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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20chip
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Stem cell chip is a device that detects given biochemical changes in stem cells, for example changes in RNA expression.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20XML
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Various binary formats have been proposed as compact representations for XML (Extensible Markup Language). Using a binary XML format generally reduces the verbosity of XML documents thereby also reducing the cost of parsing, but hinders the use of ordinary text editors and third-party tools to view and edit the document. There are several competing formats, but none has yet emerged as a de facto standard, although the World Wide Web Consortium adopted EXI as a Recommendation on 10 March 2011.
Binary XML is typically used in applications where the performance of standard XML is insufficient, but the ability to convert the document to and from a form (XML) which is easily viewed and edited is valued. Other advantages may include enabling random access and indexing of XML documents.
The major challenge for binary XML is to create a single, widely adopted standard. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) published the Fast Infoset standard in 2007 and 2005, respectively. Another standard (ISO/IEC 23001-1), known as Binary MPEG format for XML (BiM), has been standardized by the ISO in 2001. BiM is used by many ETSI standards for digital TV and mobile TV. The Open Geospatial Consortium provides a Binary XML Encoding Specification (currently a Best Practice Paper) optimized for geo-related data (GML) and also a benchmark to compare performance of Fast InfoSet, EXI, BXML and deflate to encode/decode AIXM.
Alternatives to binary XML include using traditional file compression methods on XML documents (for example gzip); or using an existing standard such as ASN.1. Traditional compression methods, however, offer only the advantage of reduced file size, without the advantage of decreased parsing time or random access. ASN.1/PER forms the basis of Fast Infoset, which is one binary XML standard. There are also hybrid approaches (e.g., VTD-XML) that attach a small index file to an XML document to eliminate t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110%20%28number%29
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110 (one hundred [and] ten) is the natural number following 109 and preceding 111.
In mathematics
110 is a sphenic number and a pronic number. Following the prime quadruplet (101, 103, 107, 109), at 110, the Mertens function reaches a low of −5.
110 is the sum of three consecutive squares, .
RSA-110 is one of the RSA numbers, large semiprimes that are part of the RSA Factoring Challenge.
In base 10, the number 110 is a Harshad number and a self number.
In science
The atomic number of darmstadtium.
In religion
According to the Bible, the figures Joseph and Joshua both died aged 110.
In sports
Olympic male track and field athletics run 110 metre hurdles. (Female athletes run the 100 metre hurdles instead.)
The International 110, or the 110, is a one-design racing sailboat designed in 1939 by C. Raymond Hunt.
In other fields
110 is also:
The year AD 110 or 110 BC
A common name for mains electricity in North America, despite the nominal voltage actually being 120 V (range 110–120 V). Normally spoken as "one-ten".
1-1-0, the emergency telephone number used to reach police services in Iran, Germany, Estonia, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Also used to reach the fire and rescue services in Norway and Turkey.
The age a person must attain in order to be considered a supercentenarian.
A card game related to Forty-five (card game).
A percentage in the expression "To give 110%", meaning to give a little more effort than one's maximum effort
The number of stories of each of the towers of the former World Trade Center in New York.
The number of stories (by common reckoning) of the Sears Tower in Chicago.
The TCP port used for POP3 email protocol
A 110 block is a type of punch block used to connect sets of wires in a structured cabling system.
The abjad (ابجد) translation of word "علی" (Ali) in Arabic and Persian.
It is also known as "eleventy", a term made famous by linguist and author J. R. R. Tolkien (Bilbo Baggins celebrates his eleventy-first birthday at th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Glushkov
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Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov (; August 24, 1923 – January 30, 1982) was a Soviet mathematician, the founding father of information technology in the Soviet Union and one of the founding fathers of Soviet cybernetics.
He was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, in the family of a mining engineer. Glushkov graduated from Rostov State University in 1948, and in 1952 proposed solutions to Hilbert's fifth problem and defended his thesis in Moscow State University.
In 1956 he began working with computers and worked in Kyiv as a Director of the Computational Center of the Academy of Science of Ukraine. In 1958 he became a member of the Communist Party. In 1962 Glushkov established the famous Institute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine and became its first director.
He made contributions to the theory of automata. He and his followers (Kapitonova, Letichevskiy and other) successfully applied that theory to enhance construction of computers. His book on that topic "Synthesis of Digital Automata" became well known. For that work, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964 and elected as a Member of the Academy of Science of USSR.
He greatly influenced many other fields of theoretical computer science (including the theory of programming and artificial intelligence) as well as its applications in the USSR. He published nearly 800 printed works.
One of his great practical goals was the creation of the National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing (OGAS), consisting of a computer network to manage the allocation of resources and information among organizations in the national economy, which would represent a higher form of socialist planning than the extant centrally planned economy. This ambitious project was ahead of its time, first being proposed and modeled in 1962. It received opposition from many senior Communist Party leaders who felt the system threatened Party control of the economy. By the early 1970s official interes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toom%E2%80%93Cook%20multiplication
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Toom–Cook, sometimes known as Toom-3, named after Andrei Toom, who introduced the new algorithm with its low complexity, and Stephen Cook, who cleaned the description of it, is a multiplication algorithm for large integers.
Given two large integers, a and b, Toom–Cook splits up a and b into k smaller parts each of length l, and performs operations on the parts. As k grows, one may combine many of the multiplication sub-operations, thus reducing the overall computational complexity of the algorithm. The multiplication sub-operations can then be computed recursively using Toom–Cook multiplication again, and so on. Although the terms "Toom-3" and "Toom–Cook" are sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably, Toom-3 is only a single instance of the Toom–Cook algorithm, where k = 3.
Toom-3 reduces 9 multiplications to 5, and runs in Θ(nlog(5)/log(3)) ≈ Θ(n1.46). In general, Toom-k runs in , where , ne is the time spent on sub-multiplications, and c is the time spent on additions and multiplication by small constants. The Karatsuba algorithm is equivalent to Toom-2, where the number is split into two smaller ones. It reduces 4 multiplications to 3 and so operates at Θ(nlog(3)/log(2)) ≈ Θ(n1.58). Ordinary long multiplication is equivalent to Toom-1, with complexity Θ(n2).
Although the exponent e can be set arbitrarily close to 1 by increasing k, the function c grows very rapidly. The growth rate for mixed-level Toom–Cook schemes was still an open research problem in 2005. An implementation described by Donald Knuth achieves the time complexity .
Due to its overhead, Toom–Cook is slower than long multiplication with small numbers, and it is therefore typically used for intermediate-size multiplications, before the asymptotically faster Schönhage–Strassen algorithm (with complexity ) becomes practical.
Toom first described this algorithm in 1963, and Cook published an improved (asymptotically equivalent) algorithm in his PhD thesis in 1966.
Details
This section discusses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Hughes%20Budenbach
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Mary Caroline "Polly" Hughes Budenbach (April 18, 1914 – June 23, 2005) was an American cryptanalyst. She won the Federal Woman's Award in 1969, and was posthumously inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor in 2017.
Early life and education
Mary Caroline Hughes was born in New York City and raised in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, the daughter of Harold Lincoln Hughes and Jane Plunkett Hughes. She attended The Hartridge School and graduated from Smith College in 1934, with a bachelor's degree in English.
Career
During World War II, Budenbach worked as a cryptanalyst with the United States Navy in Washington, D.C., focused on Japanese naval cryptosystems. After the war, she continued working in as a cryptanalyst and consultant. After 1953, she was senior cryptologist, administrator, and, at one point, the highest-paid woman at the National Security Agency (NSA), based at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. She worked on computerizing analytical tasks in cryptology, and chaired a committee on promotion and assignment for women at the NSA. She described her work in 1969 as "challenging, fascinating, interesting and frustrating, but not romantic."
Budenbach was recognized with the Navy's Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1945. In 1969, she received the Federal Woman's Award. "When they heard of the award, many of my friends came to me and said 'Now we know where you work'," she told a reporter in 1969. In 1975, the year she retired from the NSA, she received the agency's Exceptional Civilian Service Award.
Personal life
Mary Hughes married stockbroker Theodore Oswald Budenbach in 1940. He died in 1982. She died in New Jersey in 2005, aged 91 years.
Posthumous honors
Budenbach's story was included in the book Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II (2017), by Liza Mundy. Also in 2017, she was posthumously inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikont
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A bikont ("two flagella") is any of the eukaryotic organisms classified in the group Bikonta. Many single-celled and multi-celled organisms are members of the group, and these, as well as the presumed ancestor, have two flagella.
Enzymes
Another shared trait of bikonts is the fusion of two genes into a single unit: the genes for thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) encode a single
protein with two functions.
The genes are separately translated in unikonts.
Relationships
Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. Cavalier-Smith has suggested that Apusozoa, which are typically considered incertae sedis, are in fact bikonts.
Relationships within the bikonts are not yet clear. Cavalier-Smith has grouped the Excavata and Rhizaria into the Cabozoa and the Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata into the Corticata, but at least one other study has suggested that the Rhizaria and Chromalveolata form a clade.
An alternative to the Unikont–Bikont division was suggested by Derelle et al. in 2015, where they proposed the acronyms Opimoda–Diphoda respectively, as substitutes to the older terms. The name Diphoda is formed from the letters of DIscoba and diaPHOretickes (shown in capitals). [suggested singular forms are Opneme-Dipheme respectively]
Cladogram
A "classical" cladogram (data from 2012, 2015) is:
However, a cladogram (data from 2015, 2016) with the root in Excavata is
The corticates correspond roughly to the bikonts. While Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, the SAR supergroup and viridiplantae are usually considered monophyletic, Archaeplastida may be paraphyletic, and the mutual relationships between these phyla are still to be fully resolved.
Recent reconstructions placed Archaeplastida and Ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texts%20From%20Last%20Night
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Texts From Last Night (TFLN) is a regularly updated blog that re-posts short text messages submitted by its users, originally formed as a sorority email chain by creator Lauren Leto. The site tends to post texts that are shocking or scandalous.
The texts are sent in by people who wake in the morning "to find regrettable messages sent to or from their mobile phones". The receiver then sends the allegedly discovered text into this website. The copies of the messages do not show the phone numbers, but only area codes. Since the texts are often similar to late night drunk dials, they're often graphic and sexual in nature, thus not safe for work.
From a sociological perspective, the website is a "living document of twentysomething life in 2009". While TFLN has many "blackout drinking, sex, and vomit stories", there is also an extended discussion taking place about morality. The texts show how humans "interact with drugs and alcohol". "We see the cause and effect of last night’s party, and we can see a real-time weighing of these actions." However, there is concern that peoples' actions and texts will be affected by the existence of the website and its popularity.
Book
Six months after the website went up, the blog's creators - Leto Ben Bator - signed a deal with Gotham Books (part of Penguin Group) to publish a trade paperback of existing content from the blog, which was released as Texts from Last Night: All the Texts No One Remembers Sending in 2010.
TV series
Deadline Hollywood reported, in October 2011, that a new comedy television series based on the blog was in development at Fox, with Ugly Betty developer Silvio Horta at the helm. This was the third attempt at developing a comedy based on the website; along with FOX, Happy Madison and Sony TV attempted to develop the comedy in 2009 (with a script from Steve Holland), and in 2010 (Marc Abrams and Michael Benson). However, none of the scripts ever produced pilots that made it to air.
Mobile apps
Texts From Last
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effectiveness
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Effectiveness or effectivity is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.
Etymology
The origin of the word effective stems from the Latin word , which means "creative, productive, or effective". It surfaced in Middle English between 1300 and 1400 AD.
Usage
In mathematics and logic, effective is used to describe metalogical methods that fit the criteria of an effective procedure.
In group theory, a group element acts effectively (or faithfully) on a point, if that point is not fixed by the action.
In physics, an effective theory is, similar to a phenomenological theory, a framework intended to explain certain (observed) effects without the claim that the theory correctly models the underlying (unobserved) processes.
In heat transfer, effectiveness is a measure of the performance of a heat exchanger when using the NTU method.
In medicine, effectiveness relates to how well a treatment works in practice, especially as shown in pragmatic clinical trials, as opposed to efficacy, which measures how well it works in explanatory clinical trials or research laboratory studies.
In management, effectiveness relates to getting the right things done. Peter Drucker reminds us that "effectiveness can and must be learned".
In human–computer interaction, effectiveness is defined as "the accuracy and completeness of users' tasks while using a system".
In military science, effectiveness is a criterion used to assess changes determined in the target system, in its behavior, capability, or assets, tied to the attainment of an end state, achievement of an objective, or creation of an effect, while combat effectiveness is: "...the readiness of a military unit to engage in combat based on behavioral, operational, and leadership considerations. Combat effectiveness measures the ability of a military force to accomplis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeSynthesis%20XSD/e
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CodeSynthesis XSD/e is a validating XML parser/serializer and C++ XML Data Binding generator for Mobile and Embedded systems. It is developed by Code Synthesis and dual-licensed under the GNU GPL and a proprietary license.
Given an XML instance specification (XML Schema), XSD/e can produce three kinds of C++ mappings: Embedded C++/Parser for event-driven XML parsing, Embedded C++/Serializer for event-driven XML serialization, and Embedded C++/Hybrid which provides a light-weight, in-memory object model on top of the other two mappings.
The C++/Hybrid mapping generates C++ classes for types defined in XML Schema as well as parsing and serialization code. The C++ classes represent the data stored in XML as a statically-typed, tree-like object model and support fully in-memory as well as partially in-memory/partially event-driven XML processing. The C++/Parser mapping generates validating C++ parser skeletons for data types defined in XML Schema. One can then implement these parser skeletons to build a custom in-memory representation or perform immediate processing as parts of the XML documents become available. Similarly, the Embedded C++/Serializer mapping generates validating C++ serializer skeletons for types defined in XML Schema which can be used to serialize application data to XML.
CodeSynthesis XSD/e itself is written in C++ and supports a number of embedded targets include Embedded Linux, VxWorks, QNX, LynxOS, iPhone OS and Windows CE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20domain
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Given a topological space and a group acting on it, the images of a single point under the group action form an orbit of the action. A fundamental domain or fundamental region is a subset of the space which contains exactly one point from each of these orbits. It serves as a geometric realization for the abstract set of representatives of the orbits.
There are many ways to choose a fundamental domain. Typically, a fundamental domain is required to be a connected subset with some restrictions on its boundary, for example, smooth or polyhedral. The images of a chosen fundamental domain under the group action then tile the space. One general construction of fundamental domains uses Voronoi cells.
Hints at a general definition
Given an action of a group G on a topological space X by homeomorphisms, a fundamental domain for this action is a set D of representatives for the orbits. It is usually required to be a reasonably nice set topologically, in one of several precisely defined ways. One typical condition is that D is almost an open set, in the sense that D is the symmetric difference of an open set in X with a set of measure zero, for a certain (quasi)invariant measure on X. A fundamental domain always contains a free regular set U, an open set moved around by G into disjoint copies, and nearly as good as D in representing the orbits. Frequently D is required to be a complete set of coset representatives with some repetitions, but the repeated part has measure zero. This is a typical situation in ergodic theory. If a fundamental domain is used to calculate an integral on X/G, sets of measure zero do not matter.
For example, when X is Euclidean space Rn of dimension n, and G is the lattice Zn acting on it by translations, the quotient X/G is the n-dimensional torus. A fundamental domain D here can be taken to be [0,1)n, which differs from the open set (0,1)n by a set of measure zero, or the closed unit cube [0,1]n, whose boundary consists of the points whose orbi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20system
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A binary system is a system of two astronomical bodies which are close enough that their gravitational attraction causes them to orbit each other around a barycenter (also see animated examples). More restrictive definitions require that this common center of mass is not located within the interior of either object, in order to exclude the typical planet–satellite systems and planetary systems.
