image image | image_id string | caption string | cui sequence | questions sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ROCOv2_2023_test_000001 | CT chest axial view showing a huge ascending aortic aneurysm (*). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What are the potential complications associated with the presence of a huge ascending aortic aneurysm as seen in the CT chest axial view?",
"What anatomical structures are at risk of being compromised due to the size and location of the ascending aortic aneurysm in this image?",
"What are the typical imaging f... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000002 | Computed tomography (CT) shows floating thrombosis (white arrow) | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical location is typically associated with floating thrombosis as depicted in the CT image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of identifying floating thrombosis on a CT scan?",
"What imaging characteristics on CT are typically used to differentiate floating thrombosis from other intral... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000003 | Digitally subtracted angiogram demonstrates active extravasation of the superior rectal artery into the ileal-conduit (blue arrow) | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is identified as the source of the active extravasation in the provided digitally subtracted angiogram?",
"What specific anatomical structure is receiving the extravasated contrast material, as indicated by the blue arrow in the image?",
"What type of imaging modality is used to visua... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000004 | Digitally subtracted angiogram of the IMA demonstrated cessation of flow through the proximal superior rectal artery in the region of the intersection between the artery and ureter with retained perfusion of the rectosigmoid region and resolution of active extravasation | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is shown to have cessation of flow in the region of the intersection between the artery and ureter based on the digitally subtracted angiogram?",
"Which vascular region is noted to have retained perfusion despite the cessation of flow in the proximal superior rectal artery?",
"What fi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000005 | Angle measurement of a Type 1 canal. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are being measured in the angle measurement of a Type 1 canal?",
"What is the clinical significance of identifying and measuring the angle in a Type 1 canal?",
"How does the angle measurement of a Type 1 canal correlate with the overall morphology of the canal system?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000006 | Computed tomography on day 26Follow-up enhanced computed tomography on day 26 revealed no apparent progression of left iliopsoas hematoma, and no extravasation of contrast media was seen. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What findings were observed regarding the left iliopsoas hematoma on the enhanced computed tomography scan performed on day 26?",
"Was there any evidence of contrast media extravasation identified on the follow-up enhanced computed tomography scan on day 26?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000007 | Enhanced CT scan of the chest revealed an anterior mediastinal tumor (black arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location of the tumor identified in the enhanced CT scan, and what anatomical structures might be at risk due to its position?",
"What imaging characteristics of the tumor are highlighted in the enhanced CT scan, and what could these features suggest regarding the tumor's composition or origin?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000008 | Arrow shows ULP at the distal arch. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is indicated by the arrow in the radiological image, and what does the presence of ULP suggest in this location?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of ULP that would help in differentiating it from other similar pathologies in the distal aortic arch?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000009 | Early sagittal T2-weighted MRI. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized on an early sagittal T2-weighted MRI, and how does the T2 weighting influence the contrast of these structures?",
"What specific pathological features can be identified on an early sagittal T2-weighted MRI, and how do they appear in terms of signal intensity co... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000010 | Late axial T2-weighted MRI. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in a late axial T2-weighted MRI, and what pathologies can be identified based on signal intensity changes in this sequence?",
"How does the contrast-to-noise ratio in a late axial T2-weighted MRI affect the detection of subtle abnormalities such as edema or dem... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000011 | Transverse US image of the left ovary demonstrates the “string of pearls” sign. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is being visualized in the transverse ultrasound image, and what is the significance of the 'string of pearls' sign in this context?",
"What specific pathological condition is the 'string of pearls' sign typically associated with, and how does it appear sonographically?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000012 | Neck CT showing a left lymph node conglomerate with hypodense images due to necrotic changes, loss of cleavage plane with muscle structures, and mass effect on the ipsilateral jugular vein.CT: computed tomography | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What findings suggest the presence of necrotic changes within the left lymph node conglomerate on the Neck CT?",
"How does the loss of cleavage plane between the lymph node conglomerate and surrounding muscle structures contribute to the differential diagnosis?",
"What implications does the mass effect on the ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000013 | Postoperative computed tomography angiography showing that the left internal mammary artery graft was patent, with good distal run-off in the left anterior descending artery. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific finding is observed regarding the patency of the left internal mammary artery graft in the postoperative computed tomography angiography?",
"How is the distal run-off in the left anterior descending artery described in the radiological image caption?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000014 | DSA showing self-expandable stent of the left ICA.Foot note: DSA, Digital Subtraction Angiography; ICA, Internal Carotid Artery. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the self-expandable stent placement in the left internal carotid artery as visualized on the DSA?",
