, the muscle converges to form a tendon of attachment. This tendon winds medially around the pterygoid hamulus (with a small bursa interposed between the two) to insert into the palatine aponeurosis and into the bony surface posterior to the palatine crest of the horizontal plate of palatine bone.
Dilator tubae component
Some of the muscle's fibres insert onto the lateral lamina of the cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube and adjacent connective tissue, and the Ostmann's fat pad.
The portion of the muscle with these attachments is sometimes called the dilator tubae.
Innervation
The tensor veli palatini muscle receives motor innervation from the mandibular nerve (CN V3) (a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)) via the nerve to medial pterygoid.
It is the only muscle of the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus, which is formed by the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Relations
It is situated anterolaterally to the levator veli palatini muscle.
From its origin to its insertion, the muscle passes vertically between the medial pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid muscle.
Actions/movements
Bilateral contraction of the two tensor veli palatini muscles makes the soft palate (especially its anterior portion) tau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorvault | Sensorvault is an internal Google database that contains records of users' historical geo-location data.
It has been used by law enforcement to execute a geo-fence warrant and to search for all devices within the vicinity of a crime, (within a geo-fenced area) and after looking at those devices' movements and narrowing those devices down to potential suspects or witnesses, then asking Google for the information about the owners of those devices. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupoid%20algebra | In mathematics, the concept of groupoid algebra generalizes the notion of group algebra.
Definition
Given a groupoid (in the sense of a category with all arrows invertible) and a field , it is possible to define the groupoid algebra as the algebra over formed by the vector space having the elements of (the arrows of) as generators and having the multiplication of these elements defined by , whenever this product is defined, and otherwise. The product is then extended by linearity.
Examples
Some examples of groupoid algebras are the following:
Group rings
Matrix algebras
Algebras of functions
Properties
When a groupoid has a finite number of objects and a finite number of morphisms, the groupoid algebra is a direct sum of tensor products of group algebras and matrix algebras.
See also
Hopf algebra
Partial group algebra
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano%20Ranch%20experiment | The Volcano Ranch experiment was an array of particle detectors in Volcano Ranch, New Mexico, used to measure ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The array was built by John Linsley and Livio Scarsi in 1959. On February 22, 1962, Linsley observed an air shower at Volcano Ranch created by a primary particle with an energy greater than 1020 eV, the highest energy cosmic ray particle ever detected at the time. Linsley continued to operate Volcano Ranch until 1978, when it was closed due to lack of funding. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprandial%20somnolence | Postprandial somnolence (colloquially known as food coma, or after-dinner dip) is a normal state of drowsiness or lassitude following a meal. Postprandial somnolence has two components: a general state of low energy related to activation of the parasympathetic nervous system in response to mass in the gastrointestinal tract, and a specific state of sleepiness. While there are numerous theories surrounding this behavior, such as decreased blood flow to the brain, neurohormonal modulation of sleep through digestive coupled signaling, or vagal stimulation, very few have been explicitly tested. To date, human studies have loosely examined the behavioral characteristics of postprandial sleep, demonstrating potential shifts in EEG spectra and self-reported sleepiness. To date, the only clear animal models for examining the genetic and neuronal basis for this behavior are the fruit fly, the mouse, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Physiology
The exact cause of postprandial somnolence is unknown but there are some scientific hypotheses:
Adenosine and hypocretin/orexin hypothesis
Increases in glucose concentration excite and induce vasodilation in ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus via astrocytic release of adenosine that is blocked by A2A receptor antagonists like caffeine. Evidence also suggests that the small rise in blood glucose that occurs after a meal is sensed by glucose-inhibited neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. These orexin-expressing neurons appear to be hyperpolarised (inhibited) by a glucose-activated potassium channel. This inhibition is hypothesized to then reduce output from orexigenic neurons to aminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic arousal pathways of the brain, thus decreasing the activity of those pathways.
Parasympathetic activation
In response to the arrival of food in the stomach and small intestine, the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases and the activity of the sympathetic nervous sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenesis | Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth. During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed from gastrulation (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs of the organism.
The cells of each of the three germ layers undergo differentiation, a process where less-specialized cells become more-specialized through the expression of a specific set of genes. Cell differentiation is driven by cell signaling cascades. Differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells which is called juxtracrine signaling or to neighboring cells over short distances which is called paracrine signaling. Intracellular signals - a cell signaling itself (autocrine signaling) - also play a role in organ formation. These signaling pathways allow for cell rearrangement and ensure that organs form at specific sites within the organism. The organogenesis process can be studied using embryos and organoids.
Organs produced by the germ layers
The endoderm is the inner most germ layer of the embryo which gives rise to gastrointestinal and respiratory organs by forming epithelial linings and organs such as the liver, lungs, and pancreas. The mesoderm or middle germ layer of the embryo will form the blood, heart, kidney, muscles, and connective tissues. The ectoderm or outermost germ layer of the developing embryo forms epidermis, the brain, and the nervous system.
Mechanism of organ formation
While each germ layer forms specific organs, in the 1820s, embryologist Heinz Christian Pander discovered that the germ layers cannot form their respective organs without the cellular interactions from other tissues. In humans, internal organs begin to develop within 3–8 weeks after fertilization. The germ layers form organs by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Folds form in the germinal sheet of cells and usually form an enclosed tube |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20D | Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins. Before the start of transcription, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex binds to the core promoter DNA of the gene through specific recognition of promoter sequence motifs, including the TATA box, Initiator, Downstream Promoter, Motif Ten, or Downstream Regulatory elements.
Functions
Coordinates the activities of more than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly
Serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex
Acts as a channel for regulatory signals
Structure
TFIID is itself composed of TBP and several subunits called TATA-binding protein Associated Factors (TBP-associated factors, or TAFs). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription at promoters that contain a TATA box. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID and B-TFIID. The TFIID complex is composed of TBP and more than eight TAFs. But, the majority of TBP is present in the B-TFIID complex, which is composed of TBP and TAFII170 (BTAF1) in a 1:1 ratio. TFIID and B-TFIID are not equivalent, since transcription reactions utilizing TFIID are responsive to gene specific transcription factors such as SP1, while reactions reconstituted with B-TFIID are not.
Subunits in the TFIID complex include:
TBP (TATA binding protein), or:
TBP-related factors in animals (TBPL1; TBPL2)
TAF1 (TAFII250)
TAF2 (CIF150)
TAF3 (TAFII140)
TAF4 (TAFII130/135 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20connectivity%20augmentation | Strong connectivity augmentation is a computational problem in the mathematical study of graph algorithms, in which the input is a directed graph and the goal of the problem is to add a small number of edges, or a set of edges with small total weight, so that the added edges make the graph into a strongly connected graph.
The strong connectivity augmentation problem was formulated by . They showed that a weighted version of the problem is NP-complete, but the unweighted problem can be solved in linear time. Subsequent research has considered the approximation ratio and parameterized complexity of the weighted problem.
Unweighted version
In the unweighted strong connectivity augmentation problem, the input is a directed graph and the goal is to add as few edges as possible to it to make the result into a strongly connected graph. The algorithm for the unweighted case by Eswaran and Tarjan considers the condensation of the given directed graph, a directed acyclic graph that has one vertex per strongly connected component of the given graph. Letting denote the number of source vertices in the condensation (strongly connected components with at least one outgoing edge but no incoming edges), denote the number of sink vertices in the condensation (strongly connected components with incoming but no outgoing edges), and denote the number of isolated vertices in the condensation (strongly connected components with neither incoming nor outgoing edges), they observe that the number of edges to be added is necessarily at least . This follows because edges need to be added to provide an incoming edge for each source or isolated vertex, and symmetrically at least edges need to be added to provide an outgoing edge for each sink or isolated vertex. Their algorithm for the problem finds a set of exactly edges to add to the graph to make it strongly connected.
Their algorithm uses a depth-first search on the condensation to find a collection of pairs of sources and sinks, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating%20system%20abstraction%20layer | An operating system abstraction layer (OSAL) provides an application programming interface (API) to an abstract operating system making it easier and quicker to develop code for multiple software or hardware platforms.
OS abstraction layers deal with presenting an abstraction of the common system functionality that is offered by any Operating system by the means of providing meaningful and easy to use Wrapper functions that in turn encapsulate the system functions offered by the OS to which the code needs porting. A well designed OSAL provides implementations of an API for several real-time operating systems (such as vxWorks, eCos, RTLinux, RTEMS). Implementations may also be provided for non real-time operating systems, allowing the abstracted software to be developed and tested in a developer friendly desktop environment.
In addition to the OS APIs, the OS Abstraction Layer project may also provide a hardware abstraction layer, designed to provide a portable interface to hardware devices such as memory, I/O ports, and non-volatile memory. To facilitate the use of these APIs, OSALs generally include a directory structure and build automation (e.g., set of makefiles) to facilitate building a project for a particular OS and hardware platform.
Implementing projects using OSALs allows for development of portable embedded system software that is independent of a particular real-time operating system. It also allows for embedded system software to be developed and tested on desktop workstations, providing a shorter development and debug time.
Implementations
TnFOX
MapuSoft Technologies - provides a commercial OS Abstraction implementation allowing software to support multiple RTOS operating systems.
ClarinoxSoftFrame – middleware which provides OS abstraction targeting wireless embedded device and system development. It comprises wireless protocol stacks, development tools and memory management techniques in addition to the support of desktop and a range of r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20A/G | Protein A/G is a recombinant fusion protein that combines IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G. Protein A/G contains four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons. The binding of Protein A/G is less pH-dependent than Protein A, but otherwise has the additive properties of Protein A and G.
Protein A/G binds to all subclasses of human IgG, making it useful for purifying polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies whose subclasses have not been determined. In addition, it binds to IgA, IgE, IgM and (to a lesser extent) IgD. Protein A/G also binds to all subclasses of mouse IgG but does not bind mouse IgA, IgM or serum albumin. This allows Protein A/G to be used for purification and detection of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, without interference from IgA, IgM and serum albumin. Mouse monoclonal antibodies commonly have a stronger affinity to the chimeric Protein A/G than to either Protein A or Protein G. Protein A/G also has been used for purification of macaque IgG.
Other antibody binding proteins
In addition to Protein A/G, other immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins such as Protein A, Protein G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Each of these immunoglobulin-binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in terms of the portion of the antibody that is recognized and the species and type of antibodies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaviricetes | Megaviricetes is a class of viruses. The class contains giant viruses, all of which are nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses that are assigned to the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. Members of the Megaviricetes typically have genomes that are much larger than viruses assigned to other taxa, and also encode genes involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and other processes that viruses in other taxa usually lack. As well, the virus particles (virions) of some members of Megaviricetes are much larger in size than for other viruses, and can be larger than some bacteria.
Orders
The following orders are recognized:
Algavirales
Imitervirales
Pimascovirales |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionescu-Tulcea%20theorem | In the mathematical theory of probability, the Ionescu-Tulcea theorem, sometimes called the Ionesco Tulcea extension theorem, deals with the existence of probability measures for probabilistic events consisting of a countably infinite number of individual probabilistic events. In particular, the individual events may be independent or dependent with respect to each other. Thus, the statement goes beyond the mere existence of countable product measures. The theorem was proved by Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea in 1949.
Statement of the theorem
Suppose that is a probability space and for is a sequence of measurable spaces. For each let
be the Markov kernel derived from and , where
Then there exists a sequence of probability measures
defined on the product space for the sequence ,
and there exists a uniquely defined probability measure on , so that
is satisfied for each and . (The measure has conditional probabilities equal to the stochastic kernels.)
Applications
The construction used in the proof of the Ionescu-Tulcea theorem is often used in the theory of Markov decision processes, and, in particular, the theory of Markov chains.
See also
Disintegration theorem
Regular conditional probability
Sources |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAPO%20Codebits | SAPO Codebits, also known simply as Codebits, was a (computing) conference held in Lisbon from 2007 to 2014. It was organized by SAPO which, besides a news media brand, was also an internet-focused R&D division of Portugal Telecom at the time. Initially inspired by Yahoo! Hack Day, the event lasted for three non-stop days, with many participants choosing to eat and sleep on site. Its core was a 48-hour hackathon but it also included dozens of talks during the day, as well as several entertainment activities in the evenings. Over the years, the number of talks and entertainment activities increased steadily, making it a reference in Portuguese hacker culture and attracting an increasing number of international attendees and speakers. Codebits was free for all participants, including food and drinks, and had little commercial undertones apart from product announcements in the opening keynote. Active recruiting inside the premises was also disallowed. The number of seats was limited, so potential attendees had to apply for a ticket and undergo a screening process.
