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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita%20%28TV%20system%29
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Orbita () is a Soviet-Russian system of broadcasting and delivering TV signals via satellites. It is considered to be the first national network of satellite television.
The Orbita system is based on communication satellites in highly elliptical Molniya orbits, as well as on many ground downlink TV stations for reception and relaying TV signals to antennas of TV sets of many local areas. The full deployment of the Orbita satellite system took place on 25 October 1967 when ground downlink stations of some cities of Soviet Siberia and the Far East began to receive regular TV programmes from Moscow-based uplink stations via a constellation of Molniya satellites.
External links
Molniya satellites : the description
Molniya satellites
Russian TV celebrates 70th Anniversary
Communications
Earth Application Satellites
Communications satellites of the Soviet Union
Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union
Television in the Soviet Union
Satellite television
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20dictionary
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An electronic dictionary is a dictionary whose data exists in digital form and can be accessed through a number of different media. Electronic dictionaries can be found in several forms, including software installed on tablet or desktop computers, mobile apps, web applications, and as a built-in function of E-readers. They may be free or require payment.
Information
Most of the early electronic dictionaries were, in effect, print dictionaries made available in digital form: the content was identical, but the electronic editions provided users with more powerful search functions. But soon the opportunities offered by digital media began to be exploited. Two obvious advantages are that limitations of space (and the need to optimize its use) become less pressing, so additional content can be provided; and the possibility arises of including multimedia content, such as audio pronunciations and video clips.
Electronic dictionary databases, especially those included with software dictionaries are often extensive and can contain up to 500,000 headwords and definitions, verb conjugation tables, and a grammar reference section. Bilingual electronic dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries of inflected languages often include an interactive verb conjugator, and are capable of word stemming and lemmatization.
Publishers and developers of electronic dictionaries may offer native content from their own lexicographers, licensed data from print publications, or both, as in the case of Babylon offering premium content from Merriam Webster, and Ultralingua offering additional premium content from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster, and Paragon Software offering original content from Duden, Britannica, Harrap, Merriam-Webster and Oxford.
Writing systems
As well as Latin script, electronic dictionaries are also available in logographic and right-to-left scripts, including Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Devanagari, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Thai.
Dictionary software
Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries. Many publishers of traditional printed dictionaries such as Langenscheidt, Collins-Reverso, Oxford University Press, Duden, American Heritage, and Hachette, offer their resources for use on desktop and laptop computers. These programs can either be downloaded or purchased on CD-ROM and installed. Other dictionary software is available from specialised electronic dictionary publishers such as iFinger, ABBYY Lingvo, Collins-Ultralingua, Mobile Systems and Paragon Software. Some electronic dictionaries provide an online discussion forum moderated by the software developers and lexicographers
In East Asia
The well-known brands, such as Instant-Dict (快譯通), Besta (無敵), and Golden Global View (文曲星), includes basic functions like dictionaries, TTS, calculator, calendar etc. They also have functions other than just dictionary, for example, MP3 player, Video player, web browser (WiFi), and simple gam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh%20%28disambiguation%29
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Macintosh (renamed Mac in 1999) is a family of personal computers designed by Apple Inc..
Macintosh may also refer to:
Macintosh computers
Macintosh 128K, the first computer produced under the Macintosh line, originally known as Apple Macintosh
History of the Macintosh, from 1984 to 1997, before its rebrand to "Mac"
List of Mac models, a comprehensive list of all Macintosh models produced by Apple Inc.
Compact Macintosh, line of all-in-one Macintosh computers produced from 1984 to 1995
Macintosh II family, line of high-end Macintosh computers produced from 1987 to 1993
Macintosh LC family, line of entry-level Macintosh computers produced from 1990 to 1997
Macintosh Quadra, line of high-end Macintosh computers produced from 1991 to 1995
PowerBook, line of Macintosh laptop computers produced from 1991 to 2006
Power Macintosh, line of high-end Macintosh computers produced from 1994 to 2006
Mac operating systems, operating systems developed for Macintosh computers
Classic Mac OS, the operating system used on Macintosh computers from 1984 to 2001
"macintosh", an IANA registered character set name, referring to Mac OS Roman
Other uses
MacIntosh Forts, seven observation posts built in Hong Kong on the border with China between 1949 and 1953
See also
McIntosh (disambiguation)
Mackintosh, a form of waterproof raincoat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed%20bandit
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In probability theory and machine learning, the multi-armed bandit problem (sometimes called the K- or N-armed bandit problem) is a problem in which a fixed limited set of resources must be allocated between competing (alternative) choices in a way that maximizes their expected gain, when each choice's properties are only partially known at the time of allocation, and may become better understood as time passes or by allocating resources to the choice. This is a classic reinforcement learning problem that exemplifies the exploration–exploitation tradeoff dilemma. The name comes from imagining a gambler at a row of slot machines (sometimes known as "one-armed bandits"), who has to decide which machines to play, how many times to play each machine and in which order to play them, and whether to continue with the current machine or try a different machine. The multi-armed bandit problem also falls into the broad category of stochastic scheduling.
In the problem, each machine provides a random reward from a probability distribution specific to that machine, that is not known a-priori. The objective of the gambler is to maximize the sum of rewards earned through a sequence of lever pulls. The crucial tradeoff the gambler faces at each trial is between "exploitation" of the machine that has the highest expected payoff and "exploration" to get more information about the expected payoffs of the other machines. The trade-off between exploration and exploitation is also faced in machine learning. In practice, multi-armed bandits have been used to model problems such as managing research projects in a large organization, like a science foundation or a pharmaceutical company. In early versions of the problem, the gambler begins with no initial knowledge about the machines.
Herbert Robbins in 1952, realizing the importance of the problem, constructed convergent population selection strategies in "some aspects of the sequential design of experiments". A theorem, the Gittins index, first published by John C. Gittins, gives an optimal policy for maximizing the expected discounted reward.
Empirical motivation
The multi-armed bandit problem models an agent that simultaneously attempts to acquire new knowledge (called "exploration") and optimize their decisions based on existing knowledge (called "exploitation"). The agent attempts to balance these competing tasks in order to maximize their total value over the period of time considered. There are many practical applications of the bandit model, for example:
clinical trials investigating the effects of different experimental treatments while minimizing patient losses,
adaptive routing efforts for minimizing delays in a network,
financial portfolio design
In these practical examples, the problem requires balancing reward maximization based on the knowledge already acquired with attempting new actions to further increase knowledge. This is known as the exploitation vs. exploration tradeoff in machine learnin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20802.11n-2009
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IEEE 802.11n-2009, or 802.11n, is a wireless-networking standard that uses multiple antennas to increase data rates. The Wi-Fi Alliance has also retroactively labelled the technology for the standard as Wi-Fi 4. It standardized support for multiple-input multiple-output, frame aggregation, and security improvements, among other features, and can be used in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency bands.
As the first Wi-Fi standard that introduced MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output) support, sometimes devices/systems that support 802.11n standard (or draft version of the standard) are being referred to as MIMO (Wi-Fi products), especially before the introduction of the next generation standard. The use of MIMO-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) to increase the data rate while maintaining the same spectrum as 802.11a was first demonstrated by Airgo Networks.
The purpose of the standard is to improve network throughput over the two previous standards—802.11a and 802.11g—with a significant increase in the maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 72 Mbit/s with a single spatial stream in a 20 MHz channel, and 600 Mbit/s (slightly higher gross bit rate including for example error-correction codes, and slightly lower maximum throughput) with the use of four spatial streams at a channel width of 40 MHz.
IEEE 802.11n-2009 is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11-2007 wireless-networking standard. 802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac and 802.11ax versions to provide wireless connectivity in homes and businesses. Development of 802.11n began in 2002, seven years before publication. The 802.11n protocol is now Clause 20 of the published IEEE 802.11-2012 standard.
Description
IEEE 802.11n is an amendment to IEEE 802.11-2007 as amended by IEEE 802.11k-2008, IEEE 802.11r-2008, IEEE 802.11y-2008, and IEEE 802.11w-2009, and builds on previous 802.11 standards by adding a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and 40 MHz channels to the PHY (physical layer) and frame aggregation to the MAC layer. There were older proprietary implementations of MIMO and/or 40MHz channels such as Xpress, Super G and Nitro which were based upon 802.11g and 802.11a technology, but this was the first time it was standardized.
MIMO is a technology that uses multiple antennas to coherently resolve more information than possible using a single antenna. One way it provides this is through Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM), which spatially multiplexes multiple independent data streams, transferred simultaneously within one spectral channel of bandwidth. MIMO SDM can significantly increase data throughput as the number of resolved spatial data streams is increased. Each spatial stream requires a discrete antenna at both the transmitter and the receiver. In addition, MIMO technology requires a separate radio-frequency chain and analog-to-digit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MrSID
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MrSID (pronounced Mister Sid) is an acronym that stands for multiresolution seamless image database. It is a file format (filename extension .sid) developed and patented by LizardTech (in October 2018 absorbed into Extensis) for encoding of georeferenced raster graphics, such as orthophotos.
MrSID originated as the result of research efforts at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).
Common uses
Geographic information systems
MrSID was originally developed for Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With this format, large raster image files such as aerial photographs or satellite imagery are compressed and can be quickly viewed without having to decompress the entire file.
The MrSID (.sid) format is supported in major GIS applications such as Autodesk, Bentley Systems, CARIS, ENVI, ERDAS, ESRI, Global Mapper, Intergraph, MapInfo, QGIS and MiraMon.
Fingerprints
According to the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (which releases GDAL), MrSID was developed "under the aegis of the U.S. government for storing fingerprints for the FBI."
Other uses
In a 1996 entry for the R&D 100 Awards, LANL identified other uses for the format: "it can be used as an efficient method for storing and retrieving photographic archives; it can store and retrieve satellite data for consumer games and educational CD-ROMs; and it is well suited for use in vehicle navigation systems. Moreover, MrSID holds promise for being used in image compression and editing for desktop publishing and nonlinear digital video software."
For certain downloadable images (such as maps), American Memory at the Library of Congress began using MrSID in 1996; in January 2005 it also began using JPEG 2000. Depending on image content and color depth, compression of American Memory maps is typically better with MrSID, which on average achieves a compression ratio of approximately 22:1 versus the 20:1 achieved with JPEG 2000.
Software
Extensis offers a software package called GeoExpress to read and write MrSID files. They also provide a free web browser plug-in for the Microsoft Windows operating system. (A Macintosh OS version of this viewer, introduced in 2005, was discontinued.) Most commercial GIS software packages can read some versions of MrSID files including those from GE Smallworld, ESRI, Intergraph, Bentley Systems, MapInfo, Safe Software, Autodesk, with ERDAS IMAGINE being able to both read and write MrSID files. GeoExpress can also generate JPEG 2000 (.jp2) data. When combined with LizardTech's Express Server, .sid and .jp2 data can be served quickly to a variety of GIS applications and other client applications either through direct integrations or via WMS.
There is no open source implementation of the MrSID format. Some open source GIS systems can read MrSID files, including MapWindow GIS and those based on GDAL. The Decode Software Development Kit (SDK) is made available as a free download from Extensis. This enables the capability to implement MrSID reading capability in any app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20White
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Jerry White may refer to:
Jerry White (activist) (born 1963), co-founder of the Landmine Survivors Network
Jerry White (criminal) (1948–1995), criminal executed in Florida
Jerry White (baseball) (born 1952), player and coach in Major League Baseball
Jerry White (Navigators) (born 1937), President Emeritus and Chairman of the U.S. Board of Directors of The Navigators
Jerry White (socialist) (born 1959), presidential candidate for the Socialist Equality Party and reporter for the World Socialist Web Site
Jerry White (historian), British historian specialising in the history of London
Son of Perry White, in the fictional Superman universe
See also
Gerry White (1943–2008), businessman
Jeremy White (disambiguation)
Jeremiah White (disambiguation)
Jerome White (disambiguation)
Gerald White (born 1964), American football player
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits%20of%20computation
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The limits of computation are governed by a number of different factors. In particular, there are several physical and practical limits to the amount of computation or data storage that can be performed with a given amount of mass, volume, or energy.
Hardware limits or physical limits
Processing and memory density
The Bekenstein bound limits the amount of information that can be stored within a spherical volume to the entropy of a black hole with the same surface area.
Thermodynamics limit the data storage of a system based on its energy, number of particles and particle modes. In practice, it is a stronger bound than the Bekenstein bound.
Processing speed
Bremermann's limit is the maximum computational speed of a self-contained system in the material universe, and is based on mass–energy versus quantum uncertainty constraints.
Communication delays
The Margolus–Levitin theorem sets a bound on the maximum computational speed per unit of energy: 6 × 1033 operations per second per joule. This bound, however, can be avoided if there is access to quantum memory. Computational algorithms can then be designed that require arbitrarily small amounts of energy/time per one elementary computation step.
Energy supply
Landauer's principle defines a lower theoretical limit for energy consumption: consumed per irreversible state change, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the operating temperature of the computer. Reversible computing is not subject to this lower bound. T cannot, even in theory, be made lower than 3 kelvins, the approximate temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation, without spending more energy on cooling than is saved in computation. However, on a timescale of 109 – 1010 years, the cosmic microwave background radiation will be decreasing exponentially, which has been argued to eventually enable 1030 as much computations per unit of energy. Important parts of this argument have been disputed.
Building devices that approach physical limits
Several methods have been proposed for producing computing devices or data storage devices that approach physical and practical limits:
A cold degenerate star could conceivably be used as a giant data storage device, by carefully perturbing it to various excited states, in the same manner as an atom or quantum well used for these purposes. Such a star would have to be artificially constructed, as no natural degenerate stars will cool to this temperature for an extremely long time. It is also possible that nucleons on the surface of neutron stars could form complex "molecules", which some have suggested might be used for computing purposes, creating a type of computronium based on femtotechnology, which would be faster and denser than computronium based on nanotechnology.
It may be possible to use a black hole as a data storage or computing device, if a practical mechanism for extraction of contained information can be found. Such extraction may in principle be possibl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb
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IMDb (an acronym for Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information related to films, television series, podcasts, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and personal biographies, plot summaries, trivia, ratings, and fan and critical reviews. IMDb began as a fan-operated movie database on the Usenet group "rec.arts.movies" in 1990, and moved to the Web in 1993. Since 1998, it has been owned and operated by IMDb.com, Inc., a subsidiary of Amazon.
The site's message boards were disabled in February 2017.
As of 2019, IMDb was the 52nd most visited website on the Internet, as ranked by Alexa. the database contained some million titles (including television episodes), million person records, and 83 million registered users.
Features
The title and talent pages of IMDb are accessible to all users, but only registered and logged-in users can submit new material and suggest edits to existing entries. Most of the site's data has been provided by these volunteers. Registered users with a proven track record are able to add and make corrections to cast lists, credits, and some other data points. However, the addition and removal of images, and alterations to titles, cast and crew names, character names, and plot summaries are subject to an approval process; this usually takes between 24 and 72 hours.
On October 2, 2007, character filmographies were added. Character entries are created from character listings in the main filmography database, and as such do not need any additional verification by IMDb staff. They have already been verified when they are added to the main filmography.
Registered users can choose their username, and most are pseudonymous. There is no single index of contributors, no index on each profile page of the items contributed, and—except for plot synopses and biographies—no identification of contributors to each product's or person's data pages. Users are also invited to rate titles on a scale of 1 to 10, and the totals are converted into a weighted mean-rating, with filters in place to mitigate ballot-stuffing.
User profile pages show a user's registration date and, optionally, their personal ratings of titles. Since 2015, "badges" can be added showing a count of contributions. These badges range from total contributions made to independent categories such as photos, trivia, and biographies. If a registered user or visitor is in the entertainment industry and has an IMDb page, they can add photos through IMDbPRO.
User ratings of films
As one adjunct to data, the IMDb offers a rating scale that allows users to rate titles on a scale of one to ten.
IMDb indicates that submitted ratings are filtered and weighted in various ways to produce a weighted mean that is displayed for each title. It states that filters are used to deter ballot stuffing; the methodology and details for how its ratings are calculated are confidential and not accessible to the public. In fact,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPX
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TPX may refer to:
TransPennine Express, a train operating company in the United Kingdom
Terminal Productivity Executive, a session manager for IBM mainframe computers
A trademark for Polymethylpentene plastic
Tension pneumothorax, a medical condition of hypoxia due to air accumulating under pressure between the lung and the chest wall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine%20Microtan%2065
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The Tangerine Microtan 65 (sometimes abbreviated M65) was a 6502 based single board microcomputer, first sold in 1979, which could be expanded into, what was for its day, a comprehensive and powerful system. The design became the basis for what later became the Oric Atmos and later computers, which has similar keyboard addressing and tape I/O as in the Microtan 65. The Microtan 65 has a single step function that can be used for debugging at the hardware level. The computer was available as ready-built boards or as kits consisting of board and components requiring soldering together.
The Microtan 65 was intended as a general purpose microcomputer which could be used by laboratories, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and the computer enthusiast, and it was designed with expandability in mind. In this way the customer could customise the system, be it as a specialised control system, as a learning tool, or as a general purpose computing device.
Price of the Microtan 65 board in 1981 was £79.35 (inc. VAT) in kit form or £90.85 ready-assembled. The system was not generally available in the shops.
To accompany the hardware and to offer further support to users, a magazine was created, the Tansoft Gazette (name inspired by the Liverpool Software Gazette). This was edited by Tangerine employee Paul Kaufman who continued as editor when the magazine was renamed Oric Owner. Tansoft also became the name of Tangerine Computer's official software house which supplied a number of software products and books for the Microtan system and subsequently for the Oric range of computers.
Main board
The Microtan 65 was quite simple by today's standards, with:
an NMOS 6502 CPU running at 750 kHz clock rate
1K byte of RAM, used both for display memory and user programs
1K byte of ROM for the monitor program
video logic and a television RF modulator, for the 16 rows of 32 characters display
a software scanned hexadecimal keypad
an optional ASCII keyboard
Display
The major advance that the Microtan 65 had over a lot of the competition at that time was that the video display was flicker free. At the time a lot of microcomputers would either access the screen memory asynchronously to the video timing (causing flicker and splats on the screen), or would write to the screen memory during a non-display period (which was slow). The Microtan 65 got over this problem by making use of an incidental feature of the 6502. The 6502 (unlike most other CPUs) has a regular period in each instruction cycle when all CPU activity is inside the chip, leaving the external memory available without using complex external arbitration logic. This made video display design simpler and meant that video accesses could be made at maximum speed. This technique is also used on the Oric-1 and Atmos, and in the unrelated Apple II.
The 32×16 characters was the reason that the 6502 was clocked at 750 kHz. To get the circuitry to work at a (nearly) standard video rate meant that the pixe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsafe%20Music%20Network
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Podsafe Music Network (PMN) was the primary archive of podsafe music (music available for use in podcasting without significant licensing difficulties) on the internet. It was established by Mevio, a podcast production company founded by Adam Curry and Ron Bloom, in the summer of 2005. The network's website provided tools for musicians and for podcasters, and also made streamed music available to the casual listener.
The network was built by Chris Rockwell Breshears of the podcast The Daily Download and designed by Sue Fleming with the help of C.C. Chapman.
The network and Mevio sought to promote the work of artists, independent and signed alike, who embraced the podcasting idea and made their work available for broadcast and promotion by podcasters.
See also
Creative Commons
References
Podcasting companies
Internet properties established in 2005
Internet properties disestablished in 2014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order%20programming
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Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of higher-order functions. A programming language can be considered higher-order if components, such as procedures or labels, can be used just like data. For example, these elements could be used in the same way as arguments or values.
For example, in higher-order programming, one can pass functions as arguments to other functions and functions can be the return value of other functions (such as in macros or for interpreting). This style of programming is mostly used in functional programming, but it can also be very useful in object-oriented programming. A slightly different interpretation of higher-order programming in the context of object-oriented programming are higher order messages, which let messages have other messages as arguments, rather than functions.
Examples of languages supporting this are Wolfram Language, C#, Java, ECMAScript (ActionScript, JavaScript, JScript), F#, Haskell, Lisp (Common Lisp, Scheme, Clojure, others), Lua, Oz, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Scala, ML, and Erlang.
See also
Prolog#Higher-order programming
Higher-order logic programming
References
External links
"Higher Order Programming" by Sjoerd Visscher (Uses JavaScript as example language)
Programming paradigms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwest%20Wireless
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Qwest Wireless LLC was a cellular phone service owned by Qwest Communications and offered in the United States. Qwest Wireless was a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that operated on Sprint's CDMA network. While Qwest originally owned its own wireless network, it discontinued that network in 2004 as part of the move to become an MVNO. The network elements were sold to other carriers after shutdown. Qwest was the only Baby Bell that offered its wireless service as an MVNO; since the wireless company used Sprint's network, most of their phones were Sprint phones with the Qwest name on them. Their phones included models from Sanyo, Samsung, Nokia, UT Starcom (formerly Audiovox), HTC, and Motorola. Qwest Wireless ended the year 2007 with 824,000 wireless subscribers.