"What anatomical landmarks are typically used to confirm the correct positioning of the stent within the left ICA during DSA?",
"What potential complications could arise from the placement... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000015 | Chest radiography shows aneurysm as protruding mass. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are typically involved in the development of an aneurysm as described in the radiological image?",
"What are the potential underlying causes that could lead to the formation of an aneurysm appearing as a protruding mass on chest radiography?",
"What additional imaging modali... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000016 | Abdominal X-ray. SEMS was placed beyond the stenosis. | [
"C1306645",
"C0037949",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What is the purpose of placing the SEMS beyond the stenosis in the abdominal X-ray?",
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in an abdominal X-ray that might be relevant to the placement of the SEMS?",
"What potential complications might be associated with the placement of a SEMS beyond a stenoti... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000017 | HRCT done on presentation to the ER that shows B/L ground glass infiltrates with patchy consolidations involving mainly the peripheries | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the distribution pattern of the ground glass infiltrates and consolidations observed in the HRCT scan?",
"What anatomical regions are predominantly affected by the patchy consolidations and ground glass infiltrates in this HRCT image?",
"What potential differential diagnoses could be considered based o... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000018 | Large left-sided pneumothorax with typical COVID-19 lungs infiltrate | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific radiological features are typically associated with a large left-sided pneumothorax in the context of COVID-19 lung involvement?",
"How does the presence of a pneumothorax influence the interpretation of lung infiltrates seen in a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000019 | Retrograde portography performed with 10 mL iodinated contrast medium over a 5 French catheter. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What is the purpose of using a 5 French catheter during the retrograde portography procedure?",
"How does the volume of 10 mL of iodinated contrast medium influence the visualization of the portosystemic venous anatomy during the procedure?",
"What are the potential advantages and limitations of using a low-vo... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000020 | Computed tomography of the head: coronal view showing the effacement of the left lateral ventricle frontal horn and 5-mm left to right midline shift (yellow arrow) secondary to intraparenchymal hemorrhage (red arrow) | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is effaced in the coronal computed tomography image of the head, and what is the likely etiology of this effacement?",
"What specific measurement is indicated by the midline shift in the image, and what clinical implications might this have?",
"What type of lesion is indicated by the ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000021 | Computed tomography of the head showing large intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the left anterior temporal lobe and left inferior frontal lobe (arrows) with surrounding edema and mass effect. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location and extent of the intraparenchymal hemorrhage depicted in the computed tomography scan of the head?",
"What are the associated findings observed in the regions surrounding the intraparenchymal hemorrhage?",
"What clinical implications might the presence of mass effect and surrounding edema... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000022 | Retroperitoneal mass detected on enhanced abdominal computed tomography. The yellow arrow indicates the tumor was closely related to the liver. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are in proximity to the retroperitoneal mass as indicated by the yellow arrow in the enhanced abdominal computed tomography image?",
"What imaging characteristics of the retroperitoneal mass can be inferred from the enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan?",
"What potential diffe... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000023 | Ankle X-ray (lateral view). No abnormality found on plain X-ray. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are typically visualized in an ankle X-ray lateral view, and how does the absence of abnormalities affect the interpretation of the image?",
"In the context of an ankle X-ray lateral view, what types of fractures or dislocations are most commonly missed on plain X-ray, and wha... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000024 | Chest CT at relapse showed pericardial effusion and ground glass bilateral opacities. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of pericardial effusion observed in the chest CT at relapse?",
"What could be the possible etiologies for the presence of ground glass bilateral opacities on the chest CT?",
"How might the presence of pericardial effusion and ground glass opacities be related to the underlying disease ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000025 | Brain MRI axial FLAIR showing hyperintensities in the anterior temporal lobe bilaterally. FLAIR: fluid-attenuated inversion recovery | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of hyperintensities observed in the anterior temporal lobes on a FLAIR sequence, and what differential diagnoses should be considered?",
"What are the typical appearances of pathological changes in the anterior temporal lobes on FLAIR imaging, and how do they differentiate from normal va... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000026 | Brain MRI coronal T2 showing hyperintensity in the right anterior temporal lobe | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of hyperintensity observed in the right anterior temporal lobe on a coronal T2-weighted brain MRI?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses that could account for hyperintensity in the right anterior temporal lobe on T2-weighted imaging?",
"What additional imaging sequences or ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000027 | Longitudinal long-axis transthoracic echography after an uneventful vegetation excision, partial leaflet resection, and reconstruction by pericardial patch and ring annuloplasty (the latter is indicated by the arrow). Traces of colour Doppler flow in the left atrium indicates severe mitral regurgitation resolution after surgery. Anatomical landmarks: AA, ascending aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified in the radiological image, and how are they labeled according to the caption?",