In 2015, Portugal Telecom was acquired by Altice, SAPO's mission changed, and Codebits was discontinued. In 2016, the event format was revived by another team of organizers under the name Pixels Camp.
Format
The event took place over three consecutive days (and nights), starting on a Thursday. The first morning was composed of general keynotes from the organizing company and its partners/sponsors, plus general information about the hackathon and satellite activities. The hackathon started in the afternoon, along with multiple tracks of talks in parallel, and lasted until Saturday morning, with Saturday afternoon reserved for project presentations, voting, and closing ceremony.
48-hour Hackathon
In the hackathon, teams were free to propose whatever project they wanted, software or hardware, with no themes or subject restrictions. On Saturday, teams were required to present their projects on stage. They |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern%20Iberian%20script | The southeastern Iberian script, also known as Meridional Iberian, was one of the means of written expression of the Iberian language, which was written mainly in the northeastern Iberian script and residually by the Greco-Iberian alphabet. About the relation between northeastern Iberian and southeastern Iberian scripts, it is necessary to point out that they are two different scripts with different values for the same signs; however it is clear that they had a common origin and the most accepted hypothesis is that northeastern Iberian script derives from southeastern Iberian script. In fact, the southeastern Iberian script is very similar, both considering the shape of the signs or their values, to the Southwestern script used to represent an unknown language usually named Tartessian. The main difference is that southeastern Iberian script does not show the vocalic redundancy of the syllabic signs. Unlike the northeastern Iberian script the decipherment of the southeastern Iberian script is not yet complete, because there are a significant number of signs on which scholars have not yet reached a consensus. Although it is believed that the southeastern Iberian script does not show any system to differentiate between voiced and unvoiced occlusives, unlike the northeastern Iberian script, a recent paper (Ferrer i Jané 2010) defends the existence of a dual system also in the southeastern Iberian script.
Typology and variants
All the paleohispanic scripts, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet, share a common distinctive typological characteristic: they represent syllabic value for the occlusives, and monophonemic value for the rest of the consonants and vowels. From the writing systems point of view they are neither alphabets nor syllabaries; rather, they are mixed scripts that normally are identified as semi-syllabaries. There is no agreement about how the paleohispanic semi-syllabaries originated; some researchers conclude that their origin is linked onl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher | Pocket gophers, commonly referred to simply as gophers, are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae. The roughly 41 species are all endemic to North and Central America. They are commonly known for their extensive tunneling activities and their ability to destroy farms and gardens.
The name "pocket gopher" on its own may refer to any of a number of genera within the family Geomyidae. These are the "true" gophers, but several ground squirrels in the distantly related family Sciuridae are often called "gophers", as well. The origin of the word "gopher" is uncertain; the French gaufre, meaning waffle, has been suggested, on account of the gopher tunnels resembling the honeycomb-like pattern of holes in a waffle; another suggestion is that the word is of Muskogean origin.
Description
Pocket gophers weigh around , and are about in body length, with a tail long. A few species reach weights approaching . Within any species, the males are larger than the females, and can be nearly double their weight.
Average lifespans are one to three years. The maximum lifespan for the pocket gopher is about five years. Some gophers, such as those in the genus Geomys, have lifespans that have been documented as up to seven years in the wild.
Most gophers have brown fur that often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. Their most characteristic features are their large cheek pouches, from which the word "pocket" in their name derives. These pouches are fur-lined, can be turned inside out, and extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. Gophers have small eyes and a short, hairy tail, which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.
Pocket gophers have often been found to carry external parasites including, most commonly, lice, but also ticks, fleas, and mites. Common predators of the gopher include weasels, snakes, and hawks.
Behavior
All pocket gophers create a network of tunnel systems that provide protection and a mea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Terahertz%20Science%20and%20Technology | IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering terahertz science, technology, instruments, and applications – "Expanding the use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum." The editor-in-chief is Imran Mehdi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
See also
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
IEEE Microwave Theory and Wireless Components Letters
IEEE Microwave Magazine
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society
External links
Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 2011
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20mimicry | Molecular mimicry is the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are enough to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the prevalence of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, just a few crucial residues can activate a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor). This highlights the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon activation, these "peptide mimic" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is more than an epiphenomenon despite its low probability, and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders.
One possible cause of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as "self", is a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for the immune system to discriminate between self and non-self. Other possible causes include mutations governing programmed cell death or environmental products that injure target tissues, thus causing a release of immunostimulatory alarm signals. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. The resulting data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With more research comes growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
Immunological tolerance
Tolerance is a fundamental property of the immune system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa%20Ramanujan | Srinivasa Ramanujan ( ; born Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar, ; 22 December 188726 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician. Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems then considered unsolvable.
Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation. According to Hans Eysenck, "he tried to interest the leading professional mathematicians in his work, but failed for the most part. What he had to show them was too novel, too unfamiliar, and additionally presented in unusual ways; they could not be bothered". Seeking mathematicians who could better understand his work, in 1913 he began a postal correspondence with the English mathematician G. H. Hardy at the University of Cambridge, England. Recognising Ramanujan's work as extraordinary, Hardy arranged for him to travel to Cambridge. In his notes, Hardy commented that Ramanujan had produced groundbreaking new theorems, including some that "defeated me completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before", and some recently proven but highly advanced results.
During his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results (mostly identities and equations). Many were completely novel; his original and highly unconventional results, such as the Ramanujan prime, the Ramanujan theta function, partition formulae and mock theta functions, have opened entire new areas of work and inspired a vast amount of further research. Of his thousands of results, all but a dozen or two have now been proven correct. The Ramanujan Journal, a scientific journal, was established to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan, and his notebooks—containing summaries of his published and unpublished results—have been analysed and studied for decades since his death as a source of new mathematical ideas. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothiazolinone | Isothiazolinone (sometimes isothiazolone) is an organic compound with the formula (CH)2SN(H)CO. A white solid, it is structurally related to isothiazole. Isothiazolone itself is of limited interest, but several of its derivatives are widely used preservatives and antimicrobials.
Synthesis
Compared to many other simple heterocycles, the discovery of isothiazolinone is fairly recent, with reports first appearing in the 1960s.
Isothiazolinones can be prepared on an industrial scale by the ring-closure of 3-mercaptopropanamides. These in turn are produced from acrylic acid via the 3-mercaptopropionic acid:
Ring-closure of the thiol-amide is typically effected by chlorination or oxidation of the 3-sulfanylpropanamide to the corresponding disulfide.
Many other routes have been developed, including addition of thiocyanate to propargyl amides.
Mechanism of action
The antimicrobial activity of isothiazolinones is attributed to their ability to inhibit life-sustaining enzymes, specifically those enzymes with thiols at their active sites. It is established that isothiazolinones form mixed disulfides upon treatment with such species.
Applications
The principal isothiazolones are:
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT, MI)
Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT, CMI, MCI)
Benzisothiazolinone (BIT)
Octylisothiazolinone (OIT, OI)
Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT, DCOI)
Butylbenzisothiazolinone (BBIT)
These compounds all exhibit antimicrobial properties. They are used to control bacteria, fungi, and algae in cooling water systems, fuel storage tanks, pulp and paper mill water systems, oil extraction systems, wood preservation, and some paints. They are antifouling agents. They are frequently used in shampoos and other hair care products.
Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (methylisothiazolinone or MIT) are popular derivatives. A 3:1 mixture of CMIT:MIT is sold as Kathon. Kathon is supplied as a concentrated stock solution containing from 1.5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance%20running%20hypothesis | The endurance running hypothesis is a series of conjectures which presume humans evolved anatomical and physiological adaptations to run long distances
and, more strongly, that "running is the only known behavior that would account for the different body plans in Homo as opposed to apes or australopithecines".
The hypothesis posits a significant role of endurance running in facilitating early hominins' ability to obtain meat. Proponents of this hypothesis propose that endurance running served as a means for hominins to effectively engage in persistence hunting and carcass poaching, thus enhancing their competitive edge in acquiring prey. Consequently, these evolutionary pressures have led to the prominence of endurance running as a primary factor shaping many biomechanical characteristics of modern humans.
Evolutionary evidence
No primates other than humans are capable of endurance running, and in fact, Australopithecus did not have structural adaptations for running. Instead, forensic anthropology suggests that anatomical features that directly contributed to endurance running capabilities were heavily selected for within the genus Homo dating back to 1.9Ma. Consequently, selecting anatomical features that made endurance running possible radically transformed the hominid body. The general form of human locomotion is markedly distinct from all other animals observed in nature. ‘’From the Journal of Anatomy’’, author RM Alexander describes our unique form of bipedal motion: "… no animal walks or runs as we do. We keep the trunk erect; in walking, our knees are almost straight at mid-stance; the forces our feet exert on the ground are very markedly two-peaked when we walk fast; and in walking and usually in running, we strike the ground initially with the heel alone. No animal walks or runs like that."
From the perspective of natural selection, scientists acknowledge that specialization in endurance running would not have helped early humans avoid faster predato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 24° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 24th meridian west forms a great circle with the 156th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 24th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Herluf Trolle Land (Peary Land)
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Independence Fjord and Hagen Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Alabama Nunatak
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Ymer Island, Geographical Society Island and Traill Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | King Oscar Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Jameson Land peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Scoresby Sund
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Greenland Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Westfjords peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Breiðafjörður
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Snæfellsnes peninsula
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20operations | In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.
These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operators. The rank of an operator is called its precedence, and an operation with a higher precedence is performed before operations with lower precedence. Calculators generally perform operations with the same precedence from left to right, but some programming languages and calculators adopt different conventions.
For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. Thus, in the expression , the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value , and not . When exponents were introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and placed as a superscript to the right of their base. Thus and .
These conventions exist to avoid notational ambiguity while allowing notation to remain brief. Where it is desired to override the precedence conventions, or even simply to emphasize them, parentheses ( ) can be used. For example, forces addition to precede multiplication, while forces addition to precede exponentiation. If multiple pairs of parentheses are required in a mathematical expression (such as in the case of nested parentheses), the parentheses may be replaced by brackets or braces to avoid confusion, as in .
These rules are meaningful only when the usual notation (called infix notation) is used. When functional or Polish notation are used for all operations, the order of operations results from the notation itself.
Internet memes sometimes present ambiguous infix expressions that cause disputes and increase web traffic. Most of these ambiguous expressions involve mixed division and multiplication, where there is no general |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant | Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water, using the green pigment chlorophyll. Exceptions are parasitic plants that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi.
Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers and other gymnosperms, and flowering plants). A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes, in the clade Archaeplastida.
There are about 380,000 known species of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000, produce seeds. They range in size from single cells to the tallest trees. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen; the sugars they create supply the energy for most of Earth's ecosystems; other organisms, including animals, either consume plants directly or rely on organisms which do so.
Grain, fruit, and vegetables are basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia. People use plants for many purposes, such as building materials, ornaments, writing materials, and, in great variety, for medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology.
Definition
Taxonomic history
All living things were traditionally placed into one of two groups, plants and animals. This classification dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), who distinguished d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work.
At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example, displaying some text on a computer screen, causing state changes that should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction or is interrupted by the operating system. , most personal computers, smartphone devices, and servers have processors with multiple execution units, or multiple processors performing computation together, so computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past.
The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler, an interpreter, or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language that has a strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.
History
An algorithm for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. She created proofs to show |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3R42me | H3R42me is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the mono-methylation at the 42nd arginine residue of the histone H3 protein. In epigenetics, arginine methylation of histones H3 and H4 is associated with a more accessible chromatin structure and thus higher levels of transcription. The existence of arginine demethylases that could reverse arginine methylation is controversial.
Nomenclature
H3K4me1 indicates monomethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 protein subunit:
Arginine
Arginine can be methylated once (monomethylated arginine) or twice (dimethylated arginine). Methylation of arginine residues is catalyzed by three different classes of protein arginine methyltransferases.
