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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net | A net is a mesh of strings or ropes or a device made from one, such as those used for fishing.
Net or net may also refer to:
Mathematics and physics
Net (mathematics), a filter-like topological generalization of a sequence
Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2
Net (polyhedron), an arrangement of polygon... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a ball is the solid figure bounded by a sphere; it is also called a solid sphere. It may be a closed ball (including the boundary points that constitute the sphere) or an open ball (excluding them).
These concepts are defined not only in three-dimensional Euclidean space but also for lower and higher d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable%20prime | In number theory, a probable prime (PRP) is an integer that satisfies a specific condition that is satisfied by all prime numbers, but which is not satisfied by most composite numbers. Different types of probable primes have different specific conditions. While there may be probable primes that are composite (called ps... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defect | Defect or defects may refer to:
Related to failure
Angular defect, in geometry
Birth defect, an abnormal condition present at birth
Crystallographic defect, in the crystal lattice of solid materials
Latent defect, in the law of the sale of property
Product defect, a characteristic of a product which hinders its u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlier | In statistics, an outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations. An outlier may be due to a variability in the measurement, an indication of novel data, or it may be the result of experimental error; the latter are sometimes excluded from the data set. An outlier can be an indication of ex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20plot | In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a method for graphically demonstrating the locality, spread and skewness groups of numerical data through their quartiles. In addition to the box on a box plot, there can be lines (which are called whiskers) extending from the box indicating variability outside the up... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-number%20summary | The five-number summary is a set of descriptive statistics that provides information about a dataset. It consists of the five most important sample percentiles:
the sample minimum (smallest observation)
the lower quartile or first quartile
the median (the middle value)
the upper quartile or third quartile
the samp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20statistic | In statistics, the kth order statistic of a statistical sample is equal to its kth-smallest value. Together with rank statistics, order statistics are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference.
Important special cases of the order statistics are the minimum and maximum value of a samp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal | In mathematics, an infinitesimal number is a quantity that is closer to 0 than any standard real number, but that is not 0. The word infinitesimal comes from a 17th-century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, which originally referred to the "infinity-th" item in a sequence.
Infinitesimals do not exist in the standard... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating%20function | In mathematics, a generating function is a way of encoding an infinite sequence of numbers () by treating them as the coefficients of a formal power series. This series is called the generating function of the sequence. Unlike an ordinary series, the formal power series is not required to converge: in fact, the generat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary%20operation | In mathematics, a unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a single input. This is in contrast to binary operations, which use two operands. An example is any function , where is a set. The function is a unary operation on .
Common notations are prefix notation (e.g. ¬, −), postfix notation (e.g. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude%20%28triangle%29 | In geometry, an altitude of a triangle is a line segment through a vertex and perpendicular to a line containing the side opposite the vertex. This line containing the opposite side is called the extended base of the altitude. The intersection of the extended base and the altitude is called the foot of the altitude. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-point%20circle | In geometry, the nine-point circle is a circle that can be constructed for any given triangle. It is so named because it passes through nine significant concyclic points defined from the triangle. These nine points are:
The midpoint of each side of the triangle
The foot of each altitude
The midpoint of the line seg... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incircle%20and%20excircles | In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle that can be contained in the triangle; it touches (is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is a triangle center called the triangle's incenter.
An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscribed%20circle | In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to circumscribe the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be inscribed in the circle.
Circumcircle, the circumscribed circle of a triangle, which always exists for a given ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocentric%20system | In geometry, an orthocentric system is a set of four points on a plane, one of which is the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the other three. Equivalently, the lines passing through disjoint pairs among the points are perpendicular, and the four circles passing through any three of the four points have the same ra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20geometers | A geometer is a mathematician whose area of study is geometry.
Some notable geometers and their main fields of work, chronologically listed, are:
1000 BCE to 1 BCE
Baudhayana (fl. c. 800 BC) – Euclidean geometry
Manava (c. 750 BC–690 BC) – Euclidean geometry
Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC) – Euclidean ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olry%20Terquem | Olry Terquem (16 June 1782 – 6 May 1862) was a French mathematician. He is known for his works in geometry and for founding two scientific journals, one of which was the first journal about the history of mathematics. He was also the pseudonymous author (as Tsarphati) of a sequence of letters advocating radical reform ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetMath | PlanetMath is a free, collaborative, mathematics online encyclopedia. The emphasis is on rigour, openness, pedagogy, real-time content, interlinked content, and also community of about 24,000 people with various maths interests. Intended to be comprehensive, the project is currently hosted by the University of Waterlo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20value | In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false).