History
Prior to Qwest's acquisition of the RBOC US West, and unrelated to US West Wireless which became Qwest Wireless, US West operated its own analog cellular service, which merged with AirTouch and was eventually combined with GTE and PrimeCo to become Verizon Wireless.
In 1998, US West Wireless (later Qwest Wireless) was launched as a standalone brand with its own network based in the then-US West 14-state region. Qwest Wireless maintained its own network elements, device inventory, billing, and service—offering combined billing and eventually, discounts for customers who purchased other, qualifying Qwest services. At its largest, Qwest Wireless had roughly one million customers, but due to a lack of network availability outside the 14-state Qwest region, the service suffered from slow growth. This lack of on-network coverage was only partially offset by Qwest Wireless' advanced network features, most notably One Number Service (ONS). ONS allowed customers to receive calls to their home phone number on the wireless. If the calls were not answered, the calls then rang normally on the home phone. Also available was Voice Messaging Link (VML), allowing the wireless and wireline phones to share a single voice mail box.
Due to the slow growth and high expense of maintaining a regional wireless network, Qwest Wireless was converted to an MVNO in 2003-2004. Most customers were able to keep their own handsets, requiring only an over-the-air software update to move to the Sprint network. Customers with older handsets were given free replacement devices. The advanced network features such as ONS and VML were still offered with Qwest Wireless after the move to the then-Sprint network (now T-Mobile US). With an MVNO status, Qwest Wireless was no longer harmed by the lack of a national footprint, but the small size of the brand meant that Qwest Wireless was unable to respond to the increasing importance of handset marketing. Rarely able to offer new, exclusive handsets, Qwest Wireless lacked the buzz that came from these devices, notably the Motorola RAZR and Apple iPhone. In addition, the small subscriber base prevented Qwest Wireless from offering a broad range of handsets, leaving
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Principles
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The Bermuda Principles set out rules for the rapid and public release of DNA sequence data. The Human Genome Project, a multinational effort to sequence the human genome, generated vast quantities of data about the genetic make-up of humans and other organisms. But, in some respects, even more remarkable than the impressive quantity of data generated by the Human Genome Project is the speed at which that data has been released to the public. At a 1996 summit in Bermuda, leaders of the scientific community agreed on a groundbreaking set of principles requiring that all DNA sequence data be released in publicly accessible databases within twenty-four hours after generation. These "Bermuda Principles" (also known as the "Bermuda Accord") contravened the typical practice in the sciences of making experimental data available only after publication. These principles represent a significant achievement of private ordering in shaping the practices of an entire industry and have established rapid pre-publication data release as the norm in genomics and other fields.
The three principles retained originally were:
Automatic release of sequence assemblies larger than 1 kb (preferably within 24 hours).
Immediate publication of finished annotated sequences.
Aim to make the entire sequence freely available in the public domain for both research and development in order to maximise benefits to society.
Sources
John E. Sulston: Heritage of Humanity, Le Monde diplomatique, Dec. 2002
Policies on Release of Human Genomic Sequence Data 2003
Jorge L. Contreras, "Bermuda's Legacy: Policy, Patents and the Design of the Genome Commons", Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, Vol. 12, p. 61, 2011
See also
Fort Lauderdale Agreement
Human Genome Project
John E. Sulston
Wellcome Trust
Nagoya Protocol
Human genome projects
Principles
1996 in Bermuda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%20Pays%20to%20Be%20Ignorant
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It Pays to Be Ignorant was a 1942–1951 radio comedy show which maintained its popularity during a nine-year run on three networks for such sponsors as Philip Morris, Chrysler, and DeSoto. The series was a spoof on the academic discourse on such authoritative panel series as Quiz Kids and Information Please. At the same time, the beginning of the program parodied the popular quiz show Doctor I.Q. With announcers Ken Roberts and Dick Stark. The program was broadcast on Mutual from June 25, 1942 to February 28, 1944, on CBS from February 25, 1944 to September 27, 1950 and finally on NBC from July 4, 1951 to September 26, 1951. The series typically aired as a summer replacement.
Panelists
The satirical series featured "a board of experts who are dumber than you are and can prove it". The show's creator, Tom Howard, was also the quizmaster who asked panelists Harry McNaughton, Lulu McConnell and George Shelton questions. The Irish-born Howard (1885–1955) and Shelton (1885–1972) had previously worked together as a team in vaudeville and comedy film shorts, while McConnell (1882–1962) and British comic McNaughton (1896–1967) had both appeared in many Broadway musical comedies and revues between 1920 and the late 1930s.
Q&A
Each episode would start with some jokes ("Do married men live longer than single men?"... "No, it only seems longer.") and an introduction of the experts. After this, three or four questions would be discussed in detail: some posed by Howard, some picked at random by a guest from the audience. These questions often had the answer obvious in the query ("What town in Massachusetts had the Boston Tea Party?") or were common knowledge:
"Can you tell me the man's name children look for on Christmas Eve?"
"How long does it take a ship to make a five-day journey?"
"What animal does a blacksmith make horse shoes for?"
"For what meal do we wear a dinner jacket?"
"What is the habitat of the Bengal tiger?"
Even so, the panelists would inevitably get the answer wrong, providing outrageously funny answers instead, followed by an even more uproarious rationale for their answer, a conversation that goes off on a tangent, and/or insults at each other. The show had a number of running gags which became catchphrases with listeners such as McNaughton's "Now we're back to Miss McConnell again" and Shelton's "I used to woik in that town."
Television
The original radio cast brought the show to television. It was first seen on CBS from June 6 to September 19, 1949. After two years, the series returned on NBC from July 5 to September 27, 1951; by this point, Howard (who appeared in this version in an elaborate cap and gown outfit) did not acknowledge that the 1949 episodes ever happened (a surviving episode from the 1951 run implied that the show had never appeared on television before). A spoof of this version was done in the mid-1950s by Jackie Gleason.
The series was revived by Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions as a weekly syndicated serie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20criminals
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Convicted computer criminals are people who are caught and convicted of computer crimes such as breaking into computers or computer networks. Computer crime can be broadly defined as criminal activity involving information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (or identity theft) and electronic fraud.
In the infancy of the hacker subculture and the computer underground, criminal convictions were rare because there was an informal code of ethics that was followed by white hat hackers. Proponents of hacking claim to be motivated by artistic and political ends, but are often unconcerned about the use of criminal means to achieve them. White hat hackers break past computer security for non-malicious reasons and do no damage, akin to breaking into a house and looking around. They enjoy learning and working with computer systems, and by this experience gain a deeper understanding of electronic security. As the computer industry matured, individuals with malicious intentions (black hats) would emerge to exploit computer systems for their own personal profit.
Convictions of computer crimes, or hacking, began as early as 1984 with the case of The 414s from the 414 area code in Milwaukee. In that case, six teenagers broke into a number of high-profile computer systems, including Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. On May 1, 1984, one of the 414s, Gerald Wondra, was sentenced to two years of probation. In May, 1986, the first computer trespass conviction to result in a jail sentence was handed down to Michael Princeton Wilkerson, who received two weeks in jail for his infiltration of Microsoft, Sundstrand Corp., Kenworth Truck Co. and Resources Conservation Co.
In 2006, a prison term of nearly five years was handed down to Jeanson James Ancheta, who created hundreds of zombie computers to do his bidding via giant bot networks or botnets. He then sold the botnets to the highest bidder who in turn used them for Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
, the longest sentence for computer crimes is that of Albert Gonzalez for 20 years. The next longest sentences are those of 13 years for Max Butler, 108 months for Brian Salcedo in 2004 and upheld in 2006 by the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, and 68 months for Kevin Mitnick in 1999.
Computer criminals
See also
Timeline of computer security hacker history
References
External links
Convicted computer criminals
Hacking (computer security)
Lists of criminals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing%20Technology
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Xing Technology was a live audio broadcast software company founded in Arroyo Grande, California in 1989 by former networking executive Howard Gordon.
History
Gordon founded Xing on the basis of a simple JPEG decoding library that he had developed. It attracted the attention of Chris Eddy, who had developed a technique for processing Discrete cosine transforms (DCT) efficiently through software. Eddy's technique helped create the first Xing MPEG video player, a very simple MS-DOS app that could play an I-frame-only MPEG video stream encoded with constant quantization, at 160x120 resolution.
Over the next years, Xing expanded in several directions: Windows support for the XingMPEG player, a software MPEG audio decoder, a real-time ISA 160x120 MPEG capture board (XingIt!), a JPEG management system (Picture Prowler), and networking. Xing released a handful of network products before StreamWorks, the first streaming audio and video system for the Internet, with support for both live and pre-encoded sources. RealVideo appeared in 1997 (just before StreamWorks), but at the time, the company behind the technology (Progressive Networks) had only published RealAudio and its flagship technology was primary for broadcasting audio.
After the launch of StreamWorks, the company raised $5M in venture capital, but Progressive Networks (which was renamed "RealNetworks") raised considerably more in its initial public offering and acquired many of Xing's competitors (e.g. Vivo Software). Despite that, Xing experienced a period of expansion through its "Audio Catalyst" MP3 software and "MP3 Grabber".
In 1998, Xing partnered with SimplyTV to launch a service to offer near-broadcast quality video on demand. This service would require a 200 kilobits/s broadband connection, which was not popular at that time. Forrester Research and RealNetwork were skeptical about its success.
In 1999, RealNetwork acquired Xing.
References
Further reading
Bert J. Dempsey, Paul Jones Internet issues and applications 1997-1998. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland 1998. (0-8108-3430-8)
External links
SoundOnSound.com Early adoption of StreamWorks by NBC
Findarticles.com: Harvard Law School Usage
Findarticles.com: Early use of Streamworks for live video webcasts
Findarticles.com: Xing releases first Mac MP3 Encoder
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 1989
Arroyo Grande, California
Companies based in California
Software companies disestablished in 1999
1989 establishments in California
1999 disestablishments in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulated%20irregular%20network
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In computer graphics, a triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a representation of a continuous surface consisting entirely of triangular facets (a triangle mesh), used mainly as Discrete Global Grid in primary elevation modeling.
The vertices of these triangles are created from field recorded spot elevations through a variety of means including surveying through conventional techniques, Global Positioning System Real-Time Kinematic (GPS RTK), photogrammetry, or some other means. Associated with three-dimensional data and topography, TINs are useful for the description and analysis of general horizontal distributions and relationships.
Digital TIN data structures are used in a variety of applications, including geographic information systems (GIS), and computer aided design (CAD) for the visual representation of a topographical surface. A TIN is a vector-based representation of the physical land surface or sea bottom, made up of irregularly distributed nodes and lines with three-dimensional coordinates that are arranged in a network of non-overlapping triangles.
A TIN comprises a triangular network of vertices, known as mass points, with associated coordinates in three dimensions connected by edges to form a triangular tessellation. Three-dimensional visualizations are readily created by rendering of the triangular facets. In regions where there is little variation in surface height, the points may be widely spaced whereas in areas of more intense variation in height the point density is increased.
A TIN used to represent terrain is often called a digital elevation model (DEM), which can be further used to produce digital surface models (DSM) or digital terrain models (DTM). An advantage of using a TIN over a rasterized digital elevation model (DEM) in mapping and analysis is that the points of a TIN are distributed variably based on an algorithm that determines which points are most necessary to create an accurate representation of the terrain. Data input is therefore flexible and fewer points need to be stored than in a raster DEM, with regularly distributed points. While a TIN may be considered less suited than a raster DEM for certain kinds of GIS applications, such as analysis of a surface's slope and aspect, it is often used in CAD to create contour lines. A DTM and DSM can be formed from a DEM. A DEM can be interpolated from a TIN.
TIN are based on a Delaunay triangulation or constrained Delaunay. Delaunay conforming triangulations are recommended over constrained triangulations. This is because the resulting TINs are likely to contain fewer long, skinny triangles, which are undesirable for surface analysis. Additionally, natural neighbor interpolation and Thiessen (Voronoi) polygon generation can only be performed on Delaunay conforming triangulations. A constrained Delaunay triangulation can be considered when you need to explicitly define certain edges that are guaranteed not to be modified (that is, split into multiple ed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSL%20Numerical%20Libraries
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IMSL (International Mathematics and Statistics Library) is a commercial collection of software libraries of numerical analysis functionality that are implemented in the computer programming languages C, Java, C#.NET, and Fortran. A Python interface is also available.
The IMSL Libraries were developed by Visual Numerics, which was acquired in 2009 by Rogue Wave Software, which was acquired in 2019 by Minneapolis, Minnesotabased application software developer Perforce.
Version history
The first IMSL Library for the Fortran language was released in 1970, followed by a C-language version originally called C/Base in 1991, a Java-language version in 2002 and the C#-language version in 2004.
Several recent product releases have involved making IMSL Library functions available from Python. These releases are Python wrappers to IMSL C Library functions (PyIMSL wrappers) and PyIMSL Studio, a prototyping and production application development environment based on Python and the IMSL C Library. The PyIMSL wrappers were first released in August 2008. PyIMSL Studio was introduced in February 2009. PyIMSL Studio is available for download at no charge for non-commercial use or for commercial evaluation.
Current versions:
IMSL C Library V 8.0 – November 2011
IMSL C# Library V 6.5.2 – November 2015 (end of life announced as end of 2020)
IMSL Fortran Library V 7.0 – October 2010
PyIMSL Studio V 1.5 – August 2009
PyIMSL wrappers V 1.5 – August 2009
JMSL Library V 6.1 – August 2010
Platform availability
The IMSL Numerical Libraries are supported on various operating systems, hardware and compilers.
Operating system support includes Unix, Linux, Mac OS and Microsoft Windows
Hardware support includes AMD, Intel, Apple Inc., Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, HP, IBM, NEC, SGI and Sun Microsystems
Compiler support includes Absoft, GCC, Intel, Microsoft, and Portland
See also
List of numerical-analysis software
List of numerical libraries
References
External links
The IMSL Numerical Libraries home page
Fortran libraries
Numerical libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL%20%28programming%20language%29
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FL (short for "Function Level") is a programming language created at the IBM Almaden Research Center by John Backus, John Williams, and Edward Wimmers in the 1980s and documented in a report from 1989. FL was designed as a successor of Backus' earlier FP language, providing specific support for what Backus termed function-level programming.
FL is a dynamically typed strict functional programming language with throw and catch exception semantics much like in ML. Each function has an implicit history argument which is used for doing things like strictly functional input/output (I/O), but is also used for linking to C code. For doing optimization, there exists a type-system which is an extension of Hindley–Milner type inference.
Uses
PLaSM is a "geometry-oriented extension of a subset of the FL language" first described in 1992.
References
External links
FL Language Manual, Parts 1 and 2 (PDF)
List of FL papers at plasm.net
Introduction to FL and PLaSM (PDF)
Programming languages created in 1989
Academic programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
Function-level languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%20Robertson
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Nic Robertson (born 1962) is the international diplomatic editor of CNN.
Career
Robertson joined CNN in 1990 and is currently the network's international diplomatic editor, based in London. His reporting has focused on global terrorism and armed conflict, particularly in Afghanistan, the former Yugoslavia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, and Libya.
In the 1990s, Robertson covered the breakup of Yugoslavia as a producer and reported from Baghdad, Iraq, during the First Gulf War. He was one of very few Western broadcast journalists reporting from Afghanistan at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001. He reported from Iraq in 2002 and early 2003 in the lead-up to the invasion of Iraq by the United States; from New Orleans in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina; from Beirut in 2006 during the Israel-Lebanon crisis; and from Norway in the aftermath of the 2011 massacre perpetrated by Anders Behring Breivik. During the Arab Spring, Robertson reported from Libya, covering the Libyan Civil War and interviewing Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and Al-Saadi Gaddafi (the sons of Muammar Gaddafi) and Iman al-Obeidi. Robertson reported from Bahrain during the Bahraini uprising of 2011 and was the only Western television journalist to interview Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain.
Awards
Robertson has won two Overseas Press Club Awards, two Peabody Awards (2002 and 2012), an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Award, and several Emmy Awards, including a 1992 News & Documentary Emmy for Saving Somalia. Robertson's 2002 Peabody Award was for Terror on Tape, his reporting on al-Qaeda training videos in Afghanistan.
Robertson's CNN report Syria: Frontline Town – Zabadani won him both the 2012 Prix Bayeux TV War Correspondent of the Year award and The New York Festivals 2013 Award for Coverage of a Continuing News Story.
Robertson's documentary World's Untold Stories: Secrets of the Belfast Project, which revealed new evidence on Sinn Féin-IRA connections, won a Foreign Press Association Member Award.
People magazine voted him "Sexiest News Correspondent" in 2001.
Film portrayal
Robertson was portrayed by the actor Matt Keeslar in the movie Live from Baghdad.
Personal life
Robertson is a native of the UK and is married to former CNN correspondent Margaret Lowrie. The couple have two daughters. They live in London.
References
External links
Nic Robertson profile at CNN.com
Alumni of Aston University
British expatriates in the United States
British male journalists
British reporters and correspondents
1962 births
Living people
CNN people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Lowrie
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Margaret Lowrie Robertson was an International Correspondent at CNN from 1989 to 2002. She joined the network in September 1989 and contributed extensively to coverage of the Gulf War from Baghdad, one of the first female TV news reporters to broadcast live from Iraq during the conflict. She was made an international correspondent in 1993 and was based in London for nearly a decade. From 1985 to 1988, she worked for CBS News in Cairo. Before that, she worked as a freelance radio correspondent for CBS in Beirut and National Public Radio in Poland during the Solidarity era. She began her career as a copy-person at the New York Times in 1978 and was a news assistant in the Times' United Nations Bureau from 1979 to 1982. Raised in Charlottesville, VA, Lowrie is a graduate of Boston University. She is married to CNN Senior International correspondent Nic Robertson They have two daughters and live in London.
Her novel, Season of Betrayal, set in Beirut 1983, was first published in hardback by Tatra Press in October 2006 and was released by Harcourt as a Harvest trade paperback in October 2007.
External links
mlrobertson.com
American television reporters and correspondents
Boston University alumni
Living people
CNN people
American women journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Turner%20%28television%20executive%29
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Ed Turner (September 25, 1935March 30, 2002) was a CNN executive vice president and one of the first people Ted Turner hired in 1980 to help make his dream of a 24/7 news network a reality.
Turner—no relation to Ted Turner—was a well-known figure throughout the industry for his approach to news. A veteran journalist, Turner served as Metromedia's corporate news director before joining United Press International Television News. After UPITN, Turner moved to CBS where he produced the CBS Morning News show. Turner served at CNN until 1998, when he left his position as vice president in charge of news-gathering. He died of cancer in 2002 at the age of 66.
References
External links
2002 deaths
CNN executives
American television executives
Year of birth uncertain
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Auckland%20railway%20stations
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This is a list of the railway stations in the public transport network of Auckland. It includes closed and planned stations. Auckland has 13 fare zones, with some zone overlap areas. The routes shown pass into and out of central, western, eastern, and southern zones.
Ownership and operation
Station platforms on the Auckland suburban network are owned by KiwiRail, who are responsible for building stations. Structures on the platforms (station buildings, shelters, lights, signage etc.) are owned by Auckland Transport, who are responsible for the operation and maintenance of stations.
The Britomart Transport Centre, Newmarket Railway Station and New Lynn Transport Centre are owned and managed by Auckland Transport.
Ticket office and platform staff, as well as train operating staff, are employed by Auckland One Rail.
Train services using stations in Auckland include suburban trains, which are owned by Auckland Transport and operated by Auckland One Rail, and the Northern Explorer long-distance train to Wellington operated by KiwiRail.
Geographic map
Network
New stations
Te Waihorotiu and Karanga-a-Hape stations, underground stations in the city centre, will open when the City Rail Link (CRL) is completed in late 2024. Mount Eden railway station was closed in 2020 and is being replaced by Maungawhau / Mount Eden railway station; this is where the CRL meets the Western Line.
Drury, Ngākōroa and Paerātā stations are being built within the next decade, and a new station at Tironui is proposed, to serve new urban areas developing in the south of the city.
See also
List of suburban and commuter rail systems
City Rail Link
References
Rail
Railway
Auckland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosty%20Treats%2C%20Inc.%20v.%20Sony%20Computer%20Entertainment%20America%2C%20Inc.
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Frosty Treats, Inc. v. Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc., 426 F.3d 1001 (8th Cir. 2005), is a trademark case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that the name of one of the largest ice cream truck franchise companies in the United States was neither distinctive nor famous enough to receive protection against being used in a violent video game.
Background
Frosty Treats, Inc. is the name of "one of the largest ice cream truck street vendors" in the United States. Their trucks uniformly feature a "Frosty Treats" logo, typically surrounded by the logos of various frozen snacks sold by the vender. Another feature of the trucks is the "Safety Clown", an image of a clown pointing children towards the back of the vehicle. In the mid 1990s, Sony released Twisted Metal 2, a video game that allows players to wreak havoc on simulated streets with a variety of vehicles - including an ice cream truck prominently featuring a logo that says "Frosty Treats". The video game ice cream truck is driven by a crazed clown known as Sweet Tooth, one of many featured in the game.
