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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonse%27s%20inequality | In number theory, Bonse's inequality, named after H. Bonse, relates the size of a primorial to the smallest prime that does not appear in its prime factorization. It states that if p1, ..., pn, pn+1 are the smallest n + 1 prime numbers and n ≥ 4, then
(the middle product is short-hand for the primorial of pn)
Mathematician Denis Hanson showed an upper bound where .
See also
Primorial prime
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20bottleneck | A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as specicide, widespread violence or intentional culling. Such events can reduce the variation in the gene pool of a population; thereafter, a smaller population, with a smaller genetic diversity, remains to pass on genes to future generations of offspring. Genetic diversity remains lower, increasing only when gene flow from another population occurs or very slowly increasing with time as random mutations occur. This results in a reduction in the robustness of the population and in its ability to adapt to and survive selecting environmental changes, such as climate change or a shift in available resources. Alternatively, if survivors of the bottleneck are the individuals with the greatest genetic fitness, the frequency of the fitter genes within the gene pool is increased, while the pool itself is reduced.
The genetic drift caused by a population bottleneck can change the proportional random distribution of alleles and even lead to loss of alleles. The chances of inbreeding and genetic homogeneity can increase, possibly leading to inbreeding depression. Smaller population size can also cause deleterious mutations to accumulate.
Population bottlenecks play an important role in conservation biology (see minimum viable population size) and in the context of agriculture (biological and pest control).
Minimum viable population size
In conservation biology, minimum viable population (MVP) size helps to determine the effective population size when a population is at risk for extinction. The effects of a population bottleneck often depend on the number of individuals remaining after the bottleneck and how that compares to the minimum viable population size.
Founder effects
A slightly different form of bottleneck can occur if a small group becomes reprodu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia | Wikipedia is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, collectively known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system called MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and has consistently been one of the 10 most popular websites. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, it is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization.
Initially only available in English, editions in other languages were quickly developed. Wikipedia's editions when combined, comprise more than articles, attracting around 2billion unique device visits per month and more than 15 million edits per month (about 5.8edits per second on average) .
Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South. While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and early 2020s, having become an important fact-checking site. It has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site. Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources of frequently updated information about those events.
History
Nupedia
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0varc%E2%80%93Milnor%20lemma | In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, the Švarc–Milnor lemma (sometimes also called Milnor–Švarc lemma, with both variants also sometimes spelling Švarc as Schwarz) is a statement which says that a group , equipped with a "nice" discrete isometric action on a metric space , is quasi-isometric to .
This result goes back, in different form, before the notion of quasi-isometry was formally introduced, to the work of Albert S. Schwarz (1955) and John Milnor (1968). Pierre de la Harpe called the Švarc–Milnor lemma "the fundamental observation in geometric group theory" because of its importance for the subject. Occasionally the name "fundamental observation in geometric group theory" is now used for this statement, instead of calling it the Švarc–Milnor lemma; see, for example, Theorem 8.2 in the book of Farb and Margalit.
Precise statement
Several minor variations of the statement of the lemma exist in the literature (see the Notes section below). Here we follow the version given in the book of Bridson and Haefliger (see Proposition 8.19 on p. 140 there).
Let be a group acting by isometries on a proper length space such that the action is properly discontinuous and cocompact.
Then the group is finitely generated and for every finite generating set of and every point
the orbit map
is a quasi-isometry.
Here is the word metric on corresponding to .
Sometimes a properly discontinuous cocompact isometric action of a group on a proper geodesic metric space is called a geometric action.
Explanation of the terms
Recall that a metric space is proper if every closed ball in is compact.
An action of on is properly discontinuous if for every compact the set
is finite.
The action of on is cocompact if the quotient space , equipped with the quotient topology, is compact.
Under the other assumptions of the Švarc–Milnor lemma, the cocompactness condition is equivalent to the existence of a closed ball in such that
Examples of ap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-posed%20problem | In mathematics, a well-posed problem is one for which the following properties hold:
The problem has a solution
The solution is unique
The solution's behavior changes continuously with the initial conditions
This definition of a well-posed problem comes from the work of Jacques Hadamard on mathematical modeling of physical phenomena.
Examples of archetypal well-posed problems include the Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation, and the heat equation with specified initial conditions. These might be regarded as 'natural' problems in that there are physical processes modelled by these problems.
Problems that are not well-posed in the sense of Hadamard are termed ill-posed. Inverse problems are often ill-posed. For example, the inverse heat equation, deducing a previous distribution of temperature from final data, is not well-posed in that the solution is highly sensitive to changes in the final data.
Continuum models must often be discretized in order to obtain a numerical solution. While solutions may be continuous with respect to the initial conditions, they may suffer from numerical instability when solved with finite precision, or with errors in the data. Even if a problem is well-posed, it may still be ill-conditioned, meaning that a small error in the initial data can result in much larger errors in the answers. Problems in nonlinear complex systems (so-called chaotic systems) provide well-known examples of instability. An ill-conditioned problem is indicated by a large condition number.
If the problem is well-posed, then it stands a good chance of solution on a computer using a stable algorithm. If it is not well-posed, it needs to be re-formulated for numerical treatment. Typically this involves including additional assumptions, such as smoothness of solution. This process is known as regularization. Tikhonov regularization is one of the most commonly used for regularization of linear ill-posed problems.
Energy method
A method to determine the well- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng | Tương (, Chữ Hán: 醬) is the name applied to a variety of condiments, a kind of fermented bean paste made from soybean and commonly used in Vietnamese cuisine.
Originally, the term tương refers to a salty paste made from fermented soybeans, which is popular in vegetarian meals, particularly those prepared and eaten by Vietnamese Buddhist monks. It is also the most typical dipping sauce for summer rolls (gỏi cuốn). The paste, which is generally dark brown in color, is produced by adding the fungus Aspergillus oryzae to roasted soybeans, which are then allowed to naturally ferment in a jar with water until it develops an umami flavor. Other ingredients, such as glutinous rice or maize powder, salt, or water, may also be used. Tương is similar to the Chinese yellow soybean paste, though the latter is generally saltier and thicker in texture.
Tương may range in consistency from a thick paste to a thin liquid. Some varieties, such as that prepared in Central Vietnam, are watery, with solids at the bottom of the container in which it is stored. A more condensed variety, called tương Bần or tương làng Bần, is produced in the town of Bần Yên Nhân, in Mỹ Hào district of Hưng Yên Province, in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam, and takes its name from the name of the town. Other varieties of tương are similarly named for the towns or districts in which they are made, such as tương Phố Hiến (made in a township of Hưng Yên Province), tương Nam Đàn (made in a district of Nghệ An Province), tương Cự Đà (made in a town in Hà Tây Province) and tương chùa Mía (Đường Lâm village, Hà Tây Province). In Southern Vietnam, it is called tương hột.
Tương is commercially available in glass and plastic jars and bottles throughout Vietnam, as well as in Vietnamese grocery stores overseas.
The word tương can also be used to refer to other condiments, such as tương cà (tomato sauce), tương xí muội (plum sauce) or tương ớt (chilli sauce). In southern Vietnam, nước tương refers to soy sau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20dwarf | A black dwarf is a theoretical stellar remnant, specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently to no longer emit significant heat or light. Because the time required for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe (13.8 billion years), no black dwarfs are expected to exist in the universe at the present time. The temperature of the coolest white dwarfs is one observational limit on the universe's age.
The name "black dwarf" has also been applied to hypothetical late-stage cooled brown dwarfs – substellar objects with insufficient mass (less than approximately 0.07 ) to maintain hydrogen-burning nuclear fusion.
Formation
A white dwarf is what remains of a main sequence star of low or medium mass (below approximately 9 to 10 solar masses ()) after it has either expelled or fused all the elements for which it has sufficient temperature to fuse. What is left is then a dense sphere of electron-degenerate matter that cools slowly by thermal radiation, eventually becoming a black dwarf.
If black dwarfs were to exist, they would be challenging to detect because, by definition, they would emit very little radiation. They would, however, be detectable through their gravitational influence. Various white dwarfs cooled below (equivalent to M0 spectral class) were found in 2012 by astronomers using MDM Observatory's 2.4 meter telescope. They are estimated to be 11 to 12 billion years old.
Because the far-future evolution of stars depends on physical questions which are poorly understood, such as the nature of dark matter and the possibility and rate of proton decay (which is yet to be proven to exist), it is not known precisely how long it will take white dwarfs to cool to blackness. Barrow and Tipler estimate that it would take 1015 years for a white dwarf to cool to ; however, if weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) exist, interactions with these particles may keep some white dwarfs much warmer than |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean%20spiral | The Archimedean spiral (also known as the arithmetic spiral) is a spiral named after the 3rd-century BC Greek mathematician Archimedes. It is the locus corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line that rotates with constant angular velocity. Equivalently, in polar coordinates it can be described by the equation
with real numbers and . Changing the parameter moves the centerpoint of the spiral outward from the origin (positive toward and negative toward ) essentially through a rotation of the spiral, while controls the distance between loops.
From the above equation, it can thus be stated: position of particle from point of start is proportional to angle as time elapses.
Archimedes described such a spiral in his book On Spirals. Conon of Samos was a friend of his and Pappus states that this spiral was discovered by Conon.
Derivation of general equation of spiral
A physical approach is used below to understand the notion of Archimedean spirals.
Suppose a point object moves in the Cartesian system with a constant velocity directed parallel to the -axis, with respect to the -plane. Let at time , the object was at an arbitrary point . If the plane rotates with a constant angular velocity about the -axis, then the velocity of the point with respect to -axis may be written as:
Here is the modulus of the position vector of the particle at any time , is the velocity component along the -axis and is the component along the -axis. The figure shown alongside explains this.
The above equations can be integrated by applying integration by parts, leading to the following parametric equations:
Squaring the two equations and then adding (and some small alterations) results in the Cartesian equation
(using the fact that and ) or
Its polar form is
Arc length and curvature
Given the parametrization in cartesian coordinates
the arc length from to is
or, equivalently:
The total le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematics%20education%20journals | This is a list of notable academic journals in the field of mathematics education.
C
College Mathematics Journal
E
Educational Studies in Mathematics
F
For the Learning of Mathematics
I
International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
Investigations in Mathematics Learning
J
Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education
M
The Mathematics Educator
The Mathematics Enthusiast
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teaching
P
Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal
Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies
S
Science & Education
T
Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications
See also
List of probability journals
List of statistics journals
List of mathematics journals
External links
Online list of some journals in mathematics education
Mathematics education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-related%20disorders | Gluten-related disorders is the term for the diseases triggered by gluten, including celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy. The umbrella category has also been referred to as gluten intolerance, though a multi-disciplinary physician-led study, based in part on the 2011 International Celiac Disease Symposium, concluded that the use of this term should be avoided due to a lack of specificity.
Gluten is a group of proteins, such as prolamins and glutelins, stored with starch in the endosperm of various cereal (grass) grains.
, gluten-related disorders were increasing in frequency in different geographic areas. The increase might be explained by the popularity of the Western diet, the expanded reach of the Mediterranean diet (which also includes grains with gluten), the growing replacement of rice by wheat in many countries, the development in recent years of new types of wheat with a higher amount of cytotoxic gluten peptides, and the higher content of gluten in bread and bakery products, due to the reduction of dough fermentation time. However, a 2020 study by the Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology casts doubt on the idea that modern wheat has higher gluten levels. From a seed bank, they grew and analyzed 60 wheat cultivars from between 1891 and 2010 and found no changes in albumin/globulin and gluten contents over time. "Overall, the harvest year had a more significant effect on protein composition than the cultivar. At the protein level, we found no evidence to support an increased immuno-stimulatory potential of modern winter wheat."
Types
The following classification of gluten-related disorders was announced in 2011 by a panel of experts in London, and published in February 2012:
Autoimmune disorders: celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten ataxia
Non-autoimmune, non-allergic: disorder with unknown cause, likely immune-modulated: non-celiac gluten sensitivit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20hadrodynamics | Quantum hadrodynamics is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons, that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force. It is "a framework for describing the nuclear many-body problem as a relativistic system of baryons and mesons". Quantum hadrodynamics is closely related and partly derived from quantum chromodynamics, which is the theory of interactions between quarks and gluons that bind them together to form hadrons, via the strong force.
An important phenomenon in quantum hadrodynamics is the nuclear force, or residual strong force. It is the force operating between those hadrons which are nucleons – protons and neutrons – as it binds them together to form the atomic nucleus. The bosons which mediate the nuclear force are three types of mesons: pions, rho mesons and omega mesons. Since mesons are themselves hadrons, quantum hadrodynamics also deals with the interaction between the carriers of the nuclear force itself, alongside the nucleons bound by it. The hadrodynamic force keeps nuclei bound, against the electrodynamic force which operates to break them apart (due to the mutual repulsion between protons in the nucleus).
Quantum hadrodynamics, dealing with the nuclear force and its mediating mesons, can be compared to other quantum field theories which describe fundamental forces and their associated bosons: quantum chromodynamics, dealing with the strong interaction and gluons; quantum electrodynamics, dealing with electromagnetism and photons; quantum flavordynamics, dealing with the weak interaction and W and Z bosons.
See also
Atomic nucleus
Hadron
Nuclear force
Quantum chromodynamics and strong interaction
Quantum electrodynamics and electromagnetism
Quantum flavordynamics and weak interaction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafter | A drafter (also draughtsman / draughtswoman in British and Commonwealth English, draftsman / draftswoman or drafting technician in American and Canadian English) is an engineering technician who makes detailed technical drawings or plans for machinery, buildings, electronics, infrastructure, sections, etc. Drafters use computer software and manual sketches to convert the designs, plans, and layouts of engineers and architects into a set of technical drawings. Drafters operate as the supporting developers and sketch engineering designs and drawings from preliminary design concepts.
Overview
In the past, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens, compasses, protractors, triangles, and other drafting devices to prepare a drawing by hand. From the 1980s through 1990s, board drawings were going out of style as the newly developed computer-aided design (CAD) system was released and was able to produce technical drawings at a faster pace.