Arginine methylation affects the interactions between proteins and has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including protein trafficking, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation.
Histone modifications
Genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein molecules known as histones. The complexes formed by the looping of the DNA are known as chromatin.
Mechanism and function of modification
R42 is located within the core region of histone H3. Inside the nucleosomal structure, R42 overlaps the point where DNA enters and exits the nucleosome.
The addition of a methyl group at arginine enhances steric hindrance and also removes a hydrogen bond donor, which slightly decreases nucleosome stability to allow RNA polymerase II to migrate more easily through the template.
Epigenetic implications
The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone-modifying complexes or chromatin remodeling complexes is interpreted by the cell and leads to complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a particular region. The current understanding and interpretation of histones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20algebra | In algebra, the distribution algebra of a p-adic Lie group G is the K-algebra of K-valued distributions on G. (See the reference for a more precise definition.) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20index | In chemical graph theory, the Wiener index (also Wiener number) introduced by Harry Wiener, is a topological index of a molecule, defined as the sum of the lengths of the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in the chemical graph representing the non-hydrogen atoms in the molecule.
Wiener index can be used for the representation of computer networks and enhancing lattice hardware security.
History
The Wiener index is named after Harry Wiener, who introduced it in 1947; at the time, Wiener called it the "path number". It is the oldest topological index related to molecular branching. Based on its success, many other topological indexes of chemical graphs, based on information in the distance matrix of the graph, have been developed subsequently to Wiener's work.
The same quantity has also been studied in pure mathematics, under various names including the gross status, the distance of a graph, and the transmission. The Wiener index is also closely related to the closeness centrality of a vertex in a graph, a quantity inversely proportional to the sum of all distances between the given vertex and all other vertices that has been frequently used in sociometry and the theory of social networks.
Example
Butane (C4H10) has two different structural isomers: n-butane, with a linear structure of four carbon atoms, and isobutane, with a branched structure. The chemical graph for n-butane is a four-vertex path graph, and the chemical graph for isobutane is a tree with one central vertex connected to three leaves.
The n-butane molecule has three pairs of vertices at distance one from each other, two pairs at distance two, and one pair at distance three, so its Wiener index is
The isobutane molecule has three pairs of vertices at distances one from each other (the three leaf-center pairs), and three pairs at distance two (the leaf-leaf pairs). Therefore, its Wiener index is
These numbers are instances of formulas for special cases of the Wiener index: it is for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectNET%20Protocol | Koyo DirectNET protocol is used by DirectLOGIC PLCs from Automation Direct and is used in APS vacuum controls since 1999. It is a master/slave protocol making use of RS-232 or RS-422 physical layers with a baud rate from 300 to 38,400. It is designed to drive a maximum of 90 PLCs on a serial line.
External links
Protocol message format
LGPL DirectNET protocol implementation for Linux and other POSIX systems.
Industrial computing
Serial buses
Industrial automation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20analysis | In mathematics, the term local analysis has at least two meanings, both derived from the idea of looking at a problem relative to each prime number p first, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of the localization approach.
Group theory
In group theory, local analysis was started by the Sylow theorems, which contain significant information about the structure of a finite group G for each prime number p dividing the order of G. This area of study was enormously developed in the quest for the classification of finite simple groups, starting with the Feit–Thompson theorem that groups of odd order are solvable.
Number theory
In number theory one may study a Diophantine equation, for example, modulo p for all primes p, looking for constraints on solutions. The next step is to look modulo prime powers, and then for solutions in the p-adic field. This kind of local analysis provides conditions for solution that are necessary. In cases where local analysis (plus the condition that there are real solutions) provides also sufficient conditions, one says that the Hasse principle holds: this is the best possible situation. It does for quadratic forms, but certainly not in general (for example for elliptic curves). The point of view that one would like to understand what extra conditions are needed has been very influential, for example for cubic forms.
Some form of local analysis underlies both the standard applications of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method in analytic number theory, and the use of adele rings, making this one of the unifying principles across number theory.
See also
:Category:Localization (mathematics)
Localization of a category
Localization of a module
Localization of a ring
Localization of a topological space
Hasse principle
Number theory
Finite groups
Localization (mathematics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-trading%20hamster | The Crypto-trading hamster, also known as Mr Goxx, was a hamster and economic experiment that was used to randomly select Cryptocurrencies to buy or sell, on a trading platform. The hamster would spin a wheel that would select from a range of Cryptocurrencies, and then, using the same method, would select what action to do with them. The hamster passed away on 26 November 2021.
Origin
The Hamster, was owned by a German student, who together with his friend coded the system and linked it to a real Cryptocurrency portfolio on an online trading platform. The pair, also created a Twitter and Twitch account for the hamster where the latest news and decisions where shared. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20equation | In mathematics, a modular equation is an algebraic equation satisfied by moduli, in the sense of moduli problems. That is, given a number of functions on a moduli space, a modular equation is an equation holding between them, or in other words an identity for moduli.
The most frequent use of the term modular equation is in relation to the moduli problem for elliptic curves. In that case the moduli space itself is of dimension one. That implies that any two rational functions F and G, in the function field of the modular curve, will satisfy a modular equation P(F,G) = 0 with P a non-zero polynomial of two variables over the complex numbers. For suitable non-degenerate choice of F and G, the equation P(X,Y) = 0 will actually define the modular curve.
This can be qualified by saying that P, in the worst case, will be of high degree and the plane curve it defines will have singular points; and the coefficients of P may be very large numbers. Further, the 'cusps' of the moduli problem, which are the points of the modular curve not corresponding to honest elliptic curves but degenerate cases, may be difficult to read off from knowledge of P.
In that sense a modular equation becomes the equation of a modular curve. Such equations first arose in the theory of multiplication of elliptic functions (geometrically, the n2-fold covering map from a 2-torus to itself given by the mapping x → n·x on the underlying group) expressed in terms of complex analysis.
See also
Modular lambda function
Ramanujan's lost notebook |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimatron | The Nimatron was an electro-mechanical machine that played Nim. It was first exhibited in April–October 1940 by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation at the 1939-1940 New York World's Fair to entertain fair-goers. Conceived of some months prior by Edward Condon and built by Gerald L. Tawney and Willard A. Derr, the device was a non-programmable digital computer composed of electro-mechanical relays which could respond to players' choices in the game in a dozen different patterns. The machine, which weighed over a metric ton, displayed four lines of seven light bulbs both in front of the player and on four sides of an overhead cube. Players alternated turns with the machine in removing one or more lights from one of the rows until the lights were all extinguished. The calculations were purposely delayed to give the illusion that the machine was considering moves, and winners received a token.
The reception of the machine during the fair was positive, with around 100,000 games of Nim played. After the fair it was moved to the Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science Building in Pittsburgh. Despite this success, Condon considered the Nimatron a failure, because he had designed and intended it to be solely a piece of entertainment for fair-goers, but within years of the exhibition programmable digital computers began to be produced around the world by other companies and groups that used some of the same principles around storing digital information. The Nimatron is considered one of the first electro-mechanical games and a precursor to computer games, but its direct impact on digital computers and computer games is minimal. It may, however, have inspired the Nimrod computer, which was demonstrated at the 1951 Festival of Britain playing Nim using banks of lightbulbs like the Nimatron eleven years prior.
Development
The 1939 New York World's Fair was held in April—October 1939 and April—October of 1940, featuring exhibits from countries and companies worldwi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Developers%20Academy | Ada Developers Academy (Ada) is a year-long intensive school in software development for women and gender expansive people with no previous professional experience in computer programming. The program is tuition-free, and students can apply for a micro loan to meet living expenses during the year. Additional supports available to students include laptops loans, childcare subsidies, free mental health therapy, and 1:1 mentors and tutors.
Overview
The program is divided into six months of classroom instruction and a five-month paid internship with a Seattle tech company. The first six months in the classroom focuses on Python, Flask, JavaScript, React, HTML and CSS, and computer science fundamentals. The last five months is an internship placement. Interns are placed at sponsor companies including Amazon, Concur, Microsoft, Nordstrom, Redfin, Tableau/Salesforce, Zillow, etc. for practical, applied learning experiences. 97% of Ada students graduate from the program, and 94% land full time roles as software developers within 180 days of graduating. The most recent graduating cohort reported an average starting salary of $125,000.
Cohorts
Ada begins new cohorts every 6 months (March & September), with in-person campuses in Seattle and Atlanta, a digital campus available nationwide, and a Washington, D.C. campus launching in 2024.
Funding
Ada began in 2013 as a project of Seattle's Technology Alliance and is funded through company sponsorship, individual donors, and public sources. Ada now operates as an independent non-profit organization headquartered in Seattle, WA with campuses in Seattle, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C. (opening Fall 2023). Ada also offers a digital campus available to students nationwide. Ada's company sponsors include Amazon.com, Expedia, Zillow, and Chef. Sponsors provide applied learning internships for the students, and fund the students' education. Sponsoring companies such as Expedia stated that they participate in the program in order t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovector | In particle physics, isovector refers to the vector transformation of a particle under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much like a triplet state in the two-particle addition of Spin.
See also
Isoscalar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution%20cloning | Dilution cloning or cloning by limiting dilution describes a procedure to obtain a monoclonal cell population starting from a polyclonal mass of cells.
This is achieved by setting up a series of increasing dilutions of the parent (polyclonal) cell culture. A suspension of the parent cells is made. Appropriate dilutions are then made, depending on cell number in the starting population, as well as the viability and characteristics of the cells being cloned.
After the final dilutions are produced, aliquots of the suspension are plated or placed in wells and incubated. If all works correctly, a monoclonal cell colony will be produced. Applications for the procedure include cloning of parasites, T cells, transgenic cells, and macrophages. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20script | In the behaviorism approach to psychology, behavioral scripts are a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation. Scripts include default standards for the actors, props, setting, and sequence of events that are expected to occur in a particular situation. The classic script example involves an individual dining at a restaurant. This script has several components: props including tables, menus, food, and money, as well as roles including customers, servers, chefs, and a cashier. The sequence of expected events for this script begins with a hungry customer entering the restaurant, ordering, eating, paying and then ends with the customer exiting. People continually follow scripts which are acquired through habit, practice and simple routine. Following a script can be useful because it could help to save the time and mental effort of deciding on appropriate behavior each time a situation is encountered.
Psychology
Semantic memory builds schemas and scripts. With this, semantic memory is known as the knowledge that people gain from experiencing events in the everyday world. This information is then organized into a concept that people can understand in their own way. Semantic memory relates to scripts because scripts are made through the knowledge that one gains through these everyday experiences and habituation.
There have been many empirical research studies conducted in order to test the validity of the script theory. One such study, conducted by Bower, Black, and Turner in 1979, asked participants to read 18 different scenarios, all of which represented a doctor’s office script. The participants were later asked to complete either a recall task or a recognition task. In the recall task, the participants were asked to remember as much as they could about each scenario. Here, the participants tended to recall certain parts of the stories that were not actually present, but that were parts of the scripts that the stories represented. In the recognitio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended-spectrum%20penicillin | The extended-spectrum penicillins are a group of antibiotics that have the widest antibacterial spectrum of all penicillins. Some sources identify them with antipseudomonal penicillins, others consider these types to be distinct. This group includes the carboxypenicillins and the ureidopenicillins. Aminopenicillins, in contrast, do not have activity against Pseudomonas species, as their positively charged amino group does not hinder degradation by bacterially produced beta-lactamases.
Products
Ureidopenicillins
Azlocillin
Mezlocillin
Piperacillin
Carboxypenicillins
Ticarcillin (generally in the combination ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
Carbenicillin
Mecillinam
See also
Pseudomonas aeruginosa § Treatment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aleszy%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Pringsheim%20theorem | In mathematics, the Śleszyński–Pringsheim theorem is a statement about convergence of certain continued fractions. It was discovered by Ivan Śleszyński and Alfred Pringsheim in the late 19th century.
It states that if , , for are real numbers and for all , then
converges absolutely to a number satisfying , meaning that the series
where are the convergents of the continued fraction, converges absolutely.