Lawsuit
Frosty Treats, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Sony contending that the game infringed on the company's trademarks through the use of the phrase, "Frosty Treats", as well as similarities between the video game clown and the company's own safety clown. The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri granted summary judgment to Sony and dismissed the case, holding that the name could not be protected because it was generic. U.S. District Judge Scott Wright stated in his May 19, 2005 dismissal that "the various depictions of the Sweet Tooth character in defendant's Twisted Metal games and plaintiff's Safety Clown are so dissimilar that no reasonable trier of fact could conclude that they are confusingly similar." Additionally, the court noted that the safety clown could not be protected because it was functional; it directed children to cross behind the van rather than in front of it. Frosty Treats appealed the dismissal to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals on June 15, 2005.
Opinion of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
The Eighth Circuit affirmed the dismissal, holding that the name was indeed generic. Judge Morris S. Arnold wrote that, although the Eighth Circuit rejected the finding that the safety clown was functional, they held that it nonetheless lacked distinctiveness in the marketplace such that it would merit protection. Furthermore, the Court noted such striking dissimilarities between the company's clown and the game clown that no consumer would be likely to confuse the two.
References
External links
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit cases
United States trademark case law
2005 in United States case law
Sony litigation
Video game controversies
Ice cream vans
Twisted Metal
Video game case law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20for%20Award%20Management
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The System for Award Management (SAM or SAM.gov) e-procurement system collects data from suppliers, validates and stores this data, and disseminates it to various government acquisition agencies.
Users and registrants
Users of SAM include contracting officials, grant-makers, contractors, and the public. Those required to register in SAM include:
Vendors: Those doing business with the federal government "will be able to log in to one system to manage their entity information in one record, with one expiration date, through one streamlined business process. Federal agencies will be able to look in one place for entity pre-award information. Everyone will have fewer passwords to remember and see the benefits of data reuse as information is entered into SAM once and reused throughout the system."
Grant-seekers and grantees: "Active SAM registration is a pre-requisite to the successful submission of grant applications!"
There is no charge for registration. Renewal must be done annually.
History
The Central Contractor Registration (CCR) was the primary supplier database for the U.S. Federal government until July 30, 2012.
In October 1993, President Bill Clinton issued a memorandum that required the Government to reform its acquisition processes. Subsequently, the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 was passed, requiring the establishment of a "single face to industry". To accomplish this, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) designated a centralized, electronic registration process, known as CCR, as the single point of entry for vendors that want to do business with the DoD. To this end, the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS), Subpart 204.7300, required contractors to register in the CCR to conduct business with the DoD.
A new Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) policy, published October 1, 2003 (Circular 2003-016, FAR case 2002-018), requires that all federal contractors register in the CCR database prior to the awarding of any contract or purchase agreement.
The contractors providing services to DoD are required to file reports on the funding source, contracting vehicle, organization supported, mission and function performed, and labor hours and costs for contracted efforts through a separate ECMRA website.
Transition to SAM
July 24, 2012 began Phase I of a consolidation of federal government systems used for contracting to SAM (System for Acquisition Management). On that date, users were no longer permitted to enter new information into the CCR or the other systems being migrated in Phase I to allow sufficient time for their data to be migrated to SAM. After July 30, 2012, users who visited the CCR, ORCA, or EPLS websites are automatically redirected to SAM.gov.
On July 30, 2012, the CCR transitioned to the System for Award Management (SAM), which combined legacy users' records in the CCR and eight other separate websites and databases that aided in the management of Federal procurement from star
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaris
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Osaris is a personal digital assistant (PDA) featuring the EPOC operating system (OS) distributed by Oregon Scientific.
The Osaris was released in 1999, and at the time priced at to . The Osaris contains an 18.432 MHz CL-PS7111 (ARM 710) processor and is powered by two AA size batteries or an external power 6 volt AC adapter, with a 3 volt CR2032 cell providing backup power. The liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a touchscreen, backlit 320 × 200 pixels with 16 greyscale levels. There are also 10 membrane keys, 5 on each side of the LCD.
The Osaris can be linked to a PC via an RS-232 link cable and IrDA (Infrared).
The Osaris contains 8 MB of read-only memory (ROM), and, depending on the model, 4 MB, 8 MB or 16 MB random-access memory (RAM). The memory can also be expanded using CompactFlash.
Dimensions: 170 × 90 × 20 mm
Weight: c. 250 g
The Osaris is the only PDA to use the EPOC release 4 operating system. It also has the distinction of being the first device to run EPOC (later renamed Symbian OS) that was not built by Psion. It is very similar in ability to the Psion Series 5.
The Osaris comes with these programs preinstalled:
Agenda: For appointments, things to do, birthdays, anniversaries
Data: For names, addresses, or other database use
Jotter: For making quick notes
Time: For alarms
Calc: For simple or scientific calculations
World: Shows a map, world times, dialling codes
Word: For writing documents, letters
Sheet: For tables, spreadsheets, graphs
Program: Editor for writing computer programs
Personal digital assistants
Personal information managers
Computer-related introductions in 1999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AudioTron
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The Turtle Beach AudioTron AT-100 and AT-101 are 1U rack-mountable, hi-fi network music players. An AudioTron can stream digital music files from personal computers or NAS devices without the need to install server software on these storage devices since the AudioTron is based on Windows CE and is therefore a computer that looks like audio hardware. Supported file formats include Wave, WMA, MP3 and MP3 playlists. These files can reside on a Microsoft Windows network share or on a Samba server. AudioTron reads music files over Ethernet or HPNA network, and generates analog audio via RCA connectors as well as digital audio via S/PDIF.
An AudioTron can play streaming media from Internet radio stations. The formats supported are Windows Media, SHOUTcast and Icecast. The Windows Media support is limited to the features available before the release of Windows Media Player 10. Connecting to Internet radio stations was once supported through a free service called TurtleRadio. When TurtleRadio was shut down by Turtle Beach, Turtle Beach disclosed an alternative method available in the device's firmware (using a local file) to load one's Internet radio station list into the AudioTron.
Users operate the AudioTron with a PC/laptop on the same network using the web interface from the built-in webserver, with a remote control, or on the device itself using buttons and a large "Turn & Push Selector Knob" on its front panel. The knob is used to navigate song selection menu on a green two-line LCD display. Users can select songs by turning and pushing the knob, based on various combinations of Genre, Album, Title and Artist tags. The knob also serves as volume control and playhead control while a song is being played. Standard Play, Pause, Stop, Forward and Rewind buttons can be used to control playback. An infrared remote control comes with AudioTron and can be used instead of the front panel.
AudioTron obtains an IP address from DHCP server by default. The AudioTron can be configured via buttons on the front panel or remotely from a web browser. AudioTron runs a web server which can be accessed via any standard browser. The web server also allows users to access the complete collection of songs online. Users can play songs or send them to AudioTron's play queue, without using the front panel or remote control. The AudioTron is also able to determine the type of device the web server was being accessed from, and devices such as PDAs will display a simplified remote control screen more suitable to the smaller size of a PDA screen.
First released in 2001, AudioTron was ahead of its time in providing driverless music streaming, S/PDIF and Internet radio support. The AudioTron operated as a standalone music player by making use of the Microsoft SMB file server protocol; that is, it could load music from any SMB file server, although the Audiotron uses NTLMv1 for authentication and so the Audiotron does not work well in modern SMB environments. As a worka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20a%20Letter%2C%20Mr.%20Jones
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Take a Letter, Mr. Jones is a British sitcom starring John Inman and Rula Lenska that aired for a single series of six episodes produced by Southern Television for the ITV network from 5 September to 10 October 1981. It was created by Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe.
Plot
Graham Jones (John Inman) works as a personal secretary to female executive Joan Warner (Rula Lenska), within a London-based multinational corporation called 8-Star. Although he ably assists her in their busy office, Graham often helps Joan with her equally hectic domestic arrangements as she is a single mother to seven-year-old daughter, Lucy. Miriam Margolyes plays Joan's excitable Italian housekeeper, Maria. The programme featured the Barclays House in Poole.
Context and afterlife
John Inman starred in Take a Letter, Mr. Jones between seasons of the BBC sitcom Are You Being Served? Take a Letter, Mr. Jones was never a ratings success (only running for six episodes), but in recent years it has been resurrected by many American PBS stations, where Are You Being Served? is also a hit. A UK repeat of the series was shown on Film24 in 2010.
A US VHS set of the series was released by Questar in 1995. A UK DVD of the series was released in 2009 by Simply Home Entertainment. UK channel Talking Pictures TV reshowed the series in 2015 and 2018.
Episode list
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:70%; background:#FFFFFF;"
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!style="background:#cccccc;"|#
!style="background:#cccccc;"|Title
!style="background:#cccccc;"|Director
!style="background:#cccccc;"|Writers
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|}
References
External links
1981 British television series debuts
1981 British television series endings
1980s British sitcoms
1980s British workplace comedy television series
ITV sitcoms
Television shows produced by Southern Television
English-language television shows
Television shows set in the United Kingdom
British workplace comedy television series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau%20de%20t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications%20sociosanitaire
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The Réseau de télécommunications sociosanitaire is the internal network of the health sector of the province of Quebec and administered by Quebec's Ministry of Health and Social Services.
All hospitals and CLSCs, and many CHSLDs are connected and so can share information and services.
References
Health in Quebec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairali%20TV
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Kairali TV is an Indian Malayalam language general entertainment free to air television channel owned by Kairali TV Network. It is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram. It was launched on 17 August 2000. The channel is backed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
History
The channel was launched in August 2000 by the then ruling party Communist Party of India (Marxist). Two Malayalam film actors were appointed in major positions—Mammootty as chairman and Mohanlal as director.
Sister channels
Current shows
Homely Family
Kerala Lottery Live
Celebrity Kitchen Magic
Comedy Thillana
Former shows
Notable programming
Aswamedham
Atlas Ganopahaaram
Big Screen
Flavours of India
Priyapetta Mammootty
Amchi Mumbai
Rhythm
Symphony
Grab The Spot Light
Laya Tharang
Kerala Cafe
Jollywood Junction
Fresh Hits
Loud Speaker
Nakshathradeepangal
Kadha Parayumbol
E 4 Elephant
Sreeraamante Veritta Kadhakal
Madhyama Vicharam
Vasthu
Veettamma
Student's Only
Chamayam
Hello Good Evening
Pravasalokam
Magic Oven
Take One
Shoot And Show
Sing'nWin
Manassiloru Mazhavillu
Manimelam
Madhuchandrika
Dr. Talk
Subhadinam
Chirikkum Pattanam
Surabhi
Deepanjali
Kanakazhchakal
Star Ragging
Dum Dum Pee Pee
Colours Of Kuwait
Coffee With Boss
Raindrops
Penmalayalam
Action Khiladi
Dewdrops
Jagapoka
kairali On Demand
Serials
Dubbed series
Crime Patrol (2020)
CID (2020-2021)
Vicharana (2017-2020)
Vikramadithyanum Vethalavum (2015-2016)
Pranaya Varnangal (2017-2018)
Powder (2018)
Original series
Kunhamman – Comedy cartoon series completed 2000 episodes
A Amma (October 2007- June 2008)
Action Zero Shiju (December 2016)
Akkara Kazhchakal (November 2008- April 2010)
Akkare Akkare (May 2008)
Anna - Telefilm (January 2000)
Aro Oraal
Aarohanam (June 2001)
Avasthantharangal (8 December 2001)
Ayyadi Maname
Chila Kudumba Chitrangal (January 2002- May 2004)
Chitashalabam
Crime branch
Daya (November 2006)
Dosth (August 2012)
December Mist - Telefilm (December 2000)
Evide ellarkum sukham (March 2014- July 2015)
Jagrata
Kanakkinavu
Kanamarayathu (October 2012)
Karyam Nissaram – Longest running serial on Kairali TV (no. of episodes 1104) (August 2012- October 2017)
Khalli Valli
Krithyam (October 2019)
Kochu Threseeya Kochu (November 2006)
Kudumba Kodathi (May 2019)
Kudumba Police (11 April 2016-27 January 2017)
Lasagu
Maaya (May 2000)
Manasa Mynaa ( February 2015- September 2016)
Mandaram ( October 2005- August 2006)
Mandoos ( October 2006)
Mangalya Pattu
Meghasandesham (November 2015- August 2016)
Mizhineerpookkkal ( April 2015- July 2016)
Mounanombaram (October 2006- July 2007)
Mukesh Kadhakal
Nanmayude Nakshtrangal - telefilm
Nellikka
Nilapakshi (July 2012-May 2013)
Onam Offer - telefilm
Panchagni (October 2012-January 2013)
Piravikku Mumpe - telefilm
Priyam (October 2005- August 2006)
Punchiri travels (March 2015-April 2016)
Salamath Cafe (May 2015)
Summer in America
Sumangali (June 200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Broadband%20Network
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HKBN Ltd., commonly known for its subsidiary Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited (), is a Hong Kong-based Internet, communication and telecommunication company. HKBN was established on 23 August 1999, it is one of the largest residential and enterprise internet, communication and telecommunications service providers in Hong Kong.
Originally a subsidiary of City Telecom, HKBN became an independent company in 2014. In February 2019, HKBN held a 35.8% market share of residential broadband subscriptions and a 19.4% share of the enterprise market in Hong Kong.
History
Founding and initial growth
Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited was founded on 23 August 1999 as a unit of City Telecom by Ricky Wong Wai-kay as the first operator to launch "triple-play" (Internet broadband, telephony, IP-TV services) on single network in Hong Kong, as well as the first service provider of residential broadband, with speed ranged from 100Mbit/s to 1000Mbit/s.
As of February 2019, HKBN has 864,000 residential broadband subscribers and 58,000 enterprise subscribers, made HKBN the second largest telecommunications operator in Hong Kong after HKT.
HKBN Group became a listed company on 12 March 2015 under a new Cayman Islands-incorporated holding company HKBN Ltd.; Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited was under listed company City Telecom (or known as CTI) until CTI sold Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited. In May 2012, private equity firm CVC Capital Partners, acquired the company for HK$4.9 billion. City Telecom (Hong Kong) was then renamed into Hong Kong Television Network. The current holding company of the group, HKBN Ltd., was incorporated on 26 November 2014.
Violation of the use on personal data
HKBN is the first company in Hong Kong to be convicted under section 35G of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance by the Magistrates' Court since the law amendment in 2013, which states that it is a criminal offence to fail to comply with a requirement from a data subject to cease to use their personal data in direct marketing.
HKBN's conviction relates to a customer complaint in April 2013; the customer had made an opt-out request to HKBN via both email and post and HKBN subsequently acknowledged receipt of the request in writing. However, the customer still received a voice message through their mobile phone in May 2013, informing the complainant of the termination of their service contract as well as to promote other services of HKBN.
HKBN pleaded not guilty since the call was merely a service renewal "reminder", however Magistrate Debbie Ng Chung-yee ruled that HKBN used the contract's expiry as an excuse to pitch new services, as promotions of new contracts has not been included in the service scope agreed to by subscribers. HKBN was fined HK$30,000 in September 2015.
Expands to mobile broadband
In July 2016, HKBN has secured the Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) license from the Office of the Telecommunications Authority , as Hong Kong's 26th MVNO, to o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIB
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TIB (or Tib or TiB) may refer to:
In computing:
Tebibit (Tib), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
Tebibyte (TiB), a unit of information used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity
TIB (file format), a file format used by Acronis True Image software
Win32 Thread Information Block, in Microsoft Windows programming
Companies and organizations:
:nl:Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden, the Dutch review board for the use of special powers by the security and intelligence services
Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union (native name Forbundet Træ-Industri-Byg i Danmark)
Technische Informationsbibliothek, the German National Library of Science and Technology
Transparency International Bangladesh, an anti-corruption non-governmental organization
TIB Financial Corporation, a bank holding company purchased by North American Financial Holdings
Characters:
Tib from "Tib et Tatoum" (aka "Tib and Tumtum") comics/cartoon
Tib-cat from The Little Broomstick
Other uses:
River Tib, an underground river flowing through Greater Manchester
Tib, Iran, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
The Illustrated Bartsch, a compendium of European master prints
Therapy Interfering Behavior, in cognitive therapy
Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20S.%20Lam
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Simon S. Lam is an American computer scientist. He retired in 2018 from The University of Texas at Austin as Professor Emeritus and Regents' Chair Emeritus in Computer Science #1. He made seminal and important contributions to transport layer security, packet network verification, as well as network protocol design, verification, and performance analysis.
Simon Lam pioneered security for Internet applications - for example, one result of his work that is visible to most users as the "s" in https, signifying a secure connection. He invented secure sockets in 1991. In 1993, he invented the Secure Network Programming (SNP) application programming interface (API) which explored the approach of having a secure transport layer API closely resembling Berkeley sockets, to facilitate retrofitting pre-existing network applications with security measures. This work was done when WWW was still in its infancy. SNP was published and presented on June 8, 1994 at the USENIX Summer Technical Conference. Subsequent secure sockets layers (SSL and TLS) re-implemented several years later using the architecture and key ideas first presented in SNP, enabled secure e-commerce on WWW (e.g., banking, shopping). TLS is also widely used to secure email and many other Internet applications.
For this contribution, Professor Lam and three graduate students in his research project won the 2004 ACM Software System Award. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering in 2007. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2023.
Early life and education
Simon S. Lam was born in Macau (when it was a Portuguese colony) in 1947 with the family name 林 (Lam) and the given name 善成 (Sin Sing or Shin Sing). His family moved to Hong Kong in 1959. He received his secondary education from La Salle College, Kowloon, Hong Kong. He left Hong Kong in 1966 to study Electrical Engineering at Washington State University on a scholarship. He received the BSEE degree with Distinction in 1969 from Washington State University and was honored by the College of Engineering as the 1969 Outstanding Senior in Electrical Engineering.
Beginning Fall 1969, he attended graduate school at the UCLA School of Engineering on a 4-year Chancellor’s Teaching Fellowship. His doctoral dissertation on packet switching in a multi-access broadcast channel was supervised by Professor Leonard Kleinrock. From 1971 to 1974, he was a Postgraduate Research Engineer and later a Postdoctoral Scholar at the ARPA Network Measurement Center, UCLA, where he worked on the packet satellite project of ARPANET.
Career and professional service
From 1974 to 1977, he was a Research Staff Member at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. In August 1977, he joined The University of Texas at Austin as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1979, to Full Professor in 1983, appointed to the endowed David Bruton Jr. Centennial Professorship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Practice%20of%20Programming
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The Practice of Programming () by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike is a 1999 book about computer programming and software engineering, published by Addison-Wesley.
According to the preface, the book is about "topics like testing, debugging, portability, performance, design alternatives, and style", which, according to the authors, "are not usually the focus of computer science or programming courses". It treats these topics in case studies, featuring implementations in several programming languages (mostly C, but also C++, AWK, Perl, Tcl and Java).
The Practice of Programming has been translated into twelve languages. Eric S. Raymond, in The Art of Unix Programming, calls it "recommended reading for all C programmers (indeed for all programmers in any language)". A 2008 review on LWN.net found that TPOP "has aged well due to its focus on general principles" and that "beginners will benefit most but experienced developers will appreciate [...] the later chapters".
References
External links
Home page at Princeton
1999 non-fiction books
Addison-Wesley books
Computer programming books
Collaborative non-fiction books
Software engineering books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20on%20Trial
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Video on Trial is a Canadian comedy television program that airs on Canadian television network MuchMusic. The show consists of a panel of musicians, comedians, and entertainment columnists critiquing five different music videos in a courtroom-esque manner. The panel acts as the jurors, poking fun at and questioning each artist's behaviour in each video. Artists' personal lives and off-set behaviour are usually mocked by the critics in relation to the music video. They are shown in separate clips to use their opinions.
Since its debut on August 15, 2005, the show has become one of the most highly rated and successful shows on MuchMusic, attracting a dedicated cult following and has garnered a Gemini Award nomination. The show also experienced a brief run on American television, airing on television network Fuse TV from October 2011 to early 2012 before being replaced by another series, Special Videos Unit: Video on Trial, based upon the same premise as the original Canadian Video on Trial.
At the start of the ninth season, the show's format was overhauled to feature recurring sketches and segments. The panel was replaced by Aisha Alfa and Paul Lemieux. Only four episodes into the revamp, which was not well received, the show was cancelled as part of significant cutbacks at Bell Media on July 11, 2014.
Production
Videos
The show's producers usually pick the videos featured on the show. However, they are still required to get clearance from the copyright holders of the video to get the video featured on the show. Only after clearance is given can the video be featured on the show. An episode usually features videos recent at the time of the episode's airing, with at least one of the five videos per episode still being in rotation. Some non-themed episodes feature older videos, though, mostly those from the early 2000s, and popular videos from 1997 to 1999 have been played on rare occasions.