Many modern drafters now use computer software such as AutoCAD, Revit, and SolidWorks to flesh out the designs of engineers or architects into technical drawings and blueprints but board drafting still remains the base of the CAD system. Many of these drawings are utilized to create structures, tools or machines. In addition, the drawings also include design specifications like dimensions, materials and procedures. Consequently, drafters may also be casually referred to as CAD operators, engineering draftspersons, or engineering technicians.<ref name="BLC07">Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008) [http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos111.htm Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09 Edition: Drafters] dated: 18 December 2007. accessed: 24 September 2008.</ref>
With CAD systems, drafters can create and store drawings electronically so that they can be viewed, printed, or programmed directly into automated manufacturing systems. CAD systems also permit drafters to quickly prepare variations of a design. Although drafters use CAD extensively, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset%20filtration | The offset filtration (also called the "union-of-balls" or "union-of-disks" filtration) is a growing sequence of metric balls used to detect the size and scale of topological features of a data set. The offset filtration commonly arises in persistent homology and the field of topological data analysis. Utilizing a union of balls to approximate the shape of geometric objects was first suggested by Frosini in 1992 in the context of submanifolds of Euclidean space. The construction was independently explored by Robins in 1998, and expanded to considering the collection of offsets indexed over a series of increasing scale parameters (i.e., a growing sequence of balls), in order to observe the stability of topological features with respect to attractors. Homological persistence as introduced in these papers by Frosini and Robins was subsequently formalized by Edelsbrunner et al. in their seminal 2002 paper Topological Persistence and Simplification. Since then, the offset filtration has become a primary example in the study of computational topology and data analysis.
Definition
Let be a finite set in a metric space , and for any let be the closed ball of radius centered at . Then the union is known as the offset of with respect to the parameter (or simply the -offset of ).
By considering the collection of offsets over all we get a family of spaces where whenever . So is a family of nested topological spaces indexed over , which defines a filtration known as the offset filtration on .
Note that it is also possible to view the offset filtration as a functor from the poset category of non-negative real numbers to the category of topological spaces and continuous maps. There are some advantages to the categorical viewpoint, as explored by Bubenik and others.
Properties
A standard application of the nerve theorem shows that the union of balls has the same homotopy type as its nerve, since closed balls are convex and the intersection of convex sets is convex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar%20bodies | In cell biology, lamellar bodies (otherwise known as lamellar granules, membrane-coating granules (MCGs), keratinosomes or Odland bodies) are secretory organelles found in type II alveolar cells in the lungs, and in keratinocytes in the skin. They are oblong structures, appearing about 300-400 nm in width and 100-150 nm in length in transmission electron microscopy images. Lamellar bodies in the alveoli of the lungs fuse with the cell membrane and release pulmonary surfactant into the extracellular space.
Role in lungs
In alveolar cells the phosphatidylcholines (choline-based phospholipids) that are stored in the lamellar bodies serve as pulmonary surfactant after being released from the cell. In 1964, using transmission electron microscopy, which at that time was a relatively new tool for ultrastructural elucidation, John Balis identified the presence of lamellar bodies in type II alveolar cells, and further noted that upon their exocytotic migration to the alveolar surface, lamellar contents would uniformly unravel and spread along the circumference of the alveolus, thus lowering surface tension and similarly, the required alveolar inflation force.
Role in epidermis
In the upper stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis, lamellar bodies are secreted from keratinocytes, resulting in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function. These bodies release components that are required for skin shedding (desquamation) in the uppermost epidermal layer, the stratum corneum. These components include lipids (e.g. glucosylceramides), hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. proteases, acid phosphatases, glucosidases, lipases) and proteins (e.g. corneodesmosin). Lamellar bodies have been observed to contain distinct aggregates of the secreted components glucosylceramide, cathepsin D, KLK7, KLK8 and corneodesmosin. Transportation of molecules via lamellar bodies is thought to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20demixing | In biology, genetic demixing refers to a phenomenon in which an initial mixture of individuals with
two or more distinct genotypes rearranges in the course of time,
giving birth to a spatial organization where some or all genotypes are concentrated in distinct patches.
See also
Population genetics
Microbiology
Genomics
Ecology
microbial ecology
Genetic admixture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1%20holin%20family | The Actinobacterial 1 TMS Holin (A-1 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.32) consists of proteins found in actinobacteria, their conjugative plasmids and their phage. They are usually between 90 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 1 or sometimes even 2 transmembrane segments despite the families name (i.e., TC# 1.E.32.2.1). Although some are annotated as phage proteins or holins, members of the A-1 family are not yet functionally characterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to the A-1 Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB).
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crista%20dividens | Crista dividens is a structure in the developing heart of the human embryo that divides the right atrium in a way such that it creates a pan systolic murmur in the same way as the foramen ovale. Recognition of the absence of this murmur can indicate a potentially terminal cardiac defect in the newborn.
Function
The crista dividens plays a role in separating oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus and deoxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) draining the caudal portion of the fetus into the left and right atria, respectively. The crista dividens is located on the inferior edge of the interatrial septum and faces the opening of the IVC. As blood enters the heart from the IVC, it hits the crista dividens and is divided into two streams, with one stream entering the right atrium and the other entering the left atrium. The ductus venosus joins the terminal portion of the IVC, just before the right atrium. Before the ductus venosus joins the IVC, it is positioned in such a way that the oxygenated blood flowing into the IVC from the ductus venosus preferentially passes on the side of the crista dividens that directs the blood stream toward the left atrium. The rest of the IVC (prior to the joining of the ductus venosus) carries deoxygenated blood from the caudal (inferior) part of the fetus, and is directed toward the side of the crista dividens that directs blood into the right atrium. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood%20semantics | Neighborhood semantics, also known as Scott–Montague semantics, is a formal semantics for modal logics. It is a generalization, developed independently by Dana Scott and Richard Montague, of the more widely known relational semantics for modal logic. Whereas a relational frame consists of a set W of worlds (or states) and an accessibility relation R intended to indicate which worlds are alternatives to (or, accessible from) others, a neighborhood frame still has a set W of worlds, but has instead of an accessibility relation a neighborhood function
that assigns to each element of W a set of subsets of W. Intuitively, each family of subsets assigned to a world are the propositions necessary at that world, where 'proposition' is defined as a subset of W (i.e. the set of worlds at which the proposition is true). Specifically, if M is a model on the frame, then
where
is the truth set of .
Neighborhood semantics is used for the classical modal logics that are strictly weaker than the normal modal logic K.
Correspondence between relational and neighborhood models
To every relational model M = (W, R, V) there corresponds an equivalent (in the sense of having pointwise-identical modal theories) neighborhood model M' = (W, N, V) defined by
The fact that the converse fails gives a precise sense to the remark that neighborhood models are a generalization of relational ones. Another (perhaps more natural) generalization of relational structures are general frames. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Hoyle%20Medal%20and%20Prize | The Fred Hoyle Medal and Prize was established in 2008 by the Institute of Physics of London for distinguished contributions to astrophysics, gravitational physics or cosmology. The medal is named after astronomer Fred Hoyle who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. The medal is made of silver and accompanied by a prize and a certificate. The medal was awarded biennially from 2008 to 2016. It has been awarded annually since 2017.
Recipients of the medal and prize
The following have won the award:
2022: Erminia Calabrese, for observational cosmology using the Cosmic Microwave Background
2019: Gilles Chabrier, for a variety of astrophysical domains
2018: Hiranya Peiris, for cosmic structure
2017: Jane Greaves, for planet formation and exoplanet habitability
2016: Sheila Rowan, for laser interferometers
2014: Anthony Raymond Bell, for cosmic rays
2012: David H. Lyth, for particle cosmology
2010: Carlos S. Frenk, for cold dark matter modelling
2008: Michael Rowan-Robinson, for infrared and submillimetre astronomy
See also
Institute of Physics Awards
List of physics awards
List of awards named after people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20broadcast%20networking%20technologist | Certified Broadcast Networking Technologist (CBNT) is a title granted to an individual that passes the exam requirements of the certification. The certification is regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) and shows competence in computer network equipment and their specialized applications. The CBNT title is protected by copyright laws. Individuals who use the title without consent from the Society of Broadcast Engineers could face legal action.
The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing or Professional Engineering programs.
External links
Certified Broadcast Networking Technologist (CBNT) Requirements & Application
SBE Official Website
See also
List of post-nominal letters
Broadcast engineering
Professional titles and certifications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoradiometric%20assay | Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) is an assay that uses radiolabeled antibodies. It differs from conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) in that the compound to be measured combines immediately with the radiolabeled antibodies, rather than displacing another antigen by degrees over some period.
Introduction
Fluorescent and radioactive antibodies have been used to locate or measure solid-phase antigens for many years. However, only recently has the labeled antibody been applied to measurement of antigen to sample. The method converts the unknown antigen into a traceable radioactive product. Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) was first introduced by "Miles and Hales" in 1968, who proposed certain theoretical advantages of the method with regard to improving the sensitivity and precision of immunoassays.
Principle
In IRMA, the antibodies are labeled with radioisotopes which are used to bind antigens present in the specimen. When a positive sample is added to the tubes, radioactively labeled (labeled with I125 or I131 radioisotopes) antibodies bind to the free epitopes of antigens and form an antigen-antibody complex. Unbound labeled antibodies are removed by a second reaction with a solid phase antigen. The amount of radioactive remaining in the solution is direct function of the antigen concentration. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality | Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown.
Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology, which is a major branch of metaphysics in the Western philosophical tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy, including the philosophy of science, of religion, of mathematics, and philosophical logic. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (i.e., physicalism), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g. idealism), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist, whether a 'God' exists, whether numbers and other abstract objects exist, and whether possible worlds exist. Epistemology is concerned with what can be known or inferred as likely and how, whereby in the modern world emphasis is put on reason, empirical evidence and science as sources and methods to determine or investigate reality.
World views
World views and theories
A common colloquial usage would have reality mean "perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality", as in "My reality is not your reality." This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), "You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven."
Reality can be defined in a way that links it to worldviews or parts of them (conceptual frameworks): Reality is the totality of all things, structures (actual and conceptual), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS%204 | AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code developed by Commodore, and partially on version 3.9 developed by Haage & Partner. "The Final Update" (for OS version 4.0) was released on 24 December 2006 (originally released in April 2004) after five years of development by the Belgian company Hyperion Entertainment under license from Amiga, Inc. for AmigaOne registered users.
History
During the five years of development, purchasers of AmigaOne machines could download pre-release versions of AmigaOS 4.0 from Hyperion's repository as long as these were made available.
On 20 December 2006, Amiga, Inc. terminated the contract with Hyperion Entertainment to produce or sell AmigaOS 4. Nevertheless, AmigaOS 4.0 was released commercially for Amigas with PowerUP accelerator cards in November 2007 (having been available only to developers and beta-testers until then). The Italian computer company ACube Systems has announced Sam440ep and Sam440ep-flex motherboards, which are AmigaOS 4 compatible. Also, a third party bootloader, known as the "Moana", was released by Acube on torrent sites; it allows installation of the Sam440ep version of OS4 to Mac Mini G4s. However this is both unofficial and unsupported as of today, and very incomplete, especially regarding drivers. During the judicial procedure (between Hyperion and Amiga, Inc.), OS4 was still being developed and distributed.
On 30 September 2009, Hyperion Entertainment and Amiga, Inc. reached a settlement agreement where Hyperion is granted an exclusive right to AmigaOS 3.1 and market AmigaOS 4 and subsequent versions of AmigaOS (including AmigaOS 5 without limitation). Hyperion has assured the Amiga community that it will continue the development and the distribution of AmigaOS 4.x (and beyond), as it has done since November 2001.
Description
AmigaOS 4 can be divided into two parts: the Workbench and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20data%20infrastructure | A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), also called geospatial data infrastructure, is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is "the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data".
A further definition is given in Kuhn (2005): "An SDI is a coordinated series of agreements on technology standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial information by users and for purposes other than those it was created for."
General
Some of the main principles are that data and metadata should not be managed centrally, but by the data originator and/or owner, and that tools and services connect via computer networks to the various sources. A GIS is often the platform for deploying an individual node within an SDI. To achieve these objectives, good coordination between all the actors is necessary and the definition of standards is very important.
Due to its nature (size, cost, number of t-related. An example of an existing SDI, since 2002, is the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) created by the OMB Circular A-16 in the United States. At the European side, since 2007, the INSPIRE is a European Commission initiative to build a European SDI beyond national boundaries and ultimately the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) will do the same for over 30 UN Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and member countries.
Software components
An SDI should enable the discovery and delivery of spatial data from a data repository, via a spatial service provider, to a user. As mentioned earlier it is often wished that the data provider is able to update spatial data stored in a repository. Hence, the basic software components of an SDI are:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetia | Planctomycetia is a class of aquatic bacteria.
Phylogeny
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%20Magazine | Plus Magazine is an online popular mathematics magazine run under the Millennium Mathematics Project at the University of Cambridge.
Plus contains:
feature articles on all aspects of mathematics;
reviews of popular maths books and events;
a news section;
mathematical puzzles and games;
interviews with people in maths related careers;
Plus Podcast – Maths on the Move
History
Plus was initially named PASS Maths (Public Awareness and Schools Support for Maths) in 1997, when it was a project of the Interactive Courseware Research and Development Group, based jointly at the University of Cambridge and Keele University. Plus is now part of the Millennium Mathematics Project, a long term national initiative based in Cambridge and active across the UK and internationally.
Authors of articles in Plus include Stephen Hawking and Marcus du Sautoy.
Plus won the 2001 Webby for Best Science Site on the Web, and has been described as "an excellent site put together by those with a real love for the subject". In 2006 the Millennium Mathematics Project, of which Plus is a part, won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher Education. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20%28mail%20filtering%20language%29 | Sieve is a programming language that can be used for email filtering. It owes its creation to the CMU Cyrus Project, creators of Cyrus IMAP server.
The language is not tied to any particular operating system or mail architecture. It requires the use of RFC-2822–compliant messages, but otherwise generalizes to other systems that meet these criteria. The current version of Sieve's base specification is outlined in RFC 5228, published in January 2008.
Language
Sieve is a data-driven programming language, similar to earlier email filtering languages such as procmail and maildrop, and earlier line-oriented languages such as sed and AWK: it specifies conditions to match and actions to take on matching.
This differs from general-purpose programming languages while this is highly limited – the base standard has no variables, and no loops (but does allow conditional branching), preventing runaway programs which limits the language to simple filtering operations. Although extensions have been devised to extend the language to include variables and, limited loops, the language is still highly restricted, and thus suitable for running user-devised programs as part of the mail system.
There are also a significant number of restrictions on the grammar of the language, in order to reduce the complexity of parsing the language, but the language also supports the use of multiple methods for comparing localized strings, and is fully Unicode-aware.
While Sieve was originally conceived as tool external to SMTP, serendipitously extends it in order to allow rejection at the SMTP protocol level.
