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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20protuberance
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The symphysis of the external surface of the mandible divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. The size and shape of the bones making up this structure are responsible for the size and shape of a person's chin. Synonyms of mental protuberance include mental process and protuberantia mentalis. Mental in this sense derives from Latin mentum (chin), not mens (mind), source of the more common meaning of mental.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadem%20Clio
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The Vadem Clio is a handheld PC released by Vadem in 1999. Models of it used Windows CE H/PC Pro 3.0 (WinCE Core OS 2.11) as the operating system. Data Evolution Corporation currently owns the rights to the Clio.
Overview
The Clio is a convertible tablet computer released by Vadem and designed by Sohela.
Data Evolution Corporation, which runs Microsoft's salar CE operating system and has a "SwingTop" pivoting arm. The 180-degree screen rotation allowed the unit to be used as a touch-screen tablet or as a more traditional notebook with a keyboard. Clio could run for more than 12 hours on a single charge. Along with the Sony VAIO it was one of the first full-sized portable computers that measured only an inch (2.2 cm) thick.
The platform was conceived of and created within Vadem by a skunkworks team that was led by Edmond Ku. Clio was first developed without the knowledge of Microsoft and after it was presented to Bill Gates and the CE team, it led to the definition of the Jupiter-class CE platform.
Handwriting software was from Vadem's ParaGraph group (acquired from SGI), the same team that provided handwriting recognition technology used in the Apple Newton.
Originally introduced in 1998, the Clio product line won numerous awards and accolades, such as Mobile Computing & Communications’ “Best Handheld Design, Keyboard Form Factor;” PC Week “Best of Comdex” finalist; Home Office Computing’s Silver Award; Mobility Award “Notebook Computing, PC Companion” winner; Industrial Designs Excellence Awards (IDEA)—Silver in Business and Industrial Equipment; and IDC’s “Best Design”. In addition, the Clio has been featured in hundreds of articles and has appeared on the covers of a number of magazines, including Pen Computing and Business Week.
Design
The swing arm and rotating screen concept was conceived by Edmond Ku, Vadem's engineering director. The physical design was the creation of frogdesign, Inc.'s industrial designers Sonia Schieffer and Josh Morenstein and mec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave%20effect
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Octave effect boxes are a type of special effects unit which mix the input signal with a synthesised signal whose musical tone is an octave lower or higher than the original. The synthesised octave signal is derived from the original input signal by halving (octave-down) or doubling (octave-up) the frequency. This is possible due to the simple two-to-one relationship between the frequencies of musical notes which are separated by an octave. One of the first popular musicians to employ the octave effect was Jimi Hendrix, who also used a variety of other effects in his recordings and public performances. Hendrix used an octave-fuzz pedal known as the octavia.
Analog octave effects differ from harmonizers and pitch shifters which digitally sample the sound and process it to change its pitch.
Creation of the octave
Octave up
Octave-up effects usually use full wave rectification using diodes to "fold up" the negative part of the waveform to make a new waveform an octave higher in pitch.
Octave down
Octave-down effects are typically produced by converting the signal to a square wave, and then using flip-flop circuits to divide the frequency by two. This creates a buzzy synthesizer like tone. The MXR Blue Box used this method to create a two octave drop (expanded to include one octave down in later re-issues). Jimmy Page used a Blue Box to record the solo on Led Zeppelin's Fool in the Rain.
The Boss OC-2 unit generates tones at one and two octaves down from the input signal. This effect also uses flip-flops to generate square waves at 1/2 and 1/4 of the input signal frequency, but rather than simply mixing in these signals, it uses them to invert the polarity of the input signal on every other cycle (every two out of four cycles for the second octave). This effectively amplitude modulates the input signal with a carrier at half the input signal, creating new frequency components at 1/2 and 3/2 the input signal. The 3/2 component is low-pass filtered out. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20polarization
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In electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. See polarization and plane of polarization for more information.
The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. For example, if the electric field vector is vertical (alternately up and down as the wave travels) the radiation is said to be vertically polarized.
Mathematical description
The classical sinusoidal plane wave solution of the electromagnetic wave equation for the electric and magnetic fields is (cgs units)
for the magnetic field, where k is the wavenumber,
is the angular frequency of the wave, and is the speed of light.
Here is the amplitude of the field and
is the Jones vector in the x-y plane.
The wave is linearly polarized when the phase angles are equal,
.
This represents a wave polarized at an angle with respect to the x axis. In that case, the Jones vector can be written
.
The state vectors for linear polarization in x or y are special cases of this state vector.
If unit vectors are defined such that
and
then the polarization state can be written in the "x-y basis" as
.
See also
Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation
Polarization
Circular polarization
Elliptical polarization
Plane of polarization
Photon polarization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%20%28dog%29
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Patron (, ; ; born 20 July 2019) is a detection dog and mascot for the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. He is a Jack Russell Terrier.
Patron first came to prominence during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, during which Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy awarded him the Order for Courage for his work in locating and defusing unexploded ordnance left behind by Russian troops. As of 8 May 2022, Patron has found 236 such devices.
Life
Patron was born on 20 July 2019. He was purchased as a puppy by Mykhailo "Misha" Iliev (born c. 1990), a bomb disposal technician with the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. Iliev, who later became Patron's exclusive handler, originally intended to give the puppy to his son as a pet, but soon began training Patron as a detection dog instead.
After Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Patron and Iliev began working to neutralize unexploded Russian bombs and land mines in and around Iliev's hometown of Chernihiv. Patron became a celebrity after the State Emergency Service posted a video on social media site Facebook on 19 March 2022. The video, in which Patron can be seen sniffing around debris and sitting in Iliev's lap while wearing a small bulletproof vest personalized with his name in Cyrillic letters, went viral, garnering over 267,000 views and 16,000 reactions. On the same day, the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture and Information Policy's Centre for Strategic Communications and Information Security reposted the video on the social media site Twitter, on which it garnered over 877,000 views, 27,000 likes, and 6,500 retweets (all numbers current as of 19 July 2022).
Patron is also active in charity work, making visits to patients at Okhmatdyt children's hospital in Kyiv. Due to his viral fame, dangerous work, and charity appearances, Patron has been described as an "unexpected social media weapon" for Ukraine. On 1 September 2022 Ukrposhta started selling Patron charity stamps to raise money for a demining vehicle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s%20rule
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In mathematics, Pascal's rule (or Pascal's formula) is a combinatorial identity about binomial coefficients. It states that for positive natural numbers n and k,
where is a binomial coefficient; one interpretation of the coefficient of the term in the expansion of . There is no restriction on the relative sizes of and , since, if the value of the binomial coefficient is zero and the identity remains valid.
Pascal's rule can also be viewed as a statement that the formula
solves the linear two-dimensional difference equation
over the natural numbers. Thus, Pascal's rule is also a statement about a formula for the numbers appearing in Pascal's triangle.
Pascal's rule can also be generalized to apply to multinomial coefficients.
Combinatorial proof
Pascal's rule has an intuitive combinatorial meaning, that is clearly expressed in this counting proof.
Proof. Recall that equals the number of subsets with k elements from a set with n elements. Suppose one particular element is uniquely labeled X in a set with n elements.
To construct a subset of k elements containing X, include X and choose k − 1 elements from the remaining n − 1 elements in the set. There are such subsets.
To construct a subset of k elements not containing X, choose k elements from the remaining n − 1 elements in the set. There are such subsets.
Every subset of k elements either contains X or not. The total number of subsets with k elements in a set of n elements is the sum of the number of subsets containing X and the number of subsets that do not contain X, .
This equals ; therefore, .
Algebraic proof
Alternatively, the algebraic derivation of the binomial case follows.
Generalization
Pascal's rule can be generalized to multinomial coefficients. For any integer p such that , and ,
where is the coefficient of the term in the expansion of .
The algebraic derivation for this general case is as follows. Let p be an integer such that , and . Then
See also
Pascal's triangle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine-Inositol%201%2C4%2C5-triphosphate%20receptor%20calcium%20channels
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The ryanodine-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor Ca2+ channel (RIR-CaC) family includes Ryanodine receptors and Inositol trisphosphate receptors. Members of this family are large proteins, some exceeding 5000 amino acyl residues in length. This family belongs to the Voltage-gated ion channel (VIC) superfamily. Ry receptors occur primarily in muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes, and IP3 receptors occur primarily in brain cell endoplasmic reticular (ER) membranes where they effect release of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm upon activation (opening) of the channel. They are redox sensors, possibly providing a partial explanation for how they control cytoplasmic Ca2+. Ry receptors have been identified in heart mitochondria where they provide the main pathway for Ca2+ entry. Sun et al. (2011) have demonstrated oxygen-coupled redox regulation of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor-Ca2+ release channel (RyR1;TC# 1.A.3.1.2) by NADPH oxidase 4.
Function
Ryanodine (Ry)-sensitive and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca2+-release channels function in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites in animal cells and thereby regulate various Ca2+-dependent physiological processes. The Ry receptors are activated as a result of the activity of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Ry receptors, IP3 receptors, and dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels (TC#1.A.1.11.2) are members of the voltage-sensitive ion channel (VIC) superfamily (TC# 1.A.1). Dihydropyridine-sensitive channels are present in the T-tubular systems of muscle tissues. Ry receptor 2 dysfunction leads to arrhythmias, altered myocyte contraction during the process of EC (excitation-contraction) coupling, and sudden cardiac death. Neomycin is a RyR blocker which serves as a pore plug and a competitive antagonist at a cytoplasmic Ca2+ binding site that causes allosteric inhibition.
The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by members of the RIR-CaC family following channel activati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Office%20of%20the%20Reich%20Air%20Ministry
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The Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry (German: RLM/Forschungsamt (FA), English: "Research Bureau") was the signals intelligence and cryptanalytic agency of the German Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945. Run since its inception by Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring, the Research Bureau was a Nazi Party institution rather than an official Wehrmacht-run military signals intelligence and cryptographic agency (headed up by the German High Command's OKW/Chi).
Described as "the richest, most secret, the most Nazi, and the most influential" of all the German cryptoanalytic intelligence agencies, its existence was well known to French intelligence (Deuxième Bureau, Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action) via the efforts of the spy Hans-Thilo Schmidt but little known to other countries within the Allies.
The organization was described by the historian, Dr Wilhelm F. Flicke, a German veteran cipher officer, who was commissioned by General Erich Fellgiebel, to write a history of German cryptography and cryptanalysis during World War II in his book War secrets in the ether as:
calculated to give the government and the [Nazi] dominant party such far-reaching insight into the thoughts, feelings, and aspirations of the German people as had been known in all history. Compared with this plan, the informer methods of Metternich and the French Minister of Police, Fouché had been amateurish experiments.
Other names for the FA included Hermann Göring's Research Bureau and Hermann Göring cipher bureau. Its official full name in German was Forschungsamt des Reichsluftfahrt Ministerium, and in English the "Research Office of the Ministry of Aviation",(Luftwaffe)
Emergence
The office of the RLM/Forschungsamt emerged with the events of the Reichstag Fire Decree. With Adolf Hitler's seizure of power by the Enabling Act of 1933, all postal, telegraph and telephone democracy was suspended. The Reichstag Fire Decree Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com
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Ancestry.com LLC is an American genealogy company based in Lehi, Utah. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical, historical records, and related genetic genealogy websites.
In November 2018, the company was said to have provided access to approximately 10 billion historical records, to have 3 million paying subscribers, and to have sold 18 million DNA kits to customers. By 2022, this number had risen to 30 billion records according to the company. On December 4, 2020, The Blackstone Group acquired the company in a deal valued at $4.7 billion.
History
Ancestry
1990–1999
In 1990, Paul Brent Allen (not to be confused with Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen or the Allen Holdings CEO Paul Allen) and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints (LDS) publications on floppy disks. In 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo.
The service was initially to help members of the church to research their ancestors to support the church's practice of conducting baptisms for dead relatives/ancestors into the church.
Infobases' first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders' car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazine's 500 fastest-growing companies. Their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launch of Ancestry.com in 1996.
On January 1, 1997, Infobases' parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc., publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishing's CEO was Joseph A. Cannon, one of the principal owners of Geneva Steel.
In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standard's interest in Ancestry, Inc. At the time, Brad Pelo was presiden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC%20Open%20Architecture%20Developers%27%20Group
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PC Open Architecture Developers' Group (OADG, Japanese: ) is a consortium of the major Japanese personal computer manufacturers. Sponsored by IBM during the 1990s, it successfully guided Japan's personal computer manufacturing companies at that time into standardising to an IBM PC-compatible and open architecture.
History
Before the advent of the IBM PC in 1981 in the United States, there were many different varieties and designs of personal computer. Examples from that era include the Tandy RadioShack and Commodore. These machines were each based upon a different computer architecture and the software programs that ran on them were compatible only with the machine they had been designed for. In Japan, except for the MSX, this situation continued well into the early 1990s, because three of Japan's major electronics manufacturers (NEC, Sharp and Fujitsu) had also designed their own unique personal computers; although NEC with its NEC 9801 was at that time the most successful.
The American computer manufacturer IBM had entered the Japanese market with its own IBM 5550 computer. Japanese-language-capable computers at the time, however, had special requirements in terms of processor capability and screen size, and IBM's JX project, emphasizing compatibility with the IBM PC, enjoyed limited success. The whole situation was felt by many to be hindering the healthy growth of the Japanese computer industry, particularly since domestic and overseas software vendors had to develop, test and support many different software programs to run on the many different kinds of personal computers sold in Japan.
IBM developed the operating software DOS/V in Japan, and licensed it to other Japanese PC manufacturers. To promote the IBM PC architecture on which DOS/V worked, IBM sponsored a consortium which was named the PC Open Architecture Developers' Group (OADG) in 1991 and made public its internal architecture and interfaces. At the height of this enterprise, the consortium include
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%20%28grist%20mill%29
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Mo () were stone implements used for grinding wheat in ancient China. It was a rotary quern millstone powered by a hand-operated crank fixed at the top to grind and pulverize grains, wheat, and rice into flour.
History
The Chinese have been using quernstones since the Neolithic Age to grind wheat into flour but rotary stone mills would not appear in China until the Warring States Period during the Zhou Dynasty. The crank-connecting rod mechanism on the manually operated rotary quern would exemplify the earliest uses of crank mechanisms in Han China as well as signifying one of the world's earliest application of the crank and connecting rod, an achievement in the history of ancient mechanical technology.
Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the Western Han Dynasty. Revolving stone grist mills have been in use since the Han Dynasty as they are mentioned several times in a number of times in the bamboo and wooden slip documents dating back to 102 BC. A reference to the Mo is mentioned in the Book of Origins, a book dating back to the 2nd century BC, where it says: Gongshu zuo shiwei 公輸作石磑 "Gongshu invented the stone (rotary) mill". The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia published in 1725 glosses this with a commentary stating:
He made a plaiting of bamboo which he filled with clay (ni 泥), to decorticate grain and produce hulled rice; this was called wei 磑 (actually long 礱). He also chiseled out stones which he placed one on top of the other, to grind hulled rice and wheat to produce flour; this was called mo (磨).
See also
Gristmill
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%E2%80%93Sommerfeld%20rule
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In chemistry, the Grimm–Sommerfeld rule predicts that binary compounds with covalent character that have an average of 4 electrons per atom will have structures where both atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated (e.g. have the wurtzite structure). Examples are silicon carbide, the III-V semiconductors indium phosphide and gallium arsenide, the II-VI semiconductors, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide.
Gorynova expanded the scope of the rules to include ternary compounds where the average number of valence electrons per atom was four. Examples of this are the I-IV2-V3 CuGe2P3 compound which has a zincblende structure.
Compounds or phases that obey the Grimm–Sommerfeld rule are termed Grimm–Sommerfeld compounds or phases.
The rule has also been extended to predict bond lengths in Grimm–Sommerfeld compounds. When the sum of the atomic numbers is the same the bond lengths are the same. An example is the series of bond lengths ranging from 244.7 pm to 246 pm. for the Ge–Ge bond in elemental germanium, the Ga–As bond in gallium arsenide, the Zn–Se bond in zinc selenide and the Cu–Br bond in copper(I) bromide.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20protein%2084
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Zinc finger protein 84 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF84 gene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20magnetism
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Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, is a theory invented by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century. It posits the existence of an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing.
The vitalist theory attracted numerous followers in Europe and the United States and was popular into the 19th century. Practitioners were often known as magnetizers rather than mesmerists. It had an important influence in medicine for about 75 years from its beginnings in 1779, and continued to have some influence for another 50 years. Hundreds of books were written on the subject between 1766 and 1925, but it is no longer practiced today except as a form of alternative medicine in some places.
Etymology and definitions
"Magnetizer"
The terms "magnetizer" and "mesmerizer" have been applied to people who study and practice animal magnetism. These terms have been distinguished from "mesmerist" and "magnetist", which are regarded as denoting those who study animal magnetism without being practitioners; and from "hypnotist", someone who practises hypnosis.
The etymology of the word magnetizer comes from the French "magnétiseur" ("practicing the methods of mesmerism"), which in turn is derived from the French verb magnétiser. The term refers to an individual who has the power to manipulate the "magnetic fluid" with effects upon other people present that were regarded as analogous to magnetic effects. This sense of the term is found, for example, in the expression of Antoine Joseph Gorsas: "The magnetizer is the imam of vital energy".
"Mesmerism"
A tendency emerged amongst British magnetizers to call their clinical techniques "mesmerism"; they wanted to distance themselves from the theoretical orientation of animal magnetism that was based on the concept of "magnetic fluid". At the time, some magnetizers attempted to channel what the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20McConnell
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Susan McConnell is a neurobiologist who studies the development of neural circuits in the mammalian cerebral cortex. She is a professor in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, where she is the Susan B. Ford Professor of Humanities and Sciences, a Bass University Fellow, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Education
McConnell graduated with a joint A.B. degree from Harvard College and Radcliffe College in 1980. She did her doctoral work in the research group of Simon LeVay and received her PhD in neurobiology from Harvard University in 1987. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Carla J. Shatz at Stanford University.
Research
McConnell's research focuses on understanding how neurons in the developing cerebral cortex are produced, differentiated, and connected to form functional circuits.
McConnell's research showed that progression through the cell cycle plays a key role in determining the final differentiated state of a neural progenitor cell. McConnell also confirmed the hypothesis that asymmetric cell division, as determined by the orientation of the dividing progenitor's cleavage plane, regulates cortical development. Her work elucidated the first molecular mechanism for this process, showing that asymmetrically inherited Notch proteins determine whether a new daughter cell will differentiate into a neuron or remain a neural progenitor.
Her work also showed that developing cortical neurons use a variety of different migratory paths as they move from their birthplace to their final destination in the cortex. This work stood in contrast to a prevailing theory at the time, that all neuronal migration in the cortex was dependent upon radial glia.
McConnell's recent work has continued to outline the molecular mechanisms underlying neural differentiation, neuronal migration and axon guidance.
Teaching
Stanford Universi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20chemical%20entity
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A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
A new molecular entity (NME) is a broader term that encompasses both an NCE or an NBE (New Biological Entity).
Definition
An active moiety is a molecule or ion, excluding those appended portions of the molecule that cause the drug to be an ester, salt (including a salt with hydrogen or coordination bonds), or other noncovalent derivative (such as a complex, chelate, or clathrate) of the molecule, responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of the drug substance.
An NCE is a molecule developed by the innovator company in the early drug discovery stage, which after undergoing clinical trials could translate into a drug that could be a treatment for some disease. Synthesis of an NCE is the first step in the process of drug development. Once the synthesis of the NCE has been completed, companies have two options before them. They can either go for clinical trials on their own or license the NCE to another company. In the latter option, companies can avoid the expensive and lengthy process of clinical trials, as the licensee company would be conducting further clinical trials and subsequently launching the drug. Companies adopting this model of business would be able to generate high margins as they get a huge one-time payment for the NCE as well as entering into a revenue sharing agreement with the licensee company.
Under the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, all new chemical entities must first be reviewed by an advisory committee before the FDA can approve these products.
See also
Molecular/chemical entity
Medicinal chemistry
Drug development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20trace
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In mathematics, a singular trace is a trace on a space of linear operators of a separable Hilbert space that vanishes
on operators of finite rank. Singular traces are a feature of infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces such as the space of square-summable sequences and spaces of square-integrable functions. Linear operators on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space have only the zero functional as a singular trace since all operators have finite rank. For example, matrix algebras have no non-trivial singular traces and the matrix trace is the unique trace up to scaling.
American mathematician Gary Weiss and, later, British mathematician Nigel Kalton observed in the infinite-dimensional case that there are non-trivial singular traces on the ideal of trace class operators.
Therefore, in distinction to the finite-dimensional case, in infinite dimensions the canonical operator trace is not the unique trace up to scaling. The operator trace is the continuous extension of the matrix trace from finite rank operators to all trace class operators, and the term singular derives from the fact that a singular trace vanishes where the matrix trace is supported, analogous to a singular measure vanishing where Lebesgue measure is supported.
Singular traces measure the asymptotic spectral behaviour of operators and have found applications in the noncommutative geometry of French mathematician Alain Connes.
In heuristic terms, a singular trace corresponds to a way of summing
numbers a1, a2, a3, ... that is completely orthogonal or 'singular' with respect to the usual sum a1 + a2 + a3 + ... .
This allows mathematicians to sum sequences like the harmonic sequence (and operators with similar spectral behaviour) that are divergent for the usual sum. In similar terms a (noncommutative) measure theory or probability theory can be built for distributions like the Cauchy distribution (and operators with similar spectral behaviour) that do not have finite expectation in the usual sense.
Origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter%20electron%20transfer
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Dexter electron transfer (also called Dexter electron exchange and Dexter energy transfer) is a fluorescence quenching mechanism in which an excited electron is transferred from one molecule (a donor) to a second molecule (an acceptor) via a non radiative path. This process requires a wavefunction overlap between the donor and acceptor, which means it can only occur at short distances; typically within 10 Å. The excited state may be exchanged in a single step, or in two separate charge exchange steps.
History
This short range energy transfer process was first theoretically proposed by D. L. Dexter in 1953.
Rate expression
The Dexter energy transfer rate, , is indicated by the proportionality
where is the separation of the donor from the acceptor, is the sum of the Van der Waals radii of the donor and the acceptor, and is the spectral overlap integral defined by
See also
Fluorescence
Quenching
Förster resonance energy transfer
Surface energy transfer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus%20%C3%97%20media
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Crataegus × media, is a hybrid between two species in the genus Crataegus (Hawthorn), C. monogyna and C. laevigata, both in series Crataegus. Under the rules of botanical nomenclature the name C. × media covers all intermediate forms between the two parent species, including backcrosses.
Horticulturally significant forms of C. × media include some with double pink or red flowers, including 'Paul's scarlet' and 'Rubra Plena'.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20Diamond
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Milton Diamond (born March 6, 1934) is an American Professor Emeritus of anatomy and reproductive biology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. After a career in the study of human sexuality, Diamond retired from the university in December 2009 but continued with his research and writing until retiring fully in 2018.
Early career
Milton Diamond graduated from the City College of New York with a BS in biophysics in 1955, after which he spent three years in the Army as an engineering officer, stationed in Japan. On returning to the United States, he attended graduate school at University of Kansas from 1958–1962 and earned a PhD in anatomy and psychology from that University. His first job was teaching at the University of Louisville, School of Medicine where he simultaneously completed two years toward an Doctor of Medicine, passing his Basic Medicine Boards, and in 1967 he moved to Hawaii to take up a post at the recently established John A. Burns School of Medicine. Milton Diamond had a long running feud with the psychologist Dr. John Money. In 1965 Diamond published "A Critical Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Human Sexual Behavior" a critique of Money's work. In the early seventies, Diamond and Money were attending a conference on transgenderism in Dubrovnik. According to the book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (page 174) at this conference Money initiated a loud and aggressive argument with Diamond. One witness claims that Money punched Diamond; however, Diamond himself said that he could not recall any physical contact during this encounter.
David Reimer
Diamond is best known for following up on the case of David Reimer, a boy raised as a girl under the supervision of John Money after his penis was damaged beyond surgical repair during a botched circumcision, which was performed using an unconventional method of electrocauterization instead of a clamp and scalpel. This case, which Money renamed that of "John/Joan" to protect Reimer's priva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter%20Komj%C3%A1th
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Péter Komjáth (born 8 April 1953) is a Hungarian mathematician, working in set theory, especially combinatorial set theory. Komjáth is a professor at the Faculty of Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University. He is currently a visiting faculty member at Emory University in the department of Mathematics and Computer Science.
Komjáth won a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1971. His Ph.D. advisor at Eötvös was András Hajnal, and he has two joint papers with Paul Erdős. He received the Paul Erdős Prize in 1990. He is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Selected publications
Komjáth, Péter and Vilmos Totik: Problems and Theorems in Classical Set Theory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006.
.
.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akra%E2%80%93Bazzi%20method
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In computer science, the Akra–Bazzi method, or Akra–Bazzi theorem, is used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the mathematical recurrences that appear in the analysis of divide and conquer algorithms where the sub-problems have substantially different sizes. It is a generalization of the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences, which assumes that the sub-problems have equal size. It is named after mathematicians Mohamad Akra and Louay Bazzi.
Formulation
The Akra–Bazzi method applies to recurrence formulas of the form:
The conditions for usage are:
sufficient base cases are provided
and are constants for all
for all
for all
, where c is a constant and O notates Big O notation
for all
is a constant
The asymptotic behavior of is found by determining the value of for which and plugging that value into the equation:
(see Θ). Intuitively, represents a small perturbation in the index of . By noting that and that the absolute value of is always between 0 and 1, can be used to ignore the floor function in the index. Similarly, one can also ignore the ceiling function. For example, and will, as per the Akra–Bazzi theorem, have the same asymptotic behavior.
Example
Suppose is defined as 1 for integers and for integers . In applying the Akra–Bazzi method, the first step is to find the value of for which . In this example, . Then, using the formula, the asymptotic behavior can be determined as follows:
Significance
The Akra–Bazzi method is more useful than most other techniques for determining asymptotic behavior because it covers such a wide variety of cases. Its primary application is the approximation of the running time of many divide-and-conquer algorithms. For example, in the merge sort, the number of comparisons required in the worst case, which is roughly proportional to its runtime, is given recursively as and
for integers , and can thus be computed using the Akra–Bazzi method to be .
See also
Master theo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20permutation
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In cryptography, a pseudorandom permutation (PRP) is a function that cannot be distinguished from a random permutation (that is, a permutation selected at random with uniform probability, from the family of all permutations on the function's domain) with practical effort.
Definition
Let F be a mapping . F is a PRP if and only if
For any , is a bijection from to , where .
For any , there is an "efficient" algorithm to evaluate for any ,.
For all probabilistic polynomial-time distinguishers : , where is chosen uniformly at random and is chosen uniformly at random from the set of permutations on n-bit strings.
A pseudorandom permutation family is a collection of pseudorandom permutations, where a specific permutation may be chosen using a key.
The model of block ciphers
The idealized abstraction of a (keyed) block cipher is a truly random permutation on the mappings between plaintext and ciphertext. If a distinguishing algorithm exists that achieves significant advantage with less effort than specified by the block cipher's security parameter (this usually means the effort required should be about the same as a brute force search through the cipher's key space), then the cipher is considered broken at least in a certificational sense, even if such a break doesn't immediately lead to a practical security failure.
Modern ciphers are expected to have super pseudorandomness.
That is, the cipher should be indistinguishable from a randomly chosen permutation on the same message space, even if the adversary has black-box access to the forward and inverse directions of the cipher.
Connections with pseudorandom function
Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff showed that a "strong" pseudorandom permutation can be built from a pseudorandom function using a Luby–Rackoff construction which is built using a Feistel cipher.
Related concepts
Unpredictable permutation
An unpredictable permutation (UP) Fk is a permutation whose values cannot be predicted by a fast randomized
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu%20rubripes
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Takifugu rubripes, commonly known as the Japanese puffer, Tiger puffer, or torafugu (), is a pufferfish in the genus Takifugu. It is distinguished by a very small genome that has been fully sequenced because of its use as a model species and is in widespread use as a reference in genomics.
Taxonomy and etymology
The species is often referred to in the genomics literature as Fugu rubripes. The genus Fugu is a synonym of the currently preferred Takifugu. Takifugu is Japanese for puffer and rubripes comes from the Latin ruber and pēs meaning ruddy foot.
Distribution and habitat
The species is known from the Sea of Japan, East China Sea and Yellow Sea north to southern Sakhalin, at depths of . It is a demersal species. Spawning occurs in estuaries; young fish can tolerate a wide range of salinities and will remain in river mouths and lagoons, maturing for one year before migrating permanently to the open ocean.
Genome
A feature of this species is that it has a very small genome, which is used as a 'reference' for identifying genes and other elements in human and other vertebrate genomes. The genome was published in 2002 by the International Fugu Genome Consortium via whole genome shotgun sequencing. After being initiated in 1989, it was the first vertebrate genome after the human genome to be made publicly available. It remains among the smallest known vertebrate genomes; its number of base pairs is ~6% and the number of previously known protein-coding genes ~13% that of the human genome, although the number of chromosomes (22) is comparable to that of humans (23). This makes it particularly useful for comparative studies. Current estimates show a total of 392,376,244 base pairs, 1,138 known and 18,093 novel protein-coding genes, and 593 RNA genes.