Writing and shooting
The jurors' jokes serve as the majority of the show's content. These jokes are written by themselves. According to an interview with series regular Trevor Boris, the jurors receive copies of the videos for the episode, and are given a period of time to write jokes and prepare for the shooting of the episode.
On her MySpace blog, juror Sabrina Jalees described the size of the room where the show is in as "the size of a large coffin", and that a laptop with a DVD of the videos is placed in front of the juror as a guide. The five "jurors" usually shoot their scenes separately. However, the show gives the impression that all five jurors shoot the scenes together, with jurors often shown engaging in interactive behavior with each other.
Format
The show's basic format involves a narrator starting the show by announcing its name, and introducing the five videos set to be "tried", referred to as "cases", as well as the jurors of the episode. Following this introductory sequence, the actual "trials" of the videos begin.
Videos are critiqued,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone%27s%20Hero
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Everyone's Hero is a 2006 American computer-animated sports comedy film directed by Christopher Reeve (in his final directed film after his death in 2004), Daniel St. Pierre, and Colin Brady. Starring the voices of Jake T. Austin, Rob Reiner, William H. Macy, Raven-Symoné and Whoopi Goldberg, the film was produced by IDT Entertainment in Toronto with portions outsourced to Reel FX Creative Studios. Distributed by 20th Century Fox, Everyone's Hero was released theatrically on September 15, 2006, to mixed reviews from critics and earned $16.6 million on a $35 million budget, becoming a box-office bomb. It also marked the final film for Dana Reeve before her death in March 2006, six months before the release of the film, and it was dedicated to her and her husband, Christopher Reeve, who directed the film.
Plot
In 1932 New York City during the Great Depression, Yankee Irving is a 10-year-old baseball fan but is picked on by the other kids for his poor skills. On that day, he finds a talking baseball he names Screwie, though other people can't hear him. Yankee's father, Stanley, works as a custodian at Yankee Stadium. While the two are on the premises, a thief disguised as a security guard steals Babe Ruth's famous bat Darlin'. Stanley is falsely blamed and is temporarily dismissed until Darlin' can be found. Stanley foolishly blames Yankee for being alone in the locker room and setting him up. Stanley grounds him and sends him to his room, but the real thief is revealed to be Lefty Maginnis, a cheating pitcher for the Chicago Cubs. Lefty works for the Cubs' general manager Napoleon Cross, who desires to see the Cubs defeat the New York Yankees during the 1932 World Series.
Determined to reclaim the bat and save his family from being evicted and being out on the streets, Yankee goes to the train station and takes it from Lefty, but fails to get off before the train takes them to another stop. Darlin’ the bat also has the ability to talk and urges Yankee to take her back to Babe Ruth in Chicago, where the next World Series game will be held. During the trip, Maginnis attempts to steal the bat from Yankee during a wild chase. Yankee decides to return Darlin’ to Babe Ruth and thereby clear his father's name and save his job. Meanwhile, Stanley (who is now regretting being too hard on him) and Emily (who is worried sick about her missing son) start searching for their son after discovering that he left home. Yankee meets others who help him in his quest such as hobos Andy, Louis, and Jack, a girl named Marti Brewster, her father, a Negro league pitcher named Lonnie Brewster, who helps him drive to Chicago and teaches Yankee to set his feet right while batting, and Babe Ruth himself. Lefty steals Darlin and gives her to Cross, who kidnaps Yankee. During the game, Cross traps Yankee inside the office and reveals his plans to him.
After Yankee escapes the office, he evades several security guards and finally gives Darlin’ back to Babe. Cross tries to tal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem
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PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a component of the National Library of Medicine, which is part of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). PubChem can be accessed for free through a web user interface. Millions of compound structures and descriptive datasets can be freely downloaded via FTP. PubChem contains multiple substance descriptions and small molecules with fewer than 100 atoms and 1,000 bonds. More than 80 database vendors contribute to the growing PubChem database.
History
PubChem was released in 2004 as a component of the Molecular Libraries Program (MLP) of the NIH. As of November 2015, PubChem contains more than 150 million depositor-provided substance descriptions, 60 million unique chemical structures, and 225 million biological activity test results (from over 1 million assay experiments performed on more than 2 million small-molecules covering almost 10,000 unique protein target sequences that correspond to more than 5,000 genes). It also contains RNA interference (RNAi) screening assays that target over 15,000 genes.
As of August 2018, PubChem contains 247.3 million substance descriptions, 96.5 million unique chemical structures, contributed by 629 data sources from 40 countries. It also contains 237 million bioactivity test results from 1.25 million biological assays, covering >10,000 target protein sequences.
As of 2020, with data integration from over 100 new sources, PubChem contains more than 293 million depositor-provided substance descriptions, 111 million unique chemical structures, and 271 million bioactivity data points from 1.2 million biological assays experiments.
Databases
PubChem consists of three dynamically growing primary databases. As of 5 November 2020 (number of BioAssays is unchanged):
Compounds, 111 million entries (up from 94 million entries in 2017), contains pure and characterized chemical compounds.
Substances, 293 million entries (up from 236 million entries in 2017 and 163 million in Sept. 2014), contains also mixtures, extracts, complexes and uncharacterized substances.
BioAssay, bioactivity results from 1.25 million (up from 6,000 in Sept. 2014) high-throughput screening programs with several million values.
Searching
Searching the databases is possible for a broad range of properties including chemical structure, name fragments, chemical formula, molecular weight, XLogP, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor count.
PubChem contains its own online molecule editor with SMILES/SMARTS and InChI support that allows the import and export of all common chemical file formats to search for structures and fragments.
Each hit provides information about synonyms, chemical properties, chemical structure including SMILES and InChI strings, bioactivity, and links to structurally related compounds and other NCBI databases like PubMed.
In the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly%20modelling
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Assembly modeling is a technology and method used by computer-aided design and product visualization computer software systems to handle multiple files that represent components within a product. The components within an assembly are represented as solid or surface models.
Overview
The designer generally has access to models that others are working on concurrently. For example, several people may be designing one machine that has many parts. New parts are added to an assembly model as they are created. Each designer has access to the assembly model, while a work in progress, and while working in their own parts. The design evolution is visible to everyone involved. Depending on the system, it might be necessary for the users to acquire the latest versions saved of each individual components to update the assembly.
The individual data files describing the 3D geometry of individual components are assembled together through a number of sub-assembly levels to create an assembly describing the whole product. All CAD and CPD systems support this form of bottom-up construction. Some systems, via associative copying of geometry between components also allow top-down method of design.
Components can be positioned within the product assembly using absolute coordinate placement methods or by means of mating conditions. Mating conditions are definitions of the relative position of components between each other; for example alignment of axis of two holes or distance of two faces from one another. The final position of all components based on these relationships is calculated using a geometry constraint engine built into the CAD or visualization package.
The importance of assembly modeling in achieving the full benefits of PLM has led to ongoing advances in this technology. These include the use of lightweight data structures such as JT that allow visualization of and interaction with large amounts of product data, direct interface to between Digital Mock ups and PDM systems and active digital mock up technology that unites the ability to visualize the assembly mock up with the ability to measure, analyze, simulate, design and redesign.
References
Computer-aided design
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preset
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Preset may refer to:
Default (computer science), a setting or value automatically assigned to a software application, computer program, etc.
Preset (electronics), a variable component on a device only accessible to manufacturing or maintenance personnel
Pre-programmed setting on various electronic products and musical instruments, including:
Combination action on pipe organ
Preset button (tuner) - station selectors on the tuner of radio receiver and television set
Preset key (Hammond organ) - inverse color keys on Hammond organs, to recall pre-programmed tonewheel settings
Preset rhythm - pre-programmed rhythm-pattern on drum machine
Synthesizer patch stored a pre-programmed tone
Mathematics
Pre-ordered set
Music
The Presets - a Sydney-based Australian duo, consisting of Julian Hamilton and Kim Moyes
Schools
Preset Pacesetters Institute, a private boarding Senior High school in Madina, Ghana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC%20logo
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The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) has used several corporate logos over the course of its history. The first logo was used in 1926 when the radio network began operations. Its most famous logo, the peacock, was first used in 1956 to highlight the network's color programming. While it has been in use in one form or another for all but four years since then, the peacock did not become part of NBC's main logo until 1979 and did not become the network's sole logo until 1987. The logos were designed by NBC itself. The first logo incorporated design from parent company RCA, and was a unique logo not related to the NBC radio network.
Recent logos have been themed for different holidays during the year (such as Halloween, Valentine's Day, and New Year's Day), in observance of its upcoming or ongoing broadcasts of the Olympics, as well as an American flag-themed logo in the wake of the events of al-Qaeda's terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001. The logo has been adapted for color television and high definition as technology has advanced. As NBC acquired other television channels, the logo branding was adopted to other networks including: CNBC, NBCSN, MSNBC, Golf Channel, and NBC Sports Regional Networks. The logo was also incorporated into the corporate emblem of the network's parent company, NBCUniversal, then became a part of a redesigned Comcast mark at the end of 2012 after it was acquired by the latter a year before.
Radio network logos (1926–1943)
1926–1937
NBC debuted as a radio network in 1926, with a logo depicting a microphone surrounded by lightning bolts, superimposed over a map of the United States. The "NBC" letters appeared in an arc above the graphic.
1931–1943
In 1931, NBC introduced its second logo – a square with a diagonal NBC text in it, and lightning bolts around the "B." This logo was later adopted in 1941 for use as the original logo for the newly formed NBC television network.
Television network logos (1943–1975)
In 1943, NBC introduced its third logo, a microphone surrounded by lightning bolts, which was a modification of the original 1926 logo used by the NBC radio network. Lightning bolts were also part of the logo of corporate parent RCA, as well as that of one-time sister company RKO Pictures. The waves placed on the left side were meant for the radio network, and the right waves were meant for the television network. A network identification featuring this logo includes a male announcer saying "This is NBC, the National Broadcasting Company," followed by the NBC chimes. On the network's flagship television station WNBT (now WNBC), this was accompanied by the same announcer saying "WNBT, New York." At the beginning of telecasts, a card was shown with a different NBC logo with the letters in cursive and enclosed in a rectangle (a logo also used at the end of broadcasts in the early 1950s). This was replaced by another card depicting an NBC cameraman operating an RCA camera was shown undernea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing%20in%20Japan
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Japan's major export industries include automobiles, consumer electronics (see Electronics industry in Japan), computers, semiconductors, copper, and iron and steel. Additional key industries in Japan's economy are petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, bioindustry, shipbuilding, aerospace, textiles, and processed foods.
The Japanese manufacturing industry is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified, with a variety of advanced industries that are highly successful. Industry accounts for 30.1% (2017) of the nation's GDP. The country's manufacturing output is the third highest in the world. Well-known Japanese manufacturing and tech companies include Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Fujitsu, Yamaha, Epson, Toshiba, Sony, Panasonic, Nintendo, Sega, Nippon, Takeda Pharma, Mazda, Subaru, Isuzu, Mitsubishi Co, Komatsu, Sharp, Nikon, Canon, NEC and Hitachi are from Japan.
Steel
In 2018, the top three export markets for Japan were: South Korea, Thailand (Nippon Steel, JFE Steel and Kobe Steel) accounting for 85.25 million metric tons, or 82 percent of total 2018 production, based on available data.
The iron and steel industry of Japan is mainly concentrated in the Tokyo-China region, Chukyo region, Osaka - Kobe, Fukuoka-Yamaguchi, Oka-Yamaha and Hokkaido region contributes about 20 per cent of the Japanese steel production. Major cities in where steel industries based are Kobe, Osaka and Kitakyushu.
Shipbuilding
Japan dominated world shipbuilding in the late 1980s, filling more than half of all orders worldwide. Its closest competitors were South Korea and Spain, with 9 percent and 5.2 percent of the market, respectively.
The Japanese shipbuilding industry was hit by a lengthy recession from the late 1970s through most of the 1980s, which resulted in a drastic cutback in the use of facilities and in the work force, but there was a sharp revival in 1989. The industry was helped by a sudden rise in demand from other countries that needed to replace their aging fleets and from a sudden decline in the South Korean shipping industry. In 1988, Japanese shipbuilding firms received orders for 4.8 million gross tons of ships, but this figure grew to 7.1 million gross tons in 1989.
Although facing competition from South Korea and China, Japan retains a successful, advanced shipbuilding manufacturing industry. Japan lost its leading position in the industry to South Korea in 2004, and its market share has since fallen sharply.
Biotechnology and pharmaceutics
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries experienced strong growth in the late 1980s. Pharmaceutical production grew an estimated 8 percent in 1989 because of increased expenditures by Japan's rapidly aging population. Leading producers actively develop new drugs, such as those for degenerative and geriatric diseases. Pharmaceutical companies were establishing tripolar networks connecting Japan, the United States, and Western Europe to co-o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive%20data%20structure
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In computer science and object-oriented programming, a passive data structure (PDS), also termed a plain old data structure or plain old data (POD), is a record, in contrast with objects. It is a data structure that is represented only as passive collections of field values (instance variables), without using object-oriented features.
Rationale
Passive data structures are appropriate when there is a part of a system where it should be clearly indicated that the detailed logic for data manipulation and integrity are elsewhere. PDSs are often found at the boundaries of a system, where information is being moved to and from other systems or persistent storage and the problem domain logic that is found in other parts of the system is irrelevant. For example, PDS would be convenient for representing the field values of objects that are being constructed from external data, in a part of the system where the semantic checks and interpretations needed for valid objects are not applied yet.
In C++
A PDS type in C++, or Plain Old C++ Object, is defined as either a scalar type or a PDS class. A PDS class has no user-defined copy assignment operator, no user-defined destructor, and no non-static data members that are not themselves PDS. Moreover, a PDS class must be an aggregate, meaning it has no user-declared constructors, no private nor protected non-static data, no virtual base classes and no virtual functions. The standard includes statements about how PDS must behave in C++. The type_traits library in the C++ Standard Library provides a template named is_pod that can be used to determine whether a given type is a POD. In C++20 the notion of “plain old data” (POD) and by that is_pod is deprecated and replaced with the concept of “trivial” and “standard-layout” types.
In some contexts, C++ allows only PDS types to be used. For example, a union in C++98 cannot contain a class that has virtual functions or nontrivial constructors or destructors. This restriction is imposed because the compiler cannot determine which constructor or destructor should be called for a union. PDS types can also be used for interfacing with C, which supports only PDS.
In Java
In Java, some developers consider that the PDS concept corresponds to a class with public data members and no methods (Java Code Conventions 10.1), i.e., a data transfer object. Others would also include Plain old Java objects (POJOs), a class that has methods but only getters and setters, with no logic, and JavaBeans to fall under the PDS concept if they do not use event handling and do not implement added methods beyond getters and setters. However, POJOs and Java Beans have encapsulation, and so violate the fundamental definition of PDS.
Records (introduced in Java 16, in 2021) are shallowly immutable carriers of data without encapsulation, and therefore they can also be considered PDS.
In other languages
In PHP, associative arrays and stdClass objects can be considered PDS.
Other structured da
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACRO-11
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MACRO-11 is an assembly language with macro facilities, designed for PDP-11 minicomputer family from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It is the successor to Program Assembler Loader (PAL-11R), an earlier version of the PDP-11 assembly language without macro facilities.
MACRO-11 was supported on all DEC PDP-11 operating systems. PDP-11 Unix systems also include an assembler (named as), structurally similar to MACRO-11, but with different syntax and fewer features. The MACRO-11 assembler (and programs created by it) could also run under the RSX-11 compatibility mode of OpenVMS on VAX.
Programming example
A complete "Hello, World!" program in PDP-11 macro assembler, to run under RT-11:
.TITLE HELLO WORLD
.MCALL .TTYOUT,.EXIT
HELLO:: MOV #MSG,R1 ;STARTING ADDRESS OF STRING
1$: MOVB (R1)+,R0 ;FETCH NEXT CHARACTER
BEQ DONE ;IF ZERO, EXIT LOOP
.TTYOUT ;OTHERWISE PRINT IT
BR 1$ ;REPEAT LOOP
DONE: .EXIT
MSG: .ASCIZ /Hello, world!/
.END HELLO
The .MCALL pseudo-op warns the assembler that the code will be using the .TTYOUT and .EXIT macros. The .TTYOUT and .EXIT macros are defined in the standard system macro library to expand to the EMT instructions to call the RT-11 monitor to perform the requested functions.
If this file is , the RT-11 commands to assemble, link and run (with console output shown) are as follows:
.MACRO HELLO
ERRORS DETECTED: 0
.LINK HELLO
.R HELLO
Hello, world!
.
(The RT-11 command prompt is ".")
For a more complicated example of MACRO-11 code, two examples chosen at random are Kevin Murrell's KPUN.MAC, or Farba Research's JULIAN routine. More extensive libraries of PDP-11 code can be found in the Metalab freeware and Trailing Edge archives.
References
External links
Original documentation (RSX11M_V2)
Michael Singer, PDP-11. Assembler Language Programming and Machine Organization, John Wiley & Sons, NY: 1980.
Assembly languages
PDP-11
Digital Equipment Corporation
OpenVMS software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpio
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cpio is a general file archiver utility and its associated file format. It is primarily installed on Unix-like computer operating systems. The software utility was originally intended as a tape archiving program as part of the Programmer's Workbench (PWB/UNIX), and has been a component of virtually every Unix operating system released thereafter. Its name is derived from the phrase copy in and out, in close description of the program's use of standard input and standard output in its operation.
All variants of Unix also support other backup and archiving programs, such as tar, which has become more widely recognized. The use of cpio by the RPM Package Manager, in the initramfs program of Linux kernel 2.6, and in Apple's Installer (pax) make cpio an important archiving tool.
Since its original design, cpio and its archive file format have undergone several, sometimes incompatible, revisions. Most notable is the change, now an operational option, from the use of a binary format of archive file meta information to an ASCII-based representation.
POSIX abandoned cpio command in favor of pax command.
History
cpio appeared in Version 7 Unix as part of the Programmer's Workbench project.
Operation and archive format
cpio was originally designed to store backup file archives on a tape device in a sequential, contiguous manner. It does not compress any content, but resulting archives are often compressed using gzip or other external compressors.
Archive creation
When creating archives during the copy-out operation, initiated with the command line flag, cpio reads file and directory path names from its standard input channel and writes the resulting archive byte stream to its standard output. Cpio is therefore typically used with other utilities that generate the list of files to be archived, such as the find program.
The resulting cpio archive is a sequence of files and directories concatenated into a single archive, separated by header sections with file meta information, such as filename, inode number, ownership, permissions, and timestamps. By convention, the file name of an archive is usually given the file extension cpio.
This example uses the find utility to generate a list of path names starting in the current directory to create an archive of the directory tree:
$ find . -depth -print | cpio -o > /path/archive.cpio
Extraction
During the copy-in operation, initiated by the command line flag , cpio reads an archive from its standard input and recreates the archived files in the operating system's file system.
$ cpio -i -vd < archive.cpio
Command line flag tells cpio to construct directories as necessary. Flag (verbose) lists file names as they are extracted.
Any remaining command line arguments other than the option flags are shell-like globbing-patterns; only files in the archive with matching names are copied from the archive. The following example extracts the file /etc/fstab from the archive:
$ cpio -i -d /etc/fstab < archive.cpio
L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC%20Weather%20Plus
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NBC Weather Plus was an American weather-oriented digital multicast television network owned as a joint venture between NBC Universal and the local affiliates of the NBC television network. The service, which was broadcast in standard definition, was carried on the digital subchannels of many NBC affiliates and on the digital tiers of cable providers (through a local affiliate).
Overview
NBC Weather Plus primarily competed with cable network The Weather Channel, as well as a similar digital multicast network, The Local AccuWeather Channel.
The network also provided content for both NBC News and MSNBC's programming; Weather Plus staff also appeared on most of the networks’ programs (although Today mainly used certain meteorologists from the network as substitutes for the program's separate weather anchors). In 2006, after MSNBC moved its operations to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City's Midtown Manhattan district (integrating its operations with NBC News), Weather Plus moved into fellow sister network CNBC's Global Headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
In addition to the network, Weather Plus staff provided weather updates for CNBC and MSNBC; MSNBC also aired "sample" hours of the network during the morning hours on certain major holidays. In addition, Weather Plus was promoted during NBC's NFL pre-game show Football Night in America, and was used to provide the temperature and weather conditions at gametime for each week's NBC Sunday Night Football game during the NFL season. During significant national weather events (such as a major winter storm), Weather Plus meteorologists conducted live reports for NBC Nightly News to provide analysis (all of these services are now provided by The Weather Channel).