Use
The Sieve scripts may be generated by a GUI-based rules editor or they may be entered directly using a text editor.
The scripts are transferred to the mail server in a server-dependent way. The ManageSieve protocol (defined in ) allows users to manage their Sieve scripts on a remote server. Mail servers with local users may allow the scripts to be stored in e.g. a file in the users' h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauner%20space | In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a Brauner space is a complete compactly generated locally convex space having a sequence of compact sets such that every other compact set is contained in some .
Brauner spaces are named after Kalman George Brauner, who began their study. All Brauner spaces are stereotype and are in the stereotype duality relations with Fréchet spaces:
for any Fréchet space its stereotype dual space is a Brauner space,
and vice versa, for any Brauner space its stereotype dual space is a Fréchet space.
Special cases of Brauner spaces are Smith spaces.
Examples
Let be a -compact locally compact topological space, and the Fréchet space of all continuous functions on (with values in or ), endowed with the usual topology of uniform convergence on compact sets in . The dual space of Radon measures with compact support on with the topology of uniform convergence on compact sets in is a Brauner space.
Let be a smooth manifold, and the Fréchet space of all smooth functions on (with values in or ), endowed with the usual topology of uniform convergence with each derivative on compact sets in . The dual space of distributions with compact support in with the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets in is a Brauner space.
Let be a Stein manifold and the Fréchet space of all holomorphic functions on with the usual topology of uniform convergence on compact sets in . The dual space of analytic functionals on with the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets in is a Brauner space.
In the special case when possesses a structure of a topological group the spaces , , become natural examples of stereotype group algebras.
Let be a complex affine algebraic variety. The space of polynomials (or regular functions) on , being endowed with the strongest locally convex topology, becomes a Brauner space. Its stereotype dual space (of currents on ) is a Fréchet space. In the special case when is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprint%20%28electronics%29 | A footprint or land pattern is the arrangement of pads (in surface-mount technology) or through-holes (in through-hole technology) used to physically attach and electrically connect a component to a printed circuit board. The land pattern on a circuit board matches the arrangement of leads on a component.
Component manufacturers often produce multiple pin-compatible product variants to allow systems integrators to change the exact component in use without changing the footprint on the circuit board. This can provide large cost savings for integrators, especially with dense BGA components where the footprint pads may be connected to multiple layers of the circuit board.
Many component vendors provide footprints for their components, including Texas Instruments, and CUI. Other sources include third party libraries, such as SnapEDA.
See also
Surface-mount technology
Through-hole technology
Chip carrier
List of integrated circuit packaging types
IPC (standards body)
JEDEC (standards body) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophanous | The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry.
When identifying hygrophanous species, one needs to be careful when matching colors to photographs or descriptions, as color can change dramatically soon after picking.
Genera that are characterized by hygrophanous species include Agrocybe, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Panaeolus, and Galerina.
External links
IMA Mycological Glossary: Hygrophanous
Wisconsin Mycological Society: Psathyrella Photographs of Psathyrella, a mushroom with a strongly hygrophanous pileus.
Fungal morphology and anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hilary%20Seebeck | John Hilary Seebeck (1939–2003) was a mammalogist active in research and conservation in Victoria, Australia. His published work includes a description of a new species of rat-kangaroo, Potorous longipes, in 1980. Seebeck was instrumental in the advances toward protection and rehabilitation of native animals of the state, and an active member of several naturalist societies; he is noted for his tutoring or mentoring of secondary and tertiary students. His research and publications often incorporated historical literature on mammals in his region, and a bibliographic list of his works was compiled by Peter Menkhorst. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Journal%20of%20Mathematical%20and%20Statistical%20Psychology | The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology is a British scientific journal founded in 1947. It covers the fields of psychology, statistics, and mathematical psychology. It was established as the British Journal of Psychology (Statistical Section), was renamed the British Journal of Statistical Psychology in 1953, and was renamed again to its current title in 1965.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed in ''Current Index to Statistics, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, Current Contents / Social & Behavioral Sciences, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.
Academic journals established in 1947
Statistics journals
Mathematical and statistical psychology journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
British Psychological Society academic journals
Triannual journals
Past Editors
Thom Baguley
Matthias von Davier |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IvanAnywhere | IvanAnywhere is a simple, remote-controlled telepresence robot created by Sybase iAnywhere programmers to enable their co-worker, Ivan Bowman, to efficiently remote work. The robot enables Bowman to be virtually present at conferences and presentations, and to discuss product development with other developers face-to-face. IvanAnywhere is powered by SAP's mobile database product, SQL Anywhere.
IvanAnywhere evolution
Ivan Bowman has been a software developer at Sybase/iAnywhere/SAP since 1993, and now is an Engineering Director at SAP Canada. In 2002 his wife received a job in Halifax approximately from his place of work in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, North America. His employers allowed him to remote work initially via email, instant messenger, and phone.
Using speakerphone during meetings was less than ideal because Ivan could not see his co-workers' visual communication clues, or what they wrote on the white board. The first solution was a stationary webcam with a speaker, which was kept in the corner of the office. The problem with this method was that the webcam was just that – stationary. Ivan could not see people if they were not standing near the webcam. More frustrating, perhaps, was that Ivan could hear distant conversations through the webcam's microphone, but was unable to contribute to the conversation if the impromptu meeting did not take place in his visual range.
Proof of concept
In November 2010, iAnywhere programmer Ian McHardy and Director of Engineering Glenn Paulley (Ivan’s immediate manager) conceived the idea of IvanAnywhere after Glenn saw a television commercial for a remote controlled toy blimp. In January 2007, after considering different possible designs and getting through a number of deadlines related to iAnywhere releases, Ian started working on a proof-of-concept: a tablet computer and webcam mounted on a radio-controlled toy truck.
In February 2007, even though the truck was challenging to drive and the webcam was only a few inch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xipapillomavirus | Xipapillomavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Papillomaviridae. Bovine serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: true papillomas on the cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of cattle.
Taxonomy
The following five species are assigned to the genus:
Xipapillomavirus 1
Xipapillomavirus 2
Xipapillomavirus 3
Xipapillomavirus 4
Xipapillomavirus 5
Structure
Viruses in Xipapillomavirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 52-55 nm. Genomes are circular, around 7kb in length. The genome has 6 open reading frames.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown.
Bovine serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBoot | NetBoot was a technology from Apple which enabled Macs with capable firmware (i.e. New World ROM) to boot from a network, rather than a local hard disk or optical disc drive. NetBoot is a derived work from the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), and is similar in concept to the Preboot Execution Environment. The technology was announced as a part of the original version of Mac OS X Server at Macworld Expo on 5 January 1999. NetBoot has continued to be a core systems management technology for Apple, and has been adapted to support modern Mac Intel machines. NetBoot, USB, and FireWire are some of the external volume options for operating system re-install. NetBoot is not supported on newer Macs with T2 security chip or Apple silicon.
Process
A disk image with a copy of macOS, macOS Server, Mac OS 9, or Mac OS 8 is created using System Image Utility and is stored on a server, typically macOS Server. Clients receive this image across a network using many popular protocols including: HTTPS, AFP, TFTP, NFS, and multicast Apple Software Restore (ASR). Server-side NetBoot image can boot entire machines, although NetBoot is more commonly used for operating system and software deployment, somewhat similar to Norton Ghost.
Client machines first request network configuration information through DHCP, then a list of boot images and servers with BSDP and then proceed to download images with protocols mentioned above.
Both Intel and PowerPC-based servers can serve images for Intel and PowerPC-based clients.
NetInstall
NetInstall is a similar feature of macOS Server which utilizes NetBoot and ASR to deliver installation images to network clients (typically on first boot). Like NetBoot, NetInstall images can be created using the System Image Utility. NetInstall performs a function for macOS similar to Windows Deployment Services for Microsoft clients, which depend on the Preboot Execution Environment.
Legacy
Mac OS 8.5 and Mac OS 9 use only BOOTP/DHCP to get IP information, followed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PilZ%20domain | The PilZ protein family is named after the type IV pilus control protein first identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, expressed as part of the pil operon. It has a cytoplasmic location and is essential for type IV fimbrial, or pilus, biogenesis. PilZ is a c-di-GMP binding domain and PilZ domain-containing proteins represent the best studied class of c-di-GMP effectors. C-di-GMP, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate, the second messenger in cells, is widespread in and unique to the bacterial kingdom. Elevated intracellular levels of c-di-GMP generally cause bacteria to change from a motile single-cell state to a sessile, adhesive surface-attached multicellular state called biofilm.
Proteins which contain PilZ are known to interact with the flagellar switch-complex proteins FliG and FliM and this is mediated via the c-di-GMP-PliZ complex. This interaction results in a reduction of torque-generation and induces counterclockwise motor bias that slows the motor and induces counterclockwise rotation, inhibiting chemotaxis.
Binding and mutagenesis studies of several PilZ domain proteins have shown that c-di-GMP binding depends on residues in RxxxR and D/NxSxxG sequence-motifs. The crystal structure, at 1.7 A, of a PilZ domain::c-di-GMP complex from Vibrio cholerae shows c-di-GMP contacting seven of nine strongly conserved residues. Binding of c-di-GMP causes a conformational switch whereby the C- and N-terminal domains are brought into close opposition forming a new allosteric interaction surface that spans these domains and the c-di-GMP at their interface.
The PilZ domain is also implicated in the bacterial pathogenicity of the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, through its binding partner c-di-GMP. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20feces | Human feces (or faeces in British English) is the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine of humans, but has been further broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. It also contains bacteria and a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially altered bilirubin, and the dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut. It is discharged through the anus during a process called defecation.
Human feces has similarities to the feces of other animals and varies significantly in appearance (i.e. size, color, texture), according to the state of the diet, digestive system and general health. Normally human feces is semisolid, with a mucus coating. Small pieces of harder, less moist feces can sometimes be seen impacted in the distal (final or lower) end. This is a normal occurrence when a prior bowel movement is incomplete, and feces is returned from the rectum to the large intestine, where water is further absorbed.
In the medical literature, the term "stool" is more commonly used than "feces".
Human feces together with human urine are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta. Containing human feces, and preventing spreading of pathogens from human feces via the fecal–oral route, are the main goals of sanitation.
Characteristics
Classification
The Bristol stool scale is a medical aid designed to classify the form of human feces into seven categories. Sometimes referred to in the UK as the Meyers Scale, it was developed by K.W. Heaton at the University of Bristol and was first published in the Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology in 1997. The form of the stool depends on the time it spends in the colon.
The seven types of stool are:
Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
Sausage-shaped but lumpy
Like a sausage but with cracks on the surface
Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
Soft blobs with clear-cut edges
Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine%20diplomacy | Vaccine diplomacy, a form of medical diplomacy, is the use of vaccines to improve a country's diplomatic relationship and influence of other countries. Meanwhile, vaccine diplomacy also "means a set of diplomatic measures taken to ensure access to the best practices in the development of potential vaccines, to enhance bilateral and/or multilateral cooperation between countries in conducting joint R&D, and, in the case of the announcement of production, to ensure the signing of a contract for the purchase of the vaccine at the shortest term." Although primary discussed in the context of the supply of COVID-19 vaccines, it also played a part in the distribution of the smallpox vaccine.
Early history of vaccine diplomacy
Commentators have identified vaccine diplomacy occurring as far back as the first vaccine, Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine. It has also been identified in Soviet involvement with the Albert Sabin polio vaccine. The UN has also brokered ceasefires in order to conduct vaccination campaigns such as with talibans in Afghanistan.
During the COVID-19 pandemic
Australia
Australia promised to ensure early access to a vaccine "for countries in our Pacific family, as well as regional partners in Southeast Asia". to help them fight the COVID-19 pandemic.
China
China's infection rates and early success in handling the COVID-19 pandemic were sufficiently low that it could send vaccines abroad without domestic objections. As academic Suisheng Zhao writes, "Just by showing up and helping plug the colossal gaps in the global supply, China gained ground."
The Sinopharm BIBP vaccine is used for vaccinations by some countries in Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe. Sinopharm produced one billion doses of the BBIB vaccine in 2021, and supplied 200 million doses by May.
CoronaVac is used for vaccinations by some countries in Asia, South America, North America, and Europe. Sinovac had a production capacity of 2 billion doses a year and had delivered 600 millio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix%20sum | In computer science, the prefix sum, cumulative sum, inclusive scan, or simply scan of a sequence of numbers is a second sequence of numbers , the sums of prefixes (running totals) of the input sequence:
...
For instance, the prefix sums of the natural numbers are the triangular numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!input numbers
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || ...
|-
!prefix sums
| 1 || 3 || 6 || 10 || 15 || 21 || ...
|}
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort,
and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages. Prefix sums have also been much studied in parallel algorithms, both as a test problem to be solved and as a useful primitive to be used as a subroutine in other parallel algorithms.
Abstractly, a prefix sum requires only a binary associative operator ⊕, making it useful for many applications from calculating well-separated pair decompositions of points to string processing.
Mathematically, the operation of taking prefix sums can be generalized from finite to infinite sequences; in that context, a prefix sum is known as a partial sum of a series. Prefix summation or partial summation form linear operators on the vector spaces of finite or infinite sequences; their inverses are finite difference operators.
Scan higher order function
In functional programming terms, the prefix sum may be generalized to any binary operation (not just the addition operation); the higher order function resulting from this generalization is called a scan, and it is closely related to the fold operation. Both the scan and the fold operations apply the given binary operation to the same sequence of values, but differ in that the scan returns the whole sequence of results from the binary operation, whereas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20space%20%28anatomy%29 | The mental space is a fascial space of the head and neck (also termed fascial spaces or tissue spaces). It is a potential space, bilaterally located in the chin, between the mentalis muscle superiorly and the platysma muscle inferiorly. These spaces may be created by pathology, e.g., the spread of odontogenic infection. Commonly the origin of the infection is an anterior mandibular tooth with associated periapical abscess which erodes through the buccal cortical plate of the mandibular at a level below the attachment of the mentalis muscle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20cathode | In vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes, a hot cathode or thermionic cathode is a cathode electrode which is heated to make it emit electrons due to thermionic emission. This is in contrast to a cold cathode, which does not have a heating element. The heating element is usually an electrical filament heated by a separate electric current passing through it. Hot cathodes typically achieve much higher power density than cold cathodes, emitting significantly more electrons from the same surface area. Cold cathodes rely on field electron emission or secondary electron emission from positive ion bombardment, and do not require heating. There are two types of hot cathode. In a directly heated cathode, the filament is the cathode and emits the electrons. In an indirectly heated cathode, the filament or heater heats a separate metal cathode electrode which emits the electrons.