The most common binary systems are binary stars and binary asteroid, but brown dwarfs, planets, neutron stars, black holes and galaxies can also form binaries.
A multiple system is like a binary system but consists of three or more objects such as for trinary stars and trinary asteroids.
Classification
In a binary system, the brighter object is referred to as primary, and the other the secondary.
They are also classified based on orbit. Wide binaries are objects with orbits that keep them apart from one another. They evolve separately and have very little effect on each other. Close binaries are close to each other and are able to transfer mass from one another.
They can also be classified based on how we observe them. Visual binaries are two stars separated enough that they can be viewed through a telescope or binoculars.
Eclipsing binaries are where the objects' orbits are at an angle that when one passes in front of the other it causes an eclipse, as seen from Earth.
Astrometric binaries are objects that seem to move around nothing as their companion object cannot be identified, it can only be inferred. The companion object may not be bright enough or may be hidden in the glare from the primary object.
A related classification though not a binary system is optical binary, which refers to objects that are so close together in the sky that they appear to be a binary system, but are not. Such objects merely appear to be close together, but lie at different distances from the Solar System.
Binary companion (minor planets)
When binary minor planets are similar in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20design%20patterns
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In software engineering, a distributed design pattern is a design pattern focused on distributed computing problems.
Classification
Distributed design patterns can be divided into several groups:
Distributed communication patterns
Security and reliability patterns
Event driven patterns
Examples
MapReduce
Bulk synchronous parallel
Remote Session
See also
Software engineering
List of software engineering topics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20transpose
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In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an complex matrix is an matrix obtained by transposing and applying complex conjugate on each entry (the complex conjugate of being , for real numbers and ). It is often denoted as or or or (often in physics) .
For real matrices, the conjugate transpose is just the transpose, .
Definition
The conjugate transpose of an matrix is formally defined by
where the subscript denotes the -th entry, for and , and the overbar denotes a scalar complex conjugate.
This definition can also be written as
where denotes the transpose and denotes the matrix with complex conjugated entries.
Other names for the conjugate transpose of a matrix are Hermitian conjugate, adjoint matrix or transjugate. The conjugate transpose of a matrix can be denoted by any of these symbols:
, commonly used in linear algebra
, commonly used in linear algebra
(sometimes pronounced as A dagger), commonly used in quantum mechanics
, although this symbol is more commonly used for the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse
In some contexts, denotes the matrix with only complex conjugated entries and no transposition.
Example
Suppose we want to calculate the conjugate transpose of the following matrix .
We first transpose the matrix:
Then we conjugate every entry of the matrix:
Basic remarks
A square matrix with entries is called
Hermitian or self-adjoint if ; i.e., .
Skew Hermitian or antihermitian if ; i.e., .
Normal if .
Unitary if , equivalently , equivalently .
Even if is not square, the two matrices and are both Hermitian and in fact positive semi-definite matrices.
The conjugate transpose "adjoint" matrix should not be confused with the adjugate, , which is also sometimes called adjoint.
The conjugate transpose of a matrix with real entries reduces to the transpose of , as the conjugate of a real number is the number itself.
Motivation
The conjugate transpose can be motivated by noting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida
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Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are also called clubmosses, firmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called microphylls and reproduce by means of spores borne in sporangia on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the Carboniferous, extinct tree-like forms (Lepidodendrales) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to coal deposits.
The nomenclature and classification of plants with microphylls varies substantially among authors. A consensus classification for extant (living) species was produced in 2016 by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I), which places them all in the class Lycopodiopsida, which includes the classes Isoetopsida and Selaginellopsida used in other systems. (See Table 2.) Alternative classification systems have used ranks from division (phylum) to subclass. In the PPG I system, the class is divided into three orders, Lycopodiales, Isoetales and Selaginellales.
Characteristics
Club-mosses (Lycopodiales) are homosporous, but the genera Selaginella (spikemosses) and Isoetes (quillworts) are heterosporous, with female spores larger than the male. As they are heterosporous, the gametophyte of spikemosses and quillworts must be dioicous (separate male and female). Additionally, the club-moss gametophyte is monoicous (both male and female sex organs forming on the same gametophyte). As a result of fertilisation, the female gametophyte produces sporophytes. A few species of Selaginella such as S. apoda and S. rupestris are also viviparous; the gametophyte develops on the mother plant, and only when the sporophyte's primary shoot and root is developed enough for independence is the new plant dropped to the ground. Club-moss gametophytes are mycoheterotrophic and long-lived, residing underground for several y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri%20%28condiment%29
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Murrī or almorí (in Andalusia) was a type of fermented condiment made with barley flour, known from Maghrebi and Arab cuisines. Almost every substantial dish in medieval Arab cuisine used murrī in small quantities. It could be used as a substitute for salt or sumac, and has been compared to soy sauce by Rudolf Grewe, Charles Perry, and others due to its high glutamates content and resultant umami flavor.
History
There are two types of murri known from historical recipes that have survived into the present day. The Iraqi-style murri from the 10th century Kitab al-Tabikh by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq and the 13th century Kitab Wasf al-Atima al-Mutada was made by wetting a combination of ground flatbread, barley flour (budhaj flour) and salt and allowing it to ferment. The Maghrebi style of murri described in detail in Kitab Wasf is made only with barley flour, and flavored with carob, fennel stems, citron, pine nuts, mixed spices and bitter orange wood. The consistency is similar to treacle. Kitab Wasf also describes a "Byzantine murri", but it is made with toasted bread instead of spoiled bread and includes caramelized honey.
The authors of some Arabic lexicographical wrote that murri may be a word of foreign origin, and based on this some modern scholars have speculated that the word could be derived from the Greek halmyris ('a salty thing' and source for the Latin word for brine, salmuria) and the condiment related to the Ancient Roman condiment garum (or garos in Greek). Although murri is not made with fish, the Arabic translation of Artemidorus' Oneirocritica uses garos for murri. While calling this "a translator's 'bright idea'", Charles Perry, an expert in medieval Arab cuisine, notes that both condiments do share the traits of being fermented, salty liquid seasonings, but it is unknown whether the technique or culinary use of a fermented sauce is of Greek origin. Perry writes that murri may represent "the Greek idea of a salty liquid seasoning as interpreted in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%20learning
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Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations. "Vocalizations" in this case refers only to sounds generated by the vocal organ (mammalian larynx or avian syrinx) as opposed to by the lips, teeth, and tongue, which require substantially less motor control. A rare trait, vocal learning is a critical substrate for spoken language and has only been detected in eight animal groups despite the wide array of vocalizing species; these include humans, bats, cetaceans, pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), elephants, and three distantly related bird groups including songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds. Vocal learning is distinct from auditory learning, or the ability to form memories of sounds heard, a relatively common trait which is present in all vertebrates tested. For example, dogs can be trained to understand the word "sit" even though the human word is not in its innate auditory repertoire (auditory learning). However, the dog cannot imitate and produce the word "sit" itself as vocal learners can.
Classification
Historically, species have been classified into the binary categories of vocal learner or vocal non-learner based on their ability to produce novel vocalizations or imitate other species, with evidence from social isolation, deafening studies, and cross-fostering experiments. However, vocal learners exhibit a great deal of plasticity or variation between species, resulting in a spectrum of ability. The vocalizations of songbirds and whales have a syntactic-like organization similar to that of humans but are limited to Finite-State Grammars (FSGs), where they can generate strings of sequences with limited structural complexity. Humans, on the other hand, show deeper hierarchical relationships, such as the nesting of phrases within others, and demonstrate compositional syntax, where changes in syntactic organization generate new meanings, both of which are beyond the capabilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMUnified
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IMUnified, formed in 2000, is a coalition of companies that intend to develop open standards for instant messaging (IM). The founding members are AT&T, Excite@Home, iCAST, Microsoft, Odigo, Phone.com, Prodigy, Tribal Voice and Yahoo!. Notably absent from the list of members is AOL, who was not invited to join the coalition. Some analysts believe the goal of the coalition was to try to force AOL toward a more open IM standard.
See also
IMUnited
External links
AOL not invited to IMUnified alliance, ZDNet (July 26, 2000).
Leading Technology and Instant Messaging Companies for IMUnited, mobile.com.
Trillian restores AOL IM connection, CNN (February 26, 2002).
Instant messaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20content
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In information theory, the information content, self-information, surprisal, or Shannon information is a basic quantity derived from the probability of a particular event occurring from a random variable. It can be thought of as an alternative way of expressing probability, much like odds or log-odds, but which has particular mathematical advantages in the setting of information theory.
The Shannon information can be interpreted as quantifying the level of "surprise" of a particular outcome. As it is such a basic quantity, it also appears in several other settings, such as the length of a message needed to transmit the event given an optimal source coding of the random variable.
The Shannon information is closely related to entropy, which is the expected value of the self-information of a random variable, quantifying how surprising the random variable is "on average". This is the average amount of self-information an observer would expect to gain about a random variable when measuring it.
The information content can be expressed in various units of information, of which the most common is the "bit" (more correctly called the shannon), as explained below.
Definition
Claude Shannon's definition of self-information was chosen to meet several axioms:
An event with probability 100% is perfectly unsurprising and yields no information.
The less probable an event is, the more surprising it is and the more information it yields.
If two independent events are measured separately, the total amount of information is the sum of the self-informations of the individual events.
The detailed derivation is below, but it can be shown that there is a unique function of probability that meets these three axioms, up to a multiplicative scaling factor. Broadly, given a real number and an event with probability , the information content is defined as follows:
The base b corresponds to the scaling factor above. Different choices of b correspond to different units of information
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Card%20OpenPlatform
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Java Card OpenPlatform (JCOP) is a smart card operating system for the Java Card platform developed by IBM Zürich Research Laboratory.
On 31 January 2006 the development and support responsibilities transferred to the IBM Smart Card Technology team in Böblingen, Germany.
Since July 2007 support and development activities for the JCOP operating system on NXP / Philips silicon are serviced by NXP Semiconductors.
The title originates from the standards it complies with:
Java Card specifications
GlobalPlatform (formerly known as Visa Inc OpenPlatform) specifications
A Java Card JCOP has a Java Card Virtual Machine (JCVM) which allows it to run applications written in Java programming language.
History
First JC/OP Masks
Mask 0 : 1998 (spring)
First prototype on Atmel 8-bit uC – Flash memory, slow
Mask 1 : 1998
Siemens/Infineon SLE66 IC – Public key cryptography
Mask 2 and 3 : 1999
Gemplus International (now Gemalto) licensed JC/OP
Base mask for GemXpresso product line
Public key generation
Visa OpenPlatform
Mask 4 : 1999
Contactless JC/OP on Philips MifarePro chip
256 bytes RAM, 20 KB ROM and 8 KB EEPROM
Dual interface
JCOP01 and Cooperation with Philips
Mask 5 : 2000
Philips P8WE smartcard microcontroller
‘JCOP01’ is the foundation for all later versions
JCOP licensed by IBM
JCOP Tools for development
Visa breakthrough program
To counter MasterCard’s MULTOS
Cooperation between IBM (OS), Visa (OpenPlatform) and Philips (IC)
JCOP v1 owned by Visa
JCOP v2
Owned by IBM, sold by Philips
Philips SmartMX controller (SMX)
JCOP v2.2
GlobalPlatform 2.1.1
Java Card 2.2.1
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) F2M support
JCOP Tools Eclipse based
JCOP Transfer
JCOP v2.2.1 – JCOP v2.3.1
Owned by IBM, sold by Philips/NXP
Development transferred to IBM in Böblingen, Germany
USB interface
JCOP v2.3.2
JCOP technology owned by IBM
Policy change at IBM
Source code license acquired by NXP Semiconductors
To serve customer requests and projects
JCOP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge
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Knowledge is a form of awareness or familiarity. It is often understood as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also mean familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification. This includes questions like whether justification is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and suggest alternative criteria. Others accept that justification is an essential aspect and formulate additional requirements.
Knowledge can be produced in many ways. The most important source of empirical knowledge is perception, which is the usage of the senses. Many theorists also include introspection as a source of knowledge, not of external physical objects, but of one's own mental states. Other sources often discussed include memory, rational intuition, inference, and testimony. According to foundationalism, some of these sources are basic in the sense that they can justify beliefs without depending on other mental states. This claim is rejected by coherentists, who contend that a sufficient degree of coherence among all the mental states of the believer is necessary for knowledge. According to infinitism, an infinite chain of beliefs is needed.
Many aspects of knowledge are investigated, and it plays a role in various disciplines. It is the primary subject of the field of epistemology, which studies what someone knows, how they come to know it, and what it means to know something. The problem of the value of knowledge concerns the question of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%2068
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In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 68 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
The glycosyl hydrolase 68 family (CAZY GH_68) includes several bacterial levansucrase enzymes, and invertase from Zymomonas. Levansucrase (), also known as beta-D-fructofuranosyl transferase, catalyses the conversion of sucrose and (2,6-beta-D-fructosyl)(N) to glucose and (2,6-beta-D-fructosyl)(N+1), where other sugars can also act as fructosyl acceptors. Invertase, or extracellular sucrase (), catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-fructofuranoside residues in beta-D-fructofuranosides.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20of%20ventilation
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The control of ventilation is the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration.
The most important function of breathing is the supplying of oxygen to the body and balancing of the carbon dioxide levels. Under most conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), or concentration of carbon dioxide, controls the respiratory rate.
The peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are located in the arterial aortic bodies and the carotid bodies. Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in the pH of the blood, (resulting from changes in the levels of carbon dioxide) and they are located on the medulla oblongata near to the medullar respiratory groups of the respiratory center.
Information from the peripheral chemoreceptors is conveyed along nerves to the respiratory groups of the respiratory center. There are four respiratory groups, two in the medulla and two in the pons. The two groups in the pons are known as the pontine respiratory group.
Dorsal respiratory group – in the medulla
Ventral respiratory group – in the medulla
Pneumotaxic center – various nuclei of the pons
Apneustic center – nucleus of the pons
From the respiratory center, the muscles of respiration, in particular the diaphragm, are activated to cause air to move in and out of the lungs.
Control of respiratory rhythm
Ventilatory pattern
Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). Before the end of inh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20wave%20splitting
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Shear wave splitting, also called seismic birefringence, is the phenomenon that occurs when a polarized shear wave enters an anisotropic medium (Fig. 1). The incident shear wave splits into two polarized shear waves (Fig. 2). Shear wave splitting is typically used as a tool for testing the anisotropy of an area of interest. These measurements reflect the degree of anisotropy and lead to a better understanding of the area's crack density and orientation or crystal alignment.
We can think of the anisotropy of a particular area as a black box and the shear wave splitting measurements as a way of looking at what is in the box.
Introduction
An incident shear wave may enter an anisotropic medium from an isotropic media by encountering a change in the preferred orientation or character of the medium. When a polarized shear wave enters a new, anisotropic medium, it splits into two shear waves (Fig.2).
One of these shear waves will be faster than the other and oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium. The second wave will be slower than the first and sometimes orthogonal to both the first shear wave and the cracks or crystals in the media. The time delays observed between the slow and fast shear waves give information about the density of cracks in the medium. The orientation of the fast shear wave records the direction of the cracks in the medium.
When plotted using polarization diagrams, the arrival of split shear waves can be identified by the abrupt changes in direction of the particle motion (Fig.3).
In a homogeneous material that is weakly anisotropic, the incident shear wave will split into two quasi-shear waves with approximately orthogonal polarizations that reach the receiver at approximately the same time. In the deeper crust and upper mantle, the high frequency shear waves split completely into two separate shear waves with different polarizations and a time delay between them that may be up to a few seconds.