"What does the presence of color Doppler flow in the left atrium suggest about the current status of mitral valve function following the surgical intervention?",
"What specific surgical pro... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000028 | The whole body F18-FDG PET/CT tomography scan (July 31, 2009) showing multiple enlarged lymph nodes on left supraclavicular area. F18-FDG-PET/CT = Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose- Positron emission tomography/computed tomography. | [
"nan"
] | [
"What is the significance of the multiple enlarged lymph nodes observed in the left supraclavicular area on the F18-FDG PET/CT scan?",
"What could be the possible etiologies for the increased metabolic activity detected in the enlarged lymph nodes on this PET/CT imaging study?",
"How does the presence of multip... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000029 | Disappearance of FDG accumulation during the subsequent patient follow-up. | [
"C0032743"
] | [
"What could be the possible underlying pathological process that led to the disappearance of FDG accumulation in the radiological image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of the absence of FDG accumulation in the region previously showing activity?",
"What imaging characteristics should be evaluat... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000030 | The typical chest X-ray finding of a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 infection showing bilateral infiltration. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological feature is commonly associated with bilateral infiltration observed in a chest X-ray of a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 infection?",
"How does the presence of bilateral infiltration on a chest X-ray correlate with the clinical presentation and progression of coronavirus disease... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000031 | Coronal view of the lesion within the left adnexa, which contains a thin septation measuring 4.3 cm and adjacent free fluid extending to the posterior cul-de-sac and a homogeneously enlarged liver. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the thin septation measuring 4.3 cm within the left adnexa, and what potential pathologies could this suggest?",
"How does the presence of adjacent free fluid extending to the posterior cul-de-sac correlate with the findings of the lesion in the left adnexa?",
"What clinical implica... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000032 | Computed tomography image of the abdomen showing adrenal mass on axial plane. Image showing heterogenous 7.7 cm lesion (white line measure) appearing to be arising from left adrenal glands in contact with the upper pole of left kidney with areas of hypodensity suggesting necrosis. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the size and location of the adrenal lesion identified in the computed tomography image of the abdomen?",
"What imaging characteristics of the lesion suggest the possibility of necrosis within the adrenal mass?",
"What anatomical structures are in close proximity to the adrenal lesion, and how might th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000033 | Postoperative panoramic radiograph at one-year follow-up showing the management of high caries risk patient. | [
"C1306645",
"C0037303"
] | [
"What specific radiographic findings are evident on the postoperative panoramic radiograph that indicate the successful management of a high caries risk patient?",
"Are there any residual radiographic signs of caries or other pathological changes that remain visible on the one-year follow-up panoramic radiograph?... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000034 | Transthoracic echocardiogram. Ao=aorta; PA=pulmonary artery; PDA=patent ductus arteriosus. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified in the transthoracic echocardiogram, and what is their typical function in the circulatory system?",
"What is the significance of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the context of this echocardiographic image, and how does it affect normal blood flow patterns?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000035 | Plain radiograph of the pelvis shows deformation of the left femoral head, narrowing of hip space, and osteophyte hyperplasia. | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific morphological changes are observed in the left femoral head on the plain radiograph of the pelvis?",
"What findings suggest the presence of degenerative joint disease in the hip joint based on the radiological image caption?",
"What radiographic features are indicative of osteoarthritis in the de... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000036 | Operative planning ultrasound prior to ultrasound-guided subcutaneous collection drainage and appendicolith retrieval. The red arrow indicates the hypoechoic collection with some internal echoes overlying to the abdominal wall (green arrow), with internal appendicoliths (white arrows). The collection measured 34 mm deep to the skin. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What is the depth of the hypoechoic collection relative to the skin surface, and how might this depth influence the approach for ultrasound-guided drainage?",
"What specific features of the hypoechoic collection are indicated by the presence of internal echoes and appendicoliths, and what do these findings sugge... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000037 | CT Chest before starting chemotherapy showed bilateral parenchymal metastatic nodules(red arrow) | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the radiological appearance of the bilateral parenchymal metastatic nodules observed in the CT Chest image, and what are the typical imaging characteristics of such lesions?",
"What are the possible primary tumor origins that could lead to the development of bilateral parenchymal metastatic nodules in th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000038 | Chest X-ray showed left-sided pneumothorax (yellow arrows) and ICT in situ (red arrow). | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of left-sided pneumothorax in the chest X-ray, and what potential clinical implications might this finding have?",
"What does the finding of ICT in situ on the chest X-ray suggest, and what are the possible underlying causes or associated conditions that could be responsi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000039 | Post-Pleurodesis Chest X-ray. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What findings are typically expected on a post-pleurodesis chest X-ray, and how do they correlate with the procedure performed?",