From the 1920s to the 1960s, a wide variety of electronic devices used hot-cathode vacuum tubes. Today, hot cathodes are used as the source of electrons in fluorescent lamps, vacuum tubes, and the electron guns used in cathode ray tubes and laboratory equipment such as electron microscopes.
Description
A cathode electrode in a vacuum tube or other vacuum system is a metal surface which emits electrons into the evacuated space of the tube. Since the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive nuclei of the metal atoms, they normally stay inside the metal and require energy to leave it. This energy is called the work function of the metal. In a hot cathode, the cathode surface is induced to emit electrons by heating it with a filament, a thin wire of refractory metal like tungsten with current flowing through it. The cathode is heated to a temperature that causes electrons to be 'boiled off' of its surface into the evacuated space in the tube, a process called thermionic emission.
There are two types of hot cathodes:
Directly heated cathode In this type, the filament itself is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide | Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide (or FormylGlycinAmideRibotide, FGAR) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA. The vitamins thiamine and cobalamin also contain fragments derived from FGAR.
FGAR is formed when the enzyme phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase adds a formyl group from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to glycineamide ribonucleotide (GAR) in reaction :
GAR + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate → FGAR + tetrahydrofolate
The biosynthesis pathway next converts FGAR to an amidine by the action of phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (), transferring an amino group from glutamine and giving 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM) in a reaction that also requires ATP:
FGAR + ATP + glutamine + H2O → FGAM + ADP + glutamate + Pi
See also
5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
Purine metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing%20Links | In computer science, dancing links (DLX) is a technique for adding and deleting a node from a circular doubly linked list. It is particularly useful for efficiently implementing backtracking algorithms, such as Knuth's Algorithm X for the exact cover problem. Algorithm X is a recursive, nondeterministic, depth-first, backtracking algorithm that finds all solutions to the exact cover problem. Some of the better-known exact cover problems include tiling, the n queens problem, and Sudoku.
The name dancing links, which was suggested by Donald Knuth, stems from the way the algorithm works, as iterations of the algorithm cause the links to "dance" with partner links so as to resemble an "exquisitely choreographed dance." Knuth credits Hiroshi Hitotsumatsu and Kōhei Noshita with having invented the idea in 1979, but it is his paper which has popularized it.
Implementation
As the remainder of this article discusses the details of an implementation technique for Algorithm X, the reader is strongly encouraged to read the Algorithm X article first.
Main ideas
The idea of DLX is based on the observation that in a circular doubly linked list of nodes,
x.left.right ← x.right;
x.right.left ← x.left;
will remove node x from the list, while
x.left.right ← x;
x.right.left ← x;
will restore x'''s position in the list, assuming that x.right and x.left have been left unmodified. This works regardless of the number of elements in the list, even if that number is 1.
Knuth observed that a naive implementation of his Algorithm X would spend an inordinate amount of time searching for 1's. When selecting a column, the entire matrix had to be searched for 1's. When selecting a row, an entire column had to be searched for 1's. After selecting a row, that row and a number of columns had to be searched for 1's. To improve this search time from complexity O(n) to O(1), Knuth implemented a sparse matrix where only 1's are stored.
At all times, each node in the matrix will point to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20biotechnology | Agricultural biotechnology, also known as agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms. Crop biotechnology is one aspect of agricultural biotechnology which has been greatly developed upon in recent times. Desired trait are exported from a particular species of Crop to an entirely different species. These transgene crops possess desirable characteristics in terms of flavor, color of flowers, growth rate, size of harvested products and resistance to diseases and pests.
History
Farmers have manipulated plants and animals through selective breeding for decades of thousands of years in order to create desired traits. In the 20th century, a surge in technology resulted in an increase in agricultural biotechnology through the selection of traits like the increased yield, pest resistance, drought resistance, and herbicide resistance. The first food product produced through biotechnology was sold in 1990, and by 2003, 7 million farmers were utilizing biotech crops. More than 85% of these farmers were located in developing countries.
Crop modification techniques
Traditional breeding
Traditional crossbreeding has been used for centuries to improve crop quality and quantity. Crossbreeding mates two sexually compatible species to create a new and special variety with the desired traits of the parents. For example, the honeycrisp apple exhibits a specific texture and flavor due to the crossbreeding of its parents. In traditional practices, pollen from one plant is placed on the female part of another, which leads to a hybrid that contains genetic information from both parent plants. Plant breeders select the plants with the traits they're looking to pass on and continue to breed those plants. Note that crossbreeding can only be utilized within the same or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20tylopilopsis | Boletus tylopilopsis is an edible basidiomycete mushroom, of the genus Boletus in the family Boletaceae. Morphologically similar to the members of Tylopilus in the pinkish hymenophore and belonging to the porcini group (Boletus sect. Boletus), it was first described in 2015, and is known to be found only in China, Yunnan Province.
Morphology
Cap
The cap is 8.5 to 10.5 cm in diameter, hemispherical in shape; The surface is dry and distinctly rugose, dull yellow to yellow with olivacous tinge. The flesh is cream to yellowish in color and does not turn blue when bruised.
Pores
The pores are white-stuffed when young, becoming pinkish like those of Tylopilus spp., unchanged when bruised.
Stipe
From 9 to 12 cm long; 1.5–2.2 cm thick; yellowish with reticulations concolorous to the pileus; shaped clavate to subcylindrical, tapered upwards.
Spores
Subfusiform, 12.5-15 x 4.5–5.5 µm.
Habitat and distribution
Solitary or gregarious in the subtropical Fagaceae forests in Southwest China. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythranthe%20guttata | Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.
Erythranthe guttata is a model organism for biological studies, and in that context is still referred to as Mimulus guttatus. There may be as many as 1000 scientific papers focused on this species. The genome is (as of 2012) being studied in depth.
For combined research of evolution, genetics, and ecology, particularly plant-insect interactions, the yellow monkeyflower has become a model system. With the help of physically resistant protections called trichomes, which have been thoroughly examined, the yellow monkeyflower defends itself against herbivores.
Description
A highly variable plant, taking many forms, E. guttata is a species complex in that there is room to treat some of its forms as different species by some definitions.
The plant ranges from tall with disproportionately large, 2 to 4 cm long, tubular flowers. The perennial form spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs.
Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers.
The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots (hence the name guttata, which is Latin for 'spotted'). The opening to the flower is hairy.
Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. E. guttata also displays a high degree of self-pollination. Erythranthe nasuta (Mimulus nasutus) evolved from E. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopropionitrile | Aminopropionitrile, also known as β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), is an organic compound with both amine and nitrile functional groups. It is a colourless liquid. The compound occurs naturally and is of interest in the biomedical community.
Biochemical and medical occurrence
BAPN is the toxic constituent of peas from Lathyrus plants, e.g., lathyrus odoratus. Lathyrism, a disease known for centuries, encompasses 2 distinct entities: a disorder of the nervous system (neurolathyrism) leading to limb paralysis, and a disorder of connective tissue, causing either bone deformity (osteolathyrism) or aortic aneurisms (angiolathyrim). BAPN causes osteolathyrism and angiolathyrism when ingested in large quantities." It can cause osteolathyrism, neurolathyrism, and/or angiolathyrism.
It is an antirheumatic agent in veterinary medicine.
It has attracted interest as an anticancer agent.
Production
Aminopropionitrile is prepared by the reaction of ammonia with acrylonitrile.
See also
Kashin-Beck disease
Lysyl oxidase
Marfan syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox%20of%20enrichment | The paradox of enrichment is a term from population ecology coined by Michael Rosenzweig in 1971. He described an effect in six predator–prey models where increasing the food available to the prey caused the predator's population to destabilize. A common example is that if the food supply of a prey such as a rabbit is overabundant, its population will grow unbounded and cause the predator population (such as a lynx) to grow unsustainably large. That may result in a crash in the population of the predators and possibly lead to local eradication or even species extinction.
The term 'paradox' has been used since then to describe this effect in slightly conflicting ways. The original sense was one of irony; by attempting to increase the carrying capacity in an ecosystem, one could fatally imbalance it. Since then, some authors have used the word to describe the difference between modelled and real predator–prey interactions.
Rosenzweig used ordinary differential equation models to describe changes in prey populations. Enrichment was taken to be increasing the prey carrying capacity and showing that the prey population destabilized, usually into a limit cycle.
The cycling behavior after destabilization was more thoroughly explored in a subsequent paper (May 1972) and discussion (Gilpin and Rosenzweig 1972).
Support and possible solutions to the paradox
Many studies have been done on the paradox of enrichment since Rosenzweig. There is empirical support for the paradox of enrichment, mainly from small scale laboratory experiments, but limited support from field observations. as summarised by Roy and Chattopadhyay
, such as these exceptions:
Inedible prey: if there are multiple prey species and not all are edible, some may absorb nutrients and stabilise cyclicity.
Invulnerable prey: even with a single prey species, if there is a degree of temporal or spatial refuge (the prey can hide from the predator), destabilisation may not happen.
Unpalatable prey: if prey do n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum%20transversum | The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme, formed in the embryo, that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being and other mammals.
Origins
The septum transversum originally arises as the most cranial part of the mesenchyme on day 22. During craniocaudal folding, it assumes a position cranial to the developing heart at the level of the cervical vertebrae. During subsequent weeks the dorsal end of the embryo grows much faster than its ventral counterpart resulting in an apparent descent of the ventrally located septum transversum. At week 8, it can be found at the level of the thoracic vertebrae.
Nerve supply
After successful craniocaudal folding the septum transversum picks up innervation from the adjacent ventral rami of spinal nerves C3, C4 and C5, thus forming the precursor of the phrenic nerve. During the descent of the septum, the phrenic nerve is carried along and assumes its descending pathway.
During embryonic development of the thoracic diaphragm, myoblast cells from the septum invade the other components of the diaphragm. They thus give rise to the motor and sensory innervation of the muscular diaphragm by the phrenic nerve.
Derivatives
The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm, and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm.
The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut, which in turn is the precursor of the lesser omentum, the visceral peritoneum of the liver and the falciform ligament.
Though not derived from the septum transversum, development of the liver is highly dependent upon signals originating here. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), BMP-4 and BMP-7 produced from the septum transv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations%20of%20Algebraic%20Geometry | Foundations of Algebraic Geometry is a book by that develops algebraic geometry over fields of any characteristic. In particular it gives a careful treatment of intersection theory by defining the local intersection multiplicity of two subvarieties.
Weil was motivated by the need for a rigorous theory of correspondences on algebraic curves in positive characteristic, which he used in his proof of the Riemann hypothesis for curves over a finite field.
Weil introduced abstract rather than projective varieties partly so that he could construct the Jacobian of a curve. (It was not known at the time that Jacobians are always projective varieties.) It was some time before anyone found any examples of complete abstract varieties that are not projective.
In the 1950s Weil's work was one of several competing attempts to provide satisfactory foundations for algebraic geometry, all of which were superseded by Grothendieck's development of schemes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed%20nuclear%20radiation | Delayed nuclear radiation is a form of nuclear decay. When an isotope decays into a very short-lived isotope and then decays again to a relatively long-lived isotope, the products of the second decay are delayed. The short-lived isotope is usually a meta-stable nuclear isomer.
For example, gallium-73 decays via beta decay into germanium-73m2, which is short-lived (499ms). The germanium isotope emits two weak gamma rays and a conversion electron.
→ + 2 + ; → + (53.4 keV) + (13.3 keV) +
Because the middle isotope is so short-lived, the gamma rays are considered part of the gallium decay. Therefore, the above equations are combined.
→ + 4 + 2
However, since there is a short time delay between the beta decay and the high energy gamma emissions and the third and fourth gamma rays, it is said that the lower energy gamma rays are delayed.
Delayed gamma emissions are the most common form of delayed radiation, but are not the only form. It is common for the short-lived isotopes to have delayed emissions of various particles. In these cases, it is commonly called a beta-delayed emission. This is because the decay is delayed until a beta decay takes place. For instance, nitrogen-17 emits two beta-delayed neutrons after its primary beta emission. Just as in the above delayed gamma emission, the nitrogen is not the actual source of the neutrons, the source of the neurons is a short-lived isotope of oxygen.
See also
Prompt neutron
External links
Flash animation of beta-delayed neutron emission
Flash animation of beta-delayed proton emission
Flash animation of beta-delayed alpha emission
Radioactivity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20rotation | Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface.
The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field.
In its turn, the magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its angular speed decreases. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.
Measurement
Unless a star is being observed from the direction of its pole, sections of the surface have some amount of movement toward or away from the observer. The component of movement that is in the direction of the observer is called the radial velocity. For the portion of the surface with a radial velocity component toward the observer, the radiation is shifted to a higher frequency because of Doppler shift. Likewise the region that has a component moving away from the observer is shifted to a lower frequency. When the absorption lines of a star are observed, this shift at each end of the spectrum causes the line to broaden. However, this broadening must be carefully separated from other effects that can increase the line width.
The component of the radial velocity observed through line broadening depends on the inclination of the star's pole to the line of sight. The derived value is given as , where is the rotational velocity at the equator and is the inclination. However, is not always known, so the result giv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBO%20Reports | EMBO Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to biology at a molecular level. It publishes primary research papers, reviews, and essays and opinion. It also features commentaries on the social impact of advances in the life sciences and the converse influence of society on science. A sister journal to The EMBO Journal, EMBO Reports was established in 2000 and was published on behalf of the European Molecular Biology Organization by Nature Publishing Group since 2003. It is now published by EMBO Press.
External links
Molecular biology
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2000
European Molecular Biology Organization academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20icons%20for%20languages | The use of flag icons, particularly national flags, for languages is a common practice. Such icons have long been used on tourist attraction signage, and elsewhere in the tourism space, but have found wider use in website localization where UX limitations have become apparent.
Mixed flags
Sometimes the flags of international language communities, such as the Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries or the flag of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie can be used, but they are not as widely recognised as national flags. Where more than one country is a major user of a language, a flag divided diagonally may be used, such as the flags of Brazil and Portugal to indicate the Portuguese language; Brazilians may be offended by the use of their former colonial master's flag to symbolise the Portuguese language, as there are far more speakers of it in Brazil (over 200 million) than in Portugal (10 million).
Writing systems
Where two written standards exist for a single language, national flags can be used to distinguish between them: for example, the Flag of Taiwan for Traditional Chinese and the Flag of the People's Republic of China for Simplified Chinese.