See also
Convergence problem
Notes and references
Continued fractions
Theorems in real analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOC%20International | AOC International (trading as AOC, formerly Admiral Overseas Corporation and stylized as ΛOC, ) is a multinational electronics company headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan, and a subsidiary of TPV Technology. It designs and produces a full range of LCD TVs and PC monitors, and formerly CRT monitors for PCs which are sold worldwide under the AOC brand. The typeface used in the logo is a modified Eurostile.
History
Admiral Overseas Corporation (AOC) was founded in Chicago, Illinois, by Ross Siragusa as the Asian arm of his Admiral Corporation, and later established in Taiwan in 1967 as the first manufacturer of colour televisions for export. In 1978, Admiral Overseas Corporation was renamed AOC International. Direct marketing under the AOC brand name began in 1979. From 1988 to 1997, AOC established its sales offices in United States, China, Europe, and Brazil. AOC was launched in India and Mexico in 2005 and 2006 respectively. Today, AOC products including CRT and LCD monitors, LCD television sets, all-in-one units and Android tablets, are available in more than 40 countries worldwide.
Timeline
1934 – Continental Radio and Television Corporation founded in Chicago, Illinois by Ross Siragusa. Name would later be changed to Admiral Corporation.
1947 – Admiral Corp. and brand established in the United States; it is one of the first companies to produce color television sets.
1951 – Admiral sells over 5 million television sets.
1967 – Admiral Overseas Corporation (AOC) established in Taiwan; first manufacturer of color television sets for export.
1978 – Admiral Overseas Corporation renamed to AOC International.
1979 – AOC starts direct marketing under its own brand name.
1982 – AOC brand registered worldwide.
1988 to 1997 – AOC establishes sales offices in the United States, China, Europe, and Brazil; main focus is computer monitors.
1999 to 2001 – AOC enters the display market in New Zealand and Australia.
2005 – AOC launched in India.
2006 – AOC launched |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20physiology | Clinical physiology is both an academic discipline within the medical sciences and a clinical medical specialty for physicians in the health care systems of Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Clinical physiology is characterized as a branch of physiology that uses a functional approach to understand the pathophysiology of a disease.
Overview
As a specialty for medical doctors, clinical physiology is a diagnostic specialty in which patients are subjected to specialized tests for the functions of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Testing methods include evaluation of electrical activity (e.g. electrocardiogram of the heart), blood pressure (e.g. ankle brachial pressure index), and air flow (e.g. pulmonary function testing using spirometry). In addition, Clinical Physiologists measure movements, velocities, and metabolic processes through imaging techniques such as ultrasound, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-ray computed tomography (CT), and nuclear medicine scanners (e.g. single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) with and without CT or MRI).
History
The field of clinical physiology was originally founded by Professor Torgny Sjöstrand in Sweden, and it continues to make its way around the world in other hospitals and academic environments. Sjöstrand was the first to establish departments for clinical physiology separate than those of Physiology during his work at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm. Along with Sjöstrand, another influential name in clinical physiology was P.K Anokhin. Anohkin heavily contributed to the branch of physiology where he worked diligently to use his theories of functional systems to solve medical mysteries amongst his patients.
Clinical physiology was originally a discipline by its own, however, between 2008 and 2015, clinical physiology was categorized as a sub-discipline to radiology. For this reason, those pursuing a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearization | In mathematics, linearization is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems. This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Linearization of a function
Linearizations of a function are lines—usually lines that can be used for purposes of calculation. Linearization is an effective method for approximating the output of a function at any based on the value and slope of the function at , given that is differentiable on (or ) and that is close to . In short, linearization approximates the output of a function near .
For example, . However, what would be a good approximation of ?
For any given function , can be approximated if it is near a known differentiable point. The most basic requisite is that , where is the linearization of at . The point-slope form of an equation forms an equation of a line, given a point and slope . The general form of this equation is: .
Using the point , becomes . Because differentiable functions are locally linear, the best slope to substitute in would be the slope of the line tangent to at .
While the concept of local linearity applies the most to points arbitrarily close to , those relatively close work relatively well for linear approximations. The slope should be, most accurately, the slope of the tangent line at .
Visually, the accompanying diagram shows the tangent line of at . At , where is any small positive or negative value, is very nearly the value of the tangent line at the point .
The final equation for the linearization of a function at is:
For , . The derivative of is , and the slope of at is .
Example
To find , we can use the fact that . The li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epixenosomes | Epixenosomes, also known as Candidatus Epixenosoma are a genus of bacteria in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota that form a symbiosis with marine ciliates of the genus Euplotidium, where they help to defend their ciliate hosts against predators. It is a monospecific genus, containing only the species Ca. Epixenosoma ejectans.
Description
Epixenosomes possess two distinct developmental phases linked to the host cell cycle. Stage I epixenosomes are spherical, 0.5 μm in diameter and are surrounded by two membranes. They divide by direct binary fission. Stage II epixenosomes are egg-shaped (2.2 μm in length and 1 μm in width) and show complex organization with different cytoplasmic compartments, more complicated than the majority of prokaryotic organisms. They contain an extrusive apparatus within a proteinaceous matrix, although apparently not membrane-bound, which differs from the remaining cytoplasm. A functional cell compartmentalization has also been evidenced.
Their phylogenetic position was originally unclear, because they appeared to have both prokaryote-like traits, such as binary fission, and eukaryote-like traits, such as intracellular membranes. However, molecular phylogenetics showed that they are actually bacteria from the phylum Verrucomicrobiota.
Defensive symbiosis with Euplotidium
Epixenosomes live on the dorsal surface of their hosts, marine ciliates in the genus Euplotidium. The name "epixenosomes" comes from the ancient Greek , meaning "external alien body", referring to their extracellular position on the host. The extrusive apparatus ejects its contents when triggered; this process helps to defend the ciliate host against predators. Although Euplotidium can grow and reproduce without epixenosomes, those with epixenosomes have much higher survival when exposed to predators such as the ciliate Litonotus.
External signals of unknown origin are detected by the membrane receptors located at the top of the organism. The consequent activation of the aden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmealSearch | SmealSearch (now BizSeer) was a web portal, search engine and digital library for academic business documents that was originally hosted at the defunct eBusiness Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. It was based on the CiteSeer digital library and search engine technology. Due to lack of support, it moved to the College of Information Sciences and Technology and became BizSeer. It was enhanced and modified by many including Lee Giles (project manager), Yang Sun (technical lead), Sandip Debnath, Isaac Councill, Arvind Rangaswamy, Nirmal Pal, Yves Petinot and Pradeep Teregowda.
BizSeer's goal was to intelligently crawl and harvest academic business documents on the web and use autonomous citation indexing to permit querying by citation or by document. Currently, it was publicly available on the World Wide Web at the College of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University, and has over 150,000 documents, primarily in the fields of business, and related areas. The goal was to have the document collection continuously grow. BizSeer harvested business school information from the web and created a large database of business schools from around the world. BizSeer's goals were to assist students, professors, researchers and others with business related research and other information needs.
BizSeer, formerly SmealSearch, grew from and consumed a similar search engine, eBizSearch, designed to harvest and index academic documents related to e-business. Currently, BizSeer is no longer supported.
See also
CiteSeerX
CiteSeer
Citebase
Google Scholar
Scopus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persillade | Persillade () is a sauce or seasoning mixture of parsley () chopped together with seasonings including garlic, herbs, oil, and vinegar.
In its simplest form, just parsley and garlic, it is a common ingredient in many dishes, part of a sauté cook's mise en place. If added early in cooking, it becomes mellow, but when it is added at the end of cooking or as a garnish, it provides a garlicky jolt. It is extensively used in French and French-influenced cuisines, as well as in Cajun, Louisiana Creole, and Québécois cuisines.
A classic French and Quebec bistro dish is pommes persillade, cubed potatoes fried in a small amount of oil, with persillade added at the end of the cooking, and can sometimes be combined with Quebec poutine to produce a hybrid dish called poutine persillade. Persillade is also popular in Louisiana; New Orleans chef Austin Leslie's signature dish was fried chicken with persillade.
Variations
There are many variations, either adding other ingredients or substituting other herbs, such as bay leaf, oregano, basil, or tarragon, for the parsley. Combined with bread crumbs, it is used as crust for roasted veal or lamb chops. The addition of lemon zest creates gremolata, a traditional garnish for braised lamb shanks. Anchovy is a common addition in Provençal cooking. A small amount of olive oil is often added to persillade to make it easier to use.
See also
Gremolata
Chimichurri
Green sauce
List of garlic dishes
Pesto
Pistou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie%20Rights | Indie Rights, Inc. is an American distributor of independent films, based in Los Angeles, California. Indie Rights is a subsidiary of Nelson Madison Films and was incorporated in 2007 to act as distributor for other independent filmmakers. The corporation began as a private MySpace group where the makers of independent films could get information about the changing face of film distribution; founders Linda Nelson and Michael Madison created Indie Rights so that distribution contracts could be signed by a legal entity. The corporation distributes films largely through video on demand services, though more recently it has overseen such theatrical releases as We Are Kings and Fray, both in 2014.
Nelson Madison Films has produced three features: Bigger Than Live (2002), Shifted (2006) and Delivered (2011).
History
Background
Linda Nelson is a former investment banker and computer systems analyst based in Los Angeles since 1980; Michael Madison moved there in 1999 from Duncanville, Texas, to work as an actor and film producer. They first partnered in 2000 to create and distribute the NSYNC concert film Bigger Than Live for IMAX theaters. In 2003, they formed their own company with the goal of making independent features using local talent. Madison acts and handles writing, producing and directing duties; Nelson writes and produces while developing distribution plans for other filmmakers.
Lawsuit and recovery
Bigger Than Live broke even during its theatrical run, but Nelson and Madison "failed to tie up the necessary rights in our initial contract" and lost home video distribution in a lawsuit that shut down their production office. They moved into "more humble digs" and tried again with the crime thriller Shifted, learning the ins and outs of distribution while attending film festivals. Nelson soon discovered that the chances of getting a film seen at a major festival such as Sundance or Cannes without having connections in the industry "are slim to nothing." The com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular%20filtration%20rate | Renal functions include maintaining an acid–base balance; regulating fluid balance; regulating sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Glomerular filtration rate describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. The creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine. Both GFR and CCr may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result (eGFR and eCCr) The results of these tests are used to assess the excretory function of the kidneys. Staging of chronic kidney disease is based on categories of GFR as well as albuminuria and cause of kidney disease.
The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90–120 mL/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 mL/min/1.73 m2 until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by 0.4–1.2 mL/min per year.
Estimated GFR (eGFR) is now recommended by clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies for routine evaluation of GFR whereas measured GFR (mGFR) is recommended as a confirmatory test when more accurate assessment is required.
Definition
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracut%20%28software%29 | Dracut is a set of tools that provide enhanced functionality for automating the Linux boot process. The tool named is used to create a Linux boot image (initramfs) by copying tools and files from an installed system and combining it with the Dracut framework, which is usually found in .
Unlike existing Linux boot images, the Dracut framework attempts to introduce as little hard-coded logic into the initramfs as possible. The initramfs has essentially one purpose: locating and mounting the real root file system so that the boot process can transition to it. This functionality is dependent on device availability. Therefore, instead of having hard-coded scripts to determine device availability and suitability, Dracut's initramfs depends on the Linux device manager (udev) to create symbolic links to device nodes. When the root file system's device node appears, Dracut mounts it as the new root file system. This helps to minimize the time required in initramfs so that things like a 5-second boot are now made possible.
Most of the initramfs generation functionality in Dracut is provided by generator modules that are sourced by the main tool to install specific functionality into the initramfs. They live in the modules subdirectory, and use functionality provided by dracut-functions to do their work.
Currently, dracut supports booting from ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, ISO_9660, DM RAID, MD RAID, LVM2, device mapper multipath I/O, dm-crypt, cifs, FCoE, iSCSI, NBD and NFS.
Adoption
Red Hat is the original author of dracut. Red Hat-derived Linux distributions use dracut for initramfs creation. Use outside Red Hat-derived distributions is limited.
Fedora Linux since version 12, Constantine
Red Hat Enterprise Linux since version 6
openSUSE since version 13.2, when it became the default initramfs creation tool
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server since version 12
Void Linux
OpenMandriva Lx, since it was Mandriva Linux in 2011
Mageia since Mageia 2
Gentoo for distribution kerne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20decimal | In computers, a serial decimal numeric representation is one in which ten bits are reserved for each digit, with a different bit turned on depending on which of the ten possible digits is intended. ENIAC and CALDIC used this representation.