"Are there any signs of complications such as pneumothorax, atelectasis, or pleural effusion evident on the chest X-ray?",
"How does the appearance of the pleural space and lung fie... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000040 | Computed tomography scan showing metallic object in appendix | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the nature of the metallic object identified in the appendix on the computed tomography scan, and what potential clinical implications might it have?",
"What are the possible sources or origins of the metallic object found within the appendix, and how might this finding influence further diagnostic or th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000041 | Chest CT scan of a novel false-negative PC patient. A 44-year-old nonsmoking female with a ground-glass opacity in the left lower lung showed false-negative CrAg LFA detection in the lung aspirate after CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy. No suitable pathological tissue was obtained and the patient eventually underwent thoracoscopic surgery and was diagnosed with PC. CrAg = cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen, CT = computed tomography, LFA = lateral flow immunoassay, PC = pulmonary cryptococcosis. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the ground-glass opacity observed in the left lower lung on the chest CT scan in the context of the patient's diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis?",
"Why was the CrAg LFA detection considered false-negative in this case, and how does this relate to the imaging findings and the need ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000042 | Representative case with pulmonary cryptococcosis showed a nodule accompanied by pleural stretch signs, positive for CrAg in the lung aspirate, but negative in the serum. The patient was confirmed to have PC by histopathological examination. CrAg = cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen, PC = pulmonary cryptococcosis. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of pleural stretch signs in the context of a pulmonary nodule identified in this case of cryptococcosis?",
"How does the discrepancy between positive CrAg in the lung aspirate and negative CrAg in the serum impact the diagnostic approach for pulmonary cryptococcosis?",
... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000043 | Chest radiograph showing dextrocardia | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What anatomical feature is demonstrated in the chest radiograph that indicates a congenital cardiac anomaly?",
"What are the potential associated findings that may be seen in conjunction with dextrocardia on a chest radiograph?",
"What is the significance of dextrocardia in terms of cardiac anatomy and functio... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000044 | Example of artificial intelligence‐based automated analysis of L3 body composition in an 18‐year‐old male patient with diagnosed Marfan syndrome. Each segmented tissue is coded with a different colour: psoas muscle = purple, skeletal muscle (except psoas muscle) = green, visceral fat = dark green, blue = subcutaneous fat. Tissue density and area were automatically calculated using Visage version 7.1. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific tissues are segmented and color-coded in the L3 body composition analysis, and what are their respective colors as described in the caption?",
"Which software was used to automatically calculate the tissue density and area in this radiological image, and what is its version?",
"What clinical cond... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000045 | Anterior-posterior chest X-ray depicting lung volumes bilaterally with bibasilar atelectasis. Also noted is right lateral chest wall subcutaneous emphysema and right sided rib fixation hardware. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the radiological appearance of the lung volumes in the anterior-posterior chest X-ray, and what does this suggest about the patient's respiratory status?",
"What is the significance of the bibasilar atelectasis observed on the chest X-ray, and what are the potential underlying causes?",
"What is the cl... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000046 | MRI in T2 weighted sequence with unclear vascularised structure (arrow) at the hepatic hilus with signal change. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of the signal change observed in the vascularised structure at the hepatic hilus on the T2 weighted MRI sequence?",
"What differential diagnoses could be considered for a vascularised structure with signal change at the hepatic hilus on T2 weighted imaging?",
"How does the T2 weighted ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000047 | Anterior-posterior tibia-fibula radiographs of initial open tibia/fibula shaft fractures. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific anatomical features of the tibia and fibula are visible in the anterior-posterior radiographs, and how do they relate to the diagnosis of an open shaft fracture?",
"What imaging findings are typically associated with open tibia or fibula shaft fractures that should be evaluated in this radiograph?"... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000048 | Anterior-posterior tibia-fibular intra-operative radiographs of irrigation and debridement with concomitant flexible nailing of the tibial shaft. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific intra-operative procedure is being visualized in the anterior-posterior tibia-fibular radiographs?",
"What anatomical structures are being evaluated in the context of irrigation and debridement with flexible nailing?",
"What is the clinical purpose of obtaining anterior-posterior radiographs duri... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000049 | One-month post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs of flexible nailing of the tibia. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific radiographic findings should be evaluated to confirm proper alignment and position of the flexible nail within the tibia?",
"What radiographic features would indicate potential complications such as malalignment, nonunion, or implant prominence in the post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000050 | Three-month post-operative anterior-posterior tibia-fibula radiographs of flexible nailing of tibial shaft. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific radiological features should be evaluated to confirm proper alignment and positioning of the flexible nail within the tibial shaft?",
"What imaging findings are indicative of potential complications such as malalignment, nonunion, or implant failure in the current radiograph?",