History
Hess (1964) ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-LOC
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g-force induced loss of consciousness (abbreviated as G-LOC, pronounced "JEE-lock") is a term generally used in aerospace physiology to describe a loss of consciousness occurring from excessive and sustained g-forces draining blood away from the brain causing cerebral hypoxia. The condition is most likely to affect pilots of high performance fighter and aerobatic aircraft or astronauts but is possible on some extreme amusement park rides. G-LOC incidents have caused fatal accidents in high performance aircraft capable of sustaining high g for extended periods. High-g training for pilots of high performance aircraft or spacecraft often includes ground training for G-LOC in special centrifuges, with some profiles exposing pilots to 9 gs for a sustained period.
Effects of g-forces
Under increasing positive g-force, blood in the body will tend to move from the head toward the feet. For higher intensity or longer duration, this can manifest progressively as:
Tunnel vision – loss of peripheral vision, retaining only the center vision
Greyout – a loss of color vision
Blackout – a complete loss of vision but retaining consciousness.
G-LOC – where consciousness is lost.
Under negative g, blood pressure will increase in the head, running the risk of the dangerous condition known as redout, with too much blood pressure in the head and eyes.
Because of the high level of sensitivity that the eye’s retina has to hypoxia, symptoms are usually first experienced visually. As the retinal blood pressure decreases below Intraocular pressure (usually 10–21 mm Hg), blood flow begins to cease to the retina, first affecting perfusion farthest from the optic disc and central retinal artery with progression towards central vision. Skilled pilots can use this loss of vision as their indicator that they are at maximum turn performance without losing consciousness. Recovery is usually prompt following removal of g-force but a period of several seconds of disorientation may occur. Ab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20ammonium%20salts%20of%20phosphorylated%20glycerides
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The mix of ammonium salts of phosphorylated glycerides can be either made synthetically or from mixture of glycerol and partially hardened plant (most often used: rapeseed oil) oils.
Applications
It is most often used in chocolate industry as an emulsifier, often as alternative to lecithin.
Properties
At room temperature it is liquid.
Synonyms
Ammonium phosphatide
Emulsifier YN
E number E442
See also
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)
Food additives
E-number additives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Network%20in%20Aging%20Studies
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The European Network in Aging Studies (ENAS) is a research network that connects researchers interested in the study of cultural aging. The parallel network in North America is called the North-American Network in Aging Studies. Both networks (ENAS and NANAS) aim to facilitate cooperation among their existing members as well as with new collaborators.
History
ENAS was first established in 2010 within the framework of the project ‘Live to be a Hundred: The Cultural Fascination with Longevity’. The European Network in Aging Studies was re-launched as a formal international association at the end of this project. The inaugural ENAS conference was held in 2011 at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. Entitled 'Theorizing Age: Challenging the Disciplines', it aimed at building bridges across the circuits of sciences and humanities.
Mission
By facilitating collaboration between researchers and focussing on cultural aging, ENAS contributes to fighting ageism, which has many negative effects (e.g. unsatisfactory intergenerational ties, cumulative negative health effects). Indeed, health research experts state that a humanities expertise is needed to expand current understandings of old age and the impacts of ageism. They explain that organizations like ENAS will help foster such collaborations: "Organizations such as the Gerontological Society of America, the European Network in Aging Studies, and the North American Network in Aging Studies can facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration." The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology mentions ENAS as an example of the increasing acceptance of transdisciplinarity between literary studies and gerontology. In age studies, ENAS is presented as a way forward to "gather, cluster, and aggregate together the scattered people, ideas, publications, and energies now fomenting scholarly and social change in the aging scene".
Cultural aging
Cultural age is defined not only as a biological function nor a calendar mark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies
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In biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are").
In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In botany and mycology, under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, other infraspecific ranks, such as variety, may be named. In bacteriology and virology, under standard bacterial nomenclature and virus nomenclature, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks.
A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies. A common criterion for recognizing two distinct populations as subspecies rather than full species is the ability of them to interbreed even if some male offspring may be sterile. In the wild, subspecies do not interbreed due to geographic isolation or sexual selection. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species.
Nomenclature
The scientific name of a species is a binomial or binomen, and comprises two Latin words, the first denoting the genus and the second denoting the species. The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the scientific name of a subspecies is termed a trinomen, and comprises three words, namely the binomen followed by the name of the subspecies. For example, the binomen for the leopard is Panthera pardus. The trinomen Panthera pardus fusca denotes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugator%20supercilii%20muscle
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The corrugator supercilii muscle is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle of the face. It arises from the medial end of the superciliary arch; it inserts into the deep surface of the skin of the eyebrow.
It draws the eyebrow downward and medially, producing the vertical "frowning" wrinkles of the forehead. It may be thought as the principal muscle in the facial expression of suffering. It also shields the eyes from strong sunlight.
Structure
The corrugator supercilii muscle is located at the medial end of the eyebrow. Its fibers pass laterally and somewhat superiorly from its origin to its insertion.
Origin
It arises from bone at the medial extremity of the superciliary arch.
Insertion
It inserts between the palpebral and orbital portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle. It inserts into the deep surface of the skin of the eyebrow, above the middle of the orbital arch.
Innervation
Motor innervation is provided by the temporal branches of facial nerve (CN VII).
Vasculature
The muscle receives arterial supply from adjacent arteries - mostly from the superficial temporal artery, and the ophthalmic artery.
Relations
It is situated deep to the frontalis muscle (of the occipitofrontalis muscle) and orbicularis oculi muscle, Its fibres are situated between the palpebral and orbital portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
The supratrochlear nerve passes between this muscle and the frontalis muscle.
Function
The muscle acts in tandem with the orbicularis oculi muscle. The corrugator supercilii muscle acts upon the skin of the forehead superior to the middle of the supraorbital margin, drawing the eyebrow inferomedially to produce vertical wrinkles of the forehead just superior to the nose. It is the "frowning" muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering. It also contracts to prevent high sun glare, pulling the eyebrows toward the bridge of the nose, making a roof over the area above the middle corner of the eye and typical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/USQ-17
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The AN/USQ-17 or Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) computer referred to in Sperry Rand documents as the Univac M-460, was Seymour Cray's last design for UNIVAC. UNIVAC later released a commercial version, the UNIVAC 490. That system was later upgraded to a multiprocessor configuration as the 494.
Overview
The machine was the size and shape of a refrigerator, about four feet high (roughly 1.20 meters), with a hinged lid for access. Shortly after completing the prototype design, Cray left to join Control Data Corporation. When the Navy awarded Sperry Rand a US$50 million contract to build the AN/USQ-17, Univac engineers redesigned the entire machine from scratch using silicon transistors. They retained the instruction set, so that programs developed for the original machine would still run on the new one.
As part of the redesign it was decided to improve access, and the second version was designed to stand upright, like an old fashioned double-door refrigerator, about six feet tall (roughly 1.80 m). This new design was designated the AN/USQ-20.
Instructions were represented as 30-bit words, in the following format:
f 6 bits function code
j 3 bits jump condition designator
k 3 bits partial word designator
b 3 bits which index register to use
y 15 bits operand address in memory
Numbers were represented as 30-bit words, this allowed for five 6-bit alphanumeric characters per word.
The main memory was 32,768 = 32K words of core memory.
The available processor registers were:
One 30-bit accumulator (A).
One 30-bit Q register (combined with A to give a total of 60 bits for the result of multiplication or the dividend in division).
Seven 15-bit index registers (B1–B7).
The instruction format defined for the AN/USQ-17 marked the beginning of an instruction set which would be carried on, with many changes along the way, into later UNIVAC computers including the UNIVAC 1100/2200 series, which is still in use .
First delivery of NTDS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divsha%20Amir%C3%A0
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Divsha Amirà (; 1899 – 9 April 1966) was an Israeli mathematician and educator.
Biography
Amirà was born in Brańsk, Russian Empire to Rivka () and Aharon Itin. She immigrated to Israel with her family in 1906. Her father was one of the founders of Ahuzat Bayit (today Tel Aviv), a founder of the Tel Aviv Great Synagogue, and the owner of the first publishing house in Jaffa. She graduated in the second class of the Herzliya Gymnasium in 1914.
Amirà studied at the University of Göttingen and obtained her doctorate from the University of Geneva in 1924 under the guidance of Herman Müntz. Her doctoral thesis, published in 1925, provided a projective synthesis of Euclidean geometry.
Pedagogic career
After leaving Geneva, Amirà worked at Gymnasia Rehavia in Jerusalem, and taught several courses on geometry at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics. She later taught at the and Beit-Hakerem High School, where her students included such future mathematicians as Ernst G. Straus.
Published works
Amirà published an introductory school textbook on geometry in 1938, following the axiomatic approach of Hilbert's Grundlagen der Geometrie. She published a more advanced textbook on the same topic in 1963.
See also
Education in Israel
Women in Israel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltrometer
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An infiltrometer is a device used to measure the rate of water infiltration into soil or other porous media. Commonly used infiltrometers are single-ring and double-ring infiltrometers, and also disc permeameters.
Single ring
A single-ring infiltrometer involves driving a ring into the soil and supplying water in the ring either at constant head or falling head condition. Constant head refers to condition where the amount of water in the ring is always held constant. Because infiltration capacity is the maximum infiltration rate, and if infiltration rate exceeds the infiltration capacity, runoff will be the consequence, therefore maintaining constant head means the rate of water supplied corresponds to the infiltration capacity. The supplying of water is done with a Mariotte's bottle. Falling head refers to condition where water is supplied in the ring, and the water is allowed to drop with time. The operator records how much water goes into the soil for a given time period. The rate of which water goes into the soil is related to the soil's hydraulic conductivity.
Double ring
A double ring infiltrometer requires two rings: an inner and outer ring. The purpose is to create a one-dimensional flow of water from the inner ring, as the analysis of data is simplified. If water is flowing in one-dimension at steady state condition, and a unit gradient is present in the underlying soil, the infiltration rate is approximately equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
An inner ring is driven into the ground, and a second bigger ring around that to help control the flow of water through the first ring. Water is supplied either with a constant or falling head condition, and the operator records how much water infiltrates from the inner ring into the soil over a given time period. The ASTM standard method specifies inner and outer rings of 30 and 60 cm diameters, respectively.
Issues
There are several challenges related to the use of ring infiltrometers:
The pounding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature%20recognition
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The term "feature" implies different meanings in different engineering disciplines. This has resulted in many ambiguous definitions for feature. A feature, in computer-aided design (CAD), usually refers to a region of a part with some interesting geometric or topological properties. These are more precisely called form features. Form features contain both shape information and parametric information of a region of interest. They are now ubiquitous in most current CAD software, where they are used as the primary means of creating 3D geometric models. Examples of form features are extruded boss, loft, etc. Form feature is not the only type of feature that is discussed in CAD literature. Sometimes a part's functional or manufacturing features of the subject of attention. Although it is quite possible to see form features and manufacturing features are called by the same name, they are not exactly the same concepts. For example, one may either use the name "pocket" to refer to a swept cut on the boundary of a part model, or to refer to a trace left on the part boundary by a specific machining operation. The former is exclusively concerned with a geometric shape whereas the latter is concerned with both the geometric shape and a manufacturing operation, needing more parameters in its definition. As such, a manufacturing feature can be minimally defined as a form feature (if it has a form that can uniquely represent it), but not necessarily vice versa (forms can be interpreted differently in different manufacturing domains). Machining features are an important subset of manufacturing features. A machining feature can be regarded as the volume swept by a "cutting" tool, which is always a negative (subtracted) volume. Finally, there is also the concept of assembly feature, which encodes the assembly method between connected components.
Feature data in CAD can be specified either as a collection of surfaces or as volumes. Surface features can be used to describe manufacturi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces
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Feces (or faeces; : faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially altered bilirubin, and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut.
Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation.
Feces can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture. They can also be burned as fuel or dried and used for construction. Some medicinal uses have been found. In the case of human feces, fecal transplants or fecal bacteriotherapy are in use. Urine and feces together are called excreta.
Characteristics
The distinctive odor of feces is due to skatole, and thiols (sulfur-containing compounds), as well as amines and carboxylic acids. Skatole is produced from tryptophan via indoleacetic acid. Decarboxylation gives skatole.
The perceived bad odor of feces has been hypothesized to be a deterrent for humans, as consuming or touching it may result in sickness or infection.
Physiology
Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation. This process requires pressures that may reach (13.3 kPa) in humans and (60 kPa) in penguins. The forces required to expel the feces are generated through muscular contractions and a build-up of gases inside the gut, prompting the sphincter to relieve the pressure and release the feces.
Ecology
After an animal has digested eaten material, the remains of that material are discharged from its body as waste. Although it is lower in energy than the food from which it is derived, feces may retain a large amount of energy, often 50% of that of the original food. This means that of all food eaten, a significant amount of energy remains for the decomposers of ecosystems.
Many organisms feed on feces, from bacteria to fungi to insects such as dung beetles, who can sense odors from long distances. Some may specialize i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofixation
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Immunofixation permits the detection and typing of monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins in serum or urine. It is of great importance for the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood related diseases such as myeloma.
Principle
The method detects by precipitation: when a soluble antigen (Ag) is brought in contact with the corresponding antibody, precipitation occurs, which may be visible with the naked eye or microscope.
Immunofixation first separates antibodies in a mixture as a function of their specific electrophoretic mobility. For the purpose of identification, antisera are used that are specific for the targeted antibodies.
Specifically, immunofixation allows the detection of monoclonal antibodies representative of diseases such as myeloma or Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
Technique
The technique consists of depositing a serum (or urine which has been previously concentrated) sample on a gel. After application of an electric current that allows the separation of proteins according to their size, antibodies specific for each type of immunoglobulin are laid upon the gel. It thus appears to be more or less narrow bands on the gel, which are at different immunoglobulins.
Immunofixation as immunoelectrophoresis, takes place in two steps:
The first step is identical for both techniques. It consists in depositing the immunoglobulins contained in the serum or urine on a gel and then separating the immunoglobulins according to their electrophoretic mobility by making them migrate under the effect of an electric field. This migration depends on the mass and charge of the antigen. Once the immunoglobulins are separated, we can move to the next step.
The second step is based on the technique used. Immunofixation requires electrophoresis to migrate serum proteins in replicate. Then, specific anti-immunoglobulin antisera are used to treat each replicate. For this, the antisera are not placed in a channel, as in electrophoresis, but they are added individually
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength%20is%20in%20truth
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"Strength is in truth" () is a Russian catchphrase that has been widespread since the beginning of the 21st century. It is derived from the phrase of the character in the film Brother 2 , released in 2000.
History
Russian historiography considers the saying attributed to Alexander Nevsky: "God is not in might, but in truth!", which is also often mentioned in a later 18th-century reproduction by the Russian commander Alexander Suvorov.
The phrase "strength is in the truth" was uttered by the main character of the movie Brother 2 , released in 2000. In the film, the hero first asked his brother, "What is strength in, brother?" to which the brother replied that all strength is in money, and then, in one of the final dialogues, Bagrov uttered the words: "Tell me, American, what is strength in? Is it money? My brother says it's money, too. You got a lot of money, so what? I think strength is in the truth: Whoever has the truth is stronger".
Linguistic analysis
Yuri Razinov, Doctor of Philological Sciences, writes "that the hero of the 'New Russian tale' Danila the Bogatyr from Aleksei Balabanov's film Brat-2' in a forceful manner instills in his overseas colleague that 'the power is in the truth'. And the power of truth, of course, is in its directness. Razinov believes that this asserts "the direct and obstinate style of Truth," which "turns out to be more powerful than the evasive and cunning manner of Injustice." "The epic Justice interdicts, breaks and literally bends into an arc the crooked line of Injustice," writes the philologist. The researcher believes that the paradox of Russian history is that the thesis that "strength is in truth" exists in words, while in fact recognizes the opposite order to it - "who has strength, he has truth."