History
NBC Weather Plus was unveiled at the NBC affiliate meeting in 2004. The network debuted on November 15, 2004, with NBC's New York City owned-and-operated station WNBC serving as the test station. At the time, the network was operating out of the offices of NBC News' affiliate newsgathering service, NBC News Channel, in Charlotte, North Carolina. NBC and MSNBC weather anchors and meteorologist staff the network to start. Raycom Media agreed by April 2005 to affiliated its 13 NBC stations' subchannel with NBC Weather Plus,
On March 30, 2005, Sunbeam Television, Liberty Corporation, Sunbelt Communications and Bonneville International announced that 30 stations of their station would launch the network bring coverage up to 67% of U.S. households. Weather Plus was moved to NBC News division in 2007 after NBC Station Group President Jay Ireland returned to General Electric. However, by September 2005, KAMR-TV in Amarillo, Texas became the only NBC affiliate owned by Nexstar Broadcasting Group (now Nexstar Media Group) to have picked up the NBC Weather Plus service on its digital subchannel.
Closure
In September 2008, Landmark Media Enterprises sold The Weather Channel to a consortium of NBC Universal, and private equity firms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Pasta
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John Robert Pasta (October 22, 1918 – June 5, 1981) was an American computational physicist and computer scientist who is remembered today for the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou experiment, the result of which was much discussed among physicists and researchers in the fields of dynamical systems and chaos theory, and as the head of the department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1964 to 1970.
Early life
Pasta was born in New York City in 1918, the eldest of four children, and grew up in Queens. He attended the New York public schools and became interested in physics at an early age when an uncle gave him some of his old college books. After graduating from Townsend Harris High School, he entered City College of New York in 1935 and completed three years. The Depression forced him to drop out and to take a job as a real estate title examiner. In August 1941, he became a patrolman for the New York City Police Department. In 1942, he was drafted into the US Army, became an officer in the Signal Corps, and took courses on electronics and radar at Harvard and MIT. He married Betty Ann Bentzen at the Little Church Around the Corner in New York City in May 1943.
During World War II, Pasta served in Europe, mostly as cryptographical security officer and radar officer, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star and the Belgian Fourragère. After being discharged in 1946, he took advantage of the GI Bill to finish his undergraduate work at City College that same year and enter graduate school at New York University to study mathematics and physics. As a graduate student he became a research fellow in the department of physics at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and completed his thesis on "Limiting Procedures in Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951 under the guidance of Hartland Snyder. He became a staff member of the Los Alamos Laboratory in August 1951.
1951–1963
At Los Alamos National Laboratory Pasta would begin his work on his most famous projects.
In 1952, working under Nicholas Metropolis on the MANIAC I, John Pasta aided in the construction of an early computer that specialized in calculations around weapons design.
After working on the MANIAC I, Pasta continued on to work in the project he is most known for, the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem.
After working alongside Enrico Fermi, Stanislaw Ulam, and Mary Tsingou, Pasta went on to work for the Atomic Energy Commission as the only computer expert, eventually developing the branch of mathematics and computers to an entire division.
1964–1981
In 1964, Pasta became a research professor of physics at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois, and later became the head of the department. He died in 1981, in Washington, DC.
References
K.K. Curtis et al., "John R. Pasta, 1918–1981," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5, July 1983, pp. 224–238.
Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, documentary c. 1972 about the ARPANET. Inc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Inglehart
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Ronald F. Inglehart (September 5, 1934 – May 8, 2021) was an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He was director of the World Values Survey, a global network of social scientists who have carried out representative national surveys of the publics of over 100 societies on all six inhabited continents, containing 90 percent of the world's population. The first wave of surveys for this project was carried out in 1981 and the latest wave was completed in 2019. From 2010 Inglehart also was co-director of the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research at the National Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow and St Petersburg. This laboratory has carried out surveys in Russia and eight ex-Soviet countries and is training PhD-level students in quantitative cross-national research methods. Inglehart died on 8 May 2021.
Using data from the World Values Survey, he created a model of cultural dimensions which has two axes: secular-rational values versus traditional values and self-expression values versus survival values. The data has been often visualized in the form of the Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world, which has been described as "one of the most famous pieces of Inglehart's research tradition".
In the seventies Inglehart began developing an influential theory of Generational Replacement causing intergenerational value change from materialist to post-materialist values that helped shape the Eurobarometer Surveys, the World Values Surveys and other cross-national survey projects. Building on this work, he subsequently developed a revised version of Modernization theory, Evolutionary Modernization Theory, which argues that economic development, welfare state institutions and the long peace between major powers since 1945, are reshaping human motivations in ways that have important implications concerning gender roles, sexual norms, the role of religion, economic behavior and the spread of democracy.
Writings
Ronald Inglehart's numerous writings have become extremely influential, with translations published in German, Italian, Spanish, French, Swedish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Urdu and Indonesian. Brief descriptions of some of his most influential works include:
The Silent Revolution
In The Silent Revolution (1977) Inglehart discovered a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies.
Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been transforming the cultures of advanced industrial societies in profoundly important ways during the past few decades. This ambitious work examines changes in religious beliefs, in motives for work, in the issues that give rise to political conflict, in the importance people attach to having chi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%20Park%20railway%20station
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Conway Park railway station is situated in the centre of Birkenhead, Merseyside, England. It lies on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network.
History
Conway Park is the newest station on the Wirral Line. In 1990, the Merseyside Development Corporation joined with British Rail and Merseyrail to study the cost of the new station. The station opened to the public on 22 June 1998, after an official opening by Neil Kinnock on 24 April 1998. Conway Park is between Birkenhead Park and Hamilton Square stations built into an underground tunnel built by the Mersey Railway in the 1880s. It was built by excavating a box downwards, opening out the roof of the tunnel, which is below ground level. The platforms are reached by stairs or lifts from the ticket office.
The station was built in order to provide a station on the lines from New Brighton and West Kirby that was more convenient for the town centre of Birkenhead than either Birkenhead Park or Hamilton Square (which are otherwise the nearest stations). Its name comes from the name of the redevelopment area on the north side of the town centre in which it is situated. The name has come under criticism as some regard it not to be particularly indicative of the station's location. When it was originally being planned, the station was known as Birkenhead Market. The platforms are protected by ticket barriers. The road which the station is situated on is Europa Boulevard.
Facilities
The station is staffed during all opening hours and has platform CCTV. There are toilets, a payphone, a vending machine, booking office and live departure and arrival screens, for passenger information. The station does not have a free car park, though there is a drop-off point on Europa Boulevard, as well as a "Pay and Display" car park, to the rear of the station as viewed from Birkenhead town centre. Step-free access to the platforms, for wheelchairs and prams, is possible, via the lifts. Each platform also has sheltered seating. Free Wi-Fi was introduced in October 2015. There is secure cycle parking for 10 cycles.
Services
During the daytime peak (7:00 - 19:00), there are four trains per hour to New Brighton and West Kirby and eight trains per hour to Liverpool. Outside of the daytime peak, the frequency is halved.
These services are provided by Merseyrail's fleet of Class 507 and Class 508 EMUs. These trains will soon be replaced by Merseyrail's new fleet, coming in 2019–21.
See also
List of underground stations of the Merseyrail network
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Description of the construction of Conway Park railway station
Buildings and structures in Birkenhead
DfT Category E stations
Merseyrail underground stations
Railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Railway stations opened by Railtrack
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1998
Railway stations served by Merseyrail
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIESTA%20%28computer%20program%29
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SIESTA (Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms) is an original method and its computer program implementation, to efficiently perform electronic structure calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of molecules and solids. SIESTA uses strictly localized basis sets and the implementation of linear-scaling algorithms. Accuracy and speed can be set in a wide range, from quick exploratory calculations to highly accurate simulations matching the quality of other approaches, such as the plane-wave and all-electron methods.
SIESTA's backronym is the Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms.
Since 13 May 2016, with the 4.0 version announcement, SIESTA is released under the terms of the GPL open-source license. Source packages and access to the development versions can be obtained from the DevOps platform on GitLab. The latest version Siesta-4.1.5 was released on 4 February 2021.
Features
SIESTA has these main characteristics:
It uses the standard Kohn-Sham self-consistent density functional method in the local density (LDA-LSD) and generalized gradient (GGA) approximations, as well as in a non-local function that includes van der Waals interactions (VDW-DF).
It uses norm-conserving pseudopotentials in their fully non-local (Kleinman-Bylander) form.
It uses atomic orbitals as a basis set, allowing unlimited multiple-zeta and angular momenta, polarization, and off-site orbitals. The radial shape of every orbital is numerical, and any shape can be used and provided by the user, with the only condition that it has to be of finite support, i.e., it has to be strictly zero beyond a user-provided distance from the corresponding nucleus. Finite-support basis sets are the key to calculating the Hamiltonian and overlap matrices in O(N) operations.
Projects the electron wave functions and density onto a real-space grid to calculate the Hartree and exchange-correlation potentials and their matrix elements.
Besides the standard Rayleigh-Ritz eigenstate method, it allows the use of localized linear combinations of the occupied orbitals (valence-bond or Wannier-like functions), making the computer time and memory scale linearly with the number of atoms. Simulations with several hundred atoms are feasible with modest workstations.
It is written in Fortran 95 and memory is allocated dynamically.
It may be compiled for serial or parallel execution (under MPI).
SIESTA routinely provides:
Total and partial energies.
Atomic forces.
Stress tensor.
Electric dipole moment.
Atomic, orbital, and bond populations (Mulliken).
Electron density.
And also (though not all options are compatible):
Geometry relaxation, fixed or variable cell.
Constant-temperature molecular dynamics (Nose thermostat).
Variable cell dynamics (Parrinello-Rahman).
Spin-polarized calculations (collinear or not).
k-sampling of the Brillouin zone.
The local and orbital-projected density of states.
COOP and COHP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead%20Park%20railway%20station
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Birkenhead Park railway station is a station serving the town of Birkenhead, in Merseyside, England. It lies on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network.
History
The name of the station comes from nearby Birkenhead Park, one of the UK's first Victorian municipal parks. In 1850 its layout - created by Joseph Paxton - had a profound influence on visiting American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Eight years later he took inspiration from Birkenhead Park (and other green spaces like Derby Arboretum) to win a competition to design New York's new city park.
The station was opened on 2 January 1888, as a joint interchange station between the Seacombe, Hoylake and Deeside Railway and the Mersey Railway. The station replaced the Wirral Railway's original terminus at Wallasey Bridge Road, which was close to the present-day Birkenhead North station. The station was an interchange between the Wirral Railway's line to West Kirby and the Mersey Railway's new line to Liverpool Central low level station. On the same day of opening, the Wirral Railway's new line to Wallasey Grove Road opened, which was extended to New Brighton later the same year.
The station was built at the western portal of the Mersey Railway tunnel that ran into central Birkenhead and Liverpool's city centre. From its opening the station had two island platforms to facilitate across-platform transfer between the Mersey Railway and the Wirral Railway. The northern pair of tracks were used exclusively by Mersey Railway trains. The centre and southern pairs of tracks were available to the Wirral Railway.
Mersey Railway electrification
On 3 May 1903, the Mersey Railway to Liverpool was changed over from steam to electric trains, with a 650 V DC fourth rail system and Mersey Railway electric units built by Westinghouse.
There was a small Mersey Railway electric car shed at the eastern end of the station, on the northern side of the line, which held two 6-car trains. This was built on level ground, with the tracks towards the tunnel to Liverpool dropping steeply alongside. The car shed was removed in the 1970s.
Fatal accident
On 6 December 1922 an accident occurred at the station, at around 4pm, between two trains of the Wirral Railway. The train heading to West Kirby, which was late, was leaving the station and collided with a train from West Kirby. There was one fatality and eight other passengers sustained serious injuries, with a further 36 people suffering from shock. This was the first fatal passenger accident to occur on the Wirral Railway.
LMS electrification
Between 1936 and 1938, The London, Midland and Scottish Railway electrified the lines from Birkenhead Park to West Kirby and New Brighton using a 650 V DC third rail to match the system of the Mersey Railway. The smoke free electric trains facilitated through operation to underground sections of Birkenhead and Liverpool, with the line terminating at Liverpool Central low level station. The LMS electric trains we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead%20North%20railway%20station
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Birkenhead North railway station serves the town of Birkenhead, in Merseyside, England. The station is situated on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network, close to the junction of the New Brighton and West Kirby branches. Birkenhead North TMD, situated just to the west of the station, is the main traction maintenance depot for the Merseyrail fleet.
History
The station was built by the Wirral Railway, replacing their earlier terminus at Wallasey Bridge Road (a short distance away), which had opened in 1866. The station was originally known as Birkenhead Docks and opened on 2 January 1888 as a through station with Birkenhead Park station becoming the new terminus.
The station had three through platforms prior to 1898, which it still retains to the present day. However, the outer face of the north side island platform sees little use apart from trains to and from Birkenhead North depot at the start and end of service.
LMS Era
The Wirral Railway subsequently became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, which renamed the station Birkenhead North in 1926. The line through Birkenhead North was electrified, using a 650 V DC third rail system, and brought into passenger service on 14 March 1938, allowing through services from New Brighton to Liverpool Central via the Mersey Railway Tunnel. Services used the new LMS trains and the former Mersey Railway electric units. The Mersey Railway electric units operated through the station until 1957.
Wrexham diesel service
From 4 January 1971 until 2 October 1978, the diesel service on the Bidston to Wrexham line, which had previously operated from New Brighton, was diverted to Birkenhead North. These trains terminated on the centre platform (2) which had previously been used for Liverpool-bound services, and when one of the diesel trains was present (which in that timetable was much of the time), Liverpool-bound electric services used the outer north side of the island platform (1) instead. The diesel service was cut back to Bidston on 2 October, 1978. Regular use of the outer platform (1) at Birkenhead North thereafter ceased.
Signal boxes
Birkenhead North No. 1 was a 40-lever signal box which was situated at the western end of the southern platform and opened in 1888. This signal box closed on 9 September 1994 and was demolished over the following two days.
Birkenhead North No. 2 was a 25-lever signal box which was situated to the west of the station, approximately a third of the distance towards Bidston. The box was located on the northern side of the Wirral Line at the junction with the Birkenhead Dock Branch goods line. The signal box was closed on 15 September 1994 and was subject to arson in November 1994.
Facilities
The station has a booking office, and on-street parking, which has been upgraded and replaced with a Park and Ride facility, linked directly to the platform. The station is staffed, at all times during opening hours, and has platform CCTV. Each platform has open-air s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy%20Wars
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is a wargame developed by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy in Japan only in 1991. It is a portable follow-up to the 1988 Family Computer wargame Famicom Wars, making it the second game in Nintendo's Wars series. A series of sequels to the original Game Boy Wars were produced by Hudson Soft.
Gameplay
Two countries, Red Star and White Moon, are warring against each other. The player takes control of forces from either on hexagonal maps with square tiles. As the commander, the player must direct their forces to either destroy all the enemy forces or capture the enemy's capital city. In pursuit of this goal, the player attempts to take control of the cities, factories, airports, and harbors on each map. There are a total of 36 maps in the game.
The player and their opponent (the CPU or another player) take turns (or phases) in moving their armies, which can deploy up to 50 units. Each of the units can be given an order, such as attacking enemy units, assisting friendly units, or conquering. Units can be land, sea, or air units, and can be deployed from near the player's capital using funds obtained from any of the player's properties. Land units can be sent out from cities or factories, air units from airports, and vessels from harbors. There are 24 different kinds of units that can be deployed by both armies.
Reception
GamesRadar listed the Game Boy Wars series as one of the titles they wanted in the 3DS Virtual Console.
Sequels
A series of sequels to the original Game Boy Wars were later published several years after the original game was released. These sequels were developed and published by Hudson Soft instead of Nintendo and Intelligent Systems.
Game Boy Wars Turbo
Game Boy Wars Turbo is an enhanced version of the original Game Boy Wars that was released on June 24, 1997. The main new feature in Game Boy Wars Turbo is that the CPU now has a better decision-making algorithm during its turns, allowing battles to proceed swifter than in the original. Turbo also features 50 new maps, as well as Super Game Boy support. Like some of Hudson's other Game Boy games at this time, the game was released exclusively in a tin, rather than the cardboard boxes of most Game Boy games.
An alternate version of Game Boy Wars Turbo was released as a promotional giveaway by Weekly Famitsu featuring a set of maps submitted by readers of the magazine.
Game Boy Wars 2
Game Boy Wars 2, the second of the Game Boy Wars sequels by Hudson Soft, was released on November 20, 1998. It features support for the Super Game Boy and Game Boy Color. The CPU's decision-making algorithm has once again been improved and the game now displays which spaces the player can move into or attack when they're moving a unit, allowing for a clearer decision-making process for the player. There are 54 new maps in Game Boy Wars 2.
Game Boy Wars 3
Game Boy Wars 3, the third and final Game Boy Wars sequel produced by Hudson, was released on August 3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems
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RubyGems is a package manager for the Ruby programming language that provides a standard format for distributing Ruby programs and libraries (in a self-contained format called a "gem"), a tool designed to easily manage the installation of gems, and a server for distributing them. It was created by Chad Fowler, Jim Weirich, David Alan Black, Paul Brannan and Richard Kilmer during RubyConf 2004.
The interface for RubyGems is a command-line tool called gem which can install and manage libraries (the gems). RubyGems integrates with Ruby run-time loader to help find and load installed gems from standardized library folders. Though it is possible to use a private RubyGems repository, the public repository is most commonly used for gem management.
The public repository helps users find gems, resolve dependencies and install them. RubyGems is bundled with the standard Ruby package as of Ruby 1.9.
History
Development on RubyGems started in November 2003 and was released to the public on March 14, 2004, or Pi Day 2004. In 2010, the default public repository for gems moved from gems.rubyforge.org to rubygems.org, which is still in use. Also, RubyGems development was moved to GitHub in 2010. Though RubyGems has existed since Ruby 1.8, it was not a part of the standard Ruby distribution until Ruby 1.9.
Previously, compatibility with RubyGems and Ruby varied. Many versions of RubyGems are almost fully incompatible with many versions of Ruby and some versions had key features unusable. For example, Ruby 1.9 came with RubyGems 1.3.7 in its standard distribution, but RubyGems 1.4.x was not compatible with Ruby 1.9. This meant that updating RubyGems on Ruby 1.9 was not possible until RubyGems 1.5.0 was released in 2011, two years after the first stable release of Ruby 1.9. These compatibility issues led to a rapid development of RubyGems, switching to a 4–6 week release schedule. This is reflected in there being 38 releases from 2004 to 2010 and 117 releases from 2011 to 2016. 45 versions were released in 2013, which is the highest number of releases in a year for RubyGems.
Structure of a gem
Every gem contains a name, version and platform. Gems work only on ruby designed for a particular platform based on CPU architecture and operating-system type and version.
Each gem consists of:
Code
Documentation
Gem specification (Gemspec)
The code organization follows the following structure for a gem called gem_name:
gem_name/
├── bin/
│ └── gem_name
├── lib/
│ └── gem_name.rb
├── test/
│ └── test_gem_name.rb
├── README
├── Rakefile
└── gem_name.gemspec
The lib directory contains the code for the gem.
The test (or spec) directory is used for testing.
Rakefile is used by Rake to automate tests and to generate code.
README includes the documentation, RDOC, for most gems.
Gem specification (gemspec) contains information about the author of the gem, the time of creation and the purpose the gem serves.
Security concerns
Since gems run their own code in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeadLand
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headLand is an Australian drama television series produced by the Seven Network which ran from 15 November 2005 to 21 January 2006. The Seven Network filmed 52 episodes in the first series. Production on the second series had begun before any episodes were aired.
Set at a university, headLand premiered in Australia on Tuesday, 15 November 2005 at 7:30 pm. On 23 January 2006, the Seven Network officially announced that the series has been cancelled. The show aired on weekdays at 7:30 pm in the United Kingdom on E4, re-formatted as half-hour episodes. E4 eventually dropped the show, but episodes continued to be broadcast on Channel 4 at 12:30 pm, this time in the original hour-long format.
Storylines
The show's biggest storyline during its short run was the mystery of the crash which killed four people and put its driver Craig Palmer in a coma. The car crash gave Craig amnesia, but then he remembered Angela McKinnon, his girlfriend and one of the people who died in the crash, was doing drugs at the party and some of her drugs were accidentally consumed by John, Craig's best friend and another person who died in the crash. He also remembered as John had overdosed Angela was screaming at someone in a car, and after the crash their phones were stolen by someone Craig would meet later during the investigation, Detective Sam Wiley. Sam claimed he was doing detective work at the party. Craig was found guilty but after a testament by Sam, Craig was given a two-year jail sentence, but the judge reduced it to 100 hours of community sentence.
Another storyline was Adam Wilde's relationship with his estranged father, Ben Wilde. His father had spent 15 years in prison for murdering his mother after she said Adam wasn't his. There was even belief that bartender Mick McKinnon, who had an affair with Adam's mother before he was born, was Adam's biological father. After a DNA test, it showed Ben was Adam's biological father.