Political motivations
Some Euronet ATMs (automated teller machines) display the Irish flag as a symbol for the English language (usually UK flag or English flag). In the media, this was speculated to be a response to Brexit, with the Republic of Ireland as one of the only two Anglophone nations left in the European Union (another being Malta). Dr. Oetker have been observed doing the same. The Irish flag is more usually used to signify the Irish language.
Criticism
The use of flag icons for languages has been criticized as poor design. The symbolism of a national flag introduces politicization, and often ambiguity.
Belying the nation-state concept, many languages are natively spoken in several countries, and many countries have several major languages. Alternatives include using the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation%20of%20Food%20Processing | The Federation of Food Processing (, FAYT) was a trade union representing workers in the food processing sector in Spain.
The union was founded in 1977, as an affiliate of the Workers' Commissions. By 1981, it had 21,511 members, and as of 1994 its membership had grown to 31,625. In 2000, it merged with the Federation of Agriculture, to form the Federation of Agrifood. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory%20trap%20hypothesis | The sensory trap hypothesis describes an evolutionary idea that revolves around mating behavior and female mate choice. It is a model of female preference and male sexual trait evolution through what is known as sensory exploitation. Sensory exploitation, or a sensory trap is an event that occurs in nature where male members of a species perform behaviors or display visual traits that resemble a non-sexual stimulus which females are responsive to. This tricks females into engaging with the males, thus creating more mating opportunities for males. What makes it a sensory trap is that these female responses evolved in a non-sexual context, and the male produced stimulus exploits the female response which would not otherwise occur without the mimicked stimulus.
Limitations
The term "trap" indicates that these sensory trap events may be detrimental to female mating success, but they may not always be costly. In fact, there are circumstances where not responding to the stimulus itself can be costly, as females may ignore the actual stimulus in the correct context, and lose the fitness benefits that come with it. There are also circumstances where these traps can actually be beneficial in the context of mate choice, where the females who are responding to the trap end up gaining high-quality males to mate with.
While these sensory traps can be quite successful when they appropriately mimic the non-sexual stimulus, they often become exaggerated as a result of excessive selection to the point where they are no longer useful. This is due to the trait or behavior becoming imperceptible or no longer resembling the original stimulus.
Sensory traps in nature
Photinus, Photuris, and Pyractomena Firefly males use patterned light flashes that mimic the females' prey species when they are flying above them, which evokes a female response including their own pattern of flashing lights that the males use to locate them for mating.
Neumania papillator males engage in leg trembli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20path | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Hamiltonian path (or traceable path) is a path in an undirected or directed graph that visits each vertex exactly once. A Hamiltonian cycle (or Hamiltonian circuit) is a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once. A Hamiltonian path that starts and ends at adjacent vertices can be completed by adding one more edge to form a Hamiltonian cycle, and removing any edge from a Hamiltonian cycle produces a Hamiltonian path. Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs (the Hamiltonian path problem and Hamiltonian cycle problem) are NP-complete.
Hamiltonian paths and cycles are named after William Rowan Hamilton, who invented the icosian game, now also known as Hamilton's puzzle, which involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron. Hamilton solved this problem using the icosian calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton). This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs.
Despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman, who, in particular, gave an example of a polyhedron without Hamiltonian cycles. Even earlier, Hamiltonian cycles and paths in the knight's graph of the chessboard, the knight's tour, had been studied in the 9th century in Indian mathematics by Rudrata, and around the same time in Islamic mathematics by al-Adli ar-Rumi. In 18th century Europe, knight's tours were published by Abraham de Moivre and Leonhard Euler.
Definitions
A Hamiltonian path or traceable path is a path that visits each vertex of the graph exactly once. A graph that contains a Hamiltonian path is called a traceable graph. A graph is Hamiltonian-connected if for every pair of vertices there is a Hamiltonian path between the two vertices.
A Hamiltonian cycle, Hamiltonian circuit, vertex tour or graph cycle is a cycle that visits each vertex ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20Bennett | Sir Frederic Mackarness Bennett (2 December 1918 – 14 September 2002) was a British journalist, author, barrister and Conservative politician who served as a Member of Parliament for 35 years. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1985, and a Deputy Lieutenant for Greater London in 1990. He was also Lord of the manor of Mawddwy in Wales.
Early years
The second son of Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett, (died 1947) of Cwmllecoediog, Aberangell, Wales, by his wife Marguerite (née Kleinwort), Bennett was educated at Westminster School, and Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the English Bar in November 1946. He subsequently served as an Advocate in the High Court of Southern Rhodesia from March 1947, and in 1947 he made the first overland car journey from South Africa to England.
From 1947 to 1949 he was an Official Observer in the Greek Civil War, becoming diplomatic correspondent for the Birmingham Post from 1950 to 1952. Later a director in various financial and industrial institutions in the United Kingdom and overseas, he was also an underwriter at Lloyd's.
Military
In 1939 Bennett enlisted in the Middlesex Yeomanry. He was commissioned as an officer into the Royal Artillery in 1940; commended for gallantry in 1941; was Military Experimental Officer in the Petroleum Warfare Department, 1943–1946, then released to reserve with the permanent rank of Major.
Political career
At the 1945 general election, Bennett was an unsuccessful candidate in the Burslem constituency, in Staffordshire. At the 1950 general election, he stood in the Birmingham Ladywood constituency, again unsuccessfully.
The following year, at the 1951 general election, he was finally elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Reading North. When that constituency was abolished for the general election in May 1955, Bennett stood for in election in the new Reading seat, but lost by 238 votes to Labour's Ian Mikardo, the outgoing MP for the abolished Reading South constituency. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%202%20k1%20polytope | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Uniform 2 k1 polytope}}
In geometry, 2k1 polytope is a uniform polytope in n dimensions (n = k+4) constructed from the En Coxeter group. The family was named by their Coxeter symbol as 2k1 by its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 2-node sequence. It can be named by an extended Schläfli symbol {3,3,3k,1}.
Family members
The family starts uniquely as 6-polytopes, but can be extended backwards to include the 5-orthoplex (pentacross) in 5-dimensions, and the 4-simplex (5-cell) in 4-dimensions.
Each polytope is constructed from (n-1)-simplex and 2k-1,1 (n-1)-polytope facets, each has a vertex figure as an (n-1)-demicube, {31,n-2,1}.
The sequence ends with k=6 (n=10), as an infinite hyperbolic tessellation of 9-space.
The complete family of 2k1 polytope polytopes are:
5-cell: 201, (5 tetrahedra cells)
Pentacross: 211, (32 5-cell (201) facets)
221, (72 5-simplex and 27 5-orthoplex (211) facets)
231, (576 6-simplex and 56 221 facets)
241, (17280 7-simplex and 240 231 facets)
251, tessellates Euclidean 8-space (∞ 8-simplex and ∞ 241 facets)
261, tessellates hyperbolic 9-space (∞ 9-simplex and ∞ 251 facets)
Elements
See also
k21 polytope family
1k2 polytope family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity%20measurement | Parity measurement (also referred to as Operator measurement) is a procedure in quantum information science used for error detection in quantum qubits. A parity measurement checks the equality of two qubits to return a true or false answer, which can be used to determine whether a correction needs to occur. Additional measurements can be made for a system greater than two qubits. Because parity measurement does not measure the state of singular bits but rather gets information about the whole state, it is considered an example of a joint measurement. Joint measurements do not have the consequence of destroying the original state of a qubit as normal quantum measurements do. Mathematically speaking, parity measurements are used to project a state into an eigenstate of an operator and to acquire its eigenvalue.
Parity measurement is an essential concept of quantum error correction. From the parity measurement, an appropriate unitary operation can be applied to correct the error without knowing the beginning state of the qubit.
Parity and parity checking
A qubit is a two level system and when we measure one qubit, we can have either 1 or 0 as a result. One corresponds odd parity and zero corresponds even parity. This is what a parity check is. This idea can be generalized beyond single qubits. This can be generalized beyond a single qubit and it is useful in QEC. The idea of parity checks in QEC is to have just parity information of multiple data qubits over one (auxiliary) qubit without revealing any other information. Any unitary can be used for the parity check. If we want to have the parity information of a valid quantum observable U, we need to apply the controlled-U gates between the ancilla qubit and the data qubits sequentially. For example, for making parity check measurement in the X basis, we need to apply CNOT gates between the ancilla qubit and the data qubits sequentially since the controlled gate in this case is a CNOT (CX) gate.
The unique state o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20release%20life%20cycle | The software release life cycle is the process of developing, testing, and distributing a software product. It typically consists of several stages, such as pre-alpha, alpha, beta, and release candidate, before the final version, or "gold", is released to the public.
Pre-alpha refers to the early stages of development, when the software is still being designed and built. Alpha testing is the first phase of formal testing, during which the software is tested internally using white-box techniques. Beta testing is the next phase, in which the software is tested by a larger group of users, typically outside of the organization that developed it. The beta phase is focused on reducing impacts on users and may include usability testing.
After beta testing, the software may go through one or more release candidate phases, in which it is refined and tested further, before the final version is released.
Some software, particularly in the internet and technology industries, is released in a perpetual beta state, meaning that it is continuously being updated and improved, and is never considered to be a fully completed product. This approach allows for a more agile development process and enables the software to be released and used by users earlier in the development cycle.
Stages of development
Pre-alpha
Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.
Alpha
The alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase of software testing (alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, used as the number 1). In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques. Additional validation is then performe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16orf95 | Chromosome 16 open reading frame 95 (C16orf95) is a gene which in humans encodes the protein C16orf95. It has orthologs in mammals, and is expressed at a low level in many tissues. C16orf95 evolves quickly compared to other proteins.
Gene
C16orf95 is a Homo sapiens gene oriented on the minus strand of chromosome 16. It is located on the cytogenic band 16q24.2 and spans 14.62 kilobases. The gene contains 6 introns and 7 exons.
Homology
Paralogs
There are no known paralogs of C16orf95.
Orthologs
Orthologs of C16orf95 exist only in mammals (identified with BLAST). The most distant orthologs are found in opossums and Tasmanian devils.
mRNA
Alternative splicing
There are three splice variants of C16orf95. The longest transcript contains 1156 base pairs and 7 exons. Compared to variant 1, the second transcript variant lacks exons 4 and 5. This alternative splicing results in a frameshift of the 3' coding region, and a shorter, unique C-terminus. The third transcript variant lacks exons 4 and 5, and uses an alternate 5' exon and start codon. The resulting peptide has unique N- and C-termini compared to variant 1.
Secondary structure
The 3' untranslated region of the C16orf95 mRNA contains binding sites for KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 (KHDRBS3) within an internal loop structure. KHDRBS3 regulates mRNA splicing and may act as a negative regulator of cell growth.
Expression
The expression of C16orf95 is not well characterized. However, it has been detected at low levels in the following tissue types: bone, brain, ear, eye, intestine, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, prostate, testes, tonsils, skin, and uterus.
Protein
Structure
Primary
The longest isoform of the C16orf95 protein has 239 amino acids. It has a conserved domain of unknown function spanning residues 76 to 239. C16orf95 has a calculated molecular weight of 26.5 kDa, and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.8. Compared to other human proteins, C16orf95 has m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20royale%20de%20Flore%20de%20Bruxelles | The Société royale de Flore de Bruxelles (French; lit. Royal Society of Flora), founded in 1822, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, was a botanical society in Brussels.
It was named after Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers and of the season of spring.
History
It is a successor of the Confrérie de Sainte Dorothée, founded in Brussels in 1660. In 1935 it merged with the Société royale linnéenne de Bruxelles to form the Société royale linnéenne et de Flore de Bruxelles.
First directors
Charles-Joseph d'Ursel, President.
Van Voldem de Lombeck, vice-president.
Reynders, treasurer.
Symon-Brunelle, secretary, rue de l'Empereur.
Augustus Van Dievoet, lawyer at the Court of Cassation, administrator.
Exhibitions
They organised two yearly exhibitions, one in winter, in February, and the other in summer, in July.
Publications
Bulletin de la Société Royale Linnéenne de Bruxelles
Bulletin de la Société Royale Linnéenne et de Flore de Bruxelles
Bibliography
J. Balis, Conservateur à la Bibliothèque Royale Albert premier, Le premier Jardin botanique de Bruxelles, Extrait de l'histoire des jardins botaniques de Bruxelles (1870-1970), Ed. du Crédit communal, 1970, page 6.
Les archives de la Société Royale Linnéenne et de Flore de Bruxelles fondée en 1935 et qui a hérité des archives de la Confrérie de sainte Dorothée fondée en 1640 ainsi que des archives de la Société royale de Flore fondée en 1825, et allant de l'année 1640 à 1970, ont été déposées en 1925 (réf.Archives Historiques, n°3811) et en 2007 aux Archives de la Ville de Bruxelles. Elles constituent 13 mètres de rayonnages.
Le Livre d'Or porte la référence: n°3812, aux Archives de la Ville de Bruxelles.
Mauvy, Bruxelles et ses environs, p 123. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZT2 | Seizure threshold 2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SZT2 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in the brain, predominantly in the parietal and frontal cortex as well as in dorsal root ganglia. It is localized to the peroxisome, and is implicated in resistance to oxidative stress. It likely functions by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but itself has no direct SOD activity. Studies in mice show that this gene confers low seizure threshold, and may also enhance epileptogenesis.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause infantile encephalopathy with epilepsy and dysmorphic corpus callosum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Szepessy | Anders Szepessy (born 1960) is a Swedish mathematician.
Szepessy received his PhD in 1989 from Chalmers University of Technology with thesis Convergence of the streamline diffusion finite element method for conservation laws under the supervision of Claes Johnson. Szepessy is now a professor of mathematics and numerical analysis at KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
His research area is applied mathematics, especially partial differential equations.
Szepessy was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2006 in Madrid. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2007.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax%20wrap | Beeswax wrap is a food wrap material consisting of a coated fabric, most commonly cotton. It is made by infusing cotton with food-grade beeswax, rosin, coconut oil, and jojoba oil. The wrap is mouldable, grippable, and tacky. It can be shaped around containers or food products. Beeswax wrap is a reusable and sustainable alternative to plastic wrap and single-use plastic. It has the ability to counteract environmental issues such as plastic pollution and food waste.
Beeswax wrap's main use is food preservation. It is breathable and allows food to stay fresh for longer, reducing food wastage. After each use, beeswax wrap can be washed and air-dried. Beeswax wrap usually loses its grip after one year. When the wrap loses its grip it can be composted.