"How can the radio... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000051 | Post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs of revision open reduction and internal fixation with removal of flexible nails of tibial shaft. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific findings should be evaluated to confirm the successful placement and alignment of the revision internal fixation hardware in the tibial shaft?",
"Are there any signs of hardware failure, nonunion, or malalignment that could be observed in the post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs?",
"Wh... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000052 | Patient affected by symptomatic fibrous dysplasia underwent total excision and replacement with custom-made prostheses. | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological findings would be expected in a patient with symptomatic fibrous dysplasia that has undergone total excision and prosthetic replacement?",
"How does the presence of a custom-made prosthesis influence the radiological appearance of the affected anatomical region?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000053 | T1-weighted MRI image. The image shows a hyperintense focus in the white matter of the right occipital lobe, representing a tiny hemorrhage (white arrow). | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of a hyperintense focus on a T1-weighted MRI image in the white matter of the right occipital lobe?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a hyperintense lesion in the white matter on T1-weighted imaging, and how does this appearance relate to the presence of a tiny hemorrha... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000054 | A CT scan of the chest The scan shows a small cavitary nodule in the anterior segment of the left upper lobe (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location of the cavitary nodule identified in the CT scan of the chest, and what anatomical structure does it involve?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a cavitary nodule observed in the anterior segment of the left upper lobe on a chest CT scan?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000055 | Abdominal CT scan The scan shows a small septated cystic lesion in segment 8/1 of the liver (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location of the small septated cystic lesion identified in the abdominal CT scan, and how is this location typically described in liver segmentation terminology?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for a small septated cystic lesion in the liver, and what imaging features would help dist... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000056 | A CT scan of the chest. The scan shows a small sub-pleural nodule-like consolidation (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the likely composition of the sub-pleural nodule-like consolidation observed in the CT scan, and what are the possible differential diagnoses that should be considered based on its appearance?",
"What are the key imaging characteristics of the sub-pleural nodule-like consolidation that would help differe... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000057 | Ground-glass nodules have become larger, and cystic air spaces have appeared in their centers. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of cystic air spaces within the ground-glass nodules observed in the radiological image?",
"What potential pathological processes could be associated with the development of cystic air spaces within ground-glass nodules?",
"How does the presence of cystic air spaces wit... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000058 | Cystic lesions have spread and increased in number. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the likely differential diagnosis for the presence of multiple cystic lesions in the radiological image?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics that would help differentiate benign from malignant cystic lesions in this context?",
"What additional imaging modalities or features could be evaluat... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000059 | CT scan of the maxillofacial area without contrast showing lytic lesion of the right mandible. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the nature of the lesion observed in the right mandible, and what are the potential differential diagnoses that should be considered based on the appearance of the lytic lesion on the CT scan?",
"What imaging characteristics of the lytic lesion on the CT scan could provide clues regarding its possible et... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000060 | Preoperative radiograph of a female 35-year-old patient with left hip dislocation and fracture of the femoral head (Pipkin type 1 fracture) | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific features of the radiological image would confirm the diagnosis of a Pipkin type 1 fracture of the femoral head?",
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in a preoperative radiograph of the left hip, and how do they appear in this case of dislocation and fracture?",
"What imaging fin... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000061 | Follow-up radiograph 2 years postoperatively | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the follow-up radiograph, and what is their current appearance?",
"Are there any visible signs of hardware placement or implant integrity in the radiograph, and if so, what is their condition?",
"Is there evidence of any bony abnormalities, such as fracture... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000062 | CT Thorax after completing 9 months of medical treatment and surgical debridement of abscess. Shows complete resolution of chest wall mass and intact bony structure underneath. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific findings are observed in the current CT Thorax image regarding the chest wall mass and underlying bony structures?",
"What does the term 'intact bony structure' imply about the condition of the thoracic skeleton in this patient?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000063 | Angiographic image showing left main coronary artery (LMCA) dividing into circumflex (Cx) and left anterior descending artery (LAD). LAD is seen only up to the first part and then the diagonal branch is seen with 90% stenosis. Circumflex is seen with 80% to 90% stenosis. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What is the anatomical distribution of the left main coronary artery as depicted in the angiographic image, and what are the specific branches that are visualized?",
"What is the degree of stenosis observed in the diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery, and how does this compare to the stenosis i... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000064 | Cone-beam computed tomography scan showing radiopaque nonhomogeneous mass with calcification flecks on the lingual aspect of the right bicuspid region (arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the radiographic appearance of the mass identified in the right bicuspid region, and what features suggest its composition?",