One type of torafugu, 22-seiki fugu (meaning "22nd-century fugu"), has been genetically modified by removing four leptin receptor genes that control appetite. The result has increased appetite and weight gain, growing on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photino
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A photino is a hypothetical subatomic particle, the fermion WIMP superpartner of the photon predicted by supersymmetry. It is an example of a gaugino. Even though no photino has ever been observed so far, it is one of the candidates for the lightest supersymmetric particle in the universe. It is proposed that photinos are produced by sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
Photino numbers
Photinos have a lepton number 0, baryon number 0, and spin 1/2. With an R-parity of −1 it is a possible candidate for dark matter. It mixes with the superpartners of the Z boson (zino) and the neutral higgs (higgsino) to form the neutralino.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20regression
|
In statistics, polynomial regression is a form of regression analysis in which the relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y is modelled as an nth degree polynomial in x. Polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between the value of x and the corresponding conditional mean of y, denoted E(y |x). Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y | x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression.
The explanatory (independent) variables resulting from the polynomial expansion of the "baseline" variables are known as higher-degree terms. Such variables are also used in classification settings.
History
Polynomial regression models are usually fit using the method of least squares. The least-squares method minimizes the variance of the unbiased estimators of the coefficients, under the conditions of the Gauss–Markov theorem. The least-squares method was published in 1805 by Legendre and in 1809 by Gauss. The first design of an experiment for polynomial regression appeared in an 1815 paper of Gergonne. In the twentieth century, polynomial regression played an important role in the development of regression analysis, with a greater emphasis on issues of design and inference. More recently, the use of polynomial models has been complemented by other methods, with non-polynomial models having advantages for some classes of problems.
Definition and example
The goal of regression analysis is to model the expected value of a dependent variable y in terms of the value of an independent variable (or vector of independent variables) x. In simple linear regression, the model
is used, where ε is an unobserved random error with mean zero conditioned on a scalar variable x. In this model, f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20the%20mandible
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The angle of the mandible (gonial angle) is located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible.
The angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted, is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the masseter laterally, and the pterygoideus internus (medial pterygoid muscle) medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles.
The forensic term for the midpoint of the mandibular angle is the gonion. The gonion is a cephalometric landmark located at the lowest, posterior, and lateral point on the angle. This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible.
The mandibular angle has been named as a forensic tool for gender determination, but some studies have called into question whether there is any significant sex difference in humans in the angle.
Many mammals have a distinctive bony prong, the angular process, immediately above the angle of the mandible.
See also
Ohngren's line
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20signage
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Electronic signage (also called electronic signs or electronic displays) are illuminant advertising media in the signage industry. Major electronic signage include fluorescent signs, HID (high intensity displays), incandescent signs, LED signs, and neon signs. Besides, LED signs and HID are so-called digital signage.
Status
Electronic signs may be used indoors or outdoors. The display technologies are varied and changing quickly. Because of new display technologies, electronic signs are able to present more clear, colorful, and vivid images. Animated electronic signs gradually replace traditional static signs and increasingly take signage market share.
Average percentage of various signs usage
Regulation (USA)
It is not difficult to have an electronic sign for your business; however, it is not simple to get a permit to install an electronic sign. There are two terms for the advertising industry, off-premises advertising device and on-premises advertising device. Usually, there are different regulatory and zoning set up by different cities for different types of advertising media.
Results of State Statutory Review
Note: 10 states prohibit animation or moving parts except for public service announcement
Gallery
See also
Advertising
Billboard
Digital signage
Destination sign (used in public transport vehicles)
Signage
Out-of-home advertising
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th%20meridian%20east
|
The meridian 104° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 104th meridian east forms a great circle with the 76th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 104th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Laptev Sea
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| Krasnoyarsk Krai — Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Laptev Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
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! scope="row" |
| Krasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast — from Republic of Buryatia — from
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! scope="row" |
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|-valign="top"
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! scope="row" |
| Inner Mongolia Gansu — from Inner Mongolia – from Gansu — from , passing just east of Lanzhou (at ) Sichuan — from , passing just west of Chengdu (at ) Yunnan — from Guizhou — from Yunnan — from
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Thailand
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| Island of Phú Quốc
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| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Thailand
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|-valign="top"
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | South China Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Tioman Island, (at ) Passing jus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape%20conservation%20cooperatives
|
The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCC), established in 2009 in the United States, are a network of 22 regional conservation bodies covering the entire United States and adjacent areas. They are autonomous cooperatives sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Interior and aim to develop coordinated conservation strategies applicable to large areas of land. Partnerships are formed with government and non-government conservation organizations to achieve common goals of conservation. While fairly new as government supported entities, the LCCs are similar to initiatives that have been started or advocated in other countries.
Description
In response to rapid changes in large land and marine landscapes, uncertain environmental and social changes, conservation organizations need to overcome barriers to cooperation. These conservation organizations need to build governance structures, combine ecological, biological and physical sciences with social science insights, and the incorporation of new information to become capable of achieving the combined LCC goals. In some cases, LCCs cross borders and differing goals need to be accommodated by multiple LCCs and other conservation entities. Governance of the LCCs has been a barrier to their successful implementation in the United States. It has been suggested that the Adaptive Common Governance Framework, a social network supported by differing conservation stakeholders will provide the platform for building relationships, enhancing stakeholder engagement, allowing the potential partnering entities to create a working environment of adaptive co-governance. As an example, Rural credit cooperatives are a network of government and non-government protection organizations that promote the protection of rapidly changing social ecosystems by providing the structure and incentives for collaboration and shared learning.
Modern landscape planning and design coordinates the relationship between people and nature in the process o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex%20%28biology%29
|
Intersex is a general term for an organism that has sex characteristics that are between male and female. It typically applies to a minority of members of gonochoric animal species such as mammals (as opposed to hermaphroditic species in which the majority of members can have both male and female sex characteristics). Such organisms are usually sterile.
Intersexuality can occur due to both genetic and environmental factors and has been reported in mammals, fishes, nematodes, and crustaceans.
Mammals
Intersex can also occur in non-human mammals such as pigs, with it being estimated that 0.1% to 1.4% of pigs are intersex. In Vanuatu, Narave pigs are sacred intersex pigs that are found on Malo Island. An analysis of Navare pig mitochondrial DNA by Lum et al. (2006) found that they are descended from Southeast Asian pigs.
At least six different mole species have an intersex adaption where by the female mole has an ovotestis, "a hybrid organ made up of both ovarian and testicular tissue. This effectively makes them intersex, giving them an extra dose of testosterone to make them just as muscular and aggressive as male moles". The ovarian part of the ovotestis is reproductively functional.
Intersexuality in humans is relatively rare. Depending on the definition, the prevalence of intersex among humans have been reported to range from 0.018% to up to 1.7% of humans.
Nematodes
Intersex is known to occur in all main groups of nematodes. Most of them are functionally female. Male intersexes with female characteristics have been reported but are less common.
Fishes
Gonadal intersex also occurs in fishes, where the individual has both ovarian and testicular tissue. Although it is a rare anomaly among gonochoric fishes, it is a transitional state in fishes that are protandric or protogynous. Intersexuality has been reported in 23 fish families.
Crustaceans
The oldest evidence for intersexuality in crustaceans comes from fossils dating back 70 million years ago. Inte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicornuate%20uterus
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A unicornuate uterus represents a uterine malformation where the uterus is formed from one only of the paired Müllerian ducts while the other Müllerian duct does not develop or only in a rudimentary fashion. The sometimes called hemi-uterus has a single horn linked to the ipsilateral fallopian tube that faces its ovary.
Signs and symptoms
Women with the condition may be asymptomatic and unaware of having a unicornuate uterus; normal pregnancy may occur. In a review of the literature Reichman et al. analyzed the data on pregnancy outcome of 290 women with a unicornuate uterus. 175 women had conceived for a total of 468 pregnancies. They found that about 50% of patients delivered a live baby. The rates for ectopic pregnancy was 2.7%, for miscarriage 34%, and for preterm delivery 20%, while the intrauterine demise rate was 10%. Thus patients with a unicornuate uterus are at a higher risk for pregnancy loss and obstetrical complications.
Cause
The uterus is normally formed during embryogenesis by the fusion of the two Müllerian ducts. If one of the ducts does not develop, only one Müllerian duct contributes to the uterine development. This uterus may or may not be connected to Müllerian structure on the opposite site if the Müllerian duct on that site undergoes some development. A unicornuate uterus has a single cervix and vagina.
Associated defects may affect the renal system, and less common, the skeleton.
The condition is much less common than these other uterine malformations: arcuate uterus, septate uterus, and bicornuate uterus. While the uterus didelphys is estimated to occur in 1/3,000 women, the unicornuate uterus appears to be even more infrequent with an estimated occurrence of about 1/4,000.
Diagnosis
A pelvic examination will typically reveal a single vagina and a single cervix. Investigations are usually prompted on the basis of reproductive problems.
Helpful techniques to investigate the uterine structure are transvaginal ultrasonography and sonohy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Foulds%20metric
|
The Robinson–Foulds or symmetric difference metric, often abbreviated as the RF distance, is a simple way to calculate the distance between phylogenetic trees.
It is defined as ( + ) where is the number of partitions of data implied by the first tree but not the second tree and is the number of partitions of data implied by the second tree but not the first tree (although some software implementations divide the RF metric by 2 and others scale the RF distance to have a maximum value of 1). The partitions are calculated for each tree by removing each branch. Thus, the number of eligible partitions for each tree is equal to the number of branches in that tree.
RF distances have been criticized as biased, but they represent a relatively intuitive measure of the distances between phylogenetic trees and therefore remain widely used (the original 1981 paper describing Robinson-Foulds distances was cited more than 2700 times by 2023 based on Google Scholar). Nevertheless, the biases inherent to the RF distances suggest that researches should consider using "Generalized" Robinson–Foulds metrics that may have better theoretical and practical performance and avoid the biases and misleading attributes of the original metric.
Explanation
Given two unrooted trees of nodes and a set of labels (i.e., taxa) for each node (which could be empty, but only nodes with degree greater than or equal to three can be labeled by an empty set) the Robinson–Foulds metric finds the number of and operations to convert one into the other. The number of operations defines their distance. Rooted trees can be examined by assigning a label to the leaf node.
The authors define two trees to be the same if they are isomorphic and the isomorphism preserves the labeling. The construction of the proof is based on a function called , which contracts an edge (combining the nodes, creating a union of their sets). Conversely, expands an edge (decontraction), where the set can be split in any fashion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnavirus
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Narnavirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Narnaviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Member viruses have been shown to be required for sexual reproduction of Rhizopus microsporus. Narnaviruses have a naked RNA genome without a virion and derive their name from this feature.
Virology
Structure
Narnaviruses have no true virion. They do not have structural proteins or a capsid.
Genome
Narnaviruses have nonsegmented, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes. The genome has one open reading frame which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The genome is associated with the RdRp in the cytoplasm of the fungi host and forms a naked ribonucleoprotein complex.
Replication cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are parental and sexual.
Taxonomy
The genus has the following two species:
Saccharomyces 20S RNA narnavirus
Saccharomyces 23S RNA narnavirus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-based%20vaccine
|
Cell-based vaccines are developed from mammalian or more rarely avian or insect cell lines rather than the more common method which uses the cells in embryonic chicken eggs to develop the antigens. The potential use of cell culture techniques in developing viral vaccines has been widely investigated in the 2000s as a complementary and alternative platform to the current egg-based strategies.
Vaccines work to prepare an immune system to fight off disease by generating an immune response to disease-causing agents. This immune response enables the immune system to act more quickly and effectively when exposed to that antigen again, and is the most effective tool to date to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Production
To produce viral vaccines, candidate vaccine viruses are grown in mammalian, avian or insect tissue culture of cells with a finite lifespan. These cells are typically Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, but others are also used including monkey cell lines pMK and Vero and human cell lines HEK 293, MRC 5, Per.C6, PMK, and WI-38. The candidate vaccine virus strain will replicate using the mammalian cells. Next, the virus is extracted from the cells in the liquid culture, purified, then tested or modified for the specific vaccine being produced.
Advantages
The main benefit of cell-based vaccines is the ability to rapidly produce vaccine supplies during an impending pandemic. Cell-based antigen production offer a faster and more stable production of vaccines compared to embryonic chicken eggs, which produce 1-2 vaccine doses per chicken egg. Though host cells replicate well in chicken eggs, vaccine production with mammalian cells would not rely on an adequate supply of chicken eggs to produce each vaccine. In addition, cell-based vaccines may allow for multiple viral vaccines be produced in the same production platforms and facilities in a more sterile environment. In addition, some strains do not grow well on embryonic chicken eggs.
Cell lines gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogenic%20cycle
|
Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle being the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterial cytoplasm. In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally, while the bacteriophage lies in a dormant state in the host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and later events (such as UV radiation or the presence of certain chemicals) can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle. Lysogenic cycles can also occur in eukaryotes, although the method of DNA incorporation is not fully understood. For instance the AIDS viruses can either infect humans (or some other primates) lytically, or lay dormant (lysogenic) as part of the infected cells' genome, keeping the ability to return to lysis at a later time. The rest of this article is about lysogeny in bacterial hosts.
The difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles is that, in lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through the usual prokaryotic reproduction, whereas a lytic cycle is more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed. One key difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle is that the latter does not lyse the host cell straight away. Phages that replicate only via the lytic cycle are known as virulent phages while phages that replicate using both lytic and lysogenic cycles are known as temperate phages.
In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA first integrates into the bacterial chromosome to produce the prophage. When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is also copied and is present in each of the daughter cells. The daughter cells can continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal-zone%20B%20cell
|
Marginal-zone B cells (MZ B cells) are noncirculating mature B cells that in humans segregate anatomically into the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen and certain other types of lymphoid tissue. The MZ B cells within this region typically express low-affinity polyreactive B-cell receptors (BCR), high levels of IgM, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD21, CD1, CD9, CD27 with low to negligible levels of secreted-IgD, CD23, CD5, and CD11b that help to distinguish them phenotypically from follicular (FO) B cells and B1 B cells.
MZ B cells are innate-like B cells specialized to mount rapid T-independent, but also T-dependent responses against blood-borne pathogens. They are also known to be the main producers of IgM antibodies in humans.
Development and differentiation
The spleen's marginal zone contains multiple subtypes of macrophages and dendritic cells interlaced with the MZ B cells; it is not fully formed until 2 to 3 weeks after birth in rodents and 1 to 2 years in humans. In humans, but not rodents, marginal zone B cells are also located in the inner wall of the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes, the epithelium of tonsillar crypts, and the sub-epithelial area of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues including the sub-epithelial dome of intestinal Peyer's patches. Human MZ B cells are also present in peripheral blood, suggesting that they recirculate. However, in mice they seem to be noncirculating and only limited to follicular shuttling.