Uses
Beeswax wrap is used by moulding it around food products, containers or bowls. This is done by heating the beeswax wrap with one's hands and then shaping it around the item. The warmth of one's hands melts the beeswax, softening the wrap enough to create a seal around containers and food products. Beeswax wraps are not ideal for wrapping all types of food. For example, raw meat, raw fish or other wet food items such as rock melon. These wet foods can be placed in a bowl or container which can then be covered with the beeswax wrap. More alternative uses of beeswax wrap include as a flower vase or as a water cup.
Maintenance
The usable life of beeswax wrap depends on how often it is used, washed and maintained. Often beeswax wrap can be rinsed and air-dried after single uses. If the wrap requires more thorough cleaning, it can be sponged with soapy, cold water, rinsed and hung to air dry. Cracks in beeswax wraps can be fixed by either laying it on a baking tray in the sun or an oven and by warming it using a hairdryer. This process is referred to as 'warming' and allows the wax to melt and mould back together. This seals the cracks that have begun to form.
Disposal
When beeswax wrap has lost its grip and is no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20analogue | Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.
Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.
An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).
Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.
Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA), threose nucleic acid (TNA) and hexitol nucleic acids (HNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.
In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
Medicine
Several nucleoside analogues are used as antiviral or anticancer agents. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canonical bases. These compounds are activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides, they are administered as nucleosides since charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes.
Molecular biology
Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisai%20%28company%29 | is a Japanese pharmaceutical company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It has some 10,000 employees, among them about 1,500 in research. Eisai is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a member of the Topix 100 and Nikkei 225 stock indices.
History
Nihon Eisai Co. Ltd. was established in 1941. In 1944, merger with Sakuragaoka Research Laboratory resulted in creation of Eisai Co. Ltd. The American subsidiary of the company, Eisai Inc., was established in 1995.
On November 25, 1996, Eisai received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for Aricept (donepezil), a drug discovered in the company's labs and co-marketed with Pfizer.
Three years later in 1999, the company received USFDA approval for Aciphex (rabeprazole), a drug co-marketed with Johnson & Johnson.
In September 2006, the company acquired four oncology products from Ligand Pharmaceuticals.
In April 2007, Eisai acquired Exton, Pennsylvania-based Morphotek, a company developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious diseases.
In December 2007, Eisai acquired MGI Pharma, a company specializing in oncology, for US$3.9 billion. This event brought Dacogen (decitabine), Aloxi (palonosetron), Hexalen (altretamine) for ovarian cancer, and the Gliadel Wafer (carmustine) for brain tumors into the Eisai product portfolio.
In 2009, Eisai received the Corporate Award from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) for the development of Banzel (rufinamide).
In June 2023, the company suffered from a ransomware attack, causing a shutdown of some of its logistical systems.
Locations
Eisai Co., Ltd. is based in Tokyo, Japan, while its American subsidiary, Eisai Inc., is headquartered in Nutley, New Jersey. Eisai Inc. is led by Ivan Cheung as CEO. Eisai maintains medical research headquarters in Nutley as well as at locations in Japan, the United Kingdom, the Research Triangle in North Carolina, and Massachusetts wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerostin | Sclerostin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOST gene. It is a secreted glycoprotein with a C-terminal cysteine knot-like (CTCK) domain and sequence similarity to the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. Sclerostin is produced primarily by the osteocyte but is also expressed in other tissues, and has anti-anabolic effects on bone formation.
Structure
The sclerostin protein, with a length of 213 residues, has a secondary structure that has been determined by protein NMR to be 28% beta sheet (6 strands; 32 residues).
Function
Sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, located on chromosome 17q12–q21 in humans, was originally believed to be a non-classical bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. More recently, sclerostin has been identified as binding to LRP5/6 receptors and inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. The inhibition of the Wnt pathway leads to decreased bone formation. Although the underlying mechanisms are unclear, it is believed that the antagonism of BMP-induced bone formation by sclerostin is mediated by Wnt signaling, but not BMP signaling pathways. Sclerostin is expressed in osteocytes and some chondrocytes and it inhibits bone formation by osteoblasts.
Sclerostin production by osteocytes is inhibited by parathyroid hormone, mechanical loading, estrogen and cytokines including prostaglandin E2, oncostatin M, cardiotrophin-1 and leukemia inhibitory factor. Sclerostin production is increased by calcitonin. Thus, osteoblast activity is self regulated by a negative feedback system.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the gene that encodes the sclerostin protein are associated with disorders associated with high bone mass, sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease.
van Buchem disease is an autosomal recessive skeletal disease characterized by bone overgrowth. It was first described in 1955 as "hyperostosis corticalis generalisata familiaris", but w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20radiation%20control%20coating | Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS), sometimes referred to as radiant barrier coatings, are paints designed to provide thermal insulation to buildings.
Standards
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Reflective Insulation Manufacturer's Association (RIMA) have established an industry standard for evaluating paints claiming to have insulating characteristics. The energy conserving property has been defined as thermal emittance (the ability of a surface to release radiant energy that it has absorbed). Those coatings qualified as Interior Radiation Control Coatings must show a thermal emittance of 0.25 or less. This means that an IRCCS will block 75% or more of the radiant heat transfer.
These low "E" coatings were originally developed in 1978 at the Solar Energy Corporation (SOLEC) in Princeton, New Jersey for use in tubular evacuated solar collectors. The developer, Robert Aresty, designed them to be used as low emissivity surfaces
on glass to replace vacuum deposited surfaces. While SOLEC was doing collaborative work with the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Phillip Fairey, research director at FSEC and world-renowned researcher in radiant barriers discovered the availability of these coatings in the SOLEC labs. He immediately grasped that they might be used as a replacement for foil radiant barriers, and proceeded to perform experiments verifying their viability for this use. In 1986 these coatings were applied for the first commercial application in homes built by Centex Corporation.
Uses
Uses of IRCCS includes residential and commercial building insulation, as well as industrial and automotive applications. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash%20Khot | Subhash Khot (born 10 June 1978 in Ichalkaranji) is an Indian-American mathematician and theoretical computer scientist who is the Julius Silver Professor of Computer Science in the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. Khot has contributed to the field of computational complexity, and is best known for his unique games conjecture.
Khot received the 2014 Rolf Nevanlinna Prize by the International Mathematical Union and received the MacArthur Fellowship in 2016. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2017 and was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences in 2023.
Education
Khot obtained his bachelor's degree in computer science from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1999. He received his doctorate degree in computer science from Princeton University in 2003 under the supervision of Sanjeev Arora. His doctoral dissertation was titled "New Techniques for Probabilistically Checkable Proofs and Inapproximability Results."
Honours and awards
Khot is a two time silver medallist representing India at the International Mathematical Olympiad (1994 and 1995). Khot topped the highly difficult IIT JEE entrance exam in 1995.
He has been awarded the Microsoft Research New Faculty Fellowship Award (2005), the Alan T. Waterman Award (2010), the Rolf Nevanlinna Prize for his work on the Unique Games Conjecture (2014), and the MacArthur Fellowship (2016).
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2017. and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2023. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium%20galanthum | Allium galanthum is an Asian species of onion in the amaryllis family, commonly called the snowdrop onion. It is native to Xinjiang, Mongolia, Altay Krai, and Kazakhstan. It grows at elevations of .
Allium galanthum forms a cluster of bulbs, each up to in diameter. Scapes are up to tall. Leaves are tubular, about half as long as the scapes. Umbels are spherical with a large number of white flowers.
Allium galanthum is edible and reportedly has medicinal uses. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20neuroscience | Evolutionary neuroscience is the scientific study of the evolution of nervous systems. Evolutionary neuroscientists investigate the evolution and natural history of nervous system structure, functions and emergent properties. The field draws on concepts and findings from both neuroscience and evolutionary biology. Historically, most empirical work has been in the area of comparative neuroanatomy, and modern studies often make use of phylogenetic comparative methods. Selective breeding and experimental evolution approaches are also being used more frequently.
Conceptually and theoretically, the field is related to fields as diverse as cognitive genomics, neurogenetics, developmental neuroscience, neuroethology, comparative psychology, evo-devo, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, behavioral ecology, biological anthropology and sociobiology.
Evolutionary neuroscientists examine changes in genes, anatomy, physiology, and behavior to study the evolution of changes in the brain. They study a multitude of processes including the evolution of vocal, visual, auditory, taste, and learning systems as well as language evolution and development. In addition, evolutionary neuroscientists study the evolution of specific areas or structures in the brain such as the amygdala, forebrain and cerebellum as well as the motor or visual cortex.
History
Studies of the brain began during ancient Egyptian times but studies in the field of evolutionary neuroscience began after the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859. At that time, brain evolution was largely viewed at the time in relation to the incorrect scala naturae. Phylogeny and the evolution of the brain were still viewed as linear. During the early 20th century, there were several prevailing theories about evolution. Darwinism was based on the principles of natural selection and variation, Lamarckism was based on the passing down of acquired traits, Orthogenesis was based on the assumption that te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYZ-LD | WNYZ-LD is a low-power television station in New York City, owned by K Media. It broadcasts on VHF channel 6, commonly known as an "FM6 operation" because the audio portion of the signal lies at 87.75 MHz, receivable by analog FM radios, tuned to the 87.75 frequency. Throughout its existence, the station has operated closer to a radio station than a television station. WNYZ-LD broadcasts video, usually silent films, which are repeated throughout the day to fulfill the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirement that video be broadcast on the licensed frequency. The station airs this programming without commercials, while viewers hear the audio of WWRU out of Jersey City, New Jersey.
History
As W33BS
The station originated in 1987. It first signed on in 1998 as W33BS in Darien, Connecticut; later as UHF channel 33.
As WNYZ-LP
The station was moved to VHF channel 6 in 2003 and the call sign was changed to WNYZ-LP. At that time the station was re-licensed to New York City. The station's original owner, Reverend Dr. Carrie L. Thomas, sold the station to the now defunct Island Broadcasting Company after its transition to channel 6. The new owner dropped its religious format, and began operating WNYZ as an FM radio station. Since the New York City FM radio dial is significantly crowded, the market had not added a station to the FM band since 1985. This rather unconventional work-around effectively extended the available FM band in the city. The audio programming broadcast over WNYZ was originally Russian pop music. The station was branded as, "Radio Everything" ().
Brief digital operation
In November 2008, Island Broadcasting installed an Axcera DT325B digital VHF transmitter with the Axciter/Bandwidth Enhancement Technology (BET) option, which permitted WNYZ-LP to simultaneously transmit a single 480i SD digital stream using virtual channel 1.1, along with the analog audio carrier on 87.75 MHz. This allowed the station to serve both its radio and television |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossmo%27s%20formula | Rossmo's formula is a geographic profiling formula to predict where a serial criminal lives. It relies upon the tendency of criminals to not commit crimes near places where they might be recognized, but also to not travel excessively long distances. The formula was developed and patented in 1996 by criminologist Kim Rossmo and integrated into a specialized crime analysis software product called Rigel. The Rigel product is developed by the software company Environmental Criminology Research Inc. (ECRI), which Rossmo co-founded.
Formula
Imagine a map with an overlaying grid of little squares named sectors. If this map is a raster image file on a computer, these sectors are pixels. A sector is the square on row i and column j, located at coordinates .
The following function gives the probability of the position of the serial criminal residing within a specific sector (or point) :
where:
Here the summation is over past crimes located at coordinates , , where is the number of past crimes. Furthermore,
is a indicator function that returns 0 when a point is an element of the buffer zone B (the neighborhood of a criminal residence that is swept out by a radius of B from its center). The indicator allows the computation to switch between the two terms.
If a crime occurs within the buffer zone, then and, thus, the first term does not contribute to the overall result.
This is a prerogative for defining the first term in the case when the distance between a point (or pixel) becomes equal to zero.
When , the 1st term is used to calculate .
is the Manhattan distance between a point and the n-th crime site , .
Finally, is an appopriately selected normalization constant to ensure that .
Explanation
The summation in the formula consists of two terms. The first term describes the idea of decreasing probability with increasing distance. The second term deals with the concept of a buffer zone. The variable is used to put more weight on one of the two ideas. The vari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiohydry | Homoiohydry is the capacity of plants to regulate, or achieve homeostasis of, cell and tissue water content. Homoiohydry evolved in land plants to a lesser or greater degree during their transition to land more than 500 million years ago, and is most highly developed in the vascular plants. It is the consequence of a suite of morphological innovations and strategies that enable plant shoots exploring aerial environments to conserve water by internalising the gas exchange surfaces, enclosing them in a waterproof membrane and providing a variable aperture control mechanism, the stomatal guard cells, which regulate the rates of water transpiration and CO2 exchange. In vascular plants, water is acquired from the soil by roots and transported via the xylem to aerial portions of the plant. Water evaporation from the aerial surfaces of the plant is controlled by a waterproof covering of cuticle. Gas exchange with the atmosphere is controlled by stomata, which can open and close to control water loss, and diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts takes place in intercellular spaces between chlorenchyma cells in the stem or in the mesophyll tissue of the leaf.
The antonym of homoiohydry is poikilohydry, a condition in which plant water content is passively reduced or increased in equilibrium with environmental water status.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay%20Solutions | Replay Solutions is a private, venture-backed independent software vendor founded in 2004 and based in Redwood City, California, United States.
The company's main product, ReplayDIRECTOR, has been described by the New York Times as a “TiVo for Software”. It records application execution, and replays code execution without requiring the original environment and stimuli present during recording. Software problems such as crashes or security issues can be reproduced during replay. It is based on the concept of recording any input coming into an application, and then feeding the same inputs back to the application during replay.
Technology created by Replay Solutions has been the subject of multiple patents issued by the USPTO.
The product supports multiple platforms including iOS, Android, Xbox gaming platform and several versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, as well as applications written in Java and JavaScript.
Replay Solutions was acquired by CA Technologies in June 2012.
Investors
The company's investors are UV Partners, Sigma Partners, Hummer Winblad and Partech International. It has raised $17 million in two rounds of funding from these venture investors.
Awards
In 2009, the company was one of six singled out by the audience as "most likely to succeed" at Launch:Silicon Valley. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20estimating%20equation | In statistics, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) is used to estimate the parameters of a generalized linear model with a possible unmeasured correlation between observations from different timepoints. Although some believe that Generalized estimating equations are robust in everything even with the wrong choice of working-correlation matrix, Generalized estimating equations are only robust to loss of consistency with the wrong choice.