Computing
In some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doctrine%20of%20Chances | The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory, written by 18th-century French mathematician Abraham de Moivre and first published in 1718. De Moivre wrote in English because he resided in England at the time, having fled France to escape the persecution of Huguenots. The book's title came to be s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20field | In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to every point in a space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units).
In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement | In combinatorial mathematics, a derangement is a permutation of the elements of a set in which no element appears in its original position. In other words, a derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points.
The number of derangements of a set of size n is known as the subfactorial of n or the n-th derangement nu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Freiling | Christopher Francis Freiling is a mathematician responsible for Freiling's axiom of symmetry in set theory. He has also made significant contributions to coding theory, in the process establishing connections between that field and matroid theory.
Freiling obtained his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiling%27s%20axiom%20of%20symmetry | Freiling's axiom of symmetry () is a set-theoretic axiom proposed by Chris Freiling. It is based on intuition of Stuart Davidson
but the mathematics behind it goes back to Wacław Sierpiński.
Let denote the set of all functions from to countable subsets of . The axiom states:
For every , there exist such that an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimber | In mathematics, the nimbers, also called Grundy numbers, are introduced in combinatorial game theory, where they are defined as the values of heaps in the game Nim. The nimbers are the ordinal numbers endowed with nimber addition and nimber multiplication, which are distinct from ordinal addition and ordinal multiplic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Pearson | Karl Pearson (; born Carl Pearson; 27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) was an English mathematician and biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics. He founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London in 1911, and contributed signi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian%20conflict%20in%202003 | Note: The death toll quoted here is just the sum of the listings. There may be many omissions from the list. The human rights organisation B'Tselem has complied statistics of about 600 deaths during 2003 in the occupied territories alone.
Note: This compilation includes only those attacks that resulted in Israeli casu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Yates | Frank Yates FRS (12 May 1902 – 17 June 1994) was one of the pioneers of 20th-century statistics.
Biography
Yates was born in Manchester, England, the eldest of five children (and only son) of seed merchant and botanist Percy Yates and his wife Edith. He attended Wadham House, a private school, before gaining a scholar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer%27s%20rule | In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns, valid whenever the system has a unique solution. It expresses the solution in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix and of matrices obtained from it by repl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20matrix | In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.
Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. F... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence | Transcendence, transcendent, or transcendental may refer to:
Mathematics
Transcendental number, a number that is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients
Algebraic element or transcendental element, an element of a field extension that is not the root of any polynomial with coefficients from the bas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sides%20of%20an%20equation | In mathematics, LHS is informal shorthand for the left-hand side of an equation. Similarly, RHS is the right-hand side. The two sides have the same value, expressed differently, since equality is symmetric.
More generally, these terms may apply to an inequation or inequality; the right-hand side is everything on the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector | In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that behaves like a vector in many situations, but its direction does not conform when the object is rigidly transformed by rotation, translation, reflection, etc. This can also happen when the orientation of the space is changed. For example, t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20equation | In mathematics and physics, the heat equation is a certain partial differential equation. Solutions of the heat equation are sometimes known as caloric functions. The theory of the heat equation was first developed by Joseph Fourier in 1822 for the purpose of modeling how a quantity such as heat diffuses through a give... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20exponent | In mathematics, the Lyapunov exponent or Lyapunov characteristic exponent of a dynamical system is a quantity that characterizes the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories. Quantitatively, two trajectories in phase space with initial separation vector diverge (provided that the divergence can be trea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Numbers%20and%20Games | On Numbers and Games is a mathematics book by John Horton Conway first published in 1976. The book is written by a pre-eminent mathematician, and is directed at other mathematicians. The material is, however, developed in a playful and unpretentious manner and many chapters are accessible to non-mathematicians. Marti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%20%28disambiguation%29 | Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ, or maths symbol ϕ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet.
Phi or PHI may also refer to:
Science and technology
Mathematics
Golden ratio (φ)
Phi coefficient, a measure of association for two binary variables introduced by Karl Pearson
Euler's totient function or phi function
Inte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker%E2%80%93Planck%20equation | In statistical mechanics and information theory, the Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of the velocity of a particle under the influence of drag forces and random forces, as in Brownian motion. The equation can be generalized ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence%20algebra | In order theory, a field of mathematics, an incidence algebra is an associative algebra, defined for every locally finite partially ordered set
and commutative ring with unity. Subalgebras called reduced incidence algebras give a natural construction of various types of generating functions used in combinatorics and nu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20category | In mathematics, a concrete category is a category that is equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets (or sometimes to another category, see Relative concreteness below). This functor makes it possible to think of the objects of the category as sets with additional structure, and of its morphisms as struct... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence%20%28epidemiology%29 | In epidemiology, incidence is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time. Although sometimes loosely expressed simply as the number of new cases during some time period, it is better expressed as a proportion or a rate with a denominator.
I... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20vector | In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat", as in (pronounced "v-hat").
The term direction vector, commonly denoted as d, is used to describe a unit vector being used to repre... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend%20%C3%85ge%20Madsen | Svend Åge Madsen ( born 2 November 1939) is a Danish novelist. He studied mathematics before he began writing fiction. His novels are generally philosophical and humorous. Several of his works have been made into films in Denmark. His writings are extensive and has been translated into many languages.
Madsen's writing... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior | Posterior may refer to:
Posterior (anatomy), the end of an organism opposite to its head
Buttocks, as a euphemism
Posterior horn (disambiguation)
Posterior probability, the conditional probability that is assigned when the relevant evidence is taken into account
Posterior tense, a relative future tense |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Threlkeld%20Cox | Richard Threlkeld Cox (August 5, 1898 – May 2, 1991) was a professor of physics at Johns Hopkins University, known for Cox's theorem relating to the foundations of probability.
Biography
He was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of attorney Lewis Cox and Elinor Cox. After Lewis Cox died, Elinor Cox married John Latané,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Baez | John Carlos Baez (; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California. He has worked on spin foams in loop quantum gravity, applications of higher categories to physics, and applied category theory. Addition... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-ordering%20principle | In mathematics, the well-ordering principle states that every non-empty set of positive integers contains a least element. In other words, the set of positive integers is well-ordered by its "natural" or "magnitude" order in which precedes if and only if is either or the sum of and some positive integer (other ord... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corollary | In mathematics and logic, a corollary ( , ) is a theorem of less importance which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement. A corollary could, for instance, be a proposition which is incidentally proved while proving another proposition; it might also be used more casually to refer to something w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus%20%28journal%29 | Centaurus. Journal of the European Society for the History of Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on the history of mathematics, science, and technology. It is the official journal of the European Society for the History of Science. The journal was established in 1950. In January 202... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Charles | Jacques Alexandre César Charles (12 November 1746 – 7 April 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.
Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles, also a member of the Paris Academy of Scienc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20Maru%C5%A1i%C4%8D | Dragan Marušič (born 1953, Koper, Slovenia) is a Slovene mathematician. Marušič obtained his BSc in technical mathematics from the University of Ljubljana in 1976, and his PhD from the University of Reading in 1981 under the supervision of Crispin Nash-Williams.
Marušič has published extensively, and has supervised se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity%20and%20sufficiency | In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements. For example, in the conditional statement: "If then ", is necessary for , because the truth of is guaranteed by the truth of . (Equivalently, it is impossible to have wi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20equivalence | In logic and mathematics, statements and are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of and is sometimes expressed as , , , or , depending on the notation being used.
However, these symbols are also used for material equivalence, so proper interpreta... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations%20of%20mathematics | Foundations of mathematics is the study of the philosophical and logical and/or algorithmic basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics. In this latter sense, the distinction between foundations of mathema... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20topology | Topology of a transmembrane protein refers to locations of N- and C-termini of membrane-spanning polypeptide chain with respect to the inner or outer sides of the biological membrane occupied by the protein.
Several databases provide experimentally determined topologies of membrane proteins. They include Uniprot, TOPD... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski%20number | In number theory, a Sierpiński number is an odd natural number k such that is composite for all natural numbers n. In 1960, Wacław Sierpiński proved that there are infinitely many odd integers k which have this property.
In other words, when k is a Sierpiński number, all members of the following set are composite:
I... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20continuity-related%20mathematical%20topics | In mathematics, the terms continuity, continuous, and continuum are used in a variety of related ways.
Continuity of functions and measures
Continuous function
Absolutely continuous function
Absolute continuity of a measure with respect to another measure
Continuous probability distribution: Sometimes this term ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification | Stratification may refer to:
Mathematics
Stratification (mathematics), any consistent assignment of numbers to predicate symbols
Data stratification in statistics
Earth sciences
Stable and unstable stratification
Stratification, or stratum, the layering of rocks
Stratification (archeology), the formation of lay... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann%20statistics | In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the distribution of classical material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium. It is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.