In rodents, MZ B cells are recognized as IgMhighIgDlowCD21highCD23low population of B cells. They are furthermore distinguished by the expression of CD9 and CD27 (in humans). In mice, MZ B cells characteristically express high levels of CD1d, which is an MHC class I-like molecule involved in the presentation of lipid molecules to NKT cells. Unlike FO B cells, MZ B cells express polyreactive BCRs that bind to multiple microbial molecular patterns. Additionally, they express high levels of TLRs.
In specimens where the tyrosine kinase for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctorum
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Auctorum indicates that a name in botany and zoology is used in the sense of subsequent authors, and not in the sense as established by the original author. Its etymology derives from the Latin word for of authors, and is abbreviated auct. or auctt.
Some species names have been used twice for different species so the author of the name needs to be identified. For example "Leucospermum bolusii auct. Gandoger" for the species that was named as such by Gandoger. It is often used in conjunction with nec or non to indicate a misapplied name, e.g. "Leucospermum bolusii auct. non Gandoger" would mean the species not named by Gandoger.
It may be qualified to indicate the number of authors, e.g. auctorum multorum (abbreviated auct. mult.), Latin for of many authors, indicating that many subsequent authors used a name in a different sense to the original author, and also by non to give auctorum non (auct. non), to indicate that a following author is not the author of the species.
Examples
Leucospermum bolusii is a name that was used twice for different species. The first time was by Michel Gandoger in 1901. Since this name was validly published, used for a species that did not already have a name and the name had not already been used for another species, it is the correct name. The list of synonyms of Leucospermum cordifolium includes Leucospermum bolusii described by Edwin Percy Phillips in 1910. This name however was already taken. So, Leucospermum bolusii E.Phillips, 1910 is a later homonym of Leucospermum bolusii Gandoger, 1901. If the name Leucospermum bolusii is used in a later publication, the botanical author needs to make clear which one is meant, and which one isn’t. Hence, the species of 1901 would be Leucospermum bolusii auct. Gandoger, while the synonym of Leucospermum cordifolium, is Leucospermum bolusii E.Phillips, 1910 auct. non Gandoger.
The Flora Europaea gives one of the synonyms of Cistus clusii as "C. libanotis auct. mult., non L.", meaning that man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabela%20Abramowicz
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Izabela Abramowicz (9 November 1889, Lutosławice – 22 January 1973, Łęczyca) was a Polish mathematician and mathematics educator. She was honoured with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for her services to mathematical education.
Life
Izabela Abramowicz was born in 1889 in Lutosławice, Congress Poland (then part of the Russian empire), to Tomasz Franciszek Abramowicz, a school teacher, and Maria Petronela (née Gniotek). She had two brothers, Kazimierz (who would also become a mathematician) and Zygmunt.
Abramowicz graduated from the State Gymnasium in Bobrujsk in 1907. She attended the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Saint Vladimir University in Kyiv, obtaining an undergraduate degree with a gold medal for her thesis On double integrals on algebraic surfaces. Her dissertation supervisor was Boris Yakovlevich Bukreev.
She received consent from the Minister of Education to remain at the university without a stipend to prepare for her master's degree, the requirements for which she had almost fulfilled in 1918.
In 1923, she moved to Łęczyca, near Poznań, where she stayed till the Second World War. During the German occupation of Poland, between 1942 and 1944, she was arrested and made to work at various factories in Poznań and Luboń. After the war, she returned to Poznań.
Abramowicz died on 22 January 1973, and was interred at the parish church in Wiry.
Career
Between 1917 and 1920, Abramowicz was a docent at the Polish University College in Kyiv. This had been set up in 1916 to teach humanities, but expanded later to allow mathematics and the sciences. Its faculty comprised Polish academics teaching at Russian universities. Abramowicz was one of two women in the faculty.
She also taught in three local gymnasiums.
In 1923, Abramowicz started work as a math teacher at the State Junior High School in Wolsztyn. In the years 1924–1939, she was a teacher of mathematics at the General Zamoyski State Gymnasium in Poznań.
Abramowicz was a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChaNGa
|
ChaNGa (Charm N-body GrAvity solver) is a computer program to perform collisionless N-body simulations. It can perform cosmological simulations with periodic boundary conditions in comoving coordinates or simulations of isolated stellar systems. It is based on the Barnes–Hut algorithm and uses Ewald summation for periodic forces.
ChaNGa makes use of the Charm++ parallel programming system, including its dynamic load balancing schemes, in order to scale to large processor configurations. Simulation results have been reported on up to 20,000 IBM Bluegene/L processors .
More information
For more information on obtaining, building and running ChaNGa, please see the Wiki documentation at
.
See also
PKDGRAV
GADGET
GRAPE
External links
University of Washington ChaNGa website
Charm++ web page at the Parallel Programming Lab, UIUC
ChaNGa Wiki documentation
Physical cosmology
Cosmological simulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajika
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Ajika or adjika, (, , is a Georgian and Abkhazian hot, spicy, but subtly flavored dip, often used to flavor food. In 2018, the technology of ajika was inscribed on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Georgia list.
Common varieties of ajika resemble Italian red pesto in appearance and consistency. Though it is usually red, green ajika is also made with unripe peppers.
See also
Erős Pista, a popular Hungarian pepper sauce.
Biber salçası, a hot or sweet pepper paste in Turkish cuisine
Muhammara or acuka, a hot pepper dip in Levantine cuisine
Harissa, a hot chili pepper paste in Maghreb cuisine
Zhug, a hot sauce in Middle Eastern cuisine, made from fresh hot peppers seasoned with coriander, garlic and various spices
List of dips
List of sauces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol
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Paracetamol (acetaminophen or para-hydroxyacetanilide) is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. It is a widely used over the counter medication and common brand names include Tylenol and Panadol.
At a standard dose, paracetamol only slightly decreases body temperature; it is inferior to ibuprofen in that respect, and the benefits of its use for fever are unclear. Paracetamol may relieve pain in acute mild migraine but only slightly in episodic tension headache. However, the aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination helps with both conditions where the pain is mild and is recommended as a first-line treatment for them. Paracetamol is effective for post-surgical pain, but it is inferior to ibuprofen. The paracetamol/ibuprofen combination provides further increase in potency and is superior to either drug alone. The pain relief paracetamol provides in osteoarthritis is small and clinically insignificant. The evidence in its favor for the use in low back pain, cancer pain, and neuropathic pain is insufficient.
In the short term, paracetamol is safe and effective when used as directed. Short term adverse effects are uncommon and similar to ibuprofen, but paracetamol is typically safer than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for long term use. Paracetamol is also often used in patients who cannot tolerate NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Chronic consumption of paracetamol may result in a drop in hemoglobin level, indicating possible gastrointestinal bleeding, and abnormal liver function tests. Some epidemiological studies have linked paracetamol to cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal diseases, but are largely due to confounding biases and of insignificant relevance with short-term use of paracetamol. Paracetamol may slightly increase systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients at a dose of 4 grams a day. Elevated frequency of asthma and developmental and reproductive disorders is observed in the offsprin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophobacter%20sulfatireducens
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Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens is a species of bacteria notable for degrading propionate. It is notable for being syntrophic and for oxidising propionate. Its cells are egg-shaped. TB8106T (=AS 1.5016T=DSM 16706T) is its type strain.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Chyba
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Monique Chyba (born 1969) is a control theorist who works as a professor of mathematics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Her work on control theory has involved the theory of singular trajectories, and applications in the control of autonomous underwater vehicles. More recently, she has also applied control theory to the prediction and modeling of the spread of COVID-19 in Hawaii.
Education and career
Chyba's parents Mirek and Jana Chyba were Czech, but settled in Geneva, Switzerland. Chyba earned a Ph.D. through the University of Burgundy in Dijon, France, in 1997, while working as a teaching assistant at the University of Geneva. Her dissertation, Le Cas Martinet en Geometrie Sous-Riemannienne [the Martinet case in sub-Riemannian geometry], was supervised by Bernard Bonnard.
After postdoctoral research at Pierre and Marie Curie University, Harvard University, INRIA Sophia Antipolis, Princeton University, and the University of California, Santa Cruz, she joined the University of Hawaiʻi faculty in 2002. and was promoted to full professor in 2012.
Book
Chyba is an author of the book Singular Trajectories and their Role in Control Theory (with Bernard Bonnard, Springer, 2003).
Recognition
In 2014, Chiba University in Japan gave Chyba their Science and Lectureship Award.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20moments%20of%20inertia
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Moment of inertia, denoted by , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis, it is the rotational analogue to mass (which determines an object's resistance to linear acceleration). The moments of inertia of a mass have units of dimension ML2 ([mass] × [length]2). It should not be confused with the second moment of area, which has units of dimension L4 ([length]4) and is used in beam calculations. The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass.
For simple objects with geometric symmetry, one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed-form expression. Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant, but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well. In general, it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry. When calculating moments of inertia, it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems.
This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions, with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified.
Moments of inertia
Following are scalar moments of inertia. In general, the moment of inertia is a tensor, see below.
List of 3D inertia tensors
This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object.
To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above, the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula:
where the dots indicate tensor contraction and the Einstein summation convention is used. In the above table, n would be the unit Cartesian basis ex, ey, ez to obtain Ix, Iy, Iz respectively.
See also
List of second moments of area
Parallel axis theorem
Perpendicula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHSH%20inequality
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In physics, the CHSH inequality can be used in the proof of Bell's theorem, which states that certain consequences of entanglement in quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by local hidden-variable theories. Experimental verification of the inequality being violated is seen as confirmation that nature cannot be described by such theories. CHSH stands for John Clauser, Michael Horne, Abner Shimony, and Richard Holt, who described it in a much-cited paper published in 1969. They derived the CHSH inequality, which, as with John Stewart Bell's original inequality, is a constraint on the statistical occurrence of "coincidences" in a Bell test which is necessarily true if there exist underlying local hidden-variable theory. In practice, the inequality is routinely violated by modern experiments in quantum mechanics.
Statement
The usual form of the CHSH inequality is
where
a and a′ are detector settings on side A, b and b′ on side B, the four combinations being tested in separate subexperiments. The terms E(a, b) etc. are the quantum correlations of the particle pairs, where the quantum correlation is defined to be the expectation value of the product of the "outcomes" of the experiment, i.e. the statistical average of A(a)·B(b), where A and B are the separate outcomes, using the coding +1 for the '+' channel and −1 for the '−' channel. Clauser et al.'s 1969 derivation was oriented towards the use of "two-channel" detectors, and indeed it is for these that it is generally used, but under their method the only possible outcomes were +1 and −1. In order to adapt to real situations, which at the time meant the use of polarised light and single-channel polarisers, they had to interpret '−' as meaning "non-detection in the '+' channel", i.e. either '−' or nothing. They did not in the original article discuss how the two-channel inequality could be applied in real experiments with real imperfect detectors, though it was later proved that the inequality itself was equally va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung%E2%80%93Erd%C5%91s%20inequality
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In probability theory, the Chung–Erdős inequality provides a lower bound on the probability that one out of many (possibly dependent) events occurs. The lower bound is expressed in terms of the probabilities for pairs of events.
Formally, let be events. Assume that for some . Then
The inequality was first derived by Kai Lai Chung and Paul Erdős (in, equation (4)). It was stated in the form given above by Petrov (in, equation (6.10)).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divicine
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Divicine (2,6-diamino-4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine) is an oxidant and a base with alkaloidal properties found in fava beans and Lathyrus sativus. It is an aglycone of vicine. A common derivative is the diacetate form (2,6-diamino-1,6-dihydro-4,5-pyrimidinedione).
Occurrence
Divicine is found in fava beans and in the legume Lathyrus sativus, also known as khesari, which is a cheap and robust food source commonly grown in Asia and East Africa.
Synthesis
In plants, reduced divicine is formed from the hydrolysis of the inactive β–glucoside, vicine.
A simplified three-step process for artificial divicine synthesis:
The benzyl group of 2-amino-5-benzyloxy-4-hydroxypyrimidine is removed by acid hydrolysis, yielding 2-amino-4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine.
This intermediate is then treated with nitrous acid to yield the slightly soluble orange product 2-amino-6-nitrosopyrimidine-4,5-diol
Which is then reduced with sodium dithionite to yield divicine.
Reactions
Some chemical characteristics of divicine have been examined. It is known that it vigorously reduces alkaline solutions of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phosphomolybdate or phosphotungstate and produces an intense blue colour when reacting with an ammoniacal ferric chloride solution, which is used for the identification and proof of the presence of an enolic hydroxyl group.
Divicine is very unstable if oxygen is present and the oxidation is most rapid at alkaline pH levels. The half-life of divicine, at room temperature and neutral pH, is around half an hour. Both compounds are almost immediately destroyed by boiling, and breakdown in regular conditions can be accelerated by the presence of heavy metal ions, especially Cu2+.
Toxicity
Divicine has been deemed a hemotoxic component of fava beans and plays a role in the development of favism, a disorder that involves a hemolytic response to the consumption of broad beans due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD or G6PDH) deficiency. This deficiency, an X-linked rec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvariella%20bombycina
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Volvariella bombycina, commonly known as the silky volvariella, silky sheath, silky rosegill, silver-silk straw mushroom, or tree mushroom, is a species of edible mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It is an uncommon but widespread species, having been reported from Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. The fruit body (mushroom) begins developing in a thin, egg-like sac. This ruptures and the stem expands quickly, leaving the sac at the base of the stem as a volva. The cap, which can attain a diameter of up to , is white to slightly yellowish and covered with silky hairs. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced gills, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pink as the spores mature. The mushroom grows singly or in clusters, often appearing in old knotholes and wounds in elms and maples. V. bombycina contains compounds with antibacterial properties.
Description
The fruit bodies of Volvariella bombycina are initially egg-shaped when still enclosed in the universal veil. As they expand, the caps later becoming bell-shaped or convex, and finally nearly flattened in age, attaining a diameter of . The dry cap surface is covered with silky threads. Its color is white to yellowish, becoming more pale approaching the margin. The flesh is thin, soft, and white, and has an odor resembling raw potatoes. The gills are crowded close together, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pinkish as the spores mature. The stem measures long by thick, and is typically tapered upward or thickened below. It is white, with a smooth surface, and is often slightly curved. The universal veil is membranous, often areolate (cracked into irregularly shaped blocks) or scaly, and forms a long, saclike volva that wraps around the base of the stem. It is white to yellowish or dingy brown, and often divided into lobes.