In politics
The Right Cause party used a phrase from the film Brother 2 as the political slogan of the party: "The strength is in the truth. He who is right is stronger".
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) us
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20integral
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In chaos theory, the correlation integral is the mean probability that the states at two different times are close:
where is the number of considered states , is a threshold distance, a norm (e.g. Euclidean norm) and the Heaviside step function. If only a time series is available, the phase space can be reconstructed by using a time delay embedding (see Takens' theorem):
where is the time series, the embedding dimension and the time delay.
The correlation integral is used to estimate the correlation dimension.
An estimator of the correlation integral is the correlation sum:
See also
Recurrence quantification analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterned%20vegetation
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Patterned vegetation is a vegetation community that exhibits distinctive and repetitive patterns. Examples of patterned vegetation include fir waves, tiger bush, and string bog. The patterns typically arise from an interplay of phenomena that differentially encourage plant growth or mortality. A coherent pattern arises because there is a strong directional component to these phenomena, such as wind in the case of fir waves, or surface runoff in the case of tiger bush.
The regular patterning of some types of vegetation is a striking feature of some landscapes. Patterns can include relatively evenly spaced patches, parallel bands or some intermediate between those two. These patterns in the vegetation can appear without any underlying pattern in soil types, and are thus said to “self-organize” rather than be determined by the environment.
Several of the mechanisms underlying patterning of vegetation have been known and studied since at least the middle of the 20th century, however, mathematical models replicating them have only been produced much more recently. Self-organization in spatial patterns is often a result of spatially uniform states becoming unstable through the monotonic growth and amplification of nonuniform perturbations. A well known instability of this kind leads to so-called Turing patterns. These patterns occur at many scales of life, from cellular development (where they were first proposed) to pattern formation on animal pelts to sand dunes and patterned landscapes (see also pattern formation). In their simplest form models that capture Turing instabilities require two interactions at differing scales: local facilitation and more distant competition. For example, when Sato and Iwasa produced a simple model of fir waves in the Japanese Alps, they assumed that trees exposed to cold winds would suffer mortality from frost damage, but upwind trees would protect nearby downwind trees from wind. Banding appears because the protective boundary layer crea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20Unified%20Modeling%20Language%20terms
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Glossary of Unified Modeling Language (UML) terms provides a compilation of terminology used in all versions of UML, along with their definitions. Any notable distinctions that may exist between versions are noted with the individual entry it applies to.
A
Abstract - An indicator applied to a classifier (e.g., actor, class, use case) or to some features of a classifier (e.g., a class's operations) showing that the feature is incomplete and is intended not to be instantiated, but to be specialized by other definitions.
Abstract class - A class that does not provide a complete declaration, perhaps because it has no implementation method identified for an operation. By declaring a class as abstract, one intends to prohibit direct instantiation of the class. An abstract class cannot directly instantiate objects; it must be inherited from before it can be used.
Abstract data type
Abstract operation - Unlike attributes, class operations can be abstract, meaning that there is no provided implementation. Generally, a class containing an abstract operation should be marked as an abstract class. An Operation must have a method supplied in some specialized Class before it can be used.
Abstraction is the process of picking out common features and deriving essential characteristics from objects and procedure entities that distinguish it from other kinds of entities.
Action - An action is the fundamental unit of behaviour specification and represents some transformation or processing in the modeled system, such as invoking a method of a class or a sub activity
Action sequence -
Action state -
Action steps -
Activation - the time during which an object has a method executing. It is often indicated by a thin box or bar superimposed on the Object's lifeline in a Sequence Diagram
Activity diagram - a diagram that describes procedural logic, business process or work flow. An activity diagram contains a number of Activities and connected by Control Flows and Object Flo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Axis%20Acceleration%20Switch
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The three-axis acceleration switch is a micromachined microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor that detects whether an acceleration event has exceeded a predefined threshold. It is a small, compact device, only 5mm by 5mm, and measures acceleration in the x, y, and z axes. It was developed by the Army Research Laboratory for the purposes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) research and was first introduced in 2012 at the 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
The three-axis acceleration switch was designed to obtain acceleration data more effectively than a conventional accelerometer in order to more accurately characterize the forces and shocks responsible for TBI. While miniature accelerometers require a constant power draw, the three-axis acceleration switch only draws current when it senses an acceleration event, using up less energy and allowing the use of smaller batteries. The three-axis acceleration switch has shown to exhibit an expected battery lifetime that is about 100 times better than that of a digital accelerometer. In return, however, the acceleration switch has a lower resolution than that of a digital or analog accelerometer.
One potential application of the three-axis acceleration switch is in studying the head impacts of players in high-risk contact sports. Due to the size of conventional accelerometers, measuring the acceleration requires the device to be implemented inside the player's helmet, which is designed to mitigate the collision forces and thus may not accurately reflect the true level of injury potential. In contrast, the miniature nature of the acceleration switch makes it easier for the switch to be affixed directly onto the participant's head.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20massage
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The stone massage is a form of alternative medicine massage therapy and bodywork involving the placement of either heated or cooled stones to the body for the purpose of pain relief, relaxation and therapy. There are many variations and techniques used in the application of stone massage therapy, deriving from a variety of traditional practices. Stone massages are primarily used to alleviate physical pain issues, however, are also used to promote emotional and spiritual wellbeing in practice.
Origin and history
Stone massage and similar practices involving the placement of objects of different temperatures have been dated back to ancient civilisations as a form of healing and therapy. Cultures including Native American, Hawaiian and many South Pacific nations have practiced similar methods of ritual and technique to provide physical and spiritual ease. The traditional Hawaiian healing massage ‘Lomilomi’ involves the use of warmed Lomi stones in order to increase areas of blood flow in the body and provide a healing. Similar practices in China have also dated back 2000 years involving the use of heated stones to stimulate improved internal organ function. Such traditional practices have evolved and influenced the application of modern stone massage practices.
The re-emergence of such stone massage techniques was seen in 1993 by Mary Nelson with the development of a form of massage utilising hot and cold stones referred to as LaStone Therapy. This form of massage quickly rose to popularity becoming a multi-million dollar industry and has a strong focus on spiritual healing centering around chakras and energy channelling. Many massage therapy parlours providing stone massages offer LaStone Therapy due to its success amongst clients and the established reputable name for the process. These modern forms of stone massage combine techniques utilised in Swedish massage and deep tissue massage.
Technique
Volcanic stones, typically basalt are placed in hot water typic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide%20formulation
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The biological activity of a pesticide, be it chemical or biological in nature, is determined by its active ingredient (AI - also called the active substance). Pesticide products very rarely consist of pure technical material. The AI is usually formulated with other materials and this is the product as sold, but it may be further diluted in use. Formulations improves the properties of a chemical for handling, storage, application and may substantially influence effectiveness and safety.
Formulation terminology follows a 2-letter convention: (e.g. GR: granules) listed by CropLife International (formerly GIFAP then GCPF) in the Catalogue of Pesticide Formulation Types (Monograph 2); see: download page. Some manufacturers do not follow these industry standards, which can cause confusion for users.
Water-miscible formulations
By far the most frequently used products are formulations for mixing with water then applying as sprays.
Water miscible, older formulations include:
EC Emulsifiable concentrate
WP Wettable powder
SL Soluble (liquid) concentrate
SP Soluble powder
Newer, non-powdery formulations with reduced or no use of hazardous solvents and improved stability include:
SC Suspension concentrate
CS Capsule suspensions
WG Water dispersible granules
Other formulations
Other common formulations include granules (GR) and dusts (DP), although for improved safety the latter have been replaced by microgranules (MG e.g. for rice farmers in Japan). Specialist formulations are available for ultra-low volume spraying, fogging, fumigation, etc. Very occasionally, some pesticides (e.g. malathion) may be sold as technical material (TC - which is mostly AI, but also contains small quantities of, usually non-active, by-products of the manufacturing process).
A particularly efficient form of pesticide dose transfer is seed treatment and specific formulations have been developed for this purpose. A number of pesticide bait formulations are available for rodent pest co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link%20library
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Dynamic-link library (DLL) is Microsoft's implementation of the shared library concept in the Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. These libraries usually have the file extension DLL, OCX (for libraries containing ActiveX controls), or DRV (for legacy system drivers).
The file formats for DLLs are the same as for Windows EXE files – that is, Portable Executable (PE) for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows, and New Executable (NE) for 16-bit Windows. As with EXEs, DLLs can contain code, data, and resources, in any combination.
Data files with the same file format as a DLL, but with different file extensions and possibly containing only resource sections, can be called resource DLLs. Examples of such DLLs include icon libraries, sometimes having the extension ICL, and font files, having the extensions FON and FOT.
Background
The first versions of Microsoft Windows ran programs together in a single address space. Every program was meant to co-operate by yielding the CPU to other programs so that the graphical user interface (GUI) could multitask and be maximally responsive. All operating-system level operations were provided by the underlying operating system: MS-DOS. All higher-level services were provided by Windows Libraries "Dynamic Link Library". The Drawing API, Graphics Device Interface (GDI), was implemented in a DLL called GDI.EXE, the user interface in USER.EXE. These extra layers on top of DOS had to be shared across all running Windows programs, not just to enable Windows to work in a machine with less than a megabyte of RAM, but to enable the programs to co-operate with each other. The code in GDI needed to translate drawing commands to operations on specific devices. On the display, it had to manipulate pixels in the frame buffer. When drawing to a printer, the API calls had to be transformed into requests to a printer. Although it could have been possible to provide hard-coded support for a limited set of devices (like the Color Graphics Adapter display
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding%20flight
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Gliding flight is heavier-than-air flight without the use of thrust; the term volplaning also refers to this mode of flight in animals. It is employed by gliding animals and by aircraft such as gliders. This mode of flight involves flying a significant distance horizontally compared to its descent and therefore can be distinguished from a mostly straight downward descent like a round parachute.
Although the human application of gliding flight usually refers to aircraft designed for this purpose, most powered aircraft are capable of gliding without engine power. As with sustained flight, gliding generally requires the application of an airfoil, such as the wings on aircraft or birds, or the gliding membrane of a gliding possum. However, gliding can be achieved with a flat (uncambered) wing, as with a simple paper plane, or even with card-throwing. However, some aircraft with lifting bodies and animals such as the flying snake can achieve gliding flight without any wings by creating a flattened surface underneath.
Aircraft ("gliders")
Most winged aircraft can glide to some extent, but there are several types of aircraft designed to glide:
Glider, also known as a sailplane
Hang glider
Paraglider
Speed glider
Ram-air parachute
Rotor kite, if untethered, known as a rotary glider, or gyroglider.
Military glider
Paper aeroplane
Radio-controlled glider
Rocket glider
Wingsuit
The main human application is currently recreational, though during the Second World War military gliders were used for carrying troops and equipment into battle. The types of aircraft that are used for sport and recreation are classified as gliders (sailplanes), hang gliders and paragliders. These two latter types are often foot-launched. The design of all three types enables them to repeatedly climb using rising air and then to glide before finding the next source of lift. When done in gliders (sailplanes), the sport is known as gliding and sometimes as soaring. For foot-launched airc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodinGame
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CodinGame is a technology company editing an online platform for developers, allowing them to play with programming with increasingly difficult puzzles, to learn to code better with an online programming application supporting twenty-five programming languages, and to compete in multiplayer programming contests involving timed artificial intelligence, or code golf challenges.
CodinGame also serves as a recruiting platform, allowing developers to get noticed by companies based on their performance on the contests.
History
Activity
CodinGame's business model is based on sponsoring by companies wanting to get in touch with developers. CodinGame helps these companies to recruit developers through worldwide contests hosted every three months, or private hackathons. The startup was also seeded through several fundraisings in 2013 and 2015.
CodinGame for Work also sells turnkey tech screening solutions to help companies assess the level of their programmer candidates through coding tests.
Available programming languages for solving puzzles or taking part in contests are: Bash, C, C++, C#, Clojure, D, Dart, F#, Go, Groovy, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Lua, Objective-C, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python (v3), Ruby, Rust, Scala, Swift, TypeScript, and Visual Basic .NET.
See also
HackerRank
CodeFights
Competitive programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw
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A claw is a curved, pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most amniotes (mammals, reptiles, birds). Some invertebrates such as beetles and spiders have somewhat similar fine, hooked structures at the end of the leg or tarsus for gripping a surface as they walk. The pincers of crabs, lobsters and scorpions, more formally known as their chelae, are sometimes called claws.
A true claw is made of a hard protein called keratin. Claws are used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous mammals such as cats and dogs, but may also be used for such purposes as digging, climbing trees, self-defense and grooming, in those and other species.
Similar appendages that are flat and do not come to a sharp point are called nails instead. Claw-like projections that do not form at the end of digits but spring from other parts of the foot are properly named spurs.
Tetrapods
In tetrapods, claws are made of keratin and consist of two layers. The unguis is the harder external layer, which consists of keratin fibers arranged perpendicular to the direction of growth and in layers at an oblique angle. The subunguis is the softer, flaky underside layer whose grain is parallel to the direction of growth. The claw grows outward from the nail matrix at the base of the unguis and the subunguis grows thicker while travelling across the nail bed. The unguis grows outward faster than the subunguis to produce a curve and the thinner sides of the claw wear away faster than their thicker middle, producing a more or less sharp point. Tetrapods use their claws in many ways, commonly to grasp or kill prey, to dig and to climb and hang.
Mammals
All carnivorans have claws, which vary considerably in length and shape. Claws grow out of the third phalanges of the paws and are made of keratin. Many predatory mammals have protractile claws that can partially hide inside the animal's paw, especially the cat family, Felidae, almost all of whose members have fully protractible claws. Outside of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecarin%20clotting%20time
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Ecarin clotting time (ECT) is a laboratory test used to monitor anticoagulation during treatment with hirudin, an anticoagulant medication which was originally isolated from leech saliva. Ecarin, the primary reagent in this assay, is derived from the venom of the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus.
In the clinical assay, a known quantity of ecarin is added to the plasma of a patient treated with hirudin. Ecarin activates prothrombin through a specific proteolytic cleavage, which produces meizothrombin, a prothrombin-thrombin intermediate which retains the full molecular weight of prothrombin, but possesses a low level of procoagulant enzymatic activity. Crucially, this activity is inhibited by hirudin and other direct thrombin inhibitors, but not by heparin. The ECT is also unaffected by prior treatment with warfarin or the presence of phospholipid-dependent anticoagulants, such as lupus anticoagulant. Thus, the ECT is prolonged in a specific and linear fashion with increasing concentrations of hirudin. An enhancement of the ECT is the ecarin chromogenic assay (ECA) in which diluted sample is mixed with an excess of purified prothrombin and the generated meizothrombin is measured with a specific chromogenic substrate. This assay shows no interference from prothrombin or fibrinogen in the sample and is suitable for the measurement of all direct thrombin inhibitors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Japan%20Federation%20of%20Food%20Industries%20Workers%27%20Unions
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The All Japan Federation of Food Industries Workers' Unions (, Shokuhin Roren) was a trade union representing workers in the food processing industry of Japan.
The union was founded in 1965 and was affiliated with the Federation of Independent Unions. By 1970, it had 93,898 members, but by 1990, it was down to 58,467 members. By then, it was affiliated with the Japanese Trade Union Confederation. In 1995, it merged with the Japan Tobacco and Allied Workers' Union and the National Federation of Food Industry Workers' Unions, to form the Japan Federation of Foods and Tobacco Workers' Unions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20respiration
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Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and fauna.
Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO2. CO2 is acquired by plants from the atmosphere and converted into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use these organic compounds to build structural components or respire them to release energy. When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it adds to soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components are consumed by heterotrophs. This heterotrophic consumption releases CO2 and when this CO2 is released by below-ground organisms, it is considered soil respiration.