Regression beta coefficient estimates from the Liang Zeger GEE are consistent, unbiased, asymptotically normal even when the working correlation is misspecified, under mild regularity conditions. GEE is higher in efficiency than generalized linear iterative model GLIM (software) in the presence of high autocorrelation. When the true working-correlation is known, consistency does not require MCAR. Huber-White standard errors improve the efficiency of Liang Zeger GEE in the absence of serial Autocorrelation but may remove the marginal interpretation. GEE estimates the average response over the population ("population-averaged" effects) with Liang Zeger Standard Errors, and in individuals using Huber White Standard Errors also known as "robust standard error" or "sandwich variance" estimates. Huber-White GEE was used since 1997, and Liang Zeger GEE dates to the 1980s based on a limited literature review. Several independent formulations of these standard error estimators contribute to GEE theory. Placing the independent standard error estimators under the umbrella term "GEE" may exemplify Abuse of language.
GEEs belong to a class of regression techniques that are referred to as semiparametric because they rely on specification of only the first two moments. They are a popular alternative to the likelihood–based generalized linear mixed model which is more at risk for consistency loss at variance structure specification. The trade-off of variance-structure misspecification and consistent regression coefficient estimates is loss of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20engine | A physics engine is computer software that provides an approximate simulation of certain physical systems, such as rigid body dynamics (including collision detection), soft body dynamics, and fluid dynamics, of use in the domains of computer graphics, video games and film (CGI). Their main uses are in video games (typically as middleware), in which case the simulations are in real-time. The term is sometimes used more generally to describe any software system for simulating physical phenomena, such as high-performance scientific simulation.
Description
There are generally two classes of physics engines: real-time and high-precision. High-precision physics engines require more processing power to calculate very precise physics and are usually used by scientists and computer-animated movies. Real-time physics engines—as used in video games and other forms of interactive computing—use simplified calculations and decreased accuracy to compute in time for the game to respond at an appropriate rate for game play. A physics engine is essentially a big calculator that does mathematics needed to simulate physics.
Scientific engines
One of the first general purpose computers, ENIAC, was used as a very simple type of physics engine. It was used to design ballistics tables to help the United States military estimate where artillery shells of various mass would land when fired at varying angles and gunpowder charges, also accounting for drift caused by wind. The results were calculated a single time only, and were tabulated into printed tables handed out to the artillery commanders.
Physics engines have been commonly used on supercomputers since the 1980s to perform computational fluid dynamics modeling, where particles are assigned force vectors that are combined to show circulation. Due to the requirements of speed and high precision, special computer processors known as vector processors were developed to accelerate the calculations. The techniques can be used to model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cys/Met%20metabolism%20PLP-dependent%20enzyme%20family | In molecular biology, the Cys/Met metabolism PLP-dependent enzyme family is a family of proteins including enzymes involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism which use PLP (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) as a cofactor.
Mechanism of action
PLP is employed as it binds to amino groups and stabilises carbanion intermediates. PLP enzymes exist in their resting state as a Schiff base, the aldehyde group of PLP forming a linkage with the epsilon-amino group of an active site lysine residue on the enzyme. The alpha-amino group of the substrate displaces the lysine epsilon-amino group, in the process forming a new aldimine with the substrate. This aldimine is the common central intermediate for all PLP-catalysed reactions, enzymatic and non-enzymatic.
Function
PLP is the active form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine or pyridoxal). PLP is a versatile catalyst, acting as a coenzyme in a multitude of reactions, including decarboxylation, deamination and transamination.
A number of pyridoxal-dependent enzymes involved in the metabolism of cysteine, homocysteine and methionine have been shown to be evolutionary related. These enzymes are tetrameric proteins of about 400 amino-acid residues. Each monomer has an active site, which however requires the N-terminal of another monomer to be completed (salt bridges to phosphate and entrance way). The phosphopyridoxyl group is attached to a lysine residue located in the central section of these enzymes and is stabilised by π-stacking interactions with a tyrosine residue above it.
Family members
There are five different structurally related types of PLP enzymes. Members of this family belong to the type I and are:
in the transsulfurylation route for methionine biosynthesis:
Cystathionine γ-synthase (metB) which joins an activated homoserine ester (acetyl or succinyl) with cysteine to form cystathionine
Cystathionine β-lyase (metC) which splits cystathionine into homocysteine and a deaminated alanine (pyruvate and ammonia)
in the direct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming%20complexity | Programming complexity (or software complexity) is a term that includes software properties that affect internal interactions. Several commentators distinguish between the terms "complex" and "complicated". Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the interactions between entities. As the number of entities increases, the number of interactions between them increases exponentially, making it impossible to know and understand them all. Similarly, higher levels of complexity in software increase the risk of unintentionally interfering with interactions, thus increasing the risk of introducing defects when changing the software. In more extreme cases, it can make modifying the software virtually impossible.
The idea of linking software complexity to software maintainability has been explored extensively by Professor Manny Lehman, who developed his Laws of Software Evolution. He and his co-author Les Belady explored numerous Software Metrics that could be used to measure the state of software, eventually concluding that the only practical solution is to use deterministic complexity models.
Measures
Several measures of software complexity have been proposed. Many of these, although yielding a good representation of complexity, do not lend themselves to easy measurement. Some of the more commonly used metrics are
McCabe's cyclomatic complexity metric
Halstead's software science metrics
Henry and Kafura introduced "Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow" in 1981, which measures complexity as a function of "fan-in" and "fan-out". They define fan-in of a procedure as the number of local flows into that procedure plus the number of data structures from which that procedure retrieves information. Fan-out is defined as the number of local flows out of that procedure plus the number of data structures that the procedure updates. Local flows relate to data passed to, and from procedures that cal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proarrhythmia | Proarrhythmia is a new or more frequent occurrence of pre-existing arrhythmias, paradoxically precipitated by antiarrhythmic therapy, which means it is a side effect associated with the administration of some existing antiarrhythmic drugs, as well as drugs for other indications. In other words, it is a tendency of antiarrhythmic drugs to facilitate emergence of new arrhythmias.
Types of proarrhythmia
According to the Vaughan Williams classification (VW) of antiarrhythmic drugs, there are 3 main types of Proarrhythmia during treatment with various antiarrhythmic drugs for Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial flutter:
Ventricular proarrhythmia
Torsades de pointes (VW type IA and type III drugs)
Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (usually VW type IC drugs)
Sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation without long QT (VW types IA, IC, and III drugs)
Atrial proarrhythmia
Conversion of atrial fibrillation to flutter (usually VW type IC drugs or amiodarone). May be a desired effect.
Increase of defibrillation threshold (a potential problem with VW type IC drugs)
Provocation of recurrence (probably VW types IA, IC and III drugs). It is rare.
Abnormalities of conduction or impulse formation
Sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular block (almost all drugs)
Accelerate conduction over accessory pathway (digoxin, intravenous verapamil, or diltiazem)
Acceleration of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation (VW type IA and type IC drugs).
Increased risk
Presence of structural heart disease, especially LV systolic dysfunction.
Class IC agents.
Increased age.
Females.
Clinical pointers
Class IA drugs
Dose independent, occurring at normal levels.
Follow QT interval, keep ms.
Class IC drugs
May be provoked by increased heart rate.
Exercise stress tests after loading.
Class III drugs
Dose dependent.
Follow bradycardia, prolonged QT closely. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory%20information%20tree | A directory information tree (DIT) is data represented in a hierarchical tree-like structure consisting of the Distinguished Names (DNs) of directory service entries.
Both the X.500 protocols and the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) use directory information trees as their fundamental data structure.
Typically, an X.500 or LDAP deployment for a single organization will have a directory information tree that consists of two parts:
a top level name structure for the name of the organization itself
a representation of the data model structure within the organization
Top level naming
The top level of a directory information tree frequently represent political and geographic divisions.
The original assumption of X.500 was that all directory servers would be interconnected to form a single, global namespace. The entries at the top level of the tree corresponded to countries, identified by their ISO 3166 two letter country code. The entries subordinate to a country's entry would correspond to states or provinces, and national organizations. The naming system for a particular country was determined by that country's national standards body or telecommunications provider.
A limitation of the original directory information tree structure was the assumption that applications searching for an entry in a particular organization would navigate the directory tree by first browsing to the particular country where that organization was based, then to the region where that organization was based, then locate the entry for the organization itself, and then search within that organization for the entry in question. The desire to support searching more broadly for an individual person when all the particulars of that person's location or organization were not known led to experiments in directory deployment and interconnection, such as the Common Indexing Protocol.
Today, most LDAP deployments, and in particular Active Directory deployments, are not interconnec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20shock | Hydraulic Shock may refer to:
Water hammer, a pressure surge caused by a fluid suddenly changing velocity
Hydrostatic shock, a hypothesized phenomenon by which pressure waves from a high-speed projectile entering a victim cause injury away from an entry wound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eca%20Sindel | ECA-Sindel was an Italian company operating worldwide in the designing, manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of professional tactical and operational naval simulators. ECA -Sindel also produced integrated systems for training purposes in joint warfare operations by land, sea and air, called "Joint Warfare Simulators".
Name
The choice of the name Sindel was made in reference to an illustrious predecessor in the history of Italian technology. The first company to bear the name was a society founded in 1956 by a group of former engineers of Microlambda who were among the pioneers in the development of radar technology in post-war Italy. (This original Sindel would eventually merge with Microlambda in 1960 to form Selenia)
History
Founded in 1982, Sindel began its activities developing simulation systems for the training of radar operators creating electronic equipment that could simulate a real nautical environment.
The Company has placed itself from the earliest years in a niche of the simulator market, which was then characterized by large companies that manufactured optical-mechanical systems run by large and expensive mainframes; Sindel products, however, were based on specific software installed on standard commercial computers. These simulators are better suited to nautical schools, and other institutions with smaller budget than larger organizations like military academies, or radar institutes.
Since the beginning the company has collaborated with the Guglielmo Marconi Radar Institute of Genoa which has provided Sindel of the essential know-how, to develop a valid training system for radar operators. The functionality of that system has gradually evolved to ensure the adequate stimulation of radars with ARPA capability, depth sounders and government systems such as the rudder and the engine-room telegraph.
Over the years, following the evolution of real systems installed on board, naval simulators have become rich, complex systems with many components |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric%20effect | The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side.
This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure temperature or change the temperature of objects. Because the direction of heating and cooling is affected by the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be used as temperature controllers.
The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The Seebeck and Peltier effects are different manifestations of the same physical process; textbooks may refer to this process as the Peltier–Seebeck effect (the separation derives from the independent discoveries by French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier and Baltic German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck). The Thomson effect is an extension of the Peltier–Seebeck model and is credited to Lord Kelvin.
Joule heating, the heat that is generated whenever a current is passed through a conductive material, is not generally termed a thermoelectric effect. The Peltier–Seebeck and Thomson effects are thermodynamically reversible, whereas Joule heating is not.
Seebeck effect
The Seebeck effect is the electromotive force (emf) that develops
across two points of an electrically conducting material when there is a temperature difference between them.
The emf is called the Seebeck emf (or thermo/thermal/thermoelectric emf). The ratio between the emf and temperature difference is the Seebeck coefficient. A thermocouple measures the difference in potential across a hot and cold end for two dissimilar m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20neuroimaging | Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. It is primarily used as a research tool in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and social neuroscience.
Overview
Common methods of functional neuroimaging include
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS)
PET, fMRI, fNIRS and fUS can measure localized changes in cerebral blood flow related to neural activity. These changes are referred to as activations. Regions of the brain which are activated when a subject performs a particular task may play a role in the neural computations which contribute to the behaviour. For instance, widespread activation of the occipital lobe is typically seen in tasks which involve visual stimulation (compared with tasks that do not). This part of the brain receives signals from the retina and is believed to play a role in visual perception.
Other methods of neuroimaging involve recording of electrical currents or magnetic fields, for example EEG and MEG. Different methods have different advantages for research; for instance, MEG measures brain activity with high temporal resolution (down to the millisecond level), but is limited in its ability to localize that activity. fMRI does a much better job of localizing brain activity for spatial resolution, but with a much lower time resolution while functional ultrasound (fUS) can reach an interesting spatio-temporal resolution (down to 100 micrometer, 100 milliseconds, at 15MHz in preclinical models) but is also limited by the neurovascular coupling.
Recently, Magnetic particle imaging has been proposed as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20around | A loop line or loop around is a telephone company test circuit. The circuit has two associated phone numbers. When one side of the loop is called (side A), the caller receives a test tone of approximately 1000 Hz (milliwatt test). When the second number (side B) is called, it produces dead silence, but the party on side A hears the milliwatt test tone drop, and is connected to the person on side B. The purpose of the loop around test is to allow circuit testing to a distant central office without needing a person at the far end. The technician can send a tone down either line and measure the response tone on the second line to determine the path loss parameters.
When a line is connected to side A, multiple telephone lines, within limits, may connect to side B and thus be connected into a conference with the person on side A. The function of the tone on side A was to alert those already connected, when somebody called the B side and connected.
Teenagers discovered that the test facility could be used as so-called beep lines, in which they would dial up the primary number and wait for someone at random to call its mate. Phreaks would use the loop around in a similar manner, to exchange information that they had learned about the phone company.
Loop lines are far less common today than they were in the 1960s, however they reportedly continued to exist past the start of the 21st century. One such loop line is certain to exist: it is a TPI-560P located at (416) 981-0001 owned by Telus. It also comes with an automatic number announcement circuit.
Because of the potential for abuse, however, telephone companies seek to protect them. The most common protection techniques are:
Filters that bandstop voice (these can be switched on or off)
Recordings which make the line appear out of service
Selective loop activation by operators
Restrictions on which lines may call
Using uncommon DTMF tones (A through D) in the telephone number
Eventually, telephone companies desi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure%20operator | In mathematics, a closure operator on a set S is a function from the power set of S to itself that satisfies the following conditions for all sets
{| border="0"
|-
|
| (cl is extensive),
|-
|
| (cl is increasing),
|-
|
| (cl is idempotent).
|}
Closure operators are determined by their closed sets, i.e., by the sets of the form cl(X), since the closure cl(X) of a set X is the smallest closed set containing X. Such families of "closed sets" are sometimes called closure systems or "Moore families". A set together with a closure operator on it is sometimes called a closure space. Closure operators are also called "hull operators", which prevents confusion with the "closure operators" studied in topology.