"What is the significance of the calcification flecks observed within the radiopaque mass on the lingual aspect of the right bicuspid region?",
"What differential diagnoses coul... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000065 | Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block for the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the elbow. BrM: brachialis muscle, BT: biceps tendon, CV: cephalic vein, ECRL: extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, H: humerus, RN: radial nerve. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are clearly visualized in the ultrasound image, and how are they positioned relative to the needle used for the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve block?",
"Based on the labeled structures, what is the approximate location of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in relation to th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000066 | A 69-year-old man presented with obstructive jaundice due to recurrence 18 mo after distal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction for gastric cancer. A recurrent mass with central necrosis (white arrowheads) obstructed the extrahepatic bile duct (black arrow), causing dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder (white arrows). While endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy led to symptomatic relief, the patient died 1 mo later. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the appearance of the recurrent mass in the extrahepatic bile duct, and what does it suggest about its composition based on the presence of central necrosis?",
"What anatomical structures are affected by the obstruction caused by the recurrent mass, and how is this demonstrated on the radiological image?... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000067 | Chest radiograph during initial presentation demonstrating complete opacification of the right hemithorax with mediastinal shift to the opposite side. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What is the most likely etiology of the complete opacification of the right hemithorax observed in the chest radiograph?",
"What clinical findings or symptoms would be most consistent with the presence of mediastinal shift to the left side in this radiographic finding?",
"What differential diagnoses should be ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000068 | Chest radiograph following completion of t-PA and DNase therapy demonstrates marked improvement in right-sided opacities.t-PA: tissue plasminogen activator; DNase: dornase alfa. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings on the chest radiograph indicate improvement in right-sided opacities following t-PA and DNase therapy?",
"What are the typical radiographic features of resolution or improvement in pulmonary opacities associated with the use of t-PA and DNase in the management of a respiratory condition?"... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000069 | Radiography after PMMA bone cement filling following allograft chip bone filling in the subchondral region after curettage. The arrow indicates the allograft chip bone | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the PMMA bone cement filling in the subchondral region following allograft chip bone placement, as indicated in the radiographic image?",
"What radiographic features would typically be expected to confirm successful integration of the allograft chip bone in the subchondral region?",
"Wha... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000070 | Radiography after filling allograft chip bone following curettage | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the allograft chip bone in the radiographic image following curettage?",
"What radiographic features would indicate successful integration of the allograft chip bone in this post-curettage scenario?",
"What potential complications could be visualized on a radiograph that might suggest an... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000071 | Preoperative anteroposterior pelvic X-ray of a 31-year-old female shows narrowing of joint space and cortical erosions and lucency in the acetabulum and femoral head of the right hip. | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological findings are observed in the right hip acetabulum and femoral head on the preoperative anteroposterior pelvic X-ray?",
"What potential pathological conditions could be associated with the observed narrowing of the joint space and cortical erosions in the right hip?",
"What anatomical... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000072 | Postoperative chest x-ray demonstrating resolution of the pneumopericardium | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific finding is being described in the radiological image and what does it indicate about the patient's current clinical status?",
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in a chest x-ray and how does the resolution of pneumopericardium appear on this imaging modality?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000073 | Axial CT pelvis showing enlarged prostate (9.6cm) (red arrow) with a mass effect on the rectum and bladder | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the approximate size of the prostate as measured on the axial CT pelvis, and what clinical significance might this measurement have in the context of prostate pathology?",
"What anatomical structures are being compressed or displaced by the enlarged prostate, and what potential clinical symptoms might th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000074 | T2-weighted MRI (T2WI).Image showing a well-defined lesion in the right parotid gland with a central homogeneous hyperintense component (*) suggestive of a cyst. Note the heterogeneous peripheral solid component with a few smaller microcysts within. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the likely nature of the central homogeneous hyperintense component observed in the right parotid gland on the T2-weighted MRI, and what is the clinical significance of this finding?",
"What is the significance of the heterogeneous peripheral solid component with microcysts seen adjacent to the central h... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000075 | T1 VIBE fat-saturated image.In a post-gadolinium image, the peripheral solid component enhances, surrounding the central non-enhancing hypointense cystic component (*). A smaller cyst (arrow) is also noted within the peripheral solid component. Note the normal mastoid segment of the right facial canal (dotted arrow) in relation to the parotid lesion. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of the peripheral solid component showing enhancement on the post-gadolinium T1 VIBE fat-saturated image, and how does it relate to the central non-enhancing hypointense cystic component?",