The amount of soil respiration that occurs in an ecosystem is controlled by several factors. The temperature, moisture, nutrient content and level of oxygen in the soil can produce extremely disparate rates of respiration. These rates of respiration can be measured in a variety of methods. Other methods can be used to separate the source components, in this case the type of photosynthetic pathway (C3/C4), of the respired plant structures.
Soil respiration rates can be largely affected by human activity. This is because humans have the ability to and have been changing the various controlling factors of soil respiration for numerous years. Global climate change is composed of numerous changing factors including rising atmospheric CO2, increasing temperature and shifting precipitation patterns. All of these factors can affect the rate of global soil respiration. Increased nitrogen fertilization by humans also has the potential to affect rates over the entire planet.
Soil respiration and its rate across ecosystems is extremely important to understand. This is because soil respiration plays a large role in global carbon cycling as well as other nutrient cycles. The respiration of plant structures releases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Pnueli
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Amir Pnueli (; April 22, 1941 – November 2, 2009) was an Israeli computer scientist and the 1996 Turing Award recipient.
Biography
Pnueli was born in Nahalal, in the British Mandate of Palestine (now in Israel) and received a Bachelor's degree in mathematics from the Technion in Haifa, and Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Weizmann Institute of Science (1967). His thesis was on the topic of "Calculation of Tides in the Ocean". He switched to computer science during a stint as a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford University. His works in computer science focused on temporal logic and model checking, particularly regarding fairness properties of concurrent systems.
He returned to Israel as a researcher; he was the founder and first chair of the computer science department at Tel Aviv University. He became a professor of computer science at the Weizmann Institute in 1981. From 1999 until his death, Pnueli also held a position at the Computer Science Department of New York University, New York, U.S. He's also served as an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania and the Joseph Fourier University.
Pnueli also founded two startup technology companies during his career. He had three children and, at his death, had four grandchildren.
Pnueli died on November 2, 2009 of a brain hemorrhage.
Awards and honours
In 1996, Pnueli received the Turing Award for seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification.
On May 30, 1997 Pnueli received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden.
In 1999, he was inducted as a Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
In 2000, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for computer science.
In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
The Weizmann Institute of Science presents a memorial lecture series in his honour.
See also
List of I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaging%20pattern
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In software architecture, a messaging pattern is an architectural pattern which describes how two different parts of an application, or different systems connect and communicate with each other. There are many aspects to the concept of messaging which can be divided in the following categories: hardware device messaging (telecommunications, computer networking, IoT, etc.) and software data exchange (the different data exchange formats and software capabilities of such data exchange). Despite the difference in the context, both categories exhibit common traits for data exchange.
General concepts of the messaging pattern
In telecommunications, a message exchange pattern (MEP) describes the pattern of messages required by a communications protocol to establish or use a communication channel. The communications protocol is the format used to represent the message which all communicating parties agree on (or are capable to process). The communication channel is the infrastructure that enables messages to "travel" between the communicating parties. The message exchange patterns describe the message flow between parties in the communication process, there are two major message exchange patterns — a request–response pattern, and a one-way pattern.
For example, when viewing content on the Internet (the channel), a web browser (a communicating party) would use the HTTP (the communication protocol) to request a web page from the server (another communicating party), and then render the returned data into its visual form. This is how the request–response messaging pattern operates.
Alternatively, in computer networking, we have the UDP network protocol. It is used with the one-way messaging pattern, where the sending party is not interested whether the message arrives to any receiving party, nor it expects any of the receiving parties to produce an "answering" message.
Device communication
This section is about data exchange between hardware devices. In order for the de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnonics
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Magnonics is an emerging field of modern magnetism, which can be considered a sub-field of modern solid state physics. Magnonics combines the study of waves and magnetism. Its main aim is to investigate the behaviour of spin waves in nano-structure elements. In essence, spin waves are a propagating re-ordering of the magnetisation in a material and arise from the precession of magnetic moments. Magnetic moments arise from the orbital and spin moments of the electron, most often it is this spin moment that contributes to the net magnetic moment.
Following the success of the modern hard disk, there is much current interest in future magnetic data storage and using spin waves for things such as 'magnonic' logic and data storage. Similarly, spintronics looks to utilize the inherent spin degree of freedom to complement the already successful charge property of the electron used in contemporary electronics. Modern magnetism is concerned with furthering the understanding of the behaviour of the magnetisation on very small (sub-micrometre) length scales and very fast (sub-nanosecond) timescales and how this can be applied to improving existing or generating new technologies and computing concepts. A magnon torque device was invented and later perfected at the National University of Singapore's Electrical & Computer Engineering department, which is based on such potential uses, with results published on November 29, 2019, in Science.
A magnonic crystal is a magnetic metamaterial with alternating magnetic properties. Like conventional metamaterials, their properties arise from geometrical structuring, rather than their bandstructure or composition directly. Small spatial inhomogeneities create an effective macroscopic behaviour, leading to properties not readily found in nature. By alternating parameters such as the relative permeability or saturation magnetisation, there exists the possibility to tailor 'magnonic' bandgaps in the material. By tuning the size of this bandga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Kordemsky
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Boris A. Kordemsky (; 23 May 1907 – 29 March 1999) was a Russian mathematician and educator. He is best known for his popular science books and mathematical puzzles. He is the author of over 70 books and popular mathematics articles.
Kordemsky was born in Kiknur, Vyatka Governorate, Russian Empire. He received his Ph.D. in education in 1956 and taught mathematics at several Moscow colleges.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard-dynamic-range%20video
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Standard-dynamic-range video (SDR video) is a video technology which represents light intensity based on the brightness, contrast and color characteristics and limitations of a cathode ray tube (CRT) display. SDR video is able to represent a video or picture's colors with a maximum luminance around 100 cd/m2, a black level around 0.1 cd/m2 and Rec.709 / sRGB color gamut. It uses the gamma curve as its electro-optical transfer function.
The first CRT television sets were manufactured in 1934 and the first color CRT television sets were manufactured in 1954. The term "standard-dynamic-range video" was adopted to distinguish SDR video from high-dynamic-range video (HDR video), a new technology that was developed in the 2010s to overcome SDR's limits.
Technical details
Transfer function
Conventional gamma curves:
Opto-electronic transfer function (OETF):
Rec. 601 (analog video signals in SD-TV digital video form)
Rec. 709 (HD-TV)
Rec. 2020 (UHD-TV)
sRGB
Electro-optical transfer function (EOTF):
ITU-R BT.1886 (SDR-TV)
sRGB (monitors, printers, World Wide Web)
The linear part of the conventional gamma curve was used to limit camera noise in low light video but is no longer needed with high dynamic range (HDR) cameras. An example of a conventional gamma curve would be Rec. 601:
ITU-R Recommendation BT.1886 describe the reference EOTF of SDR. It's a gamma curve representing the response of CRT to video signal. It has been published by ITU in 2011.
A transfer function that is closer to Weber's law allows for a larger dynamic range, at the same bit depth, than a conventional gamma curve. HDR standards such as hybrid log–gamma (HLG) and SMPTE ST 2084 allow for a larger dynamic range by using a different transfer function. HLG is compatible with SDR displays.
Color gamut
In some cases the term SDR is also used with a meaning including the standard color gamut (i.e. Rec.709 / sRGB color primaries). HDR uses wide color gamut (WCG) such as Rec. 2020 or DCI-P3 colo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20K%C3%B6nig%20%28chemist%29
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Franz Joseph König (15 November 1843 – 12 April 1930) was a German chemist noted among other things as the founder of German food chemistry. He developed many analytical techniques and created the foundations for the modern quality control of foodstuffs.
Life
König was born in Lavesum, Haltern, North Rhine-Westphalia. He studied at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen and was a member of the Corps Verdensia (1866) and Hercynia (1922). He was awarded a D.Phil.
In 1871 he became director of the newly established agricultural research station in Münster. In 1892 he was elected honorary professor at the Münster Royal Academy (Königliche Akademie zu Münster) and in 1899 was appointed to a chair at the present Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina.
He was appointed a Geheimer Regierungsrat.
König died on 12 April 1930 in Münster.
Commemorations
In 1934 the Joseph König Memorial Medal (Joseph-König-Gedenkmünze) of the Food Chemistry Society (Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft), a specialist group within the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, was endowed.
The Agricultural Investigation and Research Institute of North Rhine-Westphalia (Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalt Nordrhein-Westfalen) was renamed on the occasion of its 110th birthday as the "Joseph-König-Institut".
The secondary school of Haltern was named the Joseph-König-Gymnasium in his honour in 2003.
Works
Chemie der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genußmittel 1878
Chemische Zusammensetzung der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel (= Chemie der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel. Bd. 1). Springer, Berlin 1879. 4th improved edition edited by A. Bömer. Springer, Berlin 1903
Die menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, ihre Herstellung, Zusammensetzung und Beschaffenheit, nebst einem Abriss über die Ernährunglehre (= Chemie der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel. Bd. 2). Springer, Berlin 1880. 4th improved edition. Springer, B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed%20instruction%20set
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A compressed instruction set, or simply compressed instructions, are a variation on a microprocessor's instruction set architecture (ISA) that allows instructions to be represented in a more compact format. In most real-world examples, compressed instructions are 16 bits long in a processor that would otherwise use 32-bit instructions. The 16-bit ISA is a subset of the full 32-bit ISA, not a separate instruction set. The smaller format requires some tradeoffs: generally, there are fewer instructions available, and fewer processor registers can be used.
The concept was originally introduced by Hitachi as a way to improve the code density of their SuperH RISC processor design as it moved from 16-bit to 32-bit instructions in the SH-5 version. The new design had two instruction sets, one giving access to the entire ISA of the new design, and a smaller 16-bit set known as SHcompact that allowed programs to run in smaller amounts of main memory. As the memory of even the smallest systems is now orders of magnitude larger than the systems that spawned the concept, size is no longer the main concern. Today the advantage is that it reduces the number of accesses to main memory and thereby reduces energy use in mobile devices.
Hitachi's patents were licensed by Arm Ltd. for their processors, where it was known as "Thumb". Similar systems are found in MIPS16e and PowerPC VLE. The original patents have expired and the concept can be found in a number of modern designs, including RISC-V, which was designed from the outset to use it. The introduction of 64-bit computing has led to the term no longer being as widely used; these processors generally use 32-bit instructions and are technically a form of compressed ISA, but as they are mostly modified versions of an older ISA from a 32-bit version of the same processor family; there is no real compression.
Concept
Microprocessors encode their instructions as a series of bits, normally divided into a number of 8-bit bytes. For ins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile%20organic%20compound
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature. High vapor pressure correlates with a low boiling point, which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.
VOCs are responsible for the odor of scents and perfumes as well as pollutants. VOCs play an important role in communication between animals and plants, e.g. attractants for pollinators, protection from predation, and even inter-plant interactions. Some VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment. Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest. Most VOCs are not acutely toxic, but may have long-term chronic health effects. Some VOCs have been used in pharmacy, while others are target of administrative controls because of their recreational use.
Definitions
Diverse definitions of the term VOC are in use. Some examples are presented below.
Canada
Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of . The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality.
European Union
The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound as well as the fraction of creosote, having at 293.15 K a vapour pressure of 0,01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use;". The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive was the main policy instrument for the reduction of industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the European Union. It covers a wide range of solvent-using activities, e.g. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive requires installations in which such activities are applied to comply either with the emission limit values set out in the Directive or with the requirements of the so-calle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20Wright%20Laboratory
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Yale Wright Laboratory (Wright Lab) is a facility and research community at Yale University in New Haven, CT. Wright Lab enables researchers to develop, build and use research instrumentation for experiments in nuclear, particle and astrophysics across the globe that investigate the invisible universe. Before a transformation to its current purpose in 2017, Wright Lab was known as the Arthur W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory (WNSL). WNSL housed the first "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion accelerator and was founded by D. Allan Bromley, the "father of heavy-ion physics," in 1961 (see History, below, for more information).
Facilities
Wright Lab is named for Arthur Williams Wright, who was awarded one of the first three Ph.D.s in science in the Americas (all of which were awarded by Yale University in 1861). The building complex joins two buildings that were constructed and renovated at different times, for different purposes, yet always related to Yale physics research.
The first part of the complex (what is now called the Wright Lab Connector) was built sometime before or during the 1940s and housed an electron linear accelerator (linac).
The second part of the complex (what is now called Wright Lab West) was built in the 1950s to house the heavy ion linear accelerator (HILAC).
The third part of the complex (what is now called Wright Lab) was built in the 1960s, with all three buildings joined together as the A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, to house and operate the Yale MP-1 "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion accelerator.
The entire complex was renovated from 2013-17 to transform the facility into its current purpose and re-named as the Yale Wright Laboratory (Wright Lab).
History
The history of Wright Lab begins with the creation of accelerator physics in the 1920s, continues with the creation of the Arthur W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory (WNSL) to operate the Yale MP-1 "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus%20aurantiacus
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Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a photosynthetic bacterium isolated from hot springs, belonging to the green non-sulfur bacteria. This organism is thermophilic and can grow at temperatures from 35 °C to 70 °C (94.998 to 158 °F). Chloroflexus aurantiacus can survive in the dark if oxygen is available. When grown in the dark, Chloroflexus aurantiacus has a dark orange color. When grown in sunlight it is dark green. The individual bacteria tend to form filamentous colonies enclosed in sheaths, which are known as trichomes.
Physiology
As a genus, Chloroflexus spp. are filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic (FAP) organisms that utilize type II photosynthetic reaction centers containing bacteriochlorophyll a similar to the purple bacteria, and light-harvesting chlorosomes containing bacteriochlorophyll c similar to green sulfur bacteria of the Chlorobiota. Like other members of its phylum (cf. Chloroflexota), the species stains Gram negative, yet has a single lipid layer (monoderm), but with thin peptidoglycan, which is compensated for by S-layer protein.
As the name implies, these anoxygenic phototrophs do not produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, in contrast to oxygenic phototrophs such as cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. While oxygenic phototrophs use water as an electron donor for phototrophy, Chloroflexus uses reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, or elemental sulfur. This belies their obsolescent name green non-sulfur bacteria; however, Chloroflexus spp. can also utilize hydrogen(H2) as a source of electrons.
Chloroflexus aurantiacus is thought to grow photoheterotrophically in nature, but it has the capability of fixing inorganic carbon through photoautotrophic growth. Instead of using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle typical of plants, Chloroflexus aurantiacus has been demonstrated to use an autotrophic pathway known as the 3-Hydroxypropionate pathway.
The complete electron transport chain for Chloroflexus spp. is not yet k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Mathematics%20Teacher%20Education
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Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education is a peer-reviewed scientific journal within the field of mathematics education. The journal was founded by Thomas J. Cooney, and it first appeared in 1998. Published by Springer, the journal normally appears in 6 annual issues. The journal is paginated by volume.
According to the official description of the journal, it "is devoted to research that seeks to improve the education of mathematics teachers and develop teaching methods that better enable mathematics students to learn".
Associate editors
As of January 2013, the following served as associate editors for the journal:
Olive Chapman, Editor-in-Chief, University of Calgary, Canada
Gwendolyn Lloyd, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Joao Pedro da Ponte, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Despina Potari, University of Athens, Greece
Margaret Walshaw, Massay University, New Zealand
See also
List of scientific journals in mathematics education
External links
Journal web site
Online table of contents
Mathematics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Vig
|
John Vig (born 31 May 1942) is a physicist, executive and inventor. His career has been with the U.S. Army Research Lab and he has also been active with the IEEE. He is known for his inventions in UV-ozone cleaning, chemical polishing of quartz surfaces, polyimide bonding of resonators and noise in MEMS.