See also
Bit-serial architecture
Digit-serial architecture
1-of-10 code
One-hot code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibroscope | Vibroscope ( 'vibrate' + scope) is an instrument for observing and tracing (and sometimes recording) vibration.
For example, a primitive mechanical vibroscope consists of a vibrating object with a pointy end which leaves a wave trace on a smoked surface of a rotating cylinder.
Vibroscopes are used to study properties of substances. For examples, polymers' torsional modulus and Young's modulus may be determined by vibrating the polymers and measuring their frequency of vibration under certain external forces. Similar approach works to determine linear density of thread-shaped objects, such as fibers, filaments, and yarn.
Vibroscopes are also used to study sound in different areas of the mouth during speech.
Jean-Marie Duhamel published about an early recording device he called a vibroscope in 1843. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20vestigiality | In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones. In some cases, structures once identified as vestigial simply had an unrecognized function. Vestigial organs are sometimes called rudimentary organs. Many human characteristics are also vestigial in other primates and related animals.
History
Charles Darwin listed a number of putative human vestigial features, which he termed rudimentary, in The Descent of Man (1871). These included the muscles of the ear; wisdom teeth; the appendix; the tail bone; body hair; and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. Darwin also commented on the sporadic nature of many vestigial features, particularly musculature. Making reference to the work of the anatomist William Turner, Darwin highlighted a number of sporadic muscles which he identified as vestigial remnants of the panniculus carnosus, particularly the sternalis muscle.
In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published The Structure of Man, a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. This book contained a list of 86 human organs that he considered vestigial, or as Wiedersheim himself explained: "Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial." His list of supposedly vestigial organs included many of the examples on this page as well as others then mistakenly believed to be purely vestigial, such as the pineal gland, the thymus gland, and the pituitary gland. Some of these organs that had lost their obvious, original functions later turned out to have retained functions that had gone unrecognized before the discovery of hormones or many o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbundled%20network%20element | Unbundled network elements (UNEs) are a requirement mandated by the United States Telecommunications Act of 1996. They are the parts of the telecommunications network that the incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) are required to offer on an unbundled basis. Together, these parts make up a local loop that connects to a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), a voice switch or both. The loop allows non-facilities-based telecommunications providers to deliver service without having to lay network infrastructure such as copper wire, optical fiber, and coaxial cable.
UNE-Platform
A UNE-Platform (or UNE-P) is a combination of UNEs that allow end-to-end service delivery without any facilities. Despite not involving any CLEC facilities, a UNE-P still requires facilities-based certification from the Public Utilities Commission to deliver services.
Availability
In Telecommunications Act of 1996 sections 251(c)(3), incumbent local exchange carriers (LECs) are required to lease certain parts of their network specified by the FCC or by state PUCs. According to section 252(d)(1), these network elements must be provided on an unbundled basis at cost-based rates.
FCC orders
In the UNE Remand Order issued on November 5, 1999, the FCC specified the UNE to which a competitor must be provided access: "the 'loops' that connect the switches to end users, including high-capacity loops; the switches (with some exceptions), the transport facilities between switches and other networks, and the software needed to operate the telephone network".
In the Line Sharing Orders (Line Sharing Order, 14 FCC Rcd at 20951), the LECs are required to unbundle the high-frequency portion of the loop of DSL.
However, both the UNE Remand Order and the Line Sharing Orders were remanded by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in United States Telecom Association v. FCC (290 F.3d 415), decided on May 24, 2002; the Line Sharing Orders were vacated. The court concluded that the FCC had not consi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLYCAM1 | Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues. It is the ligand for the receptor L-selectin allowing for naive lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream into lymphoid tissues.
GLYCAM1 binds to L-selectin by presenting one or more O-linked carbohydrates to the lectin domain of the leukocyte cell surface selectin.
Data suggests that GLYCAM1 is a hormone-regulated milk protein that is part of the milk mucin complex.
GlyCAM-1 is expressed exclusively on high endothelial venules. It is unclear how GlyCAM-1 is attached to the membrane as it lacks a transmembrane region.
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT2 | Kv7.2 (KvLQT2) is a voltage- and lipid-gated potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ2.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.
Function
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and a related protein encoded by the KCNQ3 gene, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 1 (BFNC), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 1 (EBN1). At least five transcript variants encoding five different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Ligands
ICA-069673: channel opener at KCNQ2/Q3, 20-fold selective over KCNQ3/Q5, no measurable activity against a panel of cardiac ion channels (hERG, Nav1.5, L type channels, and KCNQ1) and no activity on GABAA gated channels at 10 μM. A range of related benzamides exhibited activity, of which compound number 40 is shown here.
ML252: channel inhibitor, IC50 = 70nM.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20lobing | Acoustic lobing refers to the radiation pattern of a combination of two or more loudspeaker drivers at a certain frequency, as seen looking at the speaker from its side. In most multi-way speakers, it is at the crossover frequency that the effects of lobing are of greatest concern, since this determines how well the speaker preserves the tonality of the original recorded content.
In practice, room-effects and interactions largely mean that the ideal loudspeaker (or combination thereof) is not practically possible. However a speaker that has the best dispersion at all frequencies of interest (especially the crossover frequency), will have the least colouration of sound - i.e., it will most faithfully reproduce the recorded material. Thus, an ideal speaker would have no lobes at all frequencies - in other words it will act as a point source radiating omnidirectionally at all frequencies. In practice all speakers will exhibit some amount of lobing at the crossover frequency. The primary reasons for this are the physical distance between the drivers, and the drivers' effective diameters relative to the frequency of interest.
Lobing is measured as having a comb filtering response (i.e., areas of peaks and dips) as the listening position varies vertically‡ w.r.t. the nominal on-axis position. Since a true spherical wavefront cannot be achieved in practice, designers try to make the lobe as wide as possible at the crossover frequency, such that at typical listening positions, the speaker appears omnidirectional.
Lobe formation
For the sake of simplicity, the following assumes two point sources separated by a distance d vertically‡, both radiating into half-space at a certain frequency f. Thus we can express lobing as a function of d and its relation to the wavelength λ. As d becomes significant (or larger) as compared to λ, the acoustic wavefront starts becoming narrower or more directive.
The following image shows a simplified representation of how two non-coincident |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid%20receptor | The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ(mu)-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist is morphine, the primary psychoactive alkaloid in opium and for which the receptor was named, with mu being the first letter of Morpheus, the compound's namesake in the original Greek. It is an inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor that activates the Gi alpha subunit, inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity, lowering cAMP levels.
Structure
The structure of the inactive μ-opioid receptor has been determined with the antagonists β-FNA and alvimopan. Many structures of the active state are also available, with agonists including DAMGO, β-endorphin, fentanyl and morphine. The structure with the agonist BU72 has the highest resolution, but contains unexplained features that may be experimental artifacts. This large body of evidence has enabled structure-based design of a new class of opioids with functional selectivity.
Splice variants
Three variants of the μ-opioid receptor are well characterized, though reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction has identified up to 10 total splice variants in humans.
Location
They can exist either presynaptically or postsynaptically depending upon cell types.
The μ-opioid receptors exist mostly presynaptically in the periaqueductal gray region, and in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord (specifically the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando). Other areas where they have been located include the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the nucleus accumbens, in several layers of the cerebral cortex, and in some of the nuclei of the amygdala, as well as the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Some MORs are also found in the intestinal tract. Activation of these receptors inhibits peristaltic action which causes constipation, a major side effect of μ agonists.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont%20Danisco | DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC is a 50/50 joint venture between DuPont and Genencor, a subsidiary of Danisco. The company is accelerating development and deployment of cellulosic ethanol, which is made from non-food biomass. DDCE plans to license its technology and also will engage in limited operations of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries.
The company's collaborations include work with Genera Energy and the University of Tennessee Research Foundation DDCE has constructed a demonstration-scale biorefinery and research and development facility for cellulosic ethanol in Vonore, Tennessee. The plant went into operation at the end of 2009.
DDCE was founded in 2008, but was eventually dissolved in 2011 due to the acquisition of Danisco by DuPont. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%E2%80%93Fahroo%20pseudospectral%20method | Introduced by I. Michael Ross and F. Fahroo, the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods are a broad collection of pseudospectral methods for optimal control. Examples of the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods are the pseudospectral knotting method, the flat pseudospectral method, the Legendre-Gauss-Radau pseudospectral method and pseudospectral methods for infinite-horizon optimal control.
Overview
The Ross–Fahroo methods are based on shifted Gaussian pseudospectral node points. The shifts are obtained by means of a linear or nonlinear transformation while the Gaussian pseudospectral points are chosen from a collection of Gauss-Lobatto or Gauss-Radau distribution arising from Legendre or Chebyshev polynomials. The Gauss-Lobatto pseudospectral points are used for finite-horizon optimal control problems while the Gauss-Radau pseudospectral points are used for infinite-horizon optimal control problems.
Mathematical applications
The Ross–Fahroo methods are founded on the Ross–Fahroo lemma; they can be applied to optimal control problems governed by differential equations, differential-algebraic equations, differential inclusions, and differentially-flat systems. They can also be applied to infinite-horizon optimal control problems by a simple domain transformation technique.
The Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods also form the foundations for the Bellman pseudospectral method.
Flight applications and awards
The Ross–Fahroo methods have been implemented in many practical applications and laboratories around the world. In 2006, NASA used the Ross–Fahroo method to implement the "zero propellant maneuver" on board the International Space Station.
In recognition of all these advances, the AIAA presented Ross and Fahroo, the 2010 Mechanics and Control of Flight Award, for "... changing the landscape of flight mechanics." Ross was also elected AAS Fellow for "his pioneering contributions to pseudospectral optimal control."
Distinctive features
A remarkable feature of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath%E2%80%93Jarrow%E2%80%93Morton%20framework | The Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) framework is a general framework to model the evolution of interest rate curves – instantaneous forward rate curves in particular (as opposed to simple forward rates). When the volatility and drift of the instantaneous forward rate are assumed to be deterministic, this is known as the Gaussian Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) model of forward rates. For direct modeling of simple forward rates the Brace–Gatarek–Musiela model represents an example.
The HJM framework originates from the work of David Heath, Robert A. Jarrow, and Andrew Morton in the late 1980s, especially Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1987) – working paper, Cornell University, and Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology (1989) – working paper (revised ed.), Cornell University. It has its critics, however, with Paul Wilmott describing it as "...actually just a big rug for [mistakes] to be swept under".
Framework
The key to these techniques is the recognition that the drifts of the no-arbitrage evolution of certain variables can be expressed as functions of their volatilities and the correlations among themselves. In other words, no drift estimation is needed.
Models developed according to the HJM framework are different from the so-called short-rate models in the sense that HJM-type models capture the full dynamics of the entire forward rate curve, while the short-rate models only capture the dynamics of a point on the curve (the short rate).
However, models developed according to the general HJM framework are often non-Markovian and can even have infinite dimensions. A number of researchers have made great contributions to tackle this problem. They show that if the volatility structure of the forward rates satisfy certain conditions, then an HJM model can be expressed entirely by a finite state Markovian system, making it computationally feasible. Examples include a one-factor, two state model (O. Ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/1.1%20Upgrade%20header | The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1. In the exchange, the client begins by making a cleartext request, which is later upgraded to a newer HTTP protocol version or switched to a different protocol. A connection upgrade must be requested by the client; if the server wants to enforce an upgrade it may send a 426 Upgrade Required response. The client can then send a new request with the appropriate upgrade headers while keeping the connection open.
Use with TLS
One use is to begin a request on the normal HTTP port but switch to Transport Layer Security (TLS). In practice such use is rare, with HTTPS being a far more common way to initiate encrypted HTTP.
The server returns a 426 status code to alert legacy clients that the failure was client-related (400 level codes indicate a client failure).
This method for establishing a secure connection is advantageous because it:
Does not require messy and problematic URL redirection on the server side;
Enables virtual hosting of secured websites (although HTTPS also allows this using Server Name Indication); and
Reduces the potential for user confusion by providing a single way to access a particular resource.