"What is the possible clinical implication of the smaller cyst noted within the peripheral solid c... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000076 | Fluoroscopic image showing strut grafts in place across the metatarsal phalangeal joint. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the strut grafts visualized in the fluoroscopic image across the metatarsal phalangeal joint?",
"What anatomical structures are involved in the placement of the strut grafts as seen in the fluoroscopic image?",
"What radiological findings would suggest successful placement and integratio... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000078 | Left Coronary Artery Angiogram | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the left coronary artery angiogram, and how are they typically assessed for patency and luminal narrowing?",
"Are there any visible signs of atherosclerotic plaque, stenosis, or other abnormalities within the left coronary artery system as depicted in the ang... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000079 | Ultrasonographic image of the lumbar vertebra of a dog in the transverse midline plane: 1—iliocostalis and longissimus muscles; 2—spinalis and semispinalis muscle; 3—multifidus muscle; SP—spinal process; AP—articular process; VL—vertebral lamina; TP—transverse process; F—floor of the vertebral canal. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified as the iliocostalis and longissimus muscles in the ultrasonographic image of the dog's lumbar vertebra?",
"Which bony landmarks are labeled as the spinal process and articular process in the transverse midline plane view of the lumbar vertebra?",
"What is the significa... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000080 | Lung image with pneumonia. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What are the characteristic radiological findings typically associated with pneumonia on a lung image, and how do they correlate with the features observed in this image?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered when evaluating a lung image showing findings suggestive of pneumonia, and what clinical o... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000081 | Chest x-ray showing mild cardiomegaly with interval development of bilateral pleural effusions (blue arrows) with bibasilar atelectasis, pulmonary vascular congestion, and edema (red arrows). | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings are present in the pulmonary vasculature on this chest x-ray, and how do they contribute to the overall assessment of cardiac function?",
"What anatomical structures are indicated by the blue and red arrows, and what clinical significance do these findings hold in the context of the patien... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000082 | Axial CT image of the posterior fossa in bone window setting displays a sprinkled, sand-like calcification within the lesion (arrowhead) | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the sprinkled, sand-like calcification observed within the lesion on the axial CT image of the posterior fossa?",
"What differential diagnoses could be considered based on the presence of sand-like calcifications in the posterior fossa on a bone window CT image?",
"What anatomic str... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000083 | US scrotum showing lack of arterial blood flow to right testicle. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What could be the possible etiology of the lack of arterial blood flow observed in the right testicle on the ultrasound examination?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of absent arterial blood flow to the right testicle as visualized in the ultrasound image?",
"What additional imaging or diagnosti... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000084 | X-ray of the pelvis demonstrated a large lytic bubbly lesion (solid white arrows) within the left iliac wing extending to involve the left acetabulum but sparing the left femur demonstrating a lobulated sclerotic superior border and ill defined inferior, medial and lateral borders suggestive of a bony metastasis in the context of a malignant thyroid mass. | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological features of the lesion in the left iliac wing are most suggestive of a bony metastasis based on the description provided?",
"How does the involvement of the left acetabulum but sparing of the left femur contribute to the differential diagnosis in the context of a known malignant thyroi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000085 | Axial T1-weighted post-contrast MRIThe image demonstrates non-enhancing expansile lesions in the right greater than left thalami. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of non-enhancing expansile lesions observed in the thalami on the axial T1-weighted post-contrast MRI?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered for non-enhancing expansile lesions in the thalami based on the imaging characteristics described?",
"How does the location and mor... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000086 | Oedema around the symphysis, spreading cranially, dorsally and caudally | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically involved when oedema spreads cranially, dorsally, and caudally from the symphysis, and what conditions might be associated with such a pattern of oedema?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for oedema extending from the symphysis in the described directions, a... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000087 | Attenuation calculation in a normal liver: Software provides quantitative assessment in a defined ROI: 0.55 dB/cm/MHz. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What does the attenuation value of 0.55 dB/cm/MHz indicate about the acoustic properties of the normal liver tissue?",
"How does the software's quantitative assessment of attenuation within the defined ROI contribute to the evaluation of liver tissue characteristics?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000088 | Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized during a subcostal transversus abdominis plane block, and how are they identified on the radiological image?",
"What is the intended purpose of a subcostal transversus abdominis plane block, and how does the imaging help confirm proper needle placement?",
"Wh... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000089 | Coronal CT pelvis with contrast demonstrating osteomyelitis of the right ischial tuberosity | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific anatomic structure is involved in the demonstrated osteomyelitis, and what are the typical radiological features that support this diagnosis on a coronal CT pelvis with contrast?",