The variety V. bombycina var. flaviceps is distinguished from the main form by its smaller, b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20analytical%20processing
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Online analytical processing, or OLAP (), is an approach to answer multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly in computing. OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational databases, report writing and data mining. Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM), budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications emerging, such as agriculture.
The term OLAP was created as a slight modification of the traditional database term online transaction processing (OLTP).
OLAP tools enable users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from multiple perspectives. OLAP consists of three basic analytical operations: consolidation (roll-up), drill-down, and slicing and dicing. Consolidation involves the aggregation of data that can be accumulated and computed in one or more dimensions. For example, all sales offices are rolled up to the sales department or sales division to anticipate sales trends. By contrast, the drill-down is a technique that allows users to navigate through the details. For instance, users can view the sales by individual products that make up a region's sales. Slicing and dicing is a feature whereby users can take out (slicing) a specific set of data of the OLAP cube and view (dicing) the slices from different viewpoints. These viewpoints are sometimes called dimensions (such as looking at the same sales by salesperson, or by date, or by customer, or by product, or by region, etc.).
Databases configured for OLAP use a multidimensional data model, allowing for complex analytical and ad hoc queries with a rapid execution time. They borrow aspects of navigational databases, hierarchical databases and relational databases.
OLAP is typically contrasted to OLTP (online transaction processing), which is generally characterized by much less complex queries, in a larger volu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Uzbek%20flags
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Many countries have different flags, and now about Uzbekistan.
National Flag
Government Flag
Military Flag
Autonomous Republic
Flags of Historical States existed in Uzbekistan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20profiling
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A thermal profile is a complex set of time-temperature data typically associated with the measurement of thermal temperatures in an oven (ex: reflow oven). The thermal profile is often measured along a variety of dimensions such as slope, soak, time above liquidus (TAL), and peak.
A thermal profile can be ranked on how it fits in a process window (the specification or tolerance limit). Raw temperature values are normalized in terms of a percentage relative to both the process mean and the window limits. The center of the process window is defined as zero, and the extreme edges of the process window are ±99%. A Process Window Index (PWI) greater than or equal to 100% indicates the profile is outside of the process limitations. A PWI of 99% indicates that the profile is within process limitations, but runs at the edge of the process window. For example, if the process mean is set at 200 °C with the process window calibrated at 180 °C and 220 °C respectively, then a measured value of 188 °C translates to a process window index of −60%.
The method is used in a variety of industrial and laboratory processes, including electronic component assembly, optoelectronics, optics, biochemical engineering, food science, decontamination of hazardous wastes, and geochemical analysis.
Soldering of electronic products
One of the major uses of this method is soldering of electronic assemblies. There are two main types of profiles used today: The Ramp-Soak-Spike (RSS) and the Ramp to Spike (RTS). In modern systems, quality management practices in manufacturing industries have produced automatic process algorithms such as PWI, where soldering ovens come preloaded with extensive electronics and programmable inputs to define and refine process specifications. By using algorithms such as PWI, engineers can calibrate and customize parameters to achieve minimum process variance and a near zero defect rate.
Reflow process
In soldering, a thermal profile is a complex set of time-tempera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20solving%20environment
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A problem solving environment (PSE) is a completed, integrated and specialised computer software for solving one class of problems, combining automated problem-solving methods with human-oriented tools for guiding the problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problems, selecting algorithm, simulating numerical value and viewing and analysing results.
Purpose of PSE
Many PSEs were introduced in the 1990s. They use the language of the respective field and often employ modern graphical user interfaces. The goal is to make the software easy to use for specialists in fields other than computer science. PSEs are available for generic problems like data visualization or large systems of equations and for narrow fields of science or engineering like gas turbine design.
History
The Problem Solving Environment (PSE) released a few years after the release of Fortran and Algol 60. People thought that this system with high-level language would cause elimination of professional programmers. However, surprisingly, PSE has been accepted and even though scientists used it to write programs.
The Problem Solving Environment for Parallel Scientific Computation was introduced in 1960, where this was the first Organised Collections with minor standardisation. In 1970, PSE was initially researched for providing high-class programming language rather than Fortran, also Libraries Plotting Packages advent. Development of Libraries were continued, and there were introduction of Emergence of Computational Packages and Graphical systems which is data visualisation. By 1990s, hypertext, point-and-click had moved towards inter-operability. Moving on, a "Software Parts" Industry finally existed.
Throughout a few decades, recently, many PSEs have been developed and to solve problem and also support users from different categories, including education, general programming, CSE software learning, job executing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20temporary%20fix
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In IBM terminology, a Program temporary fix or Product temporary fix (PTF), sometimes depending on date, is a single bug fix, or group of fixes, distributed in a form ready to install for customers.
A PTF normally follows an APAR (Authorized Program Analysis Report), and where an "APAR fix" was issued, the PTF "is a tested APAR" or set of APAR fixes. However, if an APAR is resolved as "Fixed If Next" or "Permanent Restriction" then there may be no PTF fixing it, only a subsequent release.
PTF installation
Initially, installations had to install service via a semi-manual process.
Over time, IBM started to provide service aids such as IMAPTFLE
and utilities such as IEBEDIT to simplify the installation of batches of PTFs. For OS/360 and successors, this culminated in System Modification Program (SMP) and System Modification Program/Extended (SMP/E).
For VM, this culminated in Virtual Machine Serviceability Enhancements Staged (VM/SP SES) and VMSES/E.
For DOS/360 and successors, this culminated in Maintain System History Program (MSHP)
PTF usage
PTFs used to be distributed in a group on a so-called Program Update Tape (PUT) or Recommended Service Upgrade (RSU), approximately on a monthly basis. They can now be downloaded straight to the system through a direct connection to IBM support. In some instances IBM will release a "Cumulative PTF Pack", a large number of fixes which function best as a whole, and are sometimes codependent. When this happens, IBM issues compact discs containing the entire PTF pack, which can be loaded directly onto the system from its media drive.
One reason for the use of physical media is size, and related (default) size limits. "By default, the /home file system on VIOS (Virtual I/O Server) for System p is only 10GB in size." If the "Cumulative PTF Pack" is larger than the default, "If you try (to) FTP 17GB of ISO images you will run out of space."
In z/OS, the PTFs are processed using SMP/E (System Modification Program/Extended)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability
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Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: "What is the proportion of the variation in a given trait within a population that is not explained by the environment or random chance?"
Other causes of measured variation in a trait are characterized as environmental factors, including observational error. In human studies of heritability these are often apportioned into factors from "shared environment" and "non-shared environment" based on whether they tend to result in persons brought up in the same household being more or less similar to persons who were not.
Heritability is estimated by comparing individual phenotypic variation among related individuals in a population, by examining the association between individual phenotype and genotype data, or even by modeling summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Heritability is an important concept in quantitative genetics, particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics (for instance, twin studies). It is the source of much confusion due to the fact that its technical definition is different from its commonly-understood folk definition. Therefore, its use conveys the incorrect impression that behavioral traits are "inherited" or specifically passed down through the genes. Behavioral geneticists also conduct heritability analyses based on the assumption that genes and environments contribute in a separate, additive manner to behavioral traits.
Overview
Heritability measures the fraction of phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. This is not the same as saying that this fraction of an individual phenotype is caused by genetics. For example, it is incorrect to say that since the heritability of personalit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymeclin%20protein%20family
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In molecular biology, the Dymeclin protein family is a family of proteins which includes human Dymeclin. Dymeclin (Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome protein) contains a large number of leucine and isoleucine residues and a total of 17 repeated dileucine motifs. It is characteristically about 700 amino acids long and present in plants and animals. In humans, mutations in the gene coding for this protein give rise to a disorder called Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome, which is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterised by the association of spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia, postnatal onset microcephaly and intellectual disability.
This family of proteins also includes Hid1 (high-temperature-induced dauer-formation protein 1) from Caenorhabditis elegans which encodes a novel highly conserved putative transmembrane protein expressed in neurons. It contains up to seven potential transmembrane domains separated by regions of low complexity. Functionally this protein might be involved in vesicle secretion or be an inter-cellular signalling protein or be a novel insulin receptor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin/IGF/Relaxin%20family
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The insulin/IGF/relaxin family is a group of evolutionary related proteins which possess a variety of hormonal activities. Family members in human include two subfamilies:
1) insulin and insulin-like growth factors
2) relaxin family peptides:
relaxins 1 and 2
relaxin 3
Leydig cell-specific insulin-like peptide (gene INSL3)
early placenta insulin-like peptide (ELIP) (gene INSL4)
insulin-like peptide 5 (gene INSL5)
insulin-like peptide 6
Structure
These proteins are characterized by having three disulfide bonds in a characteristic motif. Some family members have an additional disulfide bond also in a conserved location. All of these proteins have a helical segment (corresponding to B chain in insulin) followed by a variable-length chain, followed by a domain (A chain in insulin) with two helices pinned against each other via a disulfide bond. These two regions are linked by two or three disulfide bonds.
Amongst the different proteins in the family, very little of the sequence is conserved except for the disulfide bonds. The variable-length chains may exhibit large inter-species variation even when the remainder of the sequence is highly conserved; and as is in the case of insulin, sometimes the variable length chain is cleaved out by secretory endoproteases, leaving a two-chain protein held together by disulfide bonds.
See also
Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough-and-tumble%20play
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Rough-and-tumble play, also called play fighting, is a form of play where participants compete with one another attempting to obtain certain advantages (such as biting or pushing the opponent onto the ground), but play in this way without the severity of genuine fighting (which rough-and-tumble play resembles). Rough-and-tumble play is one of the most common forms of play in both humans and non-human animals.
It has been pointed out that despite its apparent aggressiveness, rough-and-tumble play is helpful for encouraging cooperative behavior and cultivation of social skills. For rough-and-tumble play to remain "play" (instead of spiraling into a real fight), there has to be cooperation (e.g., with participants agreeing to not actually exert forces in pretend punches). Sometimes, one participant may push or hit harder than expected, and then the other participants will have to decide whether it was an unintended mistake or a malicious transgression. Thus, rough-and-tumble play involves considerable social reasoning and judgment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternium-15
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Quaternium-15 (systematic name: hexamethylenetetramine chloroallyl chloride) is a quaternary ammonium salt that has been used as a surfactant and preservative. It acts as an antimicrobial agent because it slowly releases formaldehyde, which is a preservative with biocidal properties.
Both quaternium-15 and formaldehyde release agents have been the subjects of controversy. They are often banned in US and Europe.
It can be found under a variety of names, including Dow Chemical Company: Dowicil 200 (cis isomer only), Dowicil 75 and Dowicil 100 (both a mix of cis and trans isomers).
Synthesis
Quaternium-15 can be prepared by treating hexamethylenetetramine with 1,3-dichloropropene. A mixture of cis and trans isomers are produced.
Applications
The isolated cis-compound is used primarily in cosmetic applications, with a maximum permitted concentration in the EU of 0.2%. The mixed product (cis- and trans-) is used in a wider range of formulations such as: emulsifiable metal-cutting fluids, latex and emulsion paints, liquid floor polishes and floor waxes, and glues and adhesives.
Safety concerns
Quaternium-15 has been banned in the EU since 2017 and a bill was introduced in the US in 2017 to require the FDA to investigate its safety.
Allergic reaction
Quaternium-15 is an allergen, and can cause dermatitis. Many of those with an allergy to quaternium-15 are also allergic to formaldehyde. At low pHs, it would be expected to release significant amounts of formaldehyde due to acid hydrolysis via the Delepine reaction. Allergic sensitivity to quaternium-15 can be detected using a patch test.
It is the single most often found cause of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands (16.5% in 959 cases). In 2005–06, it was the fourth-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (10.3%).
Although quaternium-15 releases low amounts of formaldehyde. Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20quality%20control%20of%20meteorological%20observations
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A meteorological observation at a given place can be inaccurate for a variety of reasons, such as a hardware defect. Quality control can help spot which meteorological observations are inaccurate.
One of the main automated quality control programs used today in the area of meteorological observations is the meteorological assimilation data ingest system (MADIS).
History
Weather observation quality control systems verify probability, history, and trends. One of the main and simplest forms of quality control is the check of probability. This check throws out impossible observations, such as the dew point being higher than the temperature or data outside acceptable ranges, such as temperatures over 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Another basic quality control check is to have the data compared to preset geographic extremes, perhaps combined with diurnal variations. However this only flags the data as uncertain because the station could be reporting correctly but there is no way to know. A better way is to correlate with previous observations as well as the other simple checks. This method uses one hour persistence to check the quality of the current observation. This method makes continuity of observations better since the system is able to make better judgments on whether the current observations are bad or not.
Current
Systems such as MADIS use a three-pronged approach to quality control. This approach is much better mainly because it has more information to compare the current observation to. The first part of the process is the limit check. As already described the program checks whether the observation is within predetermined limits that are set according to whether they can physically exist or not. The second part is the temporal check which compares the station to its closest surrounding stations. The third part is internal checking, which compares the observation to previous ones and sees whether it makes sense or not. It also takes into account present weath
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADA%20%28smart%20antenna%29
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ADA (an abbreviation of adaptive antenna) is an advanced smart antenna, using multichannel controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA), designed for various platforms, including UAVs, planes and ships, manufactured by the MLM factory of the Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI).
The ADA enables vehicles, missiles and other platforms equipped with the smart antenna to navigate even when heavy jamming is conducted in order to block all reception of GPS and other GNSS signals. Using advanced techniques even very faint "good" signals are being extracted from the superposition of incoming waves that include noise and strong signals produced by the enemy (or friendly) jammers. These signals are then used (just like a regular GPS receiver) to triangulate the position and determine the GPS tune.
History
The theory of the ADA started to emerge as a theory of multichannel estimation. Its origins go back into methods developed in the 1920s that were used to determine direction of the arrival of radio signals by a set of two antennas based on the phase difference or amplitudes of their output voltages. Thus, the assessment of the directions of arrival of a single signal was conducted according to pointed type indicator readings or according to the Lissajous curves,
drawn by beam on the oscilloscope screen.
The existence of ADA was publicly unveiled in February 2017, along with a report that the Israeli Defence Forces has already decided to install the ADAs on "major platforms" in service. It was also displayed in the Aero India air show that was held from 14th to the 18th that month in Bangalore.
In July 2017 MLM has signed a contract with American Honeywell to jointly develop a GPS anti-jam navigation system, based on ADA and Honywell's devices.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Tze-chiang
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Dr. Chen Tze-chiang, or T. C. Chen (), joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1984. He is currently an IBM Fellow and the Vice President of Science and Technology at Thomas J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research Division in Yorktown Heights, New York.