Cast
Sam Atwell as Craig Palmer
Conrad Coleby as Adam Wilde
Brooke Harman as Kate Monk
Sophie Katinis as Mel Bennett
Jody Kennedy as Maddie McKinnon
Adrienne Pickering as Elly Tate
Steve Rodgers as Mick McKinnon
Josh Quong Tart as Will Monk
Reshad Strik as Andy Llewellyn
Libby Tanner as Grace Palmer
Rachael Taylor as Sasha Forbes
Matthew Walker as Heath Forbes
Mark Tokutomi as Jeff Wu
Yvonne Strahovski as Freya Lewis
Rowan Schlosberg as Gareth Williams
Guests
Grant Piro as Dr Baker (1 episode)
Craig Horner (2 episodes)
Development and production
In 2002, Seven Network's script executive Bevan Lee was asked to create a Home and Away spin-off with the hope of attracting the UK broadcaster Five as a co-producer. He created a show called Away From Home that told the story of Home and Away characters at the Yabbie Creek University. Five were not interested for various reasons, and a big reworking of the original concept was undertaken, and the show was renamed Campus, and later Ten Degrees South – a title eventually rejected
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville%20%28season%201%29
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The first season of Smallville, an American television series developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, began airing on October 16, 2001, on The WB television network. The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to his developing superpowers in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, during the years before he becomes Superman. The first season comprises 21 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 21, 2002. Regular cast members during season one include Tom Welling, Kristin Kreuk, Michael Rosenbaum, Eric Johnson, Sam Jones III, Allison Mack, Annette O'Toole, and John Schneider.
The season's stories focus on Martha and Jonathan Kent's (O'Toole and Schneider) attempts to help their adopted son Clark (Welling) cope with his alien origin and control his developing superhuman abilities. Clark must deal with the meteor-infected individuals that begin appearing in Smallville, his love for Lana Lang (Kreuk), and not being able to tell his two best friends, Pete Ross (Jones III) and Chloe Sullivan (Mack), about his abilities or his origins. Clark also befriends Lex Luthor (Rosenbaum) after saving Lex's life. The season also follows Lex, as he tries to assert his independence from his father, Lionel Luthor (John Glover).
The episodes were filmed primarily in Vancouver and post-production work took place in Los Angeles. Gough and Millar assisted the writing staff with week-to-week story development. "Villain of the week" storylines were predominant during the first season; physical effects, make-up effects, and computer generated imagery became important components as well. Limited filming schedules sometimes forced guest actors to perform physical stunts, and the series regulars were more than willing to do stunt work. Episode budgets ultimately became strictly regulated, as the show frequently ran over budget during the first half of the season. The pilot broke The WB's viewership record for a debut series, and was nominated for various awards. Although the villain of the week storylines became a concern for producers, critical reception was generally favorable, and the series was noted as having a promising start. The first season was released on DVD on September 23, 2003, and included various special features that focused on individual episodes and the series as a whole. It has also been released on home media in regions 2 and 4 in the international markets.
Episodes
Production
Writing
Ground rules for story development were established at the outset. Part of the marketing pitch, "no flights, no tights" dictated that Clark would not wear the Superman costume, nor would he fly. After initial discussion of possible storylines, a second rule decreed that Clark could never directly kill anyone. This created a dilemma since Clark must be able to defeat the "bad guys" from week to week. A solution developed in later episodes with the introduction of the Belle Reve sanitarium (Belle Reve is a Federal prison
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville%20%28season%202%29
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The second season of Smallville, an American television series developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, began airing on September 24, 2002, on The WB television network. The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, during the years before he becomes Superman. The second season comprises 23 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 20, 2003. Regular cast members during season two include Tom Welling, Kristin Kreuk, Michael Rosenbaum, Sam Jones III, Allison Mack, John Glover, Annette O'Toole and John Schneider. Glover, who was a recurring guest in season one, was promoted to regular for season two. At the end of season one, Eric Johnson, who portrayed Whitney Fordman, had left the series.
Season two picks up directly where season one ended, with Clark (Welling) dealing with the aftermath of the tornadoes that hit Smallville. This season, Clark finally learns who he is and where he comes from, but must also acknowledge a potential destiny set into motion by his biological father that could change his life and the lives of those around him forever. Clark's relationship with Lana Lang (Kreuk) becomes increasingly closer, straining his friendship with Chloe Sullivan (Mack). Clark's best friend, Pete Ross (Jones III), learns Clark's secret this season.
Before the start of the second season, Gough and Millar established a writing staff to help develop episode stories for the show, which eventually saw the introduction of two characters that would shape Clark's life, Dr. Virgil Swann and Clark's biological father Jor-El. These roles were filled by Christopher Reeve and Terence Stamp, respectively, who were previously known for their respective roles as Superman and his nemesis General Zod in the Superman film series. Special effects company Entity FX became the primary effects unit for the show this season, winning awards for two of the episodes they worked on. Apart from the digital effects team, the series and its actors were nominated for and won various awards as well. Season two performed better than the previous season, averaging 6.3 million viewers a week, and placed #113 in the Nielsen ratings, up from #115 the year before.
Episodes
Production
Writing
At the start of the second season, Al Gough and Miles Millar brought in Ken Biller to run the newly formed writers' room. For the first season, Gough and Millar usually wrote the final draft of every episode because they were still seeking the show's voice. The pair understood that a writing staff would help "expand [the] show". As part of their expanding, they also brought in comic-book writer Jeph Loeb, who spent his first two weeks seeking fresh ideas for new episodes. One of the decisions the new writing team came up with was letting Pete in on Clark's secret. The decision to let Pete learn Clark's secret was a choice made so that the character would have a function on the show, and allow Clark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Weekes
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Kevin Weekes (born April 4, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 348 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is now a studio analyst for NHL Networks' On the Fly, NHL Tonight, and ESPN's The Point, while also working for ESPN/ABC.
Playing career
As a youth, Weekes played in the 1989 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Red Wings minor ice hockey team.
Weekes' career began with the Owen Sound Platers of the Ontario Hockey League. He also had a brief stint with the Ottawa 67's.
He was chosen 41st overall by the Florida Panthers in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. In 1996, while playing for the Panthers' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Carolina Monarchs, Weekes was loaned to the Rochester Americans to participate in the 1996 Spengler Cup competition and was named MVP of the tournament. He made his NHL debut with the Panthers on October 16, 1997, going 0–5–1 in 11 appearances for the Panthers. The following summer he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in a trade for Pavel Bure and compiled a 6–15–5 record in 31 appearances over a season and a half before being traded to the New York Islanders halfway through the 1999–2000 season. At the conclusion of that season he was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played until late in the 2001–02 season.
The Carolina Hurricanes acquired Weekes on March 5, 2002 for Chris Dingman and Shane Willis. Weekes essentially served as a backup to Arturs Irbe during the remainder of the regular season, only playing in two of the final seventeen games for the Hurricanes. During the playoffs, Weekes played an important part in the Hurricanes run to the 2002 Stanley Cup Finals. Weekes played in eight games during the 2002 playoffs, including relieving Irbe in a first round, game four loss against the New Jersey Devils, and starting in goal during the critical games five and six of that series., which the Hurricanes won four games to two. Weekes also started games one, two and three of the second round against the Montreal Canadiens before being replaced by Irbe. During the playoffs, Weekes recorded back to back shutouts, with a 32 save shutout in game six of the first round against the New Jersey Devils and a 25 save shutout in game one of the second round against the Montreal Canadiens.
Weekes was the primary goaltender for the Hurricanes during the 2002–03 season playing in 51 games and compiling a 14–24–9 record and was the primary goaltender for the Hurricanes in 2003-04 playing in 66 games compiling a 23–30–11 record.
Weekes signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent prior to the 2004–05 NHL lock-out, winning his first start with the Rangers on October 5, 2005, in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. His time with the Rangers looked to be promising until an injury kept him out and he lost his number one spot to Henrik Lundqvist. Lundqvist came in to play in place of Weekes and played exceptionally well. Weekes remained in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDLC
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SDLC may refer to:
Systems development life cycle or system design life cycle, which is often used in the process of software development
Synchronous Data Link Control, an IBM communications protocol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation%20Broadband%20Navigator
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PlayStation Broadband Navigator (also referred to as BB Navigator and PSBBN) was a software program for Japanese PlayStation 2 consoles that provides an interface for manipulating data on PlayStation 2 HDD Unit.
History
PSBBN version 0.10 - This prerelease version was released and bundled with Japanese PlayStation 2 BB Units (Network Adaptor and HDD bundle packs) in early 2002, replacing HDD Utility Disc 1.00. It lacked the ability to store and manage game saves on the HDD that HDD Utility Disc had.
PSBBN version 0.20 was released in late 2002. It added functions to the interface of the software, including the ability to update itself to new versions over a broadband internet connection and management for game saves.
PSBBN version 0.30 was released in mid-2003. It added access to Sony's feega service (which is used to bill the monthly fee for some online games) and an e-mail program. Version 0.31 was released in late 2003, fixing an exploit.
PSBBN version 0.32 was released in early 2004 and is the most up-to-date version. The only change appears to be the removal of the Audio Player option inside the Music Channel, which allows to transfer music between the HDD and a MiniDisc player in earlier PSBBN versions.
Online services pertaining to the software closed on March 31, 2016.
Restrictions
The PlayStation Broadband Navigator installation disc is reported to have a more strict region lock on it than normal PlayStation 2 software, as the software will only boot on NTSC-J systems with a model number ending in 0 (systems that are sold only in Japan), making the software unusable on Korean and Asian NTSC-J PlayStation 2 consoles. Furthermore, the software will not operate if a non-Sony brand network adapter is installed in the console.
Features
PlayStation Broadband Navigator offers many features that are not available with the default PS2 Navigator. Some Japanese releases take advantage of these features and may even require a specific version (or higher) of the software.
The features of the software include:
Game Channel
Access to online sites, similar to web pages, for various ISPs and software publishers (only in version 0.20 and higher)
Downloadable game demos or full games (ex. Pop'n Taisen Puzzle-dama Online demo, Star Soldier BB full game, Milon's Secret Castle full game)
Downloadable picture and movie files
Information pages on past, current, and future releases and services
A launching point for bootable games installed to the HDD
NetFront 3.0, a Linux-based web browser
Music Channel
Provides a tool to convert an audio CD to audio files on the HDD
Provides an organization system for audio files stored on the HDD and a means to play them
Provides a means to transfer audio files between a MiniDisc player and the HDD over a USB connection (only in versions 0.20 through 0.31)
Photo Channel
Provides an organization system for picture files stored on the HDD and a means to view them
Provides a means to transfer picture files
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBOT
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CBOT may refer to:
CBOT-DT, a television station (channel 4.1, digital UHF 25) licensed to serve Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
CBot (Programming language), a programming language, near C++ and Java, used in Colobot and CeeBot games.
Chicago Board of Trade, futures and options exchange in Chicago, Illinois, USA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posadis
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In computing, Posadis is a GPL-licensed DNS server for Microsoft Windows and Unix that uses a zone file format that is compatible with BIND zone files. Posadis is part of a suite which includes graphical configuration and zone file management programs.
Posadis has IPv6 support.
See also
Comparison of DNS server software
External links
Posadis website
DNS software
Cross-platform free software
Free network-related software
DNS server software for Linux
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGW
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HGW may refer to:
Haigwai language, spoken in Papua New Guinea
Home gateway, an IP networking device in a residence
Hyperquenched glassy water
Hauptmann Gerd Wiesler, a main character in the film The Lives of Others
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Sweringen%20railroad%20holdings
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In addition to streetcar lines, the Van Sweringen Brothers of Cleveland, Ohio owned a vast network of steam railroads.
History
The New York Central Railroad had owned the closely parallel New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad since 1882, soon after its opening. Due to fears of prosecution under the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act, the NYC sold the line on July 5, 1915 to the newly formed Nickel Plate Securities Corporation, a holding company formed by the Vans. They were at first only interested in the line to provide a right-of-way for their Shaker Heights Rapid Transit to downtown Cleveland.
By 1920 the Vans had decided they wanted control of other railroads, including the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Western Maryland Railway, Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway, Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway, Pere Marquette Railway, Cincinnati Northern Railroad and Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad (Clover Leaf), as well as partial ownership in the Lake Erie and Western Railroad and Philadelphia and Reading Railway.
The Vaness Company was incorporated in Delaware on January 9, 1922 as a holding company to own all the other holding companies. The Clover Leaf Company was incorporated February 25 to own the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad, and the Western Company March 11 for the Lake Erie and Western Railroad. The LE&W was bought for $3 million from the New York Central Railroad on April 26. On July 1, 1923 and LE&W and Clover Leaf were merged into the Nickel Plate.
For the next several years, the Vans bought up the stock of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (including its Hocking Valley Railway), the Pere Marquette Railway and the Erie Railroad. On August 20, 1924 they announced plans to merge the four companies into the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) to form a new New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway. They applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission on February 21, 1925, but were denied March 2, 1926 due to unsound financing. The plan was opposed by many C&O stockholders.
On February 3, 1927 the Vans, along with the New York Central Railroad and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, bought the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. Four days later the Vans announced that they would make the C&O the centerpiece of their system, selling the Erie and Pere Marquette to them.
The Alleghany Corporation was incorporated January 26, 1929 in Maryland to hold the Vans' stock in the Nickel Plate, Chesapeake Corporation, Erie and C&O, as well as a partial ownership of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway (traded to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in March for the B&O's part of the W&LE; the Vans acquired the rest of it from the NYC at the same time). In April 1930 the Alleghany Corporation bought the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad and 46% of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, gaining a majority of the MoPac on May 13. The Hocking Valley Railway merged into the C&O April 30, 1930.
Due to the G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILIOS
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ILIOS is an acronym of InterLink Internet Operating System. It is an attempt to create a router-only operating system; one specifically oriented towards computer networking purposes, especially routing. It supports IPv4 routing and is a good educational OS, though it is single tasking and does everything via interrupts.
It is released under the BSD License. The author of this research OS is Rink Springer, who is also responsible for porting FreeBSD to the Xbox.
External links
ILIOS - Trac Rink Springer's website
Free software operating systems
Software using the BSD license
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary%20variable
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In computer programming, a temporary variable is a variable with short lifetime, usually to hold data that will soon be discarded, or before it can be placed at a more permanent memory location. Because it is short-lived, it is usually declared as a local variable, i.e., a variable with local scope. There is no formal definition of what makes a variable temporary, but it is an often-used term in programming.
A typical example would be that of swapping the contents of two variables. Temporary variables, along with XOR swaps and arithmetic operators, are one of three main ways to exchange the contents of two variables. To swap the contents of variables "a" and "b" one would typically use a temporary variable temp as follows, so as to preserve the data from a as it is being overwritten by b:
temp := a
a := b
b := temp
Temporary variables are usually named with identifiers that abbreviate the word temporary, such as temp, tmp or simply t, or
with common metasyntactic variable names, the most common of which are foo, bar, baz (see also foobar).
Computer hardware is designed to exploit the behaviour of temporary data: a cache or register file may contain temporaries internally to a microprocessor, such that they never need to be committed to main memory (hence consuming no external memory bandwidth).
See also
Temporary folder
Temporary file
Temporary filesystem
Variable (computer science)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%2C%20Jane%20and%20Freddy
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Rod, Jane and Freddy were a singing trio who appeared in children's programming on the British TV channel ITV in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. They starred both in the long-running series Rainbow and their own 15-minute show. The trio have also made guest appearances in other children's TV shows, including The Sooty Show.
The original trio consisted of Rod Burton, Jane Tucker and Matthew Corbett, when they were known as "Rod, Matt and Jane". Matthew left the trio in 1976 to continue hosting The Sooty Show after his father retired. Matthew was replaced by actor Roger Walker, whereupon the trio became known as "Rod, Jane and Roger". When Walker left in 1980 to continue his career in acting he was replaced by Freddy Marks, leading to the best-remembered incarnation of the trio.
During their three decades working on children's television they managed to write over 2,500 songs on various themes using many different music styles. Most were comedic but others had deeper meanings. Overall they have written and produced 10 albums and 24 videos, and have conceived and performed jingles for commercial radio, theme and title music for TV, and songs for pantomimes.
Rod, Jane and Freddy
Due to their popularity on Rainbow, Rod, Jane and Freddy were approached by ITV in 1980 to make their own show, Rod, Jane and Freddy, which aired its first episode on 15 January 1981. Rod, Jane and Freddy appeared in both their own show and Rainbow until 1989, when they left their position as musicians on Rainbow to focus solely on their own series.
Their show often followed a certain format:
Opening with a big song, giving an idea of the particular show's topic (music and song, pets, moving house, etc.)
Rod, Jane and Freddy would usually have solo songs
There was often a sketch, but these were generally rarer than songs
They would close with a final song
As the credits rolled, the first or last song would be sung again.
Episode list
The following is a list of episodes. Fremantle archive episode list use master tape titles where available, if unavailable they use the episode titles as they appeared in TV guides.
Many episodes from 1981 to 1982 no longer exist due to the then British TV policy of wiping.
Touring
Rod, Jane and Freddy toured the UK until 1996; their stage show followed the same format and the 15-minute ITV show, filled with songs, dancing, mime and comedy. In 1996 they won a Gold Badge Award from The British Academy of Composers and Songwriters.
Videos
The trio released a number of videos in the late 80s and early 90s. These include:
Present-day
Following the end of the Rod, Jane and Freddy Show, the trio no longer regularly appeared on television, instead appearing in British children's theatre and pantomime. The trio also appeared in Peter Kay's video for his 2007 Comic Relief release of I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles).
In June 2008 Rod, Jane and Freddy appeared on the show 50 Ways to Leave Your TV Lover on Sky and talked about newspaper claims t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump%20%28Unix%29
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The dump command is a program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to back up file systems. It operates on blocks, below filesystem abstractions such as files and directories. Dump can back up a file system to a tape or another disk. It is often used across a network by piping its output through bzip2 then SSH.
A dump utility first appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. A dump command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.
Usage
dump [-0123456789acLnSu] [-B records] [-b blocksize] [-C cachesize]
[-D dumpdates] [-d density] [-f file | -P pipecommand] [-h level]
[-s feet] [-T date] filesystem
$ dump -W | -w
See also
restore (program)
tar (file format)
cpio
rsync
References
External links
Home page of the Linux Ext2 filesystem dump/restore utilities
Free backup software
Unix archivers and compression-related utilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl%20Object-Oriented%20Persistence
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Perl Object-Oriented Persistence (POOP) is the term given to refer to object-relational mapping mechanisms written in the Perl programming language to provide object persistence. Dave Rolsky divides POOP mechanisms into two categories:
RDBMS-OO Mappers: These tools attempt to map RDBMS data structures (tables, columns, rows) onto Perl objects.
OO-Persistence Tools: These tools attempt to map Perl objects into an arbitrary format, often an RDBMS.
External links
Perl Object-Oriented Persistence Web Site
SLOOPS - Simple, Light OO Persistence System
Perl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20M7%20class
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The LSWR M7 class is a class of 0-4-4T passenger tank locomotive built between 1897 and 1911. The class was designed by Dugald Drummond for use on the intensive London network of the London and South Western Railway (LSWR), and performed well in such tasks. Because of their utility, 105 were built and the class went through several modifications over five production batches. For this reason there were detail variations such as frame length. Many of the class were fitted with push-pull operation gear that enabled efficient use on branch line duties without the need to change to the other end of its train at the end of a journey.
Under LSWR and Southern Railway ownership they had been successful suburban passenger engines, although with the increased availability of newer, standard designs, many of the class were diagrammed to take on a new role as reliable branch line engines, especially in Southern England.
Members of the class lasted in service until 1964, and two examples have survived into preservation: number 245 in the National Railway Museum, and 53 (as BR 30053) on the Swanage Railway.
Background
Drummond designed these locomotives to answer the need for a larger and more powerful version of William Adams' 0-4-4 T1 class of 1888. The Adams T1's wheels had been developed to meet the LSWR's requirement for a compact and sure-footed suburban passenger locomotive to be utilised on the intensive commuter timetables around London. However, by the mid-1890s the suburban services around London were growing at a rate which began to preclude the use of these and other older classes of locomotive.
Construction history
The M7 tank locomotive was the first design by Dugald Drummond upon replacing William Adams as Locomotive Superintendent of the LSWR in 1895. It was an enlargement of the T1 with a sloping grate of increased area giving greater power. Drummond drew upon his previous experience with the successful London, Brighton and South Coast Railway D1 class, whilst he was works manager at Brighton in the early 1870s, and his own 157 class of 1877, on the North British Railway in Scotland. It was the heaviest 0-4-4 type ever to run in Britain.
The first 25 were constructed at Nine Elms Locomotive Works between March and November 1897. Thereafter the M7 class had a long production run, with five major sets of design variants. Between 1897 and 1899, the locomotives were constructed with a short overhang at the front, and sandboxes combined with the front splashers. Injectors and a lever-type reverser were also added, and a conical, as opposed to flat, smokebox door was implemented on numbers 252–256. In 1900 the design was modified to incorporate the sandboxes inside the smokebox; these were later relocated below the running plate.