Early life and education
Born in Budapest to a Jewish family during World War II, he survived The Holocaust and left Hungary with his immediate family during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. He settled in New York City with his family in 1957 and subsequently received a B.S. degree from City College New York in 1964. In 1969 he received a Ph.D. in Physics from Rutgers University. After graduating he began his professional career at the Electronic Components Laboratory at Fort Monmouth.
Career
He has served the IEEE in multiple roles, including:
IEEE President and CEO.
President of the Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society (UFFC-S)
Founding President of the Sensors Council
Division Director, Member of the Board of Directors
He was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 1988 "for contributions to the technology of quartz crystals for precision frequency control and timing."
While in senior management roles in the IEEE, John focused heavily on key issues affecting the organization as demographics, technologies and globalization shifted the environment in which it operated. A key example was the management of diversity as the membership shifted away from being primarily a US-based organization. Another example was helping to kick-start the IEEE Internet of Things Journal after having founded the IEEE Sensors Journal.
One of the IEEE Sensors Council's awards, the John Vig Meritorious Service Award, is named after John.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanhart%20syndrome
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Hanhart syndrome is a broadly classified medical condition consisting of congenital disorders that cause an undeveloped tongue and malformed extremities and fingers. There exist five types of Hanhart syndrome, with the severity and nature of the condition ranging widely on a case-by-case basis. Hanhart syndrome is classified as a rare disease, with approximately 30 known cases having been reported between 1932 and 1991. Early hypotheses believed that the disorder was caused by genetic conditions, with a more recent hypothesis demonstrating that the disorder may be caused by hemorrhagic lesions during prenatal development. The causal mechanism behind this vascular disruption is still unknown.
Discovery and etymology
Hanhart syndrome was first described in 1932 by Ernst Hanhart. The name "Hanhart syndrome" was not used until 1950 when Hanhart described three patients who were born with limb defects and missing tongues. In 1971, the syndrome was more broadly classified as syndromes of oromandibular and limb hypogenesis, and comprised a range of disorders that all share hypoglossia. The name ''hypoglossia-hypodactylia syndrome' was proposed in 1971 as a more accurate name for the disorder, which is used synonymously. Due to the wide range of symptoms presented in Hanhart syndrome, the disorder has received many different names throughout its diagnostic history.
Pathophysiology
Hanhart syndrome is part of the larger oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome (OLHS) family of conditions, which are collectively characterized by the underdevelopment of the mouth, jaw, tongue, and extremities. Hanhart syndrome is characterized by an underdeveloped tongue (hypoglossia), small mouth (microstomia), smaller than average jaw size (micrognathia), clefting or abnormal attachment of the tongue, missing teeth (mandibular hypodontia), cleft palate, cranial nerve palsies including Möbius syndrome, broad nose, increased distance between the eyes (telecanthus), defects in the lower eyel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20gap
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In mathematics, the spectral gap is the difference between the moduli of the two largest eigenvalues of a matrix or operator; alternately, it is sometimes taken as the smallest non-zero eigenvalue. Various theorems relate this difference to other properties of the system.
See also
Cheeger constant (graph theory)
Cheeger constant (Riemannian geometry)
Eigengap
Spectral gap (physics)
Spectral radius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, deposition occurs when molecules settle out of a solution.
Deposition can be viewed as a reverse process to dissolution or particle re-entrainment.
See also
Atomic layer deposition
Chemical vapor deposition
Deposition (physics)
Fouling
Physical vapor deposition
Thin-film deposition
Fused filament fabrication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATATool
|
ATATool is freeware software that is used to display and modify ATA disk information from a Microsoft Windows environment. The software is typically used to manage host protected area (HPA) and device configuration overlay (DCO) features and is broadly similar to the hdparm for Linux. The software can also be used to generate and sometimes repair bad sectors. Recent versions include support for DCO restore and freeze operations, HPA security (password) operations and simulated bad sectors.
Usage examples
ATATool must be run with administrator privileges. On Windows Vista and later it requires an elevated-privileges command prompt (see User Account Control). The target drive must be connected to a physical disk controller. The software cannot be used via a USB bridge or similar device.
Display detected hard disks:
ATATOOL /LIST
Display information on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /INFO \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (volatile – will be lost on next power cycle):
ATATOOL /SETHPA:10GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (non-volatile):
ATATOOL /NONVOLATILEHPA /SETHPA:10GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Remove HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (non-volatile):
ATATOOL /NONVOLATILEHPA /RESETHPA \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Set DCO to 5GB on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /SETDCO:5GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Remove DCO on hard disk 1:
ATATOOL /RESTOREDCO:5GB \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 bad:
ATATOOL /BADECC:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 not bad:
ATATOOL /FIXECC:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Make sector 10 bad and then not bad again (alternative method):
ATATOOL /BADECCLONG:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
ATATOOL /FIXECCLONG:10 \\.\PhysicalDrive1
Data safety
Use of the ATATool can permanently change the disk configuration, may result in permanent data loss by making some sectors of the disk inaccessible. The tool should therefore be used with extreme care.
See also
hdparm
Host protected area (HPA)
Device configuration overlay (DCO)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brettanomyces%20bruxellensis
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Brettanomyces bruxellensis (the anamorph of Dekkera bruxellensis) is a yeast associated with the Senne valley near Brussels, Belgium. Despite its Latin species name, B. bruxellensis is found all over the globe. In the wild, it is often found on the skins of fruit.
Beer production
B. bruxellensis plays a key role in the production of the typical Belgian beer styles such as lambic, Flanders red ales, gueuze and kriek, and is part of spontaneous fermentation biota. The Trappist Orval has very little in it aswell. It is naturally found in the brewery environment living within oak barrels that are used for the storage of beer during the secondary conditioning stage. Here it completes the long slow fermentation or super-attenuation of beer, often in symbiosis with Pediococcus sp. Macroscopically visible colonies look whitish and show a dome-shaped aspect, depending on the age and size.
B. bruxellensis is increasingly being used by American craft brewers, especially in Maine, California and Colorado. Jolly Pumpkin Artisan Ales, Allagash Brewing Company, Port Brewing Company, Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, Russian River Brewing Company and New Belgium Brewing Company have all brewed beers fermented with B. bruxellensis. The beers have a slightly sour, earthy character. Some have described them as having a "barnyard" or "wet horse blanket" flavor.
Wine production
In the wine industry, B. bruxellensis is generally considered a spoilage yeast and it and other members of the genus are often referred to as Brettanomyces ("brett"). Its metabolic products can impart "sweaty saddle leather", "barnyard", "burnt plastic" or "band-aid" aromas to wine. Some winemakers in France, and occasionally elsewhere, consider it a desirable addition to wine, e.g., in Château de Beaucastel, but New World vintners generally consider it a defect. Some authorities consider brett to be responsible for 90% of the spoilage problems in premium red wines.
One defense against brett is to limit pot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actino-ugpB%20RNA%20motif
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The Actino-ugpB RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
Actino-ugpB motifs are found in strains of the species Gardnerella vaginalis, within the phylum Actinomycetota.
It is ambiguous whether Actino-ugpB RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements or whether they operate in trans. Many of the RNAs are upstream of the gene 'ugpB', which encodes a protein putatively involved in sugar transport. However, several of the RNAs are not located upstream of a protein-coding gene. Structurally, the motif consists of two hairpins with conserved nucleotides located in the stems and outside of the hairpins, but not in their terminal loops.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR%205380
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The NCR 5380 is an early SCSI controller chip developed by NCR Microelectronics. It was popular due to its simplicity and low cost. The 5380 was used in the Macintosh Plus and in numerous SCSI cards for personal computers, including the Amiga and Atari TT. The 5380 was second sourced by several chip makers, including AMD and Zilog. The 5380 was designed by engineers at the NCR plant then located in Wichita, Kansas, and initially fabricated by NCR Microelectronics in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was the first single-chip implementation of the SCSI-1 protocol.
The NCR 5380 also made a significant appearance in Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX computers, where it was featured on various Q-Bus modules and as an integrated SCSI controller in numerous MicroVAX, VAXstation and VAXserver computers. Many UMAX SCSI optical scanners also contain the 53C80 chip interfaced to an Intel 8031-series microcontroller.
Single-chip SCSI controller NCR 53c400 used SCSI 5380 core.
See also
NCR 53C9x
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20%28diacritic%29
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A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme. It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others. It can take the form of a vertical bar, slash, or crossbar.
A stroke is sometimes drawn through the numerals 7 (horizontal overbar) and 0 (overstruck foreslash), to make them more distinguishable from the number 1 and the letter O, respectively. (In some typefaces, one or other or both of these characters are designed in these styles; they are not produced by overstrike or by combining diacritic. The normal way in most of Europe to write the number seven is with a bar. )
In medieval English usage, a stroke or bar was used to indicate abbreviation. For example, , the pound sign, is stylised form of the letter (the letter with a cross bar).
For the specific usages of various letters with bars and strokes, see their individual articles.
Letters with bar
Currency signs with bar
Currency symbols and letters with double bar
See also
Strikethrough
X-bar theory (formal linguistics)
Parallel (operator)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate%20spheroidal%20wave%20function
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In applied mathematics, oblate spheroidal wave functions (like also prolate spheroidal wave functions and other related functions) are involved in the solution of the Helmholtz equation in oblate spheroidal coordinates. When solving this equation,
, by the method of separation of variables, , with:
the solution can be written as the product of a radial spheroidal wave function and an angular spheroidal wave function by . Here , with being the interfocal length of the elliptical cross section of the oblate spheroid.
The radial wave function satisfies the linear ordinary differential equation:
.
The angular wave function satisfies the differential equation:
.
It is the same differential equation as in the case of the radial wave function. However, the range of the radial coordinate is different from that of the angular coordinate .
The eigenvalue of this Sturm–Liouville problem is fixed by the requirement that be finite for .
For these two differential equations reduce to the equations satisfied by the associated Legendre polynomials. For , the angular spheroidal wave functions can be expanded as a series of Legendre functions. Such expansions have been considered by Müller.
The differential equations given above for the oblate radial and angular wave functions can be obtained from the corresponding equations for the prolate spheroidal wave functions by the substitution of for and for . The notation for the oblate spheroidal functions reflects this relationship.
There are different normalization schemes for spheroidal functions. A table of the different schemes can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun. Abramowitz and Stegun (and the present article) follow the notation of Flammer.
Originally, the spheroidal wave functions were introduced by C. Niven, which lead to a Helmholtz equation in spheroidal coordinates. Monographs tying together many aspects of the theory of spheroidal wave functions were written by Strutt, Stratton et al., Meixner and Sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt%20Car%20Racer
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Stunt Car Racer (published as Stunt Track Racer in the United States) is a racing video game developed by Geoff Crammond. It was published in 1989 by MicroProse, under their MicroStyle and MicroPlay labels in the United Kingdom and in the United States, respectively. The game pits two racers on an elevated track on which they race in a head-to-head competition, with ramps they must correctly drive off as the main obstacle.
The game was released to critical acclaim. The Commodore 64 version's use of 3D vector graphics was met with critical enthusiasm, which was unusual for a game for that platform. It is considered one of the better racing games and games for Amiga, with many calling it one of the best such games.
Gameplay
The game differs from other racing games in that the races take place on an elevated race track, with nothing to stop the player from accidentally driving off the side. Most race tracks in the game have gaps in them, which players can fall into. If this occurs then the player's vehicle is hoisted back onto the track (by a nearby crane), costing valuable time. Turbo can be used to make a car go faster, but it can only be used for a limited amount of time in each race.
The single-player game consists of a league table which is split into four divisions of three drivers each, making a total of twelve racers including the human player. There are two racing tracks in each division making it a total of eight tracks in the game. The tracks in division four (the first division) are easy, but the tracks get progressively more difficult and dangerous with each division. The player's objective is to reach, and subsequently win, division one. There are four races in a season, and each driver will race the other two drivers in both of the tracks in the division. Each race is run over three laps. Two points are awarded to the winner of each race and one point is awarded to the racer with the fastest lap time. At the end of each season, the top racer of each
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20job%20scheduler%20software
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This is a list of notable job scheduler software. Job scheduling applications are designed to carry out repetitive tasks as defined in a schedule based upon calendar and event conditions. This category of software is also called workload automation. Only products with their own article are listed:
Apache Airflow
Cron
DIET
HTCondor
Maui Cluster Scheduler
OpenLava
OpenPBS
Oracle Grid Engine
Platform LSF
ProActive
Quartz
Slurm Workload Manager
Systemd
Univa Grid Engine
VisualCron
Windows Task Scheduler
job scheduler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuseScore
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MuseScore is a music notation program for Windows, macOS, and Linux supporting a wide variety of file formats and input methods. It is released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License. MuseScore is accompanied by a freemium mobile score viewer and playback app, and an online score-sharing platform.
History
MuseScore was created as a fork of the MusE sequencer's codebase. In 2002, Werner Schweer, one of the MusE developers, decided to remove notation support from MusE and create a stand-alone notation program from the codebase.
The MuseScore.org website was created in 2008, and quickly showed a rapidly rising number of MuseScore downloads. By December 2008, the download rate was up to 15,000 per month.
Version 0.9.5 was released in August 2009. By October 2009, MuseScore had been downloaded more than one thousand times per day. By the fourth quarter of 2010, MuseScore was being downloaded 80,000 times per month.
At the end of 2013, the project moved from SourceForge to GitHub, and continuous download statistics have not been publicly available since then, but in March 2015 a press release stated that MuseScore had been downloaded over eight million times, and in December 2016 the project stated that version 2.0.3 had been downloaded 1.9 million times in the nine months since its release.
The MuseScore company uses income from their commercial sheet music sharing service to support the development of the free notation software.
In 2017, the MuseScore company was acquired by Ultimate Guitar, which added full-time paid developers to the open source team. In April 2021, it was announced that a parent company, Muse Group, would be formed to support MuseScore, Ultimate Guitar, and other acquired properties (including Audacity). From 2021 to June 2022, the MuseScore company relocated its headquarters to Cyprus with Muse Group.
Features
MuseScore's main purpose is the creation of high-quality engraved musical scores in a "What-You-See-Is-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Can%20Company
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The American Can Company was a manufacturer of tin cans. It was a member of the Tin Can Trust, that controlled a "large percentage of business in the United States in tin cans, containers, and packages of tin." American Can Company ranked 97th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. During its peak of productivity, the American Can Company employed up to 800 people from the surrounding neighborhoods. It was a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1959 to 1991, though after 1987 it had renamed itself Primerica, a financial conglomerate which had divested itself of its packaging arm in 1986.
Primerica, after it was merged with Sanford I. Weill's Commercial Credit Company, would form the basis of what would become Citigroup.
The American Can Company had its headquarters at the Pershing Square Building in Manhattan, New York City, until 1970, when it moved into a Greenwich, Connecticut, facility, which had been developed on of wooded land in the late 1960s. In the early 1980s American Can renamed itself and ended its operations in Greenwich.
History
The American Can Company was incorporated in 1901.
In 1904, the American Can Company of Greenwich, Connecticut bought the small Norton Can Company that had operated since 1887 at York and Bay Streets (Toronto, Ontario). The company expanded further in 1908 when it bought the Sanitary Can Company of Niagara Falls and the Acme Can Works in Montreal. For many years, the American Can Company was Canada's largest producer of tin cans
In 1957, Dixie cup merged with the American Can Company.
The James River Corporation of Virginia purchased American Can's paper business in 1982. The assets of James River are now part of Georgia-Pacific, a subsidiary of Koch Industries, the second largest privately owned company in the United States.