The expected number of pa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Markov%20theorem | In statistics, the Gauss–Markov theorem (or simply Gauss theorem for some authors) states that the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator has the lowest sampling variance within the class of linear unbiased estimators, if the errors in the linear regression model are uncorrelated, have equal variances and expectation v... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20matrix | In mathematics, a complex square matrix is normal if it commutes with its conjugate transpose :
The concept of normal matrices can be extended to normal operators on infinite dimensional normed spaces and to normal elements in C*-algebras. As in the matrix case, normality means commutativity is preserved, to the exte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Markov | The phrase Gauss–Markov is used in two different ways:
Gauss–Markov processes in probability theory
The Gauss–Markov theorem in mathematical statistics (in this theorem, one does not assume the probability distributions are Gaussian.) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe%2C%20New%20Brunswick | Dieppe () is a city in the Canadian maritime province of New Brunswick. Statistics Canada counted the population at 28,114 in 2021, making it the fourth-largest city in the province. On 1 January 2023, Dieppe annexed parts of two neighbouring local service districts; revised census figures have not been released.
Diep... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step%20function | In mathematics, a function on the real numbers is called a step function if it can be written as a finite linear combination of indicator functions of intervals. Informally speaking, a step function is a piecewise constant function having only finitely many pieces.
Definition and first consequences
A function is call... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Unreasonable%20Effectiveness%20of%20Mathematics%20in%20the%20Natural%20Sciences | "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a 1960 article by the physicist Eugene Wigner. In this paper, Wigner observes that a physical theory's mathematical structure often points the way to further advances in that theory and even to empirical predictions.
Original paper and Wigner's... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20drawing | An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey information about an object. A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for the construction of a component and is called a detail drawing. Usually, a number of drawings are necessary to completely specify even a simple component. The d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision%20detection | Collision detection is the computational problem of detecting the intersection of two or more objects. Collision detection is a classic issue of computational geometry and has applications in various computing fields, primarily in computer graphics, computer games, computer simulations, robotics and computational physi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform | In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal, which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain (the z-domain or z-plane) representation.
It can be considered a discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform (the s-domain or s-plane). This simil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachistochrone%20curve | In physics and mathematics, a brachistochrone curve (), or curve of fastest descent, is the one lying on the plane between a point A and a lower point B, where B is not directly below A, on which a bead slides frictionlessly under the influence of a uniform gravitational field to a given end point in the shortest time.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus%20of%20variations | The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions
and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals invol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%20program | In representation theory and algebraic number theory, the Langlands program is a web of far-reaching and consequential conjectures about connections between number theory and geometry. Proposed by , it seeks to relate Galois groups in algebraic number theory to automorphic forms and representation theory of algebraic g... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20of%20unity | In mathematics, a root of unity, occasionally called a de Moivre number, is any complex number that yields 1 when raised to some positive integer power . Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially important in number theory, the theory of group characters, and the discrete Fourier trans... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotomic%20polynomial | In mathematics, the nth cyclotomic polynomial, for any positive integer n, is the unique irreducible polynomial with integer coefficients that is a divisor of and is not a divisor of for any Its roots are all nth primitive roots of unity
, where k runs over the positive integers not greater than n and coprime to n ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially%20ordered%20group | In abstract algebra, a partially ordered group is a group (G, +) equipped with a partial order "≤" that is translation-invariant; in other words, "≤" has the property that, for all a, b, and g in G, if a ≤ b then a + g ≤ b + g and g + a ≤ g + b.
An element x of G is called positive if 0 ≤ x. The set of elements 0 ≤ x ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logit | In statistics, the logit ( ) function is the quantile function associated with the standard logistic distribution. It has many uses in data analysis and machine learning, especially in data transformations.
Mathematically, the logit is the inverse of the standard logistic function , so the logit is defined as
Because... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds | In probability theory, odds provide a measure of the likelihood of a particular outcome. They are calculated as the ratio of the number of events that produce that outcome to the number that do not. Odds are commonly used in gambling and statistics.
Odds also have a simple relation with probability: the odds of an ou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faltings%27s%20theorem | Faltings's theorem is a result in arithmetic geometry, according to which a curve of genus greater than 1 over the field of rational numbers has only finitely many rational points. This was conjectured in 1922 by Louis Mordell, and known as the Mordell conjecture until its 1983 proof by Gerd Faltings. The conjecture w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20postman%20problem | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics and computer science, Guan's route problem, the Chinese postman problem, postman tour or route inspection problem is to find a shortest closed path or circuit that visits every edge of an (connected) undirected graph at least once. When the graph has an Eulerian circuit (a clos... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20surface | In mathematics, particularly in complex analysis, a Riemann surface is a one-dimensional complex manifold.
Loosely speaking, this means that any Riemann surface is formed by gluing together open subsets of the complex plane C using holomorphic gluing maps.