If the same resources are available from the server via both encrypted secure means and unencrypted clear means, a man-in-the-middle may maintain an unencrypted and unauthenticated connection with the client while maintaining an encrypted connection with the server.
Disadvantages of this method include:
The client cannot specify the requirement for a secure HTTP in the URI (though the client can require such via the upgrade negotiation); and
Since HTTP is defined on a hop basis, HTTP tunneling may be required to bypass proxy servers.
Use with WebSocket
WebSocket also uses this mechanism to set up a connection with a HTTP server in a compatible way. The WebSocket Protocol has two parts: a handshake to establish the upgraded connection, then the actual data transfer. First, a cli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20oscillator | A parametric oscillator is a driven harmonic oscillator in which the oscillations are driven by varying some parameters of the system at some frequencies, typically different from the natural frequency of the oscillator. A simple example of a parametric oscillator is a child pumping a playground swing by periodically standing and squatting to increase the size of the swing's oscillations. The child's motions vary the moment of inertia of the swing as a pendulum. The "pump" motions of the child must be at twice the frequency of the swing's oscillations. Examples of parameters that may be varied are the oscillator's resonance frequency and damping .
Parametric oscillators are used in several areas of physics. The classical varactor parametric oscillator consists of a semiconductor varactor diode connected to a resonant circuit or cavity resonator. It is driven by varying the diode's capacitance by applying a varying bias voltage. The circuit that varies the diode's capacitance is called the "pump" or "driver". In microwave electronics, waveguide/YAG-based parametric oscillators operate in the same fashion. Another important example is the optical parametric oscillator, which converts an input laser light wave into two output waves of lower frequency ().
When operated at pump levels below oscillation, the parametric oscillator can amplify a signal, forming a parametric amplifier (paramp). Varactor parametric amplifiers were developed as low-noise amplifiers in the radio and microwave frequency range. The advantage of a parametric amplifier is that it has much lower noise than an amplifier based on a gain device like a transistor or vacuum tube. This is because in the parametric amplifier a reactance is varied instead of a (noise-producing) resistance. They are used in very low noise radio receivers in radio telescopes and spacecraft communication antennas.
Parametric resonance occurs in a mechanical system when a system is parametrically excited and oscillates at o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamda%20Koor%20Sabra | Gamda Koor, also known as Sabra was an Israeli diecast toy company that specialized in 1:43 scale cars. Most of these seem to have been original offerings, not seen elsewhere and not secondary tooling. The toy company Cragstan marketed Gamda Sabras as "Detroit Sr." for the American Market.
Company name
Gamda was a toy brand name of the parent firm Habonim in Kibbutz Kfar HaNassi (Village of the President) located in Northern Israel, north of the Sea of Galilee and just adjacent to the border to the Golan Heights. The name 'Gamda' means 'midget' or 'dwarf' in Hebrew (thus 'Midget' toys). In the 1967 Six Day War with Syria the factory was damaged and repairs were needed – production soon resumed. Koor was a company name added later (see next section). The latter name 'Sabra' was applied to the mid-1960s diecast line of mostly American cars and was a uniquely nationalistic Israeli concept. This word for cactus signifies an Israeli Jew born anywhere in the historical land of Palestine. It is interesting that the name Sabra was also given to the Israeli real car brand from the mid-1960s. Thus the toy brand Gamda Sabra could be translated as "Israeli-born midget toys".
History
In 1962, the company started recasting old British D.C.M.T. (Lone Star Toys) dies of tractors, trucks and military vehicles. Gamda vehicles were produced in two series – transport (Jeepsters, Daimler, an American Buick, Ford Prefect, a Standard Vanguard delivery truck, buses, milk trucks, petrol tankers, etc.) or military (Jeeps, tanks, trucks, and trailers, etc.). One of the more popularly seen was a wheeled tank / armored car. One early Gamda offering that has become in demand is a bus in the livery of the Egged Ta'avura Cooperative, which was the main transportation agency in Israel. The bus has been known to sell for more than $1,000.
In about 1966, Gamda partnered with another firm, Koor, which was owned by the Histradrut, the Israeli trade union. This formed a company called Gamda Koor Expo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20class | Energy class – also called energy class K or K-class , and denoted by K (from the Russian класс) – is a measure of the force or magnitude of local and regional earthquakes used in countries of the former Soviet Union, and Cuba and Mongolia. K is nominally the logarithm of seismic energy (in Joules) radiated by an earthquake, as expressed in the formula K = log ES. Values of K in the range of 12 to 15 correspond approximately to the range of 4.5 to 6 in other magnitude scales; a magnitude 6.0 quake will register between 13 and 14.5 on various K-class scales.
The energy class system was developed by seismologists of the Soviet Tadzhikskaya Complex [Interdisciplinary] Seismological Expedition established in the remote Garm (Tajikistan) region of Central Asia in 1954 after several devastating earthquakes in that area.
The Garm region is one of the most seismically active regions of the former Soviet Union, with up to 5,000 earthquakes per year. The volume of processing needed, and the rudimentary state of seismological equipment and methods at that time, led the expedition workers to develop new equipment and methods. V. I. Bune is credited with developing a scale based on an earthquake's seismic energy, although S. L. Solov'ev seems to have made major contributions. (In contrast to the "Richter" and other magnitude scales developed by Western seismologists, which estimate the magnitude from the amplitude of some portion of the seismic waves generated, an indirect measure of seismic energy.)
However, proper estimation of ES requires more sophisticated tools than were available at the time, and Bune's method was unworkable. A more practical revision was presented by T. G. Rautian in 1958 and 1960; by 1961 K-class was being used across the USSR. A key change was to estimate ES on the basis of peak amplitude of the seismic waves – particularly, the sum of maximum P-wave and maximum S-wave – within the first three seconds. As a result, K-class became a kind of local magn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20auxiliary%20service | A broadcast auxiliary service or BAS is any radio frequency system used by a radio station or TV station, which is not part of its direct broadcast to listeners or viewers. These are essentially internal-use backhaul channels not intended for actual reception by the public, but part of the airchain required to get those signals back to the broadcast studio from the field. usually to be integrated into a live production.
Examples include:
studio/transmitter link (STL)
transmitter/studio link (TSL)
remote pickup unit (RPU)
electronic news gathering (ENG)
Several of these bands exist, but the most frequently used band is the 2 GHz microwave BAS band for point-to-point transmission from mobile newsgathering units to mountaintop receivers.
Seven 12-MHz wide channels exist in the band. In North America, DVB-T, precisely the same modulation technique as European Broadcast, is used, using a constellation of QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM, enabling sufficient digital bandwidths at 6 MHz deviation for transmission of an MPEG transport stream at 10 or more megabits per second, producing three "lower", "center", and "upper" overlapping 6 MHz channels within each 12 MHz channel.
2 GHz relocation
In the United States between 2005 and 2010, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moved TV channels in the 2 GHz TV BAS band at the request of Sprint Nextel, so that it could use a portion which was adjacent to PCS frequencies it already uses. The report and order resulting from this rulemaking specified that Sprint/Nextel must pay for every TV station using the band to buy and install new BAS equipment to work in the new band structure.
Previously, there had been seven analog TV channels, each 17 or 18 MHz wide, between 1990 and 2110 MHz. The new allocation created seven digital TV channels, each 12 MHz wide, from 2025.5 to 2109.5 MHz. (There was also a "narrowed in place" bandplan used as an interim measure, as the two bands overlap.)
Begun in 2005, the relocation was 94% complet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K27ac | H3K27ac is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates acetylation of the lysine residue at N-terminal position 27 of the histone H3 protein.
H3K27ac is associated with the higher activation of transcription and therefore defined as an active enhancer mark. H3K27ac is found at both proximal and distal regions of transcription start site (TSS).
Lysine acetylation and deacetylation
Proteins are typically acetylated on lysine residues, and the acetylation reaction relies on acetyl-coenzyme A as the acetyl group donor.
In histone acetylation and deacetylation, histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. Typically, these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, although HATs and HDACs can modify the acetylation status of non-histone proteins as well.
The regulation of transcription factors, effector proteins, molecular chaperones, and cytoskeletal proteins by acetylation and deacetylation is a significant post-translational regulatory mechanism These regulatory mechanisms are analogous to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by the action of kinases and phosphatases. Not only can the acetylation state of a protein modify its activity, but there has been a recent suggestion that this post-translational modification may also crosstalk with phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and others for dynamic control of cellular signaling.
In the field of epigenetics, histone acetylation (and deacetylation) have been shown to be important mechanisms in the regulation of gene transcription. Histones, however, are not the only proteins regulated by post-translational acetylation.
Nomenclature
H3K27ac indicates acetylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 protein subunit:
Histone modifications
The genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20isomerase | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( ) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19.
This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). Extracellularly, the encoded protein (also referred to as neuroleukin) functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. The encoded protein is also referred to as autocrine motility factor (AMF) based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor. Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
Structure
Functional GPI is a 64-kDa dimer composed of two identical monomers. The two monomers interact notably through the two protrusions in a hugging embrace. The active site of each monomer is formed by a cleft between the two domains and the dimer interface.
GPI monomers are made of two domains, one made of two separate segments called the large domain and the other made of the segment in between called the small domain. The two domains are each αβα sandwiches, with the small domain containing a five-strand β-sheet surrounded by α-helices while the large domain has a six-stranded β-sheet. The large domain, located at the N-terminal, and the C-terminal of each monomer also contain "arm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinated%20brown%20rice | Germinated brown rice (GBR; , ) is unpolished brown rice that has been allowed to germinate to improve the flavor and texture, and to increase levels of nutrients such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It has been found that germinated grains in general have nutritional advantages. The rice is used in Japanese and Korean cuisine.
Cooked germinated brown rice is softer and less chewy than plain brown rice—it is more acceptable to children in particular—and has additional nutritional advantages.
Germinated brown rice is produced by soaking for 4–20 hours in warm water (or longer at lower temperature), changing water a few times if some smell develops, and rinsing before cooking. This stimulates germination, which activates various enzymes in the rice. By this method, it is possible to obtain a more complete amino acid profile, including GABA.
Although GBR is readily prepared at home, in Japan from 1995 it is sold ready-germinated at a higher price than ordinary rice. In 2004 about 15,000 tonnes were sold, to a value of about ¥15b.
See also
Germinated wheat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliot | Wiliot is a startup company developing Internet of Things technology for supply-chains and asset management, founded in 2017 and based in Caesarea, Israel, with customer operations in San Diego, US.
Wiliot develops battery-free printable sensor tags to monitor products like groceries, apparel and pharmaceuticals from their sources to stores and homes. The company's business model is to sell the use of its cloud software.
History
Wiliot was founded in 2017 by Tal Tamir, Yaron Elboim, and Alon Yehezkely, following the sales of their previous startup Wilocity to Qualcomm in 2014.
In 2019, Williot closed a $30 million series B round of funding from Amazon, Avery Dennison, Samsung and its previous series A investors Norwest Venture Partners, 83North Venture Capital, Grove Ventures, Qualcomm Ventures, and M Ventures. Other early investors include PepsiCo, NTT Docomo Ventures, and Vintage Investment Partners.
In 2021 Wiliot raised $200 million in a series C funding round lead by SoftBank Vision Fund 2 and backed by all previous investors.
Technology
Wiliot’s tags, called IoT Pixels, are a postage stamp-sized printed computer that powers itself by harvesting the energy from surrounding Wi-Fi, cellular and Bluetooth radio signals. The IoT Pixel tags have sensors for temperature, fill level, motion, location changes, humidity, and proximity. The tags cost less than 10 cents a piece.
The IoT Pixel includes an ARM Cortex-M0+ processor core, Bluetooth Low Energy connectivity, 1 kB of non-volatile memory, and antennas for Bluetooth and energy harvesting. Dual-band models include connectivity in the ISM bands.
In June 2022, Wiliot launched a business card-sized battery-assisted version of the IoT Pixel providing continuous connectivity.
Data from the sensors is fed into a Wiliot Cloud server, where algorithms help its customers make decisions through a software as a service subscription.
As of 2022, Wiliot is the assignee of 66 patents that relate to harvesting energy fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001%20%28number%29 | 1001 is the natural number following 1000 and followed by 1002.