In 1985, Nelson Peltz's New York–based Triangle Industries bought the National Can Company for $460 million. The same year, it ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20LEAF%20Biomanufacturing%20Training%20and%20Education%20Center
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The Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC) is a multidisciplinary instructional center at North Carolina State University that provides education and training to develop skilled professionals for the biomanufacturing industry. Biomanufacturing refers to the use of living organisms or other biological material to produce commercially viable products. Examples include therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines for medical use; amino acids and enzymes for food manufacturing; and biofuels and biochemicals for industrial applications. BTEC provides hands-on education and training in bioprocessing concepts and biomanufacturing methods that comply with cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practice), a set regulations published by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
BTEC reports administratively through the university's College of Engineering and is guided by an advisory board made up of representatives from the biomanufacturing industry and other organizations interested in biotechnology and biomanufacturing.
In 2003, North Carolina's Golden LEAF Foundation provided almost $39 million to build BTEC, as part of a larger grant to establish a statewide public-private partnership now called NCBioImpact. The state of North Carolina provided funds for process equipment and supports the operation of the facility. The NCBioImpact partnership now includes BTEC, BRITE (Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise) at North Carolina Central University, North Carolina BioNetwork of the North Carolina Community College System, NCBIO (North Carolina Biosciences Organization), the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, and the Golden LEAF Foundation. It was created to provide workforce training and development for the biotechnology industry, thereby fostering the growth of this economic sector in the state. According to the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, North Carolina is home to 528 biotechnology companies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Plant%20Sciences%2C%20University%20of%20Cambridge
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The Department of Plant Sciences is a department of the University of Cambridge that conducts research and teaching in plant sciences. It was established in 1904, although the university has had a professor of botany since 1724.
Research
, the department pursues three strategic targets of research
Global food security
Synthetic biology and biotechnology
Climate science and ecosystem conservation
See also the Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University
Notable academic staff
Sir David Baulcombe, FRS, Regius Professor of Botany
Beverley Glover, Professor of Plant systematics and evolution, director of the Cambridge University Botanic Garden
Howard Griffiths, Professor of Plant Ecology
Julian Hibberd, Professor of Photosynthesis
Alison Smith, Professor of Plant Biochemistry and Head of Department
, the department also has 66 members of faculty and postdoctoral researchers, 100 graduate students, 19 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Doctoral Training Program (DTP) PhD students, 20 part II Tripos undergraduate students and 44 support staff.
History
The University of Cambridge has a long and distinguished history in Botany including work by John Ray and Stephen Hales in the 17th century and 18th century, Charles Darwin’s mentor John Stevens Henslow in the 19th century, and Frederick Blackman, Arthur Tansley and Harry Godwin in the 20th century.
Emeritus and alumni
More recently, the department has been home to:
John C. Gray, Emeritus Professor of Plant Molecular Biology since 2011
Thomas ap Rees, Professor of Botany
F. Ian Woodward, Lecturer and Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge before being appointed Professor of Plant Ecology at the University of Sheffield
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP6
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The Rise mP6 was a superpipelined and superscalar microprocessor designed by Rise Technology to compete with the Intel Pentium line.
History
Rise Technology had spent 5 years developing a x86 compatible microprocessor, and finally introduced it in November 1998 as a low-cost, low-power alternative for the Super Socket 7 platform, that allowed for higher Front-side bus speeds than the previous Socket 7 and that made it possible for other CPU manufacturers to keep competing against Intel, that had moved to the Slot 1 platform.
Design
The mP6 made use of the MMX instruction set and had three MMX pipelines which allowed the CPU to execute up to three MMX instructions in a single cycle. Its three integer units made it possible to execute three integer instructions in a single cycle as well and the fully pipelined floating point unit could execute up to two floating-point instructions per cycle. To further improve the performance the core utilized branch prediction and a number of techniques to resolve data dependency conflicts.
According to Rise, the mP6 should perform almost as fast as Intel Pentium II at the same frequencies.
Performance
Despite its innovative features, the real-life performance of the mP6 proved disappointing. This was mainly due to the small L1 Cache. Another reason was that the Rise mP6's PR 266 rating was based upon the old Intel Pentium MMX, while its main competitors were the Intel Celeron 266, the IDT WinChip 2-266 and the AMD K6-2 266, that all delivered more performance in most benchmarks and applications. The Celeron and the K6-2 actually worked at 266 MHz, and the WinChip 2's PR rating was based upon the performance of its AMD opponent.
Use
Announced in 1998, the chip never achieved widespread use, and Rise quietly exited the market in December of the following year.
Like competitors Cyrix and IDT, Rise found it was unable to compete with Intel and AMD.
Legacy
Silicon Integrated Systems (SiS) licensed the mP6 technology, and used it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Goldman%20%28mathematician%29
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William Mark Goldman (born 1955 in Kansas City, Missouri) is a professor of mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park (since 1986). He received a B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1977, and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1980.
Research contributions
Goldman has investigated geometric structures, in various incarnations, on manifolds since his undergraduate thesis, "Affine manifolds and projective geometry on manifolds", supervised by William Thurston and Dennis Sullivan. This work led to work with Morris Hirsch and David Fried on affine structures on manifolds, and work in real projective structures on compact surfaces. In particular he proved that the space of convex real projective structures on a closed orientable surface of genus is homeomorphic to an open cell of dimension . With Suhyoung Choi, he proved that this space is a connected component (the "Hitchin component") of the space of equivalence classes of representations of the fundamental group in . Combining this result with Suhyoung Choi's convex decomposition theorem, this led to a complete classification of convex real projective structures on compact surfaces.
His doctoral dissertation, "Discontinuous groups and the Euler class" (supervised by Morris W. Hirsch), characterizes discrete embeddings of surface groups in in terms of maximal Euler class, proving a converse to the Milnor–Wood inequality for flat bundles. Shortly thereafter he showed that the space of representations of the fundamental group of a closed orientable surface of genus in has connected components, distinguished by the Euler class.
With David Fried, he classified compact quotients of Euclidean 3-space by discrete groups of affine transformations, showing that all such manifolds are finite quotients of torus bundles over the circle. The noncompact case is much more interesting, as Grigory Margulis found complete affine manifolds with nonabelian free fundam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism%20and%20Christianity
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Some Christian theologians embrace a holistic combination of Christian theology with some ideas of (ontological) materialism, a belief that matter is a fundamental substance of the world and that mental phenomena result from matter.
Historical background
Throughout history, Christian thought has struggled with the ideas of flesh, world, and spirit, and their interplay in each person's salvation. As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) said in What It Means To Be a Christian (2006), "Christian theology... in the course of time turned the kingdom of God into a kingdom of heaven that is beyond this mortal life; the well-being of men became a salvation of souls, which again comes to pass beyond this life, after death."
This tendency of spiritualization, Ratzinger said, is not the message of Jesus Christ. "For what is sublime in this message," he stated, "is precisely that the Lord was talking not just about another life, not just about men's souls, but was addressing the body, the whole man, in his embodied form, with his involvement in history and society; that he promised the kingdom of God to the man who lives bodily with other men in this history."
Christian materialism is a widely discussed position in contemporary analytic philosophy of religion, defended by figures such as Peter van Inwagen and Trenton Merricks.
Pope John Paul II's Theology of the Body lectures asserted that "The body, and it alone, is capable of making visible ... the spiritual and divine."
Christopher West, in reviewing the words of Pope John Paul II, asserted
Archbishop William Temple has remarked that Christianity is "the most avowedly materialist of all the great religions."
Rejection of 'materialism'
According to Constantin Gutberlet writing in Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), "materialism", defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world…denies the existence of God and the soul." In this view, materialism could be perceived incompatib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20integration
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In analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral.
The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integration", especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals. Some authors refer to numerical integration over more than one dimension as cubature; others take "quadrature" to include higher-dimensional integration.
The basic problem in numerical integration is to compute an approximate solution to a definite integral
to a given degree of accuracy. If is a smooth function integrated over a small number of dimensions, and the domain of integration is bounded, there are many methods for approximating the integral to the desired precision.
Numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem of finding a square with the same area as a given plane figure (quadrature or squaring), as in the quadrature of the circle.
The term is also sometimes used to describe the numerical solution of differential equations.
Motivation and need
There are several reasons for carrying out numerical integration, as opposed to analytical integration by finding the antiderivative:
The integrand f(x) may be known only at certain points, such as obtained by sampling. Some embedded systems and other computer applications may need numerical integration for this reason.
A formula for the integrand may be known, but it may be difficult or impossible to find an antiderivative that is an elementary function. An example of such an integrand is f(x) = exp(−x2), the antiderivative of which (the error function, times a constant) cannot be written in elementary form.
It may be possible to find an antiderivative symbolically, but it may be easier to compute a numerical approximation than to compute the antiderivative. That may be the case if the antiderivative is given as an infinite series or product, or if its evaluation requires a special function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20PPAD-complete%20problems
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This is a list of PPAD-complete problems.
Fixed-point theorems
Sperner's lemma
Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Kakutani fixed-point theorem
Game theory
Nash equilibrium
Core of Balanced Games
Equilibria in game theory and economics
Fisher market equilibria
Arrow-Debreu equilibria
Approximate Competitive Equilibrium from Equal Incomes
Finding clearing payments in financial networks
Graph theory
Fractional stable paths problems
Fractional hypergraph matching (see also the NP-complete Hypergraph matching)
Fractional strong kernel
Miscellaneous
Scarf's lemma
Fractional bounded budget connection games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS%20box
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SOS box is the region in the promoter of various genes to which the LexA repressor binds to repress the transcription of SOS-induced proteins. This occurs in the absence of DNA damage. In the presence of DNA damage the binding of LexA is inactivated by the RecA activator. SOS boxes differ in DNA sequences and binding affinity towards LexA from organism to organism. Furthermore, SOS boxes may be present in a dual fashion, which indicates that more than one SOS box can be within the same promoter.
Examples
See Nucleic acid nomenclature for an explanation of non-GATC nucleotide letters.
See also
SOS response
SOS gene
LexA
RecA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrimonia%20pilosa
|
Agrimonia pilosa also known as hairy agrimony, is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is distributed primarily over the Korean Peninsula, Japan, China, Siberia, and Eastern Europe.
Description
Agrimonia pilosa is a perennial herb with erect stem growing in height. It grows along roadsides or in grassy areas at divers altitudes. It can grow in light sandy, loamy, or heavy soils. Its suitable pH for growing properly is acid or basic alkaline soils.
It has many lateral roots and its rhizome is short and usually tuberous. Its stems are colored yellowish green or green and its upper part is sparsely pubescent and pilose, but the lower part had dense hairs. Its leaves are green, alternate and odd-pinnate with two to four pairs of leaflets. The number of leaflets reduces to three on upper leaves. The leaves are oval and edged with pointy teeth of similar size. The leaves are long and wide. And it is hairy on both sides.
Chemical constituents
Agrimonia pilosa contains certain chemical components such as agrimonolide, coumarin, tannins, as well as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and triterpenes.
Traditional medicine
Agrimonia pilosa is traditionally used in Korea for boils, eczema, and taeniasis (a tape worm condition). In Nepal and China, A. pilosa is traditionally used for abdominal pain, sore throat, headaches, and heat stroke.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20programming
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Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down into simpler sub-problems in a recursive manner. While some decision problems cannot be taken apart this way, decisions that span several points in time do often break apart recursively. Likewise, in computer science, if a problem can be solved optimally by breaking it into sub-problems and then recursively finding the optimal solutions to the sub-problems, then it is said to have optimal substructure.
If sub-problems can be nested recursively inside larger problems, so that dynamic programming methods are applicable, then there is a relation between the value of the larger problem and the values of the sub-problems. In the optimization literature this relationship is called the Bellman equation.
Overview
Mathematical optimization
In terms of mathematical optimization, dynamic programming usually refers to simplifying a decision by breaking it down into a sequence of decision steps over time. This is done by defining a sequence of value functions V1, V2, ..., Vn taking y as an argument representing the state of the system at times i from 1 to n. The definition of Vn(y) is the value obtained in state y at the last time n. The values Vi at earlier times i = n −1, n − 2, ..., 2, 1 can be found by working backwards, using a recursive relationship called the Bellman equation. For i = 2, ..., n, Vi−1 at any state y is calculated from Vi by maximizing a simple function (usually the sum) of the gain from a decision at time i − 1 and the function Vi at the new state of the system if this decision is made. Since Vi has already been calculated for the needed states, the above operation yields Vi−1 for those states. Finally, V1 at the initial state of the sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajdu%E2%80%93Cheney%20syndrome
|
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome, also called acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in skull and mandible, arthrodentoosteodysplasia and Cheney syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder of the connective tissue characterized by severe and excessive bone resorption leading to osteoporosis and a wide range of other possible symptoms. Mutations in the NOTCH2 gene, identified in 2011, cause HCS. HCS is so rare that only about 50 cases have been reported worldwide since the discovery of the syndrome in 1948
Signs and symptoms
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome causes many issues with an individual's connective tissues. Some general characteristics of an individual with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome include bone flexibility and deformities, short stature, delayed acquisition of speech and motor skills, dolichocephalic skull, Wormian bone, small maxilla, hypoplastic frontal sinuses, basilar impression, joint laxity, bulbous finger tips and severe osteoporosis. Wormian bone occurs when extra bones appear between cranial sutures. Fetuses with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome often will not be seen to unclench their hands on obstetrical ultrasound. They may also have low-set ears and their eyes may be farther apart than on a usual child, called hypertelorism. Children's heads can have some deformities in their shape and size (plagiocephaly). Early tooth loss and bone deformities, such as serpentine tibiae and fibulae, are also common in those affected.
Genetics
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome is a monogenic disorder. The disorder is inherited and controlled by a single pair of genes. A single copy of the mutant gene on an autosome causes HCS. HCS is an autosomal dominant disorder, only one parent with the defective gene is needed to pass the disorder to the offspring.
Mutations within the last coding exon of NOTCH2 that remove the PEST domain and escape the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay have been shown to be the main cause of Hajdu–Cheney syndrome. The NOTCH2 gene plays a very important rol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20manipulator
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A remote manipulator, also known as a telefactor, telemanipulator, or waldo (after the 1942 short story "Waldo" by Robert A. Heinlein which features a man who invents and uses such devices), is a device which, through electronic, hydraulic, or mechanical linkages, allows a hand-like mechanism to be controlled by a human operator. The purpose of such a device is usually to move or manipulate hazardous materials for reasons of safety, similar to the operation and play of a claw crane game.
History
In 1945, the company Central Research Laboratories was given the contract to develop a remote manipulator for the Argonne National Laboratory. The intent was to replace devices which manipulated highly radioactive materials from above a sealed chamber or hot cell, with a mechanism which operated through the side wall of the chamber, allowing a researcher to stand normally while working.
The result was the Master-Slave Manipulator Mk. 8, or MSM-8, which became the iconic remote manipulator seen in newsreels and movies, such as the The Andromeda Strain or THX 1138.
Robert A. Heinlein claimed a much earlier origin for remote manipulators. He wrote that he got the idea for "waldos" after reading a 1918 article in Popular Mechanics about "a poor fellow afflicted with myasthenia gravis ... [who] devised complicated lever arrangements to enable him to use what little strength he had." An article in Science Robotics on robots, science fiction, and nuclear accidents discusses how the science fiction waldos are now a major type of real-world robots used in the nuclear industry.
See also
Glovebox
Dextre
Doctor Octopus
Teleoperation
Telerobotics
Master/slave (technology)
Avatar (computing)
Pantograph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20lemma
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In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral. If is a complex-valued, continuous function on the contour and if its absolute value is bounded by a constant for all on , then
where is the arc length of . In particular, we may take the maximum
as upper bound. Intuitively, the lemma is very simple to understand. If a contour is thought of as many smaller contour segments connected together, then there will be a maximum for each segment. Out of all the maximum s for the segments, there will be an overall largest one. Hence, if the overall largest is summed over the entire path then the integral of over the path must be less than or equal to it.