During the period of Feb. 1999 - Feb. 2003, Dr. Chen was the Director of Advanced Logic/Memory Technology Development at the Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM Microelectronics Division in East Fishkill, New York. During the period of 1992–1999, he was the Senior Manager responsible for the 64Mb/256Mb/1Gb DRAM Technology Development in IBM/Siemens/Toshiba DRAM Development Alliance. Before assuming his role as the Project Manager in DRAM Development, he held a variety of managerial assignments in his career at IBM, including Functional Manager of High-Performance BiCMOS Technology, Manufacturing Engineering Manager in the Bipolar VLSI Line, and Manager of Optical Lithography Development at Watson Research Center.
Dr. Chen was born in Taiwan in 1951. He received the B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in physics from National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, in 1974 and 1976, respectively, and the M.S. and Ph.D. Degrees in electrical engineering from Yale University in 1979 and 1985, respectively. He has published more than 60 papers in technical journals and conferences. His contributions to advanced bipolar technology had a major impact on IBM S/390 mainframe systems. More recently, his contributions to CMOS miniaturization and DRAM devices have had a profound impact on IBM's leadership in CMOS process technology and DRAM manufacturing. Dr. Chen was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1999 for contributions to silicon bipolar and DRAM technology development. Dr.Chen has been recognized with several IBM Technical Innovation Awards and was named IBM Distinguished Engineer and IBM Fellow in 1996 and 1999, respectively.
Awards and honors
In 2011 he receive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon%20for%20Sale
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Moon for Sale is a 2007 British documentary film directed and produced by Nick Davidson. The film premiered on BBC Two on 10 April 2007 and has played worldwide since. The primary focus of the documentary is on the value of the Moon to scientists and collectors. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, an Apollo 17 astronaut, is seen discussing harvesting Helium 3 on the Moon to meet Earth's energy needs. Also discussed in the documentary is the black market industry in stolen Apollo-era Moon rocks, which sell for as much as $5 million a gram. Specifically, the viewer is introduced to a sting operation known as Operation Lunar Eclipse, where for the first time a Moon rock, the Honduras Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon rock, is recovered by US federal agents.
See also
The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks
Moon tree
Sex on the Moon
Joseph Gutheinz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%20life%20history
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Eels are any of several long, thin, bony fishes of the order Anguilliformes. They have a catadromous life cycle, that is: at different stages of development migrating between inland waterways and the deep ocean. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as young eels, the life cycle of the eel was a mystery for a very long period of scientific history that continues into the present day. Of significant interest is the search for the spawning grounds for the various species of eels and identifying impacts to population decline in each stage of the life cycle.
Past studies of eels
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was historically the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with Aristotle, who wrote the earliest known inquiry into the natural history of eels. He speculated that they were born of "earth worms", which he believed were formed of mud, growing from the "guts of wet soil" rather than through sexual reproduction. Many centuries passed before scientists were able to demonstrate that such spontaneous generation does not occur in nature.
In 1777, the Italian Carlo Mondini located an eel's ovaries and demonstrated that eels are a kind of fish. In 1876, as a young student in Austria, Sigmund Freud dissected hundreds of eels in search of the male sex organs. He had to concede failure in his first major published research paper, and turned to other issues in frustration.
Larval eels — transparent, leaflike two-inch (five-cm) creatures of the open ocean — were not generally recognized as such until 1893; instead, they were thought to be a separate species, Leptocephalus brevirostris (from the Greek leptocephalus meaning "thin- or flat-head"). In 1886, however, the French zoologist Yves Delage discovered the truth when he kept leptocephali alive in a laboratory tank in Roscoff until they matured into eels, and in 1896 Italian zoologist Giovanni Battista Grassi confirmed the finding when he observed the transformation of a Leptocephalus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Storm
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Digital Storm is a privately owned boutique computer manufacturer in the United States that primarily specializes in high-performance gaming desktop and laptop computers. Headquartered in Gilroy, California, the company also sells upgrade components and gaming peripherals, such as headsets, gaming mice, custom keyboards and high-resolution computer monitors.
History
Digital Storm was founded in 2002. Originally an internet retailer of computer components, the company began building custom gaming PCs after repeated requests by customers for pre-assembled systems.
The first custom-built PC system the company ever marketed was the Digital Storm Twister. In 2012, the company began designing proprietary designs, starting with their Aventum and the Bolt models.
Products
Focusing heavily on the gaming market, Digital Storm’s designs for gaming desktops and laptops focus primarily on high-performance custom PC configurations, though they also produce workstation models. They specialize in customizing each machine with features such as overclocking, dual video card implementations (such as SLI), RAID arrays, liquid-cooling systems and noise-reduction modifications.
Digital Storm also sells upgrade PC components such as computer memory, video cards, CPUs, motherboards, hard drives, cooling systems and computer monitors. They also offer accessories aimed at gamers.
Notable services
Custom case designs
In 2013, they began offering a service called LaserMark, which allows custom images to be etched onto computer cases. Case mods. Aftermarket sound dampening foam can be added to case interior on customer request. Some cases are designed and manufactured in-house, exclusive to digital storm and never sold empty to the public.
Overclocking
The company offers custom overclocking of CPUs and GPUs through its “Twister Boost” technology on many of its gaming computers.
Stress-testing
Before shipping out an order, a technician for Digital Storm performs a stress testing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamomile
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Chamomile (American English) or camomile (British English; see spelling differences) ( or ) is the common name for several plants of the family Asteraceae. Two of the species, Matricaria chamomilla and Chamaemelum nobile, are commonly used to make herbal infusions for beverages. There has been limited (though thus far insufficient) research as to whether consuming chamomile in foods or beverages is effective in treating medical conditions, although in Hungarian it is referred to as the "king of herbs" (orvosi székfű).
Etymology
The word chamomile is derived via French and Latin, from the Greek , from , and . First used in the 13th century, the spelling chamomile corresponds to the Latin and the Greek . The spelling camomile is a British derivation from the French.
Species
Some commonly used species include:
Matricaria chamomilla – often called "German chamomile" or "Water of Youth"
Chamaemelum nobile – Roman, English, or garden chamomile; also frequently used (C. nobile Treneague is normally used to create a chamomile lawn)
A number of other species' common names include the word chamomile. This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as "chamomile". Plants including the common name chamomile, of the family Asteraceae, are:
Anthemis arvensis – corn, scentless or field chamomile
Anthemis cotula – stinking chamomile
Cladanthus mixtus – Moroccan chamomile
Cota tinctoria – dyer's, golden, oxeye, or yellow chamomile
Eriocephalus punctulatus – Cape chamomile
Matricaria discoidea – wild chamomile or pineapple weed
Tripleurospermum inodorum – wild, scentless or false chamomile
Uses
Chamomile may be used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages, mouthwash, soaps, or cosmetics. It is used to "upholster" chamomile seats, raised beds which are about half a meter tall, and designed to be sat upon. Chamomile lawns are also used in sunny areas with light traffic.
Tea
Chamomile tea is a herbal infusion mad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhonov%27s%20theorem%20%28dynamical%20systems%29
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In applied mathematics, Tikhonov's theorem on dynamical systems is a result on stability of solutions of systems of differential equations. It has applications to chemical kinetics. The theorem is named after Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov.
Statement
Consider this system of differential equations:
Taking the limit as , this becomes the "degenerate system":
where the second equation is the solution of the algebraic equation
Note that there may be more than one such function .
Tikhonov's theorem states that as the solution of the system of two differential equations above approaches the solution of the degenerate system if is a stable root of the "adjoined system"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics%20of%20social%20behavior
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The genetics of social behavior is an area of research that attempts to address the question of the role that genes play in modulating the neural circuits in the brain which influence social behavior. Model genetic species, such as D.melanogaster (common fruit fly) and Apis mellifera (honey bee), have been rigorously studied and proven to be instrumental in developing the science of genetics. Many examples of genetic factors of social behavior have been derived from a bottom-up method of altering a gene and observing the change it produces in an organism. Sociogenomics is an integrated field that accounts for the complete cellular genetic complement of an organism from a top-down approach, accounting for all biotic influences that effect behavior on a cellular level.
Sociogenomics
Sociogenomics, a subdiscipline of genomics, is an integrative approach to behavioral biology that compares genomic data to behavioral phenotype. Of particular interest are differential gene expression of mRNA (transcriptomics) and protein transcription (proteomics) that correspond to changes in behavior. Data of this sort is especially useful when comparing the genomic qualities of organisms with varying degrees of social organization.
While sociogenomics integrates more fields of study and is more encompassing than classical genetics, the methodology is still considered forward genetics. The goal is to determine genes or sets of genes and their artifacts that contribute to the expression of a phenotype.
Eusociality
Sociogenomic methodology has been applied to understanding the biology of eusociality include its cellular origin, caste determination in a eusocial hierarchy, and the mechanisms that mediate division of labor. Efforts in genome sequencing have allowed researchers to examine eusocial insect behavior from a molecular perspective.
Notable progress in this field was made by the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium, led by Gene E. Robinson, which published and made public
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20provincial%20and%20territorial%20symbols
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This is a list of the symbols of the provinces and territories of Canada. Each province and territory has a unique set of official symbols.
Provinces and territories
See also
Arms of Canada
List of Canadian flags
Flags of provinces and territories of Canada
National symbols of Canada
Canadian Red Ensign
Regional tartans of Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20codes%20used%20in%20the%20World%20Geographical%20Scheme%20for%20Recording%20Plant%20Distributions
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The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases. The system provides clear definitions and codes for recording plant distributions at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries. Current users of the system include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Plants of the World Online uses Kew's data sources, and hence also uses the WGSRPD for distributions.
Codes
The table is arranged in the systematic order used in the WGSRPD. The levels used in the scheme are:
Nine botanical continents; the code consists of a single digit
Regions – each botanical continent is divided into between two and ten sub-continental regions; a two-digit code is used for regions, in which the first digit is the continent
Areas or "botanical countries" – most regions are subdivided into units, generally equating to a political country, but large countries may be split or outlying areas omitted; a three-letter code is used for areas
"Basic recording units" – the lowest level is only used for very large "botanical countries", subdividing them into states, provinces or islands on purely political grounds; the full code is made up of a two-letter code appended to the corresponding area code
See also
Biogeography
Phytochorion
Phytogeography
Wikipedia categories for flora distributions using the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions
Flora categories with a WGSRPD code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Commission%20on%20Zoological%20Nomenclature
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The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries.
Organization
The ICZN is governed by the "Constitution of the ICZN", which is usually published together with the ICZN Code.
Members are elected by the Section of Zoological Nomenclature, established by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS).
The regular term of service of a member of the Commission is six years. Members can be re-elected up to a total of three full six-year terms in a row. After 18 continuous years of elected service, a break of at least three years is prescribed before the member can stand again for election.
Activities
Since 2014, the work of the Commission is supported by a small secretariat based at the National University of Singapore, in Singapore. Previously, the secretariat was based in London and funded by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. The Commission assists the zoological community "through generation and dissemination of information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals".
The ICZN publishes the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (usually referred to as "the Code" or "the ICZN Code"), a widely accepted convention containing the rules for the formal scientific naming of all organisms that are treated as animals. New editions of the Code are elaborated by the Editorial Committee appointed by the Commission. The current (4th) edition of the Code (1999) was edited by seven people, with work on the next (5th) edition underway.
The Commission also provides rulings on individual problems brought to its attention, as arbitration may be necessary in contentious cases, where strict adherence to the Code would interfere with stability of usage (e.g., see conserved name). These rulings are published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. St
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAC-II
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CRAC-II is both a computer code (titled Calculation of Reactor Accident Consequences) and the 1982 report of the simulation results performed by Sandia National Laboratories for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The report is sometimes referred to as the CRAC-II report because it is the computer program used in the calculations, but the report is also known as the 1982 Sandia Siting Study or as NUREG/CR-2239. The computer program MACCS2 has since replaced CRAC-II for the consequences of radioactive release.
CRAC-II has been declared to be obsolete and will be replaced by the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses study.
The CRAC-II simulations calculated the possible consequences of a worst-case accident under worst-case conditions (a so-called "class-9 accident") for several different U.S. nuclear power plants. In the Sandia Siting Study, the Indian Point Energy Center was calculated to have the largest possible consequences for an SST1 (spectrum of source terms) release, with estimated maximum possible casualty numbers of around 50,000 deaths, 150,000 injuries, and property damage of $274 Billion to $314 Billion (based on figures at the time of the report in 1982). The Sandia Siting Study ,however, is commonly misused as a risk analysis, which it is not. It is a sensitivity analysis of different amounts of radioactive releases and an SST1 release is now generally considered not a credible accident (see below).
Another significant report is the 1991 NUREG-1150 calculations, which is a more-rigorous risk assessment of five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants.
Followup study
As the NRC was preparing NUREG-1437, Supplement 56, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants Supplement 56 Regarding Fermi Nuclear Power Plant", it solicited comments on the proposed report. In response to comments specifically mentioning the CRAC-II study, the NRC wrote:
"The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has devoted considerable research resources,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor%20Neumann-Lara
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Víctor Neumann-Lara (1933–2004) was a Mexican mathematician and a pioneer in the field of graph theory in Mexico. His work also covers general topology, game theory and combinatorics.
Biography
Born in the city of Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico, he soon moved to Mexico City, where he received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the School of Sciences, UNAM.
His life was greatly devoted to teaching, giving over 100 courses in Mexico and around the world, and introducing new teaching methods. He carried color chalks with him all the time, and was prompt to give graphic explanations.
Work
Full Professor at Institute of Mathematics, UNAM, he directed over 15 theses and taught both in the Institute and in the Faculty of Sciences. Below is a selection of his multiple publications, which earned him over 120 citations from renowned mathematicians in the area of graph theory.
In 1982 he introduced the notion of dichromatic number of a digraph, which will eventually be used in kernel theory and tournament theory.
Selected publications
Francisco Larrión, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña, Thomas Dale Porter "A hierarchy of self-clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 282(1–3): 193–208 (2004)
M. E. Frías-Armenta, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña "Dismantlings and iterated clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 282(1–3): 263–265 (2004)
Xueliang Li, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Eduardo Rivera-Campo "On a tree graph defined by a set of cycles" Discrete Mathematics 271(1–3): 303–310 (2003)
Juan José Montellano-Ballesteros, Víctor Neumann-Lara "An Anti-Ramsey Theorem" Combinatorica 22(3): 445–449 (2002)
Francisco Larrión, Víctor Neumann-Lara "On clique divergent graphs with linear growth" Discrete Mathematics 245(1–3): 139–153 (2002)
Francisco Larrión, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña "Whitney triangulations, local girth and iterated clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 258(1–3): 123–135 (2002)
Francisco Larrión, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña "On the hom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NV1
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The Nvidia NV1, manufactured by SGS-Thomson Microelectronics under the model name STG2000, was a multimedia PCI card announced in May 1995 and released in November 1995. It was sold to retail by Diamond as the Diamond Edge 3D.