Examples of Riemann surfaces include graphs of multivalued ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20%28geometry%29 | In geometry, a normal is an object (e.g. a line, ray, or vector) that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the (infinite) line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point.
A normal vector may have length one (in which case it is a unit nor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral%20triangle | In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides have the same length. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, an equilateral triangle is also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°. It is also a regular polygon, so it is also referred to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20physics | Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20method | In mathematics, the probabilistic method is a nonconstructive method, primarily used in combinatorics and pioneered by Paul Erdős, for proving the existence of a prescribed kind of mathematical object. It works by showing that if one randomly chooses objects from a specified class, the probability that the result is of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton%20theorem | In linear algebra, the Cayley–Hamilton theorem (named after the mathematicians Arthur Cayley and William Rowan Hamilton) states that every square matrix over a commutative ring (such as the real or complex numbers or the integers) satisfies its own characteristic equation.
If is a given matrix and is the identity ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc | Disk or disc may refer to:
Disk (mathematics), a geometric shape
Disk storage
Optical disc
Music
Disc (band), an American experimental music band
Disk (album), a 1995 EP by Moby
Other uses
Disk (functional analysis), a subset of a vector space
Disc (galaxy), a disc-shaped group of stars
Disc (magazine), a Bri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose | In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal;
that is, it switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix, often denoted by (among other notations).
The transpose of a matrix was introduced in 1858 by the British mathematician Art... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Burt | Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt, FBA (3 March 1883 – 10 October 1971) was an English educational psychologist and geneticist who also made contributions to statistics. He is known for his studies on the heritability of IQ.
Shortly after he died, his studies of inheritance of intelligence were discredited after evidence emerged... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20conjugate | In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if and are real numbers then the complex conjugate of is The complex conjugate of is often denoted as or .
In polar form, if and are real num... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity%20%28disambiguation%29 | Homogeneity is a sameness of constituent structure.
Homogeneity, homogeneous, or homogenization may also refer to:
In mathematics
Transcendental law of homogeneity of Leibniz
Homogeneous space for a Lie group G, or more general transformation group
Homogeneous function
Homogeneous polynomial
Homogeneous equation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20group | In mathematics, the orthogonal group in dimension , denoted , is the group of distance-preserving transformations of a Euclidean space of dimension that preserve a fixed point, where the group operation is given by composing transformations. The orthogonal group is sometimes called the general orthogonal group, by ana... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20rotation%20group | In mechanics and geometry, the 3D rotation group, often denoted SO(3), is the group of all rotations about the origin of three-dimensional Euclidean space under the operation of composition.
By definition, a rotation about the origin is a transformation that preserves the origin, Euclidean distance (so it is an isome... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20group | In mathematics, the name symplectic group can refer to two different, but closely related, collections of mathematical groups, denoted and for positive integer n and field F (usually C or R). The latter is called the compact symplectic group and is also denoted by . Many authors prefer slightly different notations, u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncorrelatedness%20%28probability%20theory%29 | In probability theory and statistics, two real-valued random variables, , , are said to be uncorrelated if their covariance, , is zero. If two variables are uncorrelated, there is no linear relationship between them.
Uncorrelated random variables have a Pearson correlation coefficient, when it exists, of zero, except ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20matrix | In mathematics, a symplectic matrix is a matrix with real entries that satisfies the condition
where denotes the transpose of and is a fixed nonsingular, skew-symmetric matrix. This definition can be extended to matrices with entries in other fields, such as the complex numbers, finite fields, p-adic numbers, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20group | In mathematics, the unitary group of degree n, denoted U(n), is the group of unitary matrices, with the group operation of matrix multiplication. The unitary group is a subgroup of the general linear group . Hyperorthogonal group is an archaic name for the unitary group, especially over finite fields. For the group of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20unitary%20group | In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree , denoted , is the Lie group of unitary matrices with determinant 1.
The matrices of the more general unitary group may have complex determinants with absolute value 1, rather than real 1 in the special case.
The group operation is matrix multiplication. The specia... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20geometry | Spherical geometry or spherics () is the geometry of the two-dimensional surface of a sphere or the -dimensional surface of higher dimensional spheres.
Long studied for its practical applications to astronomy, navigation, and geodesy, spherical geometry and the metrical tools of spherical trigonometry are in many res... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-symmetric%20matrix | In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition
In terms of the entries of the matrix, if denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal%20matrix | In linear algebra, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero; the term usually refers to square matrices. Elements of the main diagonal can either be zero or nonzero. An example of a 2×2 diagonal matrix is , while an example of a 3×3 diagonal matrix is. An identity matrix... |
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