Formally, the inequality can be shown to hold using the definition of contour integral, the absolute value inequality for integrals and the formula for the length of a curve as follows:
The estimation lemma is most commonly used as part of the methods of contour integration with the intent to show that the integral over part of a contour goes to zero as goes to infinity. An example of such a case is shown below.
Example
Problem.
Find an upper bound for
where is the upper half-circle with radius traversed once in the counterclockwise direction.
Solution.
First observe that the length of the path of integration is half the circumference of a circle with radius , hence
Next we seek an upper bound for the integrand when . By the triangle inequality we see that
therefore
because on . Hence
Therefore, we apply the estimation lemma with . The resulting bound is
See also
Jordan's lemma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chgrp
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The (from change group) command may be used by unprivileged users on various operating systems to change the group associated with a file system object (such as a computer file, directory, or link) to one of which they are a member. A file system object has 3 sets of access permissions, one set for the owner, one set for the group and one set for others. Changing the group of an object could be used to change which users can write to a file.
History
The command was originally developed as part of the Unix operating system by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
It is also available in the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems and in most Unix-like systems.
The command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.
Syntax
chgrp [options] group FSO
The group parameter specifies the new group with which the files or directories should be associated. It may either be a symbolic name or an identifier.
The FSO specifies one or more file system objects, which may be the result of a glob expression like .
Frequently implemented options
recurse through subdirectories.
verbosely output names of objects changed. Most useful when is a list.
force or forge ahead with other objects even if an error is encountered.
Example
$ ls -l *.conf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 gbeeker wheel 3545 Nov 04 2011 prog.conf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 gbeeker wheel 3545 Nov 04 2011 prox.conf
$ chgrp staff *.conf
$ ls -l *.conf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 gbeeker staff 3545 Nov 04 2011 prog.conf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 gbeeker staff 3545 Nov 04 2011 prox.conf
The above command changes the group associated with file prog.conf from to (provided the executing user is a member of that group). This could be used to allow members of staff to modify the configuration for programs and .
See also
chmod
chown
Group identifier (Unix)
List of Unix commands
id (Unix)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power%20wide-area%20network
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This needs to include cellular LPWAN technologies such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, Cat-M1
A low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN or LPWA network) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communication at a low bit rate between things, such as sensors operated on a battery.
Low power, low bit rate, and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.
A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.
Attributes
Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
Power: LPWAN manufacturers claim years to decades of usable life from built-in batteries, but real-world application tests have not confirmed this.
Platforms and technologies
Some competing standards and vendors for LPWAN space include:
DASH7, a low latency, bi-directional firmware standard that operates over multiple LPWAN radio technologies including LoRa.
Wize is an open and royalty-free standard for LPWAN derived from the European Standard Wireless Mbus.
Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) based devices.
Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.
LoRa is a proprietary, chirp spread spectrum radio modulation technology for LPWAN used by LoRaWAN, Haystack Technologies, and Symphony Link.
MIoTy, implementing Telegram Splitting technology.
Weightless is an open standard, narrowband technology for LPWAN used by Ubiik
ELTRES, a LPWA technology developed by Sony, with transmission ranges of over 100 km while moving at speeds of 100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC
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QUIC (pronounced "quick") is a general-purpose transport layer network protocol initially designed by Jim Roskind at Google, implemented, and deployed in 2012, announced publicly in 2013 as experimentation broadened, and described at an IETF meeting. QUIC is used by more than half of all connections from the Chrome web browser to Google's servers. Microsoft Edge (a derivative of the open-source Chromium browser) and Firefox support it. Safari implements the protocol, however it is not enabled by default.
Although its name was initially proposed as the acronym for "Quick UDP Internet Connections", IETF's use of the word QUIC is not an acronym; it is simply the name of the protocol. QUIC improves performance of connection-oriented web applications that are currently using TCP. It does this by establishing a number of multiplexed connections between two endpoints using User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and is designed to obsolete TCP at the transport layer for many applications, thus earning the protocol the occasional nickname "TCP/2".
QUIC works hand-in-hand with HTTP/2's multiplexed connections, allowing multiple streams of data to reach all the endpoints independently, and hence independent of packet losses involving other streams. In contrast, HTTP/2 hosted on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) can suffer head-of-line-blocking delays of all multiplexed streams if any of the TCP packets is delayed or lost.
QUIC's secondary goals include reduced connection and transport latency, and bandwidth estimation in each direction to avoid congestion. It also moves congestion control algorithms into the user space at both endpoints, rather than the kernel space, which it is claimed will allow these algorithms to improve more rapidly. Additionally, the protocol can be extended with forward error correction (FEC) to further improve performance when errors are expected, and this is seen as the next step in the protocol's evolution. It has been designed to avoid protocol ossifica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Dully
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Howard Dully (born November 30, 1948) is an American memoirist who is one of the youngest survivors of the transorbital lobotomy, a procedure performed on him when he was 12 years old. Dully received international attention in 2005, following the broadcasting of his story on National Public Radio. Subsequently, in 2007, he published a New York Times Best Seller memoir, My Lobotomy, a story of the hardships of his lobotomy, co-authored by Charles Fleming.
Biography
Dully was born on November 30, 1948, in Oakland, California, the eldest son of Rodney and June Louise Pierce Dully. Following the death of his mother from cancer in 1954, Dully's father married single mother Shirley Lucille Hardin in 1955.
Neurologist Walter Freeman had diagnosed Dully as suffering from childhood schizophrenia since age four, although numerous other medical and psychiatric professionals who had seen Dully did not detect a psychiatric disorder. In 1960, at 12 years of age, Dully was submitted by his father and stepmother for a trans-orbital lobotomy, performed by Dr. Freeman for $200. During the procedure, a long, sharp instrument called an orbitoclast was inserted through each of Dully's eye sockets 7 cm (2.75 inches) into his brain.
Dully was institutionalized for years as a juvenile (in Agnews State Hospital as a minor); transferred to Rancho Linda School in San Jose, California, a school for children with behavior problems; incarcerated; and was eventually homeless and an alcoholic. After becoming sober and getting a college degree in computer information systems, he became a California state certified behind-the-wheel instructor for a school bus company in San Jose, California.
In his 50s, with the assistance of National Public Radio producer David Isay, Dully started to research what had happened to him as a child. By this time, both his stepmother and Freeman were dead, and due to the aftereffects of the surgery, he was unable to rely on his own memories. He travelled the country
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenomycin%20family%20antibiotics
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First described in 1965, the moenomycins are a family of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics, metabolites of the bacterial genus Streptomyces. Moenomycin A is the founding member of the antibiotic family with the majority discovered by the end of the late 1970s.
Structure
The moenomycins can be reduced to three key structural features
A central 3-phosphoglyceric acid backbone.
A 25-carbon isoprenoid chain connected by an ether linkage to the C2-position of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
A substituted tetrasaccharide tethered via a phosphodiester linkage to 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
It is the combination of different isoprenoid chains and variously substituted tetrasaccharides that give rise to the diversity of the moenomycin family.
Based on degradation experiments, the defining mark of a moenomycin is the presence of the 25-carbon alcohol moenocinol or diumycinol upon hydrolysis of the lipid tail; these alcohols originate from the L1 or L2 lipid respectively in the figure. These two structures are the only observed lipid tails within the moenomycin family, with AC326-α being the only known for producing diumycinol.
With regards to the tetrasaccharide portion, stereochemistry and functionality can differ at R1 and R2 depending on if this saccharide unit is D-gluco versus D-galacto; there is an axial methyl group in the former case with the exception of moenomycin A12 and C1 where there is instead an axial hydroxyl. The oligosaccharide motif can be deoxygenated, hydroxylated, or glycosylated at the R3 position – notable examples of the pentasaccharide motif include moenomycin A and AC326-α. It is believed the additional glycan can enhance specificity and binding to the target protein, affording increased activity. With the exception of pholipomycin and AC326-α, the R4 saccharide unit is usually the deoxysaccharide. Lastly, in the majority of moenomycins the R5 position is linked to a 2-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dione – a convenient chromophore utilized for structural analysis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanh-sinh%20quadrature
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Tanh-sinh quadrature is a method for numerical integration introduced by Hidetoshi Takahashi and Masatake Mori in 1974.
It is especially applied where singularities or infinite derivatives exist at one or both endpoints.
The method uses hyperbolic functions in the change of variables
to transform an integral on the interval x ∈ (−1, 1) to an integral on the entire real line t ∈ (−∞, ∞), the two integrals having the same value.
After this transformation, the integrand decays with a double exponential rate, and thus, this method is also known as the double exponential (DE) formula.
For a given step size , the integral is approximated by the sum
with the abscissas
and the weights
Use
The Tanh-Sinh method is quite insensitive to endpoint behavior. Should singularities or infinite derivatives exist at one or both endpoints of the (−1, 1) interval, these are mapped to the (−∞,∞) endpoints of the transformed interval, forcing the endpoint singularities and infinite derivatives to vanish. This results in a great enhancement of the accuracy of the numerical integration procedure, which is typically performed by the Trapezoidal rule. In most cases, the transformed integrand displays a rapid roll-off (decay), enabling the numerical integrator to quickly achieve convergence.
Like Gaussian quadrature, Tanh-Sinh quadrature is well suited for arbitrary-precision integration, where an accuracy of hundreds or even thousands of digits is desired. The convergence is exponential (in the discretization sense) for sufficiently well-behaved integrands: doubling the number of evaluation points roughly doubles the number of correct digits.
However, Tanh-Sinh quadrature is not as efficient as Gaussian quadrature for smooth integrands; but unlike Gaussian quadrature, tends to work equally well with integrands having singularities or infinite derivatives at one or both endpoints of the integration interval as already noted. Furthermore, Tanh-Sinh quadrature can be implemented in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heegner%20point
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In mathematics, a Heegner point is a point on a modular curve that is the image of a quadratic imaginary point of the upper half-plane. They were defined by Bryan Birch and named after Kurt Heegner, who used similar ideas to prove Gauss's conjecture on imaginary quadratic fields of class number one.
Gross–Zagier theorem
The Gross–Zagier theorem describes the height of Heegner points in terms of a derivative of the L-function of the elliptic curve at the point s = 1. In particular if the elliptic curve has (analytic) rank 1, then the Heegner points can be used to construct a rational point on the curve of infinite order (so the Mordell–Weil group has rank at least 1). More generally, showed that Heegner points could be used to construct rational points on the curve for each positive integer n, and the heights of these points were the coefficients of a modular form of weight 3/2. Shou-Wu Zhang generalized the Gross–Zagier theorem from elliptic curves to the case of modular abelian varieties (, ).
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
Kolyvagin later used Heegner points to construct Euler systems, and used this to prove much of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for rank 1 elliptic curves. Brown proved the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for most rank 1 elliptic curves over global fields of positive characteristic .
Computation
Heegner points can be used to compute very large rational points on rank 1 elliptic curves (see for a survey) that could not be found by naive methods. Implementations of the algorithm are available in Magma, PARI/GP, and Sage.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn%20%28botany%29
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In botany, an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure, or in the case of the Asteraceae, a stiff needle-like element of the pappus.
Awns are characteristic of various plant families, including Geraniaceae and many grasses (Poaceae).
A common name for awns includes foxtails, for they tend to stick to animals passing by the plant.
Description
In grasses, awns typically extend from the lemmas of the florets. This often makes the hairy appearance of the grass synflorescence. Awns may be long (several centimeters) or short, straight or curved, single or multiple per floret. Some biological genera are named after their awns, such as the three-awns (Aristida).
In some species, the awns can contribute significantly to photosynthesis, as, for example, in barley.
The awns of wild emmer-wheat spikelets effectively self-cultivate by propelling themselves mechanically into soils. During a period of increased humidity during the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the daytime the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again; however, fine silica hairs on the awns act as ratchet hooks in the soil and prevent the spikelets from reversing back out again. During the course of alternating stages of daytime and nighttime humidity, the awns' pumping movements, which resemble swimming frog kick, drill the spikelet as much as an inch into the soil.
When awns occur in the Geraniaceae, they form the distal (rostral) points of the five carpels, lying parallel in the style above the ovary. Depending on the species, such awns have various seed-dispersal functions, either dispersing the seed by flinging it out (seed ejection); flinging away the entire carpel so that it snaps off (carpel projection); entangling the awn or bristles on passing animals (zoochory); or possibly burying the seed by twisting as it lies on soft soil.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa%20ellistoniae
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Caulerpa ellistoniae is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae.
The seaweed has a robust stolon with a diameter of approximately . The dark green fronds are erect and branch many times with a length of .
It is found along the coast in the South West region of Western Australia spreading north as far as Perth usually in deeper water.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vague%20topology
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In mathematics, particularly in the area of functional analysis and topological vector spaces, the vague topology is an example of the weak-* topology which arises in the study of measures on locally compact Hausdorff spaces.
Let be a locally compact Hausdorff space. Let be the space of complex Radon measures on and denote the dual of the Banach space of complex continuous functions on vanishing at infinity equipped with the uniform norm. By the Riesz representation theorem is isometric to The isometry maps a measure to a linear functional
The vague topology is the weak-* topology on The corresponding topology on induced by the isometry from is also called the vague topology on Thus in particular, a sequence of measures converges vaguely to a measure whenever for all test functions
It is also not uncommon to define the vague topology by duality with continuous functions having compact support that is, a sequence of measures converges vaguely to a measure whenever the above convergence holds for all test functions This construction gives rise to a different topology. In particular, the topology defined by duality with can be metrizable whereas the topology defined by duality with is not.
One application of this is to probability theory: for example, the central limit theorem is essentially a statement that if are the probability measures for certain sums of independent random variables, then converge weakly (and then vaguely) to a normal distribution, that is, the measure is "approximately normal" for large
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton%20Wolf
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The Thornton Wolf is the name given to the remains of a wolf, dating to the Ice age, which were discovered in the garden of a home in Thornton-Cleveleys, Lancashire, England, in 2015.
The bones were given to Manchester Museum, whose experts carried out radiocarbon-dating tests to confirm its age, estimated to be around 20,000 years. The animal's entire skeleton was present.
The remains were found by Simon Ferguson and his sons Richard and Adam.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HubMed
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HubMed is an alternative, third-party interface to PubMed, the database of biomedical literature produced by the National Library of Medicine. It transforms data from PubMed and integrates it with data from other sources. Features include relevance-ranked search results, direct citation export, tagging and graphical display of related articles.
See also
List of academic databases and search engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20amplifier
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A Norton amplifier or current differencing amplifier (CDA) is an electronic amplifier with two low impedance current inputs and one low impedance voltage output where the output voltage is proportional to the difference between the two input currents. A norton amplifier is a current controlled voltage source (CCVS) controlled by the difference of two input currents.
The Norton amplifier can be regarded as the dual of the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) which takes a differential voltage input and provides a high impedance current output. The OTA has a gain measured in units of transconductance (siemens) whereas the Norton amplifier has a gain measured in units of transimpedance (ohms).
A commercial example of this circuit is the LM3900 quad operational amplifier and its high speed cousin the LM359 (400MHz gain bandwidth product).
The LM3900 was introduced in the mid 1970s, and was designed to be an easy to use single supply op amp with comparable input bias currents (~30nA) to other bi polar op-amps of the time period (LM741, LM324), while having rail to rail output and a much higher gain bandwidth product(2.5MHz). The LM3900 was popular with designers of analog synthesizers. The LM359 was introduced in the early 1990s as video capable amplifier capable of high amplification at video frequencies (10MHz).
See also
Current differencing transconductance amplifier, current difference input and differential current output
Current-feedback operational amplifier, single-ended current input and voltage output.
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