After 1903, a frame with a longer overhang at the front end was introduced and steam reversing gear fitted. Some sources record these locomotives as X14 class, and this designation was sometimes used to refer to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Harper%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Robert William "Bob" Harper, Jr. (born ) is a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University who works in programming language research. Prior to his position at Carnegie Mellon, Harper was a research fellow at the University of Edinburgh.
Career
Harper made major contributions to the design of the Standard ML programming language and the LF logical framework.
Harper was named an ACM Fellow in 2005 for his contributions to type systems for programming languages. In 2021, he received the ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award for his "foundational contributions to our understanding of type theory and its use in the design, specification, implementation, and verification of modern programming languages".
Books
Robin Milner, Mads Tofte, Robert Harper, and David MacQueen. The Definition of Standard ML (Revised). MIT Press, 1997.
Robert Harper (editor). Types in Compilation. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 2071, 2001.
Robert Harper. Type Systems for Programming Languages. Draft, 2000.
Robert Harper. Programming in Standard ML. Working Draft, 2013.
Robert Harper. Practical Foundations for Programming Languages, 2007 draft. 2nd edition: , 2016.
Personal life
In 2003–2008, Harper hosted the progressive talk show Left Out on WRCT-FM with fellow host and Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science faculty member Danny Sleator.
References
Bibliography
Robert Harper's Homepage
Existential Type, Robert Harper's blog
Programming language researchers
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Hyperlinked%20over%20Proteins
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Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (or iHOP) is an online text mining service that provides a gene-guided network to access PubMed abstracts. The service was established by Robert Hoffmann and Alfonso Valencia in 2004.
The concept underlying iHOP is that by using genes and proteins as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, the information in PubMed can be converted into one navigable resource. Navigating across interrelated sentences within this network rather than the use of conventional keyword searches allows for stepwise and controlled acquisition of information. Moreover, this literature network can be superimposed upon experimental interaction data to facilitate the simultaneous analysis of novel and existing knowledge. As of September 2014, the network presented in iHOP contains 28.4 million sentences and 110,000 genes from over 2,700 organisms, including the model organisms Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli.
The iHOP system has shown that by navigating from gene to gene, distant medical and biological concepts may be connected by only a small number of genes; the shortest path between two genes has been shown to involve on average four intermediary genes.
The iHOP system architecture consists of two separate parts: the 'iHOP factory' and the web application. The iHOP factory manages the PubMed source data (text and gene data) and organises it within a PostgreSQL relational database. The iHOP factory also produces the relevant XML output for display by the web application.
iHOP is free to use and is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-ND license.
References
External links
iHOP server
Bioinformatics
Medical search engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert%20key
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The Insert key (often abbreviated Ins) is a key commonly found on computer keyboards.
It is primarily used to switch between the two text-entering modes on a personal computer (PC) or word processor:
overtype mode, in which the cursor, when typing, overwrites any text that is present in the current location; and
insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further.
The insert/overtype mode toggling is not global for the computer or even for a single application but rather local to the text input window in which the Insert key was pressed.
Overview
On early text-based computing environments and terminals, when the cursor is in overtype mode, it was represented as a block that surrounded the entire letter to be overstruck; when in insert mode, the cursor consisted of the vertical bar that is highly common among modern applications, or a blinking underline under the position where a new character would be inserted.
On modern keyboards, the Insert key is only present on the control block between the typewriter keys and the numeric keypad. Originally an insert key was provided in the typewriter key block beside a delete key; both have been removed in favor of a double-sized 'backspace key'. The key was often maligned as unnecessary and more likely to be accidentally than intentionally activated.
When keymapping using Octal code, the desired key may be set by sending to perform the "insert" function.
Use in applications
Modern word processing applications operate in insert mode by default, but can still be switched to overtype mode by pressing the Insert key. Some applications indicate overtype mode with a letter-width cursor box, as opposed to the standard narrow cursor; however, others use the narrow cursor for both modes, and indicate overtype with an "OVR" indicator in the status bar.
The Insert key, when pressed along with Control or Shift, can also be used to copy or paste in Microsoft Windows. This behavior comes from the Common User Access standard.
Screen readers use the insert key for hotkeys for reading text, speaking formatting information, or opening the screen reader's configuration menu or window.
References
Computer keys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20social%20networking%20services
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A social networking service is an online platform that people use to build social networks or social relationships with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
This is a list of notable active social network services, excluding online dating services, that have Wikipedia articles. For defunct social networking websites, see List of defunct social networking services.
See also
Comparison of free blog hosting services
Comparison of microblogging and similar services
List of social bookmarking websites
List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users
References
Social networking
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa%20railway%20station
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Manurewa railway station is a station serving the suburb of Manurewa in Auckland, New Zealand. It is located on the Southern Line of the Auckland railway network. The station has a side platform layout connected by a pedestrian bridge.
The station has a large park-and-ride facility and interchange with many local bus services. It is located between the SouthMall Shopping Centre and the Manurewa Work and Income office.
History
Manurewa's first station opened in 1875. Originally opening as a flag station, until 27 August 1884 when a booking office opened at the site. This station had a centre-platform layout and was located behind what is now the Russell Road Reserve. From the north it was accessible from a connection to the Jutland Road bridge. To the south it featured a pedestrian overbridge, accessible from the pedestrian path between James Road and Station Road. On the other side of the overbridge was the railway lane, providing road access to the station from Station Road. After realignment of the tracks prior to electrification, very little of the original platform remains.
The station led to increased growth and services in Manurewa, and away from the township of Woodside (modern-day Wiri) along Great South Road. During World War I, the station was moved further to the south when the rail was re-aligned. During the 1870s, this location was a man-made lake on the property of Benjamin Cashmore, who used the lake to power a water wheel for his flour mill. This station had a side-platform layout, connected by the footpath on the adjacent Station Road bridge. Closed after the current station became operational, it was removed in 2011 when the Station Road bridge was rebuilt.
The current station was opened in July 2006 on a site even further south, behind the SouthMall Shopping Centre. It has a side platform layout connected by a pedestrian bridge. The Manurewa Bus Station was built next to the station, providing interconnection with Auckland's bus network.
By January 2014, wires had been installed as part of the Auckland railway electrification project. Since July 2015, all commuter services have been electric, using AM class electric trains.
Services
Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services to Britomart, Papakura and Pukekohe via Manurewa. The typical weekday off-peak timetable is:
3 tph to Britomart, via Penrose and Newmarket
3 tph to Papakura
Manurewa is served by bus routes 33, 361, 362, 363, 365 and 366.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
Bibliography
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1875
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 2000s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield%20railway%20station
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Westfield railway station was a station of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand. The station closed to all services on 12 March 2017, following an announcement by Auckland Transport on 17 January 2017, because fewer than 330 passengers used it daily and it required a costly upgrade.
The station was 640 metres south of Westfield Junction, where the Eastern and Southern Lines converge. It therefore served both lines. It had an island platform layout and was reached from a pedestrian overbridge at the end of Portage Road. The overbridge also spanned the adjacent Westfield marshalling yards and gives access to KiwiRail's operations centre and locomotive facility.
History
Westfield station was opened during the expansion of Auckland's suburban railway network; on June 1875 for goods and on 29 August 1887 for passengers. The original station building was just a wooden shelter on the platform. Mount Richmond Domain is nearby. The new station gave access to a shallow bay on Manukau Harbour, which became a popular picnic spot. In 1904 the station was at the western end of Portage Road, Otahuhu; which marks the narrowest point of the Auckland isthmus.
Westfield became a junction station between the North Island Main Trunk and the North Auckland Line when the Westfield deviation (Eastern Line) was completed in 1930.
The station building was replaced with a newer shelter in the 1960s, whilst the adjacent Westfield Marshalling Yards were being built.
Both the platform and the footbridge were demolished in 2021.
Locomotive dump
During the 1920s, obsolete locomotives were often dumped in areas where the railway line was subject to erosion or soft ground, the value of scrap iron being minimal at the time. Unlike locomotives dumped at other sites, such as Branxholme, Omoto and Oamaru, where the locomotives remained for decades, the locomotives at Westfield were retrieved and sold for scrap.
Known locomotives dumped at Westfield
Other locomotive dumps
Bealey River
Branxholme
Mōkihinui River
Oamaru
Omoto
Waimakariri River
Westfield marshalling yard
This facility, built in the 1960s on reclaimed land brought together the freight train marshalling and sorting from several other yards in the Auckland area. Prior to its opening, freight trains were made up at either Auckland or Otahuhu stations. The traffic offices in other stations in the Auckland area were centred at Westfield during the 1970s and 1980s.
The locomotive and wagon repair facilities saw steam-era engine sheds and servicing facilities at Auckland, Otahuhu, Papakura, Helensville and Mercer all close as well as the 1950s-era Parnell Diesel Depot.
The Westfield marshalling yard is used by the Te Huia Auckland-Hamilton train to hold empty trains during the day.
Industrial sidings
Westfield grew over time as a freight station. Sidings once served Kempthorne Prosser's fertiliser works, Westfield Freezing Works and Auckland City Abattoir.
Modern day sidings serve various transport companies,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Gets%20a%20Job
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"Marge Gets a Job" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 5, 1992. In this episode, Marge gets a job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to pay for foundation repair at the Simpsons house. Mr. Burns develops a crush on Marge after seeing her at work and sexually harasses her. A subplot with Bart also takes place, paralleling the fable The Boy Who Cried Wolf.
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein and directed by Jeffrey Lynch.
Plot
When a position opens at Springfield Nuclear Power Plant by the enforced retirement of Jack Varley after 45 years of service, Marge decides to apply for the position to pay for expensive repairs for the foundation of the Simpsons house. Mr. Burns is enchanted by Marge. He promotes her ahead of Homer's position, but when she tells him that she is married he fires her from her position and sexually harasses her. She threatens a lawsuit and enlists the help of Lionel Hutz, who is completely unsuccessful and flees from Burns' army of real lawyers; but Burns yields after Homer defends his wife. Homer and Marge enjoy a private show performed by the singer Tom Jones, who is being held captive by Burns following Marge's revelation that she is a fan of Jones's music.
Meanwhile, Bart, after making several excuses to avoid taking a test, is forced to take the test by his teacher, Edna Krabappel. She places him alone outside the classroom, hands him the test, and leaves. A captive wolf escapes from a taping of The Krusty the Clown Show and attacks Bart outside the classroom. He cries "Wolf!" but Edna, who previously warned him about The Boy Who Cried Wolf, ignores him. Groundskeeper Willie rescues Bart by fighting the wolf, giving Bart time to return to his classroom. Since he feels that he will not be believed if he tells the truth, Bart says, with apparent honesty, that he made up the story. He then passes out and Edna realizes that Bart really was attacked.
Production
The idea for the show came from Conan O'Brien, who thought of Marge getting a job at the power plant and that Mr. Burns has a crush on her. The animators had trouble animating Marge with the suit and lipstick. Director Jeff Lynch said there were a few scenes where Marge "looks like a monster". All the jargon used by Troy McClure was accurately taken from a Time–Life foundation repair book. The original subplot for the episode was Mr. Burns telling Homer to dress up as Mister Atom and have him go to schools to talk to the children. The cast really liked Tom Jones as a guest star. They said he was fun to work with, and was really nice, and even offered to perform a concert after he was done recording lines.
The animators had originally drawn three different versions of Bart after he was attacked by the wolf. They picked the version that looked the least scary, as they did not want Bart to look too "beaten u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanson%20railway%20station
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Swanson railway station is a station on the North Auckland Line in Auckland, New Zealand.
Western Line services of the Auckland rail network are operated between the station and Britomart in central Auckland by Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport.
The station is the westernmost and northernmost point of the city's electrified network. It became the terminus of the Western Line in July 2015, when urban train services to Waitakere station ceased because the Waitakere-Swanson section of track was not electrified. A bus shuttle service operates between Waitakere and Swanson stations.
The current station building was relocated from Avondale railway station following an upgrade there.
History
1881: The station opened on 18 July.
1920: A signal box was built.
1925: Signal box destroyed by fire following a lightning strike.
1970: Signal box was removed.
1972: Closed to goods.
1972: Buildings replaced by a platform shelter (on opposite side to present station).
1995: Avondale railway station building was relocated here, now Swanson Station Cafe. The Avondale station had been planned for demolition due to its poor state, however after hearing this, Waitakere Community Board members Dave Harré and Penny Hulse lobbied New Zealand Rail to save and refurbish the building.
2000: New platform on the east side of the tracks.
2008: New platform on the west side of the tracks; the east side platform will be re-established to provide platforms on each side of the new double track.
2011: Electrification works started.
2014: Electrification works completed, and station energised.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
External links
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1881
Waitākere Ranges Local Board Area
1881 establishments in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1880s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%20railway%20station
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Henderson railway station is a major station on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand. It is located near the town centre of Henderson, the western administration offices of Auckland Council, and a major shopping centre, WestCity Waitakere.
History
The station was opened on 2 October 1880 for goods and on 21 December 1880 for all services including passengers.
Built as one of the stations for the railway line connecting Auckland with Helensville, that old station comprised two timber buildings and a long platform. In 1912 it was added another building with a post office and a canopy, and the platform was extended. Another reorganisation and extension of the station happened in 1925, although the previous layout was little modified.
It was functioning as both a railway station and post office until 1987. It reopened as a cafe in 1993, then a furniture store until 2000.
This old station was registered in 2004 by Heritage New Zealand as a Category 2 Historic Place.
Major upgrade
A major upgrade of the station was completed on 24 October 2006. The new station opened on 2 November 2006, 125 years after the railway first reached Henderson. It has an island platform. Stairs and escalators, enclosed in transparent panels, connect to an overhead walkway that connects to the council's office buildings and to the adjacent Railside Avenue.
In 21 August 2010 a "Distributed Stabling Facility" was opened because locals objected to the proposal to open the facility at Ranui railway station. ARTA had proposed it as part of the upgrading of the network, to store up to 11 trains and to clean trains when out of service; with staff car parking and welfare facilities.
Station name
It was proposed that the station be renamed Waitakere Central when it was upgraded because it was integrated with the then Waitakere City Council's new Civic Building. There were objections that there would be confusion with Waitakere railway station, also on the Western Line. Due to opposition to the name change, the station has Waitakere Central only as a subtitle. In practice, the station is never referred to by the name but the council uses it to refer to its premises, directly above the platforms.
Services
Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban train services between Swanson and Britomart.
Bus routes 14t, 14w, 120, 131, 133, 133x, 134, 138, 141, 142, 143, 146, 152, 154 and 162 arrive and depart from the transport interchange on Railside Avenue.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Henderson-Massey Local Board Area
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Lynn%20railway%20station
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New Lynn railway station is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network, New Zealand, and is part of an integrated transport centre where transfers can be made to and from bus services. A redeveloped station in a new rail trench was opened on 25 September 2010. LynnMall, a major shopping mall, is close by.
History
1880, March: Opens as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line.
1983, March: The Auckland Regional Authority decides to relocate the station east, to the other side of the Rankin Avenue-Totara Avenue-Clark Street road intersection and adjacent to the bus station, despite the uncertain future of Auckland suburban services.
1987, August: The old station building is demolished after vandals broke in and damaged it.
2006, December: Double-tracking between New Lynn and Avondale is approved by the central government; the $120 million package includes a 1 km long, 8m deep trench to carry the tracks, and a new station with below-ground platforms. Trenching the tracks means that they will no longer pass directly through the Rankin Avenue-Totara Avenue-Clark Street road intersection, removing a source of traffic congestion and the potential for collisions.
2008, March: The station platform is demolished and a temporary platform constructed to make way for the rail trench earthworks.
2010, 1 March: Trains begin running in the trench on a single track.
2010, 29 April: The first steam train runs in the trench, Ja 1275 on the Northlander to Whangarei.
2010, 8 June: Trains begin running through the trench on two tracks, completing the Western Line Double Tracking Project.
2010, 24 September: The station is officially opened by the Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand.
2012, April–June: The station shelters are transformed and a glass encased stairwell shelter is put into place due to high patronage use.
Rail trench
In the late 2000s, local and regional government, as part of the revitalising of the regional rail commuter network, decided to build a new "feature station" at New Lynn, which included sinking the tracks and station into a trench. Road was grade-separated from rail to enable vehicle traffic to pass over the line. Before the trenching works, the level crossings in the town centre were often blocked by passing trains, leading to substantial road congestion, which would have only increased with more train services.
The new rail trench and associated sunken station were to be constructed with up to 16m deep diaphragm walls using specially imported cranes and specialists. This was required due to the unstable, water-logged soils and the need to avoid settlement damage to close by buildings. The procedure to construct the 1 km of trench (with finished depth of up to 8m) involved multiple temporary shifts of the railway line and of various associated roads, and was called the most difficult part of the DART railway development programme in Auckland. Wet ground conditions had also forced a redesign of the tre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Albert%20railway%20station
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Mount Albert railway station is in the suburb of Mount Albert on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand, near Unitec, a local tertiary education provider, and is popular with Unitec students. It has an island platform and is reached by a footbridge from Carrington Road at the northern end, an overbridge from New North Road on the eastern side, and a subway that runs between Willcott Street and New North Road at the southern end.
History
1880: Opened as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line.
1908: A signal box was added.
1909: A new station building was built, after the previous one was destroyed by fire.
1920s: A siding to Mount Albert Quarry from the station is closed.
1966: The line was double-tracked and much of the station's infrastructure (including the signal box) was removed. The signal box is preserved at MOTAT.
2010: Significant discussion, including during the run-up to the local body elections, considered the station (and especially its access-ways and weather shelters) as dilapidated and in need of renewal. Also particularly criticised were the run-down shop rear areas fronting the railway station from the New North Road side. A former Auckland City councilor suggested that a green wall would offer an option to hide these unsightly areas behind low-cost, low-maintenance planting.
2013: The station was upgraded as part of a 2-stage Auckland Transport program in anticipation of the Auckland railway electrification project. The $9 million upgrade, which included an overhead covered walkway from Carrington Road, new passenger shelters, and other enhancements, was ceremonially opened in July 2013. The second stage, which was to include a $1.23 million overbridge walkway to New North Road, was scheduled to be completed by August 2016.
2016: The overbridge, connecting the station directly to the pedestrian precinct of the Mount Albert shopping area, was opened on 17 September 2016.
Services
A number of bus services pass this station, allowing easy transfer, although there are no signs or information provided at the station. These include routes 22N, 22R, 66, 209 and the Outer Link.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
Albert-Eden Local Board Area
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 2010s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland%20railway%20station%2C%20Auckland
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Kingsland railway station is a station on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand. The station sits parallel to the Kingsland township, and is located 400m from Eden Park, the major rugby and cricket stadium in Auckland, and the home ground of New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks.
The station's proximity to Eden Park means that it often functions as a terminus for stadium-goers, with dedicated services utilising both tracks to shuttle people into and out of Kingsland. Signalling was upgraded in 2011 to assist with this.
Kingsland Station used to consist of a single platform, and was situated further east of its present location, but in 2004 it was relocated as part of the Auckland rail network's double-tracking project. The old station's platform was demolished, but its shelter was retained and is now used by the Glenbrook Vintage Railway.
The station now utilises a side platform configuration for each direction of travel and is accessible from New North Road and Sandringham Road. An overbridge enables transfer between platforms, and a subway links the northbound platform to the Eden Park end of Sandringham Road.
History
1880: Opened on 29 March, with the North Auckland Line.
1993: Platform upgraded to meet the requirements of ex-Perth diesel multiple units.
2003: Old station removed.
2004: Rebuilt with two platforms as part of the Western Line double-tracking project, for $4 million.
2009-2010: Platforms lengthened to 115 m for six-car trains, and new stairs and an underpass from Sandringham Road to the northbound platform constructed, for $6 million. Signalling was upgraded to allow trains to leave from both platforms in the same direction to meet the needs of the 2011 Rugby World Cup, where it was expected that 15,000 fans would use the station in 70 minutes. Groups of 1,000 fans at a time were to board trains, departing every five minutes.
2011, June–August: shelters upgraded for the Rugby World Cup, made from the same materials as when building The Cloud on Auckland's waterfront.
Bus transfers
Bus routes 20, 22N, 22R, 24B, 24R and 209 pass near to Kingsland station on either New North Road or Sandringham Road.
In media
In the film Mr. Pip, Kingsland railway station appears as Gravesend station in England.
The eighth season of The Block NZ features restoration and transformation of an apartment block formerly being a fire house overlooking Eden Park's Outer Oval, and is situated near the station.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
Personal safety advice, 17 October 2022
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
Albert-Eden Local Board Area
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81nui%20railway%20station
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Rānui railway station is located on the Western Line of the Auckland rail network in New Zealand. It serves the communities of Rānui and Pooks Road, in the West Auckland suburb of Rānui.
The station was opened on 16 November 1925.
Services
Western Line suburban train services, between Swanson and Britomart, are provided by Auckland One Rail on behalf of Auckland Transport.
In 2017 local residents complained about the number of assaults at the station and the threatening characters "hanging around" the station, which led to security staff being stationed there for a period.