In mathematics
One thousand and one is a sphenic number, a pentagonal number, a pentatope number and the first four-digit palindromic number. Scheherazade numbers always have 1001 as a factor.
Divisibility by 7, 11 and 13
Two properties of 1001 are the basis of a divisibility test for 7, 11 and 13. The method is along the same lines as the divisibility rule for 11 using the property 10 ≡ -1 (mod 11). The two properties of 1001 are
1001 = 7 × 11 × 13 in prime factors
103 ≡ -1 (mod 1001)
The method simultaneously tests for divisibility by any of the factors of 1001. First, the digits of the number being tested are grouped in blocks of three. The odd numbered groups are summed. The sum of the even numbered groups is then subtracted from the sum of the odd numbered groups. The test number is divisible by 7, 11 or 13 iff the result of the summation is divisible by 7, 11 or 13 respectively.
Example:
Number under test, N = 22 872 563 219
Sum of odd groups, So = 219 + 872 = 1091
Sum of even groups, Se = 563 + 22 = 585
Total sum, S = So - Se = 1091 - 585 = 506
506 = 46 × 11
Since 506 is divisible by 11 then N is also divisible by 11. If the total sum is still too large to conveniently test for divisibility, and is longer than three digits, then the algorithm can be repeated to obtain a smaller number.
In other fields
In The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, Scheherazade tells her husband the king a new story every night for 1,001 nights, staving off her execution. From this, 1001 is sometimes used as a generic term for "a very large number", starting with a large number (1000) and going beyond it:
1001 uses for...
1001 ways to...
In Arabic, this is usually phrased as "one thousand things and one thing", e.g.:
The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in Arabic Alf layla wa layla (), literally "One thousand nights and a night".
1001 was the name of a popular British detergent in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odious%20number | In number theory, an odious number is a positive integer that has an odd number of 1s in its binary expansion. Non-negative integers that are not odious are called evil numbers.
In computer science, an odious number is said to have odd parity.
Examples
The first odious numbers are:
Properties
If denotes the th odious number (with ), then for all , .
Every positive integer has an odious multiple that is at most . The numbers for which this bound is tight are exactly the Mersenne numbers with even exponents, the numbers of the form , such as 3, 15, 63, etc. For these numbers, the smallest odious multiple is exactly .
Related sequences
The odious numbers give the positions of the nonzero values in the Thue–Morse sequence. Every power of two is odious, because its binary expansion has only one nonzero bit. Except for 3, every Mersenne prime is odious, because its binary expansion consists of an odd prime number of consecutive nonzero bits.
Non-negative integers that are not odious are called evil numbers. The partition of the non-negative integers into the odious and evil numbers is the unique partition of these numbers into two sets that have equal multisets of pairwise sums. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEPS%20effect | The PEPS Effect (Photoelectochemical Photocurrent Switching) is a phenomenon seen in semiconducting electrodes. It is defined as switching of photocurrent polarity on changes in photoelectrode potential and/or incident light wavelength.
Konrad Szaciłowski and Wojciech Macyk were the first to describe it in their publication in 2006. The discovered phenomenon opens a wide variety of applications in construction of switches, logic gates and sensors based on chemical systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%20%28system%20call%29 | In modern POSIX compliant operating systems, a program that needs to access data from a file stored in a file system uses the read system call. The file is identified by a file descriptor that is normally obtained from a previous call to open. This system call reads in data in bytes, the number of which is specified by the caller, from the file and stores then into a buffer supplied by the calling process.
The read system call takes three arguments:
The file descriptor of the file.
the buffer where the read data is to be stored and
the number of bytes to be read from the file.
POSIX usage
The read system call interface is standardized by the POSIX specification. Data from a file is read by calling the read function:
ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
The value returned is the number of bytes read (zero indicates end of file) and the file position is advanced by this number. It is not an error if this number is smaller than the number of bytes requested; this may happen for example because fewer bytes are actually available right now (maybe because we were close to end-of-file, or because we are reading from a pipe, or from a terminal), or because the system call was interrupted by a signal.
Alternatively, -1 is returned when an error occurs, in such a case errno is set appropriately and further it is left unspecified whether the file position (if any) changes.
See also
write (system call) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20quantum%20number | In physics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number (designated ) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of an electron or other particle. It has the same value for all particles of the same type, such as = for all electrons. It is an integer for all bosons, such as photons, and a half-odd-integer for all fermions, such as electrons and protons. The component of the spin along a specified axis is given by the spin magnetic quantum number, conventionally written . The value of is the component of spin angular momentum, in units of the reduced Planck constant , parallel to a given direction (conventionally labelled the –axis). It can take values ranging from + to − in integer increments. For an electron, can be either or .
The phrase spin quantum number was originally used to describe the fourth of a set of quantum numbers (the principal quantum number , the azimuthal quantum number , the magnetic quantum number , and the spin magnetic quantum number ), which completely describe the quantum state of an electron in an atom.
Some introductory chemistry textbooks describe as the spin quantum number, and is not mentioned since its value is a fixed property of the electron, sometimes using the variable in place of . Some authors discourage this usage as it causes confusion. At a more advanced level where quantum mechanical operators or coupled spins are introduced, is referred to as the spin quantum number, and is described as the spin magnetic quantum number or as the -component of spin .
Spin quantum numbers apply also to systems of coupled spins, such as atoms that may contain more than one electron. Capitalized symbols are used: for the total electronic spin, and or for the -axis component. A pair of electrons in a spin singlet state has = 0, and a pair in the triplet state has = 1, with = −1, 0, or +1. Nuclear-spin quantum numbers are conventionally written for spin, and or for the -axis com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80%20Model%20II | The TRS-80 Model II is a computer system launched by Tandy in October 1979, and targeted at the small-business market. It is not an upgrade of the original TRS-80 Model I, but a new system.
The Model II was succeeded by the compatible TRS-80 Model 12, Model 16, Model 16B, and the Tandy 6000.
Model II
Background
Tandy was surprised at the strong demand for the TRS-80 Model I from business purchasers. The computer was too limited for such use, so the company began development on the Model II in late 1978. It was announced in May 1979, deliveries began in October, and only Tandy-owned Radio Shack stores sold the computer. Tandy advertised the Model II as "a business computer — not a hobby, 'home' or personal computer". It claimed that the computer was "ideal for a small business, and also 'just right' for many time-consuming jobs within larger businesses", including those with mainframes or minicomputers. The base single disk version was , and a four disk version was .
Hardware
As a professional business machine, the Model II used state-of-the-art hardware and had numerous features not found in the primitive Model I such as the high-speed (for the time) 4 MHz Z80A, DMA, vectored interrupts, a detachable keyboard with two function keys and numeric keypad, and port instead of memory-mapped I/O. It sported 80x25 text and a single-sided 500 KB 8" floppy drive, and either 32 or 64k of RAM, along with two RS-232 ports and a Centronics-standard parallel port. The video memory could be banked out of Z80 memory, so that the entire 64 KB address space could be used for main memory. Unlike most computers, it had no BIOS ROM except a small boot loader (the BIOS was loaded off the boot floppy). Because of this and the use of port I/O, almost all of the Model II's memory could be used by software. The Model II ran the TRSDOS operating system (renamed to TRSDOS-II starting with version 4.0) and BASIC. The different disk format and system architecture made it impossible to run Mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mammals%20that%20perform%20mass%20migrations | Mass migrations take place, or used to take place, by the following mammals:
Africa:
Hartebeest
Springbok
Black wildebeest
Blue wildebeest
Blesbok
Tiang
Burchell's zebra
Quagga (extinct)
Thompson's gazelle
Mongalla gazelle
White-eared kob
Grant's gazelle
Scimitar-horned oryx
Giant eland
North America:
Pronghorn
Mule deer
Bison
Wapiti
Mexican free-tailed bat
North America and Eurasia:
Reindeer/caribou
Eurasia:
Siberian roe deer
Chiru
Kulan
Mongolian gazelle
Saiga
Of these migrations, those of the springbok, black wildebeest, blesbok, scimitar-horned oryx, and kulan have ceased. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Link%20Protocol | Radio Link Protocol (RLP) is an automatic repeat request (ARQ) fragmentation protocol used over a wireless (typically cellular) air interface. Most wireless air interfaces are tuned to provide 1% packet loss, and most Vocoders are mutually tuned to sacrifice very little voice quality at 1% packet loss. However, 1% packet loss is intolerable to all variants of TCP, and so something must be done to improve reliability for voice networks carrying TCP/IP data.
A RLP detects packet losses and performs retransmissions to bring packet loss down to .01%, or even .0001%, which is suitable for TCP/IP applications. RLP also implements stream fragmentation and reassembly, and sometimes, in-order delivery. Newer forms of RLP also provide framing and compression, while older forms of RLP rely upon a higher-layer PPP protocols to provide these functions.
A RLP transport cannot ask the air interface to provide a certain payload size. Instead, the air interface scheduler determines the packet size, based upon constantly changing channel conditions, and upcalls RLP with the chosen packet payload size, right before transmission. Most other fragmentation protocols, such as those of 802.11b and IP, used payload sizes determined by the upper layers, and call upon the MAC to create a payload of a certain size. These other protocols are not as flexible as RLP, and can sometimes fail to transmit during a deep fade in a wireless environment.
Because a RLP payload size can be as little as 11 bytes, based upon a CDMA IS-95 network's smallest voice packet size, RLP headers must be very small, to minimize overhead. This is typically achieved by allowing both ends to negotiate a variable 'sequence number space', which is used to number each byte in the transmission stream. In some variants of RLP, this sequence counter can be as small as 6 bits.
A RLP protocol can be ACK-based or NAK-based. Most RLPs are NAK-based, meaning that forward-link sender assumes that each transmission got through, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuix | Nuix Ltd is an Australian technology company that produces investigative analytics and intelligence software for extracting knowledge from unstructured data. The applications of the company's technology reportedly include digital forensics, financial crime, insider investigations, data privacy, data governance, eDiscovery and regulatory compliance. As of December 2020, the company's software was reportedly used by 1000 customers in 79 countries. The company has its headquarters in Sydney, Australia with offices in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America.
History
Nuix was incorporated in 2005 with the goal to make vast quantities of unstructured data easily searchable. From 2006 to 2016, the company grew from just two developers to more than 400 employees.
In 2010 Nuix was awarded a five-year contract by the Securities and Exchange Commission. In 2014 the company was appointed an Industry Partner of the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats. In 2017, the Nuix Board of Directors appointed Rod Vawdrey to the position of Chief Executive Officer. In November 2020, the company appointed American lawyer and diplomat Jeffrey Bleich as its chairman. In December 2020, Nuix listed on the Australian Securities Exchange with an initial public offering that valued the company at A$1.8 billion. In October 2021, the Nuix Board appointed Jonathan Rubinsztein to the position of Group Chief Executive Officer.
Ownership
Nuix is a public company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (). As of 2020, the largest shareholder was Macquarie Group with a shareholding of approximately 30%.
Controversy
Following the initial public offering, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) investigated "suspicious revenue forecasts" published in Nuix's prospectus. ASIC concluded its investigation into the forecasts in February 2022 and said it would take no further action. In May 2021, the company reportedly cut ties with former chairman Tony |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar%20nerves | The lumbar nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.
Structure
The lumbar nerves are five spinal nerves which arise from either side of the spinal cord below the thoracic spinal cord and above the sacral spinal cord. They arise from the spinal cord between each pair of lumbar spinal vertebrae and travel through the intervertebral foramina. The nerves then split into an anterior branch, which travels forward, and a posterior branch, which travels backwards and supplies the area of the back.
Posterior divisions
The middle divisions of the posterior branches run close to the articular processes of the vertebrae and end in the multifidus muscle. The outer branches supply the erector spinae muscles.
The nerves give off branches to the skin. These pierce the aponeurosis of the greater trochanter.
Anterior divisions
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves () increase in size from above downward.
The anterior divisions communicate with the sympathetic trunk. Near the origin of the divisions, they are joined by gray rami communicantes from the lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. These rami consist of long, slender branches which accompany the lumbar arteries around the sides of the vertebral bodies, beneath the Psoas major. Their arrangement is somewhat irregular: one ganglion may give rami to two lumbar nerves, or one lumbar nerve may receive rami (branches) from two ganglia. The first and second, and sometimes the third and fourth lumbar nerves are each connected with the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk by a white ramus communicans.