"What are the potential etiologies or risk factors that could lead to osteomyelitis of the right ischial tuberosity as... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000090 | T2 head and neck MRI in sagittal view showing isointense mass in the submandibular region suggesting ectopic thymus (red arrow). | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What imaging characteristics of the mass in the submandibular region are described in the T2-weighted MRI, and how do these features support the suggestion of ectopic thymus?",
"What anatomical location is indicated by the description of the submandibular region, and why is this region considered a possible site... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000091 | A 5-year-old child with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant type. Radiographs show delayed, disorganized epiphyseal ossification including small and round capital femoral epiphyses and irregular epiphyseal ossification of the knee | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiographic findings are observed in the capital femoral epiphyses of the 5-year-old child with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant type?",
"How does the epiphyseal ossification appear in the knee joints of the patient, and what does this suggest about the underlying condition?",
"... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000092 | A 2-month-old infant with infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease). Radiograph shows cortical hyperostosis in the left femur and right tibia | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific anatomic regions are affected by the cortical hyperostosis in this radiographic image, and what are the typical radiographic features associated with infantile cortical hyperostosis?",
"What is the characteristic appearance of cortical hyperostosis on a radiograph, and how does it differ from other... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000093 | CT pulmonary angiogram showing large pockets of gas within the right breast parenchyma (blue arrows) with edema of the overlying skin. CT: computed tomography | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the likely etiology of the large pockets of gas identified within the right breast parenchyma on the CT pulmonary angiogram?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for the presence of gas within the breast parenchyma in conjunction with overlying skin edema?",
"What imaging features would be m... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000094 | Ultrasonography picture of the RF. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the ultrasonography image of the RF, and how are they typically identified in this modality?",
"Are there any abnormalities or pathological findings depicted in the ultrasonography image of the RF, and if so, what are their characteristics?",
"What is the c... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000095 | Posterior-approach cervical epidural blood patch under fluoroscopy. | [
"C1306645",
"C0037949"
] | [
"What anatomical region is being targeted in this radiological procedure, and what is the purpose of the epidural blood patch?",
"What imaging modality is being used to guide the procedure, and how does it contribute to the accuracy of the intervention?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000096 | Chest radiograph (P-A view) showing consolidation on the left upper and lower lobes and right upper lobe | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What are the potential differential diagnoses that could explain the consolidation seen in the left upper and lower lobes as well as the right upper lobe on the chest radiograph?",
"What additional imaging modalities or studies might be considered to further characterize the nature and extent of the consolidatio... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000097 | Thoracic computed tomography scan revealing obstruction of the right lower bronchus by a contrast-enhanced intraluminal lesion of 2.5 cm in diameter. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the approximate size of the intraluminal lesion observed in the right lower bronchus, and how does this size potentially impact airway patency?",
"What characteristic of the lesion suggests its vascularity, and what are the possible differential diagnoses for a contrast-enhanced lesion within the bronchu... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000098 | Supine abdominal X-ray showing dilated small bowel loops (arrows). | [
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are primarily visualized in the radiological image, and what is their typical appearance in a normal supine abdominal X-ray?",
"What specific finding is indicated by the presence of dilated small bowel loops, and what are the potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that coul... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000099 | Abdominal CT-scan revealing right renal atrophy with nonspecific ureteral and pyelocaliceal ectasia and retroperitoneal fibrosis involving the right ureter | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific findings are observed in the right kidney on the abdominal CT-scan, and what could be the potential etiology for these findings?",
"What anatomical structures are affected by the retroperitoneal fibrosis, and how might this condition impact urinary drainage?",
"What are the possible differential ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000100 | Axial CT scan without contrast enhancement. Red arrows show two spots of unilateral typical deep cortical venous hemorrhages with minor surrounding oedema in the left frontal lobe of the brain. The frontal hemorrhage spot crosses the borders of arterial brain vascular territories. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the likely etiology of the unilateral deep cortical venous hemorrhages observed in the left frontal lobe on the axial CT scan?",
"How does the crossing of the hemorrhage spot across the borders of arterial brain vascular territories influence the differential diagnosis?",
"What are the typical imaging ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_test_000101 | Arteriography of the arteriovenous fistula on the right tibial posterior artery. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is primarily visualized in the arteriography, and what is the significance of its visualization in this context?",
"What specific type of vascular abnormality is being depicted in the image, and what are the typical characteristics of this condition on arteriography?",
"What are the p... |
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