The NV1 featured a complete 2D/3D graphics core based upon quadratic texture mapping, VRAM or FPM DRAM memory, an integrated 32-channel 350 MIPS playback-only sound card, and a Sega Saturn-compatible joypad port. As such, it was intended to replace the 2D graphics card, Sound Blaster-compatible audio systems, and 15-pin joystick ports, then prevalent on IBM PC compatibles.
Putting all of this functionality on a single card led to significant compromises, and the NV1 was not very successful in the market. A modified version, the NV2, was developed in partnership with Sega for the Sega Dreamcast, but ultimately dropped. Nvidia's next stand-alone product, the RIVA 128, focussed entirely on 2D and 3D performance and was much more successful.
History
Several Sega Saturn games saw NV1-compatible conversions on the PC such as Panzer Dragoon and Virtua Fighter Remix. However, the NV1 struggled in a market place full of several competing proprietary standards, and was marginalized by emerging triangle polygon-based 2D/3D accelerators such as the low-cost S3 Graphics ViRGE, Matrox Mystique, ATI Rage, and Rendition Vérité V1000 among other early entrants. It ultimately did not sell well, despite being a promising and interesting device.
NV1's biggest initial problem was its cost and overall quality. Although it offered credible 3D performance, its use of quadratic surfaces was anything but popular, and was quite different than typical polygon rendering. The audio portion of the card received merely acceptable reviews, with the General MIDI receiving lukewarm responses at best (a critical component at the time due to the superior sound quality produced by competing products). The Sega Saturn console was a market failure compared to Sony's PlayStation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colatitude
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In a spherical coordinate system, a colatitude is the complementary angle of a given latitude, i.e. the difference between a right angle and the latitude. Here Southern latitudes are defined to be negative, and as a result the colatitude is a non-negative quantity, ranging from zero at the North pole to 180° at the South pole.
The colatitude corresponds to the conventional 3D polar angle in spherical coordinates, as opposed to the latitude as used in cartography.
Examples
Latitude and colatitude sum up to 90°.
Astronomical use
The colatitude is most
useful in astronomy because it refers to the zenith distance of the celestial poles. For example, at latitude 42°N, Polaris (approximately on the North celestial pole) has an altitude of 42°, so the distance from the zenith (overhead point) to Polaris is .
Adding the declination of a star to the observer's colatitude gives the maximum latitude of that star (its angle from the horizon at culmination or upper transit). For example, if Alpha Centauri is seen with a latitude of 72° north (108° south) and its declination is known (60°S), then it can be determined that the observer's colatitude is (i.e. their latitude is ).
Stars whose declinations exceed the observer's colatitude are called circumpolar because they will never set as seen from that latitude. If an object's declination is further south on the celestial sphere than the value of the colatitude, then it will never be seen from that location. For example, Alpha Centauri will always be visible at night from Perth, Western Australia because the colatitude is , and 60° is greater than 58°; on the other hand, the star will never rise in Juneau because its declination of −60° is less than −32° (the negation of Juneau's colatitude). Additionally, colatitude is used as part of the Schwarzschild metric in general relativity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20safety%20incidents%20in%20Taiwan
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Food safety incidents in Taiwan have received international media scrutiny.
2011: Plasticizer use in food products
The principal food safety incident in Taiwan was over the use of the plasticizer DEHP to replace palm oil in food and drinks as a clouding agent. The chemical agent has been linked to developmental problems with children as it affects hormones.
The food affected includes beverages, fruit juices, bread, sports drinks, tea, and jam.
After two years of investigations, the Taiwanese government levied NT$1.2 million (approx. US$40,000) in fines against 37 companies, or slightly more than US$1000 per company.
History
In mid-May 2011, the Republic of China authorities reported that two Taiwanese companies Yu Shen Chemical Co. and Pin Han Perfumery Co. were using plasticizer DEHP in clouding agents the firms manufactured. This was used as a substitute for palm oil in clouding agents as a way to keep cost down and improve profits. However, Wei Te Chemical Co., a manufacturer of clouding agents, claims that "the reason most businesses tended to utilize illegal clouding agents was not because of price, but rather the long preservation periods and esthetically pleasing effect of using DEHP-laced products."
Near the end of May 2011, the government of the Republic of China had begun seizures of contaminated products and announced a ban from exporting. Later, the list for government safety checks was extended to syrups, tablets, pastries, and powders. By 27 May 2011, "up to 465,638 bottles of DEHP-tainted beverages have been pulled out from store shelves. Also, up to 270,822 boxes and 68,924 packs of powdered probiotics and 28,539 kilos of fruit juices, fruit jam, powder and syrup, and yoghurt powder have been removed from shelves", according to EcoWaste Coalition and a report from Taiwan's Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
As of mid-June, there are roughly 900 products which have been recalled from nearly 40,000 Taiwanese retailers. Some media reports, inclu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd%20meridian%20east
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The meridian 42° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 42nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 138th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 42nd meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | White Sea
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| Abkhazia is a partially recognised state. Most nations consider its territory to be part of Georgia.
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Red Sea
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| Farasan Islands
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Red Sea
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
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! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Queen Maud Land, claimed by
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See also
41st meridian east
43rd meridian east
e042 merid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Smirnov%20%28mathematician%29
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Nikolai Vasilyevich Smirnov () (17 October 1900 – 2 June 1966) was a Soviet Russian mathematician noted for his work in various fields including probability theory and statistics.
Smirnov's principal works in mathematical statistics and probability theory were devoted to the investigation of limit distributions by means of the asymptotic behaviour of multiple integrals as the multiplicity is increased with limit. He was one of the creators of the nonparametric methods in mathematical statistics and of the theory of limit distributions of order statistics.
Biography
Smirnov was born October 17, 1900, in Moscow into the family of a church clerk who was also employed as a clerk in the office of the Bolshoi Theater. He completed his gymnasium education during the First World War, during which he served in various medical units of the military.
After the October Revolution Smirnov joined the ranks of the Red Army. During this time he took an interest in philosophy and philology, which shaped his later interests in mathematics. It is suggested that Smirnov was influenced by the works of Velimir Khlebnikov, who had emphasized that the most fruitful results in arts and humanities could be achieved only after thoroughly understanding the natural sciences. According to the testimony of a friend, the artist S. P. Isakov, Smirnov, following this advice, entered Moscow State University after his discharge from the army in 1921 and focused his attention to the study of mathematics.
Smirnov graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow State University, and, beginning in 1926, taught mathematics for many years at Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow City Pedagogical Institute, and Moscow State University. During this time, Smirnov narrowed his research foci to the fields of probability theory and mathematical statistics. Smirnov's initial period of research ended in 1938 with the defense of his doctoral dissertation "On approximation of the distribution l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology
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Electrophysiology (from Greek , ēlektron, "amber" [see the etymology of "electron"]; , physis, "nature, origin"; and , -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage changes or electric current or manipulations on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system, such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings. They are useful for electrodiagnosis and monitoring.
Definition and scope
Classical electrophysiological techniques
Principle and mechanisms
Electrophysiology is the branch of physiology that pertains broadly to the flow of ions (ion current) in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording techniques that enable the measurement of this flow. Classical electrophysiology techniques involve placing electrodes into various preparations of biological tissue. The principal types of electrodes are:
Simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays, often insulated except for the tip),
Tracings on printed circuit boards or flexible polymers, also insulated except for the tip, and
Hollow, often elongated or 'pulled', tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pipettes filled with potassium chloride solution or another electrolyte solution.
The principal preparations include:
living organisms (example in insects),
excised tissue (acute or cultured),
dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured),
artificially grown cells or tissues, or
hybrids of the above.
Neuronal electrophysiology is the study of electrical properties of biological cells and tissues within the nervous system. With neuronal electrophysiology doctors and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20meridians
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The Washington meridians are four meridians that were used as prime meridians in the United States which pass through Washington, D.C. The four that have been specified are:
through the Capitol
through the White House
through the old Naval Observatory
through the new Naval Observatory.
Their longitudes may be reported in three ways:
relative to the local vertical used by astronomic observations
relative to NAD 27 (North American Datum 1927), an ellipsoid of revolution that is at mean sea level beneath triangulation station Meades Ranch, Kansas (not Earth-centered);
relative to NAD 83, an Earth-centered ellipsoid of revolution with dimensions chosen to best fit the undulating (±100 m) geoid (world-wide mean sea level).
NAD83 longitude of the Capitol is about 1.1 arc seconds less than its NAD27 longitude; astronomic longitude there is about 4 arc seconds less than NAD83.
Capitol meridian
Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant specified the first meridian in his 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States . . ." (see: L'Enfant Plan). (Shortly after L'Enfant prepared this plan, its subject received the name "City of Washington".) His plan stated near its right side that the longitude of the Congress house, now called the Capitol, was .
L'Enfant's plan contained the following explanatory note:
In order to execute the above plan, Mr. Ellicott drew a true meridian line by celestial observation, which passes through the area intended for the Congress-House; this line he crossed by another line due east and west and which passes through the same area. These lines were accurately measured, and made the basis on which the whole plan was executed. He ran all the lines by a transit instrument, and determined the acute angles by actual measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of the compass.
The longitude of the center of the Capitol's dome (completed in 1863 during the Civil War) is now given by the National Geodeti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramana%20%28journal%29
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Pramana – Journal of Physics, was launched in July 1973. Pramana (which in Sanskrit means "source of valid knowledge, a standard") is the outcome of a nationwide effort by Indian physicists to disseminate their best efforts in physics. The journal is published by the Indian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Physics Association.
The journal presents refereed papers covering current research in physics, both original contributions---research papers, brief reports or rapid communications---and invited reviews. Pramana also publishes special issues devoted to advances in specific areas of Physics.
Pramana – Journal of Physics is now distributed in print outside India and online worldwide by Springer, co-publisher of the journal together with the Indian Academy of Sciences. On Springer, Pramana – Journal of Physics is part of SpringerLink, one of the world's leading interactive databases of high quality STM journals, book series, books, reference works and online archives collection.
Pramana is published in e-only mode from Jan 2020 onwards. All content is freely available/downloadable without charge from the journal web page on the IASc website .
See also
Indian Journal of Physics
Sādhanā
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Rogers%20%28mathematician%29
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Leonard Christopher Gordon Rogers (born 29 April 1954) is a mathematician working in probability theory and quantitative finance. He is Emeritus Professor of Statistical Science in the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge.
Rogers' specialist fields include stochastic analysis and applications to quantitative finance. With David Williams he has written two influential textbooks on diffusion processes.
He was awarded the Mayhew Prize of Cambridge University in 1976, and the Rollo Davidson Prize in 1984. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries in 2003.
Rogers was an undergraduate at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1975 and completed his PhD in 1980. He has held positions at several UK universities, including Warwick University (1980–1983), University College of Swansea (1983–1985), Cambridge University (1985–1991), Queen Mary and Westfield College (1991–1994), and the University of Bath (1994–2002). He was elected to the Cambridge Professorship of Statistical Science in 2002.
Selected publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode%20Her-1
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In molecular biology the nematode Her-1 protein is a protein which adopts an all-helical structure with two subdomains: amino acids 19-80 comprise a left-handed three-helix bundle with an overhand connection between the second and third helices, whilst amino acids 81-164 comprise a left-handed anti-parallel four-helix bundle in which the first helix consists of four consecutive turns of 3-10-helix. Fourteen cysteines are conserved in all known HER-1 sequences and form seven disulphide bonds. The protein dictates male development in Caenorhabditis elegans, probably by playing a direct role in cell signalling during C. elegans sex determination. It also inhibits the function of tra-2a.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Circle%20%28software%29
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Silent Circle is an encrypted communications firm based in Washington DC. Silent Circle provides multi-platform secure communication services for mobile devices and desktop. Launched October 16, 2012, the company operates under a subscription business model. The encryption part of the software used is free software/open source and peer-reviewed. For the remaining parts of Silent Phone and Silent Text, the source code is available on GitHub, but under proprietary software licenses.
History
In November 2011, Mike Janke called Phil Zimmermann with an idea for a new kind of private, secure version of Skype. Zimmermann agreed to the project and called Jon Callas, co-founder of PGP Corporation and Vincent Moscaritolo. Janke brought in security expert Vic Hyder, and the founding team was established. The company was founded in the Caribbean island of Nevis, but moved its headquarters to Le Grand-Saconnex near Geneva, Switzerland in 2014 in search of a country with "stronger privacy laws to protect its customers' information."
On August 9, 2013, through their website, Silent Circle announced that the Silent Mail service would be shut down, because the company could "see the writing on the wall" and felt it was not possible to sufficiently secure email data with the looming threat of government compulsion and precedent set by the Lavabit shutdown the day before.
In January 2015, Silent Text had a serious vulnerability that allowed an attacker to remotely take control of a Blackphone device. A potential attacker only needed to know the target’s Silent Circle ID number or phone number. Blackphone and Silent Circle patched the vulnerability shortly after it had been disclosed.
In March 2015 there was a controversy when Information Security specialist and hacker Khalil Sehnaoui identified that Silent Circle's warrant canary had been removed from their site.
In January 2017 Gregg Smith was named CEO with a renewed focus on serving the large business space as well as Governm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukomys%20ilariae
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The Somali striped mole rat (Fukomys ilariae) is a species of small mole rat that is endemic to the Horn of Africa. The holotype is preserved in the Museo Civico di Zoologia in Rome and probably originated from Benadir, the first nucleus of the Colony of Italian Somalia established at the beginning of Twenty century. The species is dedicated to the Italian journalist Ilaria Alpi.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna%20indica
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Canna indica, commonly known as Indian shot, African arrowroot, edible canna, purple arrowroot, Sierra Leone arrowroot, is a plant species in the family Cannaceae. It is native to much of South America, Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico. It is also naturalized in the southeastern United States (Florida, Texas, Louisiana, and South Carolina), and much of Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.
It (achira in Hispanic America, cana-da-índia in Brazil) has been a minor food crop cultivated by indigenous peoples of the Americas for thousands of years.
Description
Canna indica is a perennial growing to between , depending on the variety. It is hardy to zone 10 and is frost tender.
It forms branched rhizomes long that are divided into bulbous segments and covered in two lines by pale green or purple flaky leaves. The very large grains of starch stored there can supposedly be seen with the naked eye. The plants form an upright, unbranched stem or the overlapping leaf sheaths form a pseudo trunk.