The nerves pass obliquely outward behind the Psoas major, or between its fasciculi, distributing filaments to it and the Quadratus lumborum.
As the nerves travel forward, they create nervous plexuses. The first three lumbar nerves, and the greater part of the fourth together form the lumbar plexus. The smaller part of the fourth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella%20sextelata | Morchella sextelata is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it is found in North America (in Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Yukon Territory). It has also been found in China, although it is not known if this is a result of an accidental introduction or natural dispersion. The fruit bodies have a roughly conical cap up to tall and wide, with a surface of mostly vertically arranged pits. The cap is initially yellowish to brownish, but it darkens to become almost black in maturity. The stipe is white and hollow, measuring high by wide.
Morchella sextelata is one of four species of wildfire-adapted morels in western North America, the others being M. capitata, M. septimelata, and M. tomentosa. M. sextelata cannot be reliably distinguished from M. septimelata without the use of DNA analysis.
Taxonomy
Morchella sextelata was originally identified as phylogenetic species "Mel-6" in the species-rich Elata clade (brown morels) elucidated by microbiologist Kerry O'Donnell and colleagues in a 2011 publication. The specific epithet sextelata alludes to this preliminary name. Although M. sextelata is not distinguishable from Morchella septimelata on physical or ecological characteristics, they are clearly genetically distinct species, and can be differentiated by comparing DNA sequences or with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Allopatric speciation is thought to have been the driving evolutionary force that caused M. sextelata to diverge from its ancestors roughly 25 million years ago. The original specimens collected were obtained as part of the Morel Data Collection Project, a research effort designed to improve the understanding of North American morels.
Description
The fruit bodies of Morchella sextelata are high with a conical cap that is high and wide at the widest point. The cap surface features pits and ridges, formed by the intersection of 12–20 primary vertic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulval%20vestibule | The vulval vestibule (also known as the vulvar vestibule or vestibule of vagina) is the part of the vulva between the labia minora. On the inside, the urinary meatus and the vaginal opening open to the vestibule, while the outer edge is marked by Hart's line, named after David Berry Hart.
It represents the distal end of the urogenital sinus of the embryo.
Structure
Structures opening in the vulval vestibule are the urethra, vagina, Bartholin's glands, and Skene's ducts.
The external urethral orifice is placed about 25–30 millimetres (1–1.2 in) behind the clitoris and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised margins. Nearby are the openings of the Skene's ducts.
The vaginal orifice is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen.
To the left and right of the vulval vestibule are the labia minora. Anterior to it are the clitoral hood, frenulum clitoridis, and the clitoral glans. Posterior to it is the posterior commissure of the labia minora and the frenulum of labia minora.
The sides of the vestibule are visible as Hart's line on the inside of the inner lips. Hart's line is the outer edge of the area and marks the change from vulvar skin to the smoother transitional skin of the vulva.
Clinical significance
The prevalence of pain at the vulvar vestibule is relatively common. A study by the University of Michigan found that about 28% of women have experienced vulvar vestibular pain in the past, and about 8% had the pain in the last 6 months. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forming%20gas | Forming gas is a mixture of hydrogen (mole fraction varies) and nitrogen. It is sometimes called a "dissociated ammonia atmosphere" due to the reaction which generates it:
2 NH3 → 3 H2 + N2
It can also be manufactured by thermal cracking of ammonia, in an ammonia cracker or forming gas generator.
Forming gas is used as an atmosphere for processes that need the properties of hydrogen gas. Typical forming gas formulations (5% H2 in N2) are not explosive. It is used in chambers for gas hypersensitization, a process in which photographic film is heated in forming gas to drive out moisture and oxygen and to increase the base fog of the film. Hypersensitization is used particularly in deep-sky astrophotography, which deals with low-intensity incoming light, requires long exposure times, and is thus particularly sensitive to contaminants in the film.
Forming gas is also used to regenerate catalysts in glove boxes and as an atmosphere for annealing processes. It can be purchased at welding supply stores. It is sometimes used as a reducing agent for high-temperature soldering and brazing, to remove oxidation of the joint without the use of flux. It also finds application in microchip production, where a high-temperature anneal in forming gas assists in silicon-silicon dioxide interface passivation.
Quite often forming gas is used in furnaces during annealing or sintering for the thermal treatment of metals, because it reduces oxides on the metal surface.
See also
Endothermic gas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABIO-Reaction%20Kinetics%20Database | SABIO-RK (System for the Analysis of Biochemical Pathways - Reaction Kinetics) is a web-accessible database storing information about biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties.
SABIO-RK comprises a reaction-oriented representation of quantitative information on reaction dynamics based on a given selected publication.
This comprises all available kinetic parameters together with their corresponding rate equations,
as well as kinetic law and parameter types and experimental and environmental conditions under which the kinetic data were determined.
Additionally, SABIO-RK contains information about the underlying biochemical reactions and pathways including their reaction participants,
cellular location and detailed information about the enzymes catalysing the reactions.
SABIO-RK Database Content
The data stored in SABIO-RK in a comprehensive manner is mainly extracted manually from literature. This includes reactions, their participants (substrates, products), modifiers (inhibitors, activators, cofactors), catalyst details (e.g. EC enzyme classification, protein complex composition, wild type / mutant information), kinetic parameters together with corresponding rate equation, biological sources (organism, tissue, cellular location), environmental conditions (pH, temperature, buffer) and reference details. Data are adapted, normalized and annotated to controlled vocabularies, ontologies and external data sources including KEGG, UniProt, ChEBI, PubChem, NCBI, Reactome, BRENDA, MetaCyc, BioModels, and PubMed.
As of October 2021 SABIO-RK contains about 71.000 curated single entries extracted from more than 7.300 publications.
Several tools, databases and workflows in Systems Biology make use of SABIO-RK biochemical reaction data by integration into their framework including
SYCAMORE,
MeMo-RK,
CellDesigner,
PeroxisomeDB,
Taverna workflows
or tools like KineticsWizard software for data capture and analysis.
Additionally, SABIO-RK is part of MIRIAM registry, a se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapworth%20Medal | The Lapworth Medal is the highest award of the Palaeontological Association, given to those who have made a significant contribution to the science by means of a substantial body of research.
Recipients
Source: Palaeontological Association
2022 - Prof. Moya Meredith Smith
2021 - Dr Angela C. Milner
2020 - Prof. Andrew B. Smith FRS
2019 - Prof. Derek E.G. Briggs, FRS
2018 - Prof. Derek J. Siveter
2017 - Prof. Stefan Bengtson
2016 - Dr Adrian William Amsler Rushton
2015 - Prof. Jennifer Clack FRS
2014 - Prof. Richard A. Fortey, FRS
2013 - Prof. Dianne Edwards, FRS
2012 - Prof. Euan Clarkson
2011 - Prof. Richard Aldridge
2010 - Dr Robin Cocks
2009 - Prof. Bruce Runnegar
2008 - Prof. Charles Holland
2007 - Prof. Tony Hallam
2006 - Prof. Dolf Seilacher
2005 - Prof. William Chaloner FRS
2004 - Prof. James Valentine
2002 - Prof. Sir Alwyn Williams FRS
2000 - Prof. Harry B. Whittington FRS
See also
List of paleontology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Thurston%20classification | In mathematics, Thurston's classification theorem characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact orientable surface. William Thurston's theorem completes the work initiated by .
Given a homeomorphism f : S → S, there is a map g isotopic to f such that at least one of the following holds:
g is periodic, i.e. some power of g is the identity;
g preserves some finite union of disjoint simple closed curves on S (in this case, g is called reducible); or
g is pseudo-Anosov.
The case where S is a torus (i.e., a surface whose genus is one) is handled separately (see torus bundle) and was known before Thurston's work. If the genus of S is two or greater, then S is naturally hyperbolic, and the tools of Teichmüller theory become useful. In what follows, we assume S has genus at least two, as this is the case Thurston considered. (Note, however, that the cases where S has boundary or is not orientable are definitely still of interest.)
The three types in this classification are not mutually exclusive, though a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is never periodic or reducible. A reducible homeomorphism g can be further analyzed by cutting the surface along the preserved union of simple closed curves Γ. Each of the resulting compact surfaces with boundary is acted upon by some power (i.e. iterated composition) of g, and the classification can again be applied to this homeomorphism.
The mapping class group for surfaces of higher genus
Thurston's classification applies to homeomorphisms of orientable surfaces of genus ≥ 2, but the type of a homeomorphism only depends on its associated element of the mapping class group Mod(S). In fact, the proof of the classification theorem leads to a canonical representative of each mapping class with good geometric properties. For example:
When g is periodic, there is an element of its mapping class that is an isometry of a hyperbolic structure on S.
When g is pseudo-Anosov, there is an element of its mapping class that preserves a pair of tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid%20line | From the conoid tubercle an oblique ridge, the trapezoid line (or trapezoid ridge, or oblique), runs forward and lateralward, and affords attachment to the trapezoid ligament on inferior surface of clavicle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position%20and%20momentum%20spaces | In physics and geometry, there are two closely related vector spaces, usually three-dimensional but in general of any finite dimension.
Position space (also real space or coordinate space) is the set of all position vectors r in Euclidean space, and has dimensions of length; a position vector defines a point in space. (If the position vector of a point particle varies with time, it will trace out a path, the trajectory of a particle.) Momentum space is the set of all momentum vectors p a physical system can have; the momentum vector of a particle corresponds to its motion, with units of [mass][length][time]−1.
Mathematically, the duality between position and momentum is an example of Pontryagin duality. In particular, if a function is given in position space, f(r), then its Fourier transform obtains the function in momentum space, φ(p). Conversely, the inverse Fourier transform of a momentum space function is a position space function.
These quantities and ideas transcend all of classical and quantum physics, and a physical system can be described using either the positions of the constituent particles, or their momenta, both formulations equivalently provide the same information about the system in consideration. Another quantity is useful to define in the context of waves. The wave vector k (or simply "k-vector") has dimensions of reciprocal length, making it an analogue of angular frequency ω which has dimensions of reciprocal time. The set of all wave vectors is k-space. Usually r is more intuitive and simpler than k, though the converse can also be true, such as in solid-state physics.
Quantum mechanics provides two fundamental examples of the duality between position and momentum, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ΔxΔp ≥ ħ/2 stating that position and momentum cannot be simultaneously known to arbitrary precision, and the de Broglie relation p = ħk which states the momentum and wavevector of a free particle are proportional to each other. In this context, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20metabolic%20genes | Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many bacteriophages but originated in bacterial cells. AMGs modulate host cell metabolism during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (cyanophages) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria. Cyanophage AMGs support a variety of functions including photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis and metabolism. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching%20order%20of%20bacterial%20phyla%20%28Genome%20Taxonomy%20Database%2C%202018%29 | There are several models of the branching order of bacterial phyla, one of these is the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).
The GTDB is an initiative to establish a standardised microbial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny, primarily funded by an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship. The genomes used to construct the phylogeny are obtained from RefSeq and Genbank, and GTDB releases are indexed to RefSeq releases, starting with release 76. Importantly and increasingly, this dataset includes draft genomes of uncultured microorganisms obtained from metagenomes and single cells, ensuring improved genomic representation of the microbial world. All genomes are independently quality controlled using CheckM before inclusion in GTDB.
The GTDB taxonomy is based on genome trees inferred with FastTree from an aligned concatenated set of 120 single copy marker proteins for Bacteria, and with IQ-TREE from a concatenated set of 53 (since RS207; 122 before) marker proteins for Archaea. Additional marker sets are also used to cross-validate tree topologies including concatenated ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA genes.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy was initially used to decorate the genome tree via tax2tree. The 16S rRNA-based Greengenes taxonomy is used to supplement the taxonomy particularly in regions of the tree with no cultured representatives. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Taxonomic ranks are normalised using PhyloRank and the taxonomy manually curated to remove polyphyletic groups.
Phylogeny
Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 08-RS214 (28th April 2023).
General note:
The GTDB data only includes domain and phylum names. Any larger groupings are added by Wikipedia editors by matching to known taxonomic names on a best-effort basis.
GTDB normalizes rank differences by genomic divergence, creating new names. Comments |
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