Stabling project
As part of upgrades to Auckland's urban rail network, ARTA had proposed building a stabling yard to store up to 11 trains to the west of the station. The yard was to be used to clean trains when out of service, and there were to be staff car parking and welfare facilities. Due to opposition from locals this was abandoned and the stabling yard was moved to Henderson.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1925
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1920s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturges%20Road%20railway%20station
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Sturges Road railway station in Henderson is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network. It has a park and ride facility available.
History
The station was opened on 30 April 1934, with other improvements to the Northern Line services.
For many years this station's name was mis-spelt as Sturgess Road. The road was named after a local family living in the area in the 19th century called Sturges, but the incorrect spelling remained in use for many decades until it was corrected in the 1990s.
Services
Western Line suburban train services, between Swanson and Britomart, are provided by Auckland One Rail on behalf of Auckland Transport.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1934
Henderson-Massey Local Board Area
1934 establishments in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1930s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale%20railway%20station
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Sunnyvale railway station is located on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network.
The station was opened on 28 February 1924.
In 2006–2007, the station was closed over summer to be upgraded, and lengthened for 6-car trains.
Sunnyvale railway station was seen during the fourth episode of Outrageous Fortune's fifth season.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1924
Henderson-Massey Local Board Area
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1920s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Eden%20railway%20station
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Glen Eden railway station is located on the Western Line of the AT Metro rail network in Auckland, New Zealand. The station house is a local historical landmark that was restored in 2001. A cafe is located in the old station building.
History
The station was opened on 29 March 1880 as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line. The station's location determined the placement of the nearby Waikumete Cemetery. Special trains ran from Auckland on Sundays carrying the deceased and their entourage, and a dedicated platform was constructed to serve these trains. This unique function is one of the reasons that the station is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage building. The station was added to the heritage register on 30 October 1998, with register number 7435.
The train station was the centre of the Glen Eden community during the turn of the century, with most stores and services located adjacent to the station. The station habitually dealt with scrub fires, caused due to sparks from the locomotive engines and the adjacent Archibald's Sawmill. The Waikumete Cemetery was opened in 1886, due to its proximity to the train station. The station became a transportation hub for Waitākere Ranges holidaymakers, who would take coaches from the train station to holiday at guest houses located in places such as Waiatarua, Karekare and Piha.
Services
Bus routes 152, 154, 172 and 172X pass by the station on the adjacent West Coast Road.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
External links
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Waitākere Ranges Local Board Area
Heritage New Zealand Category 2 historic places in the Auckland Region
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20railway%20station%2C%20Auckland
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Avondale railway station is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network. Relocated in 2008, the station can be accessed from St Jude St, Layard St, and Crayford St.
The proposed Avondale–Southdown Line would connect to the Western Line just east of the station.
History
1880: Opened as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line. The station was known as Whau for the first two years of its existence.
1882: A post office opened as part of the station.
1912: The post office closed.
1914: The platform was upgraded to an island platform layout with a new building on the new platform.
1915: A signal box was added.
1966: The line to Morningside was double-tracked.
1967: The signal box was removed after this section changed to centralised traffic control.
1993: The platform was raised to meet the requirements of ex-Perth trains.
1995: The station building was relocated to Swanson. Originally planned for demolition due to its poor state, Waitakere Community Board members Dave Harré and Penny Hulse lobbied the New Zealand Railways Corporation to save and refurbish the building.
2008: The footbridge was demolished, the platform removed and a temporary station erected 50m to the east of the site.
2010: A new station was constructed and the line double-tracked westward beyond Avondale. The station opened on 14 June.
2014: Platforms extended to 150m from 143m for the new electric AM class EMU trains.
Upgrade and relocation
Until 26 December 2008 it had an island platform just west of Blockhouse Bay Road, reached via a footbridge off the road. In 2010 an upgraded station was built on Layard Street, north of the St Jude Street level crossing and approximately 100m west and 200m south of the old station.
The new station provides better connections with the Avondale town centre and the platform is on a straight section of track, unlike the old platform which was on a large sharp curve.
Electrification work was completed and the station began serving electric trains in 2015.
Services
A number of bus routes pass nearby on Great North Road, Rosebank Road and Blockhouse Bay Road. These include routes 18, 22N, 22R, 138, 191, 195, 209 and 670.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside%20railway%20station%2C%20Auckland
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Morningside railway station is a station on the Western Line of the Auckland Railway Network. It has an island platform and is accessed via a level crossing on Morningside Drive and by a subway from New North Road.
History
1880: It opened as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line.
1914: A signal box was established here.
1966: The line between Morningside and Avondale was partially double-tracked and the platform was upgraded to an island platform layout.
1993: The platform was modified slightly to meet the requirements of new ex-Perth trains.
2009: An upgraded station was opened.
2013: In February, a woman in a wheelchair which was stuck in the tracks was rescued from the path of an approaching train.
2014: Electrification infrastructure installed as part of the electrification of Auckland's railway network.
Bus transfers
Bus routes 20, 22N, 22R, 22A and 209 pass close to Morningside station.
In media
Morningside Station was featured in the music video for Lorde's song "Royals".
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
Albert-Eden Local Board Area
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungawhau%20railway%20station
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Maungawhau railway station, commonly known as Mount Eden railway station, is a Western Line station of the Auckland railway network in the Auckland suburb of Mount Eden in New Zealand. The station has been closed since 2020 and is currently undergoing an extensive reconstruction as part of the wider work on the City Rail Link. The station is due to reopen to the public in early 2026.
The reconstruction work is adding two side platforms on the City Rail Link line toward Karanga-a-Hape railway station in addition to the island platform on the line towards Grafton station. The station was reached via a footbridge from Mount Eden Road or from the level crossing between Ngahura Street and Fenton Street.
History
1880: Opened as one of the original stations on the North Auckland Line.
1912: The present island platform and a new station building were constructed.
1914: A signal box was established.
1964: Lost much school traffic when some trains began to stop at St Peter's College (at the now closed Boston Road station and its replacement, the nearby Grafton station).
1967: Following the introduction of centralised traffic control, the signal box was removed.
Mid-1990s: The old station building was sold and removed, and is now located further up the track, past Morningside station, and is in use as a private home.
2004: An upgraded station was opened.
2019: An announcement that the station will be closed for four years from June 2020 for improvement as part of work for the City Rail Link starts.
2020: Following a delay caused by the COVID-19 lockdown, Mt Eden Station closed on 11 July
2023:The name of the station was officially changed from Mount Eden Station to Maungawhau Railway Station
City Rail Link
Auckland Transport (AT) changed their City Rail Link plans by removing the proposed Newton station and instead adding another platform at Mount Eden with a trench-styled layout similar to New Lynn railway station. The benefit, according to the Mayor of Auckland Len Brown, was a saving of NZD$150 million. AT chairman Lester Levy said that there had been concerted effort to optimise the design and reduce construction cost. "The change that has resulted from this focus will reduce cost by removing the very deep Newton station, which will also reduce construction disruption in upper Symonds St by 12 to 18 months. The improved design will connect passengers at Mt Eden Station to the CRL which previously bypassed them and improve operation reliability through the provision of a separated east-west junction so train lines won’t need to cross over each other." Levy said the changes also will result in an improved customer experience with the CRL platform at Mount Eden to be built in a trench similar to the New Lynn station, and be open to the sky, rather than deep underground as was the case for the proposed Newton station location. This open air location and the separated train junction will also lower operating costs.
To allow the CRL to connect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Road%20railway%20station
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Boston Road railway station was a station on the Western Line of the Auckland rail network, near St Peter's College and Auckland Grammar School. It was beneath an overbridge of State Highway 1, one of the busiest motorways in New Zealand. At the southern end of the station is the north western wall of Mt Eden Prison. The station closed on 10 April 2010, the day after the opening of the new Grafton station, and has since been largely demolished.
Until double-tracking between the station and Mt Eden in 2005, eastbound morning trains ran on the westbound track through the loop, avoiding the need for the school pupils to cross the line.
History
The line played an important part in the history of St Peter's College. From the time the school opened in 1939 many students came from the western suburbs of Auckland using the train service (known at that time at St Peter's College as the "North train") to attend the school. Until 1964 the nearest station was Mt Eden station, a ten-minute walk to or from the school. By 1964 about 250 St Peter's boys were using the train and walking between Mt Eden station and the school.
Brother T. A. Monagle, who supervised the train boys and who travelled on the train each day for that purpose, approached the Railways Department to request that the train stop at the school. The college had several reasons for asking that the trains should stop there. "The traffic in Mt Eden Road had become very heavy, and was a constant danger to the younger and more thoughtless of our pupils, and another source of considerable danger existed at Mt Eden station where supervision was necessary to prevent accidents when the boys were boarding the train. Again, the train would disgorge its pupils at Mt Eden and then chug merrily past the school almost empty, leaving the boys to walk half a mile, often in heavy rain."
Brother Monagle persuaded the Minister of Railways, Mr John McAlpine, to come and see for himself. In fact the Minister volunteered to walk up to the Mt Eden station from the school. "Well, somebody must have been pulling some strings up above, because on the day of the Minister's visit it rained cats and dogs, and even the odd pink elephant ..." and Brother Monagle's request was granted. The North train stopped at the St Peter's College station for the first time at 8.30am on Tuesday 15 September 1964 for the 250 St Peter's College boys and a dozen from Auckland Grammar. Initially the station was just a metalled strip parallel to the tracks.
Another noteworthy event occurred in November 1965, when, for the last time, the North train was pulled by a steam engine. It was the last passenger train in the North Island to be pulled by a steam locomotive.
In relation to Brother Monagle, " ... it is generally agreed that he deserved the rank of Railway Employee. Surely no single person has ever held down so many positions at once - stationmaster, signalman, ticket inspector and guard, not to mention construction engineer, traffic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%20Avenue%20railway%20station
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Baldwin Avenue railway station, in the suburb of Mount Albert, is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network. The station has offset side platforms connected by a level crossing.
History
1907: Between 1907 and 1 June 1915, trains would halt at Avondale Road (modern-day Asquith Ave), close to the modern-day railway station.
1953: Opened as a wayside halt on 28 September.
1966: The line between Morningside and Avondale was double-tracked, leading to two new platforms being built. These platforms were off-set from each other.
1993: The platforms were raised to meet the standards of the new ex-Perth trains.
2011: An upgraded and lengthened station was opened, with the platforms directly opposite each other.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1953
1953 establishments in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
Albert-Eden Local Board Area
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1950s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale%20Road%20railway%20station
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Fruitvale Road railway station is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network. It is near local schools, including two major high schools.
The station was opened on 28 September 1953.
In 2006–2007, the station was closed over summer to be upgraded, and lengthened for 6-car trains.
The station is known as the final confirmed place of missing French teenager Eloi Rolland, who went missing from Piha on 7 March 2020.
Station name
It is named after a nearby road. The road is not very well known, thus new passengers will most likely have no idea which suburb this station serves. It has been proposed to rename it 'Kelston' since it is in that suburb. It is quite close to Kelston Shopping Centre, Kelston Girls' College and Kelston Deaf Education Centre.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1953
Whau Local Board Area
Buildings and structures in Auckland
West Auckland, New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1950s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket%20railway%20station%2C%20Auckland
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Newmarket railway station is a station in the inner-city suburb of Newmarket in Auckland, New Zealand. It serves the Southern, Onehunga and Western Lines of the Auckland railway network, and is the second-busiest station in Auckland, after Britomart.
The station was opened in 1873. It was completely rebuilt between 2008 and 2010 and now consists of two island platforms serving three tracks with a concourse above the southern end of the station. The redeveloped station opened on 14 January 2010.
History
Historical station
The station was opened in 1873 and in its historical configuration it consisted of a single island, accessed by a ramp from Remuera Road (opposite Nuffield Street) and by a pedestrian overbridge which led to Broadway and Joseph Banks Terrace. The original station building was one of four island platform station buildings in Auckland designed and built by George Troup, Chief Engineer for the New Zealand Railways Department. It was built in 1908, at the time of the installation of double track.
The signal box at the northern end of the platform was built at the same time and was one of the few of that era on its original site and still in operation in the late 20th century, being the last full-sized lever frame box on the national network.
Newmarket was also the site of Newmarket Workshops, which opened in 1878, and closed in 1927, when Otahuhu Workshops opened.
The historical configuration of the station, near Newmarket Junction (the junction of the Western and Southern Lines), forced some unusual movements. Trains from the city had to run past the junction to call at the station, as they do to this day. There were two platforms in an island configuration, and all city-bound trains stopped at one platform, outbound trains stopping at the other. This was confusing as the outward-bound platform served both the Southern and Western Lines. This problem was partially solved by 'splitting' the platform into two: Southern Line trains stopped at the southern end of the platform, Western Line at the northern end. However the platform was short, so that this did not always resolve the confusion.
The above practice became less prevalent following the higher frequency of the July 2007 timetable. From then trains used whichever platform was free, and could arrive without any indication of destination. Off-peak operations usually followed the traditional practice, but during the peak this was not practical. This led to passengers' confusion as to which train ran on which line.
During peak times, Veolia staff were often present with megaphones to inform passengers of train destinations. The signal box was attended 24 hours per day and had control of all trains within the station and Junction.
Backshunt
For many years, outbound Western Line trains reversed into a special siding, which allowed them to enter the Western Line. In July 2007, this reversing procedure ceased to be necessary, with the start of rebuilding as part of Project DART
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlane%20railway%20station
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Greenlane railway station serves the Southern Line and Onehunga Line of the Auckland railway network. It was opened circa 1877. It has an island platform and is reached via a ramp from Green Lane East. It is the nearest station to Ellerslie Racecourse, Greenlane Clinical Centre (formerly known as Green Lane Hospital), ASB Showgrounds and Cornwall Park.
Services
Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services on the Southern Line and Onehunga Line. All Southern Line services stop at Greenlane. Since 26 August 2018, Onehunga Line services stop only in the evenings. The typical weekday off-peak timetable is:
3 tph to Britomart
3 tph to Papakura
Greenlane railway station is served by local bus route 650.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in 1877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie%20railway%20station
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Ellerslie railway station serves the Southern and Onehunga Lines of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand. It was opened in 1873. It has an island platform and is south of Greenlane and north of Penrose.
Access to Station
Access to the station at the northern end was by a ramp down from the footbridge crossing the SH1 Southern Motorway between Main Highway, Ellerslie and Kalmia Street. At the southern end of the station there is a subway between Findlay Street and Sultan Street.
History
The station was on the railway line between Auckland and Onehunga via Newmarket, Ellerslie and Penrose, built by Brogden & Co. Completion was delayed by bankruptcy of a sub contractor. A trial passenger run was made on 24 October 1873 and, in November, passengers were carried to a point near the cricket ground, though there was no station. A temporary platform was then built. However, it wasn't until 20 December 1873 that the line opened with great public celebration, though only 15 travelled on the first timetabled train. Ellerslie wasn't shown in the timetable of the initial 3 trains each way, though special trains to Ellerslie Racecourse were advertised at the same time. The service was increased to 4 each way in January 1874. Brogdens ran the railway until 30 April 1874, when New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) took over. In 1875 Ellerslie was shown as a stop for Sunday trains only.
That year it was noted that the station had been put on the wrong side of the line, contrary to the terms of a gift of the land, made by Robert Graham, who had built a pleasure garden at Ellerslie. Around 1879, £300 was spent moving the office, platform, and sidings across the line and fencing the station yard, though it was noted the racecourse platform was not to be moved. In 1876 Robert Graham applied for a siding to his quarry, south of the station to produce ballast. and in 1878 he applied for a siding to his slaughter house. In 1885 it was noted that a private siding had been granted on 6 September 1876, but that Robert Graham had since given it up and it was then being used by NZR.
The line through Ellerslie subsequently became part of the North Island Main Trunk and later the North Auckland Line, with the branch line from Penrose to Onehunga becoming the Onehunga Branch. The station at Ellerslie was initially between the railway bridges, with the main road running directly through the village and intersecting the line at a level crossing. By 1874 residents became concerned at a number of accidents that had occurred at the crossing and successfully lobbied for relocation of the station to the opposite side of the road, requiring realignment of the road to its present route, though it may have been about 1909 when a bridge was built. The railway encouraged suburban settlement and allowed a daily delivery of letters to the station until the opening of a post office in 1911 and also provided a telegraph office. From 1884 to 1912 there was a Post Office at the st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20railway%20station%2C%20Auckland
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Penrose railway station is a station at Penrose, Auckland, on the Southern Line and Onehunga Line of the Auckland railway network, New Zealand. It is equipped with an island platform reached by pedestrian bridges from Great South Road and Station Road, and a side platform on Station Road.
Penrose station is at the junction of the Onehunga Branch railway with the North Auckland railway. The Onehunga Branch is single-track with no south-going junction at Penrose, and passengers transferring between Onehunga Line and Southern Line services must use the bridge on the Station Road side to cross from one platform to the other.
In April 2011, the island platform was lengthened to accommodate longer suburban passenger trains, by raising the height of the platform around the old station building. On 28 April 2011, passenger trains began stopping under the station building shelter for the first time since 1993.
Penrose station is near Mount Smart Stadium, a major sports stadium.
Services
Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services to Britomart, Onehunga, Papakura and Pukekohe via Ellerslie. The typical weekday off-peak timetable is:
3 tph to Britomart
3 tph to Papakura
2 tph to Onehunga
2 tph to Newmarket
Bus routes 66, 298 and 321 serve Penrose station.
On 24 June 2022, the Onehunga line was shortened to terminate at Newmarket due to a reduction of platforms at Britomart for City Rail Link construction.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
Public transport in Auckland
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 1873
1873 establishments in New Zealand
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1870s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southdown%20railway%20station
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Southdown railway station was a station at Southdown on the Southern Line of the Auckland suburban railway network. It was opened to passenger traffic in 1905 and was closed in 2004. It was double tracked and had an island platform layout. Pedestrian access was via a footbridge connecting the end of Southdown Lane to the Southdown Freezing Works.
Services were withdrawn by the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA) on 30 May 2004 due to low patronage and safety reasons. In the years immediately preceding its closure, patronage had increased on Auckland suburban trains but Southdown had not followed the trend and passenger usage of the station had declined to only approximately forty people per weekday. Safety concerns were raised due to the poor state of the footbridge used to access the platform, and the fact that to access the footbridge, passengers had to cross an unprotected freight siding.
See also
List of Auckland railway stations
References
Rail transport in Auckland
Defunct railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations closed in 2004
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1900s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West%20Group
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East-West Group is a group of independent companies based internationally which operates a network of service companies focused on the Central Asian, Caucasus, Russian and Middle Eastern markets. The group offers a range of services such as business development, project management, IT and engineering services.
The group is represented in the United States, Belgium, United Kingdom, Central Asia, and the Middle East, and consists of several international subsidiaries.
External links
East-West Group
SCATRA Limited
East-West Engineering
Holding companies of Luxembourg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20interactive%20object%20extraction
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Simple interactive object extraction (SIOX) is an algorithm for extracting foreground objects from color images and videos with very little user interaction. It has been implemented as "foreground selection" tool in the GIMP (since version 2.3.3), as part of the tracer tool in Inkscape (since 0.44pre3), and as function in ImageJ and Fiji (plug-in). Experimental implementations were also reported for Blender and Krita. Although the algorithm was originally designed for videos, virtually all implementations use SIOX primarily for still image segmentation. In fact, it is often said to be the current de facto standard for this task in the open-source world.
Initially, a free hand selection tool is used to specify the region of interest. It must contain all foreground objects to extract and as few background as possible. The pixels outside the region of interest form the sure background while the inner region define a superset of the foreground, i.e. the unknown region. A so-called foreground brush is then used to mark representative foreground regions. The algorithm outputs a selection mask. The selection can be refined by either adding further foreground markings or by adding background markings using the background brush.
Technically, the algorithm performs the following steps:
Create a set of representative colors for sure foreground and sure background, the so-called color signatures.
Assign all image points to foreground or background by a weighted nearest neighbor search in the color signatures.
Apply some standard image processing operations like erode, dilate, and blur to remove artifacts.
Find the connected foreground components that are either large enough or marked by the user.
For video segmentation the sure background and sure foreground regions are learned from motion statistics. SIOX also features tools that allow sub-pixel accurate refinement of edges and high texture areas, the so-called "detail refinement brushes".
As with all segmentation algorithms, there are always pictures where the algorithm does not yield perfect results. The most critical drawback of SIOX is the color dependence. Although many photos are well-separable by color, the algorithm cannot deal with camouflage. If the foreground and background share many identical shades of similar colors, the algorithm might give a result with parts missing or incorrectly classified foreground. SIOX performs about equally well on different benchmarks compared to graph-based segmentation methods, such as Grabcut. SIOX is, however, more noise robust and can therefore also be used for the segmentation of videos. Graph-based segmentation methods search for a minimum cut and therefore tend to not perform optimally with complex structures.
The algorithm has initially been developed at the department of computer science at Freie Universitaet Berlin. The main developer, Gerald Friedland, is now faculty at the EECS department of the University of California at Berkeley and also a
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