The alternate and spiral or two-line arranged, very large, simple leaves are divided into leaf sheaths, short petioles and leaf blades. The leaf blade has a length of and a width of . The parallel leaf veins arise from the midrib (not typical of monocots). The leaves are broad, green or violet green, with petiolesshort and elliptical sheets, which can measure 30 to 60 cm long and 10 to 25 cm wide, with the base obtuse or narrowly cuneate and the apex is shortly acuminate or sharp. The surface of the rhizome is carved by transverse grooves, which mark the base of scales that cover it; from the lower part white and apex rootlets emerge, where there are numerous buds, the leaves sprout, the floral stem and the stems.
Flower
The flowers are hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite, mostly large flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. On pedicels, they are long, red or yellow-orange, except in some cultivars, long, with the sepals being closely triangular,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20resistance%20and%20conductance
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The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is , measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S) (formerly called the 'mho' and then represented by ).
The resistance of an object depends in large part on the material it is made of. Objects made of electrical insulators like rubber tend to have very high resistance and low conductance, while objects made of electrical conductors like metals tend to have very low resistance and high conductance. This relationship is quantified by resistivity or conductivity. The nature of a material is not the only factor in resistance and conductance, however; it also depends on the size and shape of an object because these properties are extensive rather than intensive. For example, a wire's resistance is higher if it is long and thin, and lower if it is short and thick. All objects resist electrical current, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.
The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it to current through it, while the conductance is the reciprocal:
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, and are directly proportional to each other, and therefore and are constants (although they will depend on the size and shape of the object, the material it is made of, and other factors like temperature or strain). This proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy it are called ohmic materials.
In other cases, such as a transformer, diode or battery, and are not directly proportional. The ratio is sometimes still useful, and is referred to as a chordal resistance or static resistance, since it corresponds to the inverse slope of a chord between the origin and an – curve. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity%20and%20sexuality
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Nudity is one of the physiological characteristics of humans, who alone among primates evolved to be effectively hairless. Human sexuality includes the physiological, psychological, and social aspects of sexual feelings and behaviors.
In many societies, a strong link between nudity and sexuality is taken for granted. Other societies maintain their traditional practices of being completely or partially naked in social as well as private situations, such as going to a beach or spa. The meaning of nudity and sexuality remains ambivalent, often leading to cultural misunderstandings and psychological problems.
Sexual response to social nudity
The link between the nude body and a sexual response is reflected in the legal prohibition of indecent exposure in the majority of societies.
Worldwide, some societies recognize certain places and activities that, although public, are appropriate for partial or complete nudity. These include societies that maintain traditional norms regarding nudity, as well as modern societies that have large numbers of people who have adopted naturism in recreational activities. Naturists typically adopt a number of behaviors, such as refraining from touch, in order to avoid sexual responses while participating in nude activities. Many nude beaches serve as an example of this.
Naturism and sex
Some naturists do not maintain this non-sexual atmosphere. In a 1991 article in Off Our Backs, Nina Silver presents an account of mainstream sexual culture's intrusion into some American naturist groups. Nudist resorts may attract misogynists or pedophiles who are not always dealt with properly, and some resorts may cater to "swingers" or have sexually provocative events to generate revenue or attract members.
Breasts and sexuality
In many societies, the breast continues to be associated with both nurturing babies and sexuality. The "topfreedom" movement promotes equal rights for women to be naked above the waist in public under the same circumstan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoimmunology
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Ecoimmunology or Ecological Immunology is the study of the causes and consequences of variation in immunity. The field of ecoimmunology seeks to give an ultimate perspective for proximate mechanisms of immunology. This approach places immunology in evolutionary and ecological contexts across all levels of biological organization.
Classical, or mainstream, immunology works hard to control variation (inbred/domestic model organisms, parasite-free environments, etc.) and asks questions about the mechanisms and functionality of the immune system using a reductionist method. While ecoimmunology originated from these fields, it is distinguished by its focus to explain natural variation in immune functions.
Multiple institutes engage in ecoimmunological research, such as the Center for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh and the Max Planck Institute for Immunoecology and Migration. The US National Science Foundation has funded a Research Coordination Network to bring methodological and conceptual unity to the field of ecoimmunology. The causes and consequences of immune variation have larger implications for public health, conservation, wildlife management, and agriculture.
History
Ecological Immunology is a discipline that uses ecological perspectives to understand variation in immune function. Specifically, to explain how abiotic and biotic factors influence the variation in immune function. Articles began discussing ecological contexts and of immune variation in the 1970s but matured into a discipline in the 1990s. Ecoimmunology is an integrative field that combines approaches from evolutionary biology, ecology, neurobiology, and endocrinology.
Seminal papers
Seminal papers in the field include Sheldon & Verhulst's which proposed concepts from Life history theory, trade-offs and allocation of resources between competing costly physiological functions, are a cause of variation in immunity One of the field’s seminal papers, by Folsta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%20Technology
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Founder Technology Group Corporation (), a subsidiary of Founder Group from Peking University, is an information technology state-owned enterprise in Shanghai, China. It is engaged in the development of personal computers and computer peripherals, under the brand of "Fang Zheng" (方正), and printed circuit boards.
History
Founder Technology was established in 1986 and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Bulli
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El Bulli () was a restaurant near the town of Roses, Spain, run by chef Ferran Adrià, later joined by Albert Adrià, and renowned for its modernist cuisine. Established in 1964, the restaurant overlooked Cala Montjoi, a bay on the Costa Brava of Catalonia. El Bulli held three Michelin stars and was described as "the most imaginative generator of haute cuisine on the planet" in 2006. The restaurant closed 30 July 2011 and relaunched as El Bulli Foundation, a center for culinary creativity.
Restaurant
The restaurant had a limited season: the PIXA season, for example, ran from 15 June to 20 December. Bookings for the next year were taken on a single day after the closing of the current season. It accommodated only 8,000 diners a season, but got more than two million requests. The average cost of a meal was €250 (US$325). The restaurant itself had operated at a loss since 2000, with operating profit coming from El Bulli-related books and lectures by Adrià. As of April 2008, the restaurant employed 42 chefs.
Restaurant magazine judged El Bulli to be No. 1 on its Top 50 list of the world's best restaurants for a record five times—in 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, and No. 2 in 2010.
History
The restaurant's location was selected in 1961 by Hans Schilling, a German, and his Czech wife Marketa, who wanted a piece of land for a planned holiday resort. By the year 1963, the resulting holiday resort included a small makeshift bar of the type known in Spanish as a "chiringuito", which bar was variously called "El Bulli-bar" and "Hacienda El Bulli"; this little bar was the nucleus of the future restaurant El Bulli. The name "El Bulli" came from a colloquial term used to describe the French bulldogs the Schillings owned. The first restaurant was opened in 1964.
The restaurant won its first Michelin star in 1976 while under French chef Jean-Louis Neichel. Ferran Adrià joined the staff in 1984, and was put in sole charge of the kitchen in 1987. In 1990 the restaurant gained i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hennell
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Professor Michael A. Hennell (born 9 September 1940) is a British computer scientist who has made leading contributions in the field of software testing.
Michael Hennell was a Professor of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool in England.
As part of his leading role in software testing, Hennell was a member of the editorial board of the journal Software Testing, Verification and Reliability (STVR), a major international journal in the field of software testing.
Hennell's academic research was initially conducted in Nuclear physics, resulting in the use of Computational science for addressing complex nuclear mathematics. Assessing the quality of the mathematical libraries on which this work depended lead Professor Hennell into the world of Software testing, specifically in the use of Static code analysis for quantifying the effectiveness of test data, which led to the development of the Linear Code Sequence and Jump concept.
In 1975 Professor Hennell founded Liverpool Data Research Associates Ltd. (LDRA) to commercialize the software test-bed designed to analyse numerical software.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation%20theory
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In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby. What is meant by best and simpler will depend on the application.
A closely related topic is the approximation of functions by generalized Fourier series, that is, approximations based upon summation of a series of terms based upon orthogonal polynomials.
One problem of particular interest is that of approximating a function in a computer mathematical library, using operations that can be performed on the computer or calculator (e.g. addition and multiplication), such that the result is as close to the actual function as possible. This is typically done with polynomial or rational (ratio of polynomials) approximations.
The objective is to make the approximation as close as possible to the actual function, typically with an accuracy close to that of the underlying computer's floating point arithmetic. This is accomplished by using a polynomial of high degree, and/or narrowing the domain over which the polynomial has to approximate the function.
Narrowing the domain can often be done through the use of various addition or scaling formulas for the function being approximated. Modern mathematical libraries often reduce the domain into many tiny segments and use a low-degree polynomial for each segment.
Optimal polynomials
Once the domain (typically an interval) and degree of the polynomial are chosen, the polynomial itself is chosen in such a way as to minimize the worst-case error. That is, the goal is to minimize the maximum value of , where P(x) is the approximating polynomial, f(x) is the actual function, and x varies over the chosen interval. For well-behaved functions, there exists an Nth-degree polynomial that will lead to an error curve that oscillates back and forth between and a total of N+2 times, giving a worst-case error of . It is seen that there exists an Nth-degre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20change
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Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.
Physical changes occur when objects or substances undergo a change that does not change their chemical composition. This contrasts with the concept of chemical change in which the composition of a substance changes or one or more substances combine or break up to form new substances. In general a physical change is reversible using physical means. For example, salt dissolved in water can be recovered by allowing the water to evaporate.
A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, color, volume and density.
An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge.
Many physical changes also involve the rearrangement of atoms most noticeably in the formation of crystals. Many chemical changes are irreversible, and many physical changes are reversible, but reversibility is not a certain criterion for classification. Although chemical changes may be recognized by an indication such as odor, color change, or production of a gas, every one of these indicators can result from physical change.
Examples
Heating and cooling
Many elements and some compounds change from solids to liquids and from liquids to gases when heated and the reverse when cooled. Some substances such as iodine and carbon dioxide go directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation.
Magnetism
Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20Phase%20Stereo
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Out Of Phase Stereo (OOPS) is an audio technique which manipulates the phase of a stereo audio track, to isolate or remove certain components of the stereo mix. It works on the principle of phase cancellation, in which two identical but inverted waveforms summed together will "cancel the other out".
Process
When a sine wave is mixed with one of identical frequency but opposite amplitude (ie: of an inverse polarity), the combined result is silence. A two-channel stereo recording contains a number of waveforms; sounds that are panned to the extreme left or right will contain the greatest difference in amplitude between the two channels, while those towards the centre will contain the smallest. A mix of the left channel with the polar inverse of the right channel will reduce centre-panned sounds towards silence, while preserving those towards the extremities.
In practice, the OOPS technique can be performed by inverting the polarity of one speaker or signal lead. It can also be performed using digital audio software by inverting one of the channels of a stereo audio waveform, and then summing both channels together to create a single mono channel.
Applications in music
This technique has been previously used to eliminate vocals in a stereo track (as vocals tend to be panned centre) to create crude karaoke tracks, or generate surround channels from a stereo source, such as in Dolby Pro Logic. It has also been used in the recording process to include tracks that were only audible once an OOPS technique was applied. This feature can be observed in several of the Beatles' stereo albums. Australian band Cinema Prague recorded a single track Meldatype that contained two songs played simultaneously, one of which was only audible after an OOPS technique was applied. It consisted of two mono tracks: a loud and distorted electric guitar playing chords repetitively, as well as a quiet vocal track. The guitar had one of the channels inverted, while the vocal track was identica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20q-Jacobi%20polynomials
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In mathematics, the continuous q-Jacobi polynomials P(x|q), introduced by , are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. give a detailed list of their properties.
Definition
The polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions and the q-Pochhammer symbol by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital%20triangle
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The occipital triangle, the larger division of the posterior triangle, is bounded, in front, by the Sternocleidomastoideus; behind, by the Trapezius; below, by the Omohyoideus.
Its floor is formed from above downward by the Splenius capitis, Levator scapulæ, and the Scalenus medius and posterior.
It is covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, and by the Platysma below.
The accessory nerve is directed obliquely across the space from the Sternocleidomastoideus, which it pierces, to the under surface of the Trapezius; below, the supraclavicular nerves and the transverse cervical vessels and the upper part of the brachial plexus cross the space.
The roof of this triangle is formed by the cutaneous nerves of cervical plexus and the external jugular vein and platysma muscle.
A chain of lymph glands is also found running along the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, from the mastoid process to the root of the neck.
Gallery
See also
Posterior triangle of the neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsequestrin
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Calsequestrin is a calcium-binding protein that acts as a calcium buffer within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol. It also helps the sarcoplasmic reticulum store an extraordinarily high amount of calcium ions. Each molecule of calsequestrin can bind 18 to 50 Ca2+ ions. Sequence analysis has suggested that calcium is not bound in distinct pockets via EF-hand motifs, but rather via presentation of a charged protein surface. Two forms of calsequestrin have been identified. The cardiac form Calsequestrin-2 (CASQ2) is present in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle and the fast skeletal form Calsequestrin-1(CASQ1) is found in fast skeletal muscle. The release of calsequestrin-bound calcium (through a calcium release channel) triggers muscle contraction. The active protein is not highly structured, more than 50% of it adopting a random coil conformation. When calcium binds there is a structural change whereby the alpha-helical content of the protein increases from 3 to 11%. Both forms of calsequestrin are phosphorylated by casein kinase 2, but the cardiac form is phosphorylated more rapidly and to a higher degree. Calsequestrin is also secreted in the gut where it deprives bacteria of calcium ions..
Cardiac calsequestrin
Cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) plays an integral role in cardiac regulation. Mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. CASQ2 is thought to have a role in regulating cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in the heart, as overexpression of CASQ2 has been shown to substantially raise the magnitude of cell-averaged ICA-induced calcium transients and spontaneous calcium sparks in isolated heart cells. Furthermore, CASQ2 modulates the CICR mechanism b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer/testis%20antigen%2083
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Cancer/testis antigen 83 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CT83 gene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6schian%20number
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In number theory, the numbers of the form x2 + xy + y2 for integer x, y are called the Löschian numbers (or Loeschian numbers). These numbers are named after August Lösch. They are the norms of the Eisenstein integers. They are a set of whole numbers, including zero, and having prime factorization in which all primes congruent to 2 mod 3 have even powers (there is no restriction of primes congruent to 0 or 1 mod 3).
Properties
Every square number is a Löschian number (by setting x or y to 0).
Moreover, every number of the form for m and x integers is a Löschian number (by setting y=mx).
There are infinitely many Löschian numbers.
Given that odd and even integers are equally numerous, the probability that a Löschian number is odd is 0.75, and the probability that it is even is 0.25. This follows from the fact that is even only if x and y are both even.
The greatest common divisor and the least common multiple of any two or more Löschian numbers are also Löschian numbers.
The product of two Löschian numbers is always a Löschian number.
The product of a Löschian number and a non-Löschian number is never a Löschian number.
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