History
E. H. Moore studied closure operators in his 1910 Introduction to a form of general analysis, whereas the concept of the closure of a subset originated in the work of Frigyes Riesz in connection with topological spaces. Though not formalized at the time, the idea of closure originated in the late 19th century with notable contributions by Ernst Schröder, Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor.
Examples
The usual set closure from topology is a closure operator. Other examples include the linear span of a subset of a vector space, the convex hull or affine hull of a subset of a vector space or the lower semicontinuous hull of a function , where is e.g. a normed space, defined implicitly , where is the epigraph of a function .
The relative interior is not a closure operator: although it is idempotent, it is not increasing and if is a cube in and is one of its faces, then , but and , so it is not increasing.
In topology, the closure operators are topological closure operators, which must satisfy
for all (Note that for this gives ).
In algebra and logic, many closure operators are finitary closure operators, i.e. they satisfy
In the theory of partially ordered sets, which are important in theoretical computer science, closure operators have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64%2C079 | 64079 is the twenty-third Lucas number and is thus often written as L23. It is significant for being the first Lucas number Ln where n is prime that is itself not prime, after L3=4.
Other uses
64079 is the zip code of Platte City and Tracy, Missouri. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial%20topology | In topology, a topological space with the trivial topology is one where the only open sets are the empty set and the entire space. Such spaces are commonly called indiscrete, anti-discrete, concrete or codiscrete. Intuitively, this has the consequence that all points of the space are "lumped together" and cannot be distinguished by topological means. Every indiscrete space is a pseudometric space in which the distance between any two points is zero.
Details
The trivial topology is the topology with the least possible number of open sets, namely the empty set and the entire space, since the definition of a topology requires these two sets to be open. Despite its simplicity, a space X with more than one element and the trivial topology lacks a key desirable property: it is not a T0 space.
Other properties of an indiscrete space X—many of which are quite unusual—include:
The only closed sets are the empty set and X.
The only possible basis of X is {X}.
If X has more than one point, then since it is not T0, it does not satisfy any of the higher T axioms either. In particular, it is not a Hausdorff space. Not being Hausdorff, X is not an order topology, nor is it metrizable.
X is, however, regular, completely regular, normal, and completely normal; all in a rather vacuous way though, since the only closed sets are ∅ and X.
X is compact and therefore paracompact, Lindelöf, and locally compact.
Every function whose domain is a topological space and codomain X is continuous.
X is path-connected and so connected.
X is second-countable, and therefore is first-countable, separable and Lindelöf.
All subspaces of X have the trivial topology.
All quotient spaces of X have the trivial topology
Arbitrary products of trivial topological spaces, with either the product topology or box topology, have the trivial topology.
All sequences in X converge to every point of X. In particular, every sequence has a convergent subsequence (the whole sequence or any other subseque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%27s%20theorem%20on%20completely%20positive%20maps | In mathematics, Choi's theorem on completely positive maps is a result that classifies completely positive maps between finite-dimensional (matrix) C*-algebras. An infinite-dimensional algebraic generalization of Choi's theorem is known as Belavkin's "Radon–Nikodym" theorem for completely positive maps.
Statement
Choi's theorem. Let be a linear map. The following are equivalent:
(i) is -positive (i.e. is positive whenever is positive).
(ii) The matrix with operator entries
is positive, where is the matrix with 1 in the -th entry and 0s elsewhere. (The matrix CΦ is sometimes called the Choi matrix of .)
(iii) is completely positive.
Proof
(i) implies (ii)
We observe that if
then E=E* and E2=nE, so E=n−1EE* which is positive. Therefore CΦ =(In ⊗ Φ)(E) is positive by the n-positivity of Φ.
(iii) implies (i)
This holds trivially.
(ii) implies (iii)
This mainly involves chasing the different ways of looking at Cnm×nm:
Let the eigenvector decomposition of CΦ be
where the vectors lie in Cnm . By assumption, each eigenvalue is non-negative so we can absorb the eigenvalues in the eigenvectors and redefine so that
The vector space Cnm can be viewed as the direct sum compatibly with the above identification
and the standard basis of Cn.
If Pk ∈ Cm × nm is projection onto the k-th copy of Cm, then Pk* ∈ Cnm×m is the inclusion of Cm as the k-th summand of the direct sum and
Now if the operators Vi ∈ Cm×n are defined on the k-th standard
basis vector ek of Cn by
then
Extending by linearity gives us
for any A ∈ Cn×n. Any map of this form is manifestly completely positive: the map is completely positive, and the sum (across ) of completely positive operators is again completely positive. Thus is completely positive, the desired result.
The above is essentially Choi's original proof. Alternative proofs have also been known.
Consequences
Kraus operators
In the context of quantum information theory, the operators {Vi} are called the Kraus operators (af |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20network%20interface%20controller | A wireless network interface controller (WNIC) is a network interface controller which connects to a wireless network, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, rather than a wired network, such as a Token Ring or Ethernet. A WNIC, just like other NICs, works on the layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model and uses an antenna to communicate via radio waves.
A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2.
The low cost and ubiquity of the Wi-Fi standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the motherboard.
The term is usually applied to IEEE 802.11 adapters; it may also apply to a NIC using protocols other than 802.11, such as one implementing Bluetooth connections.
Modes of operation
An 802.11 WNIC can operate in two modes known as infrastructure mode and ad hoc mode:
Infrastructure mode
In an infrastructure mode network the WNIC needs a wireless access point: all data is transferred using the access point as the central hub. All wireless nodes in an infrastructure mode network connect to an access point. All nodes connecting to the access point must have the same service set identifier (SSID) as the access point, and if a kind of wireless security is enabled on the access point (such as WEP or WPA), they must share the same keys or other authentication parameters.
Ad hoc mode
In an ad hoc mode network the WNIC does not require an access point, but rather can interface with all other wireless nodes directly. All the nodes in an ad hoc network must have the same channel and SSID.
Specifications
The IEEE 802.11 standard sets out low-level specifications for how all 802.11 wireless networks operate. Earlier 802.11 interface controllers are usually only compatible with earlier variants of the standard, while newer cards support both current and old standards.
Specifications commonly used in marketi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling%20curve | A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings.
The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter, here noted as the "pouring temperature". When the phase change occurs, there is a "thermal arrest"; that is, the temperature stays constant. This is because the matter has more internal energy as a liquid or gas than in the state that it is cooling to. The amount of energy required for a phase change is known as latent heat. The "cooling rate" is the slope of the cooling curve at any point.
Alloy have range of melting point. It solidifies as above. First, molten alloy reaches to liquidus temperature and then freezing range starts. At solidus temperature, molten alloys becomes solid. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate%20matter | Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to avoid gravitational collapse. The term also applies to metals in the Fermi gas approximation.
Degenerate matter is usually modelled as an ideal Fermi gas, an ensemble of non-interacting fermions. In a quantum mechanical description, particles limited to a finite volume may take only a discrete set of energies, called quantum states. The Pauli exclusion principle prevents identical fermions from occupying the same quantum state. At lowest total energy (when the thermal energy of the particles is negligible), all the lowest energy quantum states are filled. This state is referred to as full degeneracy. This degeneracy pressure remains non-zero even at absolute zero temperature. Adding particles or reducing the volume forces the particles into higher-energy quantum states. In this situation, a compression force is required, and is made manifest as a resisting pressure. The key feature is that this degeneracy pressure does not depend on the temperature but only on the density of the fermions. Degeneracy pressure keeps dense stars in equilibrium, independent of the thermal structure of the star.
A degenerate mass whose fermions have velocities close to the speed of light (particle kinetic energy larger than its rest mass energy) is called relativistic degenerate matter.
The concept of degenerate stars, stellar objects composed of degenerate matter, was originally developed in a joint effort between Arthur Eddington, Ralph Fowler and Arthur Milne. Eddington had suggested that the atoms in Sirius B were almost completely ionised and closely packed. Fowler described white dwarfs as composed of a gas of particles that became degenerate at low temperature; he also pointed out that ordinary atoms broadly si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzzo%E2%80%93Tompa%20algorithm | The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm or the RT algorithm is a linear-time algorithm for finding all non-overlapping, contiguous, maximal scoring subsequences in a sequence of real numbers. The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm was proposed by Walter L. Ruzzo and Martin Tompa. This algorithm is an improvement over previously known quadratic time algorithms. The maximum scoring subsequence from the set produced by the algorithm is also a solution to the maximum subarray problem.
The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm has applications in bioinformatics, web scraping, and information retrieval.
Applications
Bioinformatics
The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm has been used in Bioinformatics tools to study biological data. The problem of finding disjoint maximal subsequences is of practical importance in the analysis of DNA. Maximal subsequences algorithms have been used in the identification of transmembrane segments and the evaluation of sequence homology.
The algorithm is used in sequence alignment which is used as a method of identifying similar DNA, RNA, or protein sequences. Accounting for the ordering of pairs of high-scoring subsequences in two sequences creates better sequence alignments. This is because the biological model suggests that separate high-scoring subsequence pairs arise from insertions or deletions within a matching region. Requiring consistent ordering of high-scoring subsequence pairs increases their statistical significance.
Web scraping
The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm is used in Web scraping to extract information from web pages. Pasternack and Roth proposed a method for extracting important blocks of text from HTML documents. The web pages are first tokenized and the score for each token is found using local, token-level classifiers. A modified version of the Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm is then used to find the k highest-valued subsequences of tokens. These subsequences are then used as predictions of important blocks of text in the article.
Information retrieval
The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm has bee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%E2%80%93Jarlskog%20mass%20relation | In grand unified theories of the SU(5) or SO(10) type, there is a mass relation predicted between the electron and the down quark, the muon and the strange quark and the tau lepton and the bottom quark called the Georgi–Jarlskog mass relations. The relations were formulated by Howard Georgi and Cecilia Jarlskog.
At GUT scale, these are sometimes quoted as:
In the same paper it is written that:
Meaning that: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVSNT | CVSNT is a version control system compatible with and originally based on Concurrent Versions System (CVS), but whereas that was popular in the open-source world, CVSNT included features designed for developers working on commercial software including support for Windows, Active Directory authentication, reserved branches/locking, per-file access control lists and Unicode filenames. Also included in CVSNT were various RCS tools updated to work with more recent compilers and compatible with CVSNT.
CVSNT was initially developed by users unhappy with the limitations of CVS 1.10.8, addressing limitations related to running CVS server on Windows and handling filenames for case-insensitive platforms. March Hare Software began sponsorship of the project in July 2004 to guarantee the project's future and to employ the original project manager on CVSNT development and commercial support.
CVSNT was commercially popular, with a number of commercial IDEs directly including support for it including Oracle JDeveloper, IBM Rational Application Developer, and IBM WebSphere Business Modeler. The CVSNT variation of RCS tools were also widely used, including by Apple, Inc. CVSNT was so ubiquitous in commercial programming that it was often referred to simply as CVS, even though the open-source CVS developers had publicly stated that CVSNT was significantly different and should be kept as a separate project.
Several books were written about CVSNT including CVSNT (CVS for NT) and All About CVS.
Features
CVSNT keeps track of the version history of a project (or set of files).
CVSNT is based on the same client–server architecture as the Concurrent Versions System: a server stores the current version(s) of the project and its history, and clients connect to the server in order to check-out a complete copy of the project, work on this copy and then later check-in their changes. A server may be a caching or proxy server (a read only server that passes on write requests to another se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein%20manifold | In mathematics, in the theory of several complex variables and complex manifolds, a Stein manifold is a complex submanifold of the vector space of n complex dimensions. They were introduced by and named after . A Stein space is similar to a Stein manifold but is allowed to have singularities. Stein spaces are the analogues of affine varieties or affine schemes in algebraic geometry.
Definition
Suppose is a complex manifold of complex dimension and let denote the ring of holomorphic functions on We call a Stein manifold if the following conditions hold:
is holomorphically convex, i.e. for every compact subset , the so-called holomorphically convex hull,
is also a compact subset of .
is holomorphically separable, i.e. if are two points in , then there exists such that
Non-compact Riemann surfaces are Stein manifolds
Let X be a connected, non-compact Riemann surface. A deep theorem of Heinrich Behnke and Stein (1948) asserts that X is a Stein manifold.
Another result, attributed to Hans Grauert and Helmut Röhrl (1956), states moreover that every holomorphic vector bundle on X is trivial. In particular, every line bundle is trivial, so . The exponential sheaf sequence leads to the following exact sequence:
Now Cartan's theorem B shows that , therefore .
This is related to the solution of the second Cousin problem.
Properties and examples of Stein manifolds
The standard complex space is a Stein manifold.
Every domain of holomorphy in is a Stein manifold.
It can be shown quite easily that every closed complex submanifold of a Stein manifold is a Stein manifold, too.
The embedding theorem for Stein manifolds states the following: Every Stein manifold of complex dimension can be embedded into by a biholomorphic proper map.
These facts imply that a Stein manifold is a closed complex submanifold of complex space, whose complex structure is that of the ambient space (because the embedding is biholomorphic).
Every Stein manifold of (comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosignature | Immunosignaturing is a medical diagnostic test which uses arrays of random-sequence peptides to associate antibodies in a blood sample with a disease.
How it works
Random Peptide Array
Early immunosignature tests used glass microscope slides, with spots of 10,000 random peptides. Newer immunosignature work is run on wafers made of silicon dioxide, with each wafer cut into standard slide size and spotted with 330,034 peptides; however, further description will focus on the glass slide experiments. These random-sequence peptides, 20 amino acids long, are chemically attached to the slides. Of the 20 amino acid length, 3 amino acids (at the C-terminus side of the peptide) are common to each peptide spot. This 3 amino acid segment is used as the linker by which the 17 amino acid chain ("17-mer") is attached to the slide. The 17-mer is the "random peptide", with a random sequence selected by the use of a random number generator. This randomness makes the immunosignature technology different from existing technology to identify disease states via biomarkers, because the 10,000 unique, random peptides per slide are not specifically selected for containing particular sequences. The random sequences are not selected for containing known epitopes, or antibody binding sites, of pathogens. When a sample of diluted blood serum (containing antibodies) is applied to the surface of the peptide microarray, the 17-mers are long enough that there are multiple potential epitopes on each individual peptide.
Antibody Binding
Antibodies are present in the diluted serum sample, and are considered significant to the health of the patient, because if antibodies remain present even in the diluted serum sample, they must reasonably have been present at relatively high amounts in the blood of the patient. This collection of antibodies will bind to regions of some of the random sequence peptides. The antibodies in the serum sample will vary among patients, depending on their health or